Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Musulunci 0 2610 967280 964019 2026-10-13T19:49:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da [[Aljan]]. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Musulmai don Darajar Ci gaba|Musulmai]] sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], [[Annabi Sulaiman|annabi sulaiman]] annabiNuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. == [[Bautah]] == Bautar Allah shine abunda dukkan kowani musulmi yakeyi domin tsirah ah ranar gobe qiyamah. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == 3gajzq4z92suvspgk1tz87izhu14xyp Ukraniya 0 4039 967349 883021 2026-10-13T21:42:22Z Nura Bello 24854 967349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashe bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta 1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shi ne Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunƙurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban ƙasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar ƙasar a shekarar ta 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan ƙare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani guri mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin ƙasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] agms2bgm21s68d6g4sfaj6tgvx0oij1 Noma 0 5804 967422 963290 2026-10-14T00:16:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 6 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|right|]] [[File:Chapeltoun Mains Farm, East Ayrshire, Scotland. View from Bankend Farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|noma Babar Sana,a ce]] Noma [[Hausawa]] na masa kirari "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki kowa ya taho kai ya taras, noma tushen [[arziki]]. *Menene Noma? [[File:TRADITIONAL FARMING.jpg|thumb|yadda ake huɗa kenan a lokacin noma]] [[File:Wheat farming in Nepal.jpg|thumb|Nuoman shinkafa]] '''Noma''' yana da kuma ma'anoni da dama kasancewar irin a Haka zalika, noma wata babbar hanya ce ta samun ƙaruwar [[tattalin arziki]] da al'ummai suka raja'a a kan ta.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/98433369/ZAMANI_ZO_MU_TAFI_ALADUN_HAUSAWA_A_DUNIYAR_INTANET</ref> A [[kasar Hausa]] ko kuwa, noma shi ne babbar hanya ta samun haɓakar [[tattalin arziki]]. Da noma ne [[Hausawa]] suka fi samun kuɗin shiga da [[abinci]] da ma kayayyakin da ake sarrafawa a [[masana'anta]] kamar [[tufafi]] da sauransu.<ref>https://muktarishehu.wordpress.com/2018/12/12/359/</ref> A wajen [[Hausawa]] musamman mazauna [[karkara]] noma ya zama tamkar wajibi (dole) a wajen Kuma kowanne Bahaushe, musamman ma magidanci.<ref>https://nounupdate.com/summaries/HAU117_summary.txt</ref> Kusan mu ce ma kowanne Bahaushe ya iya noma, ya kuma san yadda ake yin shi. Noma da Kiwo duk suna nufin abu daya ne a ma'anar da ilimin zamani ya samar.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/109636656/Kasuwanci_a_Duniyar_Intanet_%C6%98alubalen_Hausawan_%C6%98arni_na_21</ref> ==YADDA AKE NOMA.== [[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|yanda 'ake huɗa]] Kafin bayani game da yadda ake noma za mu dan tattauna ne a game da rabe-raben noma. Noma ya rabu zuwa gida biyu, kuma kowanne da irin yadda ake yin sa. *noman rani *noman damina. ==NOMAN RANI.== [[File:Crawfish Farming - Acadia Parish Louisiana 2020.jpg|thumb|Norman rani a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kare]] Noman rani, noma ne da ake yin shi a lokacin rani ba da damina ba. *ga yarda ake noman rani. Shi noman rani ana yin sa ne a wuraren da ruwa yake wadatacce kamar [[rafi]] , [[korama]] , da madatsun ruwa wato (dam). Da zarar ruwan sama ya ɗauke wato kaka ta yi, manoman rani za su fara ne da share gonakinsu, daga nan kuma sai su yi kaftu, su ja kwamame, sai su shuka abin da za su shuka a cikin kwamame. Suna yin amfani da injinan ban ruwa wajen bai wa shukokinsu ruwa, har su girma, su isa girbi. Akasarin abubuwan da ake nomawa a noman rani ana shuka su ne saboda sayarwa domin samun kudin shiga. Ga irin abubuwan da ake nomawa da rani. *[[kubewa]]. *[[albasa]]. *[[yalo]]. *tumatir. *[[Karas]]. *tattasai. *[[Rogo]][[File:Maize plantation.jpg|thumb|Shukar masara kenan data fara girma]][[masara]]. *[[File:Carrots - Daucus carota subsp. sativus.jpg|thumb|karas kenan]][[karas]]. *[[dankali]]. *salak. *[[lansir]]. *[[File:Spinach salad.jpg|thumb|alaiyahu]][[Wake]] *alaiyahu. *[[rake]]. *[[Waken suya]] *[[Dawa]] * * da dai sauran su. To, amma kuma ya danganta da yanayi na yadda kasa za ta iya ɗaukar abinda aka shuka a kan ta. Misali idan aka shuka wani abun a wani yankin ba lallai ya yi ba kamar yadda zai yi a wani yankin. ==NOMAN DAMINA.== Sabanin noman rani, shi noman damina ana yin sa ne a lokacin damina. *ga yadda ake yin noman damina. Da zarar an samu ruwan sama wato (damina ta fadi), manoma za su bazama gonakinsu domin yin huda da shuka. Akasari an fi shuka kayan abinci a wajen noman damina, to, amma akan shuka kayan sayarwa jefi-jefi. ==ABUBUWAN DA AKE NOMAWA DA DAMINA.== Na abinci akwai. *[[gero]] *[[File:Maize-teosinte.jpg|thumb|Masara idan ta girma ]][[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|Masara kenan gasassa bayan an noma ta]][[masara]] *[[dawa]] *[[shinkafa]] *[[maiwa]] da sauran su. Na sayarwa *[[File:2059513 data foodanddrink efd LGMA 0152.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]][[dankali]] *[[wake]] *[[gyada]] *[[auduga]] *[[ridi]] da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fasaha]] == Etymology and scope == {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_experimental-agriculture_1971-10_7_4/page/363 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da yake noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'o'in suna noma amfanin gona har zuwa shekaru miliyan 60, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba aikin [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]]), tsutsa da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb| <ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. 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P. |year=2003 |title=Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea |journal=Science |volume=301 |issue=5630 |pages=189–193 |doi=10.1126/science.1085255 |pmid=12817084 |s2cid=10644185 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-07-29_333_6042/page/560 |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. 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A cikin Paleolithic Levant, shekaru 23,000 da suka gabata, an lura da noman hatsi na emmer, [[sha'ir]], da oats a kusa da teku na Galili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snir |first=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS One |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da shinkafa a kasar Sin tsakanin 11,500 da 6200 BC tare da farkon sanannun noma daga 5700 BC, sannan mung, soya da azuki wake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zong |first=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |year=2007 |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |pmid=17898767 |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;An kiwon tumaki a [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] tsakanin shekaru 13,000 da 11,000 da suka gabata. An yi kiwon shanu daga aurochs na daji a yankunan Turkiyya da Pakistan na zamani kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref name="McTavish">{{Cite journal |last=McTavish, E. J. |last2=Decker, J. E. |last3=Schnabel, R. D. |last4=Taylor, J. F. |last5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmc=3625352 |pmid=23530234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aladu|Samar da alade]] ya fito ne a Eurasia, gami da Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, inda aka fara yin amfani da Alade na daji kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmc=1976408 |pmid=17855556 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[Andes]] na Kudancin Amurka, an yi amfani da dankali tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka gabata, tare da wake, coca, llamas, alpacas, da aladu. An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. F. |year=2001 |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmc=29389 |pmid=11172083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da doki a cikin Eurasian Steppes a kusa da 3500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=4 May 2022 |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Masana sun ba da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana asalin tarihi na noma. 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''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-04-25_300_5619/page/597 |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. 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Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; A kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. 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Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. 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Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mascarelli, Amanda |date=5 November 2010 |title=Mayans converted wetlands to farmland |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2010.587 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan, John |date=6 November 2013 |title=Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science |journal=Soil Horizons |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=3 |doi=10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |year=2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |pages=14694–14699 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pmid=16203994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.<ref name="Piperno">{{Cite journal |last=Piperno |first=Dolores R. |date=2011 |title=The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S-4 |pages=S453–S470 |doi=10.1086/659998 |s2cid=83061925 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, [[Tumatir|Tumar]] yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.<ref name="Murphy2011" /> An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC. &nbsp;Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can. A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1992-02_33_1/page/n59 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1974-03_34_1/page/8 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> Ruwa, juyawa na amfanin gona, da taki sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da taki na roba, magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya.</ref><ref>Sato, Y. (2003) "Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin". In Y. Yasuda (ed.) ''The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture'', Roli Books, New Delhi, p. 196</ref><ref == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  812p00hh7u125l5z4ls6akrkci6mhan Gida 0 6304 967348 683538 2026-10-13T21:38:13Z Galadanchi123 50022 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378839197|Habitat]]" 967348 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[File:Rotjan_-_Enderbury_Day_1_-_2nd_half_(62).JPG|thumb|Wannan coral reef a cikin Phoenix Islands Protected Area yana ba da wurin zama ga nau'ikan ruwa da yawa.]] [[File:Antarctic_(js)_18.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan halittu suna sanya kankara na [[Antatika|Antarctica]] mazauninsu, amma ruwa a ƙarƙashin kankara na iya samar da mazaunin ga nau'o'i da yawa. Dabbobi irin su penguins sun saba da rayuwa a yanayin sanyi sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wohlschlag |first=Donald E. |year=1968 |title=Fishes beneath Antarctic ice |url=https://media.australian.museum/media/dd/Uploads/Documents/35612/ams370_vXVI_2_lowres.8077ffe.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Australian Natural History |publisher=Australian Museum |publication-date=1968 |volume=16 |pages=45–48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130032/https://media.australian.museum/media/dd/Uploads/Documents/35612/ams370_vXVI_2_lowres.8077ffe.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 |quote=Beneath the sea ice and the terminal portions of the Ross Ice Shelf and Koettlitz Glacier tongue is an aquatic habitat that has a nearly uniform freezing temperature of {{Hyphen}}1.9°C (28.6°F) and a remarkable assemblage of animals.}}</ref>]] [[File:Ibex_in_the_French_Vanoise_National_Park.JPG|thumb|Ibex a cikin tsaunuka]] Nau'ikan mazaunin sune rarraba muhalli na mahalli daban-daban bisa ga halaye na yankin da aka ba shi, musamman ciyayi da yanayi.<ref name="wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal |last=Krausman |first=Paul R. |last2=Morrison |first2=Michael L. |date=26 July 2016 |title=Another plea for standard terminology: Editor's Message |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |language=en |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1143–1144 |doi=10.1002/jwmg.21121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don haka nau'ikan mazaunin ba sa nufin nau'in jinsin guda ɗaya amma ga nau'in halittu da yawa da ke zaune a yankin ɗaya. Misali, nau'ikan mazaunin ƙasa sun haɗa da [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], [[Yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka|tsaunuka]], [[Grassland|ciyawa]], tsaka-tsaki ko [[Desert|hamada]]. Nau'ikan mazaunin [[Ruwan Daɗi|Ruwa mai laushi]] sun haɗa da [[Marsh|marshes]], rafi, [[Korama|koguna]], [[Tafki|tabkuna]], da [[Pond|tafkuna]]; nau'ikan mazaunan ruwa sun haɗa da gishiri, bakin teku, yankin intertidal, estuaries, [[Reef|reefs]], bays, bude teku, zurfin ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa. Nau'ikan mazaunin na iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Dalilan canji na iya haɗawa da tashin hankali (kamar fashewar [[Dutsen Volcano|dutsen wuta]], girgizar ƙasa, [[Tsunami]], [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]] ko canji a cikin ruwan teku); ko canji na ƙarshe ya faru a hankali a cikin dubban shekaru tare da canje-canje a cikin [[Climate|yanayi]], yayin da [[Yankin kankara|kankara]] da [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] ke ci gaba da komawa baya, kuma yayin da yanayin yanayi daban-daban ke kawo canje-canje na hazo da [[Rana mai zafi|Hasken rana]]. Sauran canje-canje sun zo ne sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam kai tsaye, kamar su [[Deforestation|sare daji]], noma da wuraren ciyawa na dā, karkatarwa da kuma damsing koguna, zubar da marshland da kuma hako zurfin teku. Gabatar da nau'o'in baƙi na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga namun daji na asali - ta hanyar karuwar farauta, ta hanyar gasa don albarkatu ko ta hanyar gabatar da kwari da cututtuka waɗanda nau'o-naren asali ba su da rigakafi. == Ma'anar da asalin == == Abubuwan muhalli == Babban abubuwan muhalli da ke shafar rarraba kwayoyin halitta masu rai shine zafin jiki, danshi, yanayi, ƙasa da ƙarfin haske, da kuma kasancewar ko rashin duk bukatun da kwayoyin ke buƙata don kiyaye shi. Gabaɗaya, al'ummomin dabbobi sun dogara da takamaiman nau'ikan al'ummomi na shuke-shuke. Wasu tsire-tsire da dabbobi suna da bukatun mazaunin da ake saduwa da su a wurare da yawa. Ana samun karamin farin malam buɗe ido ''Pieris rapae'' a duk nahiyoyin duniya ban da [[Antatika|Antarctica]]. Magungunansa suna cin abinci a kan nau'ikan ''Brassicas'' da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban, kuma yana bunƙasa a kowane wuri mai budewa tare da al'ummomin shuke-huke daban-hambana. Babban malamin blue ''Phengaris arion'' ya fi takamaiman abubuwan da yake buƙata; ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin wuraren ciyawa, tsutsotsi suna ciyar da nau'in ''Thymus'', kuma saboda buƙatun sake zagayowar rayuwa yana zaune ne kawai a wuraren da tururuwan Myrmica ke zaune. Rashin jituwa yana da mahimmanci wajen kirkirar nau'ikan mazaunin halittu. Idan babu rikici, an samar da shuke-shuke wanda ke hana kafa wasu nau'o'in. A wasu lokuta masu kiyayewa ne ke kirkirar [[Wildflower|Furen daji]] amma mafi yawan tsire-tsire masu fure da aka yi amfani da su ko dai na [[Shuka na Shekara-Shekara|shekara-shekara]] ne ko na shekaru biyu kuma sun ɓace bayan 'yan shekaru ba tare da wuraren da ba su da kyau inda tsire-shuke zasu iya girma. Hasken walƙiya da itatuwa da aka rushe a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun ba da damar kiyaye wadatar jinsuna yayin da jinsunan farko ke motsawa don cika gibin da aka kirkira. Hakazalika, nau'ikan mazaunin bakin teku na iya zama masu rinjaye da [[kelp]] har sai guguwa ta dame zurfin teku kuma [[algae]] ta kwashe, ko kuma canzawar turɓaya ta fallasa sabbin wurare don [[Colonisation (biology)|mulkin mallaka.]] Wani dalilin rikici shine lokacin da wani yanki na iya mamayewa da nau'in da aka gabatar wanda ba a kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin iko da abokan gaba na halitta a cikin sabon mazauninsa.<ref name="0X7iN">{{Cite web |title=Invasive species |url=https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531214213/http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=National Wildlife Federation}}</ref> == Nau'ikan microhabitat == === Duniya === [[File:Epiphytes_(Dominica).jpg|thumb|Gidan da ke da wadataccen gandun daji a [[Dominika|Dominica]]]] Nau'ikan mazaunin ƙasa sun haɗa da gandun daji, wuraren ciyawa, wuraren da ke da ruwa da hamada. A cikin waɗannan halittu masu rai akwai takamaiman nau'ikan mazaunin tare da nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban, yanayin zafin jiki, ƙasa, tsawo da ciyayi. Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan mazaunin suna cikin juna kuma kowannensu yana da al'ummomin tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Nau'in mazaunin na iya dacewa da wani nau'in jinsin, amma kasancewarsa ko rashin sa a kowane wuri ya dogara da sa'a, akan iyawar warwatsewa da ingancin sa a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka. === Rashin ruwa === [[File:Marsa_Alam_R18.jpg|thumb|Yanayin hamada a Misira]] Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sune inda akwai ruwa mai yawa. Mafi matsanancin wuraren zama masu bushewa sune hamada. Dabbobi na hamada suna da sauye-sauye iri-iri don tsira daga yanayin bushewa. Wasu kwari suna zaune a cikin hamada, suna haifar da nau'ikan mazaunin da ke karkashin kasa da kuma hibernating yayin da yanayi ba shi da kyau. Tsuntsu na Couch (''Scaphiopus couchii'') ya fito ne daga raminsa lokacin da ruwan sama ya faru kuma ya sa qwai a cikin tafkunan da suka samo asali; tadpoles suna tasowa da sauri, wani lokacin a cikin kwanaki tara, suna fuskantar metamorphosis, kuma suna cin abinci mai yawa kafin su tono ramin kansu.<ref name="96sA2">{{Cite web |title=Couch's spadefoot (''Scaphiopus couchi'') |url=http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_spadefoot.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530230901/http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_spadefoot.php |archive-date=30 May 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016 |publisher=Arizona–Sonora Desert Museum}}</ref> ==== Misalan nau'ikan mazaunin gandun daji ==== * Hamada * Hamada * [[Yankin hamada]] * [[Yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka]] * Savanna === Yankin ruwa da kogin ruwa === Sauran kwayoyin suna jimrewa da bushewar mazauninsu na ruwa ta wasu hanyoyi. Ruwa na Vernal tafkuna ne na ɗan lokaci wanda ke samuwa a lokacin ruwan sama kuma ya bushe daga baya. Suna da tsire-tsire na musamman, galibi sun kunshi shuke-shuke na shekara-shekara, wanda tsaba ya tsira daga fari, amma kuma wasu shuke-shiryen da suka dace. Dabbobi da suka dace da waɗannan nau'ikan mazaunin masu tsananin gaske suma sun wanzu; ƙwayoyin cuta na iya sa "ƙwai na hunturu" waɗanda ke tsayayya da bushewa, wani lokacin ana hura su da ƙura, suna ƙare a cikin sababbin ɓacin rai a ƙasa. Wadannan zasu iya rayuwa a cikin yanayin barci har tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref name="KNkKt">{{Cite web |last=Green, Scott |title=Fairy shrimp |url=http://www.vernalpool.org/inf_fs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423074123/http://www.vernalpool.org/inf_fs.htm |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |publisher=The Vernal Pool Association}}</ref> Wasu killifish suna nuna irin wannan hali; ƙwai suna furewa kuma ƙananan kifi suna girma da sauri sosai lokacin da yanayin ya dace, amma duk yawan kifi na iya ƙare a matsayin ƙwai a cikin laka mai bushewa wanda ya kasance tafki. ==== Misalan wuraren da ake amfani da su da kuma nau'ikan mazaunin riparian ==== * [[Bog]] * Marsh * [[Fen]] * Yankunan da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma tsaunuka * [[Filin Ambaliyar]] * Yankin da ke cikin shuke-shuke * [[Fadama|Ruwa mai santsi]] * [[Tafkin Vernal|Ruwa mai ban sha'awa]] * Yankin da ke da ruwa === Dajin === ==== Jerin nau'ikan mazaunin ruwa ==== * Dajin daji * [[Dajin girgije]] * [[Dajin da ke cike da turare]] * [[Kudancin daji mai laushi]] * Kudancin daji mai laushi * Dajin ruwan sama mai matsakaici * [[Dajin da ke da ƙaya]] * [[Kudancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical|Kyakkyawan gandun daji]] * [[Kudancin zafi da na subtropical mai laushi|Dajin zafi mai zafi]] * [[Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi|Dajin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]] * Yankin daji === Ruwa mai laushi === [[File:Danau_Sentarum_2006.jpg|thumb|Nau'ikan wuraren zama a Borneo]] Nau'ikan mazaunin ruwa mai laushi sun haɗa da koguna, rafi, tabkuna, tafkuna, marshes da bogs. Ana iya raba su zuwa '''Ruwa mai gudana''' (koguna, rafi) da '''Ruwa mai tsaye''' (kogi, tafkuna, marshes, bogs). <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Terrestrial & Freshwater Habitat Types: Freshwater Habitat descriptions |url=https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/b0b5e833-7300-4234-8ae5-bdbf326e854c/habitat-types-freshwater.pdf |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee}}</ref> Kodayake ana samun wasu kwayoyin a yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan mazaunin, yawancin suna da takamaiman buƙatu. Saurin ruwa, zafin jiki da iskar oxygen sune mahimman abubuwa, amma a cikin tsarin kogi, akwai sassan da ke da sauri da jinkiri, tafkuna, [[Bayou|bayu]] da backwaters waɗanda ke samar da nau'ikan mazaunin da ke kewayon. Hakazalika, Tsire-tsire na ruwa na iya zama masu iyo, rabin ruwa, nutsewa ko girma a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa har abada ko na ɗan lokaci ban da ruwa. Tsire-tsire masu tsayi suna samar da muhimmiyar wurin zama ga duka invertebrates da vertebrates, kuma tsire-tsalle masu nutsewa suna samar da iskar oxygen na ruwa, suna shan abubuwan gina jiki kuma suna taka rawa wajen rage gurɓataccen yanayi. Gidajen ruwa sun haɗa da ruwa mai laushi, estuaries, bays, teku mai budewa, yankin intertidal, kasan teku, reefs da zurfin / wuraren ruwa mai zurfi. Ƙarin bambance-bambance sun haɗa da tafkunan dutse, bankunan yashi, tafkunan ruwa, rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da dutse, da gadajen seagrass, duk suna tallafawa tsire-tsire da fauna. Yankin benthic ko zurfin teku yana ba da gida ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, waɗanda aka ɗora su a cikin tushe, da kuma yawancin kwayoyin da ke yawo ko burrowing a cikin farfajiya. Wasu halittu suna iyo a cikin raƙuman ruwa a saman ruwa, ko raft a kan tarkace mai iyo; wasu suna iyo a zurfin zurfi, gami da kwayoyin halitta a cikin Yankin demersal kusa da zurfin teku, kuma dubban kwayoyin suna tafiya tare da raƙuman kuma suna samar da plankton. ==== Jerin nau'ikan mazaunin ruwa ==== <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  === Birni === Dabbobi da tsire-tsire da yawa sun zauna a cikin birane. Suna da sauƙin daidaitawa kuma suna amfani da fasalulluka na garin don yin gidajensu. [[Ɓera|Rats]] da [[Bera|beraye]] sun bi mutum a duniya, kurciya, mahajjata, paregrines, sparrows, swallows da house martins suna amfani da gine-gine don nesting, [[Jemage|jemagu]] suna amfani da sararin rufin don zama, foxes suna ziyartar sharar gida da Squirrels, coyotes, raccoons da skunks suna yawo a kan tituna. Kimanin coyotes 2,000 ana zaton suna zaune a ciki da kewayen [[Chicago]]. Binciken gidaje a cikin biranen arewacin Turai a cikin karni na ashirin ya sami kimanin nau'in dabbobi 175 a ciki, gami da nau'in kwari 53, kwari 21, maciji 13 da asu, ƙwayoyin cuta 13, kwari 9, ƙudan zuma 7, wasps 5, kwari 5, gizo-gizo 5, tururuwa 4 da sauran kungiyoyi da yawa. A cikin yanayin zafi, ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu tsanani a cikin mazaunin birane; an san nau'in 183 da ke shafar gine-gine kuma nau'in 83 suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar tsari. == Nau'ikan microhabitat == [[File:A_leaf_beetle_(Aulacophora_indica)_peeking_from_a_leaf_hole_of_an_Alnus_nepalensis_tree_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ganyen itacen ''Alnus nepalensis'' suna ba da microhabitat ga nau'o'in kamar ƙwayoyin ''[[Aulacophora indica]]''.]] Microhabitat ya ƙunshi ƙananan buƙatun jiki na wani kwayoyin halitta ko yawan jama'a. Kowane mazaunin ya haɗa da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan microhabitat tare da bayyanar haske, danshi, zafin jiki, motsi na iska, da sauran dalilai. Lichen da ke girma a gefen arewa na dutse sun bambanta da waɗanda ke girma a fuskar kudu, daga waɗanda ke saman matakin, da waɗanda ke tsiro a ƙasa da ke kusa; lichens da ke girma cikin rami da kuma a kan abubuwan da aka ɗaga sun bambanta da wadanda ke girma a kan jijiyoyin quartz. Tsakanin waɗannan ƙananan "bishiyoyi" sune microfauna, nau'ikan dabbobi marasa rai, kowannensu yana da takamaiman bukatun mazauninsa.<ref name="ngpNx">{{Cite web |title=Microhabitat types |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/ecology-habitats-micro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414150015/https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/ecology-habitats-micro.html |archive-date=14 April 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |website=Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (An Australian Government Initiative) |publisher=Government of the Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan microhabitat daban-daban a cikin itace; gandun daji mai laushi, gandun daji, bishiyoyi masu warwatse, gefen gandun daji na gandun daji. Tushen itace, reshe, reshe. bud, ganye, ganye. fure, da 'ya'yan itace; gashi mai laushi mai laushi. Mafi girman bambancin tsari a cikin itace, mafi yawan nau'ikan microhabitat da za su kasance. Nau'o'in bishiyoyi da ke da nau'ikan samfurori daban-daban na girma da shekaru, da kuma siffofi masu yawa kamar rafi, yankuna masu matakin, gangara, waƙoƙi, da wuraren da aka sare za su samar da yanayin da ya dace ga yawancin tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Misali, a Burtaniya an kiyasta cewa nau'ikan katako daban-daban suna gida ga fiye da nau'ikan dabbobi 1700. Ga kwayar cuta, mazauninta shine wani bangare na waje ko ciki na mai masaukin sa a ko inda ya dace da rayuwa. Tsarin rayuwa na wasu kwayar cuta ya haɗa da nau'o'in masu karɓar bakuncin daban-daban, da kuma matakan rayuwa masu zaman kansu, wani lokacin a cikin nau'ikan microhabitat daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan kwayoyin shine trematode (flatworm) ''Microphallus turgidus'', wanda ke cikin ruwan gishiri a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Matsayinta na farko na tsakiya shine kwari kuma na biyu, Gilashin shrimp. Mai karɓar bakuncin na ƙarshe shine tsuntsayen ruwa ko dabba mai shayarwa wanda ke cinye shrimp. == Nau'ikan mazaunin da suka fi dacewa == {{Biology nav}} [[File:Cryptoendolith.jpg|right|thumb|Wani dutse na Antarctic ya rabu don nuna siffofin rayuwa na Endolithic wanda ke nunawa a matsayin kore mai kauri 'yan millimeters]] Kodayake yawancin rayuwa a Duniya suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin [[Mesophile|mesophyllic]] (mai matsakaici), wasu kwayoyin halitta, mafi yawansu ƙwayoyin cuta, sun sami nasarar mallaki matsanancin yanayin da bai dace da siffofin rayuwa masu rikitarwa ba. Akwai [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], alal misali, da ke zaune a Tafkin Whillans, rabin mil a ƙarƙashin kankara na Antarctica; idan babu hasken rana, dole ne su dogara da kayan halitta daga wasu wurare, watakila lalacewar abu daga ruwan da ya narke ko ma'adanai daga dutsen da ke ƙasa. Ana iya samun wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a cikin Mariana Trench, wuri mafi zurfi a cikin teku da Duniya; dusar ƙanƙara ta ruwa tana sauka daga saman teku kuma tana tarawa a cikin wannan kwarin karkashin teku, tana ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga al'ummar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa.<ref name="Y9kb7">{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. |date=17 March 2013 |title=Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth |url=http://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402234623/http://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=18 May 2016 |publisher=LiveScience}}</ref> Yankin intertidal da Yankin photic a cikin teku sune sanannun nau'ikan mazaunin. Koyaya yawancin teku ba su da kyau ga mutane masu numfashi, tare da Masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa da aka iyakance zuwa sama da {{Convert|50|m|ft|-1}} ko haka. Ƙananan iyaka don photosynthesis shine 100 zuwa 200 kuma a ƙasa da wannan zurfin yanayin da ya fi dacewa ya haɗa da duhu, matsin lamba, ƙananan iskar oxygen (a wasu wurare), albarkatun abinci da matsanancin sanyi. Wannan mazaunin yana da ƙalubale sosai ga bincike, kuma ba a yi nazari sosai ba, yana da yawa, tare da kashi 79% na Yanayin halittu na duniya yana da zurfin fiye da {{Convert|1000|m|ft|-2}} m (3,300 . Ba tare da rayuwar shuka ba, dabbobin da ke cikin wannan yanki ko dai Masu cin ganyayyaki ne, suna dogara da abinci da ke sauka daga saman, ko kuma masu cin nama ne, suna cinye juna. Wasu kwayoyin suna cikin teku, suna iyo ko yawo a tsakiyar teku, yayin da wasu ke cikin teku, ke zaune a kan ko kusa da zurfin teku. Yawan girma da metabolism suna da jinkiri, idanunsu na iya zama babba sosai don gano abin da ɗan haske yake, ko kuma suna iya zama makafi kuma su dogara da wasu abubuwan ji. Yawancin halittu masu zurfi na teku suna da haske; wannan yana aiki da ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da farauta, kariya da kuma fahimtar jama'a. Gabaɗaya, jikin dabbobi da ke rayuwa a zurfi mai zurfi sun dace da yanayin matsin lamba ta hanyar samun kwayoyin halitta masu tsayayya da matsin lamba da ƙananan kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel ɗin da aka sani da [[Piezolyte|piezolytes]], wanda ke ba da sunadarai sassauci da suke buƙata. Har ila yau, akwai kitse marasa cikawa a cikin membranes wanda ke hana su karfafawa a yanayin zafi.<ref name="JetfZ">{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=What does it take to live at the bottom of the ocean? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513205236/http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150129-life-at-the-bottom-of-the-ocean |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=BBC Earth}}</ref> [[File:Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpg|right|thumb|Kyakkyawan tarin fararen crabs a cikin iska mai zafi, tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a dama]] An fara gano hanyoyin hydrothermal a cikin zurfin teku a shekarar 1977. Suna haifar da ruwan teku da ya zama mai zafi bayan ya shiga cikin tsagewa zuwa wuraren da [[Magma]] mai zafi yake kusa da gindin teku. Ruwan zafi na karkashin ruwa na iya fitowa a yanayin zafi sama da {{Convert|340|°C|°F|-1}} ° C (640 ° F) kuma yana tallafawa al'ummomin halittu na musamman a kusa da su. Tushen wannan rayuwa mai yawa shine chemosynthesis, tsari wanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke canza irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar hydrogen sulfide ko ammoniya zuwa kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="SnmYR">{{Cite web |title=Hydrothermal Vent Creatures |url=http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/hydrothermal-vent-creatures |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524171254/http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/hydrothermal-vent-creatures |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=Ocean Portal |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Wadannan kwayoyin cuta da Archaea sune manyan masu samarwa a cikin waɗannan yanayin halittu kuma suna tallafawa rayuwa daban-daban. Kimanin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta 350, wadanda suka mamaye molluscs, polychaete worms da crustaceans, an gano su a kusa da hanyoyin hydrothermal a ƙarshen karni na ashirin, mafi yawansu sabo ne ga kimiyya kuma suna da alaƙa da waɗannan nau'ikan mazaunin. Baya ga samar da damar motsi ga dabbobi masu fuka-fuki da kuma hanyar warwatsa hatsi na pollen, spores da tsaba, ana iya la'akari da yanayi a matsayin nau'in mazaunin kansa. Akwai kwayoyin cuta masu aiki da ke cikin metabolism waɗanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna ciyar da duk rayuwarsu a cikin iska, tare da daruruwan dubban kwayoyin halitta da aka kiyasta suna cikin mita cubic na iska. Al'ummar microbial na iska na iya zama daban-daban kamar yadda aka samu a cikin ƙasa ko wasu mahalli na ƙasa, duk da haka, waɗannan kwayoyin ba a rarraba su daidai ba, yawan su ya bambanta a sararin samaniya tare da tsawo da yanayin muhalli. Ba a yi nazarin ilimin halittu da yawa ba, amma akwai shaidar nitrogen a cikin [[Gajimare|girgije]], da kuma rashin cikakken shaidar cycling na carbon, dukansu sun sauƙaƙe ta hanyar aikin microbial. Akwai wasu misalai na matsanancin nau'ikan mazaunin inda aka saba da nau'ikan rayuwa na musamman; tar tar tar tar pits cike da rayuwar microbial; da ke faruwa a dabi'a mai mai cike da larvae na man fetur fly; maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi inda zafin jiki na iya zama sama da {{Convert|71|°C}} ° C (160 ° F) da cyanobacteria ke haifar da microbial seeps; <ref name="Ot0z9">{{Cite journal |last=McGregor, G.B. |last2=Rasmussen, J.P. |year=2008 |title=Cyanobacterial composition of microbial mats from an Australian thermal spring: a polyphasic evaluation |journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=23–35 |bibcode=2008FEMME..63...23M |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00405.x |pmid=18081588 |doi-access=free}}</ref> sanyi da hydrogen sulfide suna fitowa daga ƙasa ta teku kuma tallafawa microbes da mafi girma kamar su suna suna suna suna Walkuts na cututtukan acid acid acid acidyyyy acy acyy actic hyccccly da ake amfani da su ne: <ref name="0YJr8">{{Cite web |last=Hsing, Pen-Yuan |date=18 October 2010 |title=Gas-powered Circle of Life: Succession in a Deep-sea Ecosystem |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/10lophelia/logs/oct18/oct18.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225105310/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/10lophelia/logs/oct18/oct18.html |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=22 May 2016 |website=Lophelia II 2010 |publisher=NOAA}}</ref> suna suna suna karɓar waɗannan kwayoyin cutacecece-ccc anticcctics suna karɓar bauctic hyctics suna suna karɓa, kankara mai kankara tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyi iri-iri; da filayen dusar ƙanƙara inda algae ke girma. <ref name="0yqn0">{{Cite web |last=Takeuchi, Nozomu |year=2014 |title=Snow algae on Alaskan glaciers |url=http://www-es.s.chiba-u.ac.jp/~takeuchi/snowalgae_ak.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329200551/http://www-es.s.chiba-u.ac.jp/~takeuchi/snowalgae_ak.html |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> == Canjin mazaunin == Ko daga matakai na halitta ko ayyukan mutum, shimfidar wurare da nau'ikan mazauninsu masu alaƙa suna canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Akwai saurin canje-canje na geomorphological da ke da alaƙa da matakai na geologic waɗanda ke haifar da hauhawar tectonic da raguwa, da kuma canje-canje masu sauri da ke da alaka da girgizar ƙasa, rushewar ƙasa, guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa, gobarar daji, rushewa na bakin teku, sare daji da canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa. Sa'an nan kuma akwai canje-canje a cikin nau'ikan mazaunin da aka kawo ta hanyar canje-canje na ayyukan noma, yawon bude ido, gurɓata, raguwa da canjin yanayi. Rashin mazaunin shine babbar barazana ga kowane nau'in. Idan tsibirin da ke zaune a cikin kwayoyin halitta ya zama wanda ba za a iya zama ba saboda wani dalili, jinsin [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ya ƙare]]. Duk wani nau'in mazaunin da ke kewaye da mazaunin daban-daban yana cikin irin wannan yanayin ga tsibirin. Idan an raba gandun daji zuwa sassa ta hanyar katako, tare da sassan ƙasar da aka share da ke raba tubalan gandun daji, kuma nisan tsakanin sauran raguwa ya wuce nisan da dabba ɗaya ke iya tafiya, wannan nau'in ya zama mai rauni musamman. Ƙananan jama'a gabaɗaya ba su da bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma suna iya fuskantar barazanar karuwar farauta, karuwar gasa, cututtuka da bala'i ba zato ba tsammani. A gefen kowane yanki na gandun daji, karuwar haske yana ƙarfafa ci gaban na biyu na nau'in da ke girma da sauri kuma tsofaffin bishiyoyi masu girma sun fi fuskantar katako yayin da aka inganta damar. Tsuntsaye da ke yin gida a cikin ramuka, epiphytes da ke rataye daga rassan su da invertebrates a cikin ganyen ganye duk suna da mummunar tasiri kuma an rage bambancin halittu. Za'a iya inganta raguwar mazaunin zuwa wani mataki ta hanyar samar da hanyoyin dabbobin daji da ke haɗa raguwa. Wadannan na iya zama kogi, rami, bishiyoyi, shinge ko ma hanyar da ke karkashin hanya zuwa babbar hanya. Ba tare da hanyoyin ba, tsaba ba za su iya warwatsewa ba kuma dabbobi, musamman ƙananan, ba za su taɓa tafiya ta cikin yankin abokan gaba ba, suna sanya yawan jama'a cikin haɗarin halaka na gida. === Rarrabawar === {{Authority control}} === Halakawa === {{Biology nav}} == Kare mazaunin == {{Authority control}}Kare nau'ikan mazaunin wani mataki ne mai mahimmanci wajen kula da bambancin halittu saboda idan lalacewar mazaunin ta faru, dabbobi da tsire-tsire da suka dogara da wannan mazaunin suna shan wahala. Kasashe da yawa sun kafa dokoki don kare dabbobinsu. Wannan na iya ɗaukar nau'in kafa wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiyar gandun daji da wuraren ajiyar namun daji, ko kuma yana iya ƙuntata ayyukan mutane tare da manufar amfanin namun daji. Ana iya tsara dokoki don kare wani nau'in ko rukuni na nau'in, ko kuma doka na iya hana irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar tattara ƙwai na tsuntsaye, farautar dabbobi ko cire shuke-shuke. Dokar gaba ɗaya game da kariya ga nau'ikan mazaunin na iya zama da wahala a aiwatarwa fiye da takamaiman buƙatun shafin. Wani ra'ayi da aka gabatar a Amurka a cikin 1973 ya haɗa da kare mahimman wuraren zama na nau'in da ke cikin haɗari, kuma an haɗa irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin wasu dokokin Australiya. Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa na iya zama dole don irin waɗannan manufofi kamar kafa wuraren ajiyar ruwa. Wani yarjejeniya na kasa da kasa, Yarjejeniyar kan Tsaro na Dabbobi masu ƙaura, yana kare dabbobi da ke ƙaura a duk faɗin duniya kuma suna buƙatar kariya a cikin ƙasa fiye da ɗaya.<ref name="A4iV3">{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |url=http://www.cms.int/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307065602/http://www.cms.int/ |archive-date=7 March 2011 |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=UNEP/CMS Secretariat}}</ref> Ko da inda doka ke kare muhalli, rashin tilasta sau da yawa yana hana ingantaccen kariya. Koyaya, kariya ga nau'ikan mazaunin yana buƙatar la'akari da bukatun mazauna yankin don abinci, man fetur da sauran albarkatu. Da yake fuskantar yunwa da talauci, manomi na iya noma wani matakin ƙasa duk da cewa shi ne wurin zama na ƙarshe da ya dace da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari kamar San Quintin kangaroo rat, har ma ya kashe dabba a matsayin annoba. A cikin amfanin Yawon shakatawa na muhalli yana da kyau cewa al'ummomin yankin suna da ilimi game da bambancin tsire-tsire da dabbobi. == Gidauniyar Gidauniya ==   Nau'in mazaunin da ba shi da tsari ɗaya ra'ayi ne da wani lokacin ake amfani da shi a [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|fannin ilmin halittu na kiyayewa]], inda nau'in dabba ko shuka ɗaya ne kawai nau'insa da aka samu a cikin wani takamaiman wurin zama kuma ya samar da [[Noma iri Daya|al'adu ɗaya]] . Ko da yake yana iya zama kamar irin wannan nau'in mazaunin yana cikin talauci a cikin [[bambancin halittu]] idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan mazaunin [[wiktionary:polytypic|polytypic]], wannan ba lallai bane haka lamarin yake. Al'adun shukar da ba ta da tushe guda ɗaya na ''Hydrilla'' suna tallafawa nau'ikan namun daji masu wadata iri ɗaya na marasa ƙashi a matsayin wurin zama daban-daban. Mahalli ɗaya ne kawai ke faruwa a cikin yanayin tsirrai da na dabbobi. Wasu nau'ikan halittu masu cin zarafi na iya ƙirƙirar wurare daban-daban na al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke hana wasu nau'ikan girma a can. Mulkin mallaka mai rinjaye na iya faruwa ne sakamakon sinadarai masu hana ruwa gudu da aka fitar, ko kuma rashin sarrafa sinadarai masu gina jiki, ko kuma rashin sarrafa yanayi, kamar masu cin ciyawa ko yanayi, waɗanda ke daidaita su da nau'in mazauninsu na asali. Tsarin tsirrai masu launin rawaya, <nowiki><i id="mwAtE">Centaurea solstitialis</i></nowiki> misali ne na wannan wurin zama na tsirrai, wanda a halin yanzu ya mamaye fiye da {{Convert|15000000|acre|km2}} a California kaɗai. <ref name="m9qmw">{{Cite web |title=1970 distribution of yellow starthistle in the U.S. |url=http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/images/none/nc4.JPG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231024708/http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/images/none/nc4.JPG |archive-date=31 December 2006 |website=Yellow Starthistle Information |publisher=[[University of California, Davis|UCD]]}}</ref> Ruwan zebra mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ba na asali ba ne, <nowiki><i id="mwAtg">Dreissena polymorpha</i></nowiki>, wanda ke mamaye yankunan Manyan Tafkuna da kuma [[Ruwan ruwa|kogin]] [[Mississippi (kogi)|Mississippi]], misali ne na mazaunin dabbobi; dabbobin daji ko ƙwayoyin cuta da ke sarrafa shi a cikin ƙasarsu a Rasha ba su nan. <ref name="RnZlu">{{Cite web |title=Invasive Mussels |url=https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species/Invasive-Mussels.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817005333/https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species/Invasive-Mussels.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |publisher=National Wildlife Federation}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Dubi kuma == {{Excerpt|Habitat fragmentation}} == Bayanan kula da nassoshi == {{Excerpt|Habitat destruction}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Haɗin waje == {{Clear}}<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> * {{Commons category-inline|Habitats}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|habitat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ia15ypuqfb3ca8741qco57psqmtmp4 Tattaunawar user:Em-mustapha 3 7145 967342 960271 2026-10-13T21:31:09Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 19 */ sabon sashe 967342 wikitext text/x-wiki # {{DISPLAYTITLE:<b><span style="color:black">User talk:</span><span style="color:green">M</span><span style="color:black">-</span><span style="color:green">Mustapha</span></b>}} == Facebook page == Dear Mohammed, Thanks a lot for your contributions. Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) OK! thanks so much DonCamillo and I'll follow the page and share it. [[User:The Living love|<span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 2px;"><font color="#663300">'''''The Living love'''''</font></span>]][[User Talk:The Living love|<span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 2px;"><sup> talk</sup></span>]] 17:23, 12 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Manzo == Dear Mohammed, I'm trying to connect the page "Manzo" you have created (well done!) to pages available on Wikipedia in other languages. Can you please confirm that "Prophet" is the correct translation for "Manzo" in English? Na gode sosai, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 04:58, 14 Maris 2018 (UTC) Dear [[Use:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] the word '''Manzo''' means Messenger, and word '''Annabi''' means prophet [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 05:24, 2 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) Hello [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] There is little differences between these words, the word " Prophet " Arabic (نبي) it means Annabi in hausa while the word "Messenger" Arabic (رسول) means Manzo. [[User:The Living love|<span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 2px;"><font color="#663300">'''''The Living love'''''</font></span>]][[User Talk:The Living love|<span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 2px;"><sup> talk</sup></span>]] Dear [[Use:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] Manzo means messenger in any sort of form anyone carrying messages can be called Manzo. It's just a dictionary meaning of messenger in hausa. While prophet have another literal meaning.[[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 07:25, 25 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) == Admins == Dear Mohammed, Thanks a lot for your contributions to the project! This is just to inform you that we have two applications for "admin" status (a status that allows you to delete non-appropriate content, to block people who are adding inappropriate information...) at the moment on the Hausa Wikipedia: [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] and myself. Your support would be much appreciated: we just need you to add "<nowiki>*'''Support''' --~~~~</nowiki>" [[Wikipedia:Kofan_al'umma#Neman_Administrator|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Kofan_al'umma#Gudanarwa/administrator_2|here]]. Thanks a lot/Nagode sosai, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 05:39, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Congrats == Dear The Living love, Congrats on your recent contributions improving the Hausa Wikipedia! Just a few suggestions for translating from English: for references, since the Hausa Wikipedia does not have all the templates they have on the English Wikipedia, it is much better to use the very simple <nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki> (for instance: <nowiki><ref>Bernard Caron da Ahmed Amfani, ''Dictionnaire français-haoussa''.</ref></nowiki>), otherwise the templates will not work and there will error messages, some content will not show up... To display the reference at the bottom of the article you can use <nowiki><references/></nowiki>, in a section like <nowiki>== Mazanarta ==</nowiki>, for instance (a friend told be it was an appropriate Hausa translation for references, but feel free to do otherwise). For pictures, if you use only <nowiki>[[File:Picture]]</nowiki> there will be a problem with the size of the image, so for a better rendition you can use <nowiki>[[File:Picture|thumb|right]]</nowiki> : the picture will be smaller and will appear at the top right of the article. You can also use the Databox template (adding <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> at the top of the article) and it will show an information box with information from Wikidata at the top right of the article. Nagode sosai! –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 09:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) Godiya nake da samun wannan Karin hasken [[User: DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 11:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == WAM Organizers Update == Hi WAM Organizer! Hopefully, everything works just fine so far! '''[[:m:Talk:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018|Need Help Button''', post in any language is fine]] * Here are some recent updates and clarification of rules for you, and as always, let me know if you have any idea, thought or question. ** Additional souvenirs (e.g. postcard) will be sent to Ambassadors and active organizers. ** A participant's article count is combined on all language Wikipedias they have contributed to ** Only Wikipedia Asian Month on Wikipedia or Wikivoyage projects count (no WikiQuote, etc.) ** The global top 3 article count will only be eligible on Wikipedias where the WAM article requirement is at least 3,000 bytes and 300 words. ** If your community accepts an extension for articles, you should set up a page and allow participants to submit their contributions there. ** In case of redirection not allowed submitting in Fountain tool, a workaround is to delete it, copy and submit again. Or a submission page can be used too. ** Please make sure enforce the rules, such as proper references, notability, and length. ** International organizers will double check the top 3 users' accepted articles, so if your articles are not fulfilling the rules, they might be disqualified. We don't want it happened so please don't let us make such a decision. Please feel free to contact me and WAM team on [[m:Talk:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018|meta talk page]], send me an email by Email this User or chat with me on facebook. For some languages, the activity for WAM is very less, If you need any help please reach out to us, still, 12 more days left for WAM, Please encourage your community members to take part in it. If you no longer want to receive the WAM organizer message, you can remove your username at [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikipedia Asian Month Organisers|this page]]. Best Wishes,<br /> Sailesh Patnaik<br /> <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=18557757 --> == What's Next (WAM)! == Congratulations! The Wikipedia Asian Month has ended successfully and you've done amazing work of organizing. What we've got and what's next? ; Tool problem : If you faced problem submitting articles via judging tool, use [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018/late submit|this meta page]] to do so. Please spread this message with local participants. ; Here are what will come after the end of WAM * Make sure you judge all articles before December 7th, and participants who can improve their contribution (not submit) before December 10th. * Participates still can submit their contribution of November before December 5th at [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018/late submit|'''this page''']]. Please let your local wiki participates know. Once you finish the judging, please update [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018/Status|'''this page''']] after December 7th * There will be three round of address collection scheduled: December 15th, December 20th, and December 25th. * Please report the local Wikipedia Asian Ambassador (who has most accepted articles) [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018/Ambassadors|'''on this page''']], if the 2nd participants have more than 30 accepted articles, you will have two ambassadors. * There will be a progress page for the postcards. ; Some Questions * In case you wondering how can you use the WAM tool (Fountain) in your own contest, contact the developer [[:m:User:Ле Лой|Le Loi]] for more information. Thanks again, Regards <br> [[User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:59, 3 Disamba 2018 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=18652404 --> ==Please contact me== Hi, The living love Please contact me via [[special:emailuser/ammarpad|my email]] or send your mobile contact. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:42, 6 Disamba 2018 (UTC) :Barka da aiki [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], inason sanar dakai cewan ina neman Administrator anan [[Wikipedia:Kofan_al'umma#Nema/Request_Administrator|Nema/Request Administrator]], dafatan zaka duba ko zaka goyi baya na. Nagode.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 04:02, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Yayi kyau, nayi magana a can. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:35, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == Duplicate articles == Hi The Living Love, Just to let you know that there are already articles on [[Mohammed Buba Marwa]] (I have already merged the two articles) and [[Isah]] ([[Isa Almasihu]], maybe it is better if you can add the content to this article directly). If you want to check if there is already an article in Hausa, the best way to do so is to check on Wikidata, this way you will immediately see if there is another article, maybe with another name. It's easy to create a redirect using <nowiki>#REDIRECT [[Name of the article]]</nowiki>. Nagode sosai! Thanks again for your amazing contributions to the project, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:53, 7 Disamba 2018 (UTC) Thanks! [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I would like to let you know that, most of the articles duplicated were created with a different spellings, although I tried to make Redirect when I come across them, but articles like this [[Uosaine dan Ali]] instead of AlHusain or Hussain Dan/Bin Ali were totally misspelled. But anyway I'll check the wikidata first as you suggested. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 11:56, 9 Disamba 2018 (UTC) == WAM Postcard collection == Dear organiser, Thanks for your patience, I apologise for the delay in sending the Google form for address collection. Please share [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScoZU2jEj-ndH3fLwhwG0YBc99fPiWZIfBB1UlvqTawqTEsMA/viewform this form] and the message with the participants who created 4 or more than 4 articles during WAM. We will send the reminders directly to the participants from next time, but please ask the participants to fill the form before January 10th 2019. Things to do: #If you're the only organiser in your language edition, Please accept your article, keeping the WAM guidelines in mind. #Please report the local Wikipedia Asian Ambassador (who has most accepted articles) [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018/Ambassadors|'''on this page''']], if the 2nd participants have more than 30 accepted articles, you will have two ambassadors. #Please update the status of your language edition in [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2018/Status|'''this page''']]. Note: This form is only accessed by WAM international team. All personal data will be destroyed immediately after postcards are sent. If you have problems accessing the google form, you can use [[:m:Special:EmailUser/Saileshpat|Email This User]] to send your address to my Email. Thanks :) --[[:m:User:Saileshpat|Saileshpat]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:15, 19 Disamba 2018 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=18711123 --> :Hello [[:m:User:Saileshpat|Saileshpat]], I didn't receive any postcards yet.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 05:30, 22 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Invitation to Organize Wiki Loves Love 2019 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:WLL Subtitled Logo subtitled b (transparent).svg|frameless|right]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019|Wiki Loves Love]] (WLL) is an International photography competition of Wikimedia Commons to subject love testimonials happening in the month of February 2019. The primary goal of the competition is to document love testimonials through human cultural diversity such as monuments, ceremonies, snapshot of tender gesture, and miscellaneous objects used as symbol of love; to illustrate articles in the worldwide free encyclopedia Wikipedia, and other Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) projects. February is around the corner and Wiki Loves Love team invites you to organize and promote WLL19 in your country and join hands with us to celebrate love and document it on Wikimedia Commons. The theme of 2019 is '''Festivals, ceremonies and celebrations of love'''. To organize Wiki Loves Love in your region, sign up at WLL [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019/Organise|Organizers]] page. You can also simply support and spread love by helping us [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019|translate]] the commons page in your local language which is open for translation. The contest starts runs from 1-28 February 2019. Independent from if there is a local contest organised in your country, you can help by making the photo contest Wiki Loves Love more accessible and available to more people in the world by translating the upload wizard, templates and pages to your local language. See for an overview of templates/pages to be translated at our [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019/Translations|Translations page]]. Imagine...The sum of all love! [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019/International Team|Wiki Loves Love team]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:33, 6 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wiki_Loves_Love&oldid=18760999 --> == Gayyata zuwa fassara == Barka dai! Yanzu ana iya fassara shafuka kai tsaye daga wasu harsunan zuwa Hausa da taimakon google. Na gode! [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 16:42, 12 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Barka ka dai Engr. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis| Muhammad Khamis]] Inason Karin haske/bayani, ta yadda abun yake. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 08:38, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Tsarin na aiki ne da google translate, idan ka danna sakin-layi zai fassara maka kai-tsaye. Ziyarci https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation domin gwadawa. Na gode! [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 20:53, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) == Articles on US States == Dear The Living love, Thanks for all your amazing contributions to the project! I am considering creating articles for the 50 US States: could you tell me if [[User:DonCamillo/Wyoming|this pattern]] is alright, and correct me if the Hausa I use is wrong? In particular I am not sure about "kilomita murraba'i" to say "square kilometer". A friend who speaks Hausa as a second language told me that, but I cannot find it anywhere else online. Thanks a lot, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:19, 29 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Nagode sosai! [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], The pattern is alright, and the " kilomita murabba'i" is exactly the alternative phrase for "square kilometres". Thank you so much. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 09:51, 29 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Nagode sosai! Zan kirkira mukaloli hamsin game da jihohin Tarayyar Amuraka. –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:36, 29 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Yayi kyau sosai, ina ganin kamar na kirkiri [[Hawaii]] daga ciki. Thanks. ==BARKA DAI== The Living Love, ina maka fatan alkhairi, naga contributions dinka da yawa da kayi kuma ina so ka sani da dama nayi contribution ta hanyar samun kwarin gwuiwa daga irin kokarin da kake yi. Abu na gaba kuma shine Dan Allah indai da hali to inaso na samu contact dinka ko na Facebook ko Instagram ko Phone number domin ina so na rinka tattaunawa da kai. Nagofe = [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 23:11, 30 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) OK, Nagode sosai. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 23:29, 30 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) ==Email== Barka dai The Living Love, Kamar yadda ka bukaci na baka Email dina to ga shi (xxxxxx@gmail.com) Nagode - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 09:55, 4 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) == PHP7 == Dan Allah inaso kayi min Karin bayanini akan PHP7 - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:25, 26 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Madalla [[user:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubkar]], PHP7 software ne da Wikipedia ke amfani dashi a dukkanin projects ɗinta, ganin cewa a baya an daina amfani dashi sai aka fara amfani da '''HHVM''', bayan sake inganta shi ayanzu andawo da amfani dashi, idan kanason fara amfani dashi kaima, kawai kaje Preferences ɗinka, ka duba sashen "''Beta features''"; sai kayi makin ƙaramin akwatin dake gefensa. Don ƙarin bayani zaka iya shiga kan liƙau ɗin PHP7 ɗin, zai kaika shafin "mediaWiki" inda ake tattauna canje-canje akan softwares din da Wikipedia ke amfani dasu, kuma zaka iya yin tambaya anan. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 00:48, 27 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) == Notice == Please yi copying abunda ke [[User:Ammarpad/sandbox]] zuwa [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. Sanna ka canza daga 0 zuwa 1 a [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice id]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 15:50, 8 ga Afirilu, 2019 (UTC) :Ok, done.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 19:38, 8 ga Afirilu, 2019 (UTC) ::Yawwa, saura wannan [[MediaWiki:Anonnotice]], ka canza shi zuwa ( - ). Amma banda bracket ɗin. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 05:25, 9 ga Afirilu, 2019 (UTC) :::Na duba amma banga inda zan canja ba?.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 09:09, 9 ga Afirilu, 2019 (UTC) ::::Zaka ma iya cire shi yanzu duka. Zan kiraka a waya daga baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 23 ga Afirilu, 2019 (UTC) :::Toh shikenan! Sai naji ka.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 05:10, 24 ga Afirilu, 2019 (UTC) ::::Please ka goge wannan site notice din: [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:07, 4 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Saƙon sannu d zuwa == Hi The Living love, idan zaka ba mutane saƙon sannu da zuwa ka dinga substituting ɗin message din domin ya zuba duka rubutun kuma yayi ma signing da sunanka. Ka dinga rubuta <nowiki>{{subst:sannu da zuwa}}</nowiki> a madadin <nowiki>{{sannu da zuwa}}</nowiki>. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:56, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) :Ok toh, Nagode.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 13:11, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Traductions == Salut, Peux-tu traduire le modèle [[Template:Infobox biography]] en hausa ? *Voici les pages qu'il faut modifier (Il suffit de modifier les valeurs qui se trouvent à droite): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. D'avance, merci. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 00:50, 3 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) :Yes [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]], I will do that. Merci.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 04:05, 3 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) :: Thanks! When I'll create an Infobox for species I'll come back to you once again :p Btw sorry to have spoken to you in french: I've mistaken you for another user. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 21:01, 3 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) :::You're welcome, thank you so much for the improvement of this project, no problem about the language. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 21:46, 3 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) :::: Thanks TLV, now here's the Infobox that needs localization: [[Template:Automatic taxobox/localize]], I did not provide all the necessary items (I'll finish that another day), but it's much more better looking than the generic Databox for species. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 23:55, 3 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) :that's great Sami, it means, it will be even easier to edit than the generic databox as well. Thank you.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 06:03, 4 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) Hello Living Love, I've redirected the generic databox used by language related articles to the language infobox, it just needs to be localized at [[Template:Infobox language/localize]] (right-hand side values). [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 22:43, 26 ga Augusta, 2019 (UTC) :OK Thanks, I will localize it. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 08:48, 27 ga Augusta, 2019 (UTC) Hello Living Love, I have a new localization request for you [[Template:Infobox physical geography/localize|here]]. Also, the following css tag needs to be copy-pasted to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]: <pre>#coordinates { position: absolute; top: 0em; right: 0em; float: right; margin: 0em; padding: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; font-size: 85%; text-transform: none; white-space: nowrap; }</pre> [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 21:59, 5 Satumba 2019 (UTC) Hello Mustapha, I have a new localization request for you [[Template:Infobox physical geography/localize|here]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 16:32, 20 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :OK [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]], I will. Thank you so much. <span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> <sup><samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp></sup> 17:18, 20 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == Wslm == Na ga sakonka na kuma gode sosai...-------- Nagode [[User:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]] ([[User talk:Musaddam Idriss|talk]]) 08:10, 9 ga Augusta, 2019 (UTC) == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(meafwps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 00:49, 7 Satumba 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(meaf_wps,act5)&oldid=19352813 --> == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(meafwps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 00:50, 7 Satumba 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(meaf_wps,act5)&oldid=19352813 --> == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(meafwps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 00:56, 7 Satumba 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(meaf_wps,act5)&oldid=19352813 --> ==I NEED YOU== Please i need to speak with you, here is my number (+2349077351153) give a text indicating that it's you , text only please. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 20:16, 28 Satumba 2019 (UTC) :;OK, I will text you. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 20:40, 28 Satumba 2019 (UTC) == Invitation from WAM 2019 == [[File:WAM logo without text.svg|right|200px]] Hi WAM organizers! Hope you are all doing well! Now it's a great time to '''[[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019#Communities_and_Organizers|sign up for the 2019 Wikipedia Asian Month]]''', which will take place in November this year (29 days left!). Here are some updates and improvements we will make for upcoming WAM. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to discuss on [[:m:Talk:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|the meta talk page]]. #Please add your language project by 24th October 2019. Please indicate if you need multiple organisers by 29th October. #Please update your community members about you being the organiser of the WAM. #We want to host many onsite Edit-a-thons all over the world this year. If you would like to host one in your city, please [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/Onsite edit-a-thon|take a look and sign up at this page]]. #Please encourage other organizers and participants to sign-up [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikipedia Asian Month Organisers|in this page]] to receive updates and news on Wikipedia Asian Month. #If you no longer want to receive the WAM organizer message, you can remove your username at [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikipedia Asian Month Organisers|this page]]. Reach out the WAM team here at the [[:m:Talk:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|meta talk page]] if you have any questions. Best Wishes,<br /> [[User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:03, 2 Oktoba 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=19195667 --> == Wikipedia Watan Asiya 2019 == <div style="border:8px orange ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Muna Gaisuwa! Mungode da shirya gasar '''Wikipedia Watan Asiya na 2019''' a Wikipedia ta harshen Hausa. Dan samun tsari da yadda zaku shigar da Wikipedia ta harshen Ku, duba nan [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/Organiser Guidelines|wannan shafi]] dake a Meta. Dan Neman taimako dangane da gasar ko yin tambayoyi, a same mu a shafi [[:m:Talk:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|Neman buƙata]]. Mutanen mu na [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|International Team]] na nan, zasu taimake ku a koda yaushe Luke neman taimako har a kammala gasar. Mungode da ƙoƙarin Ku na ganin wannan aiki ya samu nasara. Muna matuƙar godiya, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|WAM 2019 International Team]] ::::kasance da shafukan mu a [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth/|50x50px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth|50x50px]] dan samun ƙarin bayanai. </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:46, 2 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/WAM&oldid=19515825 --> ==Canjin suna== Ina mai sanar da kai cewa ina bukatar ka canza ma wasu Makulolin dana kirkira suna, saboda sunan bai dace da su ba, sune kamar haka * [[Parisa]] zuwa [[Farisa]] A kullun naka [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 10:48, 3 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) :OK, shike nan, Barka da ƙoƙari Nagode.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 12:34, 3 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) == Matsala game da User talk dina== Slm, ban san meyasa ba, idan nayi signing ta hanya amfani da tilde gu hudu user talk dina baya fitowa.Anasskoko 13:26, 12 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) :Yi signing anan ƙasa mugani.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 11:44, 13 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) == Extension of Wikipedia Asian Month contest == In consideration of a week-long internet block in Iran, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] contest has been extended for a week past November. The articles submitted till 7th December 2019, 23:59 UTC will be accepted by the fountain tools of the participating wikis. Please help us translate and spread this message in your local language. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month international team]]. --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:12, 27 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/WAM&oldid=19592097 --> == Godiya == Nagode. Nayi rubuce-rubuce akan abubuwa da yawa wanda nake gannin ya kamata ace in hausawa sunyi search su samu a wikipedia. To matsalar itace wikipedian ma ban iya amfani daahi ba. Amman; tunda ga ka to insha Allah nasan komai zai zo min da sauki. [[User:BinUsman01|BinUsman01]] ([[User talk:BinUsman01|talk]]) 00:11, 6 December, 2019 (UTC) == What's Next (WAM)! == Congratulations! The Wikipedia Asian Month has ended successfully and you've done amazing work of organizing. What we've got and what's next? *We have a total of 10,186 articles made during this edition and it's the highest of all time. *Make sure you judge all articles before December 20th, Once you finish the judging, please update [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/Status|this page]]. *There will be two round of address collection scheduled: December 22th and December 27th 2019. *Please report the local Wikipedia Asian Ambassador (who has most accepted articles) on [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/Ambassadors|this page]], if the 2nd participants have more than 30 accepted articles, you will have two ambassadors. *In case you wondering how can you use the WAM tool (Fountain) in your own contest, contact the developer [[user:Ле Лой|Le Loy]] for more information. Best wishes, [[:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:30, 14 Disamba 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/WAM&oldid=19638067 --> == WAM 2019 Postcard == Dear Participants and Organizers, Congratulations! It's WAM's honor to have you all participated in [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]], the fifth edition of WAM. Your achievements were fabulous, and all the articles you created make the world can know more about Asia in different languages! Here we, the WAM International team, would like to say thank you for your contribution also cheer for you that you are eligible for the postcard of Wikipedia Asian Month 2019. Please kindly fill [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdX75AmuQcIpt2BmiTSNKt5kLfMMJUePLzGcbg5ouUKQFNF5A/viewform the form], let the postcard can send to you asap! Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:16, 3 ga Janairu, 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19671656 --> == WAM 2019 Postcard == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|link=:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Kindly remind you that we only collect the information for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|WAM]] postcard 31/01/2019 UTC 23:59. If you haven't filled [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdX75AmuQcIpt2BmiTSNKt5kLfMMJUePLzGcbg5ouUKQFNF5A/viewform the google form], please fill it asap. If you already completed the form, please stay tun, wait for the postcard and tracking emails. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.01 [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 20:58, 20 ga Janairu, 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:-revi@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19732202 --> == LTA creating microstub pages == Hi, could you take a look at [[Special:Contributions/194.68.44.74]] amd nuke if appropriate? The IP is a LTA called Decker and he creates micro stubs over crosswiki. [[User:Masumrezarock100|Masumrezarock100]] ([[User talk:Masumrezarock100|talk]]) 04:34, 21 ga Janairu, 2020 (UTC) :OK, I have taken a look, well the articles can be maintained although they contain same information, I will try and correct all of them. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 06:07, 22 ga Janairu, 2020 (UTC) == Wrong Language New Pages== Hello, [[User:The Living love]] There are new spammers in Hausa wiki that copy and paste English Articles into Hausa wiki which requires Administration attention for speedy deletion, such Users are violating Wikipedia policy. A warning has to be given to them, if they did not stop, then Block them from editing Ha.wikipedia. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 08:41, 16 ga Faburairu, 2020 (UTC) :Barka da kokari [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]], Tabbas na lura da duk ayyukan shi, sai dai kawai na zaci yana fassara ne manually, saboda akwai shafukan daya fara kirkira naga dukkanin su mafi yawan zancen an fassara su. amma duka abunda yasa wadanda ba Hausa bane zan goge su. tunda ka tunatar dashi bari mu gani ko zai cigaba da sanyawa sannan a dauki mataki tukun.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 11:34, 16 ga Faburairu, 2020 (UTC) ::Aikin da yayi marasa fassara kwata kwata a gogesu, wanda kuma za'a iya gyarawa sai mu gyara. Sanna ayi mai kashedi mai tsauri. Ko kuma a saka shi a hanya in zai gyara. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 11:39, 16 ga Faburairu, 2020 (UTC) :::wannan abu ne mai kyau, nima kaina baso nake Inga ana zance da turanci a nan ba, saboda a nan Hausa tsantsa muke son gani Kuma muji, bawai wani harshe na daban ba, wanda bazai yi ba, ina ganin to bazai iya taimako a wannan Wikipedian ba. Nagode.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love#top|talk]]) 11:47, 16 ga Faburairu, 2020 (UTC) ==Wiki loves love Affliation organisers== Ya kamata kayi Including din Usergroup din mu a cikin organisers na Wiki Loves love(Folklore) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Love_2019/Organize_Local_Events Saboda Usergroup din mu ya kamata a ce suna participating a project daban daban, musamman ma kasancewar mu saban Usergroup domin samun experience da nagartan aikin. Sannan hakan zai jawo ma Hausa wiki karbuwa a bangarori daban dan. Nagode. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 11:56, 16 ga Faburairu, 2020 (UTC) == WAM 2019 Postcard: All postcards are postponed due to the postal system shut down == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|link=:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear all participants and organizers, Since the outbreak of COVID-19, all the postcards are postponed due to the shut down of the postal system all over the world. Hope all the postcards can arrive as soon as the postal system return and please take good care. Best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.03 <!-- Message sent by User:Aldnonymous@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19882731 --> == Mene ne "sayinin da tilde?" == Ina son samun karin bayani dangane da bayanin da aka yi na "sayinin da tilde guda hudu" ([[User:Hafiz Koza Adamu|Hafiz Koza Adamu]] ([[User talk:Hafiz Koza Adamu|talk]]) 06:49, 21 ga Afirilu, 2020 (UTC)). Me hakan ke nufi kuma ya zan aiwatar da shi a rubuce-rubucena da ke zuwa? Na gode. Sunana Hafiz Adamu Koza. :Naji dadin wannan tambayar [[User:Hafiz Koza Adamu|Hafiz Koza Adamu]], shi sa hannu da rubuta '''tilde''' guda hudu shine bayan ka gama rubutu ko tattaunawa da wani a shafin wikipedia, akan ka tafi kawai batare da ka rubuta sunan ka ba, wanda hakan zai sa wanda ka tattauna dashi bazai san waye ya masa magana ba, shine aka takaita ta hanyar code, sai kawai ka sanya '''<NOWIKI>~~~~</NOWIKI>''' (wato tilde) guda hudu, komfutan zai sanya sunan ka da kwanan wata da lokacin da kayi rubutun batare da bata lokaci ba. Da fatan ka fahimata.<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> <sup><samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp></sup> 08:17, 21 ga Afirilu, 2020 (UTC) == Invitation to participate in the upcoming WPWP Campaign == Hello Wikipedians, This is to invite you to join the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|WPWP Campaign]] to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign will run from 1st July 2020 to 31st August 2020. The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. Please visit the '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign. With kind regards, Thank you, Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 21:32, 18 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hasley@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=20190228 --> == Digital Postcards and Certifications == [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=M:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2019|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Because of the COVID19 pandemic, there are a lot of countries’ international postal systems not reopened yet. We would like to send all the participants digital postcards and digital certifications for organizers to your email account in the upcoming weeks. For the paper ones, we will track the latest status of the international postal systems of all the countries and hope the postcards and certifications can be delivered to your mailboxes as soon as possible. Take good care and wish you all the best. <small>This message was sent by [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:58, 20 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Urbanec@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=20024482 --> == Hello == Please ka kira number ta, na kira ka ban samunka. Na yima email kuma. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 27 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) == Inada bukatan taimakon ka == Assalamu alaikum,[[User:M-Mustapha]] sannunka, kuma barka da aiki, ina mai sanar da kai cewa ina son zan saka sunanka a cikin wadanda zasu taimaka wajen ganin cewa an tallata shafin Hausa Wikipedia a sassan yanar gizo, a karkashen gidauniyar furojet din da zan amsa a meta, [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Hausa_Wikipedia_online_awareness.#Impact]] ina fatan zaka nuna amincewar ka ta hanyan maramin baya a lokacin da zan yi submitting din draft din dan dubawa.---- [[User:Anasskoko|<b style="color:#00BFFF">An@ss_koko</b>]][[User talk:Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(magana)</sup>]][[Special:Contributions/Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(aiki)</sup>]] 11:43, 30 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) == Ni == Asslamu a laikun munjidadin wannan umarni da aka bamu amma muna bukatar karin wayar da kai dangane da tsara rubutu koda lokacin yin gyara nagode ([[User:Mudansir mande|Mudansir mande]] ([[User talk:Mudansir mande|talk]]) 16:04, 13 ga Yuli, 2020 (UTC)). == Gyaran Page din DRAFT — EN.Wiki == <p> Em-Em! Nayi gyara na sake Re-Submitting draft page din “Zayn Africa” a English Wikipedia. Ina so ka taimakeni kayi reviewing: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Zayn_Africa Nagode. [[User:Themajidi|Themajidi]] ([[User talk:Themajidi|talk]]) 15:50, 22 ga Yuli, 2020 (UTC)</p> == Magana kan Jam'iyar Sen.Mohammed Ali Ndume. == Kamar yanda aka sa Sanata Mohammed Ali Ndume a jam'iyar PDP, gaskiya dan jam'iyar APC ne yanzu haka kamar yadda aka wallafa a shafinshi na Wikipedia na turanci. Yakama ta a canzashi. [[User:Sadeeqzaria|Sadeeqzaria]] ([[User talk:Sadeeqzaria|talk]]) 18:28, 23 ga Yuli, 2020 (UTC) :Toh madalla [[User:Sadeeqzaria|Sadeeqzaria]], Ai amatsayin ka na mai taimakawa a Wikipedia, kaima kana iya gyarawa da kanka, sai dai na duba shafin ba amma ba kuskure bane, cewa akayi ya zama sanata a karkashin jam'iyar PDP, wanda hakane bayani fitarsa daga ANPP PDP yakoma sannan bayani yaci zabe yakoma APC. Amma idan kana buƙatan yadda zaka yi gyara a Wikipedia, zaka iya tuntuba na. <span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> <sup><samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp></sup> 21:01, 23 ga Yuli, 2020 (UTC) == Wikidata weekly summary #432 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: Rob Fernandez (Wikimedia District of Columbia) on Listeria, a tool that uses SPARQL queries to define a list, and provides a bot that will update a wiki page containing that list if the results of that SPARQL query change, all based on Wikidata, 08 September. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GeKcUNdoWKwKz0T-bxR6GG6EM8FLzEHuvv9aOIYLZZ8/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, September 8 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #19 [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2757430611208765/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qI8aF77r7A YouTube], September 10 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#29|Online Wikidata editathon in Swedish #29]], September 13 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/semantic-wikibase-released Semantic Wikibase has been released] by [https://professional.wiki/ Professional.Wiki] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovZl_ZoGkc0 Demo video]) ** Video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #18, workflows for SPARQL queries and QuickStatements [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2751141135171046/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NgCzu2lX9w YouTube] ** [https://openrefine.org/download.html OpenRefine 3.4] was released ** [https://addshore.com/2020/09/wikidata-dams/ How can I get data on all the dams in the world? Use Wikidata]. By [[:d:User:Addshore|Addshore]] ** Wikidata Training Workshop 2, by Canadian Arts Presenting Association - YouTube *** Contributing to Wikidata - (Parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBLGtfB5PZQ 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTFXPMX-JPI 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kroUL7DJOPs 3] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdndwyFgLPY 4]) *** Contributing to Wikidata (in French) - (Parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3bb_5hQIqI 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cszeXU2pEXU&t=189s 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGoUDc-VeCI 3] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYjAUJCgUCA 4]) ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ql7gC91eWss How to use QuickStatements - a tool to bulk upload data onto Wikidata]. By Dr Sara Thomas * '''Tool of the week''' ** <code>[https://wmdeanalytics.wmflabs.org/WD_percentUsageDashboard/ wmdeanalytics.wmflabs.org/WD_percentUsageDashboard]</code> is a dashboard that measures Wikidata's usage and coverage on Wikimedia Foundation projects. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Entity Explosion|Entity Explosion]], the browser add-on [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/entity-explosion/bbcffeclligkmfiocanodamdjclgejcn for Chrome] is now also [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/entity-explosion/ available for Firefox]. When the user visits a web page, it displays data from Wikidata, about the subject of that page. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8573|LSG local body code]], [[:d:Property:P8574|NYARC Discovery ID]], [[:d:Property:P8575|Encyclopaedia of Architects, Vienna 1770–1945 ID]], [[:d:Property:P8576|Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija ID]], [[:d:Property:P8577|ICP artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P8578|TracesOfWar person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8579|Firefox add-on ID]], [[:d:Property:P8580|NHK Archives Portal person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8581|Hrvatski biografski leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P8582|InciWeb ID]], [[:d:Property:P8583|YUAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P8584|Wikipedia Library partner ID]], [[:d:Property:P8585|FIPRESCI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8586|Anais do Museu Paulista article ID]], [[:d:Property:P8587|Legacies of British Slave-ownership place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8588|Wisconsin Historical Society NRHP ID]], [[:d:Property:P8589|Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Gesamtausgabe ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies to form or aspect|applies to form or aspect]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/blocked on the territory of|blocked on the territory of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Liturgical category|Liturgical category]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flickr image URL|Flickr image URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/turning radius|turning radius]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of reboots|number of reboots]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/financials URL|financials URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SI base units|SI base units]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rank insignia2|rank insignia2]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syro-Malabar Church Parish ID|Syro-Malabar Church Parish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Umgebinde houses in Bohemian Switzerland ID|Database of Umgebinde houses in Bohemian Switzerland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Re-Member ID|Re-Member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIL ID|DIL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naver Vibe Artist ID|Naver Vibe Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/American Battlefield Trust battlefield ID|American Battlefield Trust battlefield ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/American Battlefield Trust person ID|American Battlefield Trust person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Officiel des spectacles ID|L'Officiel des spectacles ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VA facility ID|VA facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hikr Waypoint ID|Hikr Waypoint ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tvmaze ID|tvmaze ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia ID|Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danish educational institution number|Danish educational institution number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Past Fellow of the Royal Society ID|Past Fellow of the Royal Society ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/photoLondon ID|photoLondon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/uta-net.com song ID|uta-net.com song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historic Montana ID|Historic Montana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KHRI ID|KHRI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Seattle Art Museum ID|Seattle Art Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art artwork ID|Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art artwork ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_COVID-19/Queries#Map_of_organisations%2Fcompanies_developing%2Fmanufacturing_a_vaccine_in_trials|Map of companies developing/manufacturing a COVID-19 vaccine candidate that is at least in a phase 1 clinical trial]] *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3Fosm%20%3Famount%20%3Fiso4217%20%3FamountUSD%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20hint%3AQuery%20hint%3Aoptimizer%20%22None%22%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20Wikidata%20for%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Currencies%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcurrency%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ8142%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Their%20ISO%204217%20codes%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wdt%3AP498%20%3Fiso4217%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Their%20exchange%20rate%20statements%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20p%3AP2284%20%3FrateStatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Preferred%20statement%20about%20a%20USD%20exchange%20rate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3FrateStatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3APreferredRank%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20psv%3AP2284%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3FpreferredConversion%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20wd%3AQ4917%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D.%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Normal%20statement%20about%20a%20USD%20exchange%20rate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3FrateStatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ANormalRank%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20psv%3AP2284%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3FnormalConversion%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20wd%3AQ4917%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D.%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Normally%20a%20triple%20would%20use%20the%20preferred%20statement%20if%20available%2C%20falling%20back%20to%20a%20normal%20statement%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20However%2C%20we%20have%20to%20do%20the%20fallback%20manually%20because%20we%20got%20the%20raw%20statements%20in%20order%20to%20filter%20by%20qualifier%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28COALESCE%28%3FpreferredConversion%2C%20%3FnormalConversion%29%20AS%20%3Fconversion%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20BOUND%28%3Fconversion%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20prices%20of%20services%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmt%3Acharge%20%3Fcharge.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Only%20flat%20fees%2C%20since%20rates%20by%20time%20are%20difficult%20to%20compare%20across%20service%20types%0A%20%20FILTER%20REGEX%28%3Fcharge%2C%20%22%5E%5B0-9%5D%2B%28%3F%3A%5C%5C.%5B0-9%5D%2B%29%3F%20%5BA-Z%5D%7B3%7D%24%22%29%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Parse%20the%20price%20and%20convert%20it%20from%20the%20local%20currency%20to%20USD%0A%20%20BIND%28xsd%3Adecimal%28STRBEFORE%28%3Fcharge%2C%20%22%20%22%29%29%20AS%20%3Famount%29%0A%20%20BIND%28STRAFTER%28%3Fcharge%2C%20%22%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Fiso4217%29%0A%20%20BIND%28%3Famount%20%2A%20%3Fconversion%20AS%20%3FamountUSD%29%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3FamountUSD%29%0ALIMIT%20100 A table of the 100 highest fees charged for using various kinds of facilities, normalized to United States dollars] - OSM/Wikidata query *** [https://w.wiki/bMb Youngest age of UK MPs leaving office since 1900] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1302361637626806276 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/bMi Longest time UK MPs lived after leaving office since 1900] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1302361637626806276 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/bSp British cabinet members with past military service] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1301939025121554432 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/bAf Earliest written record of 10 largest Czech cities] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1301424491747258368 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/b7P Churches dedicated to Czech patron St. Wenceslas (blue) and Moravian patrons St. Cyril and Methodeus (orange)] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1301179041840599040 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/bSg German municipality names ending with -in, -ing, -heim] ([https://twitter.com/austrianmaps/status/1302707949362651136 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Added Wikidata support to Japanese Wikivoyage. [[phab:T261451]] ** Investigating the nature of our training outliers to improve the way ORES automatically scores the quality of an Item. ** Working on error that sometimes causes Wikidata UI to report 2 error messages when saving a sitelink in an item. [[phab:T260869]] ** Completed various investigations to make an informed decision on the output format of WikibaseManifest files (automated configuration detection for toolbuilders) [[phab:T261285]] ** Completed various bug fixes and wrap-up tasks to conclude the major engineering work on the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/4604/ Federated Properties] project ** More work on Item Quality Scoring and Federated Properties [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 09 07|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:44, 7 Satumba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20427654 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #433 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Alternate disclosure policy|Alternate disclosure policy]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: The [[d:Q98918134|Workshop On Open Citations And Open Scholarly Metadata 2020]] took place in Bologna and online on September 9 and included a talk [[d:Q99196756|State of WikiCite in 2020]], available on Zenodo via [[:doi:10.5281/zenodo.4019954]]. ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, September 15 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Eighth Birthday/Organise|Wikidata birthday organizers call]], September 16th at 13:00 UTC/GMT ** Upcoming video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #20: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2763521127266380/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5HY3GoUURc YouTube], September 19 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#30|Online Wikidata editathon in Swedish #30]], September 20 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Video: Youtuber [[d:Q7817504|Tom Scott]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALy6e7GbDRQ tries to answer the question ''What Is The Best Thing?''], using Wikidata to curate a collection of "things", and an online poll for people to vote on those things. ** "Our admiration for Wikidata and for the people who work with it knows no bounds. Having a single source of well modelled, massively interlinked, well managed data that anyone can query at the press of a button is a real thing of wonder." - [https://ukparliament.github.io/ontologies/meta/weeknotes/2020/36/ says] the UK Parliament data team ** [[:d:User:Csisc|Houcemeddine Turki]], et al. (2020). [[d:Q99196713|Using logical constraints to validate information in collaborative knowledge graphs: a study of COVID-19 on Wikidata]] ([http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4008359 Zenodo Preprint]). ** Video: Wikidata basics short videos by Wikimedian in Residence at University of Edinburgh (YouTube) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve6807080X0 A brief intro to Wikidata and how to set up an account] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CuUgJK4L78 How to add a new item to Wikidata] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUYmIomIEqg How to add an image to Wikidata] ** Video: Creating a Mix'n'Match set for Queensland Biota on Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVIa7dlwHkg YouTube] ** Video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #19: Cradle and colours in queries. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2757430611208765/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qI8aF77r7A YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' **[[w:Wikipedia:Mbabel|Mbabel]] is a tool that simplifies article creation by providing pre-made sentences based on Wikidata statements. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-September/095529.html The consultation phase for the Wikimedia movement Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) is in progress until 6 October 2020]. The UCoC drafting committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved? ** [[d:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_of_lists_of_languages|All the lists of languages]] used on Wikidata: feel free to improve this draft documentation page. ** The Wikidata development team is seeking to evaluate and improve the process of collecting and reacting to bug reports and feature requests. You can give feedback about your experience using [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/index.php/apps/forms/qXk3e2LM98ebLcJb this anonymous form] until September 30<sup>th</sup> or add feedback publically to [[d:Wikidata talk:Contact_the_development_team/Process_review_2020|Wikidata talk:Contact the development team/Process review 2020]]. ** [https://wikimap.toolforge.org/?project=wikidata&commons=false WikiMap], a tool by [[d:User:DB111|User:DB111]] that maps geocoded images from Commons and Wikipedia articles, now supports Wikidata items as well ([[d:Q99232292|Q99232292]]) ** Wikidata QID's are approaching 9 digits. Now is the time to fix any code or schemas that assume that Q numbers are smaller than 9 characters. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8592|aerial view]], [[:d:Property:P8594|ride height]], [[:d:Property:P8596|category for the exterior of the item]], [[:d:Property:P8597|axle track]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8586|Anais do Museu Paulista article ID]], [[:d:Property:P8587|Legacies of British Slave-ownership place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8588|Wisconsin Historical Society NRHP ID]], [[:d:Property:P8589|Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Gesamtausgabe ID]], [[:d:Property:P8590|Jewish Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8591|Grove Music Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P8593|Hikr waypoint ID]], [[:d:Property:P8595|DIL ID]], [[:d:Property:P8598|Seattle Art Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P8599|Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art artwork ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/expansion of|expansion of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oakeshott typology|Oakeshott typology]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slack URL|Slack URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDD number|TDD number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hill size|Hill size]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/K point|K point]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of negative votes|number of negative votes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of support votes|number of support votes]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historic Montana ID|Historic Montana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KHRI ID|KHRI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KinoWiki ID|KinoWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BD Gest' series ID|BD Gest' series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portugal. Dicionário Histórico ID|Portugal. Dicionário Histórico ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discord username|Discord username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Treaty Database ID|China Treaty Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discord channel|Discord channel]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bollywood Hungama movie|Bollywood Hungama movie]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NMC Heritage ID|NMC Heritage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un artiste département des arts graphiques du musée du Louvre|identifiant d'un artiste département des arts graphiques du musée du Louvre]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPoT skater ID|SPoT skater ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Women Artists History Initiative ID|Canadian Women Artists History Initiative ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lambiek Special pages|Lambiek Special pages]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lambiek comic magazines|Lambiek comic magazines]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank ID|Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delft municipal monument ID|Delft municipal monument ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** Shortest path of descent from Charlemagne to [https://w.wiki/btq George Washington], [https://w.wiki/btn George W. Bush], [https://w.wiki/btm Barack Obama], [https://w.wiki/btp Elizabeth II] <!-- and you can add more--> *** List of most recent common ancestors (ordered by number of total degrees separated) between [https://w.wiki/bt$ George Washington and George W. Bush] (9th cousin 8 times removed), [https://w.wiki/bu2 George Washington and Barack Obama] (12th cousin 9 times removed), [https://w.wiki/bu3 George Washington and Elizabeth II] (2th consin 7 times removed), [https://w.wiki/bu4 George W. Bush and Barack Obama] (11th cousin), [https://w.wiki/bty George W. Bush and Elizabeth II] (14th cousin once removed), [https://w.wiki/bu6 Barack Obama and Elizabeth II] (19th cousin 3 times removed) *** [https://w.wiki/bzp Artists that have recorded songs in several languages, by number of different languages used] ([https://twitter.com/tmtm/status/1304422373387460609 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/bk2 Average age of companies listed on major indices] ([https://twitter.com/ADssx/status/1303975951471173632 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/biG Basque Country sister cities with world municipalities] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1303811718343200771 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/b$X Map of companies developing/manufacturing a COVID-19 vaccine candidate that is at least in a phase 1 clinical trial] ([https://twitter.com/vrandezo/status/1305167966237908993 Source]) *** 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Map of mountains in Austria showing their heights; from red for the lowest through green to black for the highest] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1303969222222065664 Source]) *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject sum of all paintings/Top World Heritage sites by number of paintings depicting them|Top World Heritage sites by number of paintings depicting them]] ([https://web.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2763191883965971/?__tn__=-R Source]) *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20%3Fosm%20%3FwdLabel%20%3FmaxPlayers%20%3Fcoordinates%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20hint%3AQuery%20hint%3Aoptimizer%20%22None%22%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fv%20%3FwdLabel%20%3FmaxPlayers%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Query%20the%20OpenStreetMap%20Wiki%20for%20data%20items%20of%20tags%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fosmd%20osmdt%3AP10%20osmd%3AQ723%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20their%20key-value%20pairs%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20osmdt%3AP19%20%3Fkv%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20their%20corresponding%20Wikidata%20concepts%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20osmdt%3AP12%20%3Fqid.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Convert%20the%20Wikidata%20QID%20from%20a%20string%20into%20a%20URL%2C%20which%20is%20how%20entities%20are%20normally%20represented%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28IRI%28CONCAT%28%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%22%2C%20%3Fqid%29%29%20AS%20%3Fwd%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Isolate%20the%20value%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28STRAFTER%28%3Fkv%2C%20%22%3D%22%29%20AS%20%3Fv%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Query%20Wikidata%20for%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20The%20matching%20Wikidata%20item%20as%20long%20as%20it%20is%20a%20team%20sport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fwd%20%28wdt%3AP31%7Cwdt%3AP279%29%2B%20wd%3AQ216048%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wdt%3AP1873%20%3FmaxPlayers.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20As%20long%20as%20between%2010%20and%2020%20players%20would%20be%20on%20the%20field%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3FmaxPlayers%20%3E%3D%2010%20%26%26%20%3FmaxPlayers%20%3C%3D%2020%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20item%E2%80%99s%20label%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fwd%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FwdLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3FwdLabel%29%20%3D%20%22en%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20features%20tagged%20with%20this%20sport%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmt%3Asport%20%3Fv%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20osmm%3Aloc%20%3Fcoordinates.%0A%7D Map of sports pitches for team sports that require between 10 and 20 players on the field] - Wikidata/OSM query * '''Development''' ** Fixing an error that sometimes causes Wikidata UI to report 2 error messages when saving a sitelink in an Item instead of just one. ([[phabricator:T260869]]) ** Development of version one of [[phab:project/profile/4604/|Federated Properties]] has concluded! Expect an announcement with timing of the release of this feature soon. Wikibase users who want an early look at the feature are invited to reach out to participate in the pre-release testing round. ** Development of the WikibaseManifest extension has continued into its second sprint; we focused on determining a [[phab:T261285|product specification]] for the Manifest output. ** Finishing a draft documentation for a REST API to get it ready for a feedback round before implementation. ** Finished improvements to the automated scoring of the quality of Items with ORES. Still need to retrain ORES and deploy the changes before the scores are actually different though. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 09 14|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:16, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20441558 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #434 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Berlin/2020-09-29|Online Wikidata Introduction Workshop (German)]] (September 29) ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, September 21 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: A starting point for newer institutions to think through what is involved in coordinating a Wikidata project, including shared infrastructure, training, and documentation, 22 September. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WMvfeRGrZ6cAM8tsN4W56DHpZmpypP1Rb4gZKeTYUvc/edit# Agenda] ** Upcoming video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #21 WikiDojo: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2769265926691900/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2sujkCwHE0 YouTube], September 25 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** "[https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4028482 Representing COVID-19 information in collaborative knowledge graphs: a study of Wikidata]" ** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2020/09/16/prowd-detecting-knowledge-imbalances-on-wikidata/ ProWD: Detecting Knowledge Imbalances on Wikidata] on blog.wikimedia.de ** Video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #20 WLM: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2763521127266380/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5HY3GoUURc YouTube] ** Video: Wikidata Training Workshop 3, by Canadian Arts Presenting Association (YouTube) *** Wikidata Query Service - (Parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hS2poB8OezA 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGAcn_wfpUU 2] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmOgbMSfv4k 3]) *** Wikidata Query Service (in French) - (Parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HirfIZ0yIts 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc4RBMLL4DM 2] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBxotoY3M38 3]) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Abbe98/copy-qid.js|copy-qid]] is a user script by [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] that allows you to copy the Qid with one click. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The Wikidata development team is seeking to evaluate and improve the process of collecting and reacting to bug reports and feature requests. You can give feedback about your experience using [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/index.php/apps/forms/qXk3e2LM98ebLcJb this anonymous form] until September 30<sup>th</sup> or add feedback publically to [[d:Wikidata talk:Contact_the_development_team/Process_review_2020|Wikidata talk:Contact the development team/Process review 2020]]. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-September/014234.html WDQS/WCQS Status update] (September 2): "We are planning to spend more time doing some [[phab:T257045|analytics on our data]]. (1) What are the most expensive queries, what are they trying to achieve and is that reasonable? (2) Do we have performant subgraphs that we could expose independently?" * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8596|category for the exterior of the item]], [[:d:Property:P8597|axle track]], [[:d:Property:P8606|Stairway To Hell ID]], [[:d:Property:P8615|Oakeshott typology]], [[:d:Property:P8620|construction point]], [[:d:Property:P8621|turning radius]], [[:d:Property:P8622|hill size]], [[:d:Property:P8625|bibliography]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8598|Seattle Art Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P8599|Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P8600|TV Maze series ID]], [[:d:Property:P8601|Barcelona Public art ID]], [[:d:Property:P8602|University of Ghana Digital Collections (UGSpace) ID]], [[:d:Property:P8603|Istrapedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8604|OnlyFans person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8605|Linked Open Data Cloud identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8607|The Cutting Room Floor ID]], [[:d:Property:P8608|Fatcat ID]], [[:d:Property:P8609|China Treaty Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P8610|e-GOV law ID]], [[:d:Property:P8611|Portugal. Dicionário Histórico ID]], [[:d:Property:P8612|past Fellow of the Royal Society ID]], [[:d:Property:P8613|Regesta Ecclesiastica Salisburgensia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8614|Slack organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P8616|Kansas Historic Resources Inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P8617|Historic Montana ID]], [[:d:Property:P8618|ITF player ID 2020]], [[:d:Property:P8619|BD Gest' series ID]], [[:d:Property:P8623|American Battlefield Trust battlefield ID]], [[:d:Property:P8624|P8624]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defining mutations|defining mutations]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nombre d'essais marqués|nombre d'essais marqués]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Netflix maturity rating|Netflix maturity rating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/held event|held event]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of paying subscribers|number of paying subscribers]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has census|has census]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank ID|Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delft municipal monument ID|Delft municipal monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificativo Ministero dell'interno|identificativo Ministero dell'interno]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dallas Museum of Art ID|Dallas Museum of Art ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cincinnati Art Museum ID|Cincinnati Art Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Energy Identification Code|Energy Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimedia Chat channel|Wikimedia Chat channel]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Symptom Ontology ID|Symptom Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MnDOT Historic Bridges ID|MnDOT Historic Bridges ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/monumentsauxmorts.fr ID|monumentsauxmorts.fr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/monumentsdememoire.fr ID|monumentsdememoire.fr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lower Sorbian place name ID|Lower Sorbian place name ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Région Île-de-France ID|Région Île-de-France ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museen Dresden article ID|Museen Dresden article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Turkey's Culture Portal ID|Turkey's Culture Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NPS place ID|NPS place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SSYK 2012|SSYK 2012]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fwd%20%3FwdLabel%20%3Fosm%20%3Fname%20%3Fcoordinates%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%23%20Prevent%20optimizer%20from%20querying%20for%20everything%20tagged%20with%20wikidata%3D%2A%20before%20querying%20the%20service.%0A%20%20hint%3AQuery%20hint%3Aoptimizer%20%22None%22%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20Wikidata%20for%20people%20or%20their%20namesakes%20who%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Belong%20to%20the%20Whig%20Party%20in%20the%20United%20States%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fwd%20wdt%3AP138%2A%2Fwdt%3AP102%20wd%3AQ42183.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20features%20that%20are%20named%20after%20this%20person%2C%20commemorate%20this%20person%2C%20or%20are%20their%20namesake%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20%28osmt%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Aname%3Aetymology%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Asubject%3Awikidata%29%20%3Fwd.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Get%20coordinates%20to%20display%20on%20a%20map%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmm%3Aloc%20%3Fcoordinates.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Get%20names%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fosm%20osmt%3Aname%20%3Fname%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D Map of anything that memorializes or is named after a Whig Party member] - OSM/Wikidata query *** [https://w.wiki/bKf Map of every railway station presently connected directly or indirectly to St Pancras on Wikidata] *** [https://w.wiki/ctj Age of the winners of the Tour de France] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1307681067365695491 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/cmT Location and date of death of Danish rulers] ([https://twitter.com/neogeografen/status/1307322642328936449 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/cPt Map of the places & causes of death of Roman Emperors] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1306300329873506305 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/cNn Images of members of the 16th Odisha Assembly (2019-24)] ([https://twitter.com/OdiaWiki/status/1306411583409590273 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/cvJ Star signs of Japanese Prime Ministers] ([https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1305835091088871429 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/czt Video game series with the longest time gap between a game and its direct sequel] ([https://twitter.com/JeanFred/status/1307992333103894528 Source]) * '''Development''' ** WQS now supports [[:mw:Wikidata Query Service/User Manual/MWAPI|mwapi]] service request for Wikibooks ([[phab:T261125]]) ** The language codes lij-mc, ja-Hira, ja-Kana, ja-Hrkt, ja-Hani, ojp, ojp-Hira and ojp-Hani" have been added for use in monolingual text property values ([[phab:T254968]], [[phab:T195816]]) ** The language codes de-1901, eo-hsistemo and eo-xsistemo, ja-hira, ja-kana and ja-hrkt have been added for Lexemes ([[phab:T262330]],[[phab:T257422]], [[phab:T250559]]) ** P1438 has been converted from string to external ID datatype ([[phab:T262198]]) ** Worked on fixing an input issue with invisible characters ([[phab:T261071]]) ** Investigating what work would be needed to get the new termbox that's available on mobile to also work on desktop ** Fixing several issues with Special:Undelete ([[phab:T261747]]) ** Fixing an error message being shown twice ([[phab:T260869]]) ** Starting the coding work on the Query Builder ** Continuing to write a draft for a REST API specification ** Finishing the remaining work needed to get the improved quality scoring for Items deployed to ORES ** Continuing work on [[phab:project/profile/4930/|WikibaseManifest]]: Determined the [[phab:T261285|essential metadata]] that will be included in the WikibaseManifest file, added some new features (mostly MediaWiki metadata) to the Manifest that were requested by the OpenRefine team ([[phab:T262805]] and [[phab:T262804]]) and set up a [https://wikibase-product-testing.wmflabs.org test system] that will soon be ready for tool builders to use for testing the integration of their tools with WikibaseManifest [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 09 21|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:00, 21 Satumba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20462970 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #435 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jneubert/linking-the-20th-century-paper-history-to-the-sum-of-all-knowledge Linking the 20th century paper history to the sum of all knowledge] ([https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2020/abstracts/#2 Best practice presentation] at DCMI Virtual 2020) ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, September 29 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: [[m:WikiNeocomensia/Atelier Wikidata 2020|WikiNeocomensia: Wikidata + OpenRefine]], workshop in Neuchâtel (Switzerland) and in French, October 3 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#32|Online Wikidata editathon in Swedish #32]], October 4 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions [IFLA] [https://www.ifla.org/node/93341 have published a series of six videos] "discussions with professionals in order to discuss projects, issues, progress of Wikidata, Wikibase and bibliographic data in the field of libraries." Currently available as [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLV81siTMahbsjakNDIdFwbIvdyNqwRNPo a playlist on YouTube] under CC-By (Wikimedia Commons upload soon), with subtitles in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French (Arabic and Chinese coming soon). The production was made by the [https://www.ifla.org/node/92837 IFLA Wikidata Working Group] and funded by a ''[[m:WikiCite|WikiCite]]'' grant. ** [https://thesciencemuseum.github.io/heritageconnector/post/2020/09/23/sidestepping-the-limitations-of-collections-catalogues-with-machine-learning-and-wikidata/ Sidestepping the limitations of collection catalogues with machine learning and Wikidata] ** [https://hal-udl.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02096714v1 Navigating the maze of Wikidata query logs] by Angela Bonifati, Wim Martens, Thomas Timm ** Video: Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #21 - WikiDojo on the Global Climate Strike: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2769265926691900/ Facebook], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2sujkCwHE0 YouTube] ** Video: Wikidata tutorial for lecturers (in Czech) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykhKcznpU7Q YouTube] ** Video: Creating and enriching linked data with Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RApW2x4KJfw YouTube] ** Video: Mix'n'Match Tutorial - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qp2wbBg6Vqs YouTube] ** Video: Introduction to Wikidata for librarians (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=he_ezHMVtO8 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://github.com/nishad/omeka-s-wikidata omeka-s-wikidata] is an [https://omeka.org/s/ Omeka-S] module for auto-suggesting Wikidata URIs and labels. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The Wikidata development team is seeking to evaluate and improve the process of collecting and reacting to bug reports and feature requests. You can give feedback about your experience using [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/index.php/apps/forms/qXk3e2LM98ebLcJb this anonymous form] '''until September 30<sup>th</sup>''' or add feedback publically to [[d:Wikidata talk:Contact_the_development_team/Process_review_2020|Wikidata talk:Contact the development team/Process review 2020]]. ** Nominate your favorite tools for the [[m:Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2020]] before October 14th. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-September/014281.html Wikidata Walkabout] is a new site that lets you browse and drill down through different "classes" of data on Wikidata: [https://wikidatawalkabout.org/ wikidatawalkabout.org] ** [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kristbaum.como Como] is a new Android app, that uses Wikidata lexemes and senses to create a word-guessing game. It let's players create new senses and tests them on other players to finally save them in Wikidata. The app is developed as part of a BA thesis, to determine if this concept is useful to create more lexicographical data, and testers would be very welcome. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8620|construction point]], [[:d:Property:P8621|turning radius]], [[:d:Property:P8622|hill size]], [[:d:Property:P8625|bibliography]], [[:d:Property:P8626|opening time]], [[:d:Property:P8627|closing time]], [[:d:Property:P8628|engine displacement]], [[:d:Property:P8646|expansion of]], [[:d:Property:P8652|Netflix maturity rating]], [[:d:Property:P8659|TDD number]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8623|American Battlefield Trust battlefield ID]], [[:d:Property:P8624|American Battlefield Trust ID (person)]], [[:d:Property:P8629|Occupational Outlook Handbook ID]], [[:d:Property:P8630|Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8631|Canadian Women Artists History Initiative ID]], [[:d:Property:P8632|Book Marks ID]], [[:d:Property:P8633|Re-Member ID]], [[:d:Property:P8634|SPoT skater ID]], [[:d:Property:P8635|NDL law ID]], [[:d:Property:P8636|McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8637|L'Officiel des spectacles ID]], [[:d:Property:P8638|British and Irish Furniture Makers Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P8639|Cincinnati Art Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P8640|Dallas Museum of Art ID]], [[:d:Property:P8642|FBref.com squad ID]], [[:d:Property:P8643|Dostoyevsky and His Entourage ID]], [[:d:Property:P8644|Lambiek comic magazines ID]], [[:d:Property:P8645|Energy Identification Code]], [[:d:Property:P8647|Library of Congress Children's Subject Headings ID]], [[:d:Property:P8648|Ministry of the Interior of Italy ID]], [[:d:Property:P8649|National Park Service place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8650|MnDOT Historic Bridges ID]], [[:d:Property:P8651|Open Civic Data Division ID]], [[:d:Property:P8653|Museen Dresden article ID]], [[:d:Property:P8654|SSYK 2012 The Swedish Standard Classification of Occupations]], [[:d:Property:P8655|LoC HABS/HAER/HALS place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8656|Symptom Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P8657|photoLondon ID]], [[:d:Property:P8658|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Regional Council of Tuscany ID|Regional Council of Tuscany ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/level of professionalness|level of professionalness]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defined in terms of|defined in terms of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/form of property constraint|form of property constraint]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Attraction to|Attraction to]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/group identity|group identity]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/analog television standard|analog television standard]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ritual object|ritual object]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of rooms|number of rooms]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USA Water Polo Hall of Fame ID|USA Water Polo Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia Beliana ID|Encyclopaedia Beliana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indonesian prison database ID|Indonesian prison database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LinkedIn group ID|LinkedIn group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naver movie ID|Naver movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINE21 film ID|CINE21 film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Movist film ID|Movist film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KOBIS-ID|KOBIS-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Max Movie film ID|Max Movie film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Boardr profile ID|The Boardr profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slovník českých nakladatelství 1848-1949 person ID|Slovník českých nakladatelství 1848-1949 person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Play developer slug|Google Play developer slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Passion Patrimoine ID|Passion Patrimoine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVLB work ID|FVLB work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BBC Sound Effects Asset ID|BBC Sound Effects Asset ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITHL author ID|ITHL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quebec Dams Directory ID|Quebec Dams Directory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Doktori.hu ID|Doktori.hu ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%2A%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%23%20Prevent%20optimizer%20from%20querying%20for%20everything%20tagged%20with%20wikidata%3D%2A%20before%20querying%20the%20service%0A%20%20hint%3AQuery%20hint%3Aoptimizer%20%22None%22.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20the%20MediaWiki%20API%20Query%20Service%20through%20the%20Wikidata%20Query%20Service%2C%20where%20it%20is%20enabled%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Amwapi%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20100%20most%20recent%20%3Cmapframe%3E%20or%20%3Cmaplink%3E%20additions%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%20articles%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Aapi%20%22Generator%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Aendpoint%20%22en.wikipedia.org%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Alimit%20100%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agenerator%20%22categorymembers%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Inserting%20%3Cmapframe%3E%20and%20%3Cmaplink%3E%20automatically%20adds%20an%20article%20to%20this%20category%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agcmtitle%20%22Category%3APages%20using%20the%20Kartographer%20extension%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Articles%2C%20not%20other%20namespaces%20like%20portals%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agcmnamespace%20%220%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Sort%20by%20most%20recent%20addition%20to%20the%20category%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agcmsort%20%22timestamp%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agcmdir%20%22descending%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agcmprop%20%22ids%7Ctitle%7Ctimestamp%22.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Output%20the%20title%2C%20Wikidata%20item%2C%20and%20last-edited%20timestamp%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftitle%20wikibase%3AapiOutput%20mwapi%3Atitle.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fwd%20wikibase%3AapiOutputItem%20mwapi%3Aitem.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimestamp%20wikibase%3AapiOutput%20mwapi%3Atimestamp.%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Some%20articles%20have%20no%20linked%20Wikidata%20item%20yet%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Leaving%20this%20variable%20unbound%20would%20cause%20the%20query%20to%20search%20for%20all%20Wikidata-tagged%20features%20in%20OpenStreetMap%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28BOUND%28%3Fwd%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20features%20representing%20the%20subject%20of%20the%20article%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmt%3Awikidata%20%3Fwd.%0A%7D%0A%23%20Uncomment%20this%20line%20to%20sort%20the%20most%20recently%20edited%20articles%20to%20the%20top%2C%20regardless%20of%20when%20a%20map%20was%20added%20to%20the%20article%0A%23ORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Ftimestamp%29 Table of the 100 most recent additions of interactive OpenStreetMap maps to English Wikipedia articles] - OSM/Wikidata query *** [https://w.wiki/dHP Map of the birthplace of persons with an ELEM id on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/espejolento/status/1308828777917509632 Source]) * '''Development''' ** A long-standing bug has been fixed ([[phabricator:T217144|T217144]]) where Items and Lexemes <!-- in theory, also Properties, but I’m not aware of any tools that create Properties --> created via OAuth would not be added to the user’s watchlist even if the user had the <q>{{int:tog-watchcreations}}</q> setting enabled. (The <q>{{int:tog-watchdefault}}</q> setting was probably likewise ineffective, but this was not tested specifically.) Affected tools include [[d:Help:QuickStatements|QuickStatements]], [[d:Wikidata:Mix-n-Match|Mix'n'Match]], and [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata Lexeme Forms|Wikidata Lexeme Forms]]; users of these and other tools may see more pages being added to their watchlists now. (This only applies to new edits and page creations; previously created or edited pages will not be automatically added to the watchlist retroactively.) ** Working on the basic building blocks of the Query Builder towards making it possible to create the first very simple query with it ** Talking to people about comparing Wikidata's data against other databases and flagging mismatches ** Fixing an issue with Item creations via the API by blocked users leading to skipped entity IDs ([[phab:T232620]]) ** Fixed an input issue with invisible characters ([[phab:T261071]]) ** Finishing the draft of the REST API spec to get it ready for feedback ** WikibaseManifest: created a separate key for local entities and decided what we do about non-local entity sources based on tool-builder feedback ([[phab:T263527]]) and specifying the API in OpenApi format ([[phab:T262919]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 09 28|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:01, 28 Satumba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20478244 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Hi WAM organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Organiser Guidelines|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ Fountain tool]''' (you can find the [[:m:Fountain tool|usage guidance]] easily on meta page), or else you and your participants’ will not be able to receive the prize from WAM team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#Communities and Organizers|meta page]] before '''October 29th, 2020'''. # Inform your community members WAM 2020 is coming soon!!! # If you want WAM team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth/ Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth twitter], or you want to share your WAM experience/ achievements on our blog, feel free to send an email to info@asianmonth.wiki or PM us via facebook. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to WAM, a.k.a. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#Subcontests|WAM sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#How to Participate in Contest|event regulations]] and [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month/QA|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let’s edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from WAM team:''' # Due to the [[:m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic, this year we hope all the Edit-a-thons are online not physical ones. # The international postal systems are not stable enough at the moment, WAM team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers extra digital postcards/ certifications. (You will still get the paper ones!) # Our team has created a [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/WAM2020 postcards and certification deliver progress (for tracking)|meta page]] so that everyone tracking the progress and the delivery status. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the WAM team via emailing '''info@asianmonth.wiki''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it’s urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''jamie@asianmonth.wiki'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Sincerely yours, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.10</div> <!-- Message sent by User:KOKUYO@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020&oldid=20505700 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #436 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Fuzheado 2|Fuzheado]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: Professor Toby Hudson on Entity Explosion, a browser extension which allows you to get information about entities on the web page you’re visiting, 06 October. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DI8UAx1wZFSNXgLq40RBTakNdaqGs89YfFaUBAude8U/ Agenda] ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata & Wikibase office hour]], October 27th at 17:00 CEST (15:00 GMT) ** Upcoming: plenty of events for the Wikidata birthday, check [[d:Wikidata:Eighth Birthday|the calendar]] and feel free to [[d:Wikidata:Eighth_Birthday/Organise|organise one]]! * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://towardsdatascience.com/what-does-doesnt-follow-benford-s-law-7d0b3c14afa5 What does/doesn’t follow Benford’s law: An analysis of hundreds of sets of numbers from Wikidata]. ** Video: How to create and edit items on Wikidata (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6K508sltGQ YouTube] ** Video: Introduction to Wikidata and wikiprojects of interest to librarians (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltERICnCBY4 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' **[[w:User:Cobaltcigs/IllWill|IllWill.js]] is a userscript that searches Wikidata for foreign-language sitelinks, to populate [[w:Template:ill|Template:ill]] and replace plain red links on other Wikimedia projects. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://github.com/nishad/omeka-s-wikidata omeka-s-wikidata] is a new module for the open source GLAM collection management software [https://omeka.org/ Omeka], that allows cataloguers to use Wikidata as a vocabulary for persons, places, subjects, etc. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8659|TDD number]], [[:d:Property:P8667|twin town sign]], [[:d:Property:P8670|character designer]], [[:d:Property:P8671|Deutsche Bahn station code]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8653|Museen Dresden article ID]], [[:d:Property:P8654|SSYK 2012 The Swedish Standard Classification of Occupations]], [[:d:Property:P8655|LoC HABS/HAER/HALS place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8656|Symptom Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P8657|photoLondon ID]], [[:d:Property:P8658|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ID]], [[:d:Property:P8660|Native Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P8661|Lower Sorbian place name ID]], [[:d:Property:P8662|Les roses cultivées à l'Haÿ en 1902 ID]], [[:d:Property:P8663|Maniadb album ID]], [[:d:Property:P8664|USA Water Polo Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P8665|Présence Compositrices work ID]], [[:d:Property:P8666|Regional Council of Tuscany ID]], [[:d:Property:P8668|Indonesian prison database ID]], [[:d:Property:P8669|Encyclopaedia Beliana ID]], [[:d:Property:P8672|Twitter topics ID]], [[:d:Property:P8673|Naver movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P8674|Bollywood Hungama movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P8675|BoardGameGeek family ID]], [[:d:Property:P8676|London Stock Exchange company ID]], [[:d:Property:P8677|Région Île-de-France ID]], [[:d:Property:P8678|Slovník českých nakladatelství 1848-1949 person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Infobox based on|Infobox based on]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CompositionToday composers showcase ID|CompositionToday composers showcase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parallel street|parallel street]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Factbook country code|World Factbook country code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/port calls|port calls]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/described at Wikipedia page|described at Wikipedia page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erected by|erected by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PIM award ID|PIM award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Dresden article|Stadtwiki Dresden article]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quebec Dams Directory ID|Quebec Dams Directory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Doktori.hu ID|Doktori.hu ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CompositionToday composer ID|CompositionToday composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slovník českých nakladatelství 1848-1949 publishing house ID|Slovník českých nakladatelství 1848-1949 publishing house ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACER code|ACER code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire biographique du fouriérisme ID|Dictionnaire biographique du fouriérisme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NSW State Archives and Records Authority ID|NSW State Archives and Records Authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SwissLipids identifier|SwissLipids identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Brick History Brick & Tileworks ID|Scottish Brick History Brick & Tileworks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minecraft UUID|Minecraft UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minecraft username|Minecraft username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Science Museum Group ID|Science Museum Group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kicker.de player ID (actual scheme)|Kicker.de player ID (actual scheme)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RNACentral ID|RNACentral ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NPS people ID|NPS people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Directory of Belgian Photographers-ID|Directory of Belgian Photographers-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dresden Street ID|Dresden Street ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spotify playlist ID|Spotify playlist ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/eLm Birthplace of people named Michael or any other variant of the name] ([https://twitter.com/euwikipedia/status/1310952574967836674 Source]) *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fosm%20%3FmakeLabel%20%3FmodelLabel%20%3Flayer%20%3Fcoordinates%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%23%20Prevent%20optimizer%20from%20querying%20for%20everything%20tagged%20with%20wikidata%3D%2A%20before%20querying%20the%20service.%0A%20%20hint%3AQuery%20hint%3Aoptimizer%20%22None%22%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20outdoor%20warning%20sirens%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmt%3Aemergency%20%22siren%22.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20make%20and%2For%20model%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fosm%20%28osmt%3Amanufacturer%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Asiren%3Amodel%3Awikidata%29%20%3FmakeModel.%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Query%20Wikidata%20for%20the%20make%2Fmodel%0A%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20If%20it%E2%80%99s%20a%20model%2C%20get%20the%20make%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3FmakeModel%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ76920834%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wdt%3AP176%20%3Fmake.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3FmakeModel%20AS%20%3Fmodel%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20model%20name%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fmodel%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FmodelLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3FmodelLabel%29%20%3D%20%22en%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20UNION%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20A%20make%20must%20be%20a%20business%20to%20distinguish%20it%20from%20a%20model%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3FmakeModel%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2A%20wd%3AQ4830453.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3FmakeModel%20AS%20%3Fmake%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20manufacturer%E2%80%99s%20name%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fmake%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FmakeLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3FmakeLabel%29%20%3D%20%22en%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20BIND%28COALESCE%28%3FmakeLabel%2C%20%22Unknown%22%29%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Get%20coordinates%20to%20display%20on%20a%20map%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmm%3Aloc%20%3Fcoordinates.%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20ASC%28%3FmakeLabel%29 Map of outdoor warning sirens, color-coded by manufacturer. A layer selector lets you toggle individual manufacturers on and off. Clicking a siren shows its make and model if available.] - OSM/Wikidata query *** [https://w.wiki/f8y Soviet cartoons in descending order of popularity in the world] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1312897007917379585 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/fEd List of ISO countries showing each country's synonyms, labels, etc.] ([https://twitter.com/petermurrayrust/status/1312775048466497539 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ewh Norwegian politicians who have been members of at least 3 parties] ([https://twitter.com/Hros/status/1312368797660180481 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ef2 Streets in Leiden named after people/things] ([https://twitter.com/mmmenno/status/1311678084685475843 Source]) *** Maps of arts and humanities research grants funded by Arts and Humanities Research Council in UK between 2013-2019. [https://w.wiki/edS Sorted by year], [https://w.wiki/edW Sorted by budget] ([https://twitter.com/alastairdunning/status/1311627681721708544 Source]) ** Newest database reports: *** [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/EntitySchema directory|EntitySchema directory]] - feedback welcome on the report talk page. * '''Development''' ** First pieces of the Query Builder are coming together and we are working towards making it generate the first dumb query ** Talking to people about their thoughts on checking Wikidata's data against other databases. If you're interested reach out to Mohammed. ** Got some first internal feedback for the REST API specification draft. We'll publish it for feedback in the next days. ** Fixing an issue with certain language codes no longer being available ([[phab:T264294]]) ** Working on making sure blocked bots don't waste Item IDs when trying to create new Items ([[phab:T232620]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 10 05|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:06, 5 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20497862 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #437 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/MsynABot|MsynABot]] ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Fuzheado 2|Fuzheado]] (successful) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, October 13 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Eighth_Birthday/Organise#Connect_with_other_organizers|Wikidata birthday organizers call]], October 14 at 12:00 GMT ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#34|Online Wikidata editathon in Swedish #34]], October 18 ** [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Search Platform Office Hours happens first Wednesday of each month]. Come with questions related to Wikimedia search, Wikidata Query Service, Wikimedia Commons Query Service, etc. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/10/06/wikidata-reaches-q100000000/ Wikidata reaches Q100000000], by Lydia Pintscher and Denny Vrandečić ** A new extension can add [https://professional.wiki/en/news/wikibase-local-media support for linking to local media files in Statements] (and not just files on Wikimedia Commons) to a Wikibase instance ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mK-zdazdH78 Demo video], developed by [https://professional.wiki/ Professional.Wiki]) ** LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group presentation: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AqQkw7nug How Entity Explosion fits into the Wikidata ecosystem], by [[User:99of9|Toby Hudson]] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwudGFtT4A4 Wikidata and COVID-19: Creating a collaborative knowledge graph from CORD-19], by [[User:Csisc|Csisc]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://od2wd.id/ OD2WD] automatically converts CSV files from Open Data portals into QuickStatements for Wikidata republishing. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SvvLt7pYic Demo video] * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1288309977#Remove_noratelimit_for_bots noratelimit for bots to be removed on October 20th] ** The new [[m:Wikibase/Consultants and Support Providers|Wikibase/Consultants and Support Providers']] directory on Meta lists people/companies that provide professional help with Wikibase -- be it technical support (installation and setup), custom development, or data modeling services. ** The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award#Coolest_Tool_Award_2020|2020 Coolest Tool Award]] is still accepting nominations until October 14th. Please use [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf5ZmXXamn9sRsagEiiZcUZDn1Ga0sF3XmdPf0OjZWtILZvdQ/viewform this form] to recommend tools. You can nominate as many tools as you want by filling out the form multiple times. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8682|number of negative votes]], [[:d:Property:P8683|number of support votes]], [[:d:Property:P8684|x-offset]], [[:d:Property:P8685|y-offset]], [[:d:Property:P8687|social media followers]], [[:d:Property:P8693|fandom]], [[:d:Property:P8701|has census]], [[:d:Property:P8702|parallel street]], [[:d:Property:P8703|entry in abbreviations table]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8679|Dictionary of Occupational Titles Code (fourth edition, revised)]], [[:d:Property:P8680|FVLB work ID]], [[:d:Property:P8681|Passion Patrimoine ID]], [[:d:Property:P8686|Biographical dictionary of Fourierism ID]], [[:d:Property:P8688|CompositionToday composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8689|ITHL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P8690|Quebec Dams Directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P8691|SwissLipids identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8692|ACER code]], [[:d:Property:P8694|Science Museum Group ID]], [[:d:Property:P8695|Slovník českých nakladatelství 1848-1949 publishing house ID]], [[:d:Property:P8696|Directory of Belgian Photographers ID]], [[:d:Property:P8697|RNACentral ID]], [[:d:Property:P8698|Turkey's Culture Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P8699|NSW State Archives and Records Authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P8700|Scottish Brick History Brick & Tileworks ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ship's captain|ship's captain]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/planetary coordinates|planetary coordinates]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Date of signature|Date of signature]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unicode name|Unicode name]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPV Supplementary|CPV Supplementary]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeoplePill person ID|PeoplePill person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/O*NET OnLine code|O*NET OnLine code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emojipedia ID|Emojipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GADM ID|GADM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CTAN package ID|CTAN package ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MinDat taxon ID|MinDat taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniList anime ID|AniList anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniList manga and light novel ID|AniList manga and light novel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Normattiva ID|Normattiva ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILO Thesaurus ID|ILO Thesaurus ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20%3Ftree%20%3Ftaxon%20%3FtaxonLabel%20%3Flayer%20%3Fcoordinates%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20trees%20and%20their%20taxa%0A%20%20%3Ftree%20osmt%3Anatural%20%22tree%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28osmt%3Agenus%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Aspecies%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Ataxon%3Awikidata%29%20%3Ftaxon%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20osmm%3Aloc%20%3Fcoordinates.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20Wikidata%20for%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Taxa%20categorized%20as%20threatened%20on%20the%20IUCN%20Red%20List%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%28%3Fstatus%20%3Flayer%29%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ278113%20%22Vulnerable%20%28VU%29%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ11394%20%22Endangered%20%28EN%29%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ219127%20%22Critically%20endangered%20%28CR%29%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftaxon%20wdt%3AP141%20%3Fstatus.%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20English%20common%20name%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftaxon%20wdt%3AP1843%20%3FtaxonLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3FtaxonLabel%29%20%3D%20%22en%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D Map of trees whose species is categorized as threatened on the IUCN Red List] - OSM/Wikidata query *** [https://w.wiki/g24 Women actress less than 70 years old who are descendants of the first king of Navarre, ordered by number of sitelinks] *** [https://w.wiki/foF Dead Social Democratic Party members who have been ministers in 1992 or later] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1314202747403608071 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/fTf Artworks with an image in Wikidata by year of creation] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1313595862476619779 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/fST Map of mountains in Switzerland] ([https://twitter.com/betatim/status/1313566097887633408 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/gR6 Map of markets in the city of Surabaya] ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1313436872899620864 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/gMz National Anthems by tonality] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1315281980066496513 Source]) * '''Development''' ** The [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/General semi protection for all property pages|RFC to semi-protect all property pages]] has been implemented, all properties now require the “autoconfirmed” right to edit ([[phabricator:T254280|T254280]]) ** Working on enabling JSON dumps for Lexemes ([[phab:T220883]]) ** Finishing preventing blocked users from making us skip QIDs ([[phab:T232620]]) ** Continuing work on the Wikibase Manifest extension that allows toolbuilders to easily access configurations of a specific Wikibase instance so it is easier for them to make their tools work with not just Wikidata but also other Wikibase instances ** Started analyzing what we consider a mismatch for our work around checking Wikidata's data against other databases ** Continued work on the Query Builder to get it to create the first very simple query. It can do that now but not yet visualize the result. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 10 12|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:28, 12 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20527933 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #438 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Other: Proposal to spin-off non-Earth coordinates from property P625 (coordinates location), currently only 7000 of 8 million values: see [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/planetary coordinates|Property proposal/planetary coordinates]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, October 20 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: hands-on work with Wikidata on creating items for authors of COVID 19 papers and brainstorming for future hands-on work, 20 October. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LicYD3PQAV7gs7zConkyEaC039J_kcjHT1SmmNXbmf4/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** Upcoming: [[Wikidata:Eighth Birthday/Wikidata Lab XXV|Wikidata Lab XXV: Interoperabilidade e acesso aos dados]], in Portuguese by [[user:Ederporto|Ederporto]] ([[m:Wiki Movimento Brasil|Wiki Movimento Brasil]]) - October 22 17:00 UTC (14:00 BRT) ** [[m:WikiCite/2020_Virtual_conference|'''WikiCite''' 2020: Virtual Conference]] happening 26-28 October 2020. Many live-stream sessions across several ''languages'' and ''timezones''. [[User:LWyatt (WMF)|LWyatt (WMF)]] ([[:d:User talk:LWyatt (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Tisane Labs announce new feature in Tisane API, allowing tagging and extraction of Wikidata entities: [https://blog.tisane.ai/index.php/2020/10/14/tisane-labs-solutions-on-microsoft-azure-add-wikidata-extraction-feature/ blog post] **Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxjjkCMC0aY LIVE Wikidata editing at HACK4OPENGLAM] - YouTube **Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFG5yEZLfC8 Wikidata Lexeme BY Mahir256] - YouTube **Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVfenfa7Oz4 Introduction to Wikidata] (in Swedish) - YouTube **Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpJnMskNqgo Introduction to SPARQL] (in Swedish) - YouTube **Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiVWXnFGhac Bibliographic data on Wikidata] (in Swedish) - YouTube * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://magnustools.toolforge.org/prepbio.php?q= Prepbio tool] uses Wikidata to create the beginnings of a Wikipedia stub biography article. (2020-10-19) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8706|ritual object]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8700|Scottish Brick History Brick & Tileworks ID]], [[:d:Property:P8704|Spotify playlist ID]], [[:d:Property:P8705|Artist ID of the department of Prints and Drawings of the Louvre]], [[:d:Property:P8707|NBIC taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P8708|Danish educational institution number]], [[:d:Property:P8709|CTAN package ID]], [[:d:Property:P8710|Dresden Street ID]], [[:d:Property:P8711|Emojipedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8712|FIBA Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P8713|Stadtwiki Dresden article]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unicode name|Unicode name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/branch or affiliate|branch or affiliate]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/economy of topic|economy of topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/checkin and checkout times (v.2)|checkin and checkout times (v.2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maximum current|maximum current]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Skipsrevyen ID|Skipsrevyen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/route operated|route operated]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/power plant unit|power plant unit]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/annual average daily traffic|annual average daily traffic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Tasking Manager project ID|Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Tasking Manager project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/isotopically modified form of|isotopically modified form of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numérisé par|Numérisé par]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kramerius of Moravian Library UUID|Kramerius of Moravian Library UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hungarian Water Polo Federation player ID|Hungarian Water Polo Federation player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Irish Statute Book ID|Irish Statute Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mir@bel publisher ID|Mir@bel publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CCFr library ID|CCFr library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Decorati onorificenze repubblica|Decorati onorificenze repubblica]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BHL name ID|BHL name ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AWMDB person ID|AWMDB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AVN person ID|AVN person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/American Heritage ID|American Heritage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xHamster ID|xHamster ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great Places ID|Great Places ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Famepedia ID|Famepedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nachlässe in Austria|Nachlässe in Austria]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio Storico Ricordi opera ID|Archivio Storico Ricordi opera ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PAN member|PAN member]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DC Historic Sites ID|DC Historic Sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Literary Encyclopedia (1929-1939)|Literary Encyclopedia (1929-1939)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Concise Literary Encyclopedia|Concise Literary Encyclopedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/aagm people ID|aagm people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/aagm sites ID|aagm sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Zen ID|Yandex Zen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GeoGuessr ID|GeoGuessr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polski Słownik Judaistyczny ID|Polski Słownik Judaistyczny ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SMB-digital ID|SMB-digital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant station Vélib' Métropole|identifiant station Vélib' Métropole]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AImageGrid%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fosm%20%3Fmodel%20%3Flicense%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%23%20Prevent%20optimizer%20from%20querying%20for%20everything%20tagged%20with%20wikidata%3D%2A%20before%20querying%20the%20service.%0A%20%20hint%3AQuery%20hint%3Aoptimizer%20%22None%22.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20the%20Wikidata%20Query%20Service%20for%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Models%20of%20things%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fwd%20wdt%3AP4896%20%3Fmodel.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20features%20corresponding%20to%20these%20things%0A%20%20%23%20This%20greatly%20narrows%20the%20set%20of%20results%2C%20making%20the%20subsequent%20MediaWiki%20API%20call%20much%20faster%0A%20%20%3Fosm%20osmt%3Awikidata%20%3Fwd.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20the%20Wikidata%20Query%20Service%20again%20for%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20The%20same%20model%20of%20the%20same%20thing%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fwd%20wdt%3AP4896%20%3Fmodel.%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Convert%20the%20file%20path%20URL%20into%20a%20file%20description%20page%20title%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%22File%3A%22%2C%20wikibase%3AdecodeUri%28STRAFTER%28STR%28%3Fmodel%29%2C%20%22%2FSpecial%3AFilePath%2F%22%29%29%29%20AS%20%3Ftitle%29%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Query%20the%20MediaWiki%20API%20Query%20Service%20for%0A%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Amwapi%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Categories%20that%20contain%20these%20pages%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Aapi%20%22Categories%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Aendpoint%20%22commons.wikimedia.org%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Alimit%2050%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Atitles%20%3Ftitle.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Output%20the%20page%20title%20and%20category%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftitle%20wikibase%3AapiOutput%20mwapi%3Atitle.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fcategory%20wikibase%3AapiOutput%20mwapi%3Acategory.%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Only%20include%20the%20model%20if%20it%20has%20been%20categorized%20with%20a%20Creative%20Commons%20license%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20STRSTARTS%28%3Fcategory%2C%20%22Category%3ACC-%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Extract%20a%20%E2%80%9Clicense%E2%80%9D%20name%20out%20of%20the%20category%20page%20title%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28STRAFTER%28%3Fcategory%2C%20%22Category%3A%22%29%20AS%20%3Flicense%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D Gallery of 3D models of structures mapped in OpenStreetMap that are available under Creative Commons licenses at Wikimedia Commons] - OSM/Wikidata query (sophox.org) *** [https://w.wiki/gvC Item named after item named after item named after item named after item named after item] *** [https://w.wiki/hXn UK parliament members' opposition posts, start dates and end dates where Wikidata has a Parliament ID for that member] ([https://twitter.com/philbgorman/status/1318102897448669184 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/hRb Count of Irish Statutory Instruments, 1948-2020] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1317995924132630528 Source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#SELECT%20%3Fdecade%20%3Fgenre%20%3FgenreLabel%20%3Fcount%20%3FdecadeCount%20%28100%20%2a%20%3Fcount%20%2F%20%3FdecadeCount%20AS%20%3Fpercentage%29%20WHERE%20%7B%20%20%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fdecade%20%3Fgenre%20%28count%28%3Fx%29%20as%20%3Fcount%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20TOP%2020%20Genres%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Ftop20Genre%20%3Fcount%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fgenre%20%28count%28%3Fx%29%20as%20%3Fcount%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ11424.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP136%20%3Fgenre.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Exclude%20silent%20film%3B%20doesn%27t%20make%20a%20ton%20of%20sense%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20in%20this%20context%2C%20since%20it%27s%20more%20about%20the%20medium%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20than%20the%20content%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Fgenre%20%21%3D%20wd%3AQ226730%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fgenre%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3Fgenre%20as%20%3Ftop20Genre%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Fcount%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20LIMIT%2020%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fx%20%28min%28%3FpubDate%29%20as%20%3FfirstPubDate%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ11424.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP577%20%3FpubDate.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fx%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP136%20%3Ftop20Genre.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3Ftop20Genre%20as%20%3Fgenre%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28concat%28str%28floor%28year%28%3FfirstPubDate%29%20%2F%2010%29%29%2C%20%220s%22%29%20as%20%3Fdecade%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%21isBlank%28%3Fdecade%29%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fdecade%20%3Fgenre%0A%20%20%7D%0A%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Movies%20per%20decade%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fdecade%20%28count%28%3Fx%29%20as%20%3FdecadeCount%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fx%20%28min%28%3FpubDate%29%20as%20%3FfirstPubDate%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ11424.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20%20wdt%3AP577%20%3FpubDate.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fx%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28concat%28str%28floor%28year%28%3FfirstPubDate%29%20%2F%2010%29%29%2C%20%220s%22%29%20as%20%3Fdecade%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20This%20filter%20is%20very%20important%20%28in%20both%20subqueries%29%21%20Otherwise%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20the%20results%20of%20the%20sub%20queries%20can%27t%20be%20properly%20aligned.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%21isBlank%28%3Fdecade%29%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fdecade%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20See%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FQ22917333%0A%20%20FILTER%28%3Fdecade%20%21%3D%20%222110s%22%29%0A%20%20%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D Movie genre trends] ([https://twitter.com/cdrini/status/1317515817790091272 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/fAy Scientific papers explaining backward contact tracing] ([https://twitter.com/podehaye/status/1317452852684595200 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/gyB List of sovereign states in en, fr, de, ru] ([https://twitter.com/dpsSpiders/status/1316850740946755585 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/hNQ Locations depicted in paintings] ([https://twitter.com/AlbinPCLarsson/status/1317745681277353984 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/hQZ The most commonly depicted locations] ([https://twitter.com/AlbinPCLarsson/status/1317805515687251968 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Blocked users trying to create new Items no longer make us skip QIDs ([[phab:T232620]]) ** So far we don't have JSON dumps for Lexemes. We're working on regularly generating them as well now ([[phab:T264883]]) ** Continuing work on getting the Query Builder to generate the first query. Almost there. ** Started the [[Wikidata:REST API feedback round|feedback round for the REST API]]. Please provide your input if you are currently using the action API or plan to develop against Wikidata's API in the future. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 10 19|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:56, 19 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20536472 --> == Wikidata == When you create a new article please connect it to its Wikidata item (add link (under languages ⚙) => wiki en + article title). [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 12:54, 21 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) : Thank you [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] for the reminder, I usually do that I'll keep on. Regards <span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> <sup><samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp></sup> 19:40, 21 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == Wikidata weekly summary #439 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Providing sustainable data services through Wikibase and Wikidata, SEMIC Conference 2020 - ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn2ZkEMcGC0 replay]) ** Past: Introduction to Wikidata by [[d:User:Frimelle|Frimelle]], Software Freedom Kosova 2020 - ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5q3AhnAE-Pc replay]) ** Past: What's new in Wikidata? by Lea Lacroix, Lydia Pintscher and Mattia Capozzi, ItWikiCon 2020 - ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbXdZK54GrU replay]) ** Ongoing: plenty of Wikidata birthday events, online and onsite! Here's an overview of the upcoming events, you can find the links and details [[d:Wikidata:Eighth Birthday|in the main calendar]]. *** [[m:WikiCite/2020 Virtual conference|WikiCite virtual conference]] on October 26-28, live-streamed on Youtube and Twitter, with sessions across many timezones and languages – English, French, German, Indonesian, and Portuguese. *** [[d:Wikidata:Eighth_Birthday/Wikidata_Education_Week|Wikidata Education Week]], online, on October 26-30 *** [[d:Wikidata:Eighth Birthday/24-hours meetup|24-hours online meetup]], on October 28-29: an open discussion with plenty of community members facilitating exchange around the topic "what makes you enthusiastic about Wikidata" *** Gene Wiki: how to synchronize and curate primary sources with and in Wikidata, online, on October 29th *** [[d:Wikidata:Eighth Birthday/Rennes|Birthday celebration in Rennes, France]], on October 29th *** Birthday Celebration in Accra, Ghana, and online, on October 29th ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata & Wikibase office hour]], October 27th at 17:00 CET (16:00 GMT) ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, October 27 at 18:00 CET * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' **Excerpts from Wikidata Birthday events *** Video: How the Wikimedia Brazil contributed to Wikidata in 2020 (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UclS25_HRlw YouTube] *** Video: Introduction to Wikidata and data reconciliation (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrL5Uhjy-Go YouTube] ** [https://wikimedia.se/2020/10/26/analyze-swedish-politics-with-wikidata/ Analyze Swedish politics with Wikidata] (Blog post) ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/10/22/wikicite-awards-23-grants-escholarships-to-improve-open-citations WikiCite awards 23 grants & eScholarships to improve open citations] (including plenty of Wikidata-related projects) ** Video: [[d:User:Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] and [[d:User:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] explore and explain different Wikidata tools in 15-part series on YouTube - [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLs9M85_qZF32xUBnxWZpMLsl5V-0yuo3f Playlist] ** Video: Wikidata Lab XXV: Interoperability and data access (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVatib3vq8s YouTube] **Video: Wikidata for cultural institutions and GLAM-WIKI partnerships (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aUWYNvnZck YouTube] ** Wikidata Training Workshop 4, by Canadian Arts Presenting Association - YouTube *** Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata - (Parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNSzCDQk3yo 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AAf4g6pFOec 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CbKPV1kx2Y 3], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyqVpK6u4pw 4] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXDIZXt5OXY 5]) *** Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata (in French) - (Parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyQEJ9ioee4 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DN87dHJI6ZU 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQpnaR1ke4U 3], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekXrSd-Ou0s 4] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrkBz61laOc 5]) * '''Tool of the week''' **[[d:Wikidata:Tools/WikibaseJS-cli|WikibaseJS-cli]] allows to edit Wikidata from command line, including creating items from samples ("templates") and do complex transformations of statements * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Server switch: all wikis will be in read-only on Tuesday, October 27th at 14:00 UTC for up to an hour ([[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|more information]]). All services hosted by WMF (e.g. tools hosted on wmcloud.org) are also impacted. Non-essential code deployments will not happen this week. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093976.html Wikimedia Israel (WMIL) develops instructional material for the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS)]: [https://wdqs-tutorial.toolforge.org/ wdqs-tutorial.toolforge.org] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8733|number of rooms]], [[:d:Property:P8738|permits]], [[:d:Property:P8739|prohibits]], [[:d:Property:P8744|economy of topic]], [[:d:Property:P8745|check-in time]], [[:d:Property:P8746|check-out time]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8709|CTAN package ID]], [[:d:Property:P8710|Dresden Street ID]], [[:d:Property:P8711|Emojipedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8712|FIBA Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P8713|Stadtwiki Dresden article]], [[:d:Property:P8714|GADM ID]], [[:d:Property:P8715|Lambiek Special pages ID]], [[:d:Property:P8716|Mir@bel publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P8717|ILO Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P8718|AVN performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8719|CCFr library ID]], [[:d:Property:P8720|xHamster performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8721|AWMDB performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8722|Normattiva ID]], [[:d:Property:P8723|American Heritage place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8724|BHL name ID]], [[:d:Property:P8725|Hungarian Water Polo Federation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P8726|Irish Statute Book ID]], [[:d:Property:P8727|Minecraft UUID]], [[:d:Property:P8728|Nachlässe in Austria ID]], [[:d:Property:P8729|AniList anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P8730|National Park Service people ID]], [[:d:Property:P8731|AniList manga ID]], [[:d:Property:P8732|Archivio Storico Ricordi opera ID]], [[:d:Property:P8734|O*NET OnLine code]], [[:d:Property:P8735|Opta football competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P8736|Opta football player ID]], [[:d:Property:P8737|Opta football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P8740|The Boardr profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P8741|Great Places ID]], [[:d:Property:P8742|PIM award ID]], [[:d:Property:P8743|Scholars Strategy Network ID]], [[:d:Property:P8747|DC Historic Sites place ID]], [[:d:Property:P8748|Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/annual average daily traffic|annual average daily traffic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/isotopically modified form of|isotopically modified form of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numérisé par|Numérisé par]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online catalog|Online catalog]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/funeral|funeral]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inaugural address|Inaugural address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong film rating|Hong Kong film rating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/word lookup|word lookup]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hair or facial hair style|hair or facial hair style]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cup size|Cup size]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/for color scheme|for color scheme]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/aagm people ID|aagm people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/aagm sites ID|aagm sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Zen ID|Yandex Zen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GeoGuessr ID|GeoGuessr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Tasking Manager project ID|Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Tasking Manager project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polski Słownik Judaistyczny ID|Polski Słownik Judaistyczny ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SMB-digital ID|SMB-digital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant station Vélib' Métropole|identifiant station Vélib' Métropole]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Base constructions bibliothèques ID|Base constructions bibliothèques ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dicionário de Historiadores Portugueses ID|Dicionário de Historiadores Portugueses ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unione Romana Biblioteche Scientifiche ID|Unione Romana Biblioteche Scientifiche ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Malmö Museer|Malmö Museer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMVDb music video ID|IMVDb music video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NSSDCA ID|NSSDCA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Docker Hub repository|Docker Hub repository]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ontology of units of Measure 2.0 unit ID|Ontology of units of Measure 2.0 unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Persée article ID|Persée article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geneanet Family Name ID|Geneanet Family Name ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Blogger user profile ID|Blogger user profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USL League One ID|USL League One ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stolperstein identifiers|Stolperstein identifiers]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russia artwork ID|State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russia artwork ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Horticultural Society plant ID|Royal Horticultural Society plant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EGAFD ID|EGAFD ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/iVb Commemorative plaques and their subjects in Aberdeen, Scotland; with photos of plaque and subject and Wikipedia links]. ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1320084387602464768 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/iEy Cities with female mayor] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1319682484997533697 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/hx9 Most common variants of the name "Susanne" in each country] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1318988410166673408 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/htF Birthplaces of art historians] ([https://twitter.com/janedarnell/status/1318890828442574848 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/hbs Invasive species in EU and whether they have articles in different languages] ([https://twitter.com/andrawaag/status/1318203582471151617 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/igz Birthplace of Olympique de Marseille players] ([https://twitter.com/macgraveur/status/1320403600716201985 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/iqE COVID-19 deaths by month] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1320368710088052737 Source]) ** Wikimedia Commons Query examples: *** [https://wcqs-beta.wmflabs.org/#%23Get%20information%20of%20Europeana%20item%20using%20federated%20query%0APREFIX%20dc%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20edm%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fschemas%2Fedm%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20ore%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.openarchives.org%2Fore%2Fterms%2F%3E%0A%0ASELECT%20%2a%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20BIND%28%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fdata.europeana.eu%2Fproxy%2Fprovider%2F91622%2Fraa_kmb_16000200042758%3E%20as%20%3Fp854%29%20%20%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fsparql.europeana.eu%2F%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fp854%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Fterms%2Fcreated%3E%20%3Fcreated%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fp854%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Fdescription%3E%20%3Fidentifier%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fp854%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Fpublisher%3E%20%3Fpublisher%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fp854%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Frights%3E%20%3Frights%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fp854%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Ftitle%3E%20%3Ftitle%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fp854%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fdc%2Felements%2F1.1%2Fdescription%3E%20%3Fdescription%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D Get information of Europeana item using federated query] * '''Development''' ** Got the Query Builder to create the first simple queries. You can follow along the development from now on on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org test system]. ** Preparing regular JSON dumps for Lexemes ([[phab:T264883]]) ** Analyzed a number of queries to the query service together with the WMF search team to better understand what the queries are doing and what further optimizations we can make to the query service and which queries need different systems to answer them. ** Working on creating and tracking implicit usages of Wikidata descriptions so description changes show up in the watchlist on Wikipedia and co ([[phab:T265897]]) ** Created [[mw:Extension:WikibaseManifest|Extension:WikibaseManifest]] documentation on MediaWiki. ** Looking into what would be considered a mismatch when comparing WIkidata's data against another database. This is groundwork for potentially automating this in the future to find potential issues in the data to flag to editors. ** Working on deploying the new Item quality scoring model for ORES to production so we have improved quality scores ** Finished investigating how to handle a restricted list of external Wikibase services. ([[phab:T265118]]) ** Removed noratelimit on bots for wikidata.org ([[phab:T258354]]) ** Published Easier Access for Programmers to Wikidata [[:commons:File:Research Report Easier Access for Programmers.pdf|research report]] [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 10 26|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:01, 26 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20572719 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #440 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Hasley|Hasley]] (RfP scheduled to end after 2 November 2020 17:23 UTC) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata & Wikibase office hour, October 27 ([[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2020-10-27|notes]]) ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: Arthur Smith and Daniel Mietchen discussing author items in Wikidata and the Author Disambiguator Tool, 3 November. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/16OJ5cTXZ47z3_M9bsIjmXO_kpjpQujtoFTEKe6Du3RY/edit Agenda] ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#37|Online Wikidata editathon in Swedish #37]], November 8 ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, November 3 at 18:00 CET * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2020/10/28/wikidata-wird-acht-jahre-alt-ein-interview-mit-produktmanagerin-lydia-pintscher/ Wikidata is eight years old - an interview with product manager Lydia Pintscher] (in German), by Elisabeth Giesemann ** [[d:Wikidata:Eighth_Birthday/Presents#Message_from_the_development_team|Wikidata 8th birthday, Message from the development team]] ** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2020/10/29/happy-8th-birthday-wikidata/ Happy 8th birthday, Wikidata! (8 reasons why Wikidata is great)], by Will Kent ** [https://blogs.bl.uk/digital-scholarship/2020/10/happy-eighth-birthday-wikidata.html Happy Eighth Birthday Wikidata!], by Stella Wisdom ** [https://saxorum.hypotheses.org/5279 Tree networks, national history and open mountains of data - knowledge through node formation with Wikidata for the 8th], by Jens Bemme ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O_Y0cXwZto Why is Wikidata important?] (Wikidata birthday event - in Spanish) ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/10/29/sparql-in-the-shadow-of-structured-data-on-commons/ SPARQL in the shadow of Structured Data on Commons], by Zbyszko Papierski ** [https://synapta.it/blog/risposte-a-domande-curiose-e-dove-trovarle-ecco-come-interrogare-wikidata-con-sparql/ Answers to curious questions and where to find them: here's how to query wikidata with SPARQL], by Lianna D'amato ** [https://chem-bla-ics.blogspot.com/2020/11/cito-updates-2-annotation-migration-to.html CiTO updates #2: annotation migration to Wikidata and first Scholia patch], by Egon Willighagen ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbTCq7r8SQg Wikidata+OpenStreetMaps talk and discussion] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czZA1T1t8wk Wikidata – what libraries need to know about wikidata - Kohacon20], by David Nind ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPMoj7uMXRU Visualizing the neuroscience research ecosystem via Wikidata Scholia], by Daniel Mietchen ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbowsw_XT-Q Knowledge Graphs and Wikidata] (in Indonesian) ** All videos from the '''[[m:WikiCite/2020 Virtual conference|WikiCite 2020 Virtual Conference]]''' are now on Commons, and embedded in the program page on Meta. ::This is 32 hours of video covering 85 individual presentations in 7 languages. ::1266 "unique viewers" have watched some portion on YouTubeSince the conference began last Monday. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://pltools.toolforge.org/rech/ reCH] is a Wikidata anti-vandalism tool that is used to review edits and patrol new changes. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata Eighth Birthday Presents *** All recordings of [[commons:Category:Wikidata Labs videos|Wikidata Labs are now available on Wikimedia Commons]] (Wiki Movimento Brasil) *** [https://wdqs-tutorial.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) tutorial website] – a new user-friendly tutorial to querying Wikidata (Wikimedia Israel) *** [https://wikibibliotecas.colmex.mx/items/browse?tags=Wikidata Wikidata Spanish Tutorials Website] – a brand new user-friendly (with Dublin Core Metadata!) digital collection of Wikidata slides, tutorials, and manuals in Spanish (Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas, Mexico) *** [https://twitter.com/SemanticMW/status/1321482146305945600?s=20 Happy Birthday] from [https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org Semantic MediaWiki] *** Wikidata Lexeme Forms <code>?language_code</code> feature: [https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1321626949492613122 announcement tweet] and [[d:Special:Diff/1299258986/1299263735|documentation edit]] *** Automated finding references: [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/datasets/periodic/wikidata-potential-references/ dump] and [https://wmdeanalytics.wmflabs.org/WD_GameReferenceHunt dashboard] (Wikidata development team - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-October/014374.html announcement]) *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-October/014375.html Better Item quality judgments from ORES] (Wikidata development team) *** Announcement of the [[Wikidata:WikidataCon 2021|distributed WikidataCon 2021]] (Wikidata development team - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-October/014376.html announcement]) *** [[d:Wikidata:Eighth Birthday/India/Datathon/Sum of all Indian paintings/birthday present|Results of Sum of all Indian paintings datathon]] organized by [[d:WD:IND|WikiProject India]]. *** Happy birthday Wikidata! In the [[m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2020-10-29|Abstract Wikipedia Updates (2020-10-29)]] by the project team, speaking about the future integration with Wikidata. *** Knowledge Grapher [https://knowledgegrapher.toolforge.org/filmmaker filmmaker mode] can visually display all the films and cast members of an individual director or producer. *** [[d:User:Teester/EntityShape.js|User:Teester/EntityShape.js]] - a userscript to show how an item conforms to an entityschema ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-October/014376.html The next WikidataCon will take place on 29-30-31 October 2021, in a distributed format]. Follow this page to keep up to date: [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon 2021|WikidataCon 2021]]. ** [https://datastory.org/en/data-stories/election-tracker The Election Tracker], uses Wikidata to keep track of upcoming national elections around the world. ** Accepted published papers for the Wikidata Workshop on Monday, 02.11 are now available online [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io wikidataworkshop.github.io] ** [https://witches.is.ed.ac.uk/ witches.is.ed.ac.uk] shows the geographical residence location for accused witches in Scotland. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8751|die axis]], [[:d:Property:P8753|annual average daily traffic]], [[:d:Property:P8757|maximum current]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8748|Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P8749|Dicionário de Historiadores Portugueses ID]], [[:d:Property:P8750|Unione Romana Biblioteche Scientifiche ID]], [[:d:Property:P8752|Kramerius of Moravian Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P8754|OpenStreetMap numeric user ID]], [[:d:Property:P8755|VA facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P8756|Sports-Reference.com college basketball box score ID]], [[:d:Property:P8758|Persée article ID]], [[:d:Property:P8759|Polski Słownik Judaistyczny ID]], [[:d:Property:P8760|Base constructions bibliothèques ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Matrix room|Matrix room]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/regex (lang)|regex (lang)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ukrainian romanization|Ukrainian romanization]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Power consumption index, Heating energy consumption index|Power consumption index, Heating energy consumption index]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Business Number (Canada)|Business Number (Canada)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/notable tv series|notable tv series]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of points or goals attempted|number of points or goals attempted]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Horticultural Society plant ID|Royal Horticultural Society plant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EGAFD ID|EGAFD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NCAA Statistics coach ID|NCAA Statistics coach ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NCAA school code|NCAA school code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NCAA Statistics team season ID|NCAA Statistics team season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitch team ID|Twitch team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitch tag ID|Twitch tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FINA Wiki ID|FINA Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All the Tropes identifier|All the Tropes identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MTMT journal ID|MTMT journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF person ID|UAF person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerway stadium ID|Soccerway stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NCAA Statistics player ID|NCAA Statistics player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portuguese Football Federation ID|Portuguese Football Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wolfram language WordData sense|Wolfram language WordData sense]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Namuwiki|Namuwiki]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/jGN Movies by rate of actors who studied at RADA (When distribution has at last 5 actors)] *** [https://w.wiki/8WU Central libraries in California linked to their branch library] *** [https://w.wiki/jZF Writers in the SIEFAR dictionary with a portrait in Wikimedia Commons] ([https://twitter.com/Georgele2etexte/status/1322471301664092161 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/VLM Place and date of birth of people buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery (one color per century of birth)] ([https://twitter.com/Pyb75/status/1322265164088049668 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/jPA Occupations of people on Wikidata dying of coronavirus (politician ranks higher than the next 3 occupations combined)] ([https://twitter.com/watty62/status/1321806989861769216 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/jbE Things Donald Trump and others own / have owned] ([https://twitter.com/inforapid/status/1321799945612070913 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/L6k Graveplots by gender in Père Lachaise Cemetery] ([https://twitter.com/Pyb75/status/1322264888463548417 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/AMx Co-authorship between researchers from National University of La Plata] ([https://twitter.com/patriciolorente/status/1321789489828798467 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/j6o Number of Harvard Law graduates dead by year between 1850 and 1950] ([https://twitter.com/HanleyWill/status/1321285757697482753 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/isL Visualization of the works of Charles Heaphy] ([https://twitter.com/SiobhanLeachman/status/1320795910696124417 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/jpa Identifiers present on the item for Penelope Cruz (or other movie people), but not on the item for Sean Connery] *** [https://w.wiki/jpd Map of places of birth of people with an identifier Inter-university Health Library in Wikidata colored by century of birth] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1323238160759967744 Source]) *** [https://sophox.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20%3Ftree%20%3Ftaxon%20%3FtaxonLabel%20%3Flayer%20%3Fcoordinates%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20OpenStreetMap%20for%20trees%20and%20their%20taxa%0A%20%20%3Ftree%20osmt%3Anatural%20%22tree%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28osmt%3Agenus%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Aspecies%3Awikidata%7Cosmt%3Ataxon%3Awikidata%29%20%3Ftaxon%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20osmm%3Aloc%20%3Fcoordinates.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23%20Query%20Wikidata%20for%0A%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Taxa%20categorized%20as%20threatened%20on%20the%20IUCN%20Red%20List%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%28%3Fstatus%20%3Flayer%29%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ278113%20%22Vulnerable%20%28VU%29%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ11394%20%22Endangered%20%28EN%29%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ219127%20%22Critically%20endangered%20%28CR%29%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftaxon%20wdt%3AP141%20%3Fstatus.%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20English%20common%20name%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftaxon%20wdt%3AP1843%20%3FtaxonLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3FtaxonLabel%29%20%3D%20%22en%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D Map of the trees recorded in OSM with protection status.] OSM/Wikidata query ([https://twitter.com/LibrErli/status/1316455785854050306 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_European_Film_Awards|Wikiproject European Film Awards]] ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Movies/Filmography/Sean Connery|Sean Connery filmography]] * '''Development''' ** Fixing the issue of `content was: ""` (empty string) when deleting Lexemes ([[phab:T263435]]) ** Final steps for deployment of JSON dumps for Lexeme ([[phab:T264883]]) ** Working on fixing an issue with adding statements with datatype mathematical formula ([[phab:T266673]]) ** The Query Builder can now generate its first very simple query and show the result. You can follow along as we develop it at [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ the demo system]. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 11 02|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:48, 2 Nuwamba, 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20593244 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #441 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Cleaning up the ontology of anonymous|Cleaning up the ontology of anonymous]] ** Other ***[[d:Property_talk:P969#%22und%22_or_%22und-latn%22|"und" or "und-latn" language code for addresses]] ***[[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Value_label_constraint|Value label constraint]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] about visualisation on maps 🗺️ on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, November 10 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#38|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #38]], November 15 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [[:File:Wikdata Eighth Birthday Meetup - Database validation of Wikidata.pdf|Wikidata Eighth Birthday Meetup - Database validation of Wikidata]] by Houcemeddine Turki ** Turning Scholia into a platform for living scientometric studies ([[:File:WikiCite 2020 - Scientométrie Ouverte.pdf|French]], [[:File:WikiCite 2020 - Living Scientometric Study.pdf|English]]) by Houcemeddine Turki ** Wikidata Workshop for the scientific Wikidata community @ ISWC 2020 with [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/#Accepted%20Papers papers] about interesting aspects of Wikidata. ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bSZq22yiGU Visualizing the research ecosystem of neuroscience research via Wikidata]. by Daniel Mietchen at Neuromatch Conference ** Video: LIVE Wikidata editing #23 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NfpMLS3NlU YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2814050998880059/ Facebook] ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #24 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9ht8zB9bHA YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2815062592112233/ Facebook], November 14, 19.00 UTC * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[:w:Template:Cite Q|Template:Cite Q]] on Wikipedia makes it easier to use Wikidata items as Wikipedia references. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/November 2020|next Wikibase live session]] is 16:00 UTC on Thursday 12 November 2020 [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NThtZjhranRmMjAxYzg2dTYwNGhxdmVxNzQgY183MXZ0MTdhNXFtbTFnYXFlNm1wdjNpYW9kc0Bn&tmsrc=c_71vt17a5qmm1gaqe6mpv3iaods%40group.calendar.google.com (Add to calendar)]. Come and share-out anything new or exciting that’s been happening with your Wikibase instance; what have you been doing recently, what is working well, what has been challenging for you - we would like to hear them all! ** Remember to claim your Cloud VPS project and mark it as <code><nowiki>{{Used}}</nowiki></code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094014.html Unclaimed projects risk being suspended or shutdown on 2020-12-01]. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014385.html Wrap up of the feedback about bug reports and feature requests] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8763|birth rate]], [[:d:Property:P8764|port calls]], [[:d:Property:P8766|rank insignia]], [[:d:Property:P8768|online catalog]], [[:d:Property:P8770|format as language specific regular expression]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8761|Sports-Reference.com college football school ID]], [[:d:Property:P8762|NCAA Statistics team season ID]], [[:d:Property:P8765|Royal Horticultural Society plant ID]], [[:d:Property:P8767|EGAFD ID]], [[:d:Property:P8769|Ontology of units of Measure 2.0 unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P8771|Vélib' Métropole station ID]], [[:d:Property:P8772|Blogger user profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P8773|Malmö Museer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8774|MTMT journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P8775|Soccerway stadium ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/favicon|favicon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dedicated heritage institution|Dedicated heritage institution]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetaSat ID|MetaSat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/epithet|epithet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Poverty incidence (Philippines)|Poverty incidence (Philippines)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/covid info|covid info]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filestore|filestore]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniDB tag ID|AniDB tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ClassInd audiovisual work ID|ClassInd audiovisual work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ClassInd game ID|ClassInd game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qobuz label ID|Qobuz label ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMMuB album ID|IMMuB album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FIS grass skier ID|FIS grass skier ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AlKindi ID|AlKindi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/French Paralympic and Sports Committee athlete ID|French Paralympic and Sports Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mathematical Sciences Research Institute personal profile ID|Mathematical Sciences Research Institute personal profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mathematical Sciences Research Institute institution profile ID|Mathematical Sciences Research Institute institution profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EIK|EIK]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/edition humboldt digital ID|edition humboldt digital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Film Awards ID|European Film Awards ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memorial Book for the victims of National Socialism at the University of Vienna 1938|Memorial Book for the victims of National Socialism at the University of Vienna 1938]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMMuB artist ID|IMMuB artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AIWARDS ID|AIWARDS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LIMIS person ID|LIMIS person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD distributor ID|IAFD distributor ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/kJK Terminus locations of A Roads in Britain] ([https://twitter.com/philbgorman/status/1324463176453337088 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/kjM POTUS/UK PM age at inauguration/appointment and England mean age] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1324156826087206913 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/jxY Map of (public-sector) winners of H2020 projects in the Netherlands sortable by year] ([https://twitter.com/alastairdunning/status/1323663645348401154 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ke7 People who have held the positions of both Vice President and President of the United States] ([https://twitter.com/TobiasHellmund/status/1324072992880603146 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/jqY Crew of missions to the ISS and human spaceflights that have docked with the ISS] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1323284604959207426 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/kfy Graph of reasons UK MPs have left Parliament, grouped by decade since the 1890s] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1325557952024076290 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/kes Number of successful UK election petitions by parliamentary term, 1859 onwards (includes by-elections as well as general elections)] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1325477802985058306 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/kea List of longest Cars] ([https://twitter.com/quicoprol/status/1325454920288522242 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Continuing work with the WMF search team to automatically categorize WDQS queries to see how they can better be served ** Query Builder work is continuing. Next step is making it possible to create a query with an arbitrary Property instead of the currently hard-coded post code. ** Feedback round for the REST API is finishing this week and then we will review all the feedback and make changes to the spec accordingly. ** Preparing to release 1.35 version of Wikibase docker image ([[phab:T264538]]) ** Fixed Math extension to not require JS parser which caused issues creating new Statements for mathematical formulae ([[phab:T266673]]) ** Made sure there is a meaningful edit summary when deleting a Lexeme ([[phab:T263435]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 11 09|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:54, 9 Nuwamba, 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20618981 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #442 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, November 17 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: [https://swib.org/ SWIB20 (Semantic Web in Libraries) conference], multiple Wikidata-related presentations, free and online, November 23-27 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sweden/Swedish Riksdag documents/Kopplingssprint|Editathon (or "connection sprint") on parliamentarian documents in Swedish]], November 20 ** Upcoming: Next [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Data_for_Production#LD4-Wikidata_Affinity_Group|Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: [[m:User:Dan Shick (WMDE)|Dan Shick]] on creating and managing community documentation, November 17. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1i_OONeNl7XZbo5un81bYHFx0wOp2ErSKYjGnfIHel9Y/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#39|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #39]], November 22 ** Past: [https://github.com/elixir-europe/BioHackathon-projects-2020 ELIXIR BioHackathon 2020] updates: *** Project #13: >20 thousand PDB ligand identifiers added and new formatter URL: https://twitter.com/ESchymanski/status/1326875606177492993 *** Project #33: Using wikidata query service in the taxon_mapper in [http://oxalis.br.fgov.be:8181 Molseq - connecting molecular (genbank) and specimen (GBIF) data app] *** Project #35: Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnEaa9zHSos ELIXIR BioHackathon Europe 2020 Introduction to ShEx/Entity Schemas] with Wikidata starting at 18:00 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.meetup.com/en-AU/Krakow-Graph-Academy/events/274359758/ Wikidata Knowledge graph] (in Polish) by Zbyszko Papierski on Wednesday, 18 November 2020 6:45 pm to 9:30 pm GMT+1 ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywsRcnlQ198 A Linked and Open Bibliography for Aegean Glyptic in the Bronze Age] by Martina Trognitz, recorded in April 2019 ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnEaa9zHSos ELIXIR BioHackathon Europe 2020 Introduction to ShEx/Entity Schemas] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJ__UqgpDDk Introduction to Gene Wiki] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abbeFWHdTaw ISB Biocuration 2020 Online Workshop: Genewiki 2 Methodology - Updating with bots] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vJrsUQIbV4 An Introduction to Wikibase and Wikidata]. Barbara Fischer and Sarah Hartmann ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbnX2VSf4Hs LIVE Wikidata editing #24] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzfC3KFqmPs Programming for Cultural Heritage: Using Python to retrieve data from Wikidata] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOvlkAzCdrA Wikipedia & Wikidata for Middle East Librarians] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyT0Qy8H-dI&t=246s OpenStreetMap & Wikidata using Sophox] - OpenStreetMap US Connect 2020 ** Video: Adding Pashas to Wikidata. 7 videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PflmQn_SFbg Wikipedia to OpenRefine], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFmEePPYY_Y Standardizing dates], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fonr9Su4ZhQ Standardizing names in OpenRefine], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUgO8Tkhu6s Wikidata reconciliation], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T30k1AzLc6Q Adding additional data], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXlHWUhowxw Combining Arabic and English Lists], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hty7PJRabQg Wikidata Schema] ** Blogpost: [https://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2020/10/introducing-mapping-the-scottish-reformation-clerics-manuscripts-and-open-data/ Introducing Mapping the Scottish Reformation: Clerics, Manuscripts, and Open Data]. ''"Most of the individuals we have found are obviously relatively obscure and have no item entry in Wikidata...As such, we have created around one thousand new items over the last two months, all of which serve as a framework to record the key parameters of a cleric’s career".'' * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://alec-demo.herokuapp.com/ ALEC] (A List of Everything Cool) is a tool to explore biodiversity content in Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Join the upcoming [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-November/095862.html #1Lib1Ref Wikipedia campaign] from January 15th to February 5th 2021 and improve Wikidata items by adding references to statements. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8786|dedicated heritage entity]], [[:d:Property:P8789|defining mutations]], [[:d:Property:P8791|digitised by]], [[:d:Property:P8798|for color scheme]], [[:d:Property:P8810|parent (unspecified)]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8774|MTMT journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P8775|Soccerway stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P8776|IMVDb music video ID]], [[:d:Property:P8777|NCAA Statistics coach ID]], [[:d:Property:P8778|Docker Hub repository]], [[:d:Property:P8779|USL League One ID]], [[:d:Property:P8780|Portuguese Football Federation ID]], [[:d:Property:P8782|ClassInd game ID]], [[:d:Property:P8783|AAGM people ID]], [[:d:Property:P8784|AAGM site ID]], [[:d:Property:P8785|AniDB tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P8787|UAF person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8788|Dignity Memorial person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8790|Opera Online performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8792|Bioweb Ecuador ID]], [[:d:Property:P8793|Decorati onorificenze repubblica ID]], [[:d:Property:P8794|BBFC reference]], [[:d:Property:P8795|AlKindi ID]], [[:d:Property:P8796|FilmPolski press collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P8797|French Paralympic and Sports Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P8799|Twitch tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P8800|European Film Awards ID]], [[:d:Property:P8801|MSRI institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P8802|MSRI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8803|stolpersteine-berlin.de Stolperstein identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8804|stolpersteine-hamburg.de Stolperstein identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8805|LIMIS person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8806|NSDOK Stolperstein identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8807|stolpersteine-bremen.de Stolperstein identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8808|snublestein.no Stolperstein identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8809|AIWARDS ID]], [[:d:Property:P8811|Twitch team ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/use as citation in Wikimedia page|use as citation in Wikimedia page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GitLab username|GitLab username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/given name identical to this family name|given name identical to this family name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/population connectée|population connectée]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/indexed in bibliographic review|indexed in bibliographic review]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISDS ID|ISDS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inscription image|inscription image]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wanfang article ID|Wanfang article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CQVIP article ID|CQVIP article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada|Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CIP data sheet|CIP data sheet]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMMuB artist ID|IMMuB artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD distributor ID|IAFD distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss-Gym Male ID|Swiss-Gym Male ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss-Gym Female ID|Swiss-Gym Female ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FISG person ID|FISG person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ligue 1 player ID|Ligue 1 player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ligue 2 player ID|Ligue 2 player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AAA ID|AAA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum Day ID|Museum Day ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TeachMe tutor ID|TeachMe tutor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISOF place|ISOF place]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CRGPG ID|CRGPG ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visages du diocèse d'Autun ID|Visages du diocèse d'Autun ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geneall ID|Geneall ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Namuwiki (2)|Namuwiki (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Union des artistes ID|Union des artistes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinorium Movie ID|Kinorium Movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinorium Person ID|Kinorium Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Prêtres du diocèse de Quimper ID|Prêtres du diocèse de Quimper ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Union Catalog of Armenian Libraries authority ID|Union Catalog of Armenian Libraries authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Restaurant Guru Restaurant ID|Restaurant Guru Restaurant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Foodlocate Restaurant ID|Foodlocate Restaurant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musica Brasilis ID|Musica Brasilis ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEV number|IEV number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CONOR authority IDs|CONOR authority IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LibraryThing venue ID|LibraryThing venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BPI ID|BPI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PromoDj ID|PromoDj ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Salzburgwiki|Salzburgwiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Drizly Product ID|Drizly Product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baijiahao ID|Baijiahao ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN men's college basketball team ID|ESPN men's college basketball team ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/mR9 Rivers and canals in the United Kingdom]. ***[https://w.wiki/mPZ Map of images taken for the Wicipics photography campaign in Wales] ([https://twitter.com/WICI_LLGC/status/1327251837452476416 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/mH8 Number of people and terms of UK parties since the 1945 election] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1327035156092366854 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/mWQ UK MPs who have voluntarily resigned their seats and then come back for a different seat in the same Parliament] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1327590977180233728 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/bo6 Media articles, public documents and academic references on backward/cluster-focused contact tracing (including models)] ([https://twitter.com/Francis_Aln/status/1326983559769370625 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/mSf Date of birth of current French prefects and their sources] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1326864873838481408 Source]) ***[http://w.wiki/6c3 Protected heritage related to the Camino in the Basque Country] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1326498097837600768 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/m7Z Living 'notable' people with the given name "Karen" per 100k per country] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1326634340449718273 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/kzP Paintings in the Suter Art Gallery] ([https://twitter.com/SiobhanLeachman/status/1326301937998864385 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/mSh Chilean ministers who were not educated at any high school] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1326286864924471296 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/kxm Age of US presidents start and end time] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1326184191688650752 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/kPz Map of Welsh Railways] ([https://twitter.com/WIKI_NLW/status/1326081898179923968 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/ktf Connections of railways of the Netherlands] ([https://twitter.com/janedarnell/status/1326093149450756096 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/mi7 Distinct languages of Wikidata lexemes]. Top 5 are Russian-101144, English-69066, Latin-32106, Hebrew-28286 and Basque-22904.([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1328050792507592705 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/mf7 Death place of all Basque people with known birthplace on Wikipedia, by century]. [https://kepler.gl/demo/map/carto?mapId=91c00ff3-8d37-a26b-8ccc-8488a2665dba&owner=galder158&privateMap=false Interactive map on kepler.gl] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1327919565905379328 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Added "Random lexeme" link under dedicated section for lexicographical data in the Wikidata sidebar ([[phab:T205525]]). Thanks to [[d:User:Matěj Suchánek|Matěj Suchánek]]! ** Working on language/spelling variant selector bug on Special:NewItem and Special:NewLexeme that makes it difficult to continue creating Items or Lexemes ([[phab:T266638]]) ** Work on the Query Builder continues. We're focusing on making it possible to query for all Items with a specific Property but any value next. ** Went over all the feedback we have received for the REST API specification draft. Overall the feedback is positive and really useful. So we will move ahead after thinking more about the remaining points that were raised. ** Working on making changes to descriptions show up in the RecentChanges feed and watchlists on Wikipedia and co as well even if they are not explicitly used ([[phab:T191831]]) ** Fixed a problem adding statements with Properties of datatype mathematical formula ([[phab:T266496]]) ** Kicked off our new effort to implement a predictable release cycle and release infrastructure for Wikibase suite by creating a prototype build workflow ([[phab:T267553]]) and prototype test workflow ([[phab:T267554]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 11 16|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:15, 16 Nuwamba, 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20640737 --> == ikidata weekly summary #443 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata Workshop 2020 presentations [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyM3N1A-gEXt0vShpqDCw6x9T95ok9aj_ YouTube playlist] ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, November 24 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: [https://events.ccc.de/2020/09/04/rc3-remote-chaos-experience/#english rC3, the remote version of the Chaos Communication Congress], on December 27-30. Like in previous years, the WikipakaWG will host sessions and workshops related to Wikidata and other Wikimedia projects. The [https://cfp.verschwoerhaus.de/rc3-2020/cfp call for participation] is open until November 30th. ** Upcoming: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/african-wikimedians/2020-November/002037.html Ghana Histo Cita-thon]. Friday 27th November 2020. 9am to 2pm UTC. ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#40|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #40]], November 29 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://xn--fundaci-r0a.cat/wikidata-la-base-de-dades-collaborativa-per-a-maquines-i-humans/ Wikidata, the collaborative database for machines and humans]. Blogpost by Àlex Hinojo (in Catalan) ** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2020/11/18/24-stunden-open-data-das-meetup-zum-achten-wikidata-geburtstag/ 24 hours of open data - The meetup for the eighth Wikidata birthday], Blogpost by Lea Lacroix (in German) ** [https://wikimedia.se/2020/11/17/framtiden-for-riksdagens-data-i-wikidata/?_thumbnail_id=10186 The future of the Riksdag's data in Wikidata]. Blogpost by Jan Ainali (in Swedish) ** [https://doi.org/10.1093/NAR/GKAA1024 WikiPathways: connecting communities]: research article outlining, among other things, how Wikidata is used and integrated ** [http://www.bobdc.com/blog/osmpluswikidata/ Using SPARQL to combine Wikidata and OSM triples] ** [https://zenodo.org/record/4279611#.X7bTTSWPWEf ANN: A platform to annotate text with Wikidata IDs] (report) ''"Report of the work done by the Ann team at the eLife Sprint 2020. It describes the effort pursued towards a system for universal annotation of biomedical articles using the collaborative knowledge graph of Wikidata".'' ** TU Dresden lecture on Knowledge Graphs (replay) *** Wikidata introduction - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKr8Uz4PneQ YouTube] *** Content model of Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwhDkxDwsbA YouTube] *** How the content of Wikidata can be represented in RDF - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=su0V8OmM0pU YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Teester/EntityShape.js|EntityShape.js]] is a script that allows you to check an Item against an EntitySchema. On the Item page, it will display various information about the Item, like the properties that should be present on the Item. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The proposals phase of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey 2021]] is open until November 30th. You can submit wishes in various categories, like [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Wikidata|Wikidata]]. ** [https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/SMWCon_Fall_2020 SMWCon 2020 virtual conference is from 24 to 26 November 2020]. Do not forget to register at Hopin! ** [https://kanopi.io/company/updates/2020_11_16_weekly_newsletter_9.md The note-taking app Kanopi got first pieces of Wikidata integration.] ** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/?p=650 The Listeria Evolution]: Listeria has got an update ** Wikimedia Deutschland has two open positions around the Wikidata development team; [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/4361894/Full-Stack-Developer-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=21890437&_ga=2.117843721.1666319849.1605900771-1686350039.1605900771&l=de Full Stack Developer] and [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/8136694/Partner-Relationship-Manager-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=22272186&_ga=2.117843721.1666319849.1605900771-1686350039.1605900771&l=de Partner Relationship Manager] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8822|epithet]], [[:d:Property:P8824|attraction to]], [[:d:Property:P8839|hairstyle]], [[:d:Property:P8843|poverty incidence]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8812|IMMuB artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P8813|IMMuB album ID]], [[:d:Property:P8814|WordNet 3.1 Synset ID]], [[:d:Property:P8815|IAFD film distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P8816|Yandex Zen ID]], [[:d:Property:P8817|NCAA school code]], [[:d:Property:P8818|Church of Jesus Christ pioneer ID]], [[:d:Property:P8819|Pitchfork artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P8820|Monuments de mémoire ID]], [[:d:Property:P8821|Memorial Book for the Victims of National Socialism ID]], [[:d:Property:P8823|Xfinity Stream ID]], [[:d:Property:P8825|Sports-Reference.com college basketball school ID]], [[:d:Property:P8826|edition humboldt digital ID]], [[:d:Property:P8827|GitLab username]], [[:d:Property:P8828|AAA attraction ID]], [[:d:Property:P8829|Swiss-Gym Male ID]], [[:d:Property:P8830|Swiss-Gym Female ID]], [[:d:Property:P8831|Museum Day ID]], [[:d:Property:P8832|PAN member]], [[:d:Property:P8833|Union Catalog of Armenian Libraries authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P8834|MetaSat ID]], [[:d:Property:P8835|Visages du diocèse d'Autun ID]], [[:d:Property:P8836|SPOnG game ID]], [[:d:Property:P8837|Prêtres du diocèse de Quimper ID]], [[:d:Property:P8838|LibraryThing venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P8840|Union des artistes ID]], [[:d:Property:P8841|Restaurant Guru Restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P8842|PromoDj ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vénéré à|vénéré à]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of blood donors|Number of blood donors]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/People reached|People reached]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of awards|number of awards]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has positive marker|has positive marker]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID pattern|ID pattern]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lunar coordinates|lunar coordinates]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/adjacent to|adjacent to]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date posted|date posted]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITRANS|ITRANS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library at Kolkata romanization|National Library at Kolkata romanization]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/complementary property|complementary property]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MTRCB rating|MTRCB rating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBLP conference ID|DBLP conference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fait l'objet d'une vénération à|fait l'objet d'une vénération à]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DriveThruComics numeric publisher identifier|DriveThruComics numeric publisher identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hyperion Records person ID|Hyperion Records person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arken|Arken]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AAA hotel ID|AAA hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AAA restaurant ID|AAA restaurant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AAA campground ID|AAA campground ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AstroGen ID|AstroGen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reliwiki page ID|Reliwiki page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sonneveld-index|Sonneveld-index]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIL ID|SIL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniDB Episode ID|AniDB Episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine ID|Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lumni ID|Lumni ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archives at Yale Names ID|Archives at Yale Names ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/nMw Aberdeen recycling centers and recycling points] ([https://twitter.com/watty62/status/1330154154858262528 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/my4 Map of Semantic Web in Libraries 2020 participant's institutions] (federated query) ([https://twitter.com/nichtich/status/1329712307967037440 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/mYx Women who play chess and have a Wikipedia article in Spanish] (They are 132 while men have 899 entries) ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1329540876633317381 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/nFz Timeline of Dietary Advocates] ([https://twitter.com/SciHiBlog/status/1329472653833482244 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/nag Philosophers born between 0 and 500 grouped by the decade where they lived] ([https://twitter.com/inforapid/status/1330435382211727360 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/naJ Video games from ''?country''] (template) ([https://twitter.com/JeanFred/status/1329103807272407043 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Query Builder: We're making it possible to switch between querying for specific values (e.g. all Items with a specific post code) or any value (all Items with a post code statement regardless of which one it is) ** Correcting the behaviour of what automatically happens on Wikidata when a page is moved on Wikipedia and co to an excluded namespace with the "suppress redirect" option ([[phab:T261275]]) ** Making language fallback indicators not show up for language variant fallbacks in a few more places ([[phab:T267502]]) ** Adding html language attributes for statements linking to Forms and Senses ([[phab:T267023]]) ** Working on language and lexical category fields turning red on unfocus even though no changes are made after a change in ooui ([[phab:T266936]]) ** Finished building the 1.35 versions of the Wikibase base and bundle docker images and published to [https://hub.docker.com/r/wikibase/wikibase dockerhub] ([[phab:T264538]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 11 23|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:21, 23 Nuwamba, 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20699822 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #444 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: We will have several speakers joining us to discuss their projects in lightning talks, 1 December. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zcTZEmk8yTgmTug3oYFuG_gEn6E5O-tweomgzuqWY0M/edit# Agenda] ** Upcoming: WMF search platform team office hour, Wednesday, December 2nd, 2020. 16:00-17:00 GMT / 08:00-09:00 PST / 11:00-12:00 EST / 17:00-18:00 CET. [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Etherpad], [https://meet.google.com/vyc-jvgq-dww Google Meet]. You can come and chat about the Wikidata & Commons Query Service. ** Online edition of the [[m:Coolest Tool Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] ceremony, on Friday, December 11th at 17:00 UTC. ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#41|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #41]], December 6 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.05841.pdf Linking OpenStreetMap with knowledge graphs — Link discovery for schema-agnostic volunteered geographic information] (the KGs referred to are Wikidata & DBPedia) ** [https://www.kcl.ac.uk/giwl/assets/covid-media-analysis.pdf "Women’s representation and voice in media coverage of the coronavirus crisis"]: an analysis linking news articles to information on Wikipedia and Wikidata. **[http://lubianat.github.io/wikidata_bib Wikidata Bib v0], prototype for personalized analytics of scientific readings using Wikidata. ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NXbPOAjZBY Strategies for Assembling the Biodiversity Knowledge Graph] by Roderic Page ** Video: Semantic Web in Libraries 2020 (replay) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a_W3_i4L6o ORCID for Wikidata: A workflow for matching author and publication items in Wikidata] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvcBBRZ_sUM id.loc.gov and Wikidata, one year later] * '''Tool of the week''' **[https://github.com/NicolasTe/osm2kg osm2kg] is a tool to facilitate matching Wikidata entries to OSM nodes. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014398.html The second edition of the Coolest Tool Award will happen online on Friday 11 December 2020 at 17:00 UTC] The awarded tools will be showcased in a virtual event, with broadcasted video and chat channels for socializing. ** The University of Nevada has an open position around Wikidata; [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014392.html Digital Collections Wikimedian-in-Residence] ** Round 2 of the consultation on using Wikidata for curriculum digitization begun on November 24<sup>th</sup>, and will end on December 7<sup>th</sup>. You can participate by sharing your ideas in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdL_LDiknFo-o2D7mbiaIqfcPP6y-s182LfuBD1QTU9m5TwZA/viewform this response form] (Google forms) ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014399.html Wiki Movimento Brasil will support WikidataCon 2021] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html Wikidata descriptions changes will be included more often in Recent Changes and Watchlist on Wikimedia wikis] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8852|facial hair]], [[:d:Property:P8864|identity element]], [[:d:Property:P8865|mathematical inverse]], [[:d:Property:P8866|has operator]], [[:d:Property:P8872|has marker]], [[:d:Property:P8874|Hong Kong film rating]], [[:d:Property:P8875|indexed in bibliographic review]], [[:d:Property:P8876|number of taxpayers]], [[:d:Property:P8881|ITRANS]], [[:d:Property:P8882|complementary property]], [[:d:Property:P8884|number of points/goals attempted]], [[:d:Property:P8887|Water area]], [[:d:Property:P8889|MTRCB rating]], [[:d:Property:P8890|power consumption index]], [[:d:Property:P8891|heating energy consumption index]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8844|Absolute Games person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8845|FIS grass skier ID]], [[:d:Property:P8846|FISG athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P8847|Kinorium movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P8848|CONOR.AL ID]], [[:d:Property:P8849|CONOR.BG ID]], [[:d:Property:P8850|CONOR.KS ID]], [[:d:Property:P8851|CONOR.SR ID]], [[:d:Property:P8853|Musica Brasilis ID]], [[:d:Property:P8854|Salzburgwiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P8855|IEV number]], [[:d:Property:P8856|British Phonographic Industry ID]], [[:d:Property:P8857|CRGPG ID]], [[:d:Property:P8858|Drizly product ID]], [[:d:Property:P8860|Canada Business Number]], [[:d:Property:P8861|FINA Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P8862|Foodlocate restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P8863|Qobuz label ID]], [[:d:Property:P8867|AAA campground ID]], [[:d:Property:P8868|AAA hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P8869|AAA restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P8870|Hyperion Records person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8871|Southwest Harbor Public Library item ID]], [[:d:Property:P8873|DriveThruComics numeric publisher identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8877|Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada ID]], [[:d:Property:P8878|HLTV player ID]], [[:d:Property:P8879|Kinorium person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8880|AstroGen ID]], [[:d:Property:P8883|BBC sound effects asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P8885|Namuwiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P8886|CIP data sheet]], [[:d:Property:P8888|AniDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P8892|edition humboldt digital Flora ID]], [[:d:Property:P8893|Sistema de Información Legislativa ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELSPA rating|ELSPA rating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cites work string|cites work string]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/artistic director|artistic director]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MDJF ID|MDJF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coordinates of depicted place|Coordinates of depicted place]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/first family name in Portuguese name|first family name in Portuguese name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/propriétés à éviter|propriétés à éviter]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commons category for the view from the item|Commons category for the view from the item]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmstriben film-ID|Filmstriben film-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mailing List|Mailing List]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/provides HTML microdata|provides HTML microdata]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/provides JSON-LD data|provides JSON-LD data]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vets.cz ID|vets.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parler ID|Parler ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HAL Journal id|HAL Journal id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fitzwilliam Museum ID|Fitzwilliam Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery of Australia ID|National Gallery of Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Masters Swimming ID|U.S. Masters Swimming ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gab ID|Gab ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo del Prado ID|Museo del Prado ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery of Ireland ID|National Gallery of Ireland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Auckland Art Gallery ID|Auckland Art Gallery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artfacts ID|Artfacts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Order of Canada ID|Order of Canada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SKD ID|SKD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIA ID|DIA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZOBODAT|ZOBODAT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AppGallery app ID|AppGallery app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech Gymnastics athlete ID|Czech Gymnastics athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Students of Prague Universities ID|Students of Prague Universities ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amsterdam Museum ID|Amsterdam Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/theses.cz ID|theses.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/curid|curid]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/nhq Politicians with an account at GitHub, CPAN, or Wikimedia] ([https://twitter.com/nichtich/status/1330886648880619522 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/nir Percentage of deaths caused by tuberculosis by decade] ([https://twitter.com/sandpapier/status/1330930615810744322 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/nja Number of programming languages and their paradigms] ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1330950329660305408 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/o7F Museums within 2 miles of MoMA] (federated query) ([https://twitter.com/edwardbetts/status/1331969708887826432 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/mYg Largest cities of the world ordered by population] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1332207421230632961 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/oHz Italian politicians who served as a minister in more than one cabinet since 1990] ([https://twitter.com/i_m_andrea/status/1332321608829198337 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ohG People born after 1800 whose “name in native language” is in Latin] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1333024285657591809 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ohH UK statues and whether they are of nobles and/or women] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1332782739284779009 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ohK Location of German cities with a population count greater than 50.000] ([https://twitter.com/robbi5/status/1332757685247348736 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/oNW Map of medicines used (green) to fight infectious diseases (orange)] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1332596090391195650 Source]) ** Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E125|museum]] * '''Development''' ** Development on the Query Builder is continuing. You can follow along at https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org ** Fixed an issue where language fallback indicators were still shown when falling back from a variant of the language ([[phab:T267502]]) ** Fixed an issue on Lexeme pages where language and lexical category fields turn red on unfocus even though no changes were made ([[phab:T266936]]) ** Working on improving what happens to sitelinks when an article is moved to a unsupported namespace ([[phab:T261275)]]) ** Investigating a significant increase in skipped Item IDs ([[phab:T268625]]) ** Addressing the feedback for the draft of the REST API spec [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 11 30|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:44, 30 Nuwamba, 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20706846 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #445 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** [[d:User talk:ChristianKl/Draft:ProposeDeletion|Comment]] on a [[d:User:ChristianKl/Draft:ProposeDeletion|proposal for proposed deletion system]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XXVI|Wikidata Lab XXVI: Structured citations module on Wikipedia]], presented in English by [[user:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] ([[m:Wiki Movimento Brasil|Wiki Movimento Brasil]]). The event is supported by a [[m:Wikicite/e-scholarship/Mike Peel (Cite Q improvements)|WikiCite e-scholarship]]. December 8th 17:00 UTC (14:00 BRT), via [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2AiaRHVesjQYv3pbq5qpdQ YouTube]. ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, December 8 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: Wikimedia 2020 Coolest Tool Award Ceremony, December 11th at 17:00 GMT ([[m:Coolest_Tool_Award#Coolest_Tool_Award_2020|details]]) ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Meetup_#42|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #42]], December 13 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/12/01/slavery-database-family-genealogy/ A massive new effort to name millions sold into bondage during the transatlantic slave trade]. The Washington Post writes about [http://enslaved.org enslaved.org], a Wikibase instance run at Michigan State University, that collects and creates Linked Open Data about the transatlantic slave trade. ([https://twitter.com/johl/status/1334548022244614148 Source]) ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV2tjuYLEyc Introduction to Wikidata by and with Alicia Fagerving from Wikipedia Day 2020] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE9ZvwYCNnQ How to use Wikidata Mix'n'match tool] - YouTube ** Video: Semantic Web in Libraries 2020 (replay) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNI6ty4gpDw Linking K10plus library union catalog with Wikidata] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tzlOeDBG9c Building Wikidata One Branch of Knowledge at a Time] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Zvpunry/EntitySchemaHighlighter.js|User:Zvpunry/EntitySchemaHighlighter.js]] user script highlights the entities in the content of a Schema and shows information when hovering the link. (2020-12-07) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** We now have a central repository for [https://github.com/maxlath/wikibase-cli-template-collection wikibase-cli templates], with the aim to document best practices, offer general purpose request/create/edit templates, but also offer more niche templates as examples of what's possible: contributions and template requests welcome! * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8864|identity element]], [[:d:Property:P8865|mathematical inverse]], [[:d:Property:P8866|has operator]], [[:d:Property:P8872|has marker]], [[:d:Property:P8874|Hong Kong film rating]], [[:d:Property:P8875|indexed in bibliographic review]], [[:d:Property:P8876|number of taxpayers]], [[:d:Property:P8881|ITRANS]], [[:d:Property:P8882|complementary property]], [[:d:Property:P8884|number of points/goals attempted]], [[:d:Property:P8887|water area]], [[:d:Property:P8889|MTRCB rating]], [[:d:Property:P8890|power consumption index]], [[:d:Property:P8891|heating energy consumption index]], [[:d:Property:P8898|road name formatter]], [[:d:Property:P8901|ELSPA rating]], [[:d:Property:P8927|kunya]], [[:d:Property:P8929|religion or world view]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8861|FINA Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P8862|Foodlocate restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P8863|Qobuz label ID]], [[:d:Property:P8867|AAA campground ID]], [[:d:Property:P8868|AAA hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P8869|AAA restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P8870|Hyperion Records person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8871|Southwest Harbor Public Library item ID]], [[:d:Property:P8873|DriveThruComics numeric publisher identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8877|Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada ID]], [[:d:Property:P8878|HLTV player ID]], [[:d:Property:P8879|Kinorium person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8880|AstroGen ID]], [[:d:Property:P8883|BBC sound effects asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P8885|Namuwiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P8886|CIP data sheet]], [[:d:Property:P8888|AniDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P8892|edition humboldt digital Flora ID]], [[:d:Property:P8893|Sistema de Información Legislativa ID]], [[:d:Property:P8894|BG EIK]], [[:d:Property:P8895|All the Tropes identifier]], [[:d:Property:P8896|Concise Literary Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8897|Reliwiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P8899|Arken ID]], [[:d:Property:P8900|HuijiWiki Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P8902|Archives at Yale names ID]], [[:d:Property:P8903|HAL journal id]], [[:d:Property:P8904|Parler username]], [[:d:Property:P8905|Museo del Prado ID]], [[:d:Property:P8906|National Gallery of Ireland ID]], [[:d:Property:P8907|Auckland Art Gallery artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P8908|CINE21 film ID]], [[:d:Property:P8909|National Gallery of Australia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8910|Fitzwilliam Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P8911|Sonneveld-index]], [[:d:Property:P8912|Kicker.de player ID (actual scheme)]], [[:d:Property:P8913|NSSDCA ID]], [[:d:Property:P8914|ZOBODAT person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8915|ZOBODAT taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P8916|DIA ID]], [[:d:Property:P8917|SKD ID]], [[:d:Property:P8918|Max Movie film ID]], [[:d:Property:P8919|Gab username]], [[:d:Property:P8920|Movist film ID]], [[:d:Property:P8921|KOBIS ID]], [[:d:Property:P8922|Amsterdam Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P8923|SMB-digital ID]], [[:d:Property:P8924|State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russia artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P8925|CQVIP article ID]], [[:d:Property:P8926|DBLP conference ID]], [[:d:Property:P8928|Filmstriben film-ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cites work string|cites work string]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/artistic director|artistic director]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MDJF ID|MDJF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coordinates of depicted place|Coordinates of depicted place]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/first family name in Portuguese name|first family name in Portuguese name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/propriétés à éviter|propriétés à éviter]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commons category for the view from the item|Commons category for the view from the item]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mailing List|Mailing List]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/curid|curid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/provides HTML microdata|provides HTML microdata]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/provides JSON-LD data|provides JSON-LD data]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/archaeological site of|archaeological site of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/does not have cause|does not have cause]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/conductor for|conductor for]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason for normal rank|reason for normal rank]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/value is one of|value is one of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tribunsdelaplebe.fr ID|tribunsdelaplebe.fr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lineage marker|lineage marker]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has surface|has surface]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBLP journal id|DBLP journal id]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Masters Swimming ID|U.S. Masters Swimming ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artfacts ID|Artfacts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Order of Canada ID|Order of Canada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AppGallery app ID|AppGallery app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech Gymnastics athlete ID|Czech Gymnastics athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Students of Prague Universities ID|Students of Prague Universities ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/theses.cz ID|theses.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyklopedie mostů v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku ID|Encyklopedie mostů v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CollEx-Persée ID|CollEx-Persée ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Galileo Project ID|The Galileo Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario degli artisti ID|Dizionario degli artisti ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo Galileo biography ID|Museo Galileo biography ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo Galileo authority ID|Museo Galileo authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Marciana owner ID|Biblioteca Marciana owner ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Painting Database ID|Chinese Painting Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Galleries of Scotland ID|National Galleries of Scotland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bavarian State Painting Collections ID|Bavarian State Painting Collections ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chapels of southern Bohemia ID|Chapels of southern Bohemia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunsthistorisches Museum ID|Kunsthistorisches Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Max-Movie-Personen-ID|Max-Movie-Personen-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINE21 person ID|CINE21 person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgia Museum of Art ID|Georgia Museum of Art ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basic Formal Ontology ID|Basic Formal Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fichier des décès ID|Fichier des décès ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/pZJ Russian cuisine] *** [https://w.wiki/p93 Belgian artists that rise to the public domain in 2021] ([https://twitter.com/JolanWuyts/status/1334423740915052545 Source]) *** [http://w.wiki/ocs Asian food made from noodles] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1333977873649168384 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/oxF Bubble diagram by wiki page numbers in each language on objects kept at the Bardo National Museum (note: Commons is counted as English)] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1333842773498335234 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/pH5 Amusement parks around the world] ([https://twitter.com/aboutgeo/status/1333761407498727424 Source]) ** Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E272|Video game]] * '''Development''' ** Simple Query Builder development continues. We worked on combining different query conditions as well as internationalisation. ** Making the precision translatable in geocoordinate and date inputs ([[phab:T269102]]) ** Changes to descriptions in a specific language now show up on watchlist and recent changes on the Wikipedia and co for that language ([[phab:T191831]]) ** Finished working on the problem of incorrectly-escaped label being included in a link to Special:NewItem if there are no search results ([[phab:T263258]]) ** Investigating why we're currently skipping a significant number of Item IDs ([[phab:T268625]]) ** Wikibase Release Strategy/Infrastructure: We have decided where to host future Docker and tarball releases of Wikibase. You can read about the details and the reasoning in the following ADRs: [https://github.com/wmde/wikibase-release-prototype/blob/main/docs/adr/0001-docker-image-repository.md Docker Image Repository], [https://github.com/wmde/wikibase-release-prototype/blob/main/docs/adr/0002-tarball-hosting.md Tarball Repository] [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** [[d:User:Yupik/Detanglement|Help untangle items]] that refer to different concepts. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 12 07|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:31, 7 Disamba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20753468 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #446 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Adopt Help:SitelinksToRedirects as policy|Adopt Help:SitelinksToRedirects as policy]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, December 15 at 18:00 CET ** Past: [[m:WikiConference North America/2020]] ** Past: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10jWyh-Ca84 Localization and structuring of open data-Zhu Tinghong-Wikidata Community of Local Studies] - MOPCON 2020 (replay), YouTube ** Past: SMWCon 2020/Day 2 - "Wikidata Walkabout" by Yaron Koren (replay), YouTube ** Past: [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2AiaRHVesjQYv3pbq5qpdQ Wikidata Lab XXVI: Structured citations module on Wikipedia] (replay), YouTube * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://zbw.eu/labs/en/blog/building-the-swib20-participants-map Building the SWIB20 participants map] - combining Wikidata with custom data points via a federated query (ZBW Labs). ** [http://mappingthescottishreformation.org/announcements/launch/ Introducing the Mapping the Scottish Reformation Website] - A new Wikidata-driven website to explore the Scottish Reformation. ** [https://jsamwrites.medium.com/introduction-to-querying-wikidata-knowledge-graph-using-sparql-e1e15fab4699 Introduction to Querying Wikidata Knowledge Graph using SPARQL] by John Samuel ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmzEk8uYSf4 LIVE Wikidata editing #25 - climate change], YouTube ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5FbsUb6Nek How to take data from OpenRefine to Wikidata through QuickStatements], YouTube ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0vGW2vYryU Editing Wikidata live - casual session] by Jan Ainali, YouTube * '''Tool of the week''' ** <code>[http://search.datao.net/?q=david+gilmour&resource=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2FQ5234146&endpoint=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql&namedgraph=&interests=2096143746082&classgraph=90963820290576 datao.net]</code> is a visual tool for querying and exposing Wikidata easily. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The Coolest Tool Award 2020 featured some Wikidata tools: [[d:Q60024037|Lingua Libre]] won in the category “Diversity”; [https://listeria.toolforge.org/ Listeria], [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/ Lexeme Forms] and [[d:Q98398855|Entity Explosion]] got honorable mentions. Congratulations! **[[d:Help:Property_constraints_portal/Recency|Complex constraint check for recency of value]] ** The voting phase of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey 2021]] is open until December 21st. You can vote on as many wishes as you want. There's [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Wikidata|a separate category for Wikidata]]. ** [[d:Template:Notebook Given name|Template:Notebook Given name]] is a new template which gives for each given name a list of useful SPARQL queries. The template can be used on the talk page of given names. See [[d:talk:Q16002466|Alexandre (Q16002466)]] for an example. Comments are Contributions are welcome. ** The [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/December 2020|next Wikibase live session]] is 16:00 UTC on Thursday 17 December 2020 [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NnM5bWhxYTA5cmg1czMxNDY4NW9idm1pNzAgY183MXZ0MTdhNXFtbTFnYXFlNm1wdjNpYW9kc0Bn&tmsrc=c_71vt17a5qmm1gaqe6mpv3iaods%40group.calendar.google.com (Add to calendar)]. We will have a few people share out about their project in the first half of the call and then continue our conversation from the last session about what will be a better platform for community discussions. Everyone is welcome to attend! * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8933|category for the view from the item]], [[:d:Property:P8934|mailing list archive]], [[:d:Property:P8942|word lookup]], [[:d:Property:P8952|inappropriate property for this type]], [[:d:Property:P8956|compatible with]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8930|Church of Jesus Christ missionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P8931|Encyklopedie mostů v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku ID]], [[:d:Property:P8932|Czech Gymnastics athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P8935|Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine ID]], [[:d:Property:P8936|CollEx-Persée ID]], [[:d:Property:P8937|theses.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P8939|Google Play developer slug]], [[:d:Property:P8940|AppGallery app ID]], [[:d:Property:P8941|The Galileo Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P8943|Artfacts ID]], [[:d:Property:P8944|Biblioteca Marciana owner ID]], [[:d:Property:P8945|Museo Galileo biography ID]], [[:d:Property:P8946|National Galleries of Scotland ID]], [[:d:Property:P8947|Museo Galileo authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P8948|Bavarian State Painting Collections artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P8949|Delft municipal monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P8950|Dizionario degli artisti ID]], [[:d:Property:P8951|Order of Canada recipient ID]], [[:d:Property:P8953|Students of Prague Universities ID]], [[:d:Property:P8954|vets.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P8955|Chapels of southern Bohemia ID]], [[:d:Property:P8957|GS1 GPC brick code]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/insufficiently precise value|insufficiently precise value]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenReview.net group ID|OpenReview.net group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenReview.net submission ID|OpenReview.net submission ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenReview.net profile ID|OpenReview.net profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies when property is used|applies when property is used]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/River Code|River Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimedian in Residence|Wikimedian in Residence]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commons compatible image available at URL (non-artwork)|Commons compatible image available at URL (non-artwork)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of at bats|number of at bats]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/runs batted in|runs batted in]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stolen bases|stolen bases]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/subdivision monétaire|subdivision monétaire]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBA ID|PBA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries IDs|Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LFH staff ID|LFH staff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cephalopod Ontology entity ID|Cephalopod Ontology entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fungal gross anatomy entity ID|Fungal gross anatomy entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plant Ontology entity ID|Plant Ontology entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology entity ID|Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataTrek ID|DataTrek ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBLP publication ID|DBLP publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeriodO period ID|PeriodO period ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANTO|KANTO]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CITWF title ID|CITWF title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CITWF person ID|CITWF person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant de la Cinémathèque québécoise pour une personne|identifiant de la Cinémathèque québécoise pour une personne]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia Titanica ID|Encyclopedia Titanica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DzygaMDB film|DzygaMDB film]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DzygaMDB person ID|DzygaMDB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/XXXBios female performer ID|XXXBios female performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/XXXBios transgender performer ID|XXXBios transgender performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AVN movie ID|AVN movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lichess Username|Lichess Username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Evil Angel movie ID|Evil Angel movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Evil Angel video ID|Evil Angel video ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/pZo All stumbling stones in the city of Hannover] *** [https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q104070264 (partial) list, timeline and gallery of successful ascents of Mount Everest (and few other summits)] *** [https://w.wiki/qFU Web & social media URLs for UK Civic Societies] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1337563387505602560 Source]) *** Publication related to Research Institute of Text Analysis and Applications: [https://w.wiki/qEF no. of pages per author/year], [https://w.wiki/qEH authors network] ([https://twitter.com/espejolento/status/1337459979289149440 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/oH9 Map of the ritual objects said to be used by accused witches in Scotland (colourcoded layer accessible on top right to see the list of objects)] ([https://twitter.com/emcandre/status/1337087720108273669 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/pkL Seats of the Parliament of England, and the first year we have a named person listed for them] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1336457097064689664 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/pZw Female race car drivers on Spanish Wikipedia] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1336423828973563912 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/qWY Places of Geological Interest in Alamedilla] ([https://twitter.com/olea/status/1338431105993740288 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/pkg Number of Nature articles that were published on a Sunday in a given year] ** Schema examples: ***[[d:EntitySchema:E206|Schema for stumbling stones]] ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ***[[Wikidata:WikiProject Agriculture|Agriculture]] * '''Development''' ** We spend the week doing some exploratory work for the next year. Among other things we looked into how to measure the number of constraint violations on an average Item and what we can learn from it. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 12 14|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:42, 14 Disamba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20753468 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #447 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Past: OpenAlt 2020 Conference (replay) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH2n2UFr40U Wikidata: how to get involved] (in Czech) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1kQJs4Y1tg Lexemes on Wikidata] (in Czech) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Video: HGAPS Speaker Series by Thomas Shafee *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN_mRmP8tJs Wikidata Overview: how you can use it to improve the overall knowledge base of the Internet] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQEWrd_dz68 Wikidata Walkthrough: hands-on editing experience] ** Wikidata for Bat Collectors, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYvoXKBSGA8 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** '''Wikidata Live''' is a real-time visual dashboard for Wikidata edits; [http://fabriziorlandi.net/pdf/2020/ISWC2020-VOILA_Real_Time_WikiData.pdf paper], [https://isobelm.github.io/Software-Engineering/#/ interface] (visualizes recent changes to Wikidata in quasi real time). * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' **[[d:Help:Property constraints portal/Label language|Complex constraint about labels' language]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8963|National Library at Kolkata romanization]], [[:d:Property:P8966|URL match pattern]], [[:d:Property:P8967|URL match replacement value]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8958|ClassInd audiovisual work ID]], [[:d:Property:P8959|Georgia Museum of Art ID]], [[:d:Property:P8960|Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien ID]], [[:d:Property:P8961|tribunsdelaplebe.fr ID]], [[:d:Property:P8962|PBA artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P8964|OpenReview.net profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P8965|OpenReview.net group ID]], [[:d:Property:P8968|OpenReview.net submission ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applicable "stated in" value|applicable "stated in" value]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WMF hosted image that could be moved to Commons|WMF hosted image that could be moved to Commons]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Category for the view of the item|Category for the view of the item]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSM object|OSM object]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/property related to this topic|property related to this topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/personality traits|personality traits]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graph girth|graph girth]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC romanization]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SAPA|SAPA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manus Online author ID|Manus Online author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapy.cz ID|Mapy.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CollectieGelderland-creator-ID|CollectieGelderland-creator-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SVTplay identifier|SVTplay identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Mediafilm|identifiant Mediafilm]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFLA form of music ID|IFLA form of music ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFLA key of musical work ID|IFLA key of musical work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFLA mode of musical work ID|IFLA mode of musical work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RDA support type ID|RDA support type ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SLAM artwork ID|SLAM artwork ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstmuseum Basel ID|Kunstmuseum Basel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NPG ID|NPG ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/jeuxvideo.com ID|jeuxvideo.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario bio-bibliografico dei bibliotecari italiani del XX secolo ID|Dizionario bio-bibliografico dei bibliotecari italiani del XX secolo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Podcasts show ID|Google Podcasts show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Museums Greenwich ID|Royal Museums Greenwich ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PIAC ID|PIAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Castbox show ID|Castbox show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stitcher show ID|Stitcher show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Casts show ID|Pocket Casts show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Podcast Addict show ID|Podcast Addict show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio.com Podcasts show ID|Radio.com Podcasts show ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_deletions/Archive/2019/Properties/1#P969|street address (P969)]] ** Query examples: ***[https://w.wiki/qpc Tex-Mex singers] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1339667100433059841 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/mPZ Map of images from Wicipics project (photography campaign in Wales)] ([https://twitter.com/WICI_LLGC/status/1339242270873313282 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/rNb Vito Russo Test in Wikidata] *** [https://w.wiki/rTz Distinct dialects of Wikidata lexemes] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1340973195827048451 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/qtH Patronage of rapid-transit transportation] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1340437955916288001 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/r6c People who played Julius Caesar, and what "version" of him they played] ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Media Representation|Media Representation]] ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Names/reports/given names/Italian|Reports on Italian given names]] * '''Development''' ** Continuing to work on the query builder. It can now have more than one query conditions. One of the next steps is making it possible to query for Item values. You can follow along on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ demo system]. ** Finished working on the problem of values of Statements that link to Forms and Senses not having language attributes associated with them in the HTML code ([[phab:T267023)]] ** Fixed language selectors covering other input fields when using keyboard navigation for Special:NewItem and Special:NewLexeme ([[phab:T266638]]) ** Fixed language fallback indicators sometimes still shown for variant fallbacks ([[phab:T267502]]) ** Working on whitespace stripped while typing when editing lexemes ([[phab:T250550]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Help add [[d:Q5|human (Q5)]] to [[d:Help:Property_constraints_portal/Property_Scope_Constraint/Properties_without_property_scope_constraint|properties that currently don't have it]]. ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** [[d:User:Yupik/Detanglement|Help untangle items]] that refer to different concepts. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 12 21|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:50, 21 Disamba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20872747 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #448 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for CheckUser: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/CheckUser/1997kB|997kB]] ** There's a [[d:Talk:Q21510856#mandatory_%E2%86%92_required|discussion]] about what the best label for [[d:Q21510856|required qualifier constraint]] happens to be. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Ongoing: [https://rc3.world/rc3/ rC3] (remote Chaos Communication Congress). Several Wikidata-related talks and meetups happening on December 27th, 28th and 29th: introduction to Wikidata, Wikidata for datajournalists, Wikidata meetups in German and English, and a Query Service workshop. (see [https://cfp.verschwoerhaus.de/rc3-2020/schedule/ Wikipaka schedule] for more details) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Template:TP administrative area|Template:TP administrative area]] is a new template designed for all items which are instance of [[d:Q56061|administrative territorial entity]]. It defines useful queries for those items. For example, <nowiki>{{QT|Q173695}}</nowiki> links to [[d:Talk:Q173695|this page]]. Feedback and contributions are welcome. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-December/096052.html Project Grants open call for proposals in 2021]. Changes in the review process for Project Grants in 2021; the open call for community organizing proposals will be from January 11 to February 10 and the open call for software and research proposals will be from February 15 to March 16. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8972|small logo or icon]], [[:d:Property:P8981|lunar coordinates]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8969|CINE21 person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8970|Chinese Painting Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P8971|Cinémathèque québécoise person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8973|Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Tasking Manager project ID]], [[:d:Property:P8974|SAPA ID]], [[:d:Property:P8975|Manus Online author ID]], [[:d:Property:P8976|Lichess username]], [[:d:Property:P8977|CITWF person ID]], [[:d:Property:P8978|DBLP publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P8979|DataTrek ID]], [[:d:Property:P8980|KANTO ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/abstract|abstract]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis committee chair|thesis committee chair]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/character type|character type]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Calificación de videojuegos|Calificación de videojuegos]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Regente|Regente]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nação (candomblé)|Nação (candomblé)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Liderança|Liderança]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bharati Braille|Bharati Braille]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of walks|number of walks]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of hits|number of hits]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/doubles hit|doubles hit]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/triples hit|triples hit]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Through point|Through point]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TuneIn Podcasts show ID|TuneIn Podcasts show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RadioPublic show ID|RadioPublic show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Player.fm show ID|Player.fm show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Rowing ID|World Rowing ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MNBAQ ID|MNBAQ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Libsyn show ID|Libsyn show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PodBean show ID|PodBean show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG School ID|BG School ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JAD ID|JAD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RDA value vocabularies ID|RDA value vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BHCL UUID|BHCL UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Podtail show ID|Podtail show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provenio UUID|Provenio UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AbandonSocios ID|AbandonSocios ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mitre ATT&CK ID|Mitre ATT&CK ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon zum Literatur- und Kulturbetrieb im Österreich der Zwischenkriegszeit ID|Lexikon zum Literatur- und Kulturbetrieb im Österreich der Zwischenkriegszeit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Encyclopedia of the First World War ID|International Encyclopedia of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SFLI ID|SFLI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game UI Database ID|Game UI Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DiVo person ID|DiVo person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/e-GEDSH ID|e-GEDSH ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Projecto Vercial author ID|Projecto Vercial author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Calaméo ID|Calaméo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lumières Lausanne ID|Lumières Lausanne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss Unihockey Player ID|Swiss Unihockey Player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFF player ID|IFF player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Game Database numeric game ID|Internet Game Database numeric game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AV Production person ID|AV Production person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon ID|Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Studium Parisiense ID|Studium Parisiense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/I professori dell'Università di Pavia (1859-1961) ID|I professori dell'Università di Pavia (1859-1961) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A*dS Encyclopedia|A*dS Encyclopedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Viceversa Letteratura author ID|Viceversa Letteratura author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ancient History Encyclopedia ID|Ancient History Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Podcast App show ID|The Podcast App show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/viaggiareinpuglia.it ID|viaggiareinpuglia.it ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Saami Culture ID|Encyclopedia of Saami Culture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DiCamillo Database Country House ID|DiCamillo Database Country House ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ID|International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Archive of Psychiatry ID|Biographical Archive of Psychiatry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Play:Right video game ID|Play:Right video game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spletni biografski leksikon znanih Primorcev in Primork ID|Spletni biografski leksikon znanih Primorcev in Primork ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheCocktailDB ID|TheCocktailDB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Muck Rack media outlet ID|Muck Rack media outlet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands|Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** Check Corona vaccine progress using Wikidata SPARQL to get metadata about the countries see [https://github.com/salgo60/CoronaVaccinationCheck/blob/main/README.md notebook] - SPARQL [https://w.wiki/sBQ query] * '''Development''' Due to the winter holidays, the development team is taking a break and no deployment is happening for Wikidata at the moment :) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2020 12 28|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 18:35, 28 Disamba 2020 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20872747 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #449 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Martin_Urbanec|Martin Urbanec]] (RfP scheduled to end after 7 January 2021 17:21 UTC) ** Should we rename [[d:Property:P119|place of burial (P119)]] to [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P119#Renaming_to_%22place_of_mortal_remains%22 place of mortal remains]? * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live SPARQL queries] on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, January 5 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #26 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4DcAuuvzmU YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2861485764136582/ Facebook], 9 January ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#44|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #44]], January 10 ** Past: Wikidata sessions at [https://rc3.world/rc3/ rC3] (remote Chaos Communication Congress) (replay) *** [https://media.ccc.de/v/rc3-884268-introduction_to_wikidata Introduction to Wikidata] *** [https://media.ccc.de/v/rc3-985812-wikidata_for_data_journalists Wikidata for datajournalists] ** Past: Wikidata sessions at [https://summit.g0v.tw/2020/ g0vsummit2020] (in Chinese) (replay) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrG8QGZItSE Wikidata one year in Taiwan, what is our results and what is our future plan] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIsDdW0DHkU Challenges of GLAM Taiwan] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Video: Applying linked data model for the Bogotá Digital Library (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82jgMoDSLlo YouTube] ** Video: Wikidata with Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Wikimedia Armenia - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZR5G7ptM9o YouTube] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i99Z8HK4OzA How to import scholarly articles to Wikidata using Zotero] - YouTube ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HKVuj54mUY How to import books to Wikidata using a spreadsheet and OpenRefine] - YouTube ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1Kv-29bryU How to import library materials to Wikidata using MarcEdit and OpenRefine] - YouTube ** Video: Introduction to Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaD86guPwMw YouTube] ** Video: Linking a new Wikipedia article to a Wikidata item - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qn4aNDwBea4 YouTube] ** Video: Schema and Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tSrbDgDD_4 YouTube] ** Video: Using Twinkle on Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwD9hGnJ0Z4 YouTube] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sv9YwKnnQRk Managing Interlanguage links with Wikidata] (in Urdu) - YouTube ** Blog post: [https://ainali.com/2020/52-wikidata-weeks-2020/ 52 Wikidata weeks 2020] ** Blog post: [https://codethecity.org/2020/12/08/nautical-wrecks/ Scottish nautical wrecks in wikidata] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Bargioni/WikiBridge.js|User:Bargioni/WikiBridge.js]] userscript enables you to add a tabbed section to Wikidata items showing some paragraphs from Wikipedias chosen by the Babel languages of the logged-in user. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtuNY6t5ufM Demo video (in Italian)] * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[toollabs:lexeme-forms|Wikidata Lexeme Forms]] now lists languages on the index page using their autonyms (language name in that language). ([https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1337835057390739458 Source]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P8986|graph girth]], [[:d:Property:P8989|category for the view of the item]], [[:d:Property:P8991|ALA-LC romanization]], [[:d:Property:P9002|liturgical rank]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P8982|PIAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P8984|CPV Supplementary]], [[:d:Property:P8985|Dizionario bio-bibliografico dei bibliotecari italiani del XX secolo ID]], [[:d:Property:P8987|ISDS ID]], [[:d:Property:P8988|Mapy.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P8990|World Rowing ID (UUID format)]], [[:d:Property:P8992|1914-1918-Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P8993|JAD ID]], [[:d:Property:P8994|Game UI Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P8995|Lumières.Lausanne ID]], [[:d:Property:P8996|Swiss Unihockey player ID]], [[:d:Property:P8997|IFF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P8998|Magyar életrajzi lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P8999|Lexikon zum Literatur- und Kulturbetrieb im Österreich der Zwischenkriegszeit ID]], [[:d:Property:P9000|Ancient History Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9001|Literary Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9003|Google Podcasts show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9004|Stitcher show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9005|Castbox show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9006|Pocket Casts show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9007|Podcast Addict show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9008|TuneIn Podcasts show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9009|RadioPublic show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9010|Player.fm show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9011|PodBean show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9012|Podtail show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9013|Encyclopedia of Saami Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P9014|The Podcast App show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9015|Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P9016|Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries work ID]], [[:d:Property:P9017|Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9018|Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9019|Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries organization ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YouTube custom URL|YouTube custom URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Author last names|Author last names]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Author first names|Author first names]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naval flag|Naval flag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/supplements|supplements]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/closed WMF project sitelink|closed WMF project sitelink]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has part (string value)|has part (string value)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/member|member]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of data sets|number of data sets]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFPI Danmark work ID|IFPI Danmark work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Museum in Warsaw ID|National Museum in Warsaw ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Olympedia Affiliations ID|Olympedia Affiliations ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFLA value vocabularies ID|IFLA value vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Erudit article ID|Erudit article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Olympedia Event ID|Olympedia Event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dati.beniculturali.it ID|dati.beniculturali.it ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barnivore product ID|Barnivore product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivo Histórico de diputados de España ID|Archivo Histórico de diputados de España ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Port Letter|Port Letter]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FFF player ID (new scheme)|FFF player ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hungarian Film Archive ID|Hungarian Film Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GEPRIS-Historisch ID (Person)|GEPRIS-Historisch ID (Person)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EuroBabeIndex ID|EuroBabeIndex ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MFAT person ID|MFAT person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SportsLogos.net team ID|SportsLogos.net team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alpine Linux package|Alpine Linux package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine ID|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Povos Indígenas no Brasil ID|Povos Indígenas no Brasil ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLS place type ID|NLS place type ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookDepository publisher ID|BookDepository publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Historic People id|National Historic People id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NFL.com ID (new scheme)|NFL.com ID (new scheme)]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/sZ7 Works identified (via dedicated property P3893) as entering the public domain on 1/1/2021, ordered by number of articles on Wikimedia sites] ([https://twitter.com/maxlath/status/1344603741773852672 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/s6T Painters in the collections of Paris Musées which enter the public domain on January 1] ([https://twitter.com/Pyb75/status/1343238474833526786 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sSt Map of forts related to Dutch trading companies VOC and WIC] found in the [https://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/ Atlas of Mutual Heritage] ([https://twitter.com/mmmenno/status/1344328300727054341 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/V7p Map of forts in the Cologne fortress ring] ([https://twitter.com/Raymond_de/status/1342429685960110080 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sYs First-level administrative divisions in Germany] *** [https://w.wiki/sLc Population of cities in Germany corresponds to the total number of vaccinations in Germany] ([https://twitter.com/johl/status/1343882895778308102 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sSF Most popular theorems according to their number of articles on Wikipedia] ([https://twitter.com/envlh/status/1344301749524459521 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sRE Number of people who have died, or been diagnosed, of COVID-19, grouped by occupation] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataEcho/status/1344239169325961216 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sou Deaths in 2020 - date of birth, date of death, cause of death and country of nationality] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataEcho/status/1345145070140448768 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sse Summary of a UK parliamentary career seat-party-start pairs]([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1343922362094399492 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/roX Timeline of aircraft types around the world and the first time a type of aircraft made a flight] ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1343882686364991490 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/qgD Indonesian legislation related to indigenous people] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1341941672998035458 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/swa Which artist could be "D.K. 1964"?] ([[:d:Property_talk:P7457#Related_queries:_Who_could_be_%22J.B._1670%22_and_%22D.K._1964%22?|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/sU9 Line graph of colleges and universities in India by year of establishment] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1345610845015973889 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sTq Graph of Indian films that are remakes of other Indian films] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1345248459172012034 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sU7 Graph of academic descendants of C. R. Rao and K. Ananda Rau] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1345973236761124865 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sWv Map of gram panchayats in Kerala by literacy rate in 2001] ([https://twitter.com/naveenpf/status/1344882530382704641 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sTE Maps of different places in West Bengal according to suffix] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1345248459478196225 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/sTt Tree map of Rabindranath's poems according to the month of writing] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1345973233309257728 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/szR Count of locations of exhibitions on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/mmmenno/status/1345656216597442565 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/tBr Wikidata lexeme forms by language] ([https://twitter.com/62mkv/status/1345395334873305090 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Calendar Dates/lists/days/2021|2021]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Names/reports/given_names/Greek|Greek given names]] * '''Development''' ** Due to the winter holidays, no deployment has happened for Wikidata in the last two weeks. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 01 04|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:27, 4 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20924705 --> == delete == Hello Mustapha, Plz delete: *[[Module:Footnotes/anchor id list']] (wrong name with apostrophe) *[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/team]] (no longer used) Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 17:29, 6 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) :'''Done'''! [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]]. You gradually change the outlook of this project and now everything is looking good. Thank you, regards. –[[User:M-Mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-em''</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 18:21, 6 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) :: Another delete request plz: [[Module:Module:Country alias]], thanks. BTW, I've fixed most missing templates, but some need to be localized, I'll come back to you with a list. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 22:25, 9 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) :::Very much appreciate all your help to set knowledge free! Best regards. –[[User:M-Mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-em''</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 00:25, 10 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) Hello Mustapha, could you reduce the protection level of [[Module:Databox]]? I have improved its behaviour [[Module:Databox/sandbox|here]], now it looks much better and offers easy translation on wikidata (see this example: [[Jirgin sama]]). You could copy paste the content but I don't want to bother you for each little modification I make. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 20:05, 17 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) ::Thanks [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]], I set it to allow only autoconfirmed users. You don't have to worry, I'm here to help because I have the time. Regards [[User:M-Mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-em''</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 20:29, 17 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) Could you plz delete these subpages: [[User:Shrikarsan/format.js|1]], [[User:Shrikarsan/shri-settings.js|2]], [[User:Shrikarsan/new.js|3]]. They create false positives in the ''wanted templated'' page. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 17:37, 27 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == Wikidata weekly summary #450 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Martin Urbanec|Martin Urbanec ]] (successful) ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/How should we develop and deploy documentation for items ?|How should we develop and deploy documentation for items?]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour, Thursday, January 21st, at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1611248407 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time)], on [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Telegram] **Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: Using QuickStatements for bulk uploading archived website data to Wikidata with Peter Chan, 12 January. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/14KHUNQoTo5eX6iclLJdVSnOyPLNyPYQA4V854Mc7iY4/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #27 on Wikipedia20 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvZ5gZlu_MI YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2867220310229794/ Facebook], 16 January ** Past: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLw2YgbWET_pgT_oUsampBL8O6osinnNW8 SMWCon videos are published] incl. quite a few Wikidata related ones ** Past: [https://wikiworkshop.org/2021/ Wiki Workshop 2021] is accepting submissions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2021-January/014433.html The deadline for the submissions to be considered for proceedings is January 29. All other submissions should be received by March 1]. ** Past: Czech editaton {{Q|Q102733400}} finished (30.11.2020-31.12.2020). Purpose was connect [[:d:Property:P691|NKCR AUT ID (P691)]] to Wikidata by hand in {{Q|Q28054658}}. [https://test.wikimedia.cz/en/2021/01/06/the-vyzva-63-000-editaton-is-over/ Detailed info]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogpost: [https://www.srf.ch/kultur/gesellschaft-religion/wochenende-gesellschaft/mehr-wissen-dank-wikidata-der-nobody-der-wikipedia-den-rang-ablaufen-koennte The nobody who could overtake Wikipedia] (in German) ** Blogpost: [https://jsamwrites.medium.com/documenting-software-applications-on-wikidata-197716d7f2d Documenting Software Applications on Wikidata], by John Samuel ** Article: [https://cris.vub.be/en/publications/nitpicking-online-knowledge-representations-of-governmental-leadership(5374484f-d98a-4583-9710-8c2323969960).html Nitpicking online knowledge representations of governmental leadership: The case of Belgian prime minsters in Wikipedia and Wikidata] ** Paper: [https://popjournal.ca/issue02/crompton Familiar Wikidata: The Case for Building a Data Source We Can Trust] - an introduction to the value of Wikidata for humanities research making the case for humanities researchers’ intervention in its development. ** Video: How to use WikiBridge - a userscript that enables you to add a tabbed section to Wikidata items showing some paragraphs from Wikipedias chosen by the Babel languages of the logged-in user. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j21mEYT5sCg Demo video] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [http://dataexplorer.hd.free.fr/QueryGraph/ QueryGraph] is a web tool for creating queries in SPARQL from graphs. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikibase now has a dedicated Twitter account: Follow [https://twitter.com/WikibaseHQ @WikibaseHQ] for updates on everything Wikibase. ** You can now create and curate catalog groups on [https://mix-n-match.toolforge.org/#/ Mix’n’match], and find the most common unmatched entries between them ([https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1343614853991292930 Source]) ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-September/014281.html Wikidata Walkabout] browsing tool has had some important recent improvements in language support, interface, etc. See a [https://wikidatawalkabout.org/?c=Q11424&lang=es&f.P57.P1576=Q83364&f.P136=Q157443 list of all comedy films directed by a vegetarian] (in Spanish) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9021|Bharati Braille]], [[:d:Property:P9028|Consejo de Calificación Cinematográfica's video game rating]], [[:d:Property:P9030|solution to]], [[:d:Property:P9047|archaeological site of]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9020|AV Production person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9022|Mediafilm ID]], [[:d:Property:P9023|Radio.com Podcasts show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9024|Libsyn show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9025|Mitre ATT&CK ID]], [[:d:Property:P9026|SFLI ID]], [[:d:Property:P9027|e-GEDSH ID]], [[:d:Property:P9029|Viceversa Letteratura author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9031|Barnivore product ID]], [[:d:Property:P9032|AVN movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9033|Archivo Histórico de diputados de España ID]], [[:d:Property:P9034|BG School ID]], [[:d:Property:P9035|Muck Rack media outlet ID]], [[:d:Property:P9036|I professori dell'Università di Pavia (1859-1961) ID]], [[:d:Property:P9037|BHCL UUID]], [[:d:Property:P9038|Calaméo ID]], [[:d:Property:P9039|Studium Parisiense ID]], [[:d:Property:P9040|viaggiareinpuglia.it ID]], [[:d:Property:P9041|DiVo person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9042|DiCamillo Database Country House ID]], [[:d:Property:P9043|Internet Game Database numeric game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9044|GEPRIS-Historisch ID (Person)]], [[:d:Property:P9045|Alpine Linux package]], [[:d:Property:P9046|A*dS Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9048|Biographical Archive of Psychiatry ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/minutes played|minutes played]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/two-pointers made|two-pointers made]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/two-pointers attempted|two-pointers attempted]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/three-pointers attempted|three-pointers attempted]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/three-pointers made|three-pointers made]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/free throws made|free throws made]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/free throws attempted|free throws attempted]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/field goals made|field goals made]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/personal fouls|personal fouls]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Short DOI|Short DOI]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/total rebounds|total rebounds]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/offensive rebounds|offensive rebounds]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defensive rebounds|defensive rebounds]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of vaccinations|number of vaccinations]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/category for software under a license|category for software under a license]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/assessment outcome|assessment outcome]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/quality for this class|quality for this class]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Template combines topics|Template combines topics]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CCCM Museum (Macau Museum) object ID|CCCM Museum (Macau Museum) object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CCCM Museum Object ID|CCCM Museum Object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medium|Medium]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FL number|FL number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Notable ascent|Notable ascent]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CantoDict identifiers|CantoDict identifiers]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norwegian State Administration Database ID|Norwegian State Administration Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/POSIX locale identifier|POSIX locale identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal GTB ID|Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal GTB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BABEL author ID|BABEL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Songlexikon ID|Songlexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FANZA AV actress ID|FANZA AV actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Building ID|VAi Building ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographies.net person ID|Biographies.net person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Literature.com book ID|Literature.com book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Museum Norway artwork ID|National Museum Norway artwork ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TikTok music ID|TikTok music ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Classical Dictionary ID|Oxford Classical Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Conservapedia Article|Conservapedia Article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NZ Museums ID|NZ Museums ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akademická encyklopedie českých dějin ID|Akademická encyklopedie českých dějin ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WreckSite ID|WreckSite ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/tVc Mathematicians born in prime number years featuring Albert Einstein, Pierre de Fermat, Georg Ohm, Carl Gauss, Évariste Galois, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, James Maxwell et al.] ***[https://w.wiki/tkj Timeline of coups d'état of the 21st century] (including attempted ones) ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1347165619519680512 Source]) *** Map of [https://w.wiki/tb9 Karens] / [https://w.wiki/thW Johns] per million according to Wikidata ([https://twitter.com/vrandezo/status/1347732733217280001 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/tbZ Children of which were born with by a person, and their step child] ***[https://w.wiki/sTw Map of the shortest railway path (in terms of number of stations) between Dibrugarh and the Scottish Highlands] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1347060399309467649 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/rr2 Map of place of birth of Olympique de Marseille football players] ([https://twitter.com/macgraveur/status/1346365310002204672 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/swj Map of Kolkata wards by number of schools] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1348509949144354819 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/tDk Map of beaches in Mexico] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1346531874777280515 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/snS Graph of shared borders between Indian districts] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1347785172545011712 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/swk Descendants of Upendrakishore Roy] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1347785172540936193 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/sT7 Timeline of Indian High Commissioners to Britain] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1347422785707126784 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/snT A tree map of items for artworks depicting Mughal emperors] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1348509949710770179 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/sUU Example of documented usage of different Bengali words] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1347060396130234368 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/tYJ 'Llan' place names in the UK] ([https://twitter.com/WIKI_NLW/status/1347233395965878274 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/tkg Organizations with DZI donation seal approval according to donation amount] ([https://twitter.com/Pluralog/status/1347189643222147072 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Names/reports/given names/Russian|Russian given names]] * '''Development''' ** Continued working on the Query Builder. We focused on making it possible to query for Item values and being able to limit the number of Items in the result. We also looked into how to query for quantity values. ** Changed P920’s data type from string to external identifier ([[phab:T269205]]) ** Finished working on the problem of Items that have the page prop wikibase:statements set to 0 but actually do have statements ([[phab:T145712]]) ** Continued work on the “Publishing” step of the Wikibase release pipeline by building and testing three components of the software suite: Wikibase ([[phab: T267893]]), Query Service frontend ([[phab:T268025]]), and Query Service backend ([[phab:T268022]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 01 11|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:32, 11 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20945976 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #451 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Alphama|Alphama]] (RfP scheduled to end after 24 January 2021 15:12 (UTC)) ** Other: Wikidata will be one of the communities involved in the [[Wikidata:Universal Code of Conduct consultation|Phase 2 of the Universal Code of Conduct consultation]]. Have your say at the [[d:Wikidata talk:Universal Code of Conduct consultation|consultation talk page]] or get in contact with the UCoC facilitator, [[d:User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour, Thursday, January 21st, at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1611248407 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time)], on [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Telegram] ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #28 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwXDopevwLM YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2872037973081361/ Facebook], 23 January ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#46|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #46]], January 24 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogpost: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/01/14/automatically-maintained-citations-with-wikidata-and-cite-q/ Automatically maintained citations with Wikidata and Cite Q], by Mike Peel and Andy Mabbett. ** Video: Wikidata editing #27: #Wikipedia20 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvZ5gZlu_MI YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2872037973081361 Facebook] ** Video: Dealing with more than one date value in Wikidata (using preferential rank) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r5L2bwhyxs YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Lagewi/navigation.js|User:Lagewi/navigation.js]] userscript enables adding links to list subclasses and instances to Wikidata items. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#New_dashboard_for_lexicographical_data_statistics|New dashboard for lexicographical data statistics]]: [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/UHV96YJGk/wikidata-datamodel-lexemes Wikidata Datamodel Lexemes] ** The Wikidata Analytics dashboards are now available at a new URL: https://wikidata-analytics.wmcloud.org/ ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2021-January/014453.html announcement]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9052|date canceled]], [[:d:Property:P9059|subdivision of this unit]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9049|dati.beniculturali.it agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P9050|dati.beniculturali.it site ID]], [[:d:Property:P9051|dati.beniculturali.it cultural heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P9053|Projecto Vercial author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9054|National Historic People ID]], [[:d:Property:P9055|Olympedia event ID]], [[:d:Property:P9056|TheCocktailDB drink ID]], [[:d:Property:P9057|TheCocktailDB ingredient ID]], [[:d:Property:P9058|Fichier des personnes décédées ID]], [[:d:Property:P9060|POSIX locale identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9061|National Museum in Warsaw ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/shadows|shadows]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sacrament conferred by|Sacrament conferred by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/logo image within scope|logo image within scope]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAMID film rating|BAMID film rating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ABC News Topic|ABC News Topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of rooms to rent|number of rooms to rent]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal da Literatura author ID|Portal da Literatura author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Base de Dados de Autores Portugueses ID|Base de Dados de Autores Portugueses ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parabola package|Parabola package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JAANUS ID|JAANUS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Studio di Fonologia Musicale RAI person ID|Studio di Fonologia Musicale RAI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BiblioLMC ID|BiblioLMC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Lettere di Theodor Mommsen agli Italiani ID|Le Lettere di Theodor Mommsen agli Italiani ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StrategyWiki page|StrategyWiki page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno Object ID|Encyclopedia of Brno Object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Holocaust.cz ID|Holocaust.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Fungi ID|Australian Fungi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DeCS ID|DeCS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Lichen ID|Australian Lichen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KBR Catalogue ID|KBR Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia del Museo del Prado ID|Enciclopedia del Museo del Prado ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Language Council of Norway Term ID|The Language Council of Norway Term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Red Cross FDRS ID|Red Cross FDRS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Xinjiang Data Project identifier|Xinjiang Data Project identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SISSCO ID|SISSCO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SEARCH on line catalogue ID|SEARCH on line catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/45cat release ID|45cat release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aracne author ID|Aracne author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/u4G Red Cross and Red Crescent societies] ***[https://w.wiki/so2 The people of the government of Bangladesh on 13 January 2005] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1349234726188445697 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/u95 Buildings in the Basque Country dedicated to San Roque] ([https://twitter.com/theklanB/status/1349061129033687040 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/snb List of words for "beard" in Eighth Schedule languages] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1349597113785724935 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/t6D Map of train services starting at Howrah station] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1349597111344574466 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/jHD Map of big sculptures of New Zealand] ([https://twitter.com/KnitMeAThneed/status/1350666389057536000 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/so5 Map of mosques in Bangladesh according to architectural style] ([https://twitter.com/wikidatabangla/status/1348872336166977536 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/u5T UK deaths per month since 2005 split by sex/gender] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1348962318009425920 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/sTY Timeline of Indian cricket tours abroad] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataindia/status/1348872337660157953 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/tzW Timeline of inception of Mexican universities] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1349852362748387329 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/rp7 Mangifera species and mango cultivars] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1350035003736944642 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/uhY Locations where The Antartic Circumpolar Voyage expedition passed] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1350934420178542593 Source)] ***[https://w.wiki/uKv English Language forms missing an audio pronunciation] -- you can contribute via [[lingualibre:LinguaLibre:About|LinguaLibre]] ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ***[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Greek War of Independence|WikiProject Greek War of Independence]], development of content relative to the {{Q|182062}} (this year is the 200th anniversary, from its beginning in 1821) * '''Development''' ** Continued working on the Query Builder. We continued to set up tracking for the number of queries that result in an error, timeout, etc. ([[phab:T269224]]). We als made it possible to query for Item values ([[phab:T268814]]). You can always try the current state on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ test system]. ** Finished fixing an issue with whitespace being stripped while typing when editing Lexemes ([[phab:T250550]]) ** Worked on no error being shown when trying to save Lemma with invalid language code ([[phab:T265783]]) ** Working on using Special:MyLanguage feature for more links in the Wikidata Query Service interface to redirect people to documentation in their language ([[phab:T267656]]) ** Continued interviewing people to better understand how to best compare Wikidata's data against other databases in order to find mismatches that need the editors' attention [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 01 18|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:07, 18 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=20980536 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #452 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour happened on January 21st. See notes [[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2021-01-21|here]] (English). ** Past: 2021 OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Beginner Teaching Workshop (in Chinese). Replay on YouTube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0C7zg7YglRs 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3ZWMiIlnio 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBXYshsvZQg 3], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqYY06gaHWs 4] ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Wikibase, the Integrated Authority File (GND) pilot at the German National Library, and the WikiLibrary Manifesto, 26 January. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1436bhpcKEPjaLm9ITZ6x35TWgl5MA2TiQjabkQBpwFk/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett SPARQL queries and OpenRefine] live on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, Januray 26 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #29 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHGcXLP4BTU YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2877179819233843/ Facebook], 30 January ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#47|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #47]], 31 January ** Upcoming: The Open Festival of Persistent Identifiers starts from 27 January 2021. See schedule [https://www.pidapalooza.org/schedule here]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blog: [https://cthoyt.com/2021/01/23/updating-the-wikidata-integrator.html Adding New Literature Sources to the Wikidata Integrator], by Charles Tapley Hoyt ** Blog: [http://wikimedia.eus/2021/01/informatikako-programazio-ariketak-wikidatako-datuekin-jolastoki-berria/ Using Wikidata for teaching computer programming using real-world cases] (in Basque) ** Bog: [https://publicspaces.net/2021/01/19/wikidata-data-voor-iedereen/ Wikidata: data for everyone] (in Dutch) ** Methodology paper: [https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata: aligning resources on human coronaviruses] ** Video: Wikidata editing #28 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwXDopevwLM YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2872037973081361/ Facebook] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKmuCR8UJSo Wikidata for research] (webinar in French) - YouTube ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0c3L7PZSs6c Let's make sparks with SPARQL tools](in French), by Nicolas Vigneron -YouTube ** Video: Wrap up presentation of the SWAT4HCLS hackathon project *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmbKu2iED9M Creating subsets from Wikidata] - YouTube *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2LDvzYtO7Q Linking the complex portal with other FAIR sources through] - YouTube * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://conze.pt/explore/Tibia?l=en&t=link&s=true&i=Q178366&u=https%3A%2F%2Fconze.pt%2Fapp%2Ftaviewer%2F%3Fid%3DA02.5.06.001 TAViewer] is a web-based anatomy atlas viewer that cross-references Terminologia Anatomica terms with data from Wikipedia and Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2021-January/000361.html Change to how Cloud VPS and Toolforge contact Wikis to go live on 2021-02-08]. If you are a Cloud VPS user or Toolforge developer, check your tools after that date to make sure they are properly running. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9071|character type]], [[:d:Property:P9072|derived from organism type]], [[:d:Property:P9073|applicable “stated in” value]], [[:d:Property:P9077|number of aid beneficiaries]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9062|BABEL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9063|Base de Dados de Autores Portugueses ID]], [[:d:Property:P9064|Povos Indígenas no Brasil ID]], [[:d:Property:P9065|Parabola package]], [[:d:Property:P9066|FL number]], [[:d:Property:P9067|Hungarian Film Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P9068|IFPI Danmark work ID]], [[:d:Property:P9069|International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9070|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine ID]], [[:d:Property:P9074|NZ Museums ID]], [[:d:Property:P9075|StrategyWiki page]], [[:d:Property:P9076|Australian Fungi ID]], [[:d:Property:P9078|Discord invite ID]], [[:d:Property:P9079|Red Cross FDRS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9080|JAANUS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9081|SEARCH on line catalogue ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/onscreen participant|onscreen participant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/catégorie d'établissement sanitaire et social|catégorie d'établissement sanitaire et social]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/code Activité principale exercée|code Activité principale exercée]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/catégorie d'entreprise|catégorie d'entreprise]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Imagehash perceptual hash|Imagehash perceptual hash]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SISSCO ID|SISSCO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/45cat release ID|45cat release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aracne author ID|Aracne author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Malpedia ID|Malpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturdenkmal-ID Sachsen-Anhalt|Kulturdenkmal-ID Sachsen-Anhalt]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss Games Showcase ID|Swiss Games Showcase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baudenkmal-ID Niedersachsen|Baudenkmal-ID Niedersachsen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeriodO ID|PeriodO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pepys Encylopedia ID|Pepys Encylopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pantone color ID|Pantone color ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Family Video Game Database ID|Family Video Game Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AAR ID|AAR ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/github topic|github topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TeatralRo ID|TeatralRo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Landshuth ID|Landshuth ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patrinum ID|Patrinum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ChemRxiv ID|ChemRxiv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TlF ID|TlF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PO ID|PO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jewish Museum Berlin object ID|Jewish Museum Berlin object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CinefanRo person ID|CinefanRo person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CinefanRo film ID|CinefanRo film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LombardiaBeniCulturali archive producer IDs|LombardiaBeniCulturali archive producer IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookBub Author ID|BookBub Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HERIS-ID|HERIS-ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/HFe Czech religious buildings used also as a fire station] ***[https://w.wiki/vWG Common ingredients to prepare a sandwich] ([https://twitter.com/TrinkerMedia/status/1353075171565834241 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/Grc Location of GLAMs with open access policies] ([https://twitter.com/CultureDoug/status/1352301032651554816 Source)] ***[https://w.wiki/upN Mexican presidents who have an image of their signature on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1352046356102320128 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/uyo Timeline of Mexican writers who were born between 1800 and 1900] ([https://twitter.com/espejolento/status/1351760183114928132 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/vmq TV-Series in Spain by Decade] ([https://twitter.com/victorianoi/status/1353426633764515843 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/vHB Diplomats who are also art collectors] ([https://twitter.com/OpenLinkArtData/status/1352541529131409408 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Continued working on the Query Builder: made it possible to limit the number of results in the result set, made it possible to include results from subclasses when querying for Item values, worked on negating queries and started on sharing of queries via URL. As always you can try the current state on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ test system]. ** Making links in the Query Service redirect to the proper translations of their pages on-wiki by using Special:MyLanguage redirects ([[phab:T267656]]) ** Working on fixing an issue with displaying large numbers for quantity values ([[phab:T268456]]) ** Fixed a case where no error message was shown when trying to save a Lemma with an invalid language code ([[phab:T265783]]) ** Talked to a few more people about checking Wikidata's data against other databases to find potential errors ** Continuing the Release Strategy project for Wikibase, with the following progress: *** Created a “release pipeline” for Wikibase extension ([[phab:T267627]]) *** Created MediaWiki docker images based off release branches ([[phab:T270133]]) *** Defined format and contents of Wikibase suite components not maintained by Wikimedia Germany ([[phab:T271194]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 01 25|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:52, 25 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21005040 --> == Tambaya == Yaya ake sanya hoto a commons? [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 17:55, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == Wikidata weekly summary #453 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #30 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBumtc9Adsc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/wikipediaweekly/permalink/3620310794683392/ Facebook], 6 February ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#48|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #48]], 7 February * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' **Paper: [https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/2/250085-a-review-of-the-semantic-web-field/fulltext A Review of the Semantic Web Field] **Paper: [https://svn.aksw.org/papers/2020/qurator_gfs/public.pdf Towards a Systematic Approach to Sync FactualData across Wikipedia, Wikidata and ExternalData Sources] ** Video: LIVE Wikidata editing #29 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHGcXLP4BTU YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2877179819233843/ Facebook] ** Video: Set preferences and common.js (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xw0MXWXvHig YouTube] ** Video: Entity Linking and Neural Semantic Parsing - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j4hkP_JwSc YouTube] ** Video: Persistent identifiers as the basis for multilingual and human-machine collaboration - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5VCr--Q1Ig YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://github.com/generalist/wikidata-misc/blob/master/labelcleaner.sh Labelcleaner] is a script by [[d:User:Andrew Gray|Andrew Gray]] used to clean up Wikidata labels/aliases/descriptions for a given language on a set of items. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** OpenRefine has got [https://docs.openrefine.org/ a new user manual] and [https://openrefine.org/blog/2021/01/26/announcing-our-new-user-manual.html your feedback is welcome]; ** A new tool, [[toolforge:ranker|Ranker]] ([[:d:User:Lucas Werkmeister/Ranker|documentation]], [https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1355554819478532102 announcement tweet] and [https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1355554982544744453 video]), lets you edit the ranks of multiple statements at once. ** [https://lingualibre.org/bigdata/#query The SPARQL endpoint for linguaLibre is now available] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1356242871700123648 Source]) ** New Wikidata property [[:d:Property:P9100|GitHub topic (P9100)]] announced at [https://github.community/t/wikidata-property-p9100-created-for-github-topics/158508 the GITHUB community] ** Wikimedia Foundation is hiring a Wikidata Query Service(WDQS) Data Analyst Consultant. [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/2612414?gh_src=8f11c2f91us Apply today]! ** [[d:Wikidata:Bot requests|Clean-up tasks to experiment with bots or other tools]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9086|BAMID film rating]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9082|Akademická encyklopedie českých dějin ID]], [[:d:Property:P9083|45cat 7" release ID]], [[:d:Property:P9084|ABC News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P9085|Aracne author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9087|Econlib person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9088|KBR Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P9089|Songlexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9090|Swiss Games Showcase ID]], [[:d:Property:P9091|MNBAQ ID]], [[:d:Property:P9092|Art in the Christian Tradition ID]], [[:d:Property:P9093|Australian Lichen ID]], [[:d:Property:P9094|Pantone color ID]], [[:d:Property:P9095|Kunstmuseum Basel ID]], [[:d:Property:P9096|Malpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9097|AAR ID]], [[:d:Property:P9098|BiblioLMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P9099|Cultural heritage ID in Lower Saxony]], [[:d:Property:P9100|GitHub topic]], [[:d:Property:P9101|Discord username]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/represented in sport by|represented in sport by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/photographer of|photographer of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reissue|reissue]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/master's thesis|master's thesis]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/service status information URL|service status information URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/unusualness|unusualness]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Debian Package Tracker ID|Debian Package Tracker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Seismic classification|Seismic classification]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire des journalistes ID|Dictionnaire des journalistes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EMS ID|EMS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FloGrappling ID|FloGrappling ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOUNZ contributor ID|SOUNZ contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wolfram language WordData word ID|Wolfram language WordData word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mathematica Italiana person ID|Mathematica Italiana person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musica Brasilis score ID|Musica Brasilis score ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finna ID|Finna ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LexML ID|LexML ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swedish Literature Bank placeID|Swedish Literature Bank placeID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BVFE author ID|BVFE author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources authority ID|Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/playDB play ID|playDB play ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/playDB artist ID|playDB artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DicoPolHiS ID|DicoPolHiS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pandektis ID|Pandektis ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHS Organisation Data Service ID|NHS Organisation Data Service ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bayerischer Denkmal-Atlas Objekt-ID (Baudenkmal)|Bayerischer Denkmal-Atlas Objekt-ID (Baudenkmal)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bayerischer Denkmal-Atlas Objekt-ID (Bodendenkmal)|Bayerischer Denkmal-Atlas Objekt-ID (Bodendenkmal)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Whiskybase distillery ID|Whiskybase distillery ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/wiD Basque lexemes and their attestations in a 1745 Spanish-Basque dictionary, with links to dictionary entries in Wikisource] ***[https://w.wiki/wss Lexemes describing a color] ([https://twitter.com/alexabruck/status/1354848003228651520 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/w6s Danish-Hebrew Lexeme pairs] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1354422451158003712 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/xA6 Lexemes in Swedish with usage example that demonstrates both a form and a sense and a reference] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1356228927052767232 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/wMw Episodes of the TV series "The Mentalist"] ***[https://w.wiki/6PX Nationality of authors publishing papers relevant to the Australian fauna] ([https://twitter.com/rdmpage/status/1354462764933074949 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/w4F Number of musicians on Wikidata by country] ([https://twitter.com/mrlogix/status/1354295682895515658 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/wPE Map of ISO 3166-2 codes] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1354937354209914885 Source]) ***[https://w.wiki/tzp Map films that have been filmed in Mexico] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1354236888136224775 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/x99 Map of Githubtopics on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1356191659772571653 Source]) ***[http://w.wiki/vjv Eye color distribution of the people on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1354042976985518081 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/w2S Timeline with the start date of the Summer Olympics] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1355946779179683843 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Names/reports/given names/Czech|Czech given names]] * '''Development''' ** Continuing development on the first version of the Query Builder. It's starting to be able to do the first really meaningful queries now. Latest addition was the ability to negate conditions. Up next is the ability to connect conditions with OR instead of only AND as well as querying for quantities and ranges. You can follow along on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ test system]. ** Exploring possible solutions for how to compare Wikidata's data against other databases to find and highlight mismatches automatically. ** Added lexicographical data codes for a few languages: rkt, ctg ([[phab:T271589]]), and az-cyrl ([[phab:T265906]]) ** Finished working on the issue of TypeError on a diff of a Wikidata talk page [[phab:T271402]] ** Updated Wikidata unit conversion configuration ([[phab:T267644]]) ** Fixed two last places where links in the the Query Service UI were not using Special:MyLanguage yet to redirect to the documentation page in the user's language ([[phab:T267656]]) ** Pushing JSON dumps for Lexemes over the finish line ([[phab:T264883]]) ** Working on showing an error when trying to save lemmas with invalid language codes ([[phab:T265783]]) ** Wikibase Release Strategy *** Investigated the release of Wikibase suite components not maintained by Wikimedia ([[phab:T271193]]) *** Continued process of adding additional components to the Wikibase release, including OAuth ([[phab:T272580]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 02 01|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 18:06, 1 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21027039 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #454 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: [[d:w:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ghana/Parliament_of_Ghana/Members_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_the_4th_Republic_of_Ghana/Contest|Parliament of Ghana Wikidata contest]] launch: from February 1 to February 28, 2020 - ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olCEerKhC5Q YouTube replay]) ** Upcoming: [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/February 2021|Next Wikibase live session]] is [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1613059230 16:00 UTC on Thursday 11 February 2021] [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=MXNkODJuM2ZxbjViOWpwNGgxa2tjM2ZkdDMgY183MXZ0MTdhNXFtbTFnYXFlNm1wdjNpYW9kc0Bn&tmsrc=c_71vt17a5qmm1gaqe6mpv3iaods%40group.calendar.google.com (Add to calendar)]. You're welcome to come and share out about your project or what you're working on around Wikibase. ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Mapping the Scottish Reformation, Tuesday, February 9th.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mlgDczP_R3yNVYcvTTQSa8_woG_Kv6YTdJLgQ55QhfU/edit?usp=sharing] ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett SPARQL queries] live on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, February 9 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#49|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #49]], February 14 ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #31 Free Software Day - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkAirxHj-Ps YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2887608388190986/ Facebook], February 14 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Bug triage hour about Lexemes]], February 16 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [https://62mkv.github.io/wikidata/linguistics/2021/02/01/long-road-to-lexeme.html Blog post by 62mkv about importing Estonian Lexemes on Wikidata] ** Video: Wikidata editing #30 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBumtc9Adsc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/wikipediaweekly/permalink/3620310794683392/ Facebook] ** Video: [[m:Global Open Initiative Foundation|Global Open Initiative Foundation]] Open Refine and Quikstatement Workshop. By Ursula Oberst - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yadCl4v_dw YouTube] ** Video: Wikidata and Minority Languages (Art+Feminism 2021 in Ghana). By [[m:Dagbani Wikimedians User Group|Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]] - ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPlHnFIaCNg YouTube]) ** Video: Wikidata as a PID community. By Simon Cobb - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZWJ6b5aAsU YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Template:Item documentation|Item documentation]] has two new features. First, it now includes two predefined SPARQL queries. The first one give the number of statements about the item by property and the second the list of statement about the properties. Second, for items of class award, it includes predefined SPARQL queries from [[d:Template:TP award|TP award]]. See [[d:Talk:Q1624297|Q1624297]] for an example. ** [https://ranker.toolforge.org/ Ranker] lets you edit the ranks of several statements at once. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikidataCon_2021#WikidataCon_update_-_January_2021|Update on the state of WikidataCon 2021 for January]] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2021-February/014475.html New development roadmap for Wikidata and Wikibase for 2021 has been published]. In addition, you will find [[d:Wikidata:Development plan/archive2020/status updates|here]] the status updates on what was achieved for each of the 2020 goals. ** [[d:Wikidata_talk:Improve_the_workflows_for_queries_and_lists/Simple_query_Builder#Query_Builder_update_-_February_2020|Update on the development of the Easy Query Builder]], your feedback is welcome **[https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2021-February/014486.html Call for feedback on Wikimedia Foundation Community Board seats] has started on February 1. More information and ways to participate are available on [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats|this Meta-Wiki page]]. **New updates to [[m:Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]]: ***Import/update function for Mix’n’match catalogs ([[m:Mix'n'match/Import|manual]]) ([https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1356287316394962944 source]) *** Refreshed the Mix’n’match dataset for potential new human Wikidata items ([https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1357672520120479747 source]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9107|number of vaccinations]], [[:d:Property:P9126|Commons media contributed by]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9102|CineFanRo person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9103|Enciclopedia del Museo del Prado ID]], [[:d:Property:P9104|Encyclopedia of Brno object ID]], [[:d:Property:P9105|Dictionnaire des journalistes ID]], [[:d:Property:P9106|Oxford Classical Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P9108|Erudit article ID]], [[:d:Property:P9109|Holocaust.cz person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9110|Le Lettere di Theodor Mommsen agli Italiani ID]], [[:d:Property:P9111|SISSCO ID]], [[:d:Property:P9112|IFLA value vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P9113|Patrinum ID]], [[:d:Property:P9114|Mathematica Italiana person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9115|Jewish Museum Berlin object ID]], [[:d:Property:P9116|Musica Brasilis score ID]], [[:d:Property:P9117|BVFE author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9118|Family Video Game Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9119|LexML Brazil ID]], [[:d:Property:P9120|Pepys Encylopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9121|National Museum Norway artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9122|SportsLogos.net team ID]], [[:d:Property:P9123|Catalan Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9124|Russian Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9125|Microsoft MVP profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P9128|Debian Package Tracker ID]], [[:d:Property:P9129|Data Collection of the Hungarian Peerage ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IPHAE ID|IPHAE ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FLOSS policy URL|FLOSS policy URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digest|Digest]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/subsidy|subsidy]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fingerprint|fingerprint]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TlF Artist ID|TlF Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists ID|Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GTDB taxon|GTDB taxon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joods Monument ID|Joods Monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HathiTrust Volume Identifier|HathiTrust Volume Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Tree of Life ID|Open Tree of Life ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllMusic IDs|AllMusic IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Evighetsrunor|Evighetsrunor]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tree of Life contributor ID|Tree of Life contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Astro Awani topic ID|Astro Awani topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music genre ID|Rate Your Music genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/De Lakenhal-artwork-ID|De Lakenhal-artwork-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopédie berbère article ID|Encyclopédie berbère article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Can I use|Can I use]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté|identifiant inventaire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Centre-Val de Loire|identifiant inventaire Centre-Val de Loire]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Hauts-de-France|identifiant inventaire Hauts-de-France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Normandie|identifiant inventaire Normandie]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Île-de-France|identifiant inventaire Île-de-France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Pays de la Loire|identifiant inventaire Pays de la Loire]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur|identifiant inventaire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/yMQ directors of episodes of ''The Mentalist''] ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q204228?uselang=en source]<!-- uselang=en is needed, otherwise the query there might not be visible. Somehow this got lost in last weeks report -->) *** [https://w.wiki/y8i Articles from The Wētā entomology journal] ([https://twitter.com/SiobhanLeachman/status/1358221509110628353 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/yQa Town halls of the municipalities that surround Nantes] ([https://twitter.com/slaettaratindur/status/1358162635469033477 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/yQb Caves containing prehistoric art] ([https://twitter.com/volksvlijt/status/1357797450073964544 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/xs3 Endemic birds in a place located in France] ([https://twitter.com/ash_crow/status/1357676400451461129 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ***[[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Brazilian Laws|WikiProject Brazilian Laws]] * '''Development''' ** Made it possible to connect query conditions with OR (instead of only AND) in the Query Builder ([[phab:T272694]]) ** Making it possible to query only for statements with or without a reference in the Query Builder ([[phab:T272699]]) ** Continuing to work on adding a rate limit for creating Item IDs to prevent people from allocating a large number of unassigned Item IDs that are then lost ([[phab:T272032]]) ** Working on the problem of Lexeme merging failing if the source Lexeme has links to its own Senses ([[phab:T273830]]) ** Working on showing an error when trying to save a Lemma with invalid language code on a Lexeme ([[phab:T265783]]) ** Fixing an issue in the Property selector fallback where it is not falling back from language variant to major language ([[phab:T272712]]) ** Making it possible to add Interwiki links to/from Multilingual Wikisource ([[phab:T138332]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 02 08|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 18:44, 8 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21071131 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #455 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Other: [[d:User:So9q/Tool ideas/ImproveWikidata|Tool ideas/ImproveWikidata]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Past: Linked Open Storytelling - Winter School 2021 - Fellow-Programm Freies Wissen (in German) ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JuqzW_zOBc&feature=youtu.be reply on YouTube]) ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett SPARQL queries] live on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, February 16 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Bug triage hour about Lexemes]], February 16 ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #32 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlxsQQPfrqU YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2892173044401187/ Facebook], February 20 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#50|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #50]], February 21 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blog post: [https://datajournalism.com/read/longreads/the-promise-of-wikidata The promise of Wikidata: How journalists can use the crowdsourced open knowledge base as a data source], by [[w:User:Shameran81|Monika Sengul-Jones]] ** Blog post: [https://zbw.eu/labs/en/blog/data-donation-to-wikidata-part-2-country-subject-dossiers-of-the-20th-century-press-archives Data donation to Wikidata, part 2: country/subject dossiers of the 20th Century Press Archives] (by [[User:Jneubert|Joachim Neubert]], ZBW Labs) ** Blog post: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/02/09/bibliography-and-citations-of-hausa-folklore/ Bibliography and Citations of Hausa Folklore] by [[d:User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ** Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m50voG57yac Querying Linked (Wiki)data with SPARQL ✨] (presentation by [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas Werkmeister]] at rC3, 90 minutes) ** Video: Wikidata editing #31 Free Software Day - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkAirxHj-Ps YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2887608388190986/ Facebook] ** Video: Knowledge Graphs for AI: Wikidata and beyond - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTz0zSNSKEY YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** UseAsRef script allows you to add references to statements using one external ID as source (see [[d:User:Bargioni/UseAsRef|User:Bargioni/UseAsRef]] and this [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3nkeqKnfTg YouTube video] for more information) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2021-02-10|Abstract Wikipedia presents prototypes of two tools that could help people to visualize, exemplify, and better guide our understanding of the coverage of lexicographic data in Wikidata]]. ** [https://pro.europeana.eu/post/public-domain-tool-automating-the-calculation-of-works-in-the-public-domain Public Domain Tool], developed by the Flemish Institute for Archives automates the process of determining whether their collection items could be in the public domain. ** Sizes of country items (like [[d:Q45|"Portugal" (Q45)]]) were recently reduced by 30% to 50% by moving a few economics properties to "economy of"-items (sample: [[d:Q1649355|"economy of Portugal" (Q1649355)]]). The item "economy of Portugal" is currently larger than "Portugal". This can simplify uses of country items that previously timed-out. Infoboxes can still access the properties with the link through [[d:Property:P8744|"economy of topic" (P8744)]]. ** Later this week, the development team will enable a rate limit for assigning new item IDs. Bots and users who successfully create items should notice no change, since the rate limit is equal to the existing limit on all edits. However, bots that often ''fail'' to create items may start to see different error messages than usual. This will hopefully reduce the problem of skipped item IDs. ** [[mw:WMDE Engineering/Participate in UX Activities|Guidelines and compensation for UX research lead by Wikimedia Germany]] ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2021-February/014516.html announcement]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9138|service status information URL]], [[:d:Property:P9139|first family name in Portuguese name]], [[:d:Property:P9140|time played]], [[:d:Property:P9149|coordinates of depicted place]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9130|CompositionToday composers showcase ID]], [[:d:Property:P9131|Royal Museums Greenwich artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9132|Saint Louis Art Museum artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9133|AZLyrics.com song ID]], [[:d:Property:P9134|Studio di Fonologia Musicale RAI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9135|WreckSite ID]], [[:d:Property:P9136|SOUNZ contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P9137|Doktori.hu ID]], [[:d:Property:P9141|Portal da Literatura ID]], [[:d:Property:P9142|IPHAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P9143|Play:Right ID]], [[:d:Property:P9144|National Portrait Gallery (London) artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9145|Xinjiang Data Project identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9146|CITWF title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9147|Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources ID]], [[:d:Property:P9148|Saxony-Anhalt cultural heritage object ID]], [[:d:Property:P9150|FloGrappling ID]], [[:d:Property:P9151|Can I use feature ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery of Art Library Bibliographic ID|National Gallery of Art Library Bibliographic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/letterer|letterer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/set during recurring event|set during recurring event]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of references|number of references]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sensors|sensors]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Applying institution|Applying institution]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon Literatur in Tirol|Lexikon Literatur in Tirol]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danmarks Adresseregister named street ID|Danmarks Adresseregister named street ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Baike ID (2)|Baidu Baike ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kickstarter username|Kickstarter username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Protagonisti della storia delle scienze della mente ID|Protagonisti della storia delle scienze della mente ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Curling.fi player ID|Curling.fi player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RILM ID|RILM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss vote ID|Swiss vote ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/svoyak.info player ID|svoyak.info player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Germanistenverzeichnis|Germanistenverzeichnis]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Svenska Institutet i Rom ID|Svenska Institutet i Rom ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CinemaRx title ID|CinemaRx title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sinemalar title ID|Sinemalar title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/English Placenames MADS ID|English Placenames MADS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Armenian Book ID|Armenian Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Occitanie|identifiant inventaire Occitanie]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AaRC title ID|AaRC title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Iglesia Nacional Española en Roma ID|Biblioteca Iglesia Nacional Española en Roma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BFS ID|BFS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario biografico online degli anarchici italiani ID|Dizionario biografico online degli anarchici italiani ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JedeSchule.de ID|JedeSchule.de ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bashenc.online ID|bashenc.online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Svoya Igra television player ID|Svoya Igra television player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wisconsin Architecture and History Inventory ID|Wisconsin Architecture and History Inventory ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [http://w.wiki/yQR Spanish Wikipedia articles about women astronauts] ([https://twitter.com/editatona/status/1359980994636488705 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/Com Websites related to works in the Women's & Gender History DH list] ([https://twitter.com/dta_cthomas/status/1360198435715100672 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/ykR List of states with more than one official language] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1359533946959245317 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/yVm Location of the organizations in the Name Assigning Authority Number (NAAN) registry] ([https://twitter.com/BertrandCaron/status/1359094070409322496 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/y$C List of locations named after the planned language Esperanto or its founder, L. L. Zamenhof] *** [https://w.wiki/yAR Use the MediaWiki API to get the content of a Wikipedia category into a query] *** [https://w.wiki/zAD Number of scholarly articles sharing their datasets] ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1360556323448971271 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/zPN Most specific taxon that includes two given species] ([https://twitter.com/danbri/status/1361065883280506888 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Work on the Simple Query Builder continues. We finished connecting query conditions via OR ([[phab:T272694]]). Next we will work on adding the UI for sharing the visual query via a link ([[phab:T272887]]) ** Improved the deployment process for the Query Service UI to make it easier to deploy ** Fixed language code "dag" for Dagbani not working for Lemmas for Lexemes ([[phab:T272242]]) ** Fixing the bug where the Property selector is not falling back from language variant to major language for Property labels ([[phab:T272712]]) ** Adding a rate limit for creating Item IDs to avoid skipping so many due to misbehaving bots ([[phab:T272032]]) ** Fixed the case where no error was shown when trying to save a lemma with an invalid language code ([[phab:T265783]]) ** Fixed a but where merging two Lexemes fails if the source Lexeme has links to its own Senses ([[phab:T273830]]) ** Increasing the rate of edits that trigger a check by the constraint checker to 50%. This will increase the number of constraints violations that you can query in the Query Service. ([[phab:T204031]]) ** Making it possible to add interwiki links to/from Multilingual Wikisource ([[phab:T138332]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 02 15|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:22, 15 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21085534 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #456 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Dr.üsenfieber|Dr.üsenfieber]] - RfP scheduled to end after 24 February 2021 14:19 (UTC) ** New request for comments: [[Wikidata:Requests for comment/P155/P156 as qualifiers only, rather than as main statements|P155/P156 as qualifiers only, rather than as main statements]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata bug triage hour about Lexemes. [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WikidataBugTriageHour Notes available here] ** Past: Online Talk Show on Fri, Feb 19, 2021, by Wikimedia Indonesia and Fariz Darari - Take a peek into the data warehouse of Wikimedia projects (= Wikidata): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tekLS0UCoeM Youtube link] ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Adding bibliographic data to Wikidata with Jason Evans, Wikimedian in residence at the Wales National Library, Tuesday, February 23rd.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IV6TK6JE5tHKO2fga801HnKFBQNQcwN-j58dhDTVtE8/edit#] ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #33 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPQTRMiYYf4 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2897172903901201/ Facebook], February 27 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#51|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #51]], February 28 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogpost: [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2021/02/21/wikidata-and-the-sum-of-all-video-games-%e2%88%92-2020-edition/ Wikidata and the sum of all video games − 2020 edition] ** Video: Basic tutorial on how to annotate an article with Wikidata tags for the ANN project - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFKAWNYbBDk YouTube] ** Video: The Wikidata community: tools to communicate, ask for help, exchange ideas and opinions (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUZyzWZKoMI YouTube] ** Video: REfB (Reference Bot): Adding new references to WikiData statements by [[d:User:Csisc|Houcemeddine Turki]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4gJEwB2EkY YouTube] ** Video: Wikidata editing #32 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlxsQQPfrqU YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2892173044401187/ Facebook] ** Video: Knowledge graphs lecture - RDF, Wikidata, SHACL, ShEx (in Russian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOvProRbG0Q YouTube] ** Podcast: [[d:User:Addshore|Adam Shorland]] [https://betweenthebrackets.libsyn.com/episode-80-adam-shorlandtalks talks about Wikidata and Wikibase on Between The Brackets Mediawiki podcast]. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeForms-SearchPage.js|LexemeForms-SearchPage]] adds links on the search results page for creating new lexemes using the [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata Lexeme Forms|Lexeme Forms tool]] based on the languages in your Babel box. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://vglist.co/ Vglist] is a video game library tracking web app that is mostly based on Wikidata. **WMF Board of Trustees - Call for feedback: Community Board seats: [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Community Board seats/Conversations/Wikidata|Meetings with the Wikidata community on Feb 24 and Mar 3]]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9149|coordinates of depicted place]], [[:d:Property:P9161|thesis committee member]], [[:d:Property:P9180|number of at bats]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9142|IPHAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P9143|Play:Right ID]], [[:d:Property:P9144|National Portrait Gallery (London) artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9145|Xinjiang Data Project identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9146|CITWF title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9147|Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources ID]], [[:d:Property:P9148|Saxony-Anhalt cultural heritage object ID]], [[:d:Property:P9150|FloGrappling ID]], [[:d:Property:P9151|Can I use feature ID]], [[:d:Property:P9152|CollectieGelderland-creator-ID]], [[:d:Property:P9153|VAi building ID]], [[:d:Property:P9154|Heritage Information System ID in the database of cultural heritage in Austria]], [[:d:Property:P9155|Joods Monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P9156|Lumni person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9157|Open Tree of Life ID]], [[:d:Property:P9158|Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal GTB ID]], [[:d:Property:P9159|People Australia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9160|Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands ID]], [[:d:Property:P9162|EMS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9163|Spletni biografski leksikon znanih Primorcev in Primork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9164|Svenska Institutet i Rom ID]], [[:d:Property:P9165|Lexikon Literatur in Tirol ID]], [[:d:Property:P9166|Curling.fi player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9167|De Lakenhal artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9168|Hauts-de-France Inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9169|Tree of Life contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P9170|Taiwan River Code]], [[:d:Property:P9171|RILM ID]], [[:d:Property:P9172|playDB artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9173|Rate Your Music genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P9174|XXXBios transgender performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9175|Centre-Val de Loire Inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9176|Occitanie Inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9177|playDB play ID]], [[:d:Property:P9178|Biblioteca Franco Serantini ID]], [[:d:Property:P9179|Biblioteca Iglesia Nacional Española en Roma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9181|Germanistenverzeichnis ID]], [[:d:Property:P9182|uta-net.com song ID]], [[:d:Property:P9183|uta-net.com artist ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sensors|sensors]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Applying institution|Applying institution]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAQ url|FAQ url]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/digital distribution platform|digital distribution platform]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bandcamp Tag|Bandcamp Tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anzahl der Staffeln|Anzahl der Staffeln]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PDDikti ID|PDDikti ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/template applies category|template applies category]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/workers represented by|workers represented by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/alt text|alt text]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/demographics of topic|demographics of topic]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AaRC title ID|AaRC title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario biografico online degli anarchici italiani ID|Dizionario biografico online degli anarchici italiani ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JedeSchule.de ID|JedeSchule.de ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bashenc.online ID|bashenc.online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Svoya Igra television player ID|Svoya Igra television player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wisconsin Architecture and History Inventory ID|Wisconsin Architecture and History Inventory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TaDiRAH ID (2)|TaDiRAH ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oklahoma's NRHP ID|Oklahoma's NRHP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sauvons nos tombes cemetery ID|Sauvons nos tombes cemetery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discogs genre ID|Discogs genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sauvons nos tombes person ID|Sauvons nos tombes person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Odnoklassniki user numeric ID|Odnoklassniki user numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPC-PR ID|CPC-PR ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Obituaries Australia ID|Obituaries Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indigenous Australia ID|Indigenous Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Women Australia ID|Women Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AIATSIS Subject Thesaurus ID|AIATSIS Subject Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biografisches Handbuch – Todesopfer der Grenzregime am Eisernen Vorhang ID|Biografisches Handbuch – Todesopfer der Grenzregime am Eisernen Vorhang ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmitalia film ID|Filmitalia film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmitalia person ID|Filmitalia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resident Advisor Venue ID|Resident Advisor Venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GB1900 ID|GB1900 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AIATSIS Place Thesaurus ID|AIATSIS Place Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mixcloud ID|Mixcloud ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Labour Australia ID|Labour Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mexicana Repositorio|Mexicana Repositorio]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Science Magazine author ID|Science Magazine author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Everipedia ID|Everipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ARAE ID|ARAE ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivo Linz de la Transición Española ID|Archivo Linz de la Transición Española ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo Nacional de la Estampa ID|Museo Nacional de la Estampa ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NParks Flora & Fauna Web ID|NParks Flora & Fauna Web ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté|identifiant inventaire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Île-de-France|identifiant inventaire Île-de-France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Normandie|identifiant inventaire Normandie]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Pays de la Loire|identifiant inventaire Pays de la Loire]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur|identifiant inventaire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionari de la traducció catalana ID|Diccionari de la traducció catalana ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/zdd List of vegan restaurants] *** [https://w.wiki/$fK List of food that are iconic to particular countries] ([https://twitter.com/KarlXOblique/status/1363054210900762627 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/zyH Map of monuments in Lower Saxony, Germany] ([https://w.wiki/zyC Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/$aX Map of former plantations in Surinam] ([https://twitter.com/hayify/status/1363075272447324161 Source)] *** [https://w.wiki/fP7 Map of Wats in Thailand] - ([https://twitter.com/MaewNam/status/1362020624487612417 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/zZd Localities in Mexico and contain 𝐒𝐚n in their name] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1361796008305393665 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/zm6 Female mycologists born pre-1900, sorted by number of sitelinks] ([https://twitter.com/SiobhanLeachman/status/1361727131030413312 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/zd2 Women scientists who were born between the year 1500 and 1900] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1363307817696776192 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Fixed wrongly encoded HTML in some messages in the Wikidata Bridge ([[phab:T272350]]) ** Working on showing all languages in the language suggester for monolingual text Properties ([[phab:T124758]]) ** Fixed an issue with spaces in external identifier URLs being replaced by "+" ([[phab:T271126]]) ** Added a rate limit for creating Item IDs, which should help with decreasing the number of skipped Q-IDs ([[phab:T272032]]) ** Fixed an issue where whitespace was stripped while typing when editing Lexemes ([[phab:T250550]]) ** Fixing the case where you cannot easily edit negative quantities after saving ([[phab:T274129]]) ** Working on making it possible to query for quantity values in the Query Builder ([[phab:T268942]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 02 22|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:06, 22 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21126172 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #457 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Dr.üsenfieber|Dr.üsenfieber]] (unsussesful) ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/P155/P156 as qualifiers only, rather than as main statements|P155/P156 as qualifiers only, rather than as main statements]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett SPARQL queries] live on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, March 2 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming video: LIVE Wikidata editing #34 Open Data Day - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoUfkQ0mVe8 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2902104563408035/ Facebook], March 6 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#52|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #52]], March 7 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata bug triage hour]] about Lexemes, March 22nd ** Upcoming: [https://www.unb.ca/fredericton/management/ibec/data-challenge1.html Wikidata-based Data Sprint hosted by the University of New Brunswick]. One Wikidata data set will be provided on 11th March 2021 and various teams will have 2 hours to run a set of SPARQL queries against the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) and showcase their results. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogpost: [https://rpubs.com/yannryan/729877 Wikidata and Correspondence Archives] (Enriching basic metadata with a knowledge graph) ** Blogpost: [https://datajournalism.com/read/longreads/the-promise-of-wikidata The promise of Wikidata] - How journalists can use the crowdsourced open knowledge base as a data source (at DataJournalism.com) ** Video: Accra Archive Wikidata and Wikipedia Workshop (GLAMS Campaign Ghana) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt-Gygr3LqE YouTube] ** Video: COVID-19 coverage on Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYJvBgVWTqM YouTube] ** Video: Identify and describe items of bibliographic interest (articles, monographs, authors) on Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP1IwCd1w_g YouTube] ** Video: Visualizing the global research ecosystem via Wikidata and Scholia - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rk_XdMCk3fA YouTube] ** Video: Demo: How to upload new bibliography and create dashboards on Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtwnSB2E--U YouTube] ** Video: Reconciliation Open Refine Wikidata (in Swedish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRX3hFu9exs YouTube] ** Video: Reconciling researchers to Wikidata via Google Sheets - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcnLv1j4PyM YouTube] ** Video: LIVE Wikidata editing #33 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPQTRMiYYf4 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2897172903901201/ Facebook] ** Video: How to create new Wikidata item (in Dutch) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSU4QylZ3ls YouTube] ** Video: Merging Wikidata items (in Dutch) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6AHcat-TKI YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[:d:Wikidata:Tools/Enhance user interface#EditSum|EditSum]], a new user script which allows to attach custom summary text to any label/statement/sitelink/etc. modification. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeInterwikiLinks.js|User:Nikki/LexemeInterwikiLinks.js]], is a userscript that adds Wiktionary interwiki links in the sidebar on Lexeme pages. (It links to pages corresponding to the first lemma and puts the lexeme language's Wiktionary first, followed by languages in the user's Babel box). ** [[m:User:Lucas Werkmeister/addStatementCountsToCategories.js|User:Lucas Werkmeister/addStatementCountsToCategories.js]], is a userscript that shows the number of statements of the linked item for all pages in a category. ** [[m:WikiCite/Shared Citations|Shared Citations]], a ''proposal'' arising from the WikiCite project, for a central reference management database supporting all Wikimedia projects, with significant relationship to Wikidata. Seeking feedback. ** [[w:fr:Modèle:Indice de diversité de genre|Modèle:Indice de diversité de genre]] (Template:Gender diversity index) is a new template in the French Wikipedia which use P21 (gender property) to count the number of people by gender mentioned in an article. It helps to find articles which "forget" to cite women. ** Lexeme JSON dumps are now available as a collection of individual lexeme data in the regular JSON format, separate from the regular Wikidata dumps containing Items and Properties. [[phab:T264883]] ** [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274569#6864569 We found a way to improve the performance of scrolling on the Item page by changing how we move the Property labels as you scroll through the page]. You should see the effect after the next deployment. ** [https://www.bbc.co.uk/things/about BBC Things] includes links to Wikidata to provide a single reference for the growing collection of entities that matter to the BBC and their audiences. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9180|number of at bats]], [[:d:Property:P9184|number of hits]], [[:d:Property:P9188|bases on balls]], [[:d:Property:P9190|runs batted in]], [[:d:Property:P9191|letterer]], [[:d:Property:P9192|sensors]], [[:d:Property:P9214|FAQ URL]], [[:d:Property:P9215|set during recurring event]], [[:d:Property:P9217|stolen bases]], [[:d:Property:P9220|doubles hit]], [[:d:Property:P9225|triples hit]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9181|Germanistenverzeichnis ID]], [[:d:Property:P9182|uta-net.com song ID]], [[:d:Property:P9183|uta-net.com artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9185|AllMusic genre/style ID]], [[:d:Property:P9186|DicoPolHiS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9187|EuroBabeIndex.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P9189|Sauvons nos tombes cemetery ID]], [[:d:Property:P9193|LombardiaBeniCulturali archive producer person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9194|LombardiaBeniCulturali archive producer organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P9195|LombardiaBeniCulturali archive producer family ID]], [[:d:Property:P9196|BookBub author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9197|TlF artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9198|Encyclopédie berbère article ID]], [[:d:Property:P9199|Protagonisti della storia delle scienze della mente ID]], [[:d:Property:P9200|English Placenames MADS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9201|Norwegian State Administration Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9202|teatral.ro play/theater ID]], [[:d:Property:P9203|CineFAN.ro title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9204|CinemaRX title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9205|Sinemalar title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9206|Swissvote ID]], [[:d:Property:P9207|Bourgogne-Franche-Comté inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9208|Île-de-France inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9209|Normandie inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9210|Pays de la Loire inventory identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9211|Wisconsin Architecture and History Inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P9212|Dizionario biografico online degli anarchici italiani ID]], [[:d:Property:P9213|Swedish Literature Bank place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9216|Opera Online conductor ID]], [[:d:Property:P9218|Discogs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P9219|Discogs style ID]], [[:d:Property:P9221|Danmarks Adresseregister named street ID]], [[:d:Property:P9222|bashenc.online ID]], [[:d:Property:P9223|Provenio UUID]], [[:d:Property:P9224|JedeSchule.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P9226|ARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P9227|Encyclopedia Titanica ID]], [[:d:Property:P9228|U.S. Masters Swimming ID]], [[:d:Property:P9229|DzygaMDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9230|NLS place type ID]], [[:d:Property:P9231|Archivo Linz de la Transición Española ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/demographics of topic|demographics of topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/strikeouts|strikeouts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/district heating|district heating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of signatories|number of signatories]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/opt-out|opt-out]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/payer|payer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/secondary topic|secondary topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/grant number|grant number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Future Salaries ID|Future Salaries ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Index égalité professionnelle F/H|Index égalité professionnelle F/H]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commons incompatible image URL|Commons incompatible image URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/verbal ability|verbal ability]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionari de la traducció catalana ID|Diccionari de la traducció catalana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANPI person ID|ANPI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANPI person numeric ID|ANPI person numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APS author ID|APS author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EEVA author ID|EEVA author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archives West finding aid ID|Archives West finding aid ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BiographySampo person ID|BiographySampo person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discord server numeric ID|Discord server numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discord user numeric ID|Discord user numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUT ID|CUT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amathus ID|Amathus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EUC ID|EUC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UPSA ID|UPSA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RePEc EconPapers ID|RePEc EconPapers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dark Horse contributor ID|Dark Horse contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ComiXology publisher ID|ComiXology publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Austrian Newspapers Online ID|Austrian Newspapers Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cyprus Library ID|Cyprus Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyMusic artist ID|MyMusic artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LFCHistory.net player ID|LFCHistory.net player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MeSH qualifier ID|MeSH qualifier ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/324x Hungarian church buildings sorted by confessions] ([[d:User_talk:Mohammed_Sadat_(WMDE)#New_query_example|Source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/32kG Where Czechs most died if not in their place of birth] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1365366579748343809 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/32kK Most popular tonalities] ([https://twitter.com/luisalvaz/status/1365328187211853829 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Templates|WikiProject Templates]] for templates in Wikidata * '''Development''' ** Working on first version of small tool that lets you get the average ORES quality score for a list of Items and find the lowest-quality Items in the batch so it's easier to improve them. ** Taking a closer look at what larger improvements we want to make to Lexemes later this year. ** Thinking through different ways how we can technically get mismatches between Wikidata's data and other databases so we can later expose them. ** Thinking through what the first version of the REST API should contain and what should come later. ** Fixed an issue with whitespaces when editing Lexemes ([[phab:T250550]]) ** Made sure all languages show up in the language selector for monolingual text Properties at least with their language code because them not showing up was very confusing ([[phab:T124758]]) ** Fixed an issue with generating correct links for external IDs with + ([[phab:T271126]]) ** Fixing an issue with Property selector not falling back from language variant to major language ([[phab:T272712]]) ** Continuing to build out the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ Query Builder] and focusing on input for quantity and date queries ([[phab:T268942]] and [[phab:T272697]]) ** Due to the planned delay of the release of MediaWiki 1.36, the Wikibase team has been working on preparing a Wikibase update that includes new functionality (such as the “Federated Properties” feature) based on v1.35. To that end, we started backporting certain features and fixes into the Wikibase 1.35 release. Follow our progress [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/5218/ here]. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 03 01|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:45, 1 ga Maris, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21162484 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #458 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: SORSE - Wikidata as a research tool for data modelling and integration in the humanities ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_a8DEZz2uI replay on YouTube]) ** Past: [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/OpenDataDay Taiwan 2021|Open Data Day Taiwan 2021]] 2021-03-06 , {{Q|1867}}, {{Q|245023}}, {{Q|140631}} and online stream ([https://www.facebook.com/WikidataTW FB] and [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDQF9ZTA1NjpOAq7NtkO8hQ Youtube]) ** Upcoming: OSM TW x Wikidata Taiwan {{Q|1867}} Meetup 2021-03-08 {{Q|61752245}} ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: OCLC Research’s CONTENTdm Wikibase data model for pilot project to improve collection discoverability, Tuesday, March 9th.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PySajs8UGZgpJevzv21J6-5WR54kEb-c71GoVEb4DZw/edit?usp=sharing] ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett SPARQL queries] live on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, March 9 at 18:00 CET ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #35 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDMhcxCBA9o YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2907430509542107/ Facebook], March 13 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#53|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #53]], March 14 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** "[https://www.dbpedia.org/blog/giving-knowledge-back-to-wikipedia/ Giving knowledge back to Wikipedia]: Towards a Systematic Approach to Sync Factual Data across Wikipedia, Wikidata and External Data Sources" (by DBPedia) ** Papers *** [https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.28.433265 Open Natural Products Research: Curation and Dissemination of Biological Occurrences of Chemical Structures through Wikidata] *** A paper describing [https://www.coviwd.org/ COVIWD]: [http://dx.doi.org/10.21609/jiki.v14i1.941 COVIWD: COVID-19 Wikidata Dashboard] ** Videos *** Wikidata and Abstract Wikipedia by Denny Vrandečić - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL9Cc2Mockw YouTube] *** Working hour on items of bibliographic interest in Wikidata (in Italian) -[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYyiPjZeRls YouTube] *** Open Data Day Taiwan 2021 -[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68vkGWWu1Ck Youtube Live] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #34 Open Data Day - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoUfkQ0mVe8 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2902104563408035/ Facebook] * '''Tool of the week''' **[[:d:User:Jon Harald Søby/Panoviewer.js|Panoviewer.js]] inserts an iframe from the [https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/ Panoviewer] tool to [[d:Property:P4640|photosphere image (P4640)]] statements. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata has now items about nine million people: 99,991,000,000 to do ([[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Nine_million_people|project chat]]) ** A new browser for Wikidata is available: the [https://ringgaard.com/kb/Q195 SLING knowledge base browser] by [[d:User:Mringgaard|User:Mringgaard]]. It is lightning fast and entirely based on modern Web components. ** [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Focus languages|Help choose focus languages for improvements to the lexicographic extension of Wikidata and Abstract Wikipedia]]. Nominations should be submitted by April 7, and the decision will be made by April 14 by the teams taking your comments into account. ** [[m:Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions logo concept/Vote|Help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki]]. Voting ends before Monday March 15th 23:59 UTC. ** [https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1368939368250040322 PetScan can now generate KML map overlay data]. E.g. [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=18591379&format=kml University towns in Germany]. ([https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/render_kml.html?kml=https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?psid=18591379%26format=kml Map view]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9234|supplement to]], [[:d:Property:P9235|seismic classification]], [[:d:Property:P9237|reissue of]], [[:d:Property:P9238|staking percentage]], [[:d:Property:P9239|affiliated worker organisation]], [[:d:Property:P9241|demographics of topic]], [[:d:Property:P9259|assessment outcome]], [[:d:Property:P9260|notation writer]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9231|Archivo Linz de la Transición Española ID]], [[:d:Property:P9232|Obituaries Australia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9233|XXXBios female performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9236|RDA value vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P9240|Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists ID]], [[:d:Property:P9242|Whiskybase distillery ID]], [[:d:Property:P9243|NParks Flora & Fauna Web ID]], [[:d:Property:P9244|Women Australia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9245|Labour Australia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9246|Indigenous Australia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9247|Pontifical University of Salamanca ID]], [[:d:Property:P9248|EEVA author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9249|Nauvoo Community Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P9250|Cyprus Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P9251|Cyprus University of Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P9252|Amathus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9253|European University Cyprus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9254|Museo Nacional de la Estampa ID]], [[:d:Property:P9255|Resident Advisor club ID]], [[:d:Property:P9256|Diccionari de la traducció catalana ID]], [[:d:Property:P9257|CPC-PR ID]], [[:d:Property:P9258|Austrian Newspapers Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P9261|Oklahoma's NRHP ID]], [[:d:Property:P9262|ChemRxiv ID]], [[:d:Property:P9263|Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P9264|FFF player ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Property:P9265|Physics Magazine author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9266|Ligue 1 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9267|ANPI person numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P9268|Science Magazine author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9269|Odnoklassniki user numeric ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/verbal ability|verbal ability]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/易玩應用程序標識符|易玩應用程序標識符]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/earned run average|earned run average]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/named place on map|named place on map]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inhabitants of topic|inhabitants of topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/consequence of text|consequence of text]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/writing style|writing style]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applicant|applicant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/co-applicant|co-applicant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cantonese romanisation|Cantonese romanisation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/repairability|repairability]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MeSH qualifier ID|MeSH qualifier ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Ostrava person ID|Encyclopedia of Ostrava person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Plzeň person ID|Encyclopedia of Plzeň person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtlexikon Karlsruhe|Stadtlexikon Karlsruhe]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of the jewish people ID|Museum of the jewish people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia Herder concept ID|Encyclopaedia Herder concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia ID|Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Capitolare di Verona author ID|Biblioteca Capitolare di Verona author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico|Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PorcelanaBrasil ID|PorcelanaBrasil ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eesti entsüklopeedia ID|Eesti entsüklopeedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Melbourne ID|Encyclopedia of Melbourne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cyprus Bibliography ID|Cyprus Bibliography ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JaneladaHistoria ID|JaneladaHistoria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OsobnostiRegionu.cz ID|OsobnostiRegionu.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America ID|Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française ID| Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inforegister ID|Inforegister ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Terezín Memorial Database ID|Terezín Memorial Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AWB lemma ID|AWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MWB lemma ID|MWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MHDBDB lemma ID|MHDBDB lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for Middle High German|Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for Middle High German]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire ID|Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for modern German|Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for modern German]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ID|Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/34Mo Deceased people with verified Twitter accounts] ([https://twitter.com/grafst/status/1367309410020786181 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/34k8 members of ''Ludlamshöhle'', a society in Vienna (1819-1826)] ([[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Austria#Ludlamshöhle|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/34Js Things discovered or invented by women] ([https://twitter.com/mlpoulter/status/1368888720380866564 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[Wikidata:WikiProject Early Modern England and Wales]] ([[d:WD:WP EMEW|WD:WP EMEW]]) ** Newest database reports: *** [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Gadget usage statistics|Gadget usage statistics]] - Includes gadgets enabled in preferences or common.js * '''Development''' ** Fixed an issue where the Property selector is not falling back from language variant to major language ([[phab:T272712]]) ** Working on support for editing statements on Senses on Lexemes via wbeditentity ([[phab:T199896]]) ** Continuing to work on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ Query Builder] and making it possible to query for quantities and dates with it. ** Putting finishing touches on a small tool that lets you get the average ORES quality score for a list of Items as well as the individual scores for each of the Items [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 03 08|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:02, 8 ga Maris, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21197714 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #459 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Minorax|Minorax]] (RfP scheduled to end after 19 March 2021 11:23 UTC) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/30 lexic-o-days 2021|30 Lexic-o-days]], events and projects around lexicographical data, from March 15th to April 14th. ([[d:Wikidata:Events/30_lexic-o-days_2021#Events|full schedule, details and links here]]) *** March 15: Kickstart and open discussion about lexicographical data *** March 16: SPARQL queries about Lexemes (in French) with Vigneron *** March 17: Documentation Q&A with Dan Shick *** March 20: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1Octg9GuHc Live editing on Lexemes with Ainali and Abbe98] *** March 22: Bug triage hour about Lexemes with Lydia Pintscher ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#54|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #54]], March 21 ** Upcoming: Wikidata - The Linked Open Data Platform Everyone Can Contribute To (Public talk) - [https://www.eventbrite.ca/e/wikidata-the-linked-open-data-platform-everyone-can-contribute-to-tickets-142031683589 Registration link] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.archive.org/2021/03/09/search-scholarly-materials-preserved-in-the-internet-archive/ Internet Archive Scholar is launched] - Wikidata is thanked in the acknowledgements *** [https://sinaahmadi.github.io/posts/10-essential-sparql-queries-for-lexicographical-data-on-wikidata.html 10 basic but essential SPARQL queries for lexicographical data on Wikidata] *** [https://codethecity.org/2021/03/12/using-wikidata-aberdeens-heritage/ Using Wikidata to model Aberdeen’s Industrial Heritage] *** [https://carnegiehall.github.io/datalab/experiments/chdl-0011.html Carnegie Hall experienced a veritable rock explosion during its 1971-72 season, with 70 rock concerts between September 1971 and June 1972] *** [http://baskauf.blogspot.com/2021/03/writing-your-own-data-to-wikidata-using.html Writing your own data to Wikidata using spreadsheets: Part 1] ** Videos *** OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Taiwan Meetup Record - [https://odysee.com/@WikidataTaiwan:c/2021-03-08-19-30-26:6 Odysee] *** RDF data model of Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uMjCCXqQcw YouTube] *** OpenRefine​ / SPARQL editing session with Saint-Raymond Museum in Toulouse. By [[d:User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjDfbS4MhBI YouTube] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #35 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDMhcxCBA9o YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2907430509542107/ Facebook] *** An initial look at the TopicTagger tool for Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nTx-XpjtME YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' **[[d:User:Nikki/LexemeToggleSections.js|User:Nikki/LexemeToggleSections.js]] script allows to expand/collapse the sections on lexeme pages. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lab.plant-humanities.org/ Plant Humanities Lab] is a website you can use to explore the cultural histories of plants and their influence on human societies. ** [https://dxlab.sl.nsw.gov.au/art-index/ DX Lab Art Index] is an interactive database of over 18,000 nineteenth century Australian Artworks by over 2000 artists with links to Wikidata & compiled by volunteers over 10 years. ** The new WDQS Streaming Updater is live as of March 15, 2021 on a pre-production test server for feedback. Available at https://query-preview.wikidata.org/. Release details [[Wikidata:Project_chat#New_WDQS_Streaming_Updater_now_available_on_pre-production_test_server_for_feedback|here]]. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2021-March/014562.html Wikimedia Foundation Research Award of the Year] - Call for Nominations! The research must be on, about, using data from, and/or of importance to Wikipedia, Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons or other Wikimedia projects. Deadline to submit your nomination is no later than 2021-03-22. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9259|assessment outcome]], [[:d:Property:P9260|music transcriber]], [[:d:Property:P9274|subsidy]], [[:d:Property:P9275|inverse agonist of]], [[:d:Property:P9279|gender equality index]], [[:d:Property:P9295|transitivity]], [[:d:Property:P9302|script style]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9261|Oklahoma's NRHP ID]], [[:d:Property:P9262|ChemRxiv ID]], [[:d:Property:P9263|Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P9264|FFF player ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Property:P9265|Physics Magazine author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9266|Ligue 1 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9267|ANPI person numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P9268|Science Magazine author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9269|Odnoklassniki user numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P9270|ANSI/NISO standard ID]], [[:d:Property:P9271|Kickstarter username]], [[:d:Property:P9272|DeCS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9273|RePEc EconPapers ID]], [[:d:Property:P9276|Encyclopedia of Ostrava History person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9277|LFChistory.net player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9278|Pandektis ID]], [[:d:Property:P9280|Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot ID]], [[:d:Property:P9281|Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9282|Catalogue of the Capitular Library of Verona author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9283|AaRC film ID]], [[:d:Property:P9284|GB1900 ID]], [[:d:Property:P9285|Stadtlexikon Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P9286|Encyclopaedia Herder concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P9287|Cyprus Bibliography ID]], [[:d:Property:P9288|EncyclopediaPR ID]], [[:d:Property:P9289|Filmitalia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9290|TikTok music ID]], [[:d:Property:P9291|Eesti entsüklopeedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9292|Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française ID]], [[:d:Property:P9293|AIATSIS Place Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9294|AIATSIS Subject Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9296|Astro Awani topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P9297|TapTap application ID]], [[:d:Property:P9298|Encyclopedia of Plzeň person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9299|OsobnostiRegionu.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P9300|Terezín Memorial Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9301|National Gallery of Art Library Bibliographic ID]], [[:d:Property:P9303|svoyak.info player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9304|Encyclopedia of Melbourne ID]], [[:d:Property:P9305|Max Movie person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9306|EudraCT trial ID]], [[:d:Property:P9307|Fancyclopedia 3 ID]], [[:d:Property:P9308|operator licence number]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cantonese romanisation|Cantonese romanisation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/repairability|repairability]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gedong Kirtya classification|Gedong Kirtya classification]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Valence|Valence]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has graphical element|has graphical element]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikidata:Property proposal/Antarctic Specially Protected Area ID|Antarctic Specially Protected Area ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CBO Occupation Code (en) / Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações (CBO) (pt)|CBO Occupation Code (en) / Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações (CBO) (pt)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reason for unknown/no value|Reason for unknown/no value]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/generalization of/generalized by|generalization of/generalized by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/acronym|acronym]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sales of arms and military services|Sales of arms and military services]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formé en même temps que|formé en même temps que]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suggested fields|Suggested fields]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AWB lemma ID|AWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MWB lemma ID|MWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MHDBDB lemma ID|MHDBDB lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for Middle High German|Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for Middle High German]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire ID|Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for modern German|Woerterbuchnetz.de IDs for modern German]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ID|Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SVKKL authority ID|SVKKL authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Demozoo Group ID|Demozoo Group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameSpot developer ID|GameSpot developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Washington Place Names ID|Washington Place Names ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PatER ID|PatER ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Latin Place Names ID|Latin Place Names ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enslaved ID|Enslaved ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ávvir topic ID|Ávvir topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Salaborsa building ID|Salaborsa building ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/storiaememoriadibologna ID|storiaememoriadibologna ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UniversalMusic France artist ID|UniversalMusic France artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford African American Studies Center ID|Oxford African American Studies Center ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/La Fenice Theatre in Venice person ID|La Fenice Theatre in Venice person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MeSH descriptor/qualifier ID|MeSH descriptor/qualifier ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú researcher ID|Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú researcher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fortalezas.org ID|Fortalezas.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Keratsini-Drapetsona libraries' catalogue authority ID|Keratsini-Drapetsona libraries' catalogue authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/France24 topic ID|France24 topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNA topic ID|CNA topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portrait Archive ID|Portrait Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/athletics.lv athlete id|athletics.lv athlete id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/temples.ru ID|temples.ru ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/34km Latin American women who are activists and were born between 1900-1999] (ordered by the number of articles written on Wikipedia) ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1369057880159051776 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/34yJ Transportation routes in Zurich named after women] ([https://twitter.com/sharozwa/status/1369256516193239047 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/34kF Location of buildings designed by] [[d:Q47780|Zaha Hadid]] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1369835767007223811 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/35dE Proportion of Basque men / women in Donostialdea region] ([https://twitter.com/kepasarasola/status/1370287282222170114 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/35eP Count of the industry companies on Wikidata belong to] ([https://twitter.com/watty62/status/1370319664480460801 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/35jV Danish verbs-derived-from-non-verbs] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1370427333606309893 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/JnF Mountains of the Basque Country] ([https://twitter.com/kepasarasola/status/1371469523723939842 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Continued working on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ Query Builder] and focused on querying for quantity values ([[phab:T268942]]), handling special cases around sub classes for taxons and locations ([[phab:T274634]]) adding tooltips ([[phab:T275542]]) and sharing a visual query ([[phab:T272887]]) ** Making changes to how Cognate handles redirects on Wiktionary to make more pages accessible through interwiki links ([[phab:T165061]]) ** Creating a dashboard to break down the number of editors by namespace ([[phab:T275999]]) ** Finishing support for editing statements on Senses on Lexemes via wbeditentity API module ([[phab:T199896]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 03 15|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:12, 15 ga Maris, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21207484 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #460 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Signed Statements (T138708)|Signed Statements (T138708)]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Ongoing: [[d:Wikidata:Events/30 lexic-o-days 2021|30 Lexic-o-days]], events and projects around lexicographical data, continues until April 14th. ([[d:Wikidata:Events/30_lexic-o-days_2021#Events|full schedule, details and links here]]) *** March 22: Bug triage hour about Lexemes with Lydia Pintscher *** March 23: SPARQL querying for Lexemes with Vigneron *** March 24: Open discussion in French about Lexemes *** March 25: Documentation Q&A with Dan Shick *** March 27: Lingua Libre, how you can record words in your language and use them on Wikidata, with Poslovitch ** Upcoming: The [[:m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/2021 03|next Wikibase live session]] is [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1616688029 16:00 UTC on Thursday 25 March 2021] [https://calendar.google.com/event?action=TEMPLATE&tmeid=NzByaHE1YnJmbml0aGF2MjJwbTE5N3NsOGFfMjAyMTAzMjVUMTYwMDAwWiBjXzcxdnQxN2E1cW1tMWdhcWU2bXB2M2lhb2RzQGc&tmsrc=c_71vt17a5qmm1gaqe6mpv3iaods%40group.calendar.google.com&scp=ALL (Add to calendar)]. This month we will have a team member from Enslaved.org talk to us briefly about how they are using Linked Open Data (LOD) with the help of Wikibase (due of technical challenges they couldn't join us last time). Everyone is welcome to attend the call. ** Upcoming: The [[m:Arctic Knot Conference 2021/Call for submissions|Arctic Knot Wikimedia Language Conference]] is taking place remotely on June 24-25, and focusing on indigenous and underrepresented languages on the Wikimedia projects. The call for submissions is now open until April 15th, if you want to present something related to Wikidata and languages, [[m:Arctic Knot Conference 2021/Call for submissions|feel free to apply]]. ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Members of the EthicsLD Group will be leading a discussion on ethics in linked data, Tuesday, March 23rd.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/131xlOiWyTLb43Gn30Z7_y9D303GlWwuuaebF_CW6xUQ/edit#] ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #37 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN0gPe9GhFk YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2918162901802201/ Facebook], March 27 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#55|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #55]], March 28 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers *** [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10943-021-01214-9 Intercessory Rote Prayer, Life Longevity and the Mortality of Roman Catholic Bishops: An Exploratory Study] (Using Wikidata to study whether prayers have an effect) ** Videos *** Wikidata Taiwan @ g0v tw hackath43n - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRhjZm7HXvA Youtube] *** Live editing lexemes [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1Octg9GuHc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2913027562315735/ Facebook] *** Live editing lexemes (in French) by [[w:User:VIGNERONh|VIGNERON]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8D_qUNWYx0 YouTube] *** Wikidata international women's rights day SPARQL queries (in French) by [[w:User:VIGNERONh|VIGNERON]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8-IA7mNAdo YouTube] *** Introduction to Wikidata by [[w:User:Peteforsyth|Peteforsyth]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7ZE3tDotMk YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/sparql_rc.php? Sparql_rc] is a recent changes feed that only shows you changes in an area of Wikidata you care about. It now also supports Lexemes. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata Lexeme Forms now supports Portuguese nouns *** [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/template/portuguese-noun-masculine/ masculine] *** [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/template/portuguese-noun-feminine/ feminine] ** [https://erinnerungshort.de/kap/ erinnerungshort.de/kap/] is a data and photo research project and map visualization tool with federated license query from Structured Commons, by [[User:Raymond|Raymond]] and [[User:Elya|Elya]]. ** ~7500 person items have been enriched with the new property [[:d:Property:P4872|GEPRIS person ID]] (P4872), imported from a high quality dataset from the [[d:Q707283|Q707283]]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9310|pHash checksum]], [[:d:Property:P9311|Jyutping transliteration]], [[:d:Property:P9313|Yale romanization]], [[:d:Property:P9317|Cantonese Pinyin]], [[:d:Property:P9323|Cantonese Transliteration Scheme transliteration]], [[:d:Property:P9325|Gedong Kirtya Classification]], [[:d:Property:P9344|has graphical element]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9309|TaDiRAH ID]], [[:d:Property:P9312|AWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9314|Latin Place Names ID]], [[:d:Property:P9315|Enslaved person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9316|MyMusic artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9318|Ávvir topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P9319|Dark Horse creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P9320|ComiXology publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P9321|Inforegister ID]], [[:d:Property:P9322|SVKKL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P9324|BiographySampo person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9326|PatER ID]], [[:d:Property:P9327|Cartigli di Bologna ID]], [[:d:Property:P9328|Universal Music France artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9329|Svoya Igra television player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9330|Washington Place Names ID]], [[:d:Property:P9331|Storiaememoriadibologna ID]], [[:d:Property:P9332|Oxford African American Studies Center ID]], [[:d:Property:P9333|LFH staff ID]], [[:d:Property:P9334|Cephalopod Ontology entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P9335|Archives West finding aid ID]], [[:d:Property:P9336|Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ID]], [[:d:Property:P9337|Keratsini-Drapetsona libraries' catalogue authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P9338|NFL.com ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Property:P9339|Bavarian Monument Map object ID (architectural monument)]], [[:d:Property:P9340|MeSH descriptor/qualifier ID]], [[:d:Property:P9341|MeSH qualifier ID]], [[:d:Property:P9342|Bavarian Monument Map Object-ID (ground monument)]], [[:d:Property:P9343|temples.ru ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/zugeschrieben|zugeschrieben]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMDb rating|IMDb rating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/death rate|death rate]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trade union membership rate|trade union membership rate]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier shared with lexeme|identifier shared with lexeme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/introduced on|introduced on]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/instances are former instances of|instances are former instances of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presentation template|presentation template]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/voted on by|voted on by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has supplier|has supplier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/キロ程|キロ程]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slovník českých filosofů ID|Slovník českých filosofů ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyklopedie migrace ID|Encyklopedie migrace ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Migration ID|Encyclopedia of Migration ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tacoma Local History & Biography Index ID|Tacoma Local History & Biography Index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tacoma-Pierce County Buildings Index ID|Tacoma-Pierce County Buildings Index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tacoma-Pierce County Obituary Index ID|Tacoma-Pierce County Obituary Index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rombase ID|Rombase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stalker author ID|Stalker author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ODLIS ID|ODLIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enslaved place ID|Enslaved place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAOI person ID|CAOI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBSF-Wettbewerbs-ID|IBSF-Wettbewerbs-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FranceArchives agent ID|FranceArchives agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pango lineage code|Pango lineage code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ministry of Education New Zealand school ID|Ministry of Education New Zealand school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Place Names NI ID|Place Names NI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NMRShiftDB Structure ID|NMRShiftDB Structure ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modernist Commons ID|Modernist Commons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Megale Kypriake Enkyklopaideia ID|Megale Kypriake Enkyklopaideia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopédie de l’humanisme méditerranéen ID|Encyclopédie de l’humanisme méditerranéen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sociologické encyklopedie ID|Sociologické encyklopedie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Government of Canada Core Subject Thesaurus ID|Government of Canada Core Subject Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thésaurus des sujets de base du gouvernement du Canada ID|Thésaurus des sujets de base du gouvernement du Canada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Routes & Places ID|Routes & Places ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rekhta Author ID|Rekhta Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rekhta Book ID|Rekhta Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Database of Laws and Regulations ID|National Database of Laws and Regulations ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Humanitāro zinātņu virtuālā enciklopēdija person ID|Humanitāro zinātņu virtuālā enciklopēdija person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Humanitāro zinātņu virtuālā enciklopēdija concept ID|Humanitāro zinātņu virtuālā enciklopēdija concept ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/37Mw Railway junctions in Scotland] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1372929529778483201 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/376e Maps of Y-shaped subway lines] ([https://twitter.com/FeuFollet_/status/1372793598983344136 Source]) *** Map of the hometown of [https://w.wiki/37K7 Real Sociedad] / [https://w.wiki/37K6 Athletic Club] players ([https://twitter.com/theklanB/status/1373237800150126592 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/37Cw Count of type of things with IIIF links known to Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/mlpoulter/status/1372951885393621006 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/373D Successful candidates during 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly in each constituencies] ([https://twitter.com/wikidata_ml/status/1372642955677245440 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/36ss COVID-19 external Identifier URLs in Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/photomediathink/status/1372377649599942659 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/34m6 Public spaces whose names are of women] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1372018811570900992 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/37NJ Place of birth of females with biography articles on Basque Wikipedia] ([https://twitter.com/theklanB/status/1371573551854145536 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/37T2 Map of places in iNaturalist] ([https://w.wiki/37Sx Source]) *** [http://w.wiki/36aQ Number of elements of scientists by nationality] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1373787454117965824 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Work on the first version of the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ Query Builder] is nearing its end. Doing remaining work on querying for quantities, dates and ranges as well as polishing and bug fixing. ** Made Cognate work correctly for redirects on Wiktionary ([[phab:T165061]]) ** Fixed an issue where the termbox on Item pages used the wrong list of languages on the mobile version ([[phab:T275611]]) ** Cleaned up deleted Items from the term store database table ([[phab:T263730]]) ** Got feedback on the initial click-dummies for checking Wikidata's data against other databases to find mismatches [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 03 22|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 18:16, 22 ga Maris, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21243696 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #461 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Minorax|Minorax]], welcome onboard! * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Ongoing: [[d:Wikidata:Events/30 lexic-o-days 2021|30 Lexic-o-days]], events and projects around lexicographical data, continues until April 14th. ([[d:Wikidata:Events/30_lexic-o-days_2021#Events|full schedule, details and links here]]) *** March 30: Live SPARQL queries about Lexemes in French by Vigneron *** March 30: Abstract Wikipedia & Lexemes Q&A with Denny Vrandečić *** April 1: Documentation Q&A with Dan Shick *** April 5-11: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Climate lexeme week|Climate Lexeme Week]] *** April 5: Abstract Wikipedia & Lexemes Q&A with Denny Vrandečić ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #38 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ShFdIs2CrI YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2923361017949056/ Facebook], April 3 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#56|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #56]], April 4 ** Upcoming: [https://hack.glam.opendata.ch/project/57 WikiCommons metadata analysis tool] is intended to be developed at the online hackathon at [https://hack.glam.opendata.ch hack.glam.opendata.ch], 16-17 April 2021 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Structured_data_for_GLAM-Wiki/Roundtripping/KMB Dataroundtripping Wikidata - Wikicommons - Runestones pictures] ** Papers *** [[d:Q106235601|FAIR and open multilingual clinical trials in Wikidata and Wikipedia]] ***[https://revistas.ufpr.br/atoz/article/view/76684/42120 Painel de informação sobre a COVID-19: consultas SPARQL na Wikidata (Portuguese)] ** Videos *** Live Wikidata editing #37 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN0gPe9GhFk YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2918162901802201/ Facebook] *** Live SPARQL queries on Lexemes by Vigneron (in English): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_OktN1oP-o on Youtube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeEntitySuggester.js]] userscript is a proper entity suggester that gives a fixed set of properties for various languages. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Sitelinks links for two new Wikipedias can be entered: [[:tay:|Atayal Wikipedia]] ([[d:Q105723660|Q105723660]]) and [[:trv:|Seediq Wikipedia]] ([[d:Q105975521|Q105975521]]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9353|does not have cause]], [[:d:Property:P9361|external georeferencing URL]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9345|Discord server numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P9346|France24 topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Property:P9347|France24 topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Property:P9348|France24 topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Property:P9349|France24 topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Property:P9350|PeriodO period ID]], [[:d:Property:P9351|MHDBDB lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9352|Portrait Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P9354|Porcelana Brasil ID]], [[:d:Property:P9355|Slovník českých filosofů ID]], [[:d:Property:P9356|Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P9357|Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America ID]], [[:d:Property:P9358|MWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9359|Encyclopedia of Migration ID]], [[:d:Property:P9360|Ministry of Education New Zealand school ID]], [[:d:Property:P9362|Encyklopedie migrace ID]], [[:d:Property:P9363|Tacoma-Pierce County Obituary Index ID]], [[:d:Property:P9364|Encyclopedia of Mediterranean Humanism ID]], [[:d:Property:P9365|Modernist Commons ID]], [[:d:Property:P9366|Rombase ID (English)]], [[:d:Property:P9367|Filmitalia film ID]], [[:d:Property:P9368|CNA topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P9369|Fortalezas.org ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ottoman Association ID|Ottoman Association ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/url text|url text]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/audio transcription 2|audio transcription 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OFDb person ID|OFDb person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/won sets|won sets]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of stitches|Number of stitches]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblio.com ID|Biblio.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech Encyclopedia of Theater identifiers (Czech and German)|Czech Encyclopedia of Theater identifiers (Czech and German)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant des Collections du Louvre|Identifiant des Collections du Louvre]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Verified Handles VHID|Verified Handles VHID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan State University Library Record Number|Michigan State University Library Record Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Washington Flora Checklist ID|Washington Flora Checklist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Washington Flora Checklist species ID|Washington Flora Checklist species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Washington Rare Plant Field Guide ID|Washington Rare Plant Field Guide ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KATOTTH identifier|KATOTTH identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Viasona ID|Viasona ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musikasten ID|Musikasten ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discover the networks|Discover the networks]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCD publisher ID|GCD publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Image Comics creator ID|Image Comics creator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BLPL ID|BLPL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MnM ID|MnM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arca author ID|Arca author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Editorial Freelancers Association member ID|Editorial Freelancers Association member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFCVPF ID|IFCVPF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/American University of Beirut's Libraries Title ID|American University of Beirut's Libraries Title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico Brasileiro ID|Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico Brasileiro ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Burke Herbarium Image Collection ID|Burke Herbarium Image Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USCG MIC ID|USCG MIC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Berlin Bezirkslexika identifiers|Berlin Bezirkslexika identifiers]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Burke Herbarium Image Collection contributor ID|Burke Herbarium Image Collection contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brapci author ID|Brapci author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ÖCV Biolex ID|ÖCV Biolex ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OregonFlora taxon ID|OregonFlora taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oregon Flora Image Project ID|Oregon Flora Image Project ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/37n8 Donald P. Bellisario credits as screenwriter or director] *** [https://w.wiki/38Si Interwiki table from P6720, with end date for prefixes that are no longer in use] ([[d:Property_talk:P6720#Query|source]]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fbbox%22%2C%20%22%3Frgb%22%5D%7D%0A%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Furl%20%3Fgeoreferencing%20%3Fimg%20%3Fbbox%20%3Frgb%20%28year%28%3Fyear%29%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%0A%0AWITH%20%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%28xsd%3Ainteger%28%3Fcolour%29%20AS%20%3Fcolour2%29%20%3Frgb%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ105849312%20p%3AP527%20%3Fstmt%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstmt%20pq%3AP1545%20%3Fcolour%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstmt%20pq%3AP465%20%3Frgb%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25colours%0A%20%20%0AWHERE%20%7B%20%20%0A%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP195%20wd%3AQ7100888%20.%20%20%20%20%23%20OSD%0A%20%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP1332%2Fpsv%3AP1332%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Fnth%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP1333%2Fpsv%3AP1333%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Fsth%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP1334%2Fpsv%3AP1334%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Feast%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP1335%2Fpsv%3AP1335%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Fwest%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP571%20%3Fyear%20.%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%281%20%2B%20floor%20%28%28year%28%3Fyear%29%20-%201789%29%20%2a%202.0%2F3.0%29%29%20AS%20%3Fcolour%29%20.%0A%20%20BIND%20%28xsd%3Ainteger%28IF%28%3Fcolour%20%3E%2031%2C%2031%2C%20%3Fcolour%29%29%20AS%20%3Fcolour2%29%20.%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25colours%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP18%20%3Fimg%7D%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP973%20%3Furl%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP9361%20%3Fgeoreferencing%20.%0A%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%20%20CONCAT%28%27LINESTRING%20%28%27%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20str%28%3Fwest%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20str%28%3Fsth%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20str%28%3Fwest%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20str%28%3Fnth%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20str%28%3Feast%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20str%28%3Fnth%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20str%28%3Feast%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20str%28%3Fsth%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20str%28%3Fwest%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20str%28%3Fsth%29%2C%20%27%29%27%20%20%20%29%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fbbox%29%20.%0A%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D Index map of Ordnance Survey Old Series preparatory drawings, with georeferencer links] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1374774300482363395 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/38Lr Listed buildings in Wales that would be lost if the sea level rose by 70 metres] ([https://twitter.com/WIKI_NLW/status/1375178043745038337 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/38hZ Music releases with incomplete track lists, showing diff count] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1375848490253836288 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/37tS Date and place of birth of female musicians in Nigeria] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataNigeria/status/1374305800026517506 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/38gQ Scholarly articles on multilingualism and bilingualism] ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1375809654404624388 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/38HS Things in Czechia which changed coordinate location at some point] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1375481728349921281 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/37pK Images about women programmers] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1375243264580845570 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/38wC UK railway stations connected from Topsham railway station] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1375130514177331202 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/37$w Most awarded person affiliated with the Technical University of Denmark] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1374448879379259394 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Movies/reports/TV seasons/current/by start date|current TV seasons]] * '''Development''' ** The dev team spent the last week prototyping a few things to learn if some things would be feasible/a good idea. Among other things we tried building a small tool to connect Senses to Items, looked into the different types of ontology issues that can be found on Wikidata and checked what using a document store for data storage would look like. ** Note: from March 29th until April 12th, [[d:user:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] is not available to answer messages. If you have any requests for the development team, please ask on [[d:WD:DEV|Contact the development team]]. For any emergency, you can contact [[d:user:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]]. Because of Easter holidays in Germany, the upcoming newsletter will be issued one day later, on April 6th. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 03 29|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 13:51, 29 ga Maris, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21265127 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #462 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past {{Q|106114408}}: "InChI and InChIKey in Wikidata and Scholia", https://zenodo.org/record/4633789 ** Ongoing: [[d:Wikidata:Events/30 lexic-o-days 2021|30 Lexic-o-days]], events and projects around lexicographical data, continues until April 14th. ([[d:Wikidata:Events/30_lexic-o-days_2021#Events|full schedule, details and links here]]) *** April 5-11: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Climate lexeme week|Climate Lexeme Week]] *** April 7: Data import for Lexemes: how to add a lot of content in your language *** April 8: Documentation Q&A *** April 8: Leveraging text corpora for curating lexicographical data *** April 10: Lingua Libre, how you can record words in your language and use them on Wikidata ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Cliff Landis (Digital Initiatives Librarian, Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library) on “GaNCH: Using Wikidata for Georgia's Natural, Cultural, and Historic Organizations' Disaster Response.” April 6th.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zcVtZiMgz4kNEs-yL8vqC4eCholllpQ8whX2pb7qUcI/edit?usp=sharing] ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #39 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXoM9njOOog YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2928487990769692/ Facebook], April 10 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#57|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #57]], April 11 ** Upcoming: OSM TW x Wikidata Taiwan {{Q|1867}} Meetup 2021-04-12 {{Q|61752245}} ** Upcoming: [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XXVII|Wikidata Lab XXVII: WikiProject Brazilian Laws]] '''(English)''', supported by [[m:WikiCite|WikiCite]], April 13 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]] about Entity Schemas / shape expressions, April 19 ** Upcoming: [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XXVIII|Wikidata Lab XXVIII: Aplicativos de metadados]] '''(Portuguese)''', on metadata apps, April 29 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs ***[https://tiagolubiana.medium.com/adicionando-cientistas-ao-sistema-wikidata-scholia-6b73ae5e59e2 Adicionando cientistas ao sistema Wikidata/Scholia (Portuguese)] **** ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.00558.pdf Mining Wikidata for Name Resources for African Languages] "fostering development of technology for the languages of Africa with a Wikidata-derived resource of lists of 1.9M names across 28 African languages". ** Videos *** SPARQL queries around lexemes, words, lexicography (in French) by [[w:User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAT2-CxyVDg YouTube] *** Editing lexemes on Wikidata (in Swedish) by [[w:User:Ainali|Ainali]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLWgZxngSTE YouTube] *** WikiActivate sessions introduction to Wikidata - YouTube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-UicjJzChk 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkohT0xgXnA 2] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #38 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ShFdIs2CrI YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/jan.ainali/videos/10219725262151035/ Facebook] *** Launch of Climate Lexeme Week ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=776-YOOxzwI Youtube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2928506377434520 Facebook]) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://qrank.toolforge.org/ QRank] is a tool providing a rank for Wikidata entities based on page view statistics from several Wikimedia projects. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The final version of the [https://www.lehir.net/wikibase-yearly-summary-2020/ Wikibase Yearly Summary 2020] has been published. ** Wikidata Lexeme Forms now supports additional Breton templates ([https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1378462195672088577 Source]) ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeAddIPA.js|User:Nikki/LexemeAddIPA.js]] userscript adds a link in the header for forms on lexeme pages which opens a dialog for adding IPA statements to forms that do not have any yet. ** [https://github.com/dpriskorn/LexSAOB LexSAOB] adds Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB) identifiers to Swedish lexemes in Wikidata. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9373|Ukrainian national romanization]], [[:d:Property:P9376|law digest]], [[:d:Property:P9382|Unicode character name]], [[:d:Property:P9396|trade union membership rate]], [[:d:Property:P9410|placeholder text element ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9370|Place Names NI ID]], [[:d:Property:P9371|FranceArchives agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P9372|NHS Organisation Data Service ID]], [[:d:Property:P9374|ODLIS ID]], [[:d:Property:P9375|Sociologická encyklopedie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9377|BMZ lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9378|FindeB lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9379|Lexer lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9380|LexerN lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9381|Enslaved place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9383|The Mountaineers Routes & Places ID]], [[:d:Property:P9384|Adelung lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9385|DWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9386|DWB2 lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9387|GWB lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9388|Meyers lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9389|RDWB1 lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9390|Wander lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P9391|Česká divadelní encyklopedie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9392|Tschechische Theaterenzyklopädie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9393|Tacoma-Pierce County Buildings Index ID]], [[:d:Property:P9394|Louvre Museum ARK ID]], [[:d:Property:P9395|Verified Handles VHID]], [[:d:Property:P9397|Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire ID]], [[:d:Property:P9398|Armenian Book ID]], [[:d:Property:P9399|athletics.lv athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P9400|Government of Canada Core Subject Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9401|Thésaurus des sujets de base du gouvernement du Canada ID]], [[:d:Property:P9402|GameSpot developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9403|Musée national de la Marine ID]], [[:d:Property:P9404|OFDb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9405|NMRShiftDB structure ID]], [[:d:Property:P9406|Tacoma Local History & Biography Index ID]], [[:d:Property:P9407|Megale Kypriake Enkyklopaideia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9408|Washington Flora Checklist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9409|American University of Beirut's Libraries title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9411|USCG MIC]], [[:d:Property:P9412|Arca author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9413|BLPL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9414|Viasona ID]], [[:d:Property:P9415|ÖCV Biolex ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/specific part|specific part]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/personal library at|personal library at]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/departement|departement]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/antipode|antipode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MovieMeter person ID|MovieMeter person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bicycle|bicycle]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNN contributor ID|CNN contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Our Campaigns race ID|Our Campaigns race ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Proveana ID|Proveana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storybook ID|Storybook ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wissens-Aggregator Mittelalter und Frühe Neuzeit (WIAG) ID|Wissens-Aggregator Mittelalter und Frühe Neuzeit (WIAG) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Association of Teachers of Singing member ID|National Association of Teachers of Singing member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The World Factbook country ID|The World Factbook country ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SonyLIV show ID|SonyLIV show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EGID|EGID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letecká badatelna accident ID|Letecká badatelna accident ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Camptocamp ID|Camptocamp ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Inventory of Dams ID|National Inventory of Dams ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeakVisor ID|PeakVisor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeakVisor range ID|PeakVisor range ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeakVisor area ID|PeakVisor area ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeakVisor park ID|PeakVisor park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Urban Archive ID|Urban Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bridgesport.ru player ID|bridgesport.ru player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catalogue of the General State Archives ID|Catalogue of the General State Archives ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Podchaser Creator Id|Podchaser Creator Id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/La Réunion des Livres ID|La Réunion des Livres ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vindskyddskartan.se ID|vindskyddskartan.se ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/naturkartan.se ID|naturkartan.se ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANPI place numeric ID|ANPI place numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russians of Latvia ID|Russians of Latvia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virginia House of Delegates ID|Virginia House of Delegates ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Generals of World War II ID|Generals of World War II ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DCinemaToday Organization ID|DCinemaToday Organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swedish Bioguiden Movie Theater ID|Swedish Bioguiden Movie Theater ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bio.se Movie Theater ID|bio.se Movie Theater ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Jewish Women ID|Encyclopedia of Jewish Women ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Terras Indígenas ID|Terras Indígenas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personnel de l'administration préfectorale ID|Personnel de l'administration préfectorale ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Europalexikon ID|Europalexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Politiklexikon ID|Politiklexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyklopedie antropologie ID|Encyklopedie antropologie ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: ***<!-- too long for url shortener -->[https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Fval%20%3Ff%20%3Fformatter_since%20%20%3Ftotal_links%20%3Funique_targets%20%3F2019_link_counts_source%0A%7B%0A%20%20BIND%28URI%28%22https%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInterwiki_map%2Fdetailed_table%22%29%20as%20%3F2019_link_counts_source%29%0AVALUES%20%28%3Fval%20%3Ftotal_links%20%3Funique_targets%29%7B%20%0A%28%22appropedia%22%20333%20156%29%0A%28%22arxiv%22%208274%204712%29%0A%28%22battlestarwiki%22%20210%20135%29%0A%28%22bcnbio%22%2064810%201468%29%0A%28%22bibcode%22%201321%201168%29%0A%28%22bibliowiki%22%20323%20282%29%0A%28%22botwiki%22%20339%2061%29%0A%28%22c2%22%20519%20182%29%0A%28%22centralwikia%22%20447%20115%29%0A%28%22choralwiki%22%203336%201682%29%0A%28%22citizendium%22%20572%20395%29%0A%28%22comixpedia%22%20257%2094%29%0A%28%22creativecommons%22%209521%20173%29%0A%28%22creativecommonswiki%22%202268%2040%29%0A%28%22dcdatabase%22%20227%20137%29%0A%28%22dmoz%22%20474%20403%29%0A%28%22doi%22%2077892%2056541%29%0A%28%22donate%22%20462%20147%29%0A%28%22download%22%201515%20147%29%0A%28%22drae%22%204346%202921%29%0A%28%22ethnologue%22%204323%201928%29%0A%28%22flickruser%22%2048688%209771%29%0A%28%22foundationsite%22%205230%2076%29%0A%28%22freedomdefined%22%201205884%2059%29%0A%28%22freenode%22%205833%2068%29%0A%28%22genwiki%22%20219%20213%29%0A%28%22gutenberg%22%205948%204068%29%0A%28%22hdl%22%201468%20899%29%0A%28%22hrwiki%22%20389%20202%29%0A%28%22iarchive%22%2069676%2055171%29%0A%28%22imdbcharacter%22%20901%20735%29%0A%28%22imdbcompany%22%20282%20232%29%0A%28%22imdbname%22%2093129%2062230%29%0A%28%22imdbtitle%22%2084238%2057582%29%0A%28%22infosphere%22%20342%20170%29%0A%28%22irc%22%207322031%201062%29%0A%28%22iso639-3%22%2036309%208361%29%0A%28%22issn%22%201868%20538%29%0A%28%22karlsruhe%22%20933%20620%29%0A%28%22labsconsole%22%20442%20146%29%0A%28%22livepedia%22%20589%20277%29%0A%28%22localwiki%22%20329%20312%29%0A%28%22marveldatabase%22%20275%20156%29%0A%28%22meatball%22%203460%20318%29%0A%28%22memoryalpha%22%201148%20763%29%0A%28%22mineralienatlas%22%204380%203039%29%0A%28%22nara%22%20578%20582%29%0A%28%22nost%22%20345%20118%29%0A%28%22oeis%22%2016862%204702%29%0A%28%22openlibrary%22%20437%20313%29%0A%28%22openstreetmap%22%20756%20371%29%0A%28%22orthodoxwiki%22%20408%20260%29%0A%28%22otrswiki%22%20743%20213%29%0A%28%22planetmath%22%20474%20320%29%0A%28%22pmid%22%2020190%2016436%29%0A%28%22pyrev%22%201059%20162%29%0A%28%22quality%22%20259%20143%29%0A%28%22revo%22%202140%201906%29%0A%28%22rfc%22%203791%201570%29%0A%28%22semantic-mw%22%20446%2091%29%0A%28%22sharemap%22%20956%20267%29%0A%28%22sourceforge%22%20523%20354%29%0A%28%22stats%22%201767%20267%29%0A%28%22strategywiki%22%20648%20336%29%0A%28%22svn%22%20396%20141%29%0A%28%22tswiki%22%201878%20168%29%0A%28%22uncyclopedia%22%201654%20831%29%0A%28%22viaf%22%202067%201832%29%0A%28%22vikidia%22%201237%20868%29%0A%28%22wikia%22%2016411%206229%29%0A%28%22wikiapiary%22%204993%201979%29%0A%28%22wikiasite%22%203490%201618%29%0A%28%22wikiconference%22%20561%2089%29%0A%28%22wikifur%22%201064%20487%29%0A%28%22wikihow%22%20258%20147%29%0A%28%22wikiindex%22%20263%2099%29%0A%28%22wikilivres%22%2019945%209118%29%0A%28%22wikilivresru%22%202240%201540%29%0A%28%22wikinvest%22%20677%20343%29%0A%28%22wikiwikiweb%22%20248%20101%29%0A%28%22wookieepedia%22%20910%20612%29%0A%28%22zum%22%20263%20144%29%0A%7D%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP6720%20%3Fst%20.%20%0A%20%20%3Fst%20ps%3AP6720%20%3Fval%20.%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fst%20pq%3AP1630%20%3Ff%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fst%20pq%3AP580%20%3Fformatter_since%20%7D%0A%20%20%3Fst%20a%20wikibase%3ABestRank%20.%0A%0A%20%20%23%20Main%20selection%3A%0A%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1687%20%5B%20%5D%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23no%20Wikidata%20property%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28%20%3Ftotal_links%20%3E%20500%20%26%26%20%3Funique_targets%20%3E%20300%20%20%29%0A%20%20%23%20exclude%20some%0A%20%20FILTER%28%20%3Fitem%20not%20in%20%28%20wd%3AQ461%20%2C%20wd%3AQ17460%20%2C%20wd%3AQ1540899%20%2C%20wd%3AQ300885%20%2C%20wd%3AQ33133762%20%29%20%29%0A%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22%7D%0A%7D%20%20 interwiki prefixes without corresponding Wikidata property by 2019 linkcount (some filtered)] ([[d:Property_talk:P6720#Query|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/395k Women whose article on English Wikipedia has the featured article badge] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1377404468182937609 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/x3v Map of males and females after which streets are named (Leiden, NL)] ([https://twitter.com/mmmenno/status/1377279976404291592 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/39UH Map of birthplaces of trans women and men with articles in the Basque Wikipedia] ([https://twitter.com/euwikipedia/status/1377229193516302337 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/38TF Map of institutions where UNR faculty got their academic degrees] ([https://twitter.com/jjamesfloyd/status/1376555522418044933 source]) *** Map of [[:d:Property:P6084|location of sense usage (P6084)]] [https://w.wiki/38BV by language] *** [https://w.wiki/39s2 Botanists with image of signature and optional IPNI author ID] ([https://twitter.com/nickynicolson/status/1376472682695438336 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/39s6 Subclasses of musical instrument with the most individual instances] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1376116467926700032 source], result starts with: bell, organ) *** [https://w.wiki/39$4 list of U.S. state songs, anthems, marches, hymns, cantatas, or missing] ([[d:Wikidata:Lists/US states/songs|source]]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fcoords%22%2C%20%22%3Fline%22%2C%20%22%3Frgb%22%2C%20%22%3Flayer%22%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Fimg%20%3Fgeoref%20%3Fproportion%20%3Fcoords%20%3Fline%20%3Frgb%20%3Flayer%0A%0AWITH%20%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fimg%20%3Fgeoref%20%3Fcoords%20%3Flat%20%3Flon%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP195%20wd%3AQ7100888%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP5140%20%3Fcoord_stmt%20.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP9361%20%3Fgeoref%7D%20.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP18%20%3Fimg%7D%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord_stmt%20ps%3AP5140%20%3Fcoords%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord_stmt%20psv%3AP5140%20%2F%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord_stmt%20psv%3AP5140%20%2F%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon%20.%0A%20%20%7D%20%0A%7D%20AS%20%25points%0A%0AWITH%20%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%3Fline%20%3Flayer%20%3Frgb%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25points%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP47%20%3Fitem2%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem2%20p%3AP5140%20%3Fcoord2_stmt%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord2_stmt%20psv%3AP5140%20%2F%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat2%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord2_stmt%20psv%3AP5140%20%2F%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon2%20.%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%27LINESTRING%20%28%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flon%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flat%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flon2%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flat2%29%2C%20%27%29%27%29%20AS%20%3Fstr%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%3Fstr%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fline%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%27adjacent%27%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%27FF0000%27%20AS%20%3Frgb%29%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25lines%0A%0AWITH%20%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%3Fline%20%3Flayer%20%3Frgb%20%3Fproportion%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25points%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3179%20%3Fstmt%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstmt%20ps%3AP3179%20%3Fitem2%20.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fstmt%20pq%3AP1107%20%3Fprop1%7D%20.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem2%20p%3AP3179%20%3Fstmt2%20.%20%3Fstmt2%20ps%3AP3179%20%3Fitem%20.%20%3Fstmt2%20pq%3AP1107%20%3Fprop2%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28IF%28bound%28%3Fprop2%29%20%26%26%20bound%28%3Fprop1%29%20%26%26%20%28%3Fprop2%20%3E%20%3Fprop1%29%2C%20%3Fprop2%2C%20%3Fprop1%29%20AS%20%3Fprop%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fprop%2C%20%3Fprop1%2C%20%3Fprop2%29%20AS%20%3Fproportion%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem2%20p%3AP5140%20%3Fcoord2_stmt%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord2_stmt%20psv%3AP5140%20%2F%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat2%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fcoord2_stmt%20psv%3AP5140%20%2F%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon2%20.%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%27LINESTRING%20%28%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flon%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flat%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flon2%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flat2%29%2C%20%27%29%27%29%20AS%20%3Fstr%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%3Fstr%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fline%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%27overlap%27%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%20%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%270000AA%27%20AS%20%3Frgb%29%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25lines2%0A%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25lines%20%7D%20%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25lines2%20%7D%20%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25points%20.%20BIND%28%27points%27%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%20.%20BIND%28%27FF0000%27%20AS%20%3Frgb%29%7D%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A Adjacency map of Ordnance Survey Old Series preparatory drawings] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1379377587726782467 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3AFR Ordinals in all languages/notations: 0th to 100th] ([[d:Talk:Q28469711#Queries|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3AGZ locked-room mysteries] ([[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Narration#Plot_element_of_the_week:_locked_room_mystery_(Q1141200)|source]]) * '''Development''' ** We continued to make improvements to the Query builder. We worked on adding a footer to the Query Builder ([[phab:T268643]]) and showing all relevant columns in the query result ([[phab:T277646]]) as well as querying for dates ([[phab:T272697]]) ** Fixed a bug where Item pages scrolls back to "In more languages" block after every change of DOM ([[phab:T277999]], being deployed to Wikidata later this week) ** Continued working on a new grafana graph to track editor numbers split by namespace ([[phab:T275999]]) ** Finished a small tool to get the ORES quality score for a list of Items. Waiting for deployment to toolforge for broader use now. ** Defined remaining work for redirect sitelink exceptions ([[phab:T278962]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 04 05|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:22, 6 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21300214 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #463 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Is it worth to import labels from interlanguage links of other wikipedia projects to wikidata|Is it worth to import labels from interlanguage links of other wikipedia projects to wikidata]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: Wikidata Lab XXVII - Gathering and modelling of metadata pertaining to all Brazilian laws. April 13, 14-18 (UTC-3). [[:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XXVII|register]] ** Upcoming: closing of [[d:Wikidata:Events/30 lexic-o-days 2021]], April 14. If you participated in the contribution month, please drop a line about your work [[d:Wikidata:Events/30 lexic-o-days 2021/Outcomes|on the outcomes page]]. ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #40 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tp1yeIJ9F4 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2933829276902230/ Facebook], April 17 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#58|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #58]], April 18 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]] about Entity Schemas / shape expressions, April 19 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers ***[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099133321000173 Much more than a mere technology: A systematic review of Wikidata in libraries], by Karim Tharani ** Videos *** LIVE Wikidata editing #39 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXoM9njOOog YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2928487990769692/ Facebook] *** Data imports for Wikidata Lexemes (panel discussion 30 Lexicodays) ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0V0Bq7N_AI8 Youtube], [[c:File:Data imports for Wikidata Lexemes (panel discussion 30 Lexicodays).webm|Commons]]) *** Leveraging text corpora for curating lexicographical data (30 Lexicodays) ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNm0JyS7KDQ Youtube], [[c:File:Leveraging text corpora for curating lexicographical data (30 Lexicodays).webm|Commons]]) *** Wiki2Prop: A Multi-Modal Approach for Predicting Wikidata Properties from Wikipedia - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wr1hkO-bDo YouTube] *** Wiki World Heritage User Group: Capacity Building Wikidata Training - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuk3MgCTa24 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[:d:Wikidata:Tools/Enhance user interface#EditSum|EditSum]], a user script which allows to attach custom summary text to any label/statement/sitelink/etc. modification. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lubianat.github.io/women_in_metabolomics/ A simple portal of women that study metabolomics powered by Wikidata] ** Do you have any cool Wikidata tips and tricks that you use? Share them with everyone on Twitter under the hashtag [https://twitter.com/hashtag/WikidataTips?src=hashtag_click&f=live #WikidataTips] ** Entitree is a graph generator that can display [https://www.entitree.com/en/family_tree/Elizabeth_II family trees], but also other graphs like [https://www.entitree.com/en/parent_taxon/Mammal taxa] or [https://www.entitree.com/en/subsidiary/Walmart company subsidiaries]. ** [https://www.royaltrees.co.uk/ Royal Trees], powered by Wikidata is an interactive website that shows royal family trees, for all royal families worldwide. See an example of [https://www.royaltrees.co.uk/index_3.php?name1=Rurik++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&name2=Philip+Duke+of+Edinburgh+++++++++&subtun=View+Links&person1=Q7990&person2=WI06&sofar=0&restrict=L Philip Duke of Edinburgh]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9419|personal library at]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9416|ScoreStorybook company ID]], [[:d:Property:P9417|Camptocamp ID]], [[:d:Property:P9418|Biblio.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P9420|CNN contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P9421|IFVPF ID]], [[:d:Property:P9422|Musikasten ID]], [[:d:Property:P9423|OregonFlora taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9424|Demozoo group ID]], [[:d:Property:P9425|Image Comics creator ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commons-Kategorie für Portraits|Commons-Kategorie für Portraits]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pH|pH]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxonomic treatment|taxonomic treatment]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Degrees day|Degrees day]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NBM identifier|NBM identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/size of unit under command|size of unit under command]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archdiocese of Liverpool identifier|Archdiocese of Liverpool identifier]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoryLink essay number|HistoryLink essay number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Provider Identifier|National Provider Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singers.com ID|Singers.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oregon State Parks ID|Oregon State Parks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Washington State Parks ID|Washington State Parks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikiroute ID|Wikiroute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID v Databázi periodického tisku pro veřejnost|ID v Databázi periodického tisku pro veřejnost]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GLEI RAL|GLEI RAL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenCorporates register id|OpenCorporates register id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenCorporates register jurisdiction|OpenCorporates register jurisdiction]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hPSCreg ID|hPSCreg ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Den Danske Ordbog article ID|Den Danske Ordbog article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Den Danske Ordbog idiom ID|Den Danske Ordbog idiom ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographia Benedictina ID|Biographia Benedictina ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gyldendals Teaterleksikon ID|Gyldendals Teaterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trap Danmark ID|Trap Danmark ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3Ar5 Danish lexemes matched to sentences] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1380534082992545794 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3B9G Twitter usernames and number of subscribers] ([https://twitter.com/GereonKalkuhl/status/1380270983869784064 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3ABn Latin American musicians without a Wikipedia article in Spanish but with an article in another language] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1379601803784949760 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Started research and collecting material for the work on improvements to the Lexeme UI and prepared the first interviews ** Finishing up the work on the first version of the Query Builder. We still need to get the security review before we can deploy it properly. Current state can be tested on the [https://query-builder-test.toolforge.org/ test system]. ** Finalized the dashboard to see the number of (active/very active) editors split by namespace. See the graphs at the bottom of [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000162/wikidata-site-stats?orgId=1 this dashboard]. ** Continued working on the remaining pieces needed to fully support editing statements on Senses of a Lexeme ([[phab:T199896]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 04 12|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:58, 12 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21300214 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #464 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Past: Wikidata - HackaLOD Online sessions ([https://hackalod.com/index.php/2021/03/26/terugkijken-de-wikidata-hackalod-online-sessie/ replay in Dutch]) ** Upcoming: [https://www.twitch.tv/belett SPARQL queries] live on Twitch and in French by Vigneron, April 20 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: Next [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Data_for_Production#LD4-Wikidata_Affinity_Group|Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: [[d:User:Utl_awong|Alexandra Wong]] on experiences and workflows for linking archival collections to Wikidata. There will also be a recap of insights from the recent Canadian archivists’ [https://www.archivists.ca/event-4213205 panel on Wikidata] by the University and College Archives Special Interest Section (UCASIS) of the Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA). [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-4kf6iQj6Jeiz3978pN5Z6g-246l9sUXnLgxFSMpZPI/edit?usp=sharing Agenda], April 20 ** Upcoming: Wikipedia Weekley Network - Biodiversity edition: iNaturalist place ID [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fKP-oKh0b8 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/wikipediaweekly/permalink/3838856909495445/ Facebook], April 23 ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #41 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=We-aKmOYPKA YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2938997133052111/ Facebook], April 24 ** Upcoming: 25 April - [[:wmpt:WikidataDays Sessions II|WikidataDays Sessions II]], an online editing session dedicated to democracy and political parties, coinciding with the celebration of [[d:Q193245|Freedom Day]]. ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#59|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #59]], April 25 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2021/04/14/wikibase-the-software-for-open-data-projects/ Wikibase: the Software for Open Data projects] ** Videos *** Structured Data on Commons explained, with Andrew Lih, John Cummings and Pharos ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLFReHgDpWo Youtube]) *** [https://voxeu.org/vox-talks/discovering-historys-notable-people Discovering history's notable people] (audio). Using Wikidata and Wikipedia as the backbone, this project "construct[s] a new dataset of more than seven million notable individuals across recorded human history". *** LIVE Wikidata editing #40 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tp1yeIJ9F4 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2938247909793700/ Facebook] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IE1ZF02-yI0?t=1877 Adding information through EntitySchemas to Wikidata] Andra Waagmeester and Jose Labra *** SPARQL query requests around lexicography mapping] by [[d:User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClbB3f2PX6k YouTube] *** Fast Linking of Mathematical Wikidata Entities in Wikipedia Articles Using Annotation Recommendation - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdCgbxOSQA8 YouTube] *** Wiki2Prop: A Multimodal Approach for Predicting Wikidata Properties from Wikipedia - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wr1hkO-bDo&t=4s YouTube] *** Wikidata Lab XXVII: WikiProject Brazilian Laws - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWeJ0wlezyw YouTube] *** Librarians and Wikidata. A short tour - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbvFzpZOkHg YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:So9q/Gadget-CreateNewEntity.js|User:So9q/Gadget-CreateNewEntity.js]] is a userscript to add a "create new item" link in the dropdown menu for when you want to * add an item to a property, but the item does not exist. (recently modified to support lexemes). * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/15/humaniki-march-update-public-launch-of-alpha-release/ Humaniki March Update: Public Launch of Alpha Release] ** [https://www.lehir.net/another-history-of-denelezh/ Another history of Denelezh] ** Wikidata Lexeme Forms no longer automatically redirects you to login, so you can now use edit mode to view the forms of a lexeme in the “right” order. [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/template/english-noun/edit/L5517 Here is an example]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9440|pH value]], [[:d:Property:P9448|introduced on]], [[:d:Property:P9453|ALA-LC romanization for Ukrainian]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9426|Generals of World War II ID]], [[:d:Property:P9427|La Réunion des Livres ID]], [[:d:Property:P9428|Humanitāro zinātņu virtuālā enciklopēdija concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P9429|Humanitāro zinātņu virtuālā enciklopēdija person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9430|Encyclopedia of Jewish Women ID]], [[:d:Property:P9431|Urban Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P9432|GCD publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P9433|Letecká badatelna accident ID]], [[:d:Property:P9434|Proveana ID]], [[:d:Property:P9435|KATOTTH ID]], [[:d:Property:P9436|La Fenice Theatre in Venice person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9437|Politiklexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9438|Europalexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9439|National Inventory of Dams ID]], [[:d:Property:P9441|Wissens-Aggregator Mittelalter und Frühe Neuzeit ID]], [[:d:Property:P9442|Indigenous Lands in Brazil ID]], [[:d:Property:P9443|Virginia House of Delegates ID]], [[:d:Property:P9444|CAOI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9445|Encyklopedie antropologie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9446|Our Campaigns race ID]], [[:d:Property:P9447|Olympedia affiliations ID]], [[:d:Property:P9449|ANPI place numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P9450|National Provider Identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9451|Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico Brasileiro ID]], [[:d:Property:P9452|Brapci author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9454|Wikiroute ID]], [[:d:Property:P9455|Biographia Benedictina ID]], [[:d:Property:P9456|Periodical ID in a database of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic]], [[:d:Property:P9457|National Database of Laws and Regulations ID]], [[:d:Property:P9458|Russians of Latvia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9459|Rekhta author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9460|Washington Rare Plant Field Guide ID]], [[:d:Property:P9461|DzygaMDB film ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/translator name string|translator name string]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scope note|scope note]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LIMA media artist ID|LIMA media artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CofE archives ID|CofE archives ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CofE archives name ID|CofE archives name ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CofE archives place ID|CofE archives place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has artist file in|has artist file in]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/term in higher taxon|term in higher taxon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accessibility statement URL|accessibility statement URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hotel des Causses|Hotel des Causses]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dialnet thesis ID|Dialnet thesis ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAU member ID|IAU member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MileSplit ID|MileSplit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Thesaurus of Education Descriptors ID|Australian Thesaurus of Education Descriptors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Malaysian school code|Malaysian school code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/synonymer.se Swedish synonym ID|synonymer.se Swedish synonym ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Prague City Gallery inventory number in Art for the City|Prague City Gallery inventory number in Art for the City]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yukon Archives authority record ID|Yukon Archives authority record ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cimiterium ID|Cimiterium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ID|Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HERO-tunniste|HERO-tunniste]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Smithsonian Ark ID|Smithsonian Ark ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oregon Poetic Voices poet ID|Oregon Poetic Voices poet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/J! Archive player ID|J! Archive player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gender Glossar ID|Gender Glossar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beirut Arab University's Libraries Title ID|Beirut Arab University's Libraries Title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/music austria ID|music austria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Localisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant Localisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant techniques - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant techniques - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant utilisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant utilisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant représentation - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant représentation - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NC Highway Historical Marker Program ID|NC Highway Historical Marker Program ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3CKq Artists on Spotify that lack a Spotify Artist ID (P1902) on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1383234852141506561 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/399S Timeline of the discovery of elements in the periodic table] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1382072946211106821 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Bb8 19th-century depictions of sunflowers] ([https://twitter.com/alastairdunning/status/1382038980062019585 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3BLN Czech art collections by size] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1381668966209355779 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cyprus|Cyprus]] * '''Development''' ** Finished work on the support for editing statements on Senses on Lexemes via the API ([[phab:T199896]]) ** Got all feature work done on the first version of the Query Builder. It is now awaiting security review. ** Statements linking to deleted Lexemes now indicate this similar to statements linking to deleted Items ([[phab:T277089]]) ** Fixing a bug with misaligned grammatical features after an OOUI update ([[phab:T278522]]) ** Finished work on the small tools to get the number of constraints violations and ORES scores for a list of Items. Will publish soon. ** Did interviews with a few people about how they work around lexicographical data ** Selected [[Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Focus languages|focus languages]] for continued work on lexicographical data and Abstract Wikipedia together with Abstract Wikipedia team. The selected ones are Hausa, Igbo, Bengali, Malayalam and Dagbani. You can read more about it in the [[metawiki:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2021-04-15|Abstract Wikipedia newsletter]]. ** Gave input to WMF search platform team for a survey draft around the query service in order to better understand how to move forward with improvements [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 04 19|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:31, 19 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21353617 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #465 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Other: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Scientific_papers'_labels_in_other_languages_than_English|Scientific papers' labels in other languages than English]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: Wikidata/Wikibase office hour, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1619625603 16:00 UTC on Wednesday 28th April 2021] (18:00 Berlin time), on the Wikidata [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Telegram channel]. ** Upcoming: The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_,April_2021 next Wikibase live session] is [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1619712004 16:00 UTC on Thursday 29th April 2021] (18:00 Berlin time). Everyone is welcome to come and share out about your project or what you're working on around Wikibase. ** Upcoming: OpenStreetMap TW x Wikidata Taiwan {{Q|1867}} Meetup 2021-05-10 ** [https://blog.coscup.org/2021/04/coscup-2021-cfp.html COSCUP 2021 CFP] is now open ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #42 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdvD6aIFmpc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2944276429190848/ Facebook], May 1 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#60|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #60]], May 2 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister/P642 considered harmful|User:Lucas Werkmeister/P642 considered harmful]] ** [https://wikibase.consulting/wikibase-edtf/ New extension: Wikibase EDTF] by [https://professional.wiki/ Professional.Wiki] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5ndjtuDPf8 Demo video]) ** Videos *** OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Meetup #27 - Wikidata Lexeme Teaching - [https://open.lbry.com/@WikidataTaiwan:c/2021-04-12-19-36-51:7?r=HfSCYzz8AKfPHhU1UxhBhqNpeWdXS6Vs LBRY], [https://odysee.com/@WikidataTaiwan:c/2021-04-12-19-36-51:7 Odysee] *** (Workshop) Introduction to Wikidata by [[d:User:Frimelle|Lucie Aimée Kaffee]] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEVTCsJkShM Graphic Possibilities Comics Wikidata Tutorial] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J59HbIYHLkc SPARQL tutorial] (in Portuguese) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lv3ec2rR0fk An Introduction to Wikidata] (in Malayalam) *** Wikidata tutorials in Albanian ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21fqF5-c8U4 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZS0txlYqcHQ 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGz_ac2sjXw 3], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8Aw3kqj6-0 4]) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMpPku47nsw SPARQL #Wikidata back to basics] (in French) *** (Workshop) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqopRdbwLDc #1Lib1Ref​ on Wikidata] *** Adding an article to Wikidata by DOI (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeG5rzsI90I YouTube] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #41 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=We-aKmOYPKA YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2938997133052111/ Facebook] *** Working with Zotero on WiKidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcopxAMpFlk YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:So9q/AddNewLexemeMenu.js|User:So9q/AddNewLexemeMenu.js]] is a userscript that adds a section to the sidebar with links for creating new lexemes. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** WMDE built two tools to help editors get a better understanding of the quality of Wikidata's data in a specific area of interest. Try them out and let us know what you think. *** [https://item-quality-evaluator.toolforge.org Item Quality Evaluator] *** [https://github.com/wmde/wikidata-constraints-violation-checker Constraint Violation Checker] ** Collaborative translation of ''Cita'' is now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Translating:Cita available] on translatewiki.net. [[Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|''Cita'']] is a Wikidata addon that adds citations metadata support to ''Zotero'', using [[:d:Property:P2860|cites work (P2860) ]] information from Wikidata, and enabling users to easily contribute missing data. ''Cita'' is currently under development with a WikiCite grant from the Wikimedia Foundation, and presentation workshops will be held on May 27th (Spanish) and May 31st (English). More info and pre-registration [[Wikidata:Zotero/Cita#Presentation_workshop|here]]. ** [https://github.com/UB-Mannheim/RaiseWikibase RaiseWikibase] is a tool for speeding up multilingual knowledge graph construction with Wikibase. Among other features, it can be utilized to create a mini Wikibase instance with Wikidata properties in a few minutes. ** [https://langsamu.github.io/sparql-blockly SPARQL-Blockly] is a tool to visualise and construct SPARQL queries as visual blocks ([https://langsamu.github.io/sparql-blockly/#%23%20See%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FWikidata%3ASPARQL_query_service%2Fqueries%2Fexamples%23Number_of_handed_out_academy_awards_per_award_type%0D%0A%0D%0ABASE%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20p%3A%20%3Cprop%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20pq%3A%20%3Cprop%2Fqualifier%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20ps%3A%20%3Cprop%2Fstatement%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20wdt%3A%20%3Cprop%2Fdirect%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Centity%2F%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20bd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigdata.com%2Frdf%23%3E%0D%0APREFIX%20wikibase%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwikiba.se%2Fontology%23%3E%0D%0A%0D%0ASELECT%20%3FawardCount%20%3Faward%20%3FawardLabel%0D%0AWHERE%20%7B%0D%0A%09%7B%0D%0A%09%09SELECT%20(COUNT(%3Faward)%20AS%20%3FawardCount)%20%3Faward%0D%0A%09%09WHERE%20%7B%0D%0A%09%09%09%7B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09SELECT%20(SAMPLE(%3Fhuman)%20AS%20%3Fhuman)%20%3Faward%20%3FawardWork%20(SAMPLE(%3Fdirector)%20AS%20%3Fdirector)%20(SAMPLE(%3FawardEdition)%20AS%20%3FawardEdition)%20(SAMPLE(%3Ftime)%20AS%20%3Ftime)%0D%0A%09%09%09%09WHERE%20%7B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%3Faward%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ19020%20.%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%7B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%3Fhuman%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09p%3AP166%20%3FawardStat%20%3B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ5%20.%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%3FawardStat%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09ps%3AP166%20%3Faward%20%3B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09pq%3AP805%20%3FawardEdition%20%3B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09pq%3AP1686%20%3FawardWork%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%7D%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09UNION%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%7B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%3FawardWork%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ11424%20%3B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09p%3AP166%20%3FawardStat%20.%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%3FawardStat%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09ps%3AP166%20%3Faward%20%3B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09pq%3AP805%20%3FawardEdition%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%7D%20.%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%3FawardEdition%20wdt%3AP585%20%3Ftime%20.%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%3FawardWork%20wdt%3AP57%20%3Fdirector%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%7D%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%7D%0D%0A%09%09%09%09GROUP%20BY%20%3FawardWork%20%3Faward%0D%0A%09%09%09%7D%0D%0A%09%09%7D%0D%0A%09%09GROUP%20BY%20%3Faward%0D%0A%09%09ORDER%20BY%20%3FawardCount%0D%0A%09%7D%20.%0D%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0D%0A%09%09bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20'%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen'%0D%0A%09%7D%0D%0A%7D Wikidata example]) ** [[:mw:Wikibase/FAQ|Wikibase/FAQ]] is a living document of a list of frequently asked questions about Wikibase. Community members are welcome to contribute to it. ** RIP [[Wikidata:Deceased editors/2021#Liz Marley|Liz Marley]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9453|ALA-LC romanization for Ukrainian]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9449|ANPI place numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P9450|National Provider Identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9451|Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico Brasileiro ID]], [[:d:Property:P9452|Brapci author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9454|Wikiroute ID]], [[:d:Property:P9455|Biographia Benedictina ID]], [[:d:Property:P9456|Periodical ID in a database of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic]], [[:d:Property:P9457|National Database of Laws and Regulations ID]], [[:d:Property:P9458|Russians of Latvia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9459|Rekhta author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9460|Washington Rare Plant Field Guide ID]], [[:d:Property:P9461|DzygaMDB film ID]], [[:d:Property:P9462|Bioguiden movie theater ID]], [[:d:Property:P9463|MovieMeter person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9464|Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú ID]], [[:d:Property:P9465|SonyLIV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9466|Gyldendals Teaterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9467|IAU member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9468|LIMA media artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9469|Singers.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P9470|HistoryLink essay number]], [[:d:Property:P9471|inventory number of a work of art in the Art for the City database]], [[:d:Property:P9472|Cimiterium ID]], [[:d:Property:P9473|Smithsonian Ark ID]], [[:d:Property:P9474|Oregon Poetic Voices poet ID]], [[:d:Property:P9475|Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P9476|Malaysian school code]], [[:d:Property:P9477|Trap Danmark ID]], [[:d:Property:P9478|Finna ID]], [[:d:Property:P9479|Berliner Bezirkslexikon: Mitte ID]], [[:d:Property:P9480|Berliner Bezirkslexikon: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf ID]], [[:d:Property:P9481|Berliner Bezirkslexikon: Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg ID]], [[:d:Property:P9482|Catalogue of the General State Archives ID]], [[:d:Property:P9483|CofE archives ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accessibility statement URL|accessibility statement URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/symbol represents|symbol represents]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/main upper course|main upper course]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Political Graveyard geography ID|Political Graveyard geography ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/diel cycle|diel cycle]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taxon holotype location|Taxon holotype location]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Smithsonian trinomial prefix|Smithsonian trinomial prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Atlas of Idaho taxon ID|Digital Atlas of Idaho taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hardware threading standard|hardware threading standard]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/music austria ID|music austria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Localisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant Localisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant utilisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant utilisation - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant représentation - Joconde du Service des musées de France|identifiant représentation - Joconde du Service des musées de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NC Highway Historical Marker Program ID|NC Highway Historical Marker Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Forbes (Russia) profile ID|Forbes (Russia) profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indiana State Historical Marker Program ID|Indiana State Historical Marker Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital DISCI ID|Digital DISCI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Draft Review ID 2|The Draft Review ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte ID|Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens ID|Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Historical Museums of Sweden agent ID|National Historical Museums of Sweden agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IUCN Green List ID|IUCN Green List ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gardens of the Roman Empire ID|Gardens of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historic Hawai‘i Foundation ID|Historic Hawai‘i Foundation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UNITER Award person ID|UNITER Award person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID právnické osoby vedené Ministerstvem kultury ČR|ID právnické osoby vedené Ministerstvem kultury ČR]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CEV Team-ID|CEV Team-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anime Filler List show id|Anime Filler List show id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CEV Coach-ID|CEV Coach-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/memento.wien person ID|memento.wien person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyBIS ID|MyBIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ultime lettere di condannati a morte e di deportati della Resistenza italiana person ID|Ultime lettere di condannati a morte e di deportati della Resistenza italiana person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/am.hayazg.info ID|am.hayazg.info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Criterion Collection film ID|The Criterion Collection film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Library of Armenian Literature author ID|Digital Library of Armenian Literature author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kielitoimiston sanakirja ID|Kielitoimiston sanakirja ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gopo Award ID|Gopo Award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Director Identification Number|Director Identification Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheTVDB character ID|TheTVDB character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JECFA number|JECFA number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norges Fotballforbund klubb ID|Norges Fotballforbund klubb ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/representatives1821.gr ID|representatives1821.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parliament of Romania person ID|Parliament of Romania person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple TV movie ID|Apple TV movie ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3Drj Timeline of road vehicles crashing into Montague Street Bridge, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia] *** [https://w.wiki/3DoA Coal-fired power plants in Germany] ([https://twitter.com/g0rg0nzola/status/1385204580556890114 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3EB9 Average lifespan by profession] (Select the desired columns and get labels) ([https://twitter.com/plegoux/status/1385179333933797380 Source]) *** [http://w.wiki/3Cs8 The number of natural disasters in various countries since 1970] ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1385173482749587459 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3EAm Heads of states/governments whose cause of death was a military casualty] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1384989860973490177 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3DQd List of French stations sorted by number of tracks] ([https://twitter.com/maeool/status/1384619280910667777 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/MBE Relationship of the different Corona viruses] ([https://twitter.com/kvistgaard/status/1384217360471449603 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3EtL Map of about one third of the ancient trees in Bulgaria ] ([https://twitter.com/b_bilyana/status/1386362307161346048 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3ERC Lexemes without statements or senses by language] ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Movies/lists/Doctor Who companions|''Doctor Who'' companions]] * '''Development''' ** wbeditentity now supports editing statements on Senses ([[phab:T199896]]) ** We added syntax highlighting for viewing Entity Schema pages. There is not syntax highlighting for editing of Entity Schemas yet. ([[phab:T238831]]) ** Improved the way Lua deals with redirects ([[phab:T238831]]) ** Worked on making it possible to add a title to the top of a query visualization via a comment in the SPARQL code ([[phab:T225883]]) ** Discussed how to get persistent storage of constraint violations unstuck as this is a prerequisite to making it easier to analyze and query constraint violations ([[phab:T214362]]) ** Discussed a high-level plan for how to move forward with checking Wikidata's data against 3rd-party databases ** Finished work on version 1 of the Query Builder. Not it is awaiting security review before we can deploy it. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Take a list of cities in your country, add {{Template|Item documentation}} in the talk page and have fun looking at people born in this place ordered by number of sitelinks. You may have some surprises! ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 04 26|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:47, 26 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21390330 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #466 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour happened on April 28th. See notes [[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2021-04-28|here]] (English). ** Upcoming: [[m:International Museum Day 2021|International Museum Day]], May 3-18, including a [[m:International Museum Day 2021/Wikidata Competition|Wikidata competition]] ** Upcoming: Basics about SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, May 4 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: [https://www2.ciimar.up.pt/events.php?id=244 Scholia - Open Bibliometrics for Researchers] webinar on Zoom, May 5 at 10h30 UTC (free, but registration needed) ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #42 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdYcY6YmRDE YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2949456088672882/ Facebook], May 8 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#61|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #61]], May 9 ** Upcoming: the next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata bug triage hour]] will take place on May 17th on the topic of quality constraints ** Upcoming: [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia Hackathon, May 22-23]]. The call for proposals for the program is now open until May 9th for the main track (May 19th for the open rooms) [[mw:Topic:W7xmmkqx8o1vxjg6|More information]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://addshore.com/2021/04/wbstack-infrastructure-2021/ WBStack Infrastructure] - current deployment and architecture of [https://www.wbstack.com/ wbstack.com] ** Videos *** Mix'n'match workshop in (Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDl2q-7WC7g YouTube] *** SPARQL #Wikidata back to basics (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiFTY5zKZvI YouTube] *** Wikidata Lab XXVIII: Metadata applications (a technical training on the process of metadata applications development) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQQPwBMb8Gg YouTube] *** Upload workshop (in Dutch) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm5VDb0LxW0 datacleaning], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MN3k_JXzeU reconciliation], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=870UI7O4mdc upload], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0v0Iwde86I embed metadata with exiftool] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkY41FVhmxk Upload images with Pattypan and link with Wikidata]. *** LIVE Wikidata editing #42 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdvD6aIFmpc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2944276429190848/ Facebook] *** [[m:Wikipedia Weekly Network/Live Wikidata Editing‎|Overview of all LIVE Wikidata editing episodes]] including topics and tools used to make search easier * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://d5demos.mpi-inf.mpg.de/negation/ Wikinegata] is a platform for browsing interesting negations about Wikidata entities. ([https://d5demos.mpi-inf.mpg.de/negation/videos/demo.mp4 Overview video]) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[:d:Template:Item classification|Template:Item classification]] and [[:d:Template:Item documentation|Template:Item documentation]] now include more generic queries for classes: it include the number of subclasses, the number of instances, the number of instances by class, the list of instances and the list of most frequent properties for items of this class. ** [[:d:Template:TP organization|TP organization]] now includes generic queries for items of class school. ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Over_3,000,000_usages_of_taxon_name_(P225)|Over 3,000,000 usages of taxon name (P225)]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9488|field of usage]], [[:d:Property:P9493|artist files at]], [[:d:Property:P9494|accessibility statement URL]], [[:d:Property:P9496|degrees day]], [[:d:Property:P9499|Beirut Arab University's Libraries title ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9484|J! Archive player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9485|CofE archives name ID]], [[:d:Property:P9486|HERO ID]], [[:d:Property:P9487|GLEI RAL]], [[:d:Property:P9489|Archdiocese of Liverpool parish ID]], [[:d:Property:P9490|Yukon Archives authority record ID]], [[:d:Property:P9491|CofE archives place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9492|NC Highway Historical Marker Program ID]], [[:d:Property:P9495|National Historical Museums of Sweden agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P9497|Australian Thesaurus of Education Descriptors ID]], [[:d:Property:P9498|Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens ID]], [[:d:Property:P9500|Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte ID]], [[:d:Property:P9501|Oregon Flora Image Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P9502|Digital DISCI ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clubhouse account|Clubhouse account]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danmarks Tekniske Kulturarv book ID|Danmarks Tekniske Kulturarv book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat Gedenkort|hat Gedenkort]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Secondary Archive artist ID|Secondary Archive artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date of probate|date of probate]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LMIC musician ID|LMIC musician ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DC Books store book ID|DC Books store book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ctext data entity ID|ctext data entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SAIA authority ID|SAIA authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AdServio school ID|AdServio school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple Music label ID|Apple Music label ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MacArthur Fellows Program ID|MacArthur Fellows Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of China Online Database ID|Encyclopedia of China Online Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DHLE|DHLE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APA Dictionary of Psychology entry|APA Dictionary of Psychology entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scholarpedia article ID|Scholarpedia article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biology Online Biology Dictionary entry|Biology Online Biology Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca di Santa Sabina ID|Biblioteca di Santa Sabina ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteche della Custodia di Terra Santa a Gerusalemme ID|Biblioteche della Custodia di Terra Santa a Gerusalemme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Universal equine life number|Universal equine life number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Auschwitz Prisoners Database ID|Auschwitz Prisoners Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nevada SHPO marker ID|Nevada SHPO marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sigla ID|Sigla ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bing Entity ID|Bing Entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/light characteristic|light characteristic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon der österreichischen Provenienzforschung ID|Lexikon der österreichischen Provenienzforschung ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identificativo Polo bibliografico della Ricerca|Identificativo Polo bibliografico della Ricerca]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LTit person ID|LTit person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3GDK List number of albums (Q482994) by language (P407) in descending order] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1388311217752662019 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3GcN Map of Scottish council areas] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1387767074148294663 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3FNJ Databases with a SPARQL endpoint, sorted by number of ids known by Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/maxlath/status/1387753147137990656 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Enc List of actors and actresses who died during 2020] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1386779968504532992 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Movies/reports/screenwriters/new|new screenwriters]] * '''Development''' ** Entity Schemas now have syntax highlighting for viewing ([[phab:T238831]], [[d:EntitySchema:E10|example]]) ** Reviewing a patch that will make it possible to use templates on [[d:MediaWiki:Wikibase-SortedProperties]]. This will for example make it possible to show labels automatically for each Property ID. Thanks, Luca! ([[phab:T280787]]) ** Evaluated the interviews and other research we did around improvements for lexicographical data ** Worked on/fixed small remaining bugs in the Query Builder ([[phab:T280505]], [[phab:T279928]], [[phab:T279945]]) ** Continuing to work on evaluating and addressing scaling issues of the Query Service ** Provided input to a research team working on a potential new and improved Property Suggester ** Wikibase: we are completing the final tasks necessary to prepare the Wikibase Spring release and expect to publish new versions of the tarball and Docker images on or before May 15, 2021 [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 05 03|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:46, 3 Mayu 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21417611 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #466 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour happened on April 28th. See notes [[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2021-04-28|here]] (English). ** Upcoming: [[m:International Museum Day 2021|International Museum Day]], May 3-18, including a [[m:International Museum Day 2021/Wikidata Competition|Wikidata competition]] ** Upcoming: Basics about SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, May 4 at 18:00 CEST ** Upcoming: [https://www2.ciimar.up.pt/events.php?id=244 Scholia - Open Bibliometrics for Researchers] webinar on Zoom, May 5 at 10h30 UTC (free, but registration needed) ** Upcoming: LIVE Wikidata editing #42 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdYcY6YmRDE YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2949456088672882/ Facebook], May 8 ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#61|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #61]], May 9 ** Upcoming: the next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata bug triage hour]] will take place on May 17th on the topic of quality constraints ** Upcoming: [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia Hackathon, May 22-23]]. The call for proposals for the program is now open until May 9th for the main track (May 19th for the open rooms) [[mw:Topic:W7xmmkqx8o1vxjg6|More information]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://addshore.com/2021/04/wbstack-infrastructure-2021/ WBStack Infrastructure] - current deployment and architecture of [https://www.wbstack.com/ wbstack.com] ** Videos *** Mix'n'match workshop in (Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDl2q-7WC7g YouTube] *** SPARQL #Wikidata back to basics (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiFTY5zKZvI YouTube] *** Wikidata Lab XXVIII: Metadata applications (a technical training on the process of metadata applications development) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQQPwBMb8Gg YouTube] *** Upload workshop (in Dutch) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm5VDb0LxW0 datacleaning], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MN3k_JXzeU reconciliation], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=870UI7O4mdc upload], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0v0Iwde86I embed metadata with exiftool] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkY41FVhmxk Upload images with Pattypan and link with Wikidata]. *** LIVE Wikidata editing #42 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdvD6aIFmpc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2944276429190848/ Facebook] *** [[m:Wikipedia Weekly Network/Live Wikidata Editing‎|Overview of all LIVE Wikidata editing episodes]] including topics and tools used to make search easier * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://d5demos.mpi-inf.mpg.de/negation/ Wikinegata] is a platform for browsing interesting negations about Wikidata entities. ([https://d5demos.mpi-inf.mpg.de/negation/videos/demo.mp4 Overview video]) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[:d:Template:Item classification|Template:Item classification]] and [[:d:Template:Item documentation|Template:Item documentation]] now include more generic queries for classes: it include the number of subclasses, the number of instances, the number of instances by class, the list of instances and the list of most frequent properties for items of this class. ** [[:d:Template:TP organization|TP organization]] now includes generic queries for items of class school. ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Over_3,000,000_usages_of_taxon_name_(P225)|Over 3,000,000 usages of taxon name (P225)]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9488|field of usage]], [[:d:Property:P9493|artist files at]], [[:d:Property:P9494|accessibility statement URL]], [[:d:Property:P9496|degrees day]], [[:d:Property:P9499|Beirut Arab University's Libraries title ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9484|J! Archive player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9485|CofE archives name ID]], [[:d:Property:P9486|HERO ID]], [[:d:Property:P9487|GLEI RAL]], [[:d:Property:P9489|Archdiocese of Liverpool parish ID]], [[:d:Property:P9490|Yukon Archives authority record ID]], [[:d:Property:P9491|CofE archives place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9492|NC Highway Historical Marker Program ID]], [[:d:Property:P9495|National Historical Museums of Sweden agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P9497|Australian Thesaurus of Education Descriptors ID]], [[:d:Property:P9498|Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens ID]], [[:d:Property:P9500|Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte ID]], [[:d:Property:P9501|Oregon Flora Image Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P9502|Digital DISCI ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clubhouse account|Clubhouse account]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danmarks Tekniske Kulturarv book ID|Danmarks Tekniske Kulturarv book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat Gedenkort|hat Gedenkort]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Secondary Archive artist ID|Secondary Archive artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date of probate|date of probate]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LMIC musician ID|LMIC musician ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DC Books store book ID|DC Books store book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ctext data entity ID|ctext data entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SAIA authority ID|SAIA authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AdServio school ID|AdServio school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple Music label ID|Apple Music label ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MacArthur Fellows Program ID|MacArthur Fellows Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of China Online Database ID|Encyclopedia of China Online Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DHLE|DHLE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APA Dictionary of Psychology entry|APA Dictionary of Psychology entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scholarpedia article ID|Scholarpedia article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biology Online Biology Dictionary entry|Biology Online Biology Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca di Santa Sabina ID|Biblioteca di Santa Sabina ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteche della Custodia di Terra Santa a Gerusalemme ID|Biblioteche della Custodia di Terra Santa a Gerusalemme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Universal equine life number|Universal equine life number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Auschwitz Prisoners Database ID|Auschwitz Prisoners Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nevada SHPO marker ID|Nevada SHPO marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sigla ID|Sigla ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bing Entity ID|Bing Entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/light characteristic|light characteristic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon der österreichischen Provenienzforschung ID|Lexikon der österreichischen Provenienzforschung ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identificativo Polo bibliografico della Ricerca|Identificativo Polo bibliografico della Ricerca]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LTit person ID|LTit person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3GDK List number of albums (Q482994) by language (P407) in descending order] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1388311217752662019 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3GcN Map of Scottish council areas] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1387767074148294663 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3FNJ Databases with a SPARQL endpoint, sorted by number of ids known by Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/maxlath/status/1387753147137990656 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Enc List of actors and actresses who died during 2020] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1386779968504532992 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Movies/reports/screenwriters/new|new screenwriters]] * '''Development''' ** Entity Schemas now have syntax highlighting for viewing ([[phab:T238831]], [[d:EntitySchema:E10|example]]) ** Reviewing a patch that will make it possible to use templates on [[d:MediaWiki:Wikibase-SortedProperties]]. This will for example make it possible to show labels automatically for each Property ID. Thanks, Luca! ([[phab:T280787]]) ** Evaluated the interviews and other research we did around improvements for lexicographical data ** Worked on/fixed small remaining bugs in the Query Builder ([[phab:T280505]], [[phab:T279928]], [[phab:T279945]]) ** Continuing to work on evaluating and addressing scaling issues of the Query Service ** Provided input to a research team working on a potential new and improved Property Suggester ** Wikibase: we are completing the final tasks necessary to prepare the Wikibase Spring release and expect to publish new versions of the tarball and Docker images on or before May 15, 2021 [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 05 03|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 12:58, 4 Mayu 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21417611 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #467 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' **Ongoing *** [https://www.arte.go.it/event/concorso-wikidata-per-la-giornata-internazionale-del-museo-2021/ Wikidata contest for International Museum] from May 3-18 2021 ** Upcoming *** OpenStreetMap TW x Wikidata Taiwan [[d:Q1867|Taipei (Q1867)]] Meetup 2021-05-10 *** Basics about SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, May 11 at 18:00 CEST *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#62|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #62]], May 16 *** [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug triage hour]] about constraints, May 17 *** [https://blog.coscup.org/2021/04/coscup-2021-cfp.html COSCUP 2021 Call For Papers] now open *** [http://his.ncku.edu.tw/p/406-1190-220982,r3069.php?Lang=zh-tw Wikimedia Taiwan x NCKUHis Digital humanities Wikidata Workshop] [[d:Q706708| National Cheng Kung University (Q706708)]], 2021-05-29 ~ 2021-05-31 * ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://addshore.com/2021/05/wbstack-setting-changes-federated-properties-wikidata-entity-mapping-more/ WBStack setting changes, Federated properties, Wikidata entity mapping & more] (covering some of the recent UI and setting changes that happened on WBStack in the past months by [[d:User:Addshore|Addshore]] *** [https://www.kmjn.org/notes/academic_ancestors_wikidata.html Academic ancestor graphs from Wikidata] ** Papers *** Roderic D. M. Page, [[d:Q106727511|Wikidata and the Bibliography of Life]], doi:[https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2021.05.04.442638 10.1101/2021.05.04.442638] *** Friederike Ehrhart, et al. [[d:Q106708178|Aresource to explore the discovery of rare diseases and their causative genes (Q106708178)]], doi:[https://doi.org/10.1038/S41597-021-00905-Y 10.1038/S41597-021-00905-Y] ** Videos *** SPARQL #Wikidata​ retour aux bases #3 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQZBRVrKysE YouTube] *** Wikidata, Linked Data… all the data! Knowledge representation for everybody - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkPcUO6eZ5k YouTube] *** Wikidata Nigeria tutorials on YouTube - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzQWrxdtNP4 How to contribute to Wikidata], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuO1bJhdbdQ add statements for streets named after a person] *** SPARQL Wikidata tutorial (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hrdZ9FWynA YouTube] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #42 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdYcY6YmRDE YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2949456088672882/ Facebook] * ''' Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/Ranker.js|User:Nikki/Ranker.js]] adds a link to the Ranker tool next to every property on an entity page. * ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/WW4LZJINT3PIG3DOYKTXIWVP3WAKWXCT/ The Wikibase spring release is now available]! This new release is compatible with MediaWiki 1.35 and it contains new features: Federated Properties, WikibaseManifest & Wikibase Pingback. ** [[d:Wikidata_talk:Query_Builder#Query_Builder_update_-_May_2021|May 2021 Query Builder updates]]: We finished usability testing of new features and incorporated feedback from users including people with visual impairments and RTL languages. It is now possible to query for dates and we're also looking into making the Query Builder discoverable from the [https://query.wikidata.org/ Wikidata Query Service]. ** [[:d:Template:Generic queries for filmmakers|Template:Generic queries for filmmakers]] is a new wikidata template which defines generic SPARQL queries specific for filmmakers. ** [[:d:Template:Generic queries for occupations|Template:Generic queries for occupations]] is a new wikidata template with generic queries for items of items such as occupations or professions ** Wikimedia Foundation [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|2021 Board Elections]] has been announced. Please sign-up as an [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Election_Volunteers#1_-_50|Election Volunteer]] if you'd like to support the elections. Election Volunteers serve as a bridge between the Elections Committee, the facilitation team and the movement. * ''' Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9519|Digital Atlas of Idaho URL]], [[:d:Property:P9531|identifier shared with lexeme]], [[:d:Property:P9533|audio transcription]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9503|MyBIS species ID]], [[:d:Property:P9504|Beirut Arab University's Libraries title ID]], [[:d:Property:P9505|Gardens of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Property:P9506|Ultime lettere di condannati a morte e di deportati della Resistenza italiana person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9507|NBM authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P9508|MileSplit ID]], [[:d:Property:P9509|Mixcloud ID]], [[:d:Property:P9510|Forbes (Russia) profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P9511|am.hayazg.info ID]], [[:d:Property:P9512|bridgesport.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9513|APA Dictionary of Psychology entry]], [[:d:Property:P9514|The Draft Review ID]], [[:d:Property:P9515|Nevada SHPO marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P9516|IUCN Green List ID]], [[:d:Property:P9517|National Association of Teachers of Singing member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9518|Danmarks Tekniske Kulturarv book ID]], [[:d:Property:P9520|Auschwitz Prisoners Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9521|Biology Online Biology Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P9522|Biblioteca di Santa Sabina ID]], [[:d:Property:P9523|Senate of Romania person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9524|Chamber of Deputies of Romania person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9525|LMIC musician ID]], [[:d:Property:P9526|Scholarpedia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P9527|Historic Hawai‘i Foundation place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9528|Digital Library of Armenian Literature author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9529|Den Danske Ordbog article ID]], [[:d:Property:P9530|Den Danske Ordbog idiom ID]], [[:d:Property:P9532|OpenCorporates register ID]], [[:d:Property:P9534|Biblioteche della Custodia di Terra Santa a Gerusalemme ID]], [[:d:Property:P9535|IBSF competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P9536|SAIA authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P9537|Football Association of Norway Club ID]], [[:d:Property:P9538|music austria ID]], [[:d:Property:P9539|Secondary Archive artist ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official podcast|official podcast]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danish redlist ID|Danish redlist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Velocity Relative to Earth|Velocity Relative to Earth]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/athletics program|athletics program]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/North Carolina session law|North Carolina session law]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vedidk ID|vedidk ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyBIS protected area ID|MyBIS protected area ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COG ID|COG ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Badok ID|Badok ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity person ID|Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DTB-Gerätturner-ID|DTB-Gerätturner-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy ID|Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UK Renewable Energy Planning Database ID|UK Renewable Energy Planning Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Washington Campus Map ID|University of Washington Campus Map ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Music Centre composer ID|Australian Music Centre composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs - diplomatic mission IDs|Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs - diplomatic mission IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOUNZ work ID|SOUNZ work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Music Centre Composer Showcase ID|Canadian Music Centre Composer Showcase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repositório da Produção USP Person ID|Repositório da Produção USP Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Archive of California finding aid ID|Online Archive of California finding aid ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOSBrutalism ID|SOSBrutalism ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Microlepidoptera.nl ID|Microlepidoptera.nl ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSDN project|OSDN project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOR bird ID|SOR bird ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Companies Registration Office (Ireland) Registration Number|Companies Registration Office (Ireland) Registration Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ToateAnimalele ID|ToateAnimalele ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Muziekencyclopedie ID|Muziekencyclopedie ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3JQn List of French firms without SIREN id (P1616) ordered by number of sitelinks with search links in annuaire-entreprises‧data‧gouv.fr] : the query makes it easy to find the [[:d:Property:P1616| SIREN number (P1616) ]] (source [[:d:Property talk:P1616|Property talk P1616]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3HQb Number of works per year by researchers supervised by Lars Kai Hansen] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1389958802569580548?s=19 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3C4b Count of sitelinks of Nigerians on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataNigeria/status/1389162931011694594 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3JXw 30 largest cities with female mayor] ([https://twitter.com/kvistgaard/status/1391438065332260865 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Jk3 Recent locations of boundary stones in Upper Lusatia (see pictures by clicking on the dots)] ([https://twitter.com/juliannyca/status/1389541433787535360 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4yS Types of items in Australia that don't have identifier properties] ([https://twitter.com/tobyhudson/status/1389407884924968961 Source]) * ''' Development''' ** Omaha-Ponca language is now available for monolingual text properties. ([[phab:T265296]]) ** Added a meaningful error message when trying to use Special:EntityData with a Lexeme subentity like L123-F1 in cases where the Lexeme L123 was redirected to another Lexeme ([[phab:T257494]]) ** Changed the “type” and “value type” constraints to ignore deprecated values ([[phab:T170401]]) ** Working on rendering empty claims in JSON as `claims: {}` instead of `claims: []` ([[phab:T241422]]) ** Investigating some issues with page_props missing on Commons wiki after adding sitelinks to Commons categories ([[phab:T280627]]) ** Removed Google Knowledge Graph Id (P2671) and Wolfram Language entity code (P4839) from the Property Suggestions as they are usually not useful suggestions ([[phab:T280779]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * ''' Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 05 10|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:22, 10 Mayu 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21437316 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #468 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Separating "citations" from all Wikipedia articles by using Wikidata|Separating "citations" from all Wikipedia articles by using Wikidata]] *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/IP Masking Engagement|IP Masking Engagement]] ** Closed request for comments: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Allow for Wikidata items to be created that only link to a single Wikimedia Commons category (Wikidata notability discussion)|Allow for Wikidata items to be created that only link to a single Wikimedia Commons category (Wikidata notability discussion)]]. Outcome --> no change to [[d:WD:N|WD:N]] *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Inverse constraint on cause-and-effect properties|Inverse constraint on cause-and-effect properties]]. Outcome --> constraints were removed * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Ongoing: *** Data literacy snacks - Talk about "Wikibase knowledge graphs for data management & data science" on 23rd of June. For registration, send e-mail to info{{@}}berd-bw.de ** Upcoming *** SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, May 18 at 18:00 CEST *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: [[d:User:Mahir256|Mahir Morshed]] will be discussing Lexemes in Wikidata; [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tclUVevCfoJ56uVW_PaEaYlAPhM7dlannNWz7g17HzY/edit Agenda], May 18th. *** May 21-22, 2021 [https://bpl.bibliocommons.com/events/6082feae428df5450011f1a8] Boston Rock City: Explore Wikidata and Learn About Local Music: Boston Public Library is partnering with Harvard Library for a guided exploration of Wikidata and local music history. Join us for two days of music and Wikidata editing; no prior experience or punk cred necessary! This public event is free to all and will take place via Zoom; please register in advance. The subject of this project is the Arthur Freedman Collection, and audiovisual archive that captures over four decades of Boston rock music performances. We’ll provide: instructions, tools, data sources, visualizations, optional Discord chat, and a soundtrack. If you have questions, please contact Harvard Library staff member Peter Laurence at laurenc@fas.harvard.edu. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#63|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #63]], May 23 *** OpenStreetMap Taiwan x Wikidata Taiwan [[d:Q1867|Taipei (Q1867)]] Meetup 2021-06-07 [[d:Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers ***Hiba Arnaout et al, [[d:Q106630248|Negative Knowledge for Open-world Wikidata]] ([https://wikiworkshop.org/2021/papers/Wiki_Workshop_2021_paper_3.pdf full text link]) ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyqK8iihGLw LIVE Wikidata editing #44] - YouTube **** Link to all the [[m:Wikipedia Weekly Network/Live Wikidata Editing|Wikipedia Weekly Network/Live Wikidata Editing]] sessions by [[d:User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] *** Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons und Wikipedia bearbeiten 2021/001 (in German) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wht1sc-fFyw YouTube] *** SPARQL #Wikidata retour aux bases #4 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8Koop-m4RA YouTube] *** How to use Wikidata to list nearby tourist places on a web page (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CeXNGArs54 YouTube] *** How to add lexemes to Wikidata (in Swedish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JHqz2DL7Io YouTube] *** How to edit library data in Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WZfr8e1XhI YouTube] *** Editing the drawings in the Gambara Bovardi collection at the Levi Foundation in Venice on Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pycIxhbkGWU YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister/hyphenation-point.js|User:Lucas Werkmeister/hyphenation-point.js]] is a user script that replaces any | characters with U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT when editing hyphenation snaks. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/05/11/adding-dois-to-chinese-scientific-articles-on-wikidata/ 20k+ DOIs of Chinese language scientific journal articles have now been added to WD], thanks to scraping->validation->matching->quickstatements workflow built by [[User:Stevenliuyi|Stevenliuyi]] (via a [[m:WikiCite|WikiCite]] eScholarship) ** [[:s:Template:Annotate QID|Template:Annotate QID]] (currently on en. & de.Wikisource) allows names and other terms in texts to be semantically annotated with the equivalent QIDs. sv.Wikisource has [[:s:sv:Mall:Samma som|a similar template]]. ** [[:d:Template:Item documentation|Template:Item documentation]] displays [[:d:Template:Generic queries for occupations|Template:Generic queries for occupations]] for items of class occupation (Q12737077) and [[:d:Template:Generic queries for filmmakers|Template:Generic queries for filmmakers]] for items with occupation (P106) filmmaker (Q2526255) **Wikimedia Foundation [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|2021 Board Elections]] has been announced. Please sign-up as an [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Election_Volunteers#1_-_50|Election Volunteer]] if you'd like to support the elections. Election Volunteers serve as a bridge between the Elections Committee, the facilitation team and the movement. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9531|identifier shared with lexeme]], [[:d:Property:P9533|audio transcription]], [[:d:Property:P9547|counterpart position]], [[:d:Property:P9548|earned run average]], [[:d:Property:P9549|official podcast]], [[:d:Property:P9566|diel cycle]], [[:d:Property:P9567|intended background color]], [[:d:Property:P9570|scope note]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9525|LMIC musician ID]], [[:d:Property:P9526|Scholarpedia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P9527|Historic Hawai‘i Foundation place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9528|Digital Library of Armenian Literature author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9529|Den Danske Ordbog article ID]], [[:d:Property:P9530|Den Danske Ordbog idiom ID]], [[:d:Property:P9532|OpenCorporates register ID]], [[:d:Property:P9534|Biblioteche della Custodia di Terra Santa a Gerusalemme ID]], [[:d:Property:P9535|IBSF competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P9536|SAIA authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P9537|Football Association of Norway club ID]], [[:d:Property:P9538|music austria ID]], [[:d:Property:P9539|Secondary Archive artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9540|Editorial Freelancers Association member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9541|MacArthur Fellows Program ID]], [[:d:Property:P9542|representatives1821.gr ID]], [[:d:Property:P9543|Memento Vienna person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9544|universal equine life number]], [[:d:Property:P9545|Encyclopedia of China Online Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9546|Indiana State Historical Marker Program ID]], [[:d:Property:P9550|Apple Music label ID (US version)]], [[:d:Property:P9551|bio.se movie theater ID]], [[:d:Property:P9552|MyBIS protected area ID]], [[:d:Property:P9553|Dialnet thesis ID]], [[:d:Property:P9554|hPSCreg cell line ID]], [[:d:Property:P9555|Michigan State University Library Comic Art Collection Record Number]], [[:d:Property:P9556|LTit person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9557|JECFA number]], [[:d:Property:P9558|Badok ID]], [[:d:Property:P9559|Sigla ID]], [[:d:Property:P9560|DCinemaToday company ID]], [[:d:Property:P9561|CEV coach ID]], [[:d:Property:P9562|CEV team ID]], [[:d:Property:P9563|Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P9564|Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity ID]], [[:d:Property:P9565|AdServio ID]], [[:d:Property:P9568|PeakVisor peak ID]], [[:d:Property:P9569|PeakVisor range ID]], [[:d:Property:P9571|PeakVisor area ID]], [[:d:Property:P9572|PeakVisor park ID]], [[:d:Property:P9573|Anime Filler List show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9574|Anime Filler List episode slug]], [[:d:Property:P9575|Australian Music Centre composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9576|Danish 2010 redlist identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9577|synonymer.se ID]], [[:d:Property:P9578|SOUNZ work ID]], [[:d:Property:P9579|vedidk ID]], [[:d:Property:P9580|Microlepidoptera.nl ID]], [[:d:Property:P9581|UNITER Award person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9583|sense on DHLE]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/infects|infects]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/setlist|setlist]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/oral history at|oral history at]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIVA author ID|DIVA author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIVA record ID|DIVA record ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of lens|type of lens]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ToateAnimalele ID|ToateAnimalele ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Muziekencyclopedie ID|Muziekencyclopedie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDep.Ro NGO ID|CDep.Ro NGO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/causesanti.va ID|causesanti.va ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adevărul topic ID|Adevărul topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bathingWaterIdentifier|bathingWaterIdentifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scenic Washington scenic drives and road trips ID|Scenic Washington scenic drives and road trips ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts ID|Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cIMeC.Ro Museum ID|cIMeC.Ro Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newspaper Genre List ID|Newspaper Genre List ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Styria Museum ID|Styria Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/What Works Clearinghouse study ID|What Works Clearinghouse study ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WUA author ID|WUA author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hush.am person ID|hush.am person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archive Alsharekh person ID|Archive Alsharekh person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Douban series ID|Douban series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RomArchive IDs|RomArchive IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa ID|Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scholasticon person ID|Scholasticon person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japan PlayStation Software Database ID|Japan PlayStation Software Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WMF lang code|WMF lang code]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: [[Wikidata:Requests for deletions/Archive/2020/Properties/1#P7478|iFixit repairability score (P7478)]] ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3Kuh Number of species belonging to the different IUCN conservation categories] ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1393263549745704960 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3LHM List of Wikimedia language codes] ([https://twitter.com/EntityExplosion/status/1393832426606981122 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3kue Plant genera that honor women] ([https://twitter.com/dpsSpiders/status/1393262036151308295 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3LgY Poets whose fathers are lawyers] ([https://twitter.com/WorldsAspire/status/1393485819386732545 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Jjy Phrase-book for types of food] (mapping Catalan and English) ([https://twitter.com/mlpoulter/status/1391731710321115138 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Fixed the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000160/wikidata-entity-usage?orgId=1&refresh=5m entity usage dashboards] that no longer showed data due to technical issues. It tracks how much data from Wikidata is used on the other Wikimedia projects. ([[phab:T279762]]) ** Configured the Property Suggester to not suggest Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671) and Wolfram Language entity code (P4839) ([[phab:T280779]]) ** Investigated remaining issue with updating the page_props table on the client wikis, which is confusing some bots making use of that table ([[phab:T280627]]) ** Fixed an issue in the Query Builder where it got confused when adding several conditions with the same Property ([[phab:T279945]]) ** Working on tracking the number of edits per namespace over time ([[phab:T281356]]) ** Working on fixing a bug where old revisions of Items have edit buttons but should not ([[phab:T281587]]) ** Fixing an issue where value suggestions are not showing all values that are defined in the property constraint ([[phab:T280650]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Near 6,100 items have the [[d:Template:Item documentation|Template:Item documentation]] in their talk page. Help deploy this template. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 05 17|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:18, 17 Mayu 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21450055 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #469 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past *** HackaLOD Online: Estimating the interest of art relationships with Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6egtKzrN6E0 YouTube] ** Ongoing *** [[d:Wikidata:IFLA Wikidata Working Group/1Lib1Ref|#1Lib1Ref Campaign by IFLA Wikidata Working Group]] (May 15 - June 5) **** [[d:Wikidata:Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche/1Lib1Ref|#1Lib1Ref Campaign in Italy]], as part of the IFLA Wikidata Working Group campaign (May 15 - June 5); more than 10k references have already been added (see the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/GWMAB/1Lib1Ref_2021 dashboard] for more details) ** Upcoming *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_,May_2021 next Wikibase live session] is [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1622131236 16:00 UTC on Thursday 27th May 2021] (18:00 Berlin time). Everyone is welcome to come and share out about your project or what you're working on around Wikibase. *** '''27/05 (17h UTC):''' [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XXIX|Wikidata Lab XXIX: Roundtripping process]] with [[d:User:Ederporto|Ederporto]], [[d:User:Pharos|Pharos]] e [[d:User:Susannaanas|Susannaanas]] ('''in English'''), on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l77bc-rgrc YouTube] *** SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, May 25 at 18:00 CEST *** LIVE Wikidata editing #45 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5vVbuTI7PY YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2965557083729449/ Facebook], May 29 at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#64|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #64]], May 30 *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikibase_and_WBStack_Working_Hours|LD4 Wikibase Working Hour: The history, present and future of WBStack & WBaas (Wikibase as a service)]] [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html?iso=20210527T170000&p1=1440&p2=tz_et&p3=tz_cest&p4=tz_pt 27 May 2021, 1PM Eastern US]. Please [https://columbiauniversity.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJMkf-mupj8iGtFYsNZLq4ZqGeat_oPxb889 fill in this form] to register! * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs ***[https://ai.googleblog.com/2021/05/kelm-integrating-knowledge-graphs-with.html KELM: Integrating Knowledge Graphs with Language Model Pre-training Corpora]. Wikidata was used to generate sentences to train a language model. *** [http://ai.stanford.edu/blog/introduction-to-knowledge-graphs/ An Introduction to Knowledge Graphs] ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VujfdGnUnp0 Wikimedia Hackathon 2021 - Main track - Saturday 22] ***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weYWFgr1ZNc Curating bibliographic metadata of scholarly publications: demo of Wikidata-based Scholia workflows] ***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur-ehBrWbMU Demo of Ordia, a Wikidata tool to visualize lexicographic information from Wikidata] ***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8-QAzV1yhk Adding references to Wikidata items, as part of #1Lib1Ref campaign] (in Italian) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Jon Harald Søby/compact items.css|User:Jon Harald Søby/compact items.css]] is a stylesheet that shrinks the vertical space items take up on your screen, reducing the need to scroll to get an overview of an item. ([[:File:Wikidata Compact items screenshot.png|screenshot]]) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' **The prefix <code><nowiki>[[lexemes:]]</nowiki></code> allows to link to a search for lexemes on any Wikimedia wiki. Sample: [[lexemes:describe]] ([[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#lexemes:_links_to_lexemes|project chat announcement]]). ** The [https://github.com/inventaire/wikidata-lang <code>wikidata-lang</code>] JS module got a major update, and now makes accessible pre-generated [https://github.com/inventaire/wikidata-lang/tree/master/mappings mappings] between Wikidata ids, [[:d:Property:P424|Wikimedia language code (P424)]], [[:d:Property:P218|ISO 639-1 code (P218)]], [[:d:Property:P219|ISO 639-2 code (P219)]], [[:d:Property:P220|ISO 639-3 code (P220)]], and [[:d:Property:P221|ISO 639-6 code (P221)]], that can also be used by non-JS programs by fetching the desired JSON. Examples: ***[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/inventaire/wikidata-lang/master/mappings/wd_id_by_wm_code.json mapping of Wikimedia language codes to Wikidata ids] ***[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/inventaire/wikidata-lang/master/mappings/wm_code_by_iso_639_2_code.json mapping of ISO 639-2 to Wikimedia language codes] ** Wikidata-related projects that have been developed/improved during the [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia Hackathon 2021]]: *** [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister/Ranker|User:Lucas_Werkmeister/Ranker]] - Finished and announced the batch modes for the Ranker tool, allowing users to edit the ranks of statements in Wikidata or Structured Data on Commons in bulk *** [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/template/portuguese-adverb-modal/ Wikidata Lexeme Forms: Portuguese modal adverb] - Deployed support for Portuguese modal adverbs in the Wikidata Lexeme Forms tool *** [[d:User:Jon Harald Søby/addSenseImage.js|User:Jon Harald Søby/addSenseImage.js]] - User script to add images to sense statements on lexemes *** [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Enhance_user_interface#identifierInput.js|Wikidata:Tools/Enhance user interface#identifierInput.js]] - fixing a bug in IdentifierInput.js gadget for Wikidata to better handle when a property has no format restraints * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9597|type of lens]], [[:d:Property:P9600|oral history at]], [[:d:Property:P9601|official map URL]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9584|The Criterion Collection film ID]], [[:d:Property:P9585|Lexikon der österreichischen Provenienzforschung ID]], [[:d:Property:P9586|Apple TV movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9587|Canadian Music Centre Composer Showcase ID]], [[:d:Property:P9588|causesanti.va ID]], [[:d:Property:P9589|Muziekencyclopedie ID]], [[:d:Property:P9590|North Carolina session law]], [[:d:Property:P9591|#SOSBrutalism ID]], [[:d:Property:P9592|Online Archive of California finding aid ID]], [[:d:Property:P9593|Museums in Styria ID]], [[:d:Property:P9594|Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9595|SOR bird ID]], [[:d:Property:P9596|ToateAnimalele ID]], [[:d:Property:P9598|Polo bibliografico della ricerca entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P9599|Polo bibliografico della ricerca author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9602|OSDN project]], [[:d:Property:P9603|Scholasticon person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/music for work|music for work]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/in sense|in sense]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/academic calendar type|academic calendar type]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Romanistenlexikon ID|Romanistenlexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Buzer.de law identification|Buzer.de law identification]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/senato.archivioluce.it person ID|senato.archivioluce.it person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple TV show ID|Apple TV show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple TV episode ID|Apple TV episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Music Centre work ID|Australian Music Centre work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fondoambiente.it ID|fondoambiente.it ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unified book number|Unified book number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GLEI ELF|GLEI ELF]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RBF event ID|RBF event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Poetsgate poet ID|Poetsgate poet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Badkartan.se ID|Badkartan.se ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Book Owners Online person ID|Book Owners Online person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ifixit device ID|ifixit device ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Price One Penny Author ID|Price One Penny Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Price One Penny Publisher ID|Price One Penny Publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Price One Penny Work ID|Price One Penny Work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medical Institution Code|Medical Institution Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AlternativeTo software ID|AlternativeTo software ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RoBasketballFed IDs|RoBasketballFed IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Coins of the Roman Empire ID|Online Coins of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bathingWaterIdentifier|bathingWaterIdentifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia della Matematica ID|Enciclopedia della Matematica ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3MoA Danish idioms] ([https://twitter.com/dhum2021C/status/1395694739542904832 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3MZJ Map of coronavirus research organizations active from before 2020] ([https://twitter.com/fnielsen/status/1395387847075635200 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3NMQ Scholarly articles about COVID-19 with "Wikipedia" in the title] *** [https://w.wiki/3NNt 20th-century UK parliaments with count of father/mother who were MPs] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1395140118617395201 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3MAF The tallest known female politicians] ([https://twitter.com/perstar/status/1394916645454426112 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Ls7 Writing systems/characters and their year of appearance] ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1394632991507324931 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3NQN Nocturnal animals based on diel cycle] ([[d:Property_talk:P9566#Gallery_of_nocturnal_animals|Source]]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Movies/lists/Doctor_Who_episodes_new_series|Doctor Who episodes (new series)]] * '''Development''' ** Designing and planning for the first version of a tool to compare Wikidata's data against other databases and find mismatches that might need fixing ** Looking into unit conversion for the Commons Query Service ([[phab:T281468]]) ** Improving RDF export performance problems for very large Items ([[phab:T281272]]) ** Fixed entity suggestions not showing all Items defined in that Property's constraint ([[phab:T280650]]) ** Removed edit buttons that had reappeared on old revisions of Items where they shouldn't be ([[phab:T281587]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 05 24|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:45, 24 Mayu 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21466090 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #470 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for comments: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Cleaning up the ontology of anonymous|Cleaning up the ontology of anonymous]]. Outcome: New model adopted, [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Visual_arts/Item_structure#Use_of_creator_(P170)_in_uncertain_cases|documentation updated]]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past *** [[:m:Wikibase Community User Group monthly meetings - May 2021|Wikibase Community User Group monthly meetings- May 2021]] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juQO7M60RfI How to add references on Wikidata (# 1Lib1Ref 2021)] - working hour (2) *** SPARQL #Wikidata divers **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8w5YGW4hF4 Session du mardi 18 mai] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvmQNkua41Q Session du mardi 25 mai] ** Upcoming *** SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, June 1 at 18:00 CEST *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Affinity Group Co-facilitators will recap the last year, introduce plans for the coming year, and receive suggestions from the community for future sessions.; [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fNCvP7suZoYZHxpku55eqVNGc0MM3sDmCOk9BRnISLU/edit?usp=sharing], June 1st. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#65|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #65]], June 6 *** [[:m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/2021-06-09|Meta meeting]] of the Wikibase Community User Group, to solve issues related to its affilation to the Wikimedia Foundation, June 9 *** [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]] about quality constraints, June 17 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers *** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351607486_Mapping_of_ImageNet_and_Wikidata_for_Knowledge_Graphs_Enabled_Computer_Vision Mapping of ImageNet and Wikidata for Knowledge Graphs Enabled Computer Vision] ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l77bc-rgrc Wikidata Lab XXIX: Roundtripping process] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyadhJmA_nM Use of VanderBot Wikidata API writing script] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zv9rMzOczv8 testing]) *** LIVE Wikidata editing #45 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5vVbuTI7PY YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2965557083729449/ Facebook] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:So9q/ordia-link.js|User:So9q/ordia-link.js]] - is a script to add a link to Ordia in the Tools section on items. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kholoudsaa&oldid=1429524656 Call to participation in interview study to building a recommender system that can help improve the editing experience in Wikidata]: Researchers at King's College London develop a personalized recommendation system to suggest Wikidata items for the editors based on their interests and preferences. The researchers are inviting volunteers to interview them about their current ways to choose the items you work on in order to understand the factors that might influence such a decision. ** [[:de:Wikipedia:Meinungsbilder/Lokale_Seiten-Kurzbeschreibungen#Ergebnis|dewiki]] considered, but rejected the introduction of local short descriptions to replace those from Wikidata ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeEntitySuggester.js|User:Nikki/LexemeEntitySuggester.js]] was improved to now *** automatically suggests the existing senses/forms when using demonstrates sense/form *** automatically suggests items (based on the lemma matching the label or an alias) when using item for this sense *** and searches for lemmas exactly matching the input when using synonym, antonym, hyperonym or pertainym * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9611|district heating grid]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9604|DiVA authority-person]], [[:d:Property:P9605|CDep.Ro NGO ID]], [[:d:Property:P9606|WUA author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9607|hush.am person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9608|Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa ID]], [[:d:Property:P9609|What Works Clearinghouse study ID]], [[:d:Property:P9610|PoetsGate poet ID]], [[:d:Property:P9612|Repositório da Produção da USP person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9613|ctext data entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P9614|Australian Music Centre work ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Martian coordinates|Martian coordinates]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/gobbledygook|gobbledygook]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nevada Women's History Project ID|Nevada Women's History Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AADFI member ID|AADFI member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bod-Inc Online author ID|Bod-Inc Online author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Erfgoedkaart ID|Erfgoedkaart ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Price One Penny Periodical ID|Price One Penny Periodical ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Price One Penny Library ID|Price One Penny Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/composers.am person ID|composers.am person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/armradioarchive.am person ID|armradioarchive.am person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Armeniapedia ID|Armeniapedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers ID|Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ AZGS Document Repository ID| AZGS Document Repository ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/electronic Essential Medicines List medicine ID|electronic Essential Medicines List medicine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PAS member ID|PAS member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ℒoviℱm Top Songs ID|ℒoviℱm Top Songs ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/20th Century Chinese Biographical Database ID|20th Century Chinese Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico dell'Educazione (1800-2000) ID|Dizionario Biografico dell'Educazione (1800-2000) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIU Santé image bank ID|BIU Santé image bank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cadastral plot in France|cadastral plot in France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Game Database developer ID|Internet Game Database developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/allabolag.se person ID|allabolag.se person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Olschki author ID|Olschki author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3Nqn People with bird-like surnames in Czech] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1396922635011993600 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3PZn Properties used to link] from [[d:Q580922|preprints (Q580922)]] to [[d:Q13442814|scholarly articles (Q13442814)]] ([https://twitter.com/larswillighagen/status/1397693652584087553 Source]) *** [http://w.wiki/3N9E Birthplace of Spanish poets] ([https://twitter.com/modernitas2021/status/1397167034358710274 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3NrD UK Parliaments since 1801 with number of members, number of distinct member-terms, and count of missing seats/parties.] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1396941233445130244 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Lighthouses/lists/Fresnel lenses|Fresnel lenses of lighthouses]] * '''Development''' ** Italian Wikiversity used Lua on their Recent Changes SpecialPage via overwriting a MediaWiki message. Our code used to not expect that, now it does. ([[phab:T283240]]) ** Updating the panel that tracks Wikidata edits over time in different namespaces to include all namespaces ([[phab:T281356]]) ** Working on adding a new constraints type for Lexemes ([[phab:T200689]]) ** Working on designs for improving Special:NewLexeme ** Working on designs for the system to find mismatches between Wikidata's data and other databases ** Fixing some malformed globe-coordinate precisions in the database ([[phab:T283576]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 05 31|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:16, 31 Mayu 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21494252 --> Assalamu alaikum[[User:Shamsu Musa1|Shamsu Musa1]] ([[User talk:Shamsu Musa1|talk]]) == Wikidata weekly summary #471 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: *** Wikimedia Hackathon 2021 (replay) "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EA9sLTEdcSo Wikidata Live Querying]" by [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas Werkmeister]] *** SPARQL #Wikidata Préfixes 1/2 (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7ricJjl4WU YouTube] ** Upcoming: *** [[:m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/2021-06-09|Meta meeting]] of the Wikibase Community User Group, Wednesday, June 9, 16:00 UTC *** LIVE Wikidata editing #46 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45BdQRcIek8 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2975545379397286/ Facebook], June 12 at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#66|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #66]], June 13 *** (Dutch) 16 june 2021, 15.00-16.30 CEST, "Universiteitsbibliotheek: Bijzondere Collecties zichtbaar en vindbaar maken in Wikidata", during "[https://library.maastrichtuniversity.nl/digitaal-erfgoed-um-zichtbaar-bruikbaar-houdbaar/ Digitaal Erfgoed @UM | zichtbaar, bruikbaar, houdbaar]" * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs ***[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/06/03/wikidata-and-r-a-perfect-pair/ "Wikidata and R: a perfect pair"] by [[user:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] and [[User:Canley|Canley]]. A ''WikiCite'' eScholarship. ***"[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/06/04/brazilian-laws-modeling-the-brazilian-legislation-in-wikidata/ Brazil’s Laws: Modeling the Brazilian legislation in Wikidata]", by [[user:Ederporto|Ederporto]]. A WikiCite project grant project. ** Papers ***(Preprint) [[arxiv:2106.00459|KGPool: Dynamic Knowledge Graph Context Selection for Relation Extraction]] (Wikidata dataset used in evaluation) *** (Article) [https://www.infodocket.com/2021/06/06/article-wikidata-projects-in-times-of-covid-19-iupui-libraries-engagement-in-open-knowledge/ “Wikidata Projects in Times of COVID-19: IUPUI Libraries’ Engagement in Open Knowledge”] *** (Presentation) [https://figshare.com/articles/presentation/Explore_Analyse_and_Translate_Multilingual_Wikidata_Properties/14727561 Explore, Analyse and Translate Multilingual Wikidata Properties] by [[User:Jsamwrites]] at [[m:ContribuLing/Program|Contribuling]] ** Videos *** Understanding data import into Wikidata via Quickstatements (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbvtAqZqXeY YouTube] *** Workshop for [[Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|"Cita"]]: a Wikidata addon for Zotero, hosted by [[User:Diegodlh|Diegodlh]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_t7vMWNoi2M English] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1admRZlWrkQ en español]. A ''WikiCite'' grant project. *** Wikidata: Municipalities of Romania + a map of places in Kuopio - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj8wQebsQno YouTube] *** Wikidata Editing training (in Tamil) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0xSZCRI3Rc YouTube] *** Excursus: Wikidata Knowledge Graph - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvRqzlIrmTc YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister/Wikidata Image Positions|Wikidata Image Positions]] is a tool to show and add [[:d:Property:P2677|relative position within image (P2677)]] qualifiers on [[:d:Property:P180|depicts (P180)]] statements on Wikidata items as areas on the item’s [[:d:Property:P18|image (P18)]]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9615|Badkartan.se ID]], [[:d:Property:P9616|Eionet bathingWaterIdentifier]], [[:d:Property:P9617|ifixit device ID]], [[:d:Property:P9618|AlternativeTo software ID]], [[:d:Property:P9619|Price One Penny author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9620|Nevada Women's History Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P9621|Treccani's Enciclopedia della Matematica ID]], [[:d:Property:P9622|Price One Penny work ID]], [[:d:Property:P9623|Price One Penny library ID]], [[:d:Property:P9624|Price One Penny publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P9625|Dizionario Biografico dell'Educazione (1800–2000) ID]], [[:d:Property:P9626|Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers ID]], [[:d:Property:P9627|Romanistenlexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9628|composers.am person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9629|Armeniapedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9630|OpenCorporates register jurisdiction]], [[:d:Property:P9631|armradioarchive.am person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9632|PANGO lineage code]], [[:d:Property:P9633|AZGS Document Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P9634|AADFI member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9635|electronic Essential Medicines List medicine ID]], [[:d:Property:P9636|Japan PlayStation Software Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9637|Erfgoedkaart ID]], [[:d:Property:P9638|Romanian diplomatic mission ID]], [[:d:Property:P9639|Foreign diplomatic mission in Romania ID]], [[:d:Property:P9640|PAS member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9641|fondoambiente.it ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Range|Range]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/not found in|not found in]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LdiF person ID|LdiF person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/board game mechanism|board game mechanism]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Date of resignation|Date of resignation]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIP-ID|DIP-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Castforward ID|Castforward ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti member ID|Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EBAF ID|EBAF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FCCOS ID|FCCOS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dutch Caribbean Species Register ID|Dutch Caribbean Species Register ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TBDB ID|TBDB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cirkev.cz bohoslužby ID|cirkev.cz bohoslužby ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ropiky.net pillbox ID|Ropiky.net pillbox ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCD creator ID|GCD creator ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3SnX Properties used to describe themselves] ([https://twitter.com/cthoyt/status/1401691538040651777 Inspiration]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Sxm Most common name in Germany by year of birth] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query/Archive/2021/03#Most_commons_name_in_Germany_by_year_of_birth|Source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Sxu Famous (not French) people born in France] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query/Archive/2020/01#Famous_(not_french)_people_born_in_France|Source]]) * '''Development''' ** You can now add a title to a query visualisation by adding <code>#title:YourTitle</code> to your SPARQL code ([[phab:T225883]], [https://w.wiki/3RpY example query with a title]) ** Added a new constraints type to indicate that a certain Property should only be used on Lexemes of a certain language ([[phab:T200689]]) ** Working on not checking the format constraints via SPARQL to take that load off the SPARQL endpoint and make it technically better ([[phab:T176312]]) ** Working on making the API-Sandbox not suggest edits to real Items ([[phab:T219215]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 06 07|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:03, 7 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21551811 --> == Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 == Greetings, Admins of the emerging community, I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section. Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&oldid=21568660 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #472 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past *** SPARQL #Wikidata Préfixes 2/2 (session 8) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu2kzcbIWnY YouTube] *** Open Repositories 2021: Wikidata Integration with Repository Contents - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNxmj94ZSfs&t=5732s YouTube] *** Information Service Engineering 2021 **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dpltkumoDE SPARQL complex queries, SPARQL aggregation and variable assignment, Wikidata SPARQL examples] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9gvVClaI9A SPARQL Federated Queries, DBpedia and Wikidata, SPARQL query aggregation and variable assignment] ** Upcoming *** Next [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Data_for_Production#LD4-Wikidata_Affinity_Group|Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: [[User:Diegodlh|Diego de la Hera]] on [[Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]], a Wikidata add-on for Zotero. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1J_VTVktvmpMd4dTzFjQlGgKDEr7YaS5Mrxj6ME332X0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda], June 15 *** [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]] about quality constraints, June 17 *** LIVE Wikidata editing #47 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD5L5iTHa1c YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2980705608881263/ Facebook], June 19 at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#67|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #67]], June 20 *** OpenStreetMap TW x Wikidata Taiwan [[d:Q1867|Taipei (Q1867)]] Meetup 2021-07-05 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Videos *** Gateway into Linked Data: Breaking silos with Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7AyM8XCcTo&t=1316s YouTube] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #46 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45BdQRcIek8 YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2975545379397286/ Facebook] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS SPARQL Jupyter notebooks in PAWS]: PAWS is a wikitech services which allows to run Jupyter notebooks. There is a SPARQL kernel which makes it possible to run SPARQL queries. See this [https://public.paws.wmcloud.org/User:PAC2/Women%20as%20scientific%20discoverers.ipynb example notebook]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata Community/Diversity 2021 Survey has been [[:commons:File:Wikidata Community Survey 2021.pdf|published]]. The results are meant to serve as a baseline to see how the community might (not) change in the future. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4VJS7P5OJBTSXDSAVI2VXAUXX7O56HGF/ WikidataCon 2021: A sustainable future for Wikidata]. Information about ''"the conference theme, its three-day program structure and a special project on diversity taking place before the conference itself"''. ** The [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates|call for candidates]] for 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board elections has begun on June 9. The last date to apply is June 29, 2021. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9652|personality trait of fictional character]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9625|Dizionario Biografico dell'Educazione (1800–2000) ID]], [[:d:Property:P9626|Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers ID]], [[:d:Property:P9627|Romanistenlexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P9628|composers.am person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9629|Armeniapedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P9630|OpenCorporates register jurisdiction]], [[:d:Property:P9631|armradioarchive.am person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9632|PANGO lineage code]], [[:d:Property:P9633|AZGS Document Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P9634|AADFI member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9635|electronic Essential Medicines List medicine ID]], [[:d:Property:P9636|Japan PlayStation Software Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9637|Erfgoedkaart ID]], [[:d:Property:P9638|Romanian diplomatic mission ID]], [[:d:Property:P9639|Foreign diplomatic mission in Romania ID]], [[:d:Property:P9640|PAS member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9641|fondoambiente.it ID]], [[:d:Property:P9642|Olschki author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9643|French Etalab parcel visualization code]], [[:d:Property:P9644|Geneanet family name ID]], [[:d:Property:P9645|Online Coins of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Property:P9646|senato.archivioluce.it person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9647|DIP ID]], [[:d:Property:P9648|Newspaper Genre List ID]], [[:d:Property:P9649|Dutch Caribbean Species Register ID]], [[:d:Property:P9650|Internet Game Database developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9651|Book Owners Online person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9653|Bod-Inc Online author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9654|Burke Herbarium Image Collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P9655|Ropiky.net pillbox ID]], [[:d:Property:P9656|Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti member ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LdiF person ID|LdiF person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/board game mechanism|board game mechanism]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Date of resignation|Date of resignation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sex or gender of the position|sex or gender of the position]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/regime|regime]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/earliest known OpenTimestamps|earliest known OpenTimestamps]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Nacional de Maestros|Biblioteca Nacional de Maestros]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/named after lexeme|named after lexeme]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TBDB ID|TBDB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cirkev.cz bohoslužby ID|cirkev.cz bohoslužby ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCD creator ID|GCD creator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memobase ID|Memobase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Central records of collections ID|Central records of collections ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musica Baltica person ID|Musica Baltica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Citation Forms ID|Standard Citation Forms ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Montana Field Guide species ID|Montana Field Guide species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PRISM Break project ID|PRISM Break project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Idaho Species ID|Idaho Species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Room of Names ID|Room of Names ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZKM person ID|ZKM person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fotodok ID|fotodok ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFFR film director ID|IFFR film director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EUIPO OoC-name id|EUIPO OoC-name id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gutenberg Biographics ID|Gutenberg Biographics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EUIPO OoC-work id|EUIPO OoC-work id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games@Mail.ru ID|Games@Mail.ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museumPASSmusées ID|museumPASSmusées ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handlingar.se|Handlingar.se]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NAD agent ID|NAD agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung person ID|Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OlympicsIL ID|OlympicsIL ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3Szs Lakes within 10 km of Berlin] *** Old bath [https://wcqs-beta.wmflabs.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AImageGrid%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fimage%20%22%5D%7D%0A%0A%23SELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Ffile%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Fimage%20%20%3FDigitaltmuseum%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Fimage%20%20%3FDigitaltmuseum%0AWITH%20%0A%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3FitemDescription%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%7B%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%3Fitem%20%20wdt%3AP6104%20wd%3AQ106774536.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22sv%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel%20.%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25Wikidataitems%0A%0AWHERE%20%0A%7B%20%20INCLUDE%20%25Wikidataitems%20.%0A%20%20%3Ffile%20wdt%3AP180%20%3Fitem.%0A%20%20%3Ffile%20wdt%3AP7847%20%3FDigID.%0A%20%20BIND%28URI%28CONCAT%28%22https%3A%2F%2Fdigitaltmuseum.org%2F%22%2C%3FDigID%29%29%20AS%20%3FDigitaltmuseum%29%0A%20%20%3Ffile%20schema%3AcontentUrl%20%3Furl.%20%0A%20%20bind%28iri%28concat%28%22http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilePath%2F%22%2C%20wikibase%3AdecodeUri%28substr%28str%28%3Furl%29%2C53%29%29%29%29%20AS%20%3Fimage%29%0A%7D pictures from Swedish Digitalmuseum] *** Bath water in Sweden [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23title%3A%20Swedish%20Bathwaters%20with%20line%20to%20connected%20water%0A%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fbathcoord%22%2C%22%3Flakecoord%22%2C%22%3Fline%22%2C%22%3Fstr%22%2C%22%3Flayer%22%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20%3Fstr%20%3Fbathwater%20%3FbathwaterLabel%20%3Fbathcoord%20%3Flake%20%3FlakeLabel%20%3Flakecoord%20%3Fdist%20%3Fline%20%3FSJOID%20%3Flayer%20%3FEionetBathingWaterIDentifier%20%3FHav%20%3FVISS%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fbathwater%20wdt%3AP6104%20wd%3AQ106774536.%0A%20%20%20%3Fbathwater%20%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fxx.%0A%20%20%20%3Fbathwater%20%20p%3AP625%20%5B%20a%20wikibase%3ABestRank%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20psv%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Fbathcoordlat%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Fbathcoordlon%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoGlobe%20%3Fglobe%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP625%20%3Fbathcoord%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fbathwater%20wdt%3AP9616%20%3FEionetBathingWaterIDentifier.%20%7D%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fbathwater%20wdt%3AP206%20%3Flake.%0A%20%20%20%3Flake%20%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Frr.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Flake%20%20p%3AP625%20%5Ba%20wikibase%3ABestRank%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20psv%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flong%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoGlobe%20%3Fglobe2%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP625%20%3Flakecoord%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Flake%20wdt%3AP761%20%3FSJOID.%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20BIND%28geof%3Adistance%28%3Fbathcoord%2C%20%3Flakecoord%29%20as%20%3Fdist%29%20.%20%0A%20%20%23filter%20%28%3Fdist%20%3E%3D%203%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28floor%28%3Fdist%2F10%29%2a10%20as%20%3Flayer%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%27LINESTRING%20%28%27%2C%20STR%28%3Fbathcoordlon%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Fbathcoordlat%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flong%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Flat%29%2C%20%27%29%27%29%20AS%20%3Fstr%29%20.%0A%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%3Fstr%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fline%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%28URI%28CONCAT%28%22https%3A%2F%2Fbadplatsen.havochvatten.se%2Fbadplatsen%2Fkarta%2F%23%2Fbath%2F%22%2C%3FEionetBathingWaterIDentifier%29%29%20AS%20%20%3FHav%29%0A%20%20BIND%28URI%28CONCAT%28%22https%3A%2F%2Fviss.lansstyrelsen.se%2FWaters.aspx%3FwaterEUID%3DSE%22%2C%3FSJOID%29%29%20AS%20%3FVISS%29%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%2Csv%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Fdist%29 with distance to the center of the lake it is connected to] *** Bath water in Sweden [https://w.wiki/3TrJ located in Nature reserves (protected area, geojson)] *** [https://w.wiki/3RHs Map of the standard English and Welsh spellings of all places in the database] ([https://twitter.com/WIKI_NLW/status/1403327228629377024 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Qvi Films directed by Agnès Varda and their publication date] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1402037551309991937 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Jkb List of women who hold or have held the position of rector at a university] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1404234275147419658 Source]) ** Schema examples: *** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/EntitySchema:E319 EntitySchema:E319] - European bath waters ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[Wikidata:WikiProject European Bath Waters]] - Europe is open up and its summer - '''lets add bath waters to Wikidata''' * '''Development''' ** Working on no longer using the Query Service to evaluate Constraints Checks regular expressions (this should make our checks faster and allow for further improvements) ([[phab:T176312]]) ** Changing the rate limits for assigning Item IDs further, which should result in even fewer Q-IDs being skipped in the future ([[phab:T284538]]) ** Finalizing the concepts for a tool to help work on mismatches between Wikidata's data and other databases/websites/... [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 06 14|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:41, 14 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21551811 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #473 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2021.06.24 next Wikibase live session] is [https://iw.toolforge.org/zonestamp/1624550400 16:00 UTC on Thursday 24th June 2021] (18:00 Berlin time). This month we'll have a team member from [https://wikibase-stakeholder-group.github.io/ Wikibase Stakeholders Group] talk briefly about their work, and then we'll welcome people to share out about their work around Wikibase. We'll leave some space in the agenda to discuss meta issues related to the Wikibase Community Usergroup. *** SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in English by Vigneron, June 22 at 18:00 CEST *** '''24/06 (17:30 UTC):''' [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XXX|Wikidata Lab XXX: Roundtripping process for tainacan]] with [[d:User:Ederporto|Ederporto]] and Dalton Lopes Martins (https://tainacan.org/en/ Tainacan) ('''in English'''), on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6m0rRgadu4 YouTube] *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#67|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #68]], June 27 *** LIVE Wikidata editing #47 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QywDX83OZrw YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2985815161703641/ Facebook], June 26 at 18:00 UTC * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers *** [[:d:Q107308059|Beyond VIAF. Wikidata as a Complementary Tool for Authority Control in Libraries]] (with [https://catalogo.pusc.it/beyond_viaf/ detailed statistics on VIAF and Wikidata]) ** Videos *** Using OpenRefine and creating wikidata schema - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osYFU2UvE1Y YouTube] *** Query SPARQL Wikidata around genealogy (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc0pkmFkbYA YouTube] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #47 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD5L5iTHa1c YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2980705608881263/ Facebook] *** Global Open Initiative Foundation editing session - Adding statements about Ghanaian Members of Parliament using OpenRefine - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50GBWVUCsO8 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[:d:Template:PositionHolderHistory|Template:PositionHolderHistory]] displays the full list of position holders for a given position. ** [[:d:Template:Generic queries for positions|Template:Generic queries for positions]] new template with generic queries for positions. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Interlanguage links now work for multilingual Wikisource. [[phab:T275958]] ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeEntitySuggester.js|User:Nikki/LexemeEntitySuggester.js]] now supports searching for senses for the translation property. ** The [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates|call for candidates]] for 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board elections has begun on June 9. The last date to apply is June 29, 2021. ** Since the beginning of the month, phabricator tickets about language codes (and names of languages) were reviewed and triaged to better reflect their content and current status. Some work was done to better identify the steps for such changes, highlight and address bottlenecks and system issues. Patches for a few codes were contributed and are being released. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/language_codes/ Phabricator "Language codes" workboard] provides an overview, [[phab:T284856]] attempts to identify maintenance steps and [[phab:T284276]] determine turn-around times. [[phab:T284808]] should finally close a gap in termbox language handeling. A way to better address some or all aspects of changes of language codes applicable to Wikipedia editions still needs to be found. Don't hesitate to request the addition or update of language names (e.g. the name of Dutch in Danish) or missing language codes, notably for monolingual strings (see [[d:Help:Monolingual_text_languages|Help:Monolingual text languages]]). * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9660|not found in]], [[:d:Property:P9664|named place on map]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9655|Ropiky.net pillbox ID]], [[:d:Property:P9656|Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9657|Memobase ID]], [[:d:Property:P9658|Standard Citation Forms for Rare Materials Cataloging ID]], [[:d:Property:P9659|Skipsrevyen ID]], [[:d:Property:P9661|EBAF authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P9662|LdiF person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9663|Musica Baltica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9665|EGID]], [[:d:Property:P9666|RBF event ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/named after lexeme|named after lexeme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/replacement value|replacement value]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qualis rank|Qualis rank]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role of component|role of component]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/table of contents available at URL|table of contents available at URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DICOM modality page|DICOM modality page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flemish Heritage Themes ID|Flemish Heritage Themes ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OlympicsIL ID|OlympicsIL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EBIDAT ID|EBIDAT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crosscut author ID|Crosscut author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier BNM|identifier BNM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chidlovski.Com USSR national ice hockey team player ID|Chidlovski.Com USSR national ice hockey team player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handzone player ID|Handzone player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BES-Net user ID|BES-Net user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hokej.cz player ID|Hokej.cz player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Research Resource Identifier|Research Resource Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VK artist ID|VK artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MonumentalTrees.com|MonumentalTrees.com]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren person ID|Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/E-Flora BC species ID|E-Flora BC species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/E-Fauna BC species ID|E-Fauna BC species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Villo! station ID|Villo! station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LexM ID|LexM ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3VT7 Map of public bookcases] *** [https://public.paws.wmcloud.org/User:PAC2/Generic%20queries%20for%20positions.ipynb SPARQL Jupyter notebook to explore generic queries for positions] (using PAWS) *** [https://w.wiki/3W7h Biographies that can be linked in different Wikipedias (apart from deWP)] ([https://twitter.com/RegiowikiAt/status/1405806412039704579 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3WVb Vulnerable, endangered or extinct languages with number of lexemes in Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1404841876134445059 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Lhb Articles in English Wikipedia about women that have the good article badge but do not have an article written in Spanish] ([https://twitter.com/editatona/status/1404553060223946755 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[Wikidata:WikiProject Outdoor Gyms]] * '''Development''' ** Fixed a bug that broke the "Add sitelink" popup on Commons ([[phab:T284854]]) ** Working on a fix for suggesters popping up unexpectedly when tabbing quickly ([[phab:284219]]) ** Reviewing code for a new Property Suggester by a student ([[phab:T284820]]) ** Mismatch Finder: Working on a tool to work through mismatching data between Wikidata and external databases. Your feedback is welcome on [[d:Wikidata talk:Mismatch Finder|Wikidata talk:Mismatch Finder]] ** Curious Facts: We developed a tool to help editors check random curious facts on Wikidata. [https://wikidata-analytics.wmcloud.org/app/CuriousFacts Try it] and give us your feedback on [[d:Wikidata talk:Curious_Facts|Wikidata talk:Curious Facts]] ** Kicked off our continued work on Wikidata-Wikibase federation (Federation v2) with preparatory work, including: *** [[phab:T284909|Testing infrastructure investigation and decision]] *** Investigation: [[phab:T284913|How to refer to entities that have the same IDs as the source wikibase entities]] [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 06 21|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:23, 21 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21590290 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #474 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Automatic analysis and breakdown of links (for social accounts reference)|Automatic analysis and breakdown of links (for social accounts reference)]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: *** [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/2021-06-24|log of Wikibase Live session 2021-06-24]] ** Upcoming: *** SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, June 28 at 18:00 CEST *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Robert Chavez (Northeastern University) will provide an introduction to SPARQL and using the Wikidata Query Service.; [https://docs.google.com/document/d/14wazqg7XJM3Asqq4kFcNHCVgBOGODRp0U8yFc-22WM8/edit?usp=sharing], June 29th. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#69|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #69]], July 4 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/2021/06/22/wikidata-with-five-indigenous-artists/ A Journey Into Wikidata with Five Indigenous Artists] *** [https://blogs.bl.uk/digital-scholarship/2021/06/adding-data-to-wikidata-is-efficient-with-quickstatements.html Adding Data to Wikidata is Efficient with QuickStatements] ** Papers ***[[d:Q107338764|Which methods are the most effective in enabling novice users to participate in ontology creation? A usability study]] (compares Wikidata to other knowledge modelling tools) **** ** Videos *** LIVE Wikidata editing #47 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QywDX83OZrw YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/2985815161703641/ Facebook], for the #ArcticKnot. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Dvzb4Svzck SPARQL queries live on Twitch about lexicography and lexemes] by Vigneron, for the #ArcticKnot. *** Wikidata Lab XXX: Roundtripping process for Tainacan - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6m0rRgadu4 YouTube] *** Creating a new faculty item in Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fu68LM5NicM YouTube *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fC3oXvQfqI Writing data to Wikidata], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvWkaCcEEHA Wikidata Sandbox items] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Template:Item documentation|Template:Item documentation]] now includes [[d:Template:Generic queries for positions|Template:Generic queries for positions]]. It can be used for every position item in the talk page. See example with [[d:Talk:Q81066|head of the United Nations Secretariat]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata Community/Diversity 2021 Survey has been [[:commons:File:Wikidata Community Survey 2021.pdf|published]]. The results are meant to serve as a baseline to see how the community might (not) change in the future. Feel free to give us your feedback on [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/2021-2-Survey|this discussion page]]. ** Call for candidates for the [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/2021 contact election|2021 election to the position of primary contact]] for the [[m:Wikibase Community User Group|Wikibase Community User Group]]. Applicants should present themselves on [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/2021 contact election/Candidates|this page]] before '''2021-07-08 17:00 (UTC)''', after which voting will commence. ** [[d:Wikidata:Bodh|Bodh]] is a new tool to edit Lexemes by hand on a larger scale. ** [[wikitech:User:AKhatun/Wikidata_Vertical_Analysis|Wikidata Vertical Analysis]] by AKhatun (WMF) ** [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/template/igbo-noun/ Wikidata Lexeme Forms now supports Igbo nouns] ** [https://twitter.com/LucasWerkmeistr/status/1406334472891551745 Wikidata Lexeme Forms now supports Malayalam proper nouns] ** A new version of the Open Art Browser allows discovering works of art in the new section "Types", which presents you more than 1500 expressions of art. [http://openartbrowser.org/en/classes Explore it!] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9667|date of resignation]], [[:d:Property:P9675|curid]], [[:d:Property:P9680|consequence of text]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9666|RBF event ID]], [[:d:Property:P9668|cirkev.cz Catholic services ID]], [[:d:Property:P9669|Olympic Committee of Israel athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P9670|ZKM person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9671|Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9672|Fotodok ID]], [[:d:Property:P9673|museumPASSmusées ID]], [[:d:Property:P9674|Burke Herbarium Image Collection contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P9676|Vindskyddskartan.se ID]], [[:d:Property:P9677|Hokej.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9678|Franciscan Center of Christian Oriental Studies ID]], [[:d:Property:P9679|Companies Registration Office (Ireland) Registration Number]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/delta of|delta of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Astrological sign|Astrological sign]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/announced at|announced at]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contact point (2)|contact point (2)]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WTA-Trainer-ID|WTA-Trainer-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Villo! station ID|Villo! station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LexM ID|LexM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Classical Archives composer ID|Classical Archives composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UFC ID|UFC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tapology ID|Tapology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bellator ID|Bellator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bauforschung Baden-Württemberg Objekt-ID|Bauforschung Baden-Württemberg Objekt-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightMatrix ID|FightMatrix ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Curling Federation Championship ID|World Curling Federation Championship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ethereum token address|Ethereum token address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Legie 100 legionary ID|Legie 100 legionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PsycNET ID|PsycNET ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Index Theologicus ID|Index Theologicus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MK ID|MK ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CCC in Idaho Collection ID|CCC in Idaho Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gameblog.fr game ID|Gameblog.fr game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/African Film Database ID|African Film Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games und Erinnerungskultur Datenbank ID|Games und Erinnerungskultur Datenbank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia Online ID|Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Native-Land.ca Territory ID|Native-Land.ca Territory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Native-Land.ca Language ID|Native-Land.ca Language ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius ID|Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HockeyLive player ID|HockeyLive player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eishockey.info player ID|eishockey.info player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3Yev Street names in Alsatian] ([[phab:T262922#7178793|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Z8o What kind of places in Wales host public toilets?] ([https://twitter.com/WICI_LLGC/status/1409488011197300742 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3Yoe UK Health Ministers and their occupations on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1409081946865610756 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3YJM Count of statements by property for theatrical plays] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1408382965898436610 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3XdN Things dedicated to St. John the Baptist] ([https://twitter.com/euwikipedia/status/1407790562917367816 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Mismatch Finder: We started building the foundation of the place that will store the mismatches between Wikidata and other databases/catalogs/... ** Continued work on migrating the checks of regular expressions for constraints from SPARQL to a better solution to take that load off of the SPARQL endpoint ([[phab:T176312]]) ** Made it possible to show language links from multilingual Wikisource to the other language versions of Wikisource ([[phab:T275958]]) ** Added a new constraint type to indicate that a certain Property should only be used on Lexemes with a specific language ([[phab:T200689]]) ** Fixed a weird issue with suggesters popping back up when they shouldn't ([[phab:T284219]]) ** Invalid data will not be handled better in RDF outputs ([[phab:T285131]]) ** Working on lowering the rate limit at which a misbehaving bot can waste new Item IDs to further reduce the percentage of skipped Item IDs ([[phab:T284538]]) ** Working on not suggesting real Item IDs in the API sandbox to avoid accidental edits by people who think it is not making real edits ([[phab:T219215]]) ** Working on reducing the time it takes between entering a value in a new statement and being able to save the statement ([[phab:T281669]]) ** Improved documentation of the usage tracking aspects in API help pages. Usage tracking is an internal mechanism to track which article on Wikipedia etc uses which data from an Item on Wikidata. ([[phab:T283040]]) ** Language codes for monolingual strings "gsw-fr", "ykg", "wya", "osa-latn" were made available: Alsatian, Tundra Yukaghir, Wendat, Osage ([[phab:T262922]], [[phab:T252198]], [[phab:T283364]], [[phab:T265297]]) ** The English name for language code "crh" and the Swedish name for "fa" were corrected ([[phab:T240350]], [[phab:T281702]]) ** Lexeme language codes ha-arab, sux-latn, sux-xsux, gsg, tlh-piqd, tlh-latn, bfi, pwn, enm were added. That is Hausa in Arabic script, Sumerian in cuneiform and Latin-script, German Sign Language, Klingon in pIqaD and Latin script, British Sign Language, Paiwan and Middle English. ([[phab:T282512]], [[phab:T279557]]) ** It was determined that language codes can be activated for Wikidata while being blocked for use on Incubator ([[phab:T273705]]), this to avoid projects such as a "British English Wikipedia" ** Language code "es-419" for Latin American Spanish has been available for labels and descriptions for quite some time ([[phab:T230786]]) ** A possibly confusing Russian mis-translation of the name of the language code for "multiple languages" (mul) is being reviewed ([[phab:T245927]]) ** "[[:en-simple:]]" can be used instead of "[[:simple:]]" to link to Simple Wikipedia. Query Services outputs "en-simple", not "simple" for sitelinks to Simple Wikipedia ([[phab:T283149]]). ** There was some discussion about the creation of a language code "en-in" for monolingual strings, but "en-in" as interface language seems to be preferred ([[phab:T212313]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 06 28|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:03, 28 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21652091 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #475 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Allenwang6212a|Allenwang6212a]] (RfP scheduled to end after 6 July 2021 06:09 UTC) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Past: *** Wikipedia Weekly Network - LIVE Wikidata editing #49 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHfBIxMa8qk YouTube] ** Upcoming: *** SPARQL queries [https://www.twitch.tv/belett live on Twitch] in French by Vigneron, July 6 at 18:00 CEST (UTC+2) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.ldodds.com/2021/06/01/schema-explorers-and-how-they-can-help-guide-adoption-of-common-standards/ Schema explorers and how they can help guide adoption of common standards] *** [https://addshore.com/2021/06/tackling-technical-debt-big-and-small-in-wikidata-and-wikibase/ Tackling Technical Debt, big and small, in Wikidata and Wikibase] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.00156v1.pdf A Study of the Quality of Wikidata] *** [https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ital/article/view/12959 Beyond VIAF: Wikidata as a Complementary Tool for Authority Control in Libraries] ** Videos *** (workshop) Editing Wikidata items about Ghanaian parliamentarians - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eRbrmDlTr0 YouTube] *** Adding descriptions and statements to Wikidata using Quickstatements - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAYlEhG0ILA&list=PL688h-0nBPOB3Z7GVKpYU9G23nX7QclT7&index=2 YouTube] *** Editing Wikidata (in German) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIY3zANk9lw YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/AnchorLinks.js|User:Nikki/AnchorLinks.js]] is a userscript that adds a small link before property labels and statement values on entity pages to provide a clickable/copiable link to that section of the page. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** A [https://karriere-igb.softgarden.io/job/11001088 job opening] for a fullstack developer to work on integrating Wikidata with expert-curated knowledge on invasion biology * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9681|voted on by]], [[:d:Property:P9683|Qualis rank]], [[:d:Property:P9687|author given names]], [[:d:Property:P9688|author last name]], [[:d:Property:P9700|delta of]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9682|Gutenberg Biographics ID]], [[:d:Property:P9684|Idaho Species ID]], [[:d:Property:P9685|Montana Field Guide species ID]], [[:d:Property:P9686|Classical Archives composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9689|Crosscut author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9690|E-Fauna BC species ID]], [[:d:Property:P9691|E-Flora BC species ID]], [[:d:Property:P9692|LexM ID]], [[:d:Property:P9693|BES-Net user ID]], [[:d:Property:P9694|VK artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P9695|Legie 100 legionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P9696|Buzer.de law identification]], [[:d:Property:P9697|Games@Mail.ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P9698|World Curling Federation Championship ID]], [[:d:Property:P9699|FOIH themes ID]], [[:d:Property:P9701|African Film Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9702|Gameblog.fr game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9703|CCC in Idaho Collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P9704|Monumental Trees ID]], [[:d:Property:P9705|Bauforschung Baden-Württemberg Objekt-ID]], [[:d:Property:P9706|Director Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P9707|GCD creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P9708|Handzone player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9709|Games und Erinnerungskultur Datenbank ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/code name|code name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Tables for Crystallography space group number|International Tables for Crystallography space group number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Impact factor|Impact factor]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dependency grammar relations|dependency grammar relations]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/biological target|biological target]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/URL for citizen's initiatives|URL for citizen's initiatives]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incubator|incubator]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/project state|project state]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fotoCH photographer ID|fotoCH photographer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Raakvlak inventory number|Raakvlak inventory number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cultural broadcasting archive station ID|cultural broadcasting archive station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Diet Library Persistent ID|National Diet Library Persistent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MANTO ID|MANTO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/e-Rad researcher ID|e-Rad researcher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WMO code|WMO code]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3b8y List of pairs of senses on the same lexeme that have the same gloss in at least one language] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/10445 Source]) *** Which British Monarch saw most US Presidents; which US President saw most British Monarchs? ([https://w.wiki/3b8x graph view]) ([https://w.wiki/3b8u dimensions view]) ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1411624633137311748 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3amU All paintings (Q3305213) that depict (P180) a painting] ([https://twitter.com/seeksanusername/status/1411398102163103752 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3b3i Count of qualifiers used in performer (P175) statements] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1411721094902452229 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3b4k Scientific and Commons names of animals which are threatened as per IUCN Red List] ([https://twitter.com/anandmallaya/status/1411717642184970243 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3U$P Latin American female mathematicians who are not on spanish Wikipedia but have an article in another language] ([https://twitter.com/Wikimedia_mx/status/1411019089938575361 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3aAf US Governors and their religion, if listed] ([https://twitter.com/erik_paulson/status/1410754713272950784 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3b4x Living soccer players whose birthday is on January 1st] ([https://twitter.com/PhiBo23/status/1409932152758808580 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3ZEU Museums nearby Cēsis (Q107582)] ([https://twitter.com/jeb_140/status/1409588960414769156 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3ZEK Distribution of public toilets per administrative units in Wales] ([https://twitter.com/Jan_Ainali/status/1409580247348097032 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Mismatch Finder: We continued the work on building the basic store that in the future will hold mismatches between Wikidata's data and other databases/websites/catalogs/... These mismatches will then be used in the Mismatch Finder website and other tools to easily review them. ** Improved the namespace behavior of the CommonsLink constraint so that it now produces less false positives ([[phab:T237920]]) ** Working on adding a magic word to allow pages to be excluded from Special:UnconnectedPages on Wikipedias and co ([[phab:T97577]]) ** Language names in [[d:Q14549|Scots (sco)]] were updated ([[phab:T285076]]) ** A task to complete language names in [[d:Q7411|Dutch (nl)]] is being filled ([[phab:T231748]]) ** A language code for an undetermined Mixtec language is being ''determined'' ([[phab:T155419]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 07 05|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:09, 5 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21694624 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #476 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Emu|Emu]] (RfP scheduled to end after 13 July 2021 11:49 UTC) *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/-akko|-akko]] (RfP scheduled to end after 16 July 2021 06:31 UTC) ** Closed request for adminship: *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Allenwang6212a|Allenwang6212a]] (unsuccessful) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: *** LIBER 2021 - Panel Discussion: Why use Wikidata or not - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4UCFJyGzfo YouTube] *** SPARQL Wikidata divers. Session of Tuesday, June 29 (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUkCaMucdYQ YouTube] *** SPARQL Wikidata Wikisource. Tuesday, July 6 session (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36cyIt9WPgc YouTube] ** Upcoming: *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday 28th July 2021 at 16:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. This month we will also be having a guest presentation about [[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] by Srishti Sethi from the Wikimedia Foundation. *** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: Carlo Bianchini (University of Pavia), Stefano Bargioni (Pontifical University Santa Croce (Rome)), and Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo (University of Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore) will discuss their recent project and article “Beyond VIAF: Wikidata as a Complementary Tool for Authority Control in Libraries”.; [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UXzBo0UH4i8qs4RNG02b4uoE4fG09BlY5OJi7UD-BVU/edit], July 13th. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/XJ3TLDYCJYZ7HL436I2LQBVWUOI52AGI/ Upcoming Search Platform Office Hours—July 14th, 2021]. Come and ask anything related to Wikimedia search, Wikidata Query Service, Wikimedia Commons Query Service, etc.! *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#71|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #71]], July 18 * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs ***[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/07/07/improving-wikidata-wikisource-integration/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter Improving Wikidata-Wikisource Integration], July 7, 2021 by Krishna Chaitanya Velaga *** [https://addshore.com/2021/07/a-first-look-at-wikidata-through-github-copilot/ A first look at Wikidata through Github Copilot] by [[User:Addshore|Addshore]] ** Papers ***{{Q|107425133}}, by Kartik Shenoy et al, published 1 July 2021, explores the use of three indicators - deleted statements that are not replaced; deprecated statements; and constraint violations - as a framework for evaluating data quality. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmEBQ6G_Huw Introduction to OpenRefine for batch Wikidata editing] (YouTube, ca. 1 hr 40 min) by [[d:User:Spinster|Spinster]]. Recording of a training for the [[m:Wiki World Heritage User Group|Wiki World Heritage User Group]]. *** Editing Wikidata items about Ghanaian parliamentarians ([[m:Global Open Initiative|Global Open Initiative Foundation]] workshop) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3KOEMLgz2s YouTube] *** Editing Lexicographical data in Dagbani ([[d:Lexeme:L578335|ʒiɛɣu]]) ([[m:Dagbani Wikimedians User Group|Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]] workshop) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tATyBFvR6c0 YouTube] *** Wikidata Workshop by Juan Antonio Pastor at the University of Murcia (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fwXqYlyjPc YouTube] *** * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://schafe-vorm-fenster.de/ Schafe vorm Fenster] is a project to build up a calendar for rural villages in Vorpommern-Greifswald using Wikidata to get images and short descriptions for the villages. ([https://twitter.com/schafeamfenster/status/1412655207432048641 See example]) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://twitter.com/WikidataMeter/status/1412980136429903875 Wikidata now has over 9,000 Properties!] You can see the development over the past 5 years and which datatype is represented the most [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000167/wikidata-datamodel?viewPanel=6&orgId=1&refresh=30m&from=now-5y&to=now here]. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/XTH4TUR34NQ57DC73HP6XB3NU6FO6CH7/ Wikimedia Deutschland to receive a grant from Arcadia to work on minority languages] ** The Wikidata development has a new space to receive bug reports and feature requests: [[Wikidata:Report a technical problem]]. You may also continue to report issues to [[Wikidata:Contact the development team]] but until the end of July when the page will be permanently protected and archived. ** OpenRefine has two Junior Developer job openings (paid contractor positions; part-time, fully remote) for building Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons functionality **# [https://openrefine.org/blog/2021/07/07/Wikimedia-Commons-reconciliation-batch-developer.html Junior Developer - Wikimedia Development] (6 months, from September 2021 till February 2022) **# [https://openrefine.org/blog/2021/07/07/OpenRefine-SDC-developer.html Junior Developer - OpenRefine Development] (8 months, from November 2021 till June 2022) ** For [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|2021 WMF Board of Trustees election]], there are [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|20 candidates]]. Community members can know and participate in the [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021#Campaign_Activities|campaign activities]] here. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9714|taxon range]], [[:d:Property:P9721|image of entrance]], [[:d:Property:P9729|replacement value]], [[:d:Property:P9731|announced at]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9704|Monumental Trees ID]], [[:d:Property:P9705|Bauforschung Baden-Württemberg Objekt-ID]], [[:d:Property:P9706|Director Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P9707|GCD creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P9708|Handzone player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9709|Games und Erinnerungskultur Datenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P9710|Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9711|cIMeC.Ro museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P9712|Research Resource Identifier]], [[:d:Property:P9713|Swedish National Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P9715|Room of Names ID]], [[:d:Property:P9716|Native Land territory ID]], [[:d:Property:P9717|Native Land language ID]], [[:d:Property:P9718|eishockey.info player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9719|HockeyLive player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9720|fotoCH photographer ID]], [[:d:Property:P9722|UFC ID]], [[:d:Property:P9723|20th Century Chinese Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9724|FightMatrix ID]], [[:d:Property:P9725|EBIDAT ID]], [[:d:Property:P9726|Bellator ID]], [[:d:Property:P9727|WTA-Trainer-ID]], [[:d:Property:P9728|Tapology ID]], [[:d:Property:P9730|Chidlovski.Com USSR national ice hockey team player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/URL for citizen's initiatives|URL for citizen's initiatives]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incubator|incubator]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/project state|project state]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/edition-version|edition-version]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Città e Cattedrali ID|Città e Cattedrali ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/release of|release of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/translation of|translation of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/match event|match event]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Igromania series ID|Igromania series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/alternative title|alternative title]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Classification of the Functions of Government|Classification of the Functions of Government]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WMO code|WMO code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia Dantesca ID|Enciclopedia Dantesca ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FINA Athlete ID 2021|FINA Athlete ID 2021]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFPNI author ID|IFPNI author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Greenlight ID|Steam Greenlight ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adventure Corner ID|Adventure Corner ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pladias ID|Pladias ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ código centro docente CEICE| código centro docente CEICE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Media Bias/Fact Check ID|Media Bias/Fact Check ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/abART term ID|abART term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/US-Ski-&-Snowboard-Athleten-ID|US-Ski-&-Snowboard-Athleten-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Freeview Australia show ID|Freeview Australia show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kartridge game ID|Kartridge game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3bti Subclasses of Q732577 'publication' found by the Gather, Apply & Scatter service] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1412705102004162560 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3cJe Places more or less on Papa Stour] (using P1332-P1335 to constrain a wikibase:around search) *** [https://w.wiki/3ZYM Map of Sweden's outdoor gyms] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1413789042857193472 Source]) ** Newest database reports: [[d:Help:Wikimedia_language_codes/lists/all/in_nl|language names in Dutch (Wikidata, Wikipedia and MediaWiki)]] * '''Development''' ** Mismatch Finder (a tool to review mismatches between Wikidata and other databases): We continued initial development of the store part of the tool. We focused on the upload of new mismatches. ([[phab:project/view/5422]]) ** Discussion on how do describe the types of mismatches reviewed in Mismatch Finder ([[phab:T285849]]) ** We introduced a magic word that can be used to exclude a page from Special:UnconnectedPages on Wikipedia and co. This will make the special page more useful to find pages on Wikipedia and co that should be added to an Item on Wikidata as sitelinks. ([[phab:T97577]]). ** We reduced the number of Wikidata edits that show up in the watchlist and recent changes of Wikipedia and co by not triggering entries for a number of Wikidata edits that do not influence the article ([[phab:T286193]]) ** Property Suggester: We are reviewing patches by a student working on an improved Property Suggester. ** Working on improving how deprecated statements are handled when checking “type” and “value type” constraints" ([[phab:T170401]]) ** Working on fixing a bug where the entity suggestions are opened when a valid value is already selected ([[phab:T285102]]) ** Wikidata-Wikibase federation (Federation v2): We investigated [[phab:T284913|How to refer to entities that have the same IDs as the source wikibase entities]]. You can read the [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/Wikibase/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adr/0019-federated-properties-prefix-ids-via-uris.md ADR] here [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 07 12|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:14, 12 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21715493 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #478 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: *** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call: Carlo Bianchini (University of Pavia), Stefano Bargioni (Pontifical University Santa Croce (Rome)), and Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo (University of Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore) will discuss their recent project and article “Beyond VIAF: Wikidata as a Complementary Tool for Authority Control in Libraries”.; July 13th. ** Upcoming: *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#72|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #72]], July 25 *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday 28th July 2021 at 16:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. This month we will also be having a guest presentation about [[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] by Srishti Sethi from the Wikimedia Foundation. *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2021.07.29 next Wikibase live session] is at 16:00 UTC on Thursday 29th July 2021 (18:00 Berlin time). This month, we welcome [[d:User:Lucamauri|Luca Mauri]] to give a presentation about installing Wikibase from scratch. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs ***''Wikipedia Citations in Wikidata'' [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/07/15/wikipedia-citations-in-wikidata/ English] & [https://diff.wikimedia.org/it/2021/07/15/wikipedia-citations-in-wikidata-2/ Italian] by OpenCitations, report on a WikiCite grant project. ***''[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/07/15/opportunities-to-improve-integration-between-wikisource-and-wikidata/ Opportunities to improve integration between Wikisource and Wikidata]'' (part 2 of a WikiCite blogpost series) by [[User:KCVelaga|KCVelaga]] & [[User:Satdeep Gill|Satdeep Gill]] *** [https://medium.com/european-data-journalism-network/finding-gendered-street-names-a-step-by-step-walkthrough-with-r-7608c2d36a77 Finding gendered street names. A step-by-step walkthrough with R] *** [https://topos.site/blog/2021/07/introducing-the-mathfoldr-project/ Introducing the MathFoldr Project] ** Videos *** Tutorial: Introduction to the Wikidata lexicographical data project (by [[d:User:Mahir256|Mahir256]]) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmoSdoUcslY YouTube] *** Bringing IIIF Manifests to Life in Wikidata with Mirador 3 (2021 IIIF Annual Conference) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9Ka_RtJGBc YouTube] *** Moving Wikipedia's InfoBox to Wikidata (in Taiwanese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LH1mpw_DRMM YouTube] ** Notebooks *** [https://public.paws.wmcloud.org/User:PAC2/Articles%20created%20by%20gender.ipynb Using xtools created pages and wikidata API to measure gender statistics about articles created by a user] (Jupyter notebook using R kernel in the [[:d:Wikidata:PAWS|PAWS]] webservice) *** [https://public.paws.wmcloud.org/User:PAC2/Gender%20diversity%20in%20academic%20disciplines%20in%20the%20French%20wikipedia.ipynb Gender diversity in articles about academic disciplines in the French wikipedia] (Jupyter notebook using R kernel in the [[:d:Wikidata:PAWS|PAWS]] webservice). *** [https://public.paws.wmcloud.org/User:PAC2/Articles%20de%20qualit%C3%A9.ipynb A first look at featured articles in Wikipedia in French using Wikidata] (SPARQL Jupyter notebook using [[:d:Wikidata:PAWS|PAWS]]) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://searchy.toolforge.org/ searchy.toolforge.org] is a semantic search engine to find articles on a topic and filter results by metascientific info (gender and region). * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://finnaarupnielsen.wordpress.com/2021/07/17/intelligent-search-in-scholia/ Scholia gets an upgrade and 1 click import of new scientific paper via citation-js and QS] ** For [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|2021 WMF Board of Trustees election]], there are [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|20 candidates]]. Among them, active Wikidata contributors [[d:User:Mike_Peel|Mike Peel]], [[d:User:Laurentius|Laurentius]] and [[d:User:Rosiestep|Rosiestep]]. Community members can know and participate in the [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021#Campaign_Activities|campaign activities]] here. ** Sitelinks to the [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/WMF projects/new|recently created]] [[d:Q107228569|Tachelhit Wikipedia]] and [[d:Q107379932|Dagbani Wikipedia]] are being added. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9732|URL for citizen's initiatives]], [[:d:Property:P9733|International Tables for Crystallography space group number]], [[:d:Property:P9740|number of request signatories]], [[:d:Property:P9745|translation of]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9734|Enciclopedia Dantesca ID]], [[:d:Property:P9735|Città e Cattedrali ID]], [[:d:Property:P9736|MANTO ID]], [[:d:Property:P9737|WMO code]], [[:d:Property:P9738|IFPNI author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9739|Landshuth ID]], [[:d:Property:P9741|Pladias ID]], [[:d:Property:P9742|Central records of collections ID]], [[:d:Property:P9743|Podchaser creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P9744|Steam Greenlight game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9746|CEICE school code]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UEFA stadium category|UEFA stadium category]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/URL for freedom of information requests|URL for freedom of information requests]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Legal History|Legal History]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bridge number|bridge number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Notable role|Notable role]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inventory number|inventory number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weverse user ID|Weverse user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITU radio emission designation|ITU radio emission designation]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS SNS author ID|IRIS SNS author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eBru ID|eBru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Daum Cafe ID|Daum Cafe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Douyin Video ID|Douyin Video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Ontario Museum ID|Royal Ontario Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maPZS trails/locations ID|maPZS trails/locations ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SDBM IDs|SDBM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts ID|Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Yorker ID|The New Yorker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Looted Cultural Assets Database ID|Looted Cultural Assets Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Marmiton ID|Marmiton ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia del Cinema ID|Enciclopedia del Cinema ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubFacts author ID|PubFacts author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23title%3A%20List%20of%20all%20stages%0ASELECT%20%2a%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Ftour%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ33881%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FtourLabel.%0A%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3FtourLabel%29%20%3D%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%22%20%29%0A%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP361%20%3Ftour%3B%0A%20%20%20%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%0A%20%20FILTER%28%28LANG%28%3FitemLabel%29%29%20%3D%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%22%29%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1427%20%3Fdepart.%0A%20%20%3Fdepart%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FdepartLabel.%0A%20%20FILTER%28%28LANG%28%3FdepartLabel%29%29%20%3D%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%22%29%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1444%20%3Farrivee.%20%0A%20%20%3Farrivee%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FarriveeLabel.%20%0A%20%20FILTER%28%28LANG%28%3FarriveeLabel%29%29%20%3D%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%22%20%29%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP585%20%3Fdate.%20%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20%3Fdate List of all stages of all tour de France] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Tour_de_France|source]]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23%20This%20query%20takes%20a%20list%20of%20article%20in%20Wikipedia%2C%20analyse%20the%20gender%20of%20all%20entities%20cited%20in%20the%20article%20and%20count%20the%20share%20of%20males%2C%20females%20and%20non%20binary.%0A%23%20The%20goal%20is%20to%20measure%20gender%20diversity%20inside%20wikipedia%20articles%0A%23%20Feedback%20and%20comments%20are%20welcome%20on%20my%20talk%20page%20User%3APAC2%0ASELECT%20%0A%3Farticle%0A%28SUM%28%3Fmale%29%20AS%20%3Fcount_males%29%0A%28SUM%28%3Ffemale%29%20AS%20%3Fcount_females%29%20%0A%28SUM%28%3Fnonbinary%29%20AS%20%3Fcount_nonbinary%29%20%0A%28COUNT%28%2A%29%20AS%20%3Fcount%29%20%0A%28ROUND%28100%20%2A%20%3Fcount_females%20%2F%20%28%3Fcount_females%20%2B%20%3Fcount_males%20%2B%20%3Fcount_nonbinary%29%29%20AS%20%20%3Fshare_females%29%20%0A%28ROUND%28100%20%2A%20%3Fcount_nonbinary%20%2F%20%28%3Fcount_females%20%2B%20%3Fcount_males%20%2B%20%3Fcount_nonbinary%29%29%20AS%20%20%3Fshare_nonbinary%29%20%0A%28ROUND%28100%20%2A%20%3Fcount_males%20%2F%20%28%3Fcount_females%20%2B%20%3Fcount_males%20%2B%20%3Fcount_nonbinary%29%29%20AS%20%20%3Fshare_males%29%20%0A%7B%0A%20%20VALUES%20%3Farticle%20%7B%0A%20%20%22Anthropology%22%0A%20%20%22Philosophy%22%0A%20%20%22Economics%22%0A%20%20%22Sociology%22%0A%20%20%22Demography%22%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Amwapi%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Aendpoint%20%22en.wikipedia.org%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Aapi%20%22Generator%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Agenerator%20%22links%22%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20mwapi%3Atitles%20%3Farticle%3B.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wikibase%3AapiOutputItem%20mwapi%3Aitem.%0A%20%20%7D%20%0A%20%20FILTER%20BOUND%20%28%3Fitem%29%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ5%20.%20%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP21%20%3Fgender%20.%20%0A%20%20BIND%28IF%28%3Fgender%20IN%28wd%3AQ6581097%2C%20wd%3AQ2449503%29%2C%201%2C%200%29%20AS%20%3Fmale%20%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%28IF%28%3Fgender%20IN%28wd%3AQ6581072%2C%20wd%3AQ1052281%29%2C%201%2C%200%20%29%20AS%20%3Ffemale%29%0A%20%20BIND%28IF%28%3Fgender%20%3D%20wd%3AQ48270%2C%201%2C%200%29%20AS%20%3Fnonbinary%29%20%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3Farticle Comparing gender statistics about people cited in an article across several articles] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Measuring gender diversity|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3eFe Swedish Supreme Court judges who citing reports by commissions they themselves took part in] ([https://twitter.com/Jan_Ainali/status/1416082427433390088 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3dvP Map public organizations that allow one to fill citizen's initiatives online] ([https://twitter.com/govdirectory/status/1415631226719903747 Source)] *** [https://w.wiki/3eoR Unemployment rate in Sweden by year] (1970-2020) ([https://twitter.com/fagerving/status/1417058590960013317 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3d5F Serious plane crashes with only one survivor] ([https://twitter.com/grafst/status/1416336963985154050 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3eqj Mayors' genders of U.S. cities above 100k population] ([https://twitter.com/HaydenSchiff/status/1415859831752232963 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/HuG Global usage of pronouns] ([https://w.wiki/HuH in English Language]) ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1415284520950157315 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3dT6 Number of causes of death (P509) 2019-2021 separated by year so that a comparison of the causes of death before and during the pandemic can also be seen] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1415144165231394817 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Medieval_Nobility]] ** Newest database reports: [[d:Help:Wikimedia language codes/lists/all/in it|language names in Italian (Wikidata, Wikipedia and MediaWiki)]] * '''Development''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Mismatch Finder|Mismatch Finder]]: Continued working on the store part. It can import first mismatches now. ** Fixing an issue where month and year are sometimes parsed as the first day of the month ([[phab:T233105]]) ** Fixing an issue with adding sitelinks for some of the newer Wikipedias ([[phab:T285919]]) ** Working on improving the Lua usage tracking for redirected Items ([[phab:T280910]]) **[[d:Template:SPARQL|SPARQL]] was amended on the 4th July to use the report #title, if present, as the anchor for the 'Try it' link. ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/queries/examples#Horses_(showing_some_info_about_them) example]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 07 19|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:34, 19 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21740546 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #479 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata and Wikibase office hour]] on July 28th at 16:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group] ** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2021.07.29 next Wikibase live session] is at 16:00 UTC on Thursday 29th July 2021 (18:00 Berlin time). This month, we welcome [[d:User:Lucamauri|Luca Mauri]] to give a presentation about installing Wikibase from scratch. ** 2021 LD4 Conference on Linked Data in Libraries *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJUszx6l_Po Issues and Challenges in optimum utilization of Linked Data in Indian libraries] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmoSdoUcslY Tutorial: Introduction to the Wikidata lexicographical data project] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B59vEET-nEk Tutorial: Wikidata: Intro to the Basics] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZukSQB8fki8 Tutorial: Writing Data to Wikidata Using Spreadsheets] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eujbI5wQfBU Wikibase: Free, Flexible and Collaborative Linked Data] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeDXzInR_mA Rune inscriptions in Wikidata / Wikibase; Sampo Model and Portal Series on the Semantic Web] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjbR4ASe4lE Wikidata In Classroom • Creating Linked Data from Books and Magazines] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ludJFf06w94 LD4 meeting: Wikidata Affinity Group] ** Introduction to Wikidata (in Indonesian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z2OwpnsUMQ part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sw-uuOvKYyU part 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HS3lYlaEOHE part 3] ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Andra Waagmeester on work with Shape Expressions in Wikidata to describe the genomics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; [https://docs.google.com/document/d/14wazqg7XJM3Asqq4kFcNHCVgBOGODRp0U8yFc-22WM8/edit?usp=sharing], July 27th. ** COSCUP 2021 OpenStreetMap x Wikidata 2020.07.31-08.01 Online [https://coscup.org/2021/en/ website], [[m:Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikidata_Taiwan/COSCUP_2021|Meta-wiki]] ** Openstreetmap x Wikidata meetup 2021.08.09 [[d:Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-physicalsciences/2021/07/20/typed-citations-journal-of-cheminformatics/ Typed Citations in the Journal of Cheminformatics] *** [https://addshore.com/2021/07/what-happens-in-wikibase-when-you-make-a-new-item/ What happens in Wikibase when you make a new Item?] *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2021/07/22/discovering-new-comics-with-wikidatas-powerful-tools/ Discovering new comics with Wikidata’s powerful tools] *** [https://www.lorcandempsey.net/metadata-directions/ Two metadata directions. Metadata practice is evolving. I discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization] *** [https://mapio.cymru/en/2021/07/dal-i-fapio/ Still mapping!] ''"Our team has been working continuously on improving the number of Welsh place names that appear online since our inception in 2017 as partt of the Welsh Government’s Welsh Government #Cymraeg2050 project"..."we will also use Wikidata to store and share Welsh language information".'' *** [https://www.wikimedia.es/2021/07/22/camino-santiago-wikidata/ Making the Camino de Santiago visible on Wikidata] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeInterwikiLinks.js|User:Nikki/LexemeInterwikiLinks.js]] adds Wiktionary interwiki links in the sidebar on lexeme pages. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Job opening: [https://twitter.com/wikifunctions/status/1417536522752978946 Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is hiring software engineers and an engineering manager]. ** Job opening: [https://jobs.tepapa.govt.nz/jobtools/jncustomsearch.viewFullSingle?in_organid=17768&in_jnCounter=224745389 Digital Channels Outreach Manager] ("mentions contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia platforms") * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9748|Wikimedia Incubator URL]], [[:d:Property:P9758|symbol represents]], [[:d:Property:P9759|bridge number]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9747|Adventure Corner video game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9749|FRB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9750|Apple TV episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P9751|Apple TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9752|FRB event ID]], [[:d:Property:P9753|Wikidata language code]], [[:d:Property:P9754|Raakvlak inventory number]], [[:d:Property:P9755|Scenic Washington scenic drives and road trips ID]], [[:d:Property:P9756|Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts name ID]], [[:d:Property:P9757|Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9760|Enciclopedia del Cinema ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plant life-form|Plant life-form]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cabinet|cabinet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/title of a church|title of a church]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VI.BE Platform ID|VI.BE Platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Smartify artwork ID|Smartify artwork ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Women Also Know History ID|Women Also Know History ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IrishTheatre.ie Company ID|IrishTheatre.ie Company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BMC Id|BMC Id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joods Biografisch Woordenboek ID|Joods Biografisch Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Begraafplaatsen cemetery ID|Online Begraafplaatsen cemetery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rock Paper Shotgun game ID|Rock Paper Shotgun game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3gUY List of all stage winners in the Tour de France with links to the list of stages won] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Tour de France|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3feT Map of miniature parks] ([https://twitter.com/geospacedman/status/1418145496481337344 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/Wnw Map of open data portals ]([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1418120931692666882 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3fei Video games published before 1980, and their authors] ([https://twitter.com/KarlXOblique/status/1418115195998715905 Source]) *** [http://w.wiki/3fAn Protected bridges over the Zadorra river basin] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1417510382005018636 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory|WikiProject Govdirectory]] * '''Development''' ** Added a <code>tags</code> parameter to the <code>wbmergeitems</code> API so Item merges can now also get an edit tag ([[phabricator:T286778|T286778]]) ** Mismatch Finder: Continued working on the store part. This week we focused on uploading a file with potential mismatches and the UI for getting a list of all uploaded mismatch files. ** Addressing comments from the security review of the Query Builder so we can hopefully soon move it from the test system to its proper place under query.wikidata.org [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 07 26|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:05, 26 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21792634 --> == (Alyaryasie) == Ta Wacce hanya zanyi translation a Wikipedia? {{Unsigned|Alyaryasie}} :Madalla, barka da ƙoƙari, ga link nan ka shiga, ta nan ne ake yin translation ɗin [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributions-page#draft Yi Fassara] [[User:M-Mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''M-Mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 23:49, 30 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) == Wikidata weekly summary #480 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** July 2021 [[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2021-07-28|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] logs ** July 2021 [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/2021-07-29|Wikibase Live sessions]] logs * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Videos *** What is Wikidata (in German) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jF9sDZz4T8 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Mahir256/syndepgraph.js|User:Mahir256/syndepgraph.js]] is used to make interesting SVG-based syntactic dependency graphs generated with [[d:Template:Syndepgraph|<nowiki>{{Syndepgraph}}</nowiki>]] to appear. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://wdqs-tutorial.toolforge.org/?lang=pt-br Portuguese version of the Wikidata Query Service tutorial tool is now available]. **'''Advisory board call for members for the Web2Cit project''': [[m:Grants:Project/Diegodlh/Web2Cit: Visual Editor for Citoid Web Translators| Web2Cit: Visual Editor for Citoid Web Translators]] project is moving! With [[d:User:Diegodlh|Diegodlh]] we are inviting people to apply to be an Advisory Board member. Is this you? Is this someone you know? Check the [[m:Web2Cit/Advisory_Board/Call_for_members| Call for members]] and apply to be an Advisory Board member '''before August 6th!'''. If you are too busy this time around to apply, don't worry: we get it. You can also help us by spreading the word! ** The [[d:User:Matěj Suchánek/moveClaim.js|moveClaim.js]] user script has been updated using code created by [[d:User:Melderick|Melderick]] to support changing a property of a claim within an entity. Please switch to the updated version if you used the other one, and report any bugs. ** New tool: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/party.php Lexemes Party] displays lexemes linked to a list of Wikidata items, so you can improve related lexicographical data in the languages you know. You can build your own lists and several examples are available. A weekly challenge is also proposed, theme of the week: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=1 Olympic Games]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9758|symbol represents]], [[:d:Property:P9759|bridge number]], [[:d:Property:P9763|syntactic dependency head relationship]], [[:d:Property:P9764|syntactic dependency head position]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9754|Raakvlak inventory number]], [[:d:Property:P9755|Scenic Washington scenic drives and road trips ID]], [[:d:Property:P9756|Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts name ID]], [[:d:Property:P9757|Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts place ID]], [[:d:Property:P9760|Treccani's Enciclopedia del Cinema ID]], [[:d:Property:P9761|IRIS SNS author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9762|U.S. Ski & Snowboard athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P9765|Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P9766|FIBA 3x3 player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cabinet|cabinet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/title of a church|title of a church]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple App Store classification|Apple App Store classification]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/amount of medals|amount of medals]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GRAC/GRB content descriptor|GRAC/GRB content descriptor]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GRAC/GRB rating category|GRAC/GRB rating category]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Igromania developer/publisher ID|Igromania developer/publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/commentator|commentator]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FLOSS development policy URL|FLOSS development policy URL]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BMC Id|BMC Id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joods Biografisch Woordenboek ID|Joods Biografisch Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Begraafplaatsen cemetery ID|Online Begraafplaatsen cemetery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rock Paper Shotgun game ID|Rock Paper Shotgun game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/police zone ID|police zone ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tax identification number|Tax identification number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lessico del XXI Secolo ID|Lessico del XXI Secolo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Women’s Print History Project person ID|The Women’s Print History Project person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USA Climbing member ID|USA Climbing member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Begraafplaatsen memorial ID|Online Begraafplaatsen memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yale Center for British Art artwork Lido ID|Yale Center for British Art artwork Lido ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ordbog over det danske sprog ID|Ordbog over det danske sprog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vokrug sveta Encyclopedia ID|Vokrug sveta Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nationalencyklopedin ID|Nationalencyklopedin ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MPAA certificate number|MPAA certificate number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Magyar írók élete és munkái ID|Magyar írók élete és munkái ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fdirector%20%3FdirectorLabel%20%28COUNT%28%2A%29%20AS%20%3Fcount%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP161%20wd%3AQ1684856%3B%0A%20%20%20%20wdt%3AP57%20%3Fdirector.%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3Fdirector%20%3FdirectorLabel%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Fcount%29 List of film directors who have worked with Jean-François Stevenin the most] ([[:d:Talk:Q1684856|source]]) Jean-François Stevenin is a French actor, dead the 27th of July *** [https://twitter.com/ash_crow/status/1421231692103233537 French municipalities containing the word "ville"] ([https://twitter.com/ash_crow/status/1421231692103233537 Source]) *** [https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1421157733210935298 Most frequently occurring titles found on audio tracks] ([https://w.wiki/3jvn Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3h5R Museums within 70 km of Dresden] ([https://twitter.com/saxorum/status/1420727420399783949 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Continuing the work on the [[d:Wikidata:Mismatch Finder|Mismatch Finder]]. Focusing on wrapping up the store part of the tool and moving on to the UI for reviewing mismatches. ** Made it so that Special:EntityData doesn't throw an exception when called with an invalid flavor parameter ([[phabricator:T286275]]) ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BYLN3ZLOKOCNJ457KPBQ36OEJ7VLIXK2/ Limit languages of entity stubs in RDF output (Breaking change]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 08 02|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:53, 2 ga Augusta, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21810732 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #477 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Wikidata Edit-a-thons highlighting Boston Rock City Edit-a-thon, Wikidata Comics Edit-a-thon, and Wiki-Relays [https://docs.google.com/document/d/14wazqg7XJM3Asqq4kFcNHCVgBOGODRp0U8yFc-22WM8/edit?usp=sharing], Aug 10th. *** LD4 Wikibase Working Hour - Next steps after installing a Wikibase instance -- creating users, items, and properties. Friday, August 27th, 2021 / 1PM ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html?iso=20210827T170000&p1=1440&p2=tz_et&p3=tz_cest&p4=tz_pt time zone converter]). Registration: Please fill in [https://columbiauniversity.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJErc-ihqjstHNcQUUinbJh3uf8_Lq-8tcRn ZOOM Registration Link] to register *** [[:wmania:2021:Wikimania|Wikimania 2021]], August 13 to 17, online event. [[d:Wikidata:Wikimania 2021|On this page]] you can find a summary of sessions and community gatherings related to Wikidata and Wikibase. ** Past: *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ei1fx2BT4JI JOSS2021 National Diet Library-sponsored session "Linked Data, Wikidata, GLAM"] (in Japanese) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Template:Generic queries for musicians|Template:Generic queries for musicians]] new wikidata template to explore the work of a musician. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:User:So9q/duplicate item.js|User:So9q/duplicate item.js]] is a userscript that can duplicate the current item, minus sitelinks and descriptions (not allowed by Wikidata). ** Collection of [[d:Wikidata:Weekly query examples/2021|Wikidata:Weekly summary query examples]] (2015-2021) by [[d:User:MKar|MKar]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9767|edition/version]], [[:d:Property:P9771|open source software policy URL]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9765|Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P9766|FIBA 3x3 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P9768|Women Also Know History ID]], [[:d:Property:P9769|Marmiton ID]], [[:d:Property:P9770|Knesset member ID]], [[:d:Property:P9772|The New Yorker contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P9773|Kielitoimiston sanakirja ID]], [[:d:Property:P9774|BNM bibliographic record ID]], [[:d:Property:P9775|Treccani's Lessico del XXI Secolo ID]], [[:d:Property:P9776|e-Rad researcher number]], [[:d:Property:P9777|Rock Paper Shotgun game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9778|Looted Cultural Assets Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9779|abART term ID]], [[:d:Property:P9780|The Women's Print History Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9781|FANZA AV actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P9782|Tax Identification Number (Belarus)]], [[:d:Property:P9783|IFFR filmmaker ID]], [[:d:Property:P9784|Index Theologicus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9785|IrishTheatre.ie company ID]], [[:d:Property:P9786|Joods Biografisch Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Property:P9787|Smartify artwork ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FLOSS development policy URL|FLOSS development policy URL]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Umění pro město ID|Umění pro město ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcast of|broadcast of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dissertation program|dissertation program]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDB-Person-Nummer|DDB-Person-Nummer]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GSSO ID|GSSO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COD ID|COD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ARTEINFORMADO Person ID|ARTEINFORMADO Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDAEM Person ID|CDAEM Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ASE person ID|ASE person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kalliope-Verbund ID|Kalliope-Verbund ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UCLA Space Inventory LocID|UCLA Space Inventory LocID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica ID|Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNK ID (2)|SNK ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CREPČ IDs|CREPČ IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS Pisa IDs|IRIS Pisa IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spotify podcast episode ID|Spotify podcast episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fontaines de France ID|Fontaines de France ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Center for Turkish Cinema Studies film ID|Center for Turkish Cinema Studies film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Center for Turkish Cinema Studies person ID|Center for Turkish Cinema Studies person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shironet ID|Shironet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paleobotany ID|Paleobotany ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/arheologi.ro ID|arheologi.ro ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDDA designationTypeCode|CDDA designationTypeCode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WiiG game ID|WiiG game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3n5k Map of Welsh lakes and reservoirs] ([https://twitter.com/WICI_LLGC/status/1422569346900152325 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3pYE Gender statistics about featured articles in fr.wikipedia.org] *** [https://w.wiki/3pYM Statistics about featured articles in fr.wikipedia.org by their value of instance of property] *** [https://w.wiki/3ngq Place of birth of Swedish 1912 Summer Olympics participants] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1423610715240341508 Source]) *** [https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/An-interactive-map-of-all-Tokyo-medalists-birth-places Interactive map with all Olympic Games medalists by place of birth] ([https://twitter.com/giocomai/status/1423238399629070338 Source]) * '''Development''' ** Mismatch Finder: Finishing work on importing mismatches and moved on to building the API for retrieving mismatches from the mismatch store. ** Added tags for all edits done through the UI to more easily distinguish them from edits made through tools and other means ([[phab:T236893]]) ** Moved regular expression checking for constraints from the SPARQL endpoint to a dedicated service to make it faster and put less stress on the SPARQL endpoint ([[phab:T176312]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help deploy [[d:Template:Item documentation|Template:Item documentation]] in the talk page of each item. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 08 09|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:58, 9 ga Augusta, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21855051 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #481 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Ongoing: *** Wikimania Wikidata related events ([[d:Wikidata:Wikimania 2021|On this page]] you can find a summary of sessions and community gatherings related to Wikidata and Wikibase.): **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmh2vDppNII Add a pinch of Wikidata to your web browser: Entity Explosion] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQ4-lc2q8_E Documenting Women Artists in the University of Salford Art Collection Through Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Psyyrmzkmnk Automatically maintained citations with Wikidata and Cite Q] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xq1ss6WFjeE Making feedback loops work for Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymMxPsNGI64 Wikidata: What happened? Where are we going?] ** Upcoming: *** A [https://github.com/pensoft/BiCIKL biodiversity-themed hackathon] is being organized at the [[d:Q3052500|National Botanic Garden of Belgium]] for September 20-24. Three of the ten proposed topics are Wikidata-related — [https://github.com/pensoft/BiCIKL/blob/main/Topic%205%20Registering%20biodiversity-related%20vocabulary%20as%20Wikidata%20lexemes%20and%20link%20their%20senses%20to%20Wikidata%20items/readme.md biodiversity-related Wikidata lexemes], [https://github.com/pensoft/BiCIKL/blob/main/Topic%207%20Enriching%20Wikidata%20with%20information%20from%20OpenBiodiv%20about%20taxonomic%20name%20usages%20in%20context%20from%20different%20literature%20sources/readme.md taxonomic names], and [https://github.com/pensoft/BiCIKL/blob/main/Topic%209%20Hidden%20women%20in%20science/readme.md women in biodiversity research]. Remote participation is possible. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers *** [[d:Wikidata:PAWS|Wikidata:PAWS]] describes how to use PAWS to write SPARQL notebooks. ** Videos *** Guide to fetch Wikipedia data from Wikidata using Wikibase-SDK and node.js (in Hindi) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoVwprPqqpE YouTube] *** How to create an item on Wikidata (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WFQ_VC4CbM YouTube] ** Books *** [[wikibooks:SPARQL|SPARQL wikibook]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Template:SPARQL Inline|Template:SPARQL Inline]] is a Wikidata template which allows to write SPARQL query in Wikidata with a label. It is an alternative to [[d:Template:SPARQL|Template:SPARQL]] and [[d:Template:Wdquery|Template:Wdquery]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:User:So9q/KORP-link.js|User:So9q/KORP-link.js]] is a userscript to add a link to the Swedish corpus KORP in the Tools section on items. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KIFPQPSTNEXVSZ5P7OOXTLELT2P22LCC/ WMF Search team is working on scaling up Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) to handle increasing graph size and queries]. Please provide feedback by filling out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe1H_OXQFDCiGlp0QRwP6-Z2CGCgm96MWBBmiqsMLu0a6bhLg/viewform?usp=sf_link this Google Forms survey]! * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9788|performed at]], [[:d:Property:P9790|Smithsonian trinomial format regex]], [[:d:Property:P9793|setlist]], [[:d:Property:P9798|number of Classification of the Functions of Government]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9777|Rock Paper Shotgun game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9778|Looted Cultural Assets Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P9779|abART term ID]], [[:d:Property:P9780|The Women's Print History Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9781|FANZA AV actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P9782|Tax Identification Number (Belarus)]], [[:d:Property:P9783|IFFR filmmaker ID]], [[:d:Property:P9784|Index Theologicus ID]], [[:d:Property:P9785|IrishTheatre.ie company ID]], [[:d:Property:P9786|Joods Biografisch Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Property:P9787|Smartify artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9789|Yale Center for British Art artwork Lido ID]], [[:d:Property:P9791|ASE person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9792|Alsharek Archive author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9794|UCLA Space Inventory LocID]], [[:d:Property:P9795|ARPI author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9796|IRIS SSSUP author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9797|Royal Ontario Museum ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dissertation program|dissertation program]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDDA designationType|CDDA designationType]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/container|container]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/remix of|remix of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/insurance number (building)|insurance number (building)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro de parcelle|numéro de parcelle]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNK ID (2)|SNK ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CREPČ IDs|CREPČ IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spotify podcast episode ID|Spotify podcast episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fontaines de France ID|Fontaines de France ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Center for Turkish Cinema Studies film ID|Center for Turkish Cinema Studies film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Center for Turkish Cinema Studies person ID|Center for Turkish Cinema Studies person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palynodata taxa ID|Palynodata taxa ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/arheologi.ro ID|arheologi.ro ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDB-Person-Nummer|DDB-Person-Nummer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDDA designationTypeCode|CDDA designationTypeCode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WiiG game ID|WiiG game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Svenska Ord ID|Svenska Ord ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Penguin Random House book ID|Penguin Random House book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Penguin Random House author ID|Penguin Random House author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of movable heritage object ID|Brussels Inventory of movable heritage object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of movable heritage institutions ID|Brussels Inventory of movable heritage institutions ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/izeltlabuak.hu ID|izeltlabuak.hu ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapping the Lives ID|Mapping the Lives ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MART catalog person ID|MART catalog person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Asian Historical Architecture structure ID|Asian Historical Architecture structure ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palynodata publications ID|Palynodata publications ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/opaquenamespace ID|opaquenamespace ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HarperCollins product ID|HarperCollins product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Derrieux Agency person ID|Derrieux Agency person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lambic.Info ID|Lambic.Info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jornal do Vôlei ID|Jornal do Vôlei ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GLN|GLN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unconsenting Media ID|Unconsenting Media ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Svenska Akademins Ordbok-section ID|Svenska Akademins Ordbok-section ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Civilisti Italiani member ID|Civilisti Italiani member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ICCD ID - Santuari Cristiani|ICCD ID - Santuari Cristiani]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iași Central University Library ID|Iași Central University Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Volleybox ID|Volleybox ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team-Deutschland-Paralympics-ID|Team-Deutschland-Paralympics-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISL ID|ISL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anagrafe degli studiosi ID|Anagrafe degli studiosi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ASJC|ASJC]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3smz List of properties which have instances or subclass of organisations as possible value] ([[d:User:PAC2/SPARQL queries|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3sn4 List of classes which are used as value constraints for the properties] ([[d:User:PAC2/SPARQL queries|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/3tXA Concepts, processes, practices, etc. linked to the philosophical concept of power] ([https://twitter.com/kvistgaard/status/1426866855571075073 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3tm5 Twelve Times table using Wikidata items] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1426826825452462082 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3te5 Newly protected World Heritage sites in 2021] ([https://twitter.com/slaettaratindur/status/1426654183378276365 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/Zit Total number of wins for each world snooker champion] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1426503694909067267 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3tDa Who was the UK Prime Minister when each of the English Premier League/First Division title winners last won the title] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1426180453405450244 Source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23title%3A%20Map%20of%20the%20birthplace%20of%20sports%20team%20players%20by%20decade%20%28lines%20link%20birthplace%20to%20home%20venue%20location%29%0A%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Floc%22%2C%20%22%3Fstart_year%22%2C%20%22%3Fend_year%22%2C%20%22%3Fline%22%20%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20%3Fx%20%3FxLabel%20%3Floc%20%3Flayer%20%3Fimg%20%3Fline%20%3Fbirthplace%20%3FbirthplaceLabel%20%3FteamLabel%20WITH%20%7B%0ASELECT%20%3Fteam%20%3Finception%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20wd%3AQ9617%20AS%20%3Fteam%20%29%20%0A%20%20%3Fteam%20wdt%3AP571%20%3Finception%20.%0A%7D%7D%20AS%20%25team%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fnum%20%3Fstart%20%3Fend%20%3Fgap%20%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25team%0A%20%20BIND%20%2810%20%2a%20FLOOR%28YEAR%28%3Finception%29%20%2F%2010%29%20AS%20%3Fstart%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%2810%20AS%20%3Fgap%20%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%2810%20%2a%20FLOOR%28YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%20%2F%2010%29%20AS%20%3Fend%20%29%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20%28%3Fend%20-%20%3Fstart%20%29%20%2F%20%3Fgap%20%2B%201%20AS%20%3Fx%20%29%0A%20%20%5B%5D%20p%3AP31%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP31%20wd%3AQ21199%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20pq%3AP155%20%3Fprev%5D.%0A%20%20%3Fprev%20wdt%3AP1181%20%3Fnum%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fnum%20%3E%200%20%26%26%20%3Fnum%20%3C%3D%20%3Fx%20%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25range%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fdecade%20WHERE%20%7B%20%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25range%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fstart%20%2B%20%28%3Fnum%20-%201%29%20%2a%20%3Fgap%20AS%20%3Fdecade%29%20%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fdecade%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20AS%20%25decades%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fx%20%3Fstart_year%20%3Fend_year%20%3Fteam%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25team%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20NOW%28%29%20AS%20%3Ftoday%20%29%0A%20%20%3Fx%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ5.%0A%20%20%3Fx%20p%3AP54%20%3Fstmt.%0A%20%20%3Fstmt%20ps%3AP54%20%3Fteam.%0A%20%20%3Fstmt%20pq%3AP580%20%3Fstart.%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstmt%20pq%3AP582%20%3Fend%20%7D%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20IF%20%28wikibase%3AisSomeValue%28%3Fend%29%2C%20%3Ftoday%2C%20%3Fend%20%29%20AS%20%3Fnew_end%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fnew_end%2C%20%3Ftoday%29%20as%20%3Fnew_end%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fstart%29%20AS%20%3Fstart_year%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fnew_end%29%20AS%20%3Fend_year%29%20%0A%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25players%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25players%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25decades%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fx%20wdt%3AP19%20%3Fbirthplace.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fbirthplace%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Floc.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fx%20wdt%3AP18%20%3Fimg%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%20%28%3Fstart_year%20%3E%3D%20%3Fdecade%20%26%26%20%3Fstart_year%20%3C%20%3Fdecade%20%2B%2010%29%20%7C%7C%20%28%3Fend_year%20%3C%20%3Fdecade%20%2B%2010%20%26%26%20%3Fend_year%20%3E%3D%20%3Fdecade%20%29%20%7C%7C%20%28%3Fdecade%20%3E%20%3Fstart_year%20%26%26%20%3Fdecade%20%3C%20%3Fend_year%20%29%29%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fbirthplace%20p%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP625%20%5B%5D%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20psv%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Fpoblon%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%20%3Fpoblat%3B%20%0A%20%20%20%5D%5D%20.%0A%20%20%3Fteam%20wdt%3AP115%20%3Fhome%20.%0A%20%20%3Fhome%20p%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20ps%3AP625%20%5B%5D%3B%0A%20%20%20%20psv%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Fcentrelon%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%20%3Fcentrelat%5D%5D%20.%0A%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%27LINESTRING%20%28%27%2C%20STR%28%3Fpoblon%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Fpoblat%29%2C%20%27%2C%27%2C%20STR%28%3Fcentrelon%29%2C%20%27%20%27%2C%20STR%28%3Fcentrelat%29%2C%20%27%29%27%29%20AS%20%3Fstr%29%20.%0A%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%3Fstr%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fline%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28STR%28%3Fdecade%29%2C%22s%22%29%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%20%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20ASC%28%3Flayer%29 Map of the birthplace of sports team players by decade (lines link birthplace to home venue location)] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1427203256313319424 Source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Neighborhood Public Art in Boston|Neighborhood Public Art in Boston]] * '''Development''' ** Cut save-time for edits in half ([[phab:T288639]]) ** [[d:Wikidata:Mismatch Finder|Mismatch Finder]]: We are making good progress on the tool. We made it possible to retrieve mismatches that are in the store part of the tool via an API. ** Regular expressions in constraints are now no longer checked via the Query Service. The checks have been completely moved over to a dedicated service for regular expression checking. ([[phab:T204031]]) ** Edits made via the user interface (as opposed to with tools, bots, etc.) are now tagged as such to make them easier to filter ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&tagfilter=wikidata-ui example] - edits made to labels, descriptions and aliases on mobile are still missing but will follow soon) ** Working on allowing to restrict constraints to certain entity types ([[phab:T269724]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 08 16|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:32, 16 ga Augusta, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21855051 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #482 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/MusikBot II|MusikBot II]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 August 2021 03:07 UTC) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2021.08.26 next Wikibase live session] is at 16:00 UTC on Thursday 26th August 2021 (18:00 Berlin time). You're welcome to come and share your work around Wikibase. *** Next [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Data_for_Production#LD4-Wikidata_Affinity_Group|Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: [[:m:User:EricaAzzellini|Érica Azzellini]] and [[:m:User:Ederporto|Éder Porto]] on [[:w:Wikipedia:MBABEL|MBABEL]], a tool which creates seed Wikipedia articles based on Wikidata statements. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/140OzFz_v5Mff4WyLnPrUWdyrgbJoEDtfxg0CFdrfNzA/edit?usp=sharing Agenda with call link], August 24. *** [https://researchportal.be/nl/project/biodiversity-community-integrated-knowledge-library BiCIKL] Hackathon at the [[d:Q3052500|Meise Botanic Garden]], September 20 - 24. Theme: adding articles/items about “Hidden women in science” on Wikipedia/Wikidata. If you're interested to participate, please write to maarten.trekels{{@}}plantentuinmeise.be ** Past: *** Wikimania 2021 Wikidata related events ([[d:Wikidata:Wikimania 2021|summary of sessions and community gatherings]] related to Wikidata and Wikibase) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xS05wkMRhBE Neat and tidy: data quality on Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AveonN5pHwY Integrating Wikidata into the Wikimedia projects] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1amYq4Vm4U Preparing languages for natural language generation using Wikidata lexicographical (Arctic Knot 2021)] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Articles *** [https://kbnlwikimedia.github.io/KBCollectionHighlights/stories/Cool%20new%20things%20you%20can%20now%20do%20with%20the%20KB's%20collection%20highlights/ 50 cool new things you can now do with KB’s collection highlights] - [[File:KB collection highlights project meme English.jpg|thumb|right|400px]] ''In this series of 5 articles we show the added value of putting images and metadata of [https://www.kb.nl/galerij/digitale-topstukken digitised collection highlights] of the KB, national library of the Netherlands, into the Wikimedia infrastructure. By putting our collection highlights into Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons and Wikipedia, dozens of new functionalities have been added. As a result of Wikifying this collection in 2020, you can now do things with these highlights that were not possible before.'' Article by [[d:User:OlafJanssen|OlafJanssen]], [[c:User:DanielleJWiki|DanielleJWiki]] and [[c:User:1Veertje_(KB)|1Veertje_(KB)]] ** Blogs *** [https://cthoyt.com/2021/08/17/self-organization.html Organizing the Public Data about a Researcher] - Charles Tapley Hoyt *** [https://commonplace.knowledgefutures.org/pub/w88y7brs/release/2 The Invisible Citation Commons] - Phoebe Ayers and Samuel J. Klein *** [http://www.bobdc.com/blog/the-wikidata-data-model-and-yo/ The Wikidata data model and your SPARQL queries] - Bob DuCharme *** [http://simia.net/wiki/Wikidata_or_scraping_Wikipedia Wikidata or scraping Wikipedia] - Denny Vrandečić ** Videos *** Introduction to Wikidata SPARQL query service (in Arabic) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nexDa3Sx_U YouTube] * '''Tools of the week''' ** Python script to [https://github.com/KBNLwikimedia/SDoC/tree/main/writeSDoCfromExcel Add structured data to files on Wikimedia Commons from an Excel sheet] (Github) - by [[d:User:OlafJanssen|OlafJanssen]] * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/V3X4DZPD72DFVWGFPEG24BRFCO6CT7HE/ Wikidata:Query Builder has been deployed]: [https://query.wikidata.org/querybuilder/ Try it!] ** The [[d:Zotero|"Wikidata Quickstatements" translator]] which lets users transfer metadata about citation sources ''from'' [[d:Q226915|Zotero]] into Wikidata, no longer needs to be manually installed. Existing manually-installed versions should update automatically, like other translators. ** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Query_Service_scaling_update_Aug_2021 Wikidata Query Service scaling updates for Aug 2021] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9803|UEFA stadium category]], [[:d:Property:P9810|mix or remix of]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9799|Palynodata taxa ID]], [[:d:Property:P9800|CDDA designationTypeCode]], [[:d:Property:P9801|PsycNET ID]], [[:d:Property:P9802|Penguin Random House author ID]], [[:d:Property:P9804|Palynodata publications ID]], [[:d:Property:P9805|Mapping the Lives ID]], [[:d:Property:P9806|WiiG game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9807|SNK ID]], [[:d:Property:P9808|arheologi.ro ID]], [[:d:Property:P9809|Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica ID]], [[:d:Property:P9811|Asian Historical Architecture structure ID]], [[:d:Property:P9812|Likee username]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hunting areas|hunting areas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of evacuated|number of evacuated]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/External wiki|External wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Код Энциклопедия ислама (второе издание)|Код Энциклопедия ислама (второе издание)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SCTA ID|SCTA ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TeamNL player ID|TeamNL player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish National Gallery ID|Finnish National Gallery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Begraafplaatsen memorial ID|Online Begraafplaatsen memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NDL earlier law ID|NDL earlier law ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinemaitaliano IDs|Cinemaitaliano IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KNHB ID|KNHB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deutsche-Sporthilfe-ID|Deutsche-Sporthilfe-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Convict Records ID|Convict Records ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Medical Pioneers Index|Australian Medical Pioneers Index]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YouTube Music|YouTube Music]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gujarati Vishwakosh entry|Gujarati Vishwakosh entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiApiary farm|WikiApiary farm]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/copyright registration|copyright registration]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mozilla extension ID|Mozilla extension ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRK TV-ID|NRK TV-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale ID|Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ECO code|ECO code]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/3uee Predicates implicated in non-scholarly-article item bloat] ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Request_a_query&oldid=1482702473#Because_I_suck_at_aggregation source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3vM6 Church of Scotland Synods as Geoshapes] ([https://twitter.com/MappingScotsRef/status/1428314437967024128 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/36sk Map of the origin of Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts], [https://w.wiki/36sj current location] ([https://twitter.com/joseagush/status/1428178906746560516 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3wfm Current principal local authorities in England] * '''Development''' ** Deployed the new shiny Query Builder to https://query.wikidata.org/querybuilder ** Edits to labels, descriptions and aliases on mobile are now also tagged as edits made via the user interface. All edits made via the user interface are now tagged as such. ([[phab:T286775]]) ** ArticlePlaceholder pages will now indicate that they are generated by the ArticlePlaceholder thanks to a patch by Luca ([[phab:T124191]]) ** Working on making it possible to restrict constraints to certain entity types ([[phab:T269724]]) ** Adding a new constraint type to ensure Items have a label in a certain language ([[phab:T195178]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 08 23|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:47, 23 ga Augusta, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21924361 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #483 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades_em_portugu%C3%AAs/Wikidata_Lab_XXXI Wikidata Labs XXXI] in English on the topic of [[d:Wikidata:Reimagining Wikidata from the margins|Reimagining Wikidata from the margins]], August 31 *** LIVE Wikidata editing #51 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ6OfgE7UQc YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/3039673576317799/ Facebook], September 4 at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#77|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #77]], September 5 *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2021|Data Quality Days]], September 8-15, a series of community-powered events on the topic of data quality. If you're interested in presenting a tool or a topic, feel free to add something to the schedule. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]] about data quality, September 13 *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/UGIU2MOIQOGUPFWFEUJAU57NUSSDIH6I/ Upcoming Search Platform Office Hours—September 1st, 2021] Come with anything related to Wikimedia search, Wikidata Query Service, Wikimedia Commons Query Service, etc.! ** Past *** Wikibase Live session (August 26th, 2021) [[m:Wikibase Community User Group/Meetings/2021-08-26|logs]] *** RubyConfTW 2021 **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoR4PcKKG6g Wikidata basics] (in Chinese) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGKZI69ZK2E Wikidata and Open Streetmaps] (in Chinese) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFhYVy_yUm4 Using the MediaWiki open data API to solve data description problems] (in Chinese) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ywAIqOzCdQ Moving Wikipedia's Infobox to Wikidata's Property:Taiwanese place names] (in Chinese) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/citations-open-knowledge-metadata-wiki-journals/ Why Are Citations Not Part of Discussions on Open Knowledge?] *** [https://www.elledecor.com/it/lifestyle/a37405516/toponomastica-mapping-diversity/ Mapping Diversity Puts The Gender Gap of Toponymy On Paper] (in Italian) ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBzRW51BTVk Wikidata: Behind the Scenes of the Great Wikipedia Data Repository] (in Spanish) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjGHqTQAhPE Bring data from Wikidata and any other LOD Knowledge Graph to your Roam graph] ** Notebooks *** [https://public.paws.wmcloud.org/User:PAC2/articles-created-P31.ipynb What are the Wikipedia articles you've created about?] a notebook which show how to compute statistics about the articles you've created in Wikipedia by "instance of" (P31) property [[File:Wikidata2Ical-cccamp2015.png|thumb|Wikidata2Ical]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Shisma/wikidata2ical.js|Wikidata2ical]] provides an ical file for each wikidata entity that has [[:d:Property:P580|start time (P580)]] and [[:d:Property:P582|end time (P582)]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://hay.toolforge.org/depictor/ Depictor] is a mobile-friendly tool to verify if people depicted on Wikimedia Commons are the same, and adds structured data statements (using Wikidata) ** [[m:Wikibase/Wikibase Installation & Updating survey/2021|Wikibase Installation & Updating survey]] has been published! ** The Board of Trustees election has started. Votes will be accepted until 23:59 31 August 2021 (UTC). [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates|View candidate statements]], [[:m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/381|verify your eligibility and '''vote now''']]. ** Nicolas Vigneron ([[d:User:VIGNERON|User:VIGNERON]], [[m:User:VIGNERON en résidence|User:VIGNERON en résidence]]) has started a one-year residence at the libraries of Clermont-Ferrand, more info and batch upload to come ** [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikidataCon_2021#WikidataCon_update_-_August_2021|WikidataCon update]]: news about the online conference, grants for affiliates in Latin America and Carribean, glimpse on the keynotes topics and next steps * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P9803|UEFA stadium category]], [[:d:Property:P9810|remix of]], [[:d:Property:P9813|container]], [[:d:Property:P9831|release of]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P9804|Palynodata publications ID]], [[:d:Property:P9805|Mapping the Lives ID]], [[:d:Property:P9806|WiiG game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9807|SNK ID]], [[:d:Property:P9808|arheologi.ro ID]], [[:d:Property:P9809|Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica ID]], [[:d:Property:P9811|Asian Historical Architecture structure ID]], [[:d:Property:P9812|Likee username]], [[:d:Property:P9814|Team Deutschland Paralympics ID]], [[:d:Property:P9815|BMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P9816|Kartridge game ID]], [[:d:Property:P9817|ISL ID]], [[:d:Property:P9818|Penguin Random House book ID]], [[:d:Property:P9819|Daum Cafe ID]], [[:d:Property:P9820|Freeview show ID]], [[:d:Property:P9821|Unconsenting Media ID]], [[:d:Property:P9822|TeamNL athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P9823|Volleybox ID]], [[:d:Property:P9824|COD ID]], [[:d:Property:P9825|allabolag.se person ID]], [[:d:Property:P9826|Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P9827|GSSO ID]], [[:d:Property:P9828|Fontaines de France ID]], [[:d:Property:P9829|KNHB ID]], [[:d:Property:P9830|DC Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P9832|Igromania developer/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P9833|Deutsche Sporthilfe ID]], [[:d:Property:P9834|Finnish National Gallery artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P9835|Igromania series ID]], [[:d:Property:P9836|National Diet Library Persistent ID]], [[:d:Property:P9837|Svenska ord ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of evacuated|number of evacuated]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/External wiki|External wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Код Энциклопедия ислама (второе издание)|Код Энциклопедия ислама (второе издание)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SCTA ID|SCTA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/uses natural resource|uses natural resource]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/created for|created for]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of triples|number of triples]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reprinted in|reprinted in]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eneström Number|Eneström Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/літературний редактор|літературний редактор]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Convict Records ID|Convict Records ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Medical Pioneers Index|Australian Medical Pioneers Index]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YouTube Music|YouTube Music]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gujarati Vishwakosh entry|Gujarati Vishwakosh entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiApiary farm|WikiApiary farm]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/copyright registration|copyright registration]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mozilla extension ID|Mozilla extension ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRK TV-ID|NRK TV-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale ID|Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ECO code|ECO code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Government Publications Number|Government Publications Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Food.com ID|Food.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dewan Negara ID|Dewan Negara ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dewan Rakyat ID|Dewan Rakyat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BBC Food ID|BBC Food ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS UNIPV author ID|IRIS UNIPV author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II author ID|IRIS Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndieMag game ID|IndieMag game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bleus Handisport-ID|Bleus Handisport-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overnia|Overnia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Edizioni Ares author ID|Edizioni Ares author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hmmlid|hmmlid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/e-Maapõu stratigraphy ID|e-Maapõu stratigraphy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Al-Jazeera author ID|Al-Jazeera author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naver Post member ID|Naver Post member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eAmbrosia ID|eAmbrosia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DC Character ID|DC Character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Postimees topic ID|Postimees topic ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fx_coords%22%2C%22%3Frgb%22%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20%3Fx%20%3FxLabel%20%3Fdescription%20%3Fx_coords%20%3Frgb%20%20WITH%20%7B%0A%0ASELECT%20%3Fdata%20%3Fx%20%3Fx_coords%20WHERE%20%7B%20%0A%20%20%3Fx%20p%3AP2044%2Fpsn%3AP2044%20%5B%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Fdata%20%0A%20%20%5D%20.%0A%20%20%3Fx%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fx_coords%20.%0A%20%20%3Fx%20wdt%3AP17%20wd%3AQ34%20.%0A%23%20%20%3Fx%20wdt%3AP131%2B%20%5B%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ15979307%20%5D%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25data%0A%23%20determine%20the%20max%20and%20min%20values%20%28used%20to%20calculate%20the%20spread%29%0AWITH%20%7B%20%0A%20%20SELECT%20%28MAX%28%3Fdata%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_data%29%20%20%28MIN%28%3Fdata%29%20AS%20%3Fmin_data%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25data%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%7D%7D%20AS%20%25min_max%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25data%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25min_max%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%3Fx%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FxLabel.%20FILTER%20%28LANG%28%3FxLabel%29%20%3D%20%22sv%22%29%20.%0A%20%20%20BIND%20%28CONCAT%28%22H%C3%B6jd%20%C3%B6ver%20havsniv%C3%A5n%20f%C3%B6r%20%22%2C%20%3FxLabel%2C%20%22%20%C3%A4r%20omkring%20%22%2C%20STR%28ROUND%28%3Fdata%29%29%2C%20%22%20meter%22%20%29%20AS%20%3Fdescription%29%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20%3Fmax_data%20-%20%3Fmin_data%20AS%20%3Fspread%20%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28255%20-%20xsd%3Ainteger%28%20255%20%2a%20%28%3Fdata%20-%20%3Fmin_data%29%20%2F%20%3Fspread%29%20AS%20%3Fgreen%20%29%20%23%20255%20-%3E%200%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20FLOOR%20%28%3Fgreen%20%2F%2016%29%20AS%20%3Fgreen_1%20%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20COALESCE%28%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3C%2010%2C%20STR%28%3Fgreen_1%29%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3D%2010%2C%20%22a%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3D%2011%2C%20%22b%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3D%2012%2C%20%22c%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3D%2013%2C%20%22d%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3D%2014%2C%20%22e%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_1%20%3D%2015%2C%20%22f%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%22ERROR%22%0A%20%20%29%20AS%20%3Fgreen_hex1%20%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28FLOOR%28%3Fgreen%20-%20%2816%20%2a%20xsd%3Ainteger%28%20%3Fgreen%20%2F%2016%20%29%29%29%20AS%20%3Fgreen_2%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%20COALESCE%28%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3C%2010%2C%20STR%28%3Fgreen_2%29%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3D%2010%2C%20%22a%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3D%2011%2C%20%22b%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3D%2012%2C%20%22c%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3D%2013%2C%20%22d%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3D%2014%2C%20%22e%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20IF%28%3Fgreen_2%20%3D%2015%2C%20%22f%22%2C%201%2F0%29%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%22ERROR%22%0A%20%20%29%20AS%20%3Fgreen_hex2%20%29%0A%20%20BIND%20%28CONCAT%28STR%28%3Fgreen_hex1%29%2C%20STR%28%3Fgreen_hex2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fgreen_hex%20%29%0A%0A%20%20BIND%20%28CONCAT%28%2200%22%2C%20STR%28%3Fgreen_hex%29%2C%20%2200%22%29%20AS%20%3Frgb%29%20%20%20%0A%7D Map of Items in Sweden with coordinate location and elevation above sea-level statements] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1431174259045453825 Source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fcoords%22%20%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Fdesc%20%3Fcoords%20WITH%20%7B%0A%20%20%0ASELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Flon%20%3Flat%20%3Fcoords%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ515%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP17%20wd%3AQ145%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP625%20%3Fcoords%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20psv%3AP625%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%20%3Flat%3B%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%5D%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Flat%20%3E%2040%29%20%23%20filtering%20out%20British%20Oversea%20Terrroties%0A%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25cities%20%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fdesc%20%3Fcoords%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25cities%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%22Most%20easterly%22%20AS%20%3Fdesc%29%20%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20DESC%20%28%3Flon%29%20%0ALIMIT%201%20%7D%20AS%20%25easterly%20%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fdesc%20%3Fcoords%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25cities%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%22Most%20westerly%22%20AS%20%3Fdesc%29%20%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20ASC%20%28%3Flon%29%20%0ALIMIT%201%20%7D%20AS%20%25westerly%20%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fdesc%20%3Fcoords%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25cities%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%22Most%20northerly%22%20AS%20%3Fdesc%29%20%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20DESC%20%28%3Flat%29%20%0ALIMIT%201%20%7D%20AS%20%25northerly%20%0AWITH%20%7B%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fdesc%20%3Fcoords%20%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25cities%20%0A%20%20BIND%20%28%22Most%20southernly%22%20AS%20%3Fdesc%29%20%0A%7D%20ORDER%20BY%20ASC%20%28%3Flat%29%20%0ALIMIT%201%20%7D%20AS%20%25southerly%20%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25easterly%20%7D%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25westerly%20%7D%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25northerly%20%7D%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%20INCLUDE%20%25southerly%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0A Map of UK's most extreme cities] ([https://twitter.com/piecesofuk/status/1430113565944520704 Source]) *** [https://w.wiki/3wfm All current principal Local Authorities in England] ([https://twitter.com/pigsonthewing/status/1429800346814230537 Source]) * '''Development''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Mismatch Finder|Wikidata:Mismatch Finder]] development continues. We are now working on the frontend. First pieces are starting to be visible at https://mismatch-finder.toolforge.org (but nothing usable yet) ** Fixed an issue with unicode characters in constraints checks ([[phab:T289805]]) ** Worked on support for "separators" parameter for distinct value constraints ([[phab:T277855]]) ** Continued work on allowing to restrict constraints to certain entity types ([[phab:T269724]]) ** Continued work on new constraint type to ensure that the Item has a label in a particular language ([[phab:T195178]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2021 08 30|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 12:58, 30 ga Augusta, 2021 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=21946142 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month|Wikipedia Asian Month]] organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[Wikipedia Asian Month 2021]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Rules|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ Fountain tool]''' (you can find the [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month/Fountain tool|usage guidance]] easily on meta page), or else you and your participants' will not be able to receive the prize from Wikipedia Asian Month team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[m:Template:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 Communities and Organizers|meta page]] before '''October 29th, 2021'''. # Inform your community members Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 is coming soon!!! # If you want Wikipedia Asian Month team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth Twitter], or you want to share your Wikipedia Asian Month experience / achievements on [https://asianmonth.wiki/ our blog], feel free to send an email to [mailto:info@asianmonth.wiki info@asianmonth.wiki] or PM us via Facebook. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to Wikipedia Asian Month, a.k.a. [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Events|Wikipedia Asian Month sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Rules#How to Participate in Contest?|event regulations]] and [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/FAQ|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let's edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from Wikipedia Asian Month team:''' # Due to the [[m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic, this year we hope all the Edit-a-thons are online not physical ones. # The international postal systems are not stable enough at the moment, Wikipedia Asian Month team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers extra digital postcards/ certifications. (You will still get the paper ones!) # Our team has created a [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Postcards and Certification|meta page]] so that everyone tracking the progress and the delivery status. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the Wikipedia Asian Month team via emailing '''[Mailto:info@asianmonth.wiki info@asianmonth.wiki]''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it's urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''[Mailto:&#x20;Jamie@asianmonth.wiki jamie@asianmonth.wiki]'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 Sincerely yours, [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Team#International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]], 2021.10 </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Reke@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=20538644 --> == Deletion requests == Hello Em-Mustapha [[Image:Waving.png|20px|Hello]], Could you delete <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion noarchive">'''[https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afirkawan_Amurka&diff=prev&oldid=127476&diffmode=source this page]'''</span>. please ? (out of project scope) —[[User:Eihel|Eihel]] ([[User talk:Eihel|talk]]) 00:32, 23 Disamba 2021 (UTC) Oh! Deleted. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 17:29, 14 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Ya! Kun sami wannan sakon ne saboda kuna daga cikin admin a Wikimedia wiki. A sanda wani yayi gyara a Wikimedia wiki ba tare da sun shiga akwatin su ba yau, mu kan nuna adireshin su na IP. Kamar yadda kuka riga kuka sani ba zamu iya cigaba da hakan ba a nan gaba. Wannan yarjejeniya ce daga sashen shari'a na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, saboda tsarin gudanarwa na kariya akan layi sun canza. A madadin IP zamu nuna sifar nuniya. Ku amatsayin admin '''zaku cigaba da ganin IP din'''. za'a samar da sabuwar wani hakki na user right ga wadanda ke son ganin cikakken IPs na wadanda basu yi rijista ba domin tunkaran batanci, cin-zarafi da spam ba tare da zama admins ba. Patrollers su ma zasu iya ganin wani bangare na IP koda bada wani hakki na user right ba. kuma dai muna aiki akan [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|inganta ababen aiki]] dan taimakawa. Idan baku taɓa gani ba kafin nan, zaku iya [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|karanta ƙarin bayani a Meta]]. Idan kuna son ganin baku rasa sauye-sauyen fasahohin mu ba a Wikimedia wikis, zaku iya [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] zuwa [[m:Tech/News|wasiƙar mako na fasaha]]. Muna da [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|hanyoyi biyu da aka bijiro]] wannan sifar na iya aiki. '''Zamu ji daɗin ji daga gare ku''' a Ina ne kuke tunanin zai yi maku aiki mai kyau da wiki ɗin ku, a yanzu da nan gaba.Kuna iya [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|sanar da mu a shafin tattaunawa]]. Kuna iya rubutawa a harshen ku. Shawarwarin an bada sune a Oktoba kuma zamu fidda matsaya a ranar 17 Janairu. Godiya gare ku. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:15, 4 ga Janairu, 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(4)&oldid=22532508 --> == A taimaka min == Assalamu Alaikum Jama'ar Annabi dan Allah a taimaka min, yau kwanaki uku kenan ina ta fama amma abin ya gagara, Wato ina so ayi min bayani ne akan yadda zan dora hotona na cikin wayata a shafina na WIKIPEDIA Na gode da kulawar ku ma'assalam👏👏 [[User:رجال الله الكوغامي|&#91;&#91;رجال الله الكوغامي&#124;رجال الله الكوغامي&#93;&#93;]] ([[User talk:رجال الله الكوغامي|talk]]) 07:56, 12 ga Janairu, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa [[User:رجال الله الكوغامي|&#91;&#91;رجال الله الكوغامي&#124;رجال الله الكوغامي&#93;&#93;]], Mungode da taimakawan da kake yi a Wikipedia dafatan kaima kaji daɗi kuma zaka tsaya domin cigaba da taimakawa. Kamar yadda kayi tambaya akan yadda zaka ɗaura hotuna a Wikipedia daga wayarka? Ga linki nan ka bi shi zai kai ka inda ake aje hotuna, sauti ko bidiyo wato [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard Commons UploadWizard] kabi shafin a hankali ka karanta zaka fahimci duk yadda zaka yi. Abinda baka gane ba zaka iya ƙara tambaya. Mungode da taimakawan ka. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 15:32, 13 ga Janairu, 2022 (UTC) == Flower of the month == [[File:Hibiscus cannabinus (6254320040).jpg|thumb|<center>Hibiscus cannabinus</center>]] Hi Em-mustapha For your huge efforts on Hausa Wikipedia I want to award you with the [[:als:Wikipedia:Blueme vum Monet|Flower of the month]]. Best regards, –[[User:Holder|Holder]] ([[User talk:Holder|talk]]) 05:20, 1 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:Holder|Holder]]. Regards [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 18:51, 1 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:Em-mustapha}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Hausa Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, [[User:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Zuz (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 14 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) :Hi [[User:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]], I have voted already and yes, I will keep reminding our editors to cast their votes too. Nagode da tunatarwa [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 17:14, 14 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) == Campaigns Product Update #3 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces. *'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]]. *'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. ::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype]. ::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). *'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. '''What is next?''' :'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]] :In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can. Thank you! '''The Campaign Product Team''' </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:26, 22 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23033286 --> == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. Join us and share your thoughts on these developments! :Date: '''March 31, 2022''' :Time: 15:00 UTC :Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes. Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting. Thank you. '''The Campaign Product Team''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:37, 30 ga Maris, 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23066888 --> == Goge mukalar "Kebabbun yankunan al'ummar asali" == Aslm alaikum.. da fatan kana lpia. naga ka goge mukala da na fassara mai suna a sama. ko akwai wani dalili? Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007|talk]]) 10:24, 9 Mayu 2022 (UTC) :Wslm {{ping|Uncle Bash007}}! Na ji daɗin bibiya da kayi dan ganin ka samu hujjar goge maka maƙala da akayi, haka ake so, kuma dafatan zaka cigaba. Ganin mun inganta yanayin karɓar muƙaloli da gyararraki a Hausa Wikipedia zuwa kawai rubutu mai ma'anaz hujja da inganci. Haka ne ta sanya shafin da ka ƙirƙira wani daga cikin masu karatu da ya tabbata bata da inganci bayan ya kasa karantawa sai ya sanya mata tag yana neman a goge ta daga Wikipedia dalilin rashin ingancin da take da shi. Ni kaina na bibiyi maƙalar kuma nima na kasa 'karanta bayanan farko na saman shafin ko fahimtar me rubutun ke nufi, amma idan kana tantama ga ɗan bayanai kaɗan daga rubutun shafin da ka yi; '''Yankunan ƴan '''asali da na al'umma''' ( '''ICCAs''' ), ko ƴan asalin ƙasa da yankuna da yankunan da aka kiyaye su, su ne wuraren ''da ƴan'' asalin ƙasar ke gudanar da su ko kuma al'ummomin gida tare da tabbataccen sakamako don kiyaye bambancin halittu da al'adu. A cikin ICCAs, akwai cigaba, farfaɗowa, ko gyare-gyare na al'adun gargajiya (wasu daga cikinsu sun samo asali ne) da / ko sababbin tsare-tsare sun yi'''! Gaskiya wannan fassara bai da ma'ana kuma har komawa na yi zuwa asalin shafin ta turanci amma banga wannan bayanin ya dace da wancan ba. Dafatan za'a gyara kuma ko kaima ina neman a duk sanda ka ga maƙala mara ingancin rubutu ko wani abu kawai sanya wa shafin wannan tag ɗin '''<nowiki>{{delete}} ko {{delete|sai gajeren bayani game da dalilin ka na a goge ta.}}</nowiki>''', ina gani ko wani Admin ya gani zai duba kuma za'a goge shafin da wuri. Nagode. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 16:36, 9 Mayu 2022 (UTC) ::Ok nagane.. kuma naji dadin bayanan ka. Amma ina ga kaman zaifi idan aka fara kira don inganta wannan mukala farko kafin a goge, idan aka dan bada dama watakila a inganta su, saboda a halin yanzu ina bin sahun duk mukalar da na fassara ina kara inganta fassarorin ta hanyar kamanta su da ainihin mukalun na harshen turanci. Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007|talk]]) 23:37, 9 Mayu 2022 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Uncle Bash007}}, bani tunanin a yadda muke yanzu hakan zai yi nasara, ganin irin yadda aka yi ta yi a baya, mutane suna ta wallafa shirmen rubutu a matsayin muƙala ko fassara da sauran su. Gaskiya tun kafin mutum ya wallafa muƙala ne yakamata ta zama ya inganta ta, ba wai sai bayan an ƙirƙire ta bane sannan a fara neman a gyara. Akwai standard a kowace Wikipedia wannan Wikipedia ɗin muma dole mu tsaya mu tabbatar komi yana tafiya daidai domin akwai hakki a komai, hatta ilimi yana da hakkinsa, kar mutum ya ɓoye shi kuma kar ya bada akasin shi. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 06:45, 10 Mayu 2022 (UTC) ::::ok mashaa Allahu.. nagane kuma za'a kara gyarawa. Nagode[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007|talk]]) 08:38, 10 Mayu 2022 (UTC) == Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test == Hello Subscribers! [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to: * Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer) * Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer) * Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer) * Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant) You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates: * Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC''' * Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC''' These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature. Thank you! <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[User talk:IBrazal (WMF)|talk]]) 06:41, 18 ga Yuli, 2022 (UTC) == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']]. You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. We look forward to your participation. Thank you. Best, The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 21 ga Yuli, 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23512297 --> == Campaigns Product Update #4 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Event Registration v0'''</div> :We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. :'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. :[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form]. *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Organizer Lab'''</div> Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''. The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. :[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]! <br> '''What's Next''': *'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']<br> *'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations. <br> ---- '''Community Feedback''': <center>''"Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system"'' <br> - French Organizer <br><br> ''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''<br> - Arabic Organizer </center><br> ---- <br> Thank you! '''The Campaigns Product Team''' </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:30, 21 Satumba 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23684552 --> == You are invited to join/orginize Wikipedia Asain Month 2022 ! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2022]] Hi WAM organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022|Wikipedia Asian Month 2022]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022/Rules|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/wikipedia_asian_month_2022/overview/ Wikipedia Asian Month 2022 Programs & Events Dashboard.]''' , or else you and your participants’ will not be able to receive the prize from WAM team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022#Communities and Organizers|meta page]] 1 week before '''your campaign start date'''. # Inform your community members WAM 2022 is coming!!! # If you want WAM team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth/ Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth twitter], or you want to share your WAM experience/ achievements on our blog, feel free to send an email to info@asianmonth.wiki. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to WAM, a.k.a. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022#Subcontests|WAM sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022#How to Participate in Contest|event regulations]] and [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022/FAQ|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let’s edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from WAM team:''' # Based on the [[:m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic situation in different region, this year we still suggest all the Edit-a-thons are online, but you are more then welcome to organize local offline events. # The international postal systems are not stable, WAM team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers a [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022/Barnstars|digital Barnstars]]. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the WAM team via emailing '''info@asianmonth.wiki''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it’s urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''reke@wikimedia.tw'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2022 Sincerely yours, [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022/Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2022.10</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joycewikiwiki@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=23975688 --> == Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 == Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. <br> In V1, the following new features will be includedː * Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone * Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered * Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself. <br> <u>'''Office Hour Sessions''':</u> * '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] * '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] :[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] <br> These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili. Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']] if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting. <br><br> Thank you. '''The Campaigns Product Team''' <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=24091515 --> == Game da [[user:Boymarvel|Boymarvel]] == @[[User:Em-mustapha|Em-mustapha]], barka da dare da fatan muna lafiya. Akwai wani edita Boymarvel, wanda naga ka goge mukalarsa ta wata waka MyBaby - Granted boy, haka zalika jiya ma ya sake kirkirar wata wanda na goge game da Granted Boy kuma a harshen turanci. Ina mai tabbacin cewa talla yake, ko kuma biyanshi akayi. Ka duba ka ga idan da bukatar a dakatar dashi baki daya[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 23:46, 4 Mayu 2023 (UTC) Barka ka dai [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]], tabbas wannan ba yazo inganta Wikipedia ba ne, domin nima na lura da hakan. Na dakatar da shi na tsawon wata uku. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 00:25, 5 Mayu 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Em-mustapha|Em-mustapha]], to madallah.. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 09:39, 5 Mayu 2023 (UTC) == Organizer Tools Office Hours & Event Discovery Project == ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') <small> {{int:please-translate}} </small>. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are: We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours & upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:''' *'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''') **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili *'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili '''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''. This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''. ; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:54, 24 Satumba 2023 (UTC) <small>You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:EUwandu-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=25632558 --> == Wani yabarazanan goge shafina Mai Suna Koren dutse == Sunan shafi koren dutse [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|talk]]) 19:15, 6 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == [[Abdulrahman Thaher]] == Hello! I am asking for your help to delete the article because I see that the author of the article has been blocked globally by the stewards and the article has been deleted in many Wikimedia projects. Actually I have asked A Sulaiman Z to delete the article but he has not responded to my message and the article has not been deleted by him [[User:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[User talk:Badak Jawa|talk]]) 13:18, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :You can see [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth/Abduddaher this link] to see the block and [https://m.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q20411708&action=history this link] to see the Wikimedia project that removed the article. Regards [[User:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[User talk:Badak Jawa|talk]]) 13:19, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Alright, which article are you referring to? [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 13:21, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) ::Alright, done! [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 13:22, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you! You can also see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:Sockpuppet_investigations/Abduddaher inspection page on English] and [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rificateur_d%27utilisateurs/Requ%C3%AAtes/mai_2025#Abduddaher,_Maxpro2025_-_7_mai French Wikipedia] that he was proven to have misused his account to prevent the deletion of Abdulrahman Thaher's article [[User:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[User talk:Badak Jawa|talk]]) 13:27, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Em-mustapha|Em-mustapha]] I noticed that there is a claim from someone saying that the creator of this page is the same person mentioned in it and that he is promoting himself, but when I reviewed the article's history, I noticed that the translator of the article is someone from another country (I think from an African country) and has no relation to the person mentioned in the article, who is a well-known director and actor from Palestine. How can this misleading request be responded to and the article deleted so easily without checking the history and without reviewing the creation date, and without even putting the article up for discussion?? [[Musamman:Contributions/46.43.127.248|46.43.127.248]] 21:52, 24 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on June 27. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/13|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Laptop with Wikipedia "W" illustration.png|The Wikimania Hackathon 2025 inviting project ideas.|alt=Laptop with Wikipedia "W" illustration|thumb]] '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Wikimania Hackathon 2025''': The Wikimania Hackathon 2025 is inviting you to [[diffblog:2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/|submit your project idea]]. *'''WikiWomen* Summit 2025''': [[wikimania:2025:WikiWomen* Summit|The WikiWomen* Summit 2025]] will take place in a hybrid format on 5th August, the pre-conference day of Wikimania 2025. [[diffblog:2025/06/27/wikiwomen-summit-2025-weaving-inclusive-futures-together/|Register now]]. *'''WikiIndaba 2025''': [[diffblog:2025/06/24/wikiindaba-2025-call-for-scholarship-applications-program-submission/|The scholarship applications and program submissions]] are open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. *'''WikiCon Brasil 2025''': [[wmbr:WikiCon Brasil 2025|WikiCon Brasil 2025]] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. *'''WikiConvention francophone 2025''': [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2025|The WikiConvention 2025]] will take place in Cotonou, Benin, October 2-5. The call for submissions [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2025/Soumissions|is open until July 15]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Web team's projects|Web]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Tech News''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese; The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. More updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/06/30/tech-news-2025-week-27/|27]] and [[diffblog:2025/07/08/tech-news-2025-week-28/|28]]. *'''AbuseFilter''': AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user’s IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. *'''Favorite Templates''': A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. *'''Wikipedia App''': We have launched an A/B test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|tabbed browsing in the Wikipedia iOS app]]. This feature allows users to open multiple articles in separate tabs, making it easier to switch between topics, explore, and return to previous reading spots. The test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. We’re collecting feedback and plan to make the feature more widely available soon. *'''MediaWiki''': The MediaWiki Platform team has introduced a unified [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Built-in Notifications]] system, as part of [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]], that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications across the platform. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Hubs''': Personal, consistent and deeply human: [[diffblog:2025/06/26/personal-consistent-and-deeply-human-cee-hub-support-for-the-region-organizations/|How CEE Hub support the region organizations]]. *'''Legal''': Good intentions make for bad law in Utah, we argue in [[diffblog:2025/07/07/good-intentions-make-for-bad-law-in-utah-we-argue-in-our-amicus-brief-in-the-netchoice-v-brown-case/|our amicus brief in the Netchoice v. Brown case]]. *'''Wikimedia Organizations''': The Wikimedia Foundation and a group of experienced co-authors with affiliate background have drafted the paper [[m:Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations|Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations]]. This paper aims to be presented as a proposal for the movement at Wikimania in August 2025 in Nairobi. [[diffblog:2025/07/08/wikimedia-movement-organizations-draft-paper-open-for-community-review/|Share your feedback before July 29]]. *'''Advocacy''': We have created [[foundationsite:news/2025/06/27/the-wikipedia-test/|The Wikipedia Test]]: a public policy tool and a call to action to help ensure regulators consider how new laws can negatively affect online communities and platforms that provide services and information in the public interest. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': The next showcase will center around the theme of "Examining the Impact of LLMs on Knowledge Production Communities" and will [[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase|take place on July 16 at 16:30 UTC]]. *'''Administrative Update to Our Privacy Policies''': Following personnel changes, we are removing the name of our former point of contact serving the European Economic Area and the UK for questions and requests related to personal data in the [[foundation:Special:Diff/518090|privacy policy]] and [[foundation:Special:Diff/518161|donor privacy policy]]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Affiliations Committee''': [[m:Affiliations Committee/Resolutions/2025/User Group recognition interval period|New resolution from AffComm on User Group recognition interval period]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/13|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|class=skin-invert|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:55, 15 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=28981719 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks">[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on July 11. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/14|translate]]. The bulletin will be back after Wikimania with a special issue on the 19th August.''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Matatu bus illustration.png|Get Ready for Wikimania 2025!|alt=Matatu bus illustration.png|thumb]] '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Wikimania 2025''': [[wmania:2025:Registration|Register to join virtually]] the 20th Wikimania taking place from [[diffblog:2025/07/21/wikimania-2025-connecting-wikimedians-across-the-world-for-20-years/|August 6-9]]. [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule The programme] has highlights from across Wikimedia projects and communities including the reveal of who will be this year's [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/SQKC3A Wikimedians of the year.] *'''Strengthening a neutral point of view''': An overview of NPOV policies across Wikipedia projects, shows that 153 Wikipedias out of 342 (45%) don’t have easily accessible guidance on neutrality. The research was conducted to help understand how neutrality is ensured in our projects. and to provide an opportunity for peer learning across project communities. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends/Common global standards for NPOV policies/Analysis of Neutral Point of View Policies across Wikipedias|Read the full research and join the conversation]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Web team's projects|Web]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Tech News''': See all the 60 community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved over the last two weeks]] in Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/07/14/tech-news-2025-week-29/|29]] and [[diffblog:2025/07/21/tech-news-2025-week-30/|30]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldwikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books [[phab:T374457|are accurate]]. *'''Temporary Accounts''': After the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, we are monitoring the impact of this change, and preparing for the next deployments. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates#July 2025: Deployment on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, and our plans for next months|See the full project update]]. *'''Add a link''': Administrators can now limit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] to newcomers, as opposed to keeping it open to more experienced editors as well. "Add a link" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps newcomers to start editing]], so restricting the feature to them enables Administrators to cater the feature to that specific group, which they can do via the [[m:Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Digital Safety''': PEN America shares [[diffblog:2025/07/12/pen-america-shares-5-tips-for-bolstering-your-safety-and-privacy-online/|5 tips for bolstering your safety and privacy online]]. *'''Amicus brief''': [[diffblog:2025/07/10/our-amicus-brief-in-patterson-v-meta-defending-free-speech-and-the-open-internet-in-another-section-230-legal-case/|Our amicus brief in Patterson v. Meta]]: Defending free speech and the open internet in another Section 230 legal case. *'''UK Online Safety Act''': Court hearings for the Wikimedia Foundation's [[foundationsite:2025/07/17/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/|challenge to the UK Online Safety Act "Categorisation Regulations"]] happened on July 22 and 23. A verdict is not expected until August. *'''Advocacy sessions''': Collaborate for change at [[diffblog:2025/07/21/collaborating-for-change-dont-miss-these-policy-advocacy-sessions-at-wikimania-2025/|these policy advocacy sessions at Wikimania 2025]]. *'''Public-Interest content''': Expanding Indonesian Wikipedia with Public-Interest Content through [[diffblog:2025/07/23/expanding-indonesian-wikipedia-with-public-interest-content-through-project-gayatri/|Project Gayatri]]. *'''The Wikipedia Test''': [[diffblog:2025/07/17/introducing-the-wikipedia-test-a-tool-to-protect-the-public-interest-internet/|Learn how to use the Wikipedia Test]], a tool to protect the public interest internet. *'''Equity Fund''': As it closes, the Equity Fund has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Knowledge Equity Fund/Grantee#Final round|announced its final round of grants]] to six past grantees. It will also be providing four "Connected Grants" to movement organizations who will pair closely with one of the grantees to collaborate together. *'''Don't blink''': [[diffblog:2025/07/12/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-may-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Content Translation''': Translators who use the Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "Regions" filter. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|Wikifunctions now has a new kind of Types]]: Wikidata-based enumerations, also known as light-weight enumerations. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Progress|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Endowment''': Sharing the [[diffblog:2025/07/14/sharing-the-wikimedia-endowments-form-990-for-fiscal-year-2023-2024/|Wikimedia Endowment’s Form 990]] for fiscal year 2023 – 2024. Learn more from [[m:Wikimedia Endowment reports/Financial/Form 990/2023-2024 - frequently asked questions|the frequently asked questions]]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Annual plan''': The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees approved the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Foundation's annual plan]] for next year virtually in their [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|quarterly meeting]]. You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals for next year]] and a summary of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Collaboration|continuous conversations]] that shaped the plan. *'''Board selection''': The Elections Committee shared a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|list of the all eligible candidates]]. As there are more than 10 eligible candidates, a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Shortlisting process|shortlisting process]] is currently taking place. Representatives of Wikimedia movement affiliates that are [[m:Wikimedia movement affiliates/Affiliates Status Report/Archive/2025-07|currently compliant]] with their reporting obligations can participate in the shortlisting process. Learn more about this process and next steps on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025#Timeline|Meta]]. '''Foundation statements''' *'''WIPO permanent observer''': For fifth time, [[foundationsite:news/2025/07/09/china-block-wikimedia-wipo/|China blocks Wikimedia Foundation as permanent observer to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/14|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|class=skin-invert|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:02, 29 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29017999 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on July 25. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/15|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Robertsky at Wikimedians of the Year 2025 awards 2025-08-06 02.jpg|250px|thumb|link=diffblog:2025/08/06/meet-the-wikimedians-of-the-year-2025/|Robert Sim ([[w:en:User:Robertsky|User:Robertsky]]), Wikimedian of the Year 2025|alt=Photo of Robert Sim]] [[File:Wikimania 2025 à Nairobi Kenya.jpg|thumb|Wikimania 2025 group photo|alt=Group photo of hundreds of Wikimania attendees]] '''Special Wikimania issue''' <small>''This is a special Wikimania issue of the Bulletin. We'll be back to our regular format in the next issue''</small> * '''Wikimania Nairobi''': Catch up on missed sessions of Wikimania 2025 by [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ checking session pages in the program]. These links will be replaced by Commons links when the uploads are finished. * '''Meet the Wikimedians of the Year 2025''': [https://www.youtube.com/live/yjENat8ts4Q?si=191tNJO1oPw43Nti&t=15892 The Wikimedian of the Year awards] give us an opportunity to pause, taking a moment to recognize people who make our mission possible. Learn about all of [[diffblog:2025/08/06/meet-the-wikimedians-of-the-year-2025/|this year's winners]]. * '''Highlights:''' Daily highlights from Wikimania: ** [[diffblog:2025/08/06/wikimania-2025-day-1-celebrating-20-years-of-wikimania-in-nairobi/|Day 1 - Celebrating 20 years of Wikimania]], ** [[diffblog:2025/08/07/wikimania-2025-day-2-technology-in-a-changing-world/|Day 2 - Technology in a changing world]], ** [[diffblog:2025/08/08/wikimania-2025-day-3-connecting-with-africa/|Day 3 - Connecting with communities in Africa]], ** [[diffblog:2025/08/10/wikimania-2025-day-4-bringing-generations-together/|Day 4 - Bringing generations together]]. * '''Product and Tech''': [[diffblog:2025/08/06/wikimania-2025-sessions-about-product-and-tech-you-dont-want-to-miss/|Wikimania 2025 sessions about Product and Tech]] you can watch, with links to the recordings. * '''Affiliate Strategy''': [[diffblog:2025/08/06/wikimania-2025-brings-affiliate-strategy-recommendations-into-focus/|Wikimania 2025 Brings Affiliate Strategy Recommendations into Focus]]. * '''Twentieth edition of Wikimania''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/08/05/wikimania-2025-celebrates-humans/|Celebrating humans who make Wikipedia possible.]] '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Web team's projects|Web]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> * '''Tech News''': Some of the latest update from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/07/29/tech-news-2025-week-31/|31]], [[diffblog:2025/08/05/tech-news-2025-week-32/|32]], and [[diffblog:2025/08/11/tech-news-2025-week-33/|33:]] The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16; The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. * '''Collaborative Contributions''': [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Share your comments]] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]]. This project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. * '''PTAC''': The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|Feedback on the proposals]] are welcomed until August 22. * '''Watchlists and Recent Changes''': The Foundation will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages over the next few months. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. * '''Wikifunctions''': The Foundation is working on [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|demonstrating functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages]]. This is a considerable step towards creating text for Abstract Wikipedia. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> * '''Wikimedia Futures Lab''': [[m:Wikimedia Futures Lab|The Wikimedia Futures Lab]] is a process and convening co-designed by the Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Deutschland that will help us all learn more about global trends and discuss potential movement-wide responses. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Futures Lab/Participation|You can apply now to join]] the in-person convening hosted on January 30 – February 1, 2026 in Frankfurt, Germany with participants from affiliates, contributors and external experts. * '''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2025/08/01/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-june-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. * '''Language and Internationalization''': Read about language support for new languages and other highlights from the July 2025 edition of [[diffblog:2025/08/12/language-and-internationalization-newsletters-8/|the Language and internationalization newsletter]]. * '''Language Community:''' The next language community meeting will be held on [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|August 29 at 15:00 UTC]]. * '''UK Online Safety Act''': The High Court of Justice has dismissed the [[foundationsite:2025/07/17/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/|Wikimedia Foundation's challenge to the UK's Online Safety Act (OSA) Categorisation Regulations]]. While the decision does not provide the immediate legal protections for Wikipedia that we hoped for, [[m:Wikimedia Forum#c-PBradley-WMF-20250811100200-PBradley-WMF-20250724174300|the Court’s ruling]] emphasized the responsibility of Ofcom and the UK government to ensure Wikipedia is protected as the OSA is implemented. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> * '''Affcom News''': Read [[m:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|the latest issue of AffCom News (April-June 2025)]], the newsletter that distributes relevant news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/15|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:39, 19 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29138148 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on August 16. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/16|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25 Primary lockup black.png|thumb|250px|link=m:Wikipedia 25/Celebration toolkit|Wikipedia’s 25th birthday logo.|alt=Wikipedia 25 logo]] [[File:WP25 Birthday cake.gif|thumb|Wikipedia 25 Birthday cake|alt=Wikipedia 25 Birthday cake icon]] '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Wikimedia Futures Lab''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Futures Lab/Participation|Apply]] before Sep 4 to join [[diffblog:2025/08/18/announcement-and-call-for-application-wikimedia-futures-lab/|The Wikimedia Futures Lab]], the in-person convening hosted on January 30 – February 1, 2026 in Frankfurt, Germany with participants from affiliates, contributors and external experts, to learn more about global trends and discuss potential movement-wide responses. *'''Wikimania 2026''': The theme and date for [[m:Wikimania 2026/en|Wikimania 2026]] have been decided: Liberté, Équité, Fiabilité (Freedom, Equity, Reliability). This edition will take place in Paris, from July 21 to July 25, 2026. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Web team's projects|Web]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Tech News''': Some of the latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/08/19/tech-news-2025-week-34/|34]] and [[diffblog:2025/08/26/tech-news-2025-week-35/|35]]: An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki and English Wikipedia for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September; Administrators can now access the [[m:Special:BlockedExternalDomains|Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] page from the [[m:Special:CommunityConfiguration|Special:CommunityConfiguration]] list page. This makes it easier to find. *'''Spread Wikilove, thank comments''': A new improvement was added to the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta feature]]; it is now possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|thank a user for their comment]]. This new feature is released for a 3-months long test. *'''Community Wishlist''': Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. *'''Wikipedia Mobile Apps:''' The Android app team has launched a new [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment|experiment]] in Italy that lets logged-out readers of Italian and English Wikipedia set their own donation reminders based on how often they read. This new approach responds to feedback from donors who say their motivation to give is tied to their reading habits. Instead of one-size-fits-all banners, readers can now choose reminders that fit their own usage, all while keeping their privacy intact. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Wikipedia 25''': [[diffblog:2025/08/26/resources-for-celebrating-wikipedias-25th-birthday/|To celebrate Wikipedia’s 25th birthday]], the Wikimedia Foundation is adding several resources to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25|Wikipedia 25 Meta-Wiki hub]]. *'''The Wikipedia Library''': Collections from [[w:en:Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones & Company]], including the [[w:en:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]], are now available to editors who are eligible for [[diffblog:2025/08/21/whats-new-in-the-wikipedia-library-april-june-2025/|The Wikipedia Library]]. *'''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2025/08/25/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-july-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Affiliate recognition''': [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/HZSAJ3BK7G5KPVQWDYFSMJH2DZCE4GUB/|The recognition of new User Groups, Chapters, and Thematic Organizations is paused]] until March 31, 2026. *'''Board of Trustees selection''': [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/52HHRA5RPTSKXIB76OSD3VCNYFUTGEH6/|The voting period for the upcoming Board selection process]] will now open on October 8 and close October 23. *'''New Board member''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/08/27/wikimedia-foundation-welcomes-incoming-board-trustee-mayree-clark/|Wikimedia Foundation welcomes incoming Board Trustee Mayree Clark]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/16|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:13, 2 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29200713 --> == Abdulrahman Thaher == A baya kun goge labarin (Abdulrahman Thaher) saboda ikirarin cewa mutum daya ne ya rubuta labarin a ciki, amma idan kuka duba wanda ya kirkiro wannan labarin za ku tabbatar da cewa wani edita ne. don Allah a sake duba shi idan yana yiwuwa ainihin hanyar haɗin da aka goge shine https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahman_Thaher mahaɗin wikidata shine https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20411708 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-62492-3|&#126;2025-62492-3]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-62492-3|talk]]) 14:21, 16 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on August 29. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/XX|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Wikimania 2026''': The scholarship application for Wikimania 2026 is open. [[wikimania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Apply now]] by October 31. *'''Wikipedia 25''': [[m:Talk:Wikipedia 25#Help us find inspiring stories to share during birthday celebrations|Help us find inspiring stories]] to share during birthday celebrations by September 23. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': "Readers and Readership Research" will be the featured theme for the next research showcase taking place on [[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase|September 24 at 16:30 UTC]]. *'''Update to banner and logo policies''': Feedback is requested on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Update to banner and logo policies|proposed policy and documentation updates]] regarding the use of banners and logos for advocacy purposes. *'''GLAM Wiki 2025''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Participate/Registration|The registration for GLAM Wiki Conference]] is open until September 30. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Cybersecurity.png|thumb|A better way to protect Wikimedia from malicious bots|alt=Cybersecurity]] *'''Better bot detection''': [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|How we are improving bot detection and replacing our CAPTCHA]]. *'''Temporary Accounts''': [[mw:Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] are now deployed to almost all wikis except the last 11. *'''User Info''': This [[mw:Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|new feature]] displays data related to a user account when you tap or click on the "user avatar" icon button next to a username. It's meant to be useful for different users with extended rights as well as newcomers. *'''Newsletter highlights''': The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. It includes considerations about Wikipedia's declining pageviews in the recent years, how the Foundation and communities may work on addressing this together, and the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience. *'''Activity Tab Experiment''': The Foundation launched an [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment#How does this work fit into the Wikimedia Foundation's Annual Plan?|experiment testing a new Activity tab]] in the Wikipedia Android app to our beta testers. Instead of only showing editing activity, this tab also surfaces insights about reading and donation behavior. *'''Search Suggestions''': To make it easier for users to find articles, logged-out users on both desktop and mobile will see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|suggestions of articles]] for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. All non-English wikis received this update in June and July. *'''Paste Check''': The Foundation is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted to ensure it is aligned with the Movement's values. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. *'''CampaignEvents extension''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Deployment status|information page]]. *'''Structured Task''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a Link]] Structured Task has been fully released at English Wikipedia. This release is an important step in making editing more accessible for new contributors, especially on mobile. *'''Tech News''': Read more updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/09/01/tech-news-2025-week-36/|36]] and [[diffblog:2025/09/09/tech-news-2025-week-37/|37]]. *'''Wikifunctions''': Wikifunctions is now [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|available on 65 Wiktionaries]] and has a new capability to [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|copy function calls from one Wikipedia to another]]. *'''Multilingual Contributors''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localisation team]] is launching a [[phab:T391045#11071277|CentralNotice campaign]] to attract multilingual contributors to specific Wikipedias. The campaign will feature regionally targeted banners to reach potential native speakers. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Global Resources''': [[diffblog:2025/09/08/introducing-the-interim-global-resource-distribution-committee/|Introducing the interim Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC)]]. *'''Funding the Movement''': [[diffblog:2025/09/02/funding-the-movement-key-takeaways-trends-and-lessons-from-fy-2024-2025-community-fund-grants/|Key Takeaways, Trends, and Lessons]] from FY 2024-2025 Community Fund Grants. *'''Open Indonesia''': Reflections on [[diffblog:2025/09/01/open-indonesia-energizing-the-open-knowledge-movement/|Open Indonesia]], an event in Bandung gathering communities dedicated to advancing open knowledge to build the country's Open Knowledge Roadmap. *'''WikiWomen*''': [[diffblog:2025/09/06/reflections-from-the-wikiwomen-summit-2025/|Reflections from the WikiWomen* Summit 2025]]. *'''Gender & AI''': Is Gendering AI Possible? [[diffblog:2025/09/03/is-gendering-ai-possible-reflections-from-the-2025-gendering-ai-conference/|Reflections from the 2025 Gendering AI Conference]]. *'''Wikipedia 25''': [[diffblog:2025/09/10/what-one-centenarian-contributor-can-teach-us-about-25-years-of-wikipedia/|What one centenarian can teach us about 25 years of Wikipedia]]. *'''Knowledge Equity Fund''': [[diffblog:2025/09/05/wikimedia-ghana-user-group-receives-knowledge-equity-fund-connected-grant/|Wikimedia Ghana User Group receives Knowledge Equity Fund Connected Grant]]. *'''Wikimania 2025''': [[diffblog:2025/09/03/eseap-first-timers-at-wikimania-nairobi/|ESEAP First Timers at Wikimania Nairobi]]. *'''César do Paço Lawsuit''': [https://medium.com/wikimedia-policy/what-happened-in-the-c%C3%A9sar-do-pa%C3%A7o-lawsuit-f91b7fb5e54b Update about a lawsuit in Portugal] and the Foundation's appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. *'''UK Online Safety Act''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/09/12/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/|The Wikimedia Foundation will not appeal]] the UK High Court’s decision to dismiss our challenge to the UK’s Online Safety Act (OSA) Categorisation Regulations. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''August board meeting''': [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/August 2025 Meeting Outcomes|Updates on]] board appointments and selection, CEO search, work to strengthen Wikipedia's approach to neutral point of view and updates on three pilots around more shared decision-making and shared accountability across the movement. *'''New Endowment board members''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/08/29/welcoming-new-wikimedia-endowment-board-members-kevin-bonebrake-and-ike-kier/|Welcoming New Wikimedia Endowment Board Members, Kevin Bonebrake and Ike Kier]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/17|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|class=skin-invert|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 17 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29226349 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on September 13. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/18|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''CEE Meeting''': [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025|Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025]] will be held in Thessaloniki, Greece, September 26-28. *'''Learning Clinic''': The next [[m:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will talk about "Mastering the Capacity Exchange (CapX) Tool" and will take place on September 30 at 13:00 UTC. *'''Big Fat Brussels Meeting''': The tenth in-person gathering of Wikimedians enthusiastic in free knowledge advocacy, [[m:Wikimedia Europe/Advocacy/Big Fat Brussels Meeting X|Big Fat Brussels Meeting]], will take place on October 3-4. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': "Celebrating 13 Years: Wikidata’s Role in Learning and Culture" will be the featured theme for the [[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase#October 2025|next research showcase]] taking place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1760545800 October 15 at 16:30 UTC]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Web]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Wikifunctions in 7 minutes.webm|thumbtime=0:01|thumb|Wikifunctions now available on 123 Wiktionaries]] *'''Tech News''': Read updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/09/15/tech-news-2025-week-38/|38]] and [[diffblog:2025/09/22/tech-news-2025-week-39/|39]]. *'''Wikifunctions''': Wikifunctions is now available on [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|123 Wiktionary languages]] and have [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|more than 3,000 functions]] available. *'''Collaborative Contributions''': A new feature, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions| called Collaborative Contributions]], allows editors to see the impact of their collaborative editing activities. It was [[m:Event:Connection learning session 2|live demoed earlier]] and you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions/Testing Version 1|follow instructions to test it out]]. *'''CampaignEvents extension''': The CampaignEvents extension was [[c:Special:AllEvents|deployed to Wikimedia Commons]] and all Wikisources -80+ wikis. *'''Event registration''': Starting the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. [[m:CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|More information on Meta]]. *'''Search Suggestions:''' Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|suggestions of articles for further reading]] on all Wikipedias, in order to make it easier for users to find articles. *'''Datacenter server switchover''': A successful [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|datacenter server switchover backup test]] took place on September 24. *'''Activity Tab now on Android:''' Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Banners & Logos policies''': The Wikimedia Foundation has published [[diffblog:2025/09/11/proposed-policies-related-to-the-use-of-banners-and-logo-changes-to-advocate-on-external-topics/|draft proposals for policies related to the use of banners and logo changes for advocacy purposes]]. *'''Wikipedia 25''': Wikimedia Foundation is creating [[m:Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|playful, celebratory interventions]] on the [https://wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia portal page], the Wikipedia app, and potentially any interested Wikipedias to celebrate Wikipedia’s 25th birthday. Please [[m:Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#We need your input:|share your inputs]] and add your username on the [[m:Talk:Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Do you have ideas for other fun Easter eggs that work within the concept brief?|Talk page]] if you think your community would be interested in participating. *'''Regional Funds''': [[diffblog:2025/09/18/welcoming-new-eseap-regional-funds-committee-members/|Welcoming new ESEAP Regional Funds Committee Members]]. *'''Peer Learning''': [[diffblog:2025/09/21/kujifunza-pamoja-lets-connect-at-wikimania-nairobi-2025/|Reflections from Let’s Connect at Wikimania Nairobi 2025]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Progress|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Structured Contents now supports Wikipedia tables as structured JSON]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Georgia''': [[diffblog:2025/09/19/wikimedia-georgia-becomes-the-newest-wikimedia-chapter/|Wikimedia Georgia becomes the newest Wikimedia Chapter.]] '''Foundation statements''' *'''Knowledge integrity''': The Wikimedia Foundation launches [[foundationsite:news/2025/09/18/keeping-information-reliable/|a new series that explores how Wikipedia can inspire new standards of knowledge integrity for our times]]. '''Highlights from other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> *'''National award''': Wikipedian and current chair of Wikimedia Deutschland, Alice Wiegand, receives the [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2025/09/19/wikipedianerin-alice-wiegand-erhaelt-bundesverdienstkreuz-wikimedia-deutschland-gratuliert-zu-besonderer-ehrung/ Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany] for her voluntary commitment to Wikipedia and the global Wikimedia movement. *'''Supporting admins and patrollers''': Motivating, training and networking – [[diffblog:2025/09/22/motivating-training-and-networking-wikimedia-ukraines-plan-to-support-wikipedia-admins-and-patrollers/| Wikimedia Ukraine’s plan to support Wikipedia admins and patrollers]]. *'''Wikimania roundup''': A [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2025-09-05#Wikimania_! roundup of Wikimania and this year's Wikimedians of the year] by the French-speaking community's newsletter, ''Regards sur l’actualité du mouvement Wikimédia'' (Views on Wikimedia movement's events, or RAW). <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/18|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:27, 30 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29349834 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on September 26. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/19|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Selection''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2025 update|Announcement of the final ballot]] for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election and [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2025 update#More answers on the Board's decision on the 2025 final ballot|more answers about the decision]]. Eligible voters can [[votewiki:Special:SecurePoll/vote/1864|vote between October 8 – October 23]]. *'''Wikipedia 25''': Are you planning to organize events to celebrate [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25|Wikipedia's 25th birthday]]? The Wikimedia Foundation offers grants to support active Wikimedia groups in organizing short-term, low-cost projects to celebrate this milestone. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Grants|Applications are open until November 1]]. *'''WikiConference North America 2025''': [[m:WikiConference North America|WikiConference North America]] will take place from October 16–19 in New York City, USA. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Accessibility for reading mockup with dark mode on.png|thumb|Dark Mode will soon be available on all Wikimedia sites.]] *'''Mobile Editing''': [[diffblog:2025/09/26/insights-on-mobile-web-editing-on-wikipedia-in-2025-part-i/|Insights on mobile web editing]] on Wikipedia in 2025 are now available. This report highlights that ~95% of IP mobile users editing via wikitext open the editor but make no changes at all, a vast untapped potential. It also pinpoints where contributors most often drop off. *'''Dark Mode''': [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|Dark Mode]] user interface will be rolled out on all Wikimedia sites on October 29. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. *'''Community wishlist extension:''' [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#September 25, 2025: A new extension for the Community Wishlist|The new Community Wishlist extension has been released]]. This will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. *'''Paste Check''': [[phab:T403680|22 Wikis are now testing]] a new Edit Check feature, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]], to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. *'''Tone Check''': The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits. *'''Search Suggestions''': [[mw:Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Search Suggestions was deployed on English Wikipedia]]. Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature is available on both desktop and mobile. *'''Unsupported Tools Working Group''': A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed to help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. The group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. *'''Tech News''': Read updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/09/29/tech-news-2025-week-40/|40]] and [[diffblog:2025/10/06/tech-news-2025-week-41/|41]] including about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] – a new feature to re-use references with different details. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': Don't miss the next Wikimedia Research Showcase, "Celebrating 13 Years: Wikidata's Role in Learning and Culture" taking place on [[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase|October 15 at 16:30 UTC]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Wikimania''': Wikimania Nairobi has been featured in [[diffblog:2025/10/01/coverage-of-wikimania-nairobi-from-east-africa-to-the-world/|more than 100 stories across community platforms and international media outlets]]. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|Rich text is now available for embedded Wikifunctions calls]] across the 150 wikis where it’s enabled. *'''WikiLearn''': [[diffblog:2025/10/05/wikilearn-news-october-2025/|New Wikipedia online courses]] you can join to strengthen your Wikimedia editing skills. *'''Human Rights''': Making sure AI serves people and knowledge stays human: Wikimedia Foundation publishes a [[diffblog:2025/09/30/making-sure-ai-serves-people-and-knowledge-stays-human-wikimedia-foundation-publishes-a-human-rights-impact-assessment-on-the-interaction-of-ai-and-machine-learning-with-wikimedia-projects/|Human Rights Impact Assessment]] on the interaction of AI and machine learning with Wikimedia projects. *'''Don't blink''': [[diffblog:2025/09/30/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-august-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Digital Safety & Privacy''': [[diffblog:2025/10/02/frequently-asked-questions-about-our-legal-work/|Frequently Asked Questions]] about Wikimedia Foundation's Legal Work. *'''Transparency Report''': Wikimedia Foundation publishes its [[diffblog:2025/09/30/the-wikimedia-foundations-latest-transparency-report-4/|Latest Transparency Report]]. *'''Privacy Policy''': The [[foundation:Policy:Privacy policy|Wikimedia Foundation Privacy Policy]] is getting [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/LEJCT6LFF35F6NW5TPSPZ7NOWNIBUHPO/|a minor update]] in preparation for Temporary Accounts. *'''Learning Clinic''': Join the next Let's Connect Learning Clinic on the topic of "Mastering the Capacity Exchange (CapX) Tool (Part 2)" taking place on [[m:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Calendar|October 20 at 17:00 UTC]]. '''Foundation statements''' *'''Knowledge integrity''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/10/02/the-3-building-blocks-of-trustworthy-information-lessons-from-wikipedia/|Lessons from Wikipedia on the 3 building blocks of trustworthy information]]. This is part of the new series from the Wikimedia Foundation that explores how Wikipedia can inspire new standards of knowledge integrity for our times. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/19|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:50, 14 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29437761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on October 11. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/20|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection''': [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2025 update#Additional perspectives on current and future board selection processes|Additional perspectives on current and future board selection processes]]. *'''Global trends''': We are seeing 8% declines in human page views on Wikipedia as some users don't directly visit Wikipedia to get information. [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|Learn about this new user trend]], how the Wikimedia Foundation anticipate these changes, and how you can help. *'''WECUDI 2025''': The second conference of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WECUDI2025|Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures]] will be held from October 29–31 in Mexico City, Mexico. *'''GLAM Conference:''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|Wiki GLAM Culture and Heritage Conference (WGCHC)]] will take place on 30 October – 1 November in Lisbon, Portugal. *'''WikidataCon 2025''': [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]] will take place online from October 31 – November 2. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Abstract Wikipedia and wiki of functions.webm|thumbtime=0:10|thumb|The naming contest for the new Wikimedia project, known until now as Abstract Wikipedia, is ongoing. ]] *'''Making it easier to say thanks''': Users on most wikis will now have [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|the ability to thank a comment directly]] from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. *'''Account security''': Improvements to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|account security]] and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. Another part of the project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. *'''Abstract Wikipedia''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|The naming contest]] for the new Wikimedia project, known until now as Abstract Wikipedia, is ongoing. [[m:Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest/First round voting|Voting is now open until November 3]]. *'''Tech News''': Read updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/10/13/tech-news-2025-week-42/|42]] and [[diffblog:2025/10/20/tech-news-2025-week-42-2/|43]] including the community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. *'''Wikimedia apps''': The Wikipedia iOS App launched an A/B/C test of improvements to the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|Tabbed browsing feature]] into Beta for select regions & languages. Called ''“More dynamic tabs”'', the experiment adds user-requested improvements and introduces article recommendations within the tabs overview, showing “Did you know” or “Because you read” content depending on how many tabs are open. * '''CampaignEvents extension:''' [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaignevents extension]] will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: ''Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List''. For this rollout, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]] will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. * '''Event registration tool:''' Autoconfirmed users on [[Git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[Git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the extension can now use [[m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Digital safety''': Explore how you can help make Wikimedia safer by taking our new self-paced course, [[diffblog:2025/10/10/wikilearn-course-safety-for-young-wikimedians/|Safety for Young Wikimedians]]. *'''Wikimedia Core Curriculum''': The Wikimedia Foundation has developed [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5LWTEKBENPBR3GVI2LLIPVXFFO26XNTU/|seven online video learning modules]] covering the core English Wikipedia policies. You are invited to use, adapt, and translate the course. *'''Advocacy''': The Wikimedia Foundation has signed [https://www.gp-digital.org/ten-steps-to-strengthen-stakeholder-engagement-in-the-wsis20-intergovernmental-phase/ onto a statement] that calls on governments and UN bodies to keep discussions about the future of internet governance accessible to non-government actors like industry and civil society. This statement is part of ongoing joint advocacy with affiliates to influence UN discussions about the future of internet governance such as the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global Digital Compact Wikimedia Advocacy Collaboration 2024|Global Digital Compact campaign]] and [https://www.gp-digital.org/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-wsis20-review/ WSIS+20] deliberations. *'''GLAM:''' The Wikimedia Foundation and several affiliates have signed onto the [https://medium.com/wikimedia-policy/wikimedia-foundation-signs-the-open-heritage-statement-a-global-call-for-unrestricted-access-to-663931374067 Open Heritage Statement], which supports galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM institutions) to have the legal rights they need to collect, preserve, and provide access to cultural heritage. '''Foundation statements''' *'''How Wikipedia works''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/10/10/wikimedia-foundation-responds-to-questions-about-how-wikipedia-works/|Wikimedia Foundation responds to questions about how Wikipedia works]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/20|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:09, 28 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29511411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on October 24. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/21|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small>[[File:Gran Torre Santiago (26058231758).jpg|thumb|Wikimania Santiago will happen in 2027.]] *'''Wikimania 2027''': Santiago, Chile is announced as the location for [[diffblog:2025/11/04/wikimania-2027-location-announcement/|Wikimania 2027]]. The annual conference returns to Latin America after more than 10 years, following previous editions in Buenos Aires (2009) and Mexico City (2015). *'''Wikidata recognized as a Digital Public Good''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/10/29/wikipedia-recognized-as-a-digital-public-good/|Wikidata became the second Wikimedia project to be officially recognized as a digital public good by the Digital Public Goods Alliance]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Tech News''': Read updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/10/27/tech-news-2025-week-44/|44]] and [[diffblog:2025/11/03/tech-news-2025-week-45/|45]] including the community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. *'''Activity Tab''': The Wikipedia Android app expands the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]] to all users. It offers a complete view of your Wikipedia activity: reading time, saved articles, edits, and donation history (for known donors). This change aims to make Wikipedia a more engaging experience for readers and contributors alike, while keeping all personal data private and stored locally on your device. *'''Tabbed browsing''': [[diffblog:2025/10/27/new-on-the-wikipedia-app-for-ios-tabbed-browsing-tabs/|Tabbed browsing]] is now available on the Wikipedia App for iOS. Tabs will let you keep more than one article open at a time, making it easier to explore complex topics, follow links without losing your place, and pick up where you left off. *'''CampaignEvents extension''': Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. *'''Image browsing''': The Wikimedia Foundation launched [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.3 Image Browsing|image browsing]], an experiment that puts images on top of your Wikipedia article reading journey, on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. *'''Temporary accounts''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] are now enabled on 1,000+ projects including English Wikipedia. *'''Abstract Wikipedia naming contest''': [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|The first round of “abstract content wiki” naming vote has ended]] and the first legal review had begun to determine the 6 names that will make it to the second round on November 17. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment|Wikifunctions is now deployed across 12 Wiktionaries and 4 Wikipedias]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> [[File:Digital-first-aid-kit.png|thumb|150px| [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Human Rights/Digital Security Resources|Digital Safety Resource Center]] provides tips and tools to protect yourself online.]] *'''Privacy in Wikipedia research''': The Wikimedia Foundation published [https://osf.io/preprints/osf/uyxnf_v2 Privacy in Public: Navigating Research, Personal Data, and Safety on Wikipedia], a whitepaper which guides researchers in navigating privacy of Wikipedia editors in their research. [[diffblog:2025/11/02/privacy-in-public-a-new-whitepaper-on-privacy-in-wikipedia-research/|Read the highlights and key takeaways for researchers and Wikipedians]]. *'''Digital Safety''': The Wikimedia Foundation is launching [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/QYTDJWIAVWVXTSGCDHYD2SG4LZN4UTE6/|Digital Safety Office Hours]] to explore how to stay safe digitally, what does digital safety mean, what extra precautions can Wikimedians take. The first session will take place on November 28 at 9 AM and 7 PM UTC. Check out also our [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Human Rights/Digital Security Resources|Digital Safety Resources Center]] to learn practical tips and tools you can use immediately. *'''Volunteer roles for movement governance''': The Movement governance committees are seeking new volunteers to support essential and high-impact work across the Wikimedia ecosystem. The current appointment cycle is open for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|AffCom]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds Commission]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee]]. Applications for these committees will remain open until December 11. The team will host a community conversation on [[m:Event:2025 Committee appointments conversation hour 2|November 26]], at 3 AM UTC. *'''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2025/10/26/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-september-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Wikimedia Core Curriculum''': Want to learn how to edit Wikipedia? – A [[diffblog:2025/10/24/a-new-core-curriculum-seven-comprehensive-video-modules-from-the-wikimedia-foundation-for-beginners/|new '''free''' self-paced course, all in video with subtitles]], is available from the Wikimedia Foundation! '''Foundation statements''' *'''Transparency builds trust''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/10/22/transparency-builds-trust/|The latest edition from the series "Lessons from Wikipedia"]] explores how deep transparency has helped make Wikipedia one of the most trusted sources on the internet. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/21|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:05, 12 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29590086 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on November 7. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/22|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> [[File:Wikipedia 25 graphic with dancer and protractor.png|thumb|link=diffblog:2025/11/10/wikipedia-is-turning-25-older-wiser-and-now-fully-referenced-citation-needed/|Join the celebration for Wikipedia’s 25th virtual birthday party.]] *'''Board election:''' The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Results|2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees vote]] has elected two new trustees, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates/Bobby Shabangu|Bobby Shabangu]] ([[m:User:Bobbyshabangu|Bobbyshabangu]]) and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates/Michał Buczyński|Michał Buczyński]] ([[m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]), who will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2025. *'''Wikipedia 25''': Wikipedia is turning 25 and it’s time to party! Register now for [[diffblog:2025/11/10/wikipedia-is-turning-25-older-wiser-and-now-fully-referenced-citation-needed/|Wikipedia’s 25th virtual birthday bash]] on 15 January at 16:00 UTC. *'''Wikimedia Hackathon''': The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2026|2026 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will be taking place in person May 1 - 3, 2026 in Milan, Italy. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are open] until November 28. *'''Language Community:''' [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 November 2025|The next language community meeting]] will be held on November 28 at 16:00 UTC. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Tech News''': Some of the latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/11/10/tech-news-2025-week-46/|46]] and [[diffblog:2025/11/17/tech-news-2025-week-47/|47:]] Wikimedia Foundation is experimentating with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later; One new wiki has been created: a Wikisource in [https://min.wikisource.org/wiki/Palanta Minangkabau]. *'''Wikifunctions''': The second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content is kicking off with [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|six name proposals to vote for]]. *'''Reference check''': The A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|reference check]] has begun on English Wikipedia and will run until December 17. This is a feature which prompts new editors to add citations before they publish an edit adding content to an article. *'''Image browsing''': Wikimedia Foundation is launching an experiment called "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.3 Image Browsing|Image browsing]]" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, is taking place on on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting a small number of users. *'''CampaignEvents extension''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. The extension offers tools for running and coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations. These features include ''Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List'', plus a new feature, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]], which helps organizers and participants see the impact of their collaborative activities. Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|upcoming learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. *'''Dark Mode:''' Dark mode is now available on all Wikimedia projects for all anonymous users! This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [[mw:Manual:Dark_mode|Learn how to activate this feature]]. *'''Wikimedia Apps''': [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|The Activity tab]] in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. *'''Usability Improvements:''' [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|Improvements for talk pages]] is being [[phab:T409297|rolled out]]. Users can opt out of these changes [[m:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in “Show discussion activity.” '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Wikipedia 25 Press toolkit''': Wikimedia Foundation is providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Celebration toolkit/Press|press toolkit]] as guidance and resources to Wikimedia volunteers and affiliates to spread the word about Wikipedia’s 25th birthday to local and regional media. *'''Language and Internationalization''': Read some key highlights from the [[diffblog:2025/11/13/language-and-internationalization-newsletters-9/|October 2025 edition of the Language and internationalization newsletter]]. *'''Information integrity''': [[diffblog:2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/|Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund]]. *'''The Wikipedia Library''': [[diffblog:2025/11/13/whats-new-in-the-wikipedia-library-july-september-2025/|The Wikipedia Library team attended the CEE Meeting 2025 celebrated a new partnership with Times of Malta]]. *'''Understanding movement organizers''': Wikimedia Foundation concluded a [[m:Research:Organizers in the Wikimedia movement/Literature review|literature review]] on organizers in the Wikimedia movement focused on capturing their personas, motivations, and impact in order to highlight best practices and opportunities for further support. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/reef-media-ai/ Reef Media uses Wikimedia Enterprise Snapshot API to Fact Check and Verify Sources]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Affiliations Committee''': [[m:Affiliations Committee/Recommendations November 2025|Draft recommendations]] on three strategic areas that need continuous consideration to best support Wikimedia affiliates. '''Foundation statements''' *'''Lessons from Wikipedia''': The latest edition from the series explores [[foundationsite:news/2025/11/10/how-wikipedia-navigates-disputes/|the art of disagreement and how Wikipedia navigates disputes]]. *'''Artificial Intelligence''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/11/10/in-the-ai-era-wikipedia-has-never-been-more-valuable/|In the AI era, Wikipedia has never been more valuable]]. This explainer shows how human-created knowledge isn’t replaceable. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/22|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:30, 25 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29707950 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2025 Issue 23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on November 21. This will be the final bulletin for 2025 and we'll be back in late January 2026 with the next issue. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/XX|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25_Birthday_cake.gif|right|200px]] '''Upcoming and current events and conversations'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''CEO appointment''': The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees has [[diffblog:2025/12/09/welcoming-the-wikimedia-foundations-new-ceo/|appointed Bernadette Meehan]] as the new CEO of the Wikimedia Foundation. She will be meeting communities around the puzzle globe when she officially joins on January 20, 2026. *'''Wikipedia's 25th birthday party:''' Join the virtual celebration for games, prizes, musical performances, volunteer spotlights, data visualization, surprise guests and more. January 15 at 16:00 UTC. [[m:Event:Wikipedia_25_Virtual_Celebration|Register on Meta]]. *'''Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees''': Join the next Conversation with the Trustees on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/2025-12-11 Conversation with Trustees|December 11 at 17:30 UTC]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Wishathon:''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#December 1, 2025: Results of our last Wishathon sprint|15 patches were written and 5 merged]], as part of a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Wishathon|Wishathon]] for the Community Wishlist. One wish from the community was completed ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W265|"Preview page with this template" should not work with pages that do not transclude the template]]), and three more now have a clearer path forward. *'''Activity Tab on Mobile App''': The Wikipedia iOS app is running an experiment that replaces the History tab with a [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Activity Tab|redesigned Activity tab]]. This new tab surfaces personalized insights about reading, editing, and donations — all stored locally on your device for privacy. The goal is to see whether the new experience increases engagement and retention among logged-in readers. *'''Wikipedia Year in Review in Apps''': [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]] is now available for the iOS and Android apps. This year introduces new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. *'''Add a Link''': A feature that suggests links to be added to articles based on a prediction model, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], has been deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. *'''Abstract Wikipedia''': The [[m:Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest/Votes|second round of voting]] on the name of Abstract Wikipedia concluded with ''Abstract Wikipedia'' as the top-voted name with 100 votes, followed by Wikigenerator with 91 votes. The name for the wiki project [[:f:Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-12-04|will now remain Abstract Wikipedia]]. *'''Anti-vandalism tool:''' [[mw:Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]], now has the option to choose between two machine learning models to power the software on wikis using the tool. *'''Tools to support newcomers:''' Newcomers failing to add a citation to support added content has been one of the most common mistakes on Wikipedia. [[mw:Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]], a tool that prompts them to add a citation before publishing an edit, has gone live for an A/B test on English Wikipedia. *'''Tech News''': Latest updates from Tech News [[diffblog:2025/11/24/tech-news-2025-week-48/|week 48]] and [[diffblog:2025/12/01/tech-news-2025-week-49/|week 49]] include the Foundation working on [[phab:T396155|improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email]] sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful, and informative; and two new wikis being created: a [[w:tok:|Wikipedia in Toki Pona]] and a [[q:pcm:|Wikiquote in Nigerian Pidgin]]. *'''Infrastructure''': [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/11/21/unifying-mobile-and-desktop-domains/ Unifying our mobile and desktop domains] achieved 20% faster mobile response times, improved SEO, and reduced infrastructure load. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Legal win in France''': Wikimedia Foundation secures crucial [[diffblog:2025/12/01/wikimedia-foundation-secures-crucial-legal-win-in-france/|legal win in France]] against legal attacks on freedom of speech. *'''CEE Hub''': [[diffblog:2025/12/01/cee-hub-three-years-of-growth-learning-and-regional-impact/|Overview]] of three years of growth, learning, and regional impact of CEE Hub. *'''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2025/12/01/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-october-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Digital Violence''': How the Wikimedia movement is responding to [[diffblog:2025/11/20/uniting-to-end-digital-violence-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence/|digital gender based violence]]. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': The next research showcase will feature a special panel on "Experimentation on Wikipedia" and will [[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase|take place on December 10 at 17:30 UTC]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Audit Report''': Key takeaways from the [[diffblog:2025/11/24/highlights-from-the-wikimedia-foundations-fiscal-year-2024-2025-audit-report/|Foundation’s audit report]] for fiscal year 2024-2025. *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': [[diffblog:2025/11/24/wikimedia-enterprise-financial-report-fiscal-year-2024-2025/|Wikimedia Enterprise Financial Report]] for fiscal year 2024-2025. *'''Annual Plan Progress''': A look back at progress made against the plan [[diffblog:2025/11/21/progress-on-the-annual-plan-a-look-at-the-second-half-of-our-fiscal-year/|during the second half of our fiscal year.]] Up to date regular updates are included in the Foundation Bulletin. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Sister Projects Task Force''': [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force/Results of the consultation about Wikispore and Wikinews#Results of the consultations|Results of the consultation about Wikispore and Wikinews]]: No immediate changes should be made to Wikispore's current technical setup and archive all editions of Wikinews, preserving their content. '''Foundation statements''' *'''Wikipedia's unique revenue model''': [[foundationsite:news/2025/11/26/how-is-wikipedia-funded/|How is Wikipedia funded]] and [[foundationsite:news/2025/11/26/how-does-the-wikimedia-foundation-use-donations-to-wikipedia/|how does the Wikimedia Foundation use donations to Wikipedia]]? *'''Most read articles:''' Wikipedia’s [[foundationsite:news/2025/12/02/announcing-wikipedias-most-read-articles-of-2025/|most-read articles of 2025]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2025/X|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let askcac[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 04:50, 11 Disamba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29735761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 1</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on December 5. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/01|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25 Graphics Landscape of astronaut and batik maker.png|700px|center]] [[File:WP25 Film.gif|right|200px]] '''Highlights''' *'''Wikipedia turns 25:''' Time to start the party! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikipedia 25 Virtual Celebration|Join the virtual celebration]] featuring musical performances, games, and more on January 15 at 16:00 UTC. and The party will be live interpreted into Arabic, Chinese, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. <span class="mw-ui-button" role="button" aria-disabled="false">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikipedia 25 Virtual Celebration|Join the celebration]]</span> '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Annual planning''': [[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Key questions for the Wikimedia movement]] to shape the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026-2027 annual goals. [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|Join the discussion on-wiki]]. *'''Hackathon''': **[[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Apply to join the Northwestern Europe 2026 Hackathon]] from March 13-14 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Application will close mid-January 2026 or earlier based on event capacity. **General Registration for the [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ 2026 Wikimedia Hackathon is now open]! The hackathon will take place in Milan, Italy from May 1 - 3, 2026. Event details [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2026|can be found here]] and registration will remain open until March 30th or until event capacity is reached. *'''Semantic search''': Wikimedia Foundation is working on [[diffblog:2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/|making it easier to find the information readers want]]. *'''Tech News:''' Latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2025/12/08/tech-news-2025-week-50/|50]], [[diffblog:2025/12/15/tech-news-2025-week-51/|week 51]], and [[diffblog:2025/12/22/tech-news-2025-week-52/|week 52]] include that now edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details which will help oversighters to prevent doxxing. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|The first Wikifunctions Volunteers' Corner of the next year]] will take place on February 9. *'''Blazegraph Migration:''' To support the migration away from Blazegraph as the backend of Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), we are hosting regular calls [[d:Event:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours - January 2026|starting on January 27]]. Wikidata users and tool maintainers are [[d:Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|are invited to join]], ask questions, and share migration-related concerns. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]</small>'' *'''Upcoming Conferences''': Announcing the [[diffblog:2025/12/16/learn-about-the-approved-wikimedia-conference-proposals-for-2026-round-1/|six Wikimedia conferences funded for 2026]] in the first round. *'''Wikimania 2026''': [[diffblog:2025/12/19/looking-ahead-to-wikimania-2026/|A glimpse on what the team is currently working on]] to prepare for Wikimania 2026 in Paris. *'''Public Policy''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Global Advocacy/Resources|Explore the resources available for public policy advocacy work]], including explainers that describe key policy positions, guides on how to build a campaign or write a policy brief, and examples of open letters submitted to governments. *'''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2025/12/18/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-november-2025/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Public-Interest content''': The Project Gayatri content expansion program brought [[diffblog:2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/|7,656 new articles on Indonesian Wikipedia]]. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': [[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase|The research showcase will return on January 22 at 17:30 UTC]] with the theme "Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia and the Research Behind It". *'''Wikimedia Research Report''': The Wikimedia Foundation has published its [https://research.wikimedia.org/report.html 13th bi-annual Research Report], highlighting the work completed during the first six months of this fiscal year. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Past issues of the bulletin for progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/2025-api-wrap-up/ Read the full annual wrap-up of 2025 of Wikimedia Enterprise] and how the year marked a fundamental shift in open knowledge. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Board of Trustees''': Wikimedia Foundation [[diffblog:2025/12/17/wikimedia-foundation-welcomes-two-new-board-trustees/|welcomes two new Board Trustees]] Bobby Shabangu and Michał Buczyński. *'''Affcom News''': Read the [[m:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|year-end issue of AffCom News (July-December 2025)]], the newsletter that distributes relevant news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br /><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]&nbsp;·[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;·</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/01|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:31, 14 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=29895265 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 2</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on Jan 10. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/02|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25 Graphics Desktop.png|right|200px]] '''Highlights'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Annual planning''': The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|Annual Plan]] is the Wikimedia Foundation’s description of what we hope to achieve in the coming year. This is a time of urgency and focus for the Wikimedia projects and we [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|invite you to shape this plan together with us.]] *'''Year 2 of PTAC''': As it reached its first year, Product & Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) shared [[m:Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|a retrospective and proposed future improvements]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Account security''': All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA), providing a simple and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|secure way]] to log in. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|An overview of the quarterly plan (January–March)]] and how it connects to the broader goals for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. *'''Tech News:''' Latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/01/12/tech-news-2026-week-03/|03]], [[diffblog:2026/01/19/tech-news-2026-week-04/|04]] and [[diffblog:2026/01/26/tech-news-2026-week-05/|05]] include unregistered contributors on blocked IPs can now interact on-wiki to [[phab:T398673|appeal a block]] by creating a temporary account. *'''Collaborative contributions''': Wikimedia Foundation is hosting [[m:Event:Connection learning session 4|a learning session]] to share [[m:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|new releases around collaborative contributions]] and discuss future project ideas. *'''Structured task''': The [[mw:Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone Structured Task]] is now live in A/B testing on pilot wikis: English, Arabic, Portuguese, and French Wikipedia. It helps new editors improve promotional language in existing articles through a quiz style onboarding experience and a guided in article suggestion. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> [[File:WP25 The Birthday Cake Song.webm|thumb|"The Birthday Cake Song" is an original song created for Wikipedia's 25th Birthday, performed by the WikiChoir, featuring Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons content.]] *'''Wikimania 2026''': [[diffblog:2026/01/27/call-for-sessions-wikimania-2026-is-coming-to-paris/|Call for sessions]] is open until March 1. *'''Wikipedia 25''': Wikipedia celebrates 25 years of knowledge at its best with [[foundationsite:news/2026/01/15/wikipedia-celebrates-25years/|docuseries, time capsule, and more]]. *'''Virtual celebration''': In case you missed it, over 10,000 people have watched [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikipedia 25 Virtual Celebration|the virtual celebration]] that [[:c:File:WP25 Generations.webm|brought together generations of Wikimedians]], featured [[:c:File:WP25 A Tribute to the Talk Page.webm|an ode to the talk page]], a [[:c:File:WP25 A Dramatic Reading of a Wikipedia TalkPage for Orange.webm|dramatic reading of a real talk page]], a Magnetikpunk [[:c:File:WP25 "Cyklepedia" by Open Reel Ensemble.webm|song dedicated to Wikipedia]], a passing of the [[:c:File:WP25 CEO Cake Pass.webm|cake baton from Maryana to Bernadette]], [[c:File:WP25 The Birthday Cake Song.webm| "The Birthday Cake Song"]] and more. All of it written and performed by humans of Wikimedia. *'''Birthday mascot''': [[diffblog:2026/01/15/meet-the-wikimedian-whose-casual-sketch-inspired-wikipedias-25th-birthday-mascot/|Meet the Wikimedian]] whose casual sketch inspired Wikipedia’s 25th birthday mascot. *'''Legal''': Learn about two recent submissions advocating [[diffblog:2026/01/16/why-the-wikimedia-foundation-is-advocating-proportionality-and-carve-outs-for-digital-public-goods-in-brazils-new-online-child-safety-law-eca-digital/|the need for proportionality in Brazil’s new online child safety law]]. *'''Policy:''' The Global Advocacy team shared a report from digital policy organization InternetLab about the intersection between the [https://medium.com/wikimedia-policy/why-the-open-knowledge-movement-and-public-interest-journalism-must-unite-forces-b011bef63cf0 open knowledge movement and public interest journalism]. *'''Global Resource Distribution Committee''': Refreshed [[m:Global Resource Distribution Committee/Funding Principles|Funding Principles]] are ready for review. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br /><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Solving puzzles together''': [[diffblog:2026/01/19/solving-puzzles-together/|A final reflection from Maryana Iskander]]. *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': Mistral AI and Wikimedia Enterprise announced [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/mistral-ai-partners-with-wikimedia-enterprise/ a new strategic partnership]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/02|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:06, 4 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30007243 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 3</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on January 30. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/3|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25 Graphics of Astronaut.png|right|200px]] '''Highlights''' *'''Wikipedia Library''': [[diffblog:2026/01/30/whats-new-in-the-wikipedia-library-october-december-2025/|Wikipedia Library gained new content partnerships]], restored access to the British Newspaper Archive, and added an Arabic language academic resource with more than 7 million records. *'''Gender gap''': The [[m:Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women 2026]] campaign will run from March 1–31 to advance the achievements of the women’s rights and gender equity movement globally. *'''Annual Planning''': The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/| Annual Plan]] is the Wikimedia Foundation’s description of what we hope to achieve in the coming year. We invite you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/| to shape this plan]] together with us. Between now and the end of June 2026, we will have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|continuous conversations]] about how global trends may shape our future, how we can experiment, adapt and respond together. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br /><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Patrolling improvements''': A new feature available on [[m:Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|How Abstract Wikipedia articles can be integrated]] into Wikipedia language editions to enable Wikipedians to write an abstract article once and have it available in many languages. *'''Suggestion Mode''': A new Beta Feature for the VisualEditor, [[mw:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode,]] is [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#Suggestion Mode %E2%80%93 new Beta Feature on Tuesday|now available on English Wikipedia]] for experienced editors. This features proactively suggests actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, such as "add citation", "improve tone", or "fix an ambiguous link". *'''WDQS Blazegraph Migration''': As part of the migration away from Blazegraph (the current backend of the Wikidata Query Service), an initial evaluation of open-source triple store candidates [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/WDQS_Triple_Store_Evaluation_-_Benchmark_Results_Report.pdf has been completed]. Using the published [[D:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/Triple store evaluation methodology|evaluation methodology]], performance, stability, and compatibility was assessed. *'''Tech News:''' Latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/02/02/tech-news-2026-week-06/|06]] and [[diffblog:2026/02/09/tech-news-2026-week-07/|07]] include the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature that allows logged-in contributors to organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows. They also link to the 44 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> [[File:Karolina Gruszczyk 4 at Wikipedia 25 celebration in Warsaw.jpg|thumb|Wikipedia 25 celebration in Warsaw.]] *'''Funding Principles''': The interim [[m:Global Resource Distribution Committee|Global Resource Distribution Committee]] (GRDC) has published a first version of the [[m:Global Resource Distribution Committee/Funding Principles|Funding Principles]] which guides the broader grantmaking ecosystem across the Wikimedia Movement. Share your feedback in the [[m:Talk:Global Resource Distribution Committee/Funding Principles|Discussion]] page. *'''Wikipedia 25''': [[diffblog:2026/02/09/wikipedia25-celebrations-in-warsaw/|Celebrating 25 years of Wikipedia in Warsaw]]. *'''Responsible AI''': Why the [[diffblog:2026/02/03/why-the-global-index-on-responsible-ai-matters-for-wikimedians/|Global Index on Responsible AI]] matters for Wikimedians. *'''Open Knowledge''': Why the Open Knowledge Movement and Public Interest Journalism [https://medium.com/wikimedia-policy/why-the-open-knowledge-movement-and-public-interest-journalism-must-unite-forces-b011bef63cf0 must unite forces]. Shared principles and interdependence, points of convergence and the path forward. *'''Journalism Awards:''' Applications for [[foundationsite:news/2026/02/02/open-knowledge-journalism-awards-applications-open/|the Open the Knowledge Journalism Awards]] are now open until March 1. Presented by the International Center for Journalists in partnership with the Wikimedia Foundation, the awards seek to recognize African journalists whose reporting helps close knowledge gaps about Africa on Wikipedia. *'''UN General Assembly''': Wikimedia Foundation was invited to speak at the UN General Assembly (UNGA) hall about [[diffblog:2026/02/11/wikimedia-foundation-at-the-united-nations-remarks-on-multistakeholderism-digital-public-goods-and-internet-governance/|Wikipedia’s role in global digital governance]]. *'''Advocacy''': Wikimedia Foundation has [[diffblog:2026/02/11/announcing-new-policies-related-to-the-use-of-wikimedia-sites-for-advocacy-purposes/|adopted new and updated policies]] regarding the use of banners, logo changes, and blackouts on the projects, particularly for advocacy purposes. Specifically, the new [[:foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Use of Wikimedia sites for advocacy purposes|"Use of Wikimedia sites for advocacy purposes"]] policy, and updates to the guidelines for [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/CentralNotice/Usage guidelines|CentralNotice usage]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting wiki configuration changes]]. The policies establish clearer processes for advocacy activities, and require notification of Foundation staff for some proposed uses of the Wikimedia sites. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Futures Lab''': [[diffblog:/2026/02/12/from-baghdad-to-frankfurt-wikimedia-futures-lab-2026/|Reflections from a Wikimedian]] who attended the [[m:Wikimedia Futures Lab|Wikimedia Futures Lab]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/3|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:27, 17 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30053915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 4</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on Feb 13. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/04|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Work-in-progress animation of the Wikipedia 25 birthday mascot scrolling on a phone.gif|right|200px|]] '''Highlights'''<br/><small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Let's Talk|Let's Talk]] continues''</small> *'''Birthday mode''': This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on ~2,500 articles, waiting to be discovered by readers. The feature is available for all Wikipedias to customise through Community Configuration until 6 April 2026. So far [[m:Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|17 Wikipedias]] have joined in the fun. *'''Wikipedia's 25th birthday party celebrated on Commons''': Content from the January 15th global birthday party selected as [[c:Template:Motd/2026-02#22|Media of the day]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Etherpad cleanup''': For security and performance reasons, all current pads on Wikimedia’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based "ephemeral" editor for real-time collaborative document editing, [[m:Talk:Etherpad#Etherpad wipe/deletion/clean slate proposal|will be permanently deleted after 30 April]]. We will continue running this Etherpad instance to support events and other short-term collaboration, but will be periodically deleting data going forward. If you have content in Etherpad you want to keep, please create local backups, as data will be permanently deleted and will not be able to be recovered. *'''Activity tab''': Wikipedia iOS app has rolled out the improved [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Activity Tab|Activity tab]] to all users in version 7.9.0. A/B test results showed increased account creation among users with access to the feature. Updates include enhanced editing impact insights, module customization, and relocation of History into the Search tab. *'''Reference Check''': The feature [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to all Wikipedias. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop (or acknowledge/explain why they did not) and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. *'''Semantic search''': The Foundation has launched a limited [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both [[diffblog:2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/|semantic]] and keyword queries. The [[mw:Readers/Information_Retrieval/Phase_1|Phase 1 beta]] is now live on Greek Wikipedia. The goal is to understand whether combining meaning-based retrieval with keyword search helps readers find information more effectively. Testing will expand to English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias in March. *'''Navigation experience''': The Foundation will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [[File:Abstract Wikipedia prototype - Kolkata.png|thumb|right|Screenshot of the current prototype of Abstract Wikipedia, showing a two sentence article about Kolkata.]] *'''Site notices''': Site notices ([[m:MediaWiki:Sitenotice|MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] and [[m:MediaWiki:Anonnotice|MediaWiki:Anonnotice]]) now will render on all platforms, not just on the desktop site. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. *'''Tech News''': Latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/02/16/tech-news-2026-week-08/|08]] and [[diffblog:2026/02/23/tech-news-2026-week-09/|09]] include the new “Edit full page” button for people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor. They also link to the 40 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''Wikifunctions''': Abstract Wikipedia is going to have its public preview within the next few weeks, [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|here is the preview]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Gender gap''': The [[diffblog:2026/02/24/celebrate-women-2026-is-coming/|Celebrate Women 2026]] is coming! The Wikimedia Foundation will host a kick-off celebration that will work as a welcome session for both organizers and participants on [[m:Event:Celebrate Women 2026 Welcome Session|March 5 at 13:00 UTC]]. *'''Language''': New edition of the [[diffblog:2026/02/17/language-and-internationalization-newsletters-10/|Language and internationalization newsletter]] highlights new feature developments and improvements in various [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization#Projects|language-related technical projects]]. *'''Let’s Connect Learning Clinic''': Watch the recordings of past [[metawiki:Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|learning clinics]] about Wikipedia’s 25th Birthday Tool and Strengthening Local-Language Admin Communities. *'''Wikimedia Research Showcase''': You can [https://www.youtube.com/live/qW5IQJv84HY watch the recording] of this month research showcase whose theme is about "[[mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase|AI and Communities]]". *'''Hubs''': Lessons [[diffblog:2026/02/13/what-we-are-learning-from-hub-pilots/|from hub pilots]]. *'''Banners & logo policies''': Wikimedia Foundation has adopted [[diffblog:2026/02/11/announcing-new-policies-related-to-the-use-of-wikimedia-sites-for-advocacy-purposes/|new and updated policies regarding the use of banners, logo changes, and blackouts]] on the projects, particularly for advocacy purposes. *'''Digital Safety''': The next edition of [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/MFK6V57X7B3XBCPYS63PBP764UZWEE7X/|Digital Safety Office Hours]] will be on Mar 27 at 9:00 UTC and 19:00 UTC. The session will explore practical threat modelling: a structured way to think about risks, assess your exposure, and make informed choices. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-enriches-search-results-and-ai-answers/ Ecosia Enriches Search Results and AI Answers with Wikimedia Enterprise]. *'''Human centered AI''': Members of the Wikimedia Enterprise team presented on "[https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/event-stanford-human-centered-ai/ Wikipedia in the Age of AI and Bots]" at the seminar of Stanford’s Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. *'''Inclusive AI''': Advancing Open, Inclusive AI with Free and Open Knowledge at the [https://medium.com/wikimedia-policy/wikimedia-foundation-at-the-india-ai-impact-summit-2026-advancing-open-inclusive-ai-with-free-and-131bf9625f8b India AI Impact Summit 2026]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/04|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12:37, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30155780 --> == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:50, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 5</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on February 27. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/05|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25 Blue W25.png|right|200px|]] '''Highlights''' *'''Supporting readers''': For most of its history, Wikipedia did not have to worry about attracting readers. But with the way people search for information changing, there is a drop in the number of readers which is impacting the number of accounts created and contributions to our sites. Have a look at some of [[diffblog:2026/03/10/engaging-and-reengaging-wikipedia-readers/|the ongoing and planned work to support reader experience.]] *'''Server switch''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on March 25 at 15:00 UTC. This is for the [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|datacenter server switchover backup tests]], which happen [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|twice a year]]. *'''Tools improvement''': The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|Work is still ongoing in some areas]], including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. *'''Wikipedia 25 Grants''': The celebration continues! The Wikimedia Foundation offers [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Grants|Wikipedia 25 Birthday Funds]] to communities planning Wikipedia’s 25th birthday events with funding between USD 1,000–2,000. Apply before March 31. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Experiments''': The Foundation is frequently conducting experiments to help learn what features will be most effective and valuable to the projects. [[m:List of experiments in Product and Technology|The list of experiments in Product and Technology]], tracks upcoming, live, in-analysis, and completed experiments as well as their rationale. For example, the tracker shares that [[m:List of experiments in Product and Technology#Upcoming|one upcoming experiment, Reader to Contributor Baseline]], will measure how many readers create contributor accounts and whether the rate differs depending on how people arrived to the site. *'''Article guidance''': Help less experienced editors by filling out a questionnaire [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on this page]] (available in 7 languages). The Foundation are looking particularly for experienced Wikipedia editors from these [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]]. Your answers will help [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|customize guidance for less experienced editors while creating an article]]. *'''Wikifunctions:''' You can now create Functions that will [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|show a citation in their output.]] *'''Editing feature''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] is available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. *'''Paste Check''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] is now available at all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. *'''Mobile experience''': The user menu in the top corner for all mobile users [[phab:T413912|is standardized]] so that it is closer to the desktop experience to improve the user interface for readers. *'''Two-factor authentication''': For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. *'''Tech News''': Latest updates from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/03/02/tech-news-2026-week-10/|10]] and [[diffblog:2026/03/09/tech-news-2026-week-11/|11]] include the new GraphQL API has been released as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS). They also link to the 50 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. [[File:Mervat Salman.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/03/09/wikicelebrate-mervat-a-decade-of-building-knowledge-community-and-trust/ WikiCelebrates Mervat.]]] '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''WikiCelebrate''': [[diffblog:2026/03/09/wikicelebrate-mervat-a-decade-of-building-knowledge-community-and-trust/|Celebrating Mervat]], one of the most experienced and dedicated contributors to Arabic Wikipedia. *'''Wikimedia ecosystem''': The [[diffblog:2026/03/05/draft-proposal-for-a-future-affiliate-landscape/|pilot on the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations]] has published a draft proposal for a [[m:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Future Affiliate Landscape|Future Affiliate Landscape]]. It welcomes your review and [[m:Talk:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Future Affiliate Landscape|feedback]]. *'''Fundraising''': The Fundraising Report 2024–2025 has now been [[m:Fundraising/2024-25 Report|published]] on meta. *'''International Women's Day 2026:''' [[diffblog:2026/03/10/international-womens-day-2026-women-visibility-and-the-future-of-trusted-knowledge-on-wikimedia/|Women, visibility, and the future of trusted knowledge on Wikimedia]]. *'''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2026/03/12/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-january-2026/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Wiki Loves Earth 2025''': [[foundationsite:news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/|See the winners]] from the 13th annual edition of the globe-trotting photo contest. *'''Wikimania 2026''': While most Wikimania program submissions are closed, [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Program/Research|the research track is open until March 31]]. It accepts proposals from both professional researchers and Wikimedians. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/05|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:17, 17 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30218350 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 6</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on March 13. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/6|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Adapted Wikipedia20symbols mobile w.svg|right|thumb|200px|Editing on the mobile apps]] '''Highlights''' *'''Supporting the mobile experience''': The Foundation is starting conversations with communities to [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|explore how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The goal is to understand how to better support both new and experienced editors, and how the app can guide users to the right editing tools. Your input is welcome. Join the [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|discussion]]! *'''Wikimania 2026''': [[diffblog:2026/03/25/registration-for-wikimania-paris-is-opening-soon/|Registration for Wikimania 2026]] is opening soon from the end of March to May 1. Like other Wikimedia events this year, we are introducing a "request for invitation" process, with trust and safety checks conducted prior to confirming in-person attendance. Our priority is to create a safe environment for connection, collaboration, and shared learning. *'''Around the Puzzle Globe in the CEE region''': On March 23 almost 60 Wikimedians took part in [[m:Event:CEE Catch Up: Around the Puzzle Globe|the CEE-Catch up]]- a meeting for Wikimedians from Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. As a part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|continuous conversations]] we have with the communities around the Foundation's annual plan, participants discussed the global trends related to Readers and Contributors in their regional context. The meeting was also an opportunity to connect with the new Foundation CEO, Bernadette Meehan, who is meeting communities [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Chief Executive Officer/Around the puzzle globe|around the puzzle globe]] to listen, learn and engage with the communities. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br /><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Crawlers:''' The Foundation is now [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|detecting and blocking billions of bot requests]] that don’t follow our robot policy, such as aggressive scrapers, to make sure our resources go towards serving human readers. In the coming months we’ll be working on better detection of rapidly changing bot behavior and better API infrastructure. *'''Moderator tools for newer editors''': Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to an [[mw:Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of Special:PersonalDashboard]]. It introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. *'''Account creation on mobile''': Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] are now presented with a simplified logged-out warning message, which encourages them to create an account or log in. This test is part of our ongoing effort to enhance the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and increase participation. *'''Verification email redesign:''' [[phab:T416748|The verification email sent to new accounts]] that add an email address during signup has been redesigned. When tested on English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, and Wikidata, the same-week email verification rate increased from 41.6% to 45.9%. *'''Retaining notification history''': Wikimedia site users can export their notifications older than 5 years using [[toolforge:echo-chamber|a new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain important notifications and avoid losing them based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, [[phab:T383948|as previously announced]]. *'''Tech News''': Latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/03/16/tech-news-2026-week-12/|12]] and [[diffblog:2026/03/23/tech-news-2026-week-13/|13]] include the update that Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys as a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. See also the 64 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''Experiments''': Check out [[m:List of experiments in Product and Technology|the list of experiments in Product and Technology]] to see all upcoming, live, in-analysis, and completed experiments. One new experiment that just went live is the "Improve the logged-out warning message on mobile web," which aims to reduce the sense of friction or alarm when users encounter the logged-out warning upon editing. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br /><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> [[File:Microtask generator tool.png|right|thumb|200px|Screenshot of the Microtask generator tool.]] *'''Digital rights and free knowledge''': Wikimedia Foundation staff and Wikimedians from across the movement will contribute to [[diffblog:2026/03/16/wikimedians-champion-digital-rights-and-free-knowledge-at-rightscon-2026-join-the-global-conversation-wherever-you-are/|important conversations on AI governance, information integrity, and equitable access to knowledge at RightsCon 2026]] from May 5–8. [https://www.rightscon.org/registration/ Join the conversation virtually]. *'''Microtask Generator''': [[diffblog:2026/03/23/from-overwhelming-lists-to-bite-sized-edits-meet-the-microtask-generator/|Learn more about the Microtask Generator]], a tool which identifies content quality gaps in Wikipedia articles and suggests tasks for editors to address within a dashboard. Users can input lists of articles for analysis, or get recommendations based on article categories. Ideal for edit-a-thons and other article improvement drives. *'''WikiLearn''': Discover [[diffblog:2026/03/12/wikilearn-news-march-2026/|the latest edition of WikiLearn News]] where you can find the latest online learning opportunities to take your editing skills to new heights. *'''Diff Event calendar''': [[diffblog:2026/03/11/movement-events-on-the-move-diff-event-calendar-transitions-to-meta-wiki/|The event calendar on Diff is now redirected]] to [[m:Special:AllEvents|the list of events on Meta-wiki]]. This list pulls in all events that are open to all wikis. *'''Grantmaking Strategy''': The GRDC has identified the [[m:Global Resource Distribution Committee/Key challenges for a new Grantmaking Strategy|key challenges that will inform the design of the new Grantmaking Strategy]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br /><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Audit report''': Highlights from the [[diffblog:2026/03/19/highlights-from-the-wikimedia-endowments-fiscal-year-2024-2025-audit-report/|Wikimedia Endowment’s fiscal year 2024-2025 audit report]]. *'''Enterprise partnerships''': Wikimedia Enterprise announced new partnerships. Together with [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/firecrawl-replaces-wikipedia-scraping-with-enterprise-apis/ Firecrawl to reform how AI agents access the world’s largest online repository of human knowledge] and with [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/aligned-ai-is-developing-ethical-ai/ Aligned AI to develop Ethical AI products for families by providing Wikimedia Enterprise Snapshot API]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Endowment Board''': [[diffblog:2026/03/24/welcoming-nataliia-tymkiv-to-the-wikimedia-endowment-board/|Welcoming Nataliia Tymkiv to the Wikimedia Endowment Board of Directors]]. *'''Affiliate recognition''': Affiliations Committee [[diffblog:2026/03/26/affiliate-recognition-pause-extended-until-september-2026/|extended the pause on new affiliate recognition to September 1, 2026]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/6|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30333201 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 7</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on March 28. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/7|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:People browsing on smartphone together - RWiC.png|right|thumb|150px|]] '''Highlights''' *'''Community Wishlist update''': This [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#April 7, 2026: What we have done so far and what the team will be working on in the next months|monthly update covers]] how 44 wishes were fulfilled, 17 are in progress, and 15 more will start work soon. It includes completion of work on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]], which allow users to add labels to items in their watchlist to help with managing and filtering; fixing a bug with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W265|preview page feature]]; indexing of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W303|Commons on Google & DuckDuckGo search]]; and a wish simplifying the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W141|insertion of maths formulas]] in articles. You can submit, vote on, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes|subscribe to wishes]] here. *'''Goal setting for edit-a-thons''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|group goal-setting feature]], enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. This feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Join the [[m:Event:Connection learning session 5|Connection Learning Session]] on April 14 at 16:00 UTC to learn more about this feature and new ways to promote events and campaigns to editors. *'''Collaboration with the United Nations''': Learn how the Foundation [[diffblog:2026/03/27/securing-our-collective-voice-why-engaging-with-the-united-nations-is-key-to-protecting-free-knowledge/|engages with the United Nations]] to secure our collective voice and protect free knowledge. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]''' <br /><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Mobile page previews mock.png|right|thumb|150px|Design mock for mobile page previews.]] *'''Navigating articles on mobile''': The Foundation is [[:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#Phase 1: Mobile page previews|launching an experiment]] to test how to make it easier and more intuitive for readers to navigate through articles on mobile. To do this, we want to test [[mw:Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Mobile Page Previews.]] This experiment will go live the week of April 20 and will run for four weeks. *'''Editing tools for new editors''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Tone check|Tone Check]] was [[phab:T419177|deployed on French, Japanese, and Portuguese Wikipedia]] as a default-on feature for editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally. When promotional or subjective language is added, users are prompted to consider "neutralizing" the tone of the edit. *'''Managing watchlist labels''': The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the "watchstar" (or watch link, for skins that don’t have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[m:Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. *'''Latest experiments''': See all upcoming, live, in-analysis, and completed [[m:List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. A new experiment that just went live is one which aims to establish a [[phab:T419634|baseline retention rate]] for logged-in readers. *'''Latest Wikifunctions''': Check out the [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02#Fresh Functions weekly: 102 new Functions|partial list]] of the 102 new functions created last week – likely the first week we have exceeded 100. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/03/30/tech-news-2026-week-14/|14]] and [[diffblog:2026/04/06/tech-news-2026-week-15/|15]] include an [[mw:Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|ongoing A/B test]] running on 10 Wikipedias to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. See also the 68 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''Community discussions on Semantic Search''': The Wikimedia Foundation, in collaboration with the CEE Hub, hosted a discussion session on [[diffblog:2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/|Semantic Search]] for members of the CEE Youth Group. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]''' <br /><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Don't Blink!''': This month's [[diffblog:2026/04/05/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-february-2026/|highlights from the Global Advocacy team]] include how the Wikimedia Foundation co-presented alongside the Internet Archive at the State of the Net conference. *'''Digital rights and inclusion''': Take a look at the [[diffblog:2026/04/07/youth-inclusion-open-data-inclusive-language-at-drif26-wikimedians-bring-community-solutions-to-shape-the-future/|sessions]] that Wikimedians and allied partners will lead during Digital Rights and Inclusion Forum [https://drif.paradigmhq.org/ (DRIF)] 2026. *'''Manuscript preservation''': The Wikimedia Foundation supported [[diffblog:2026/03/28/reconnecting-balinese-manuscripts-with-local-voices-wikisami-university-workshops-in-bali/|volunteer-lead workshops]] to write Balinese Wikipedia articles about palm-leaf manuscripts (''lontar'') from the Leiden University Library collection. *'''Youth content creators''': Wikimedia Indonesia, together with the Wikimedia Foundation, delivered an [[diffblog:2026/04/06/asean-y-impact-content-creators-engage-with-the-wikimedia-movement/|introductory session on Wikipedia]] for young content creators representing all 11 ASEAN member states. *'''Legal and Safety Contacts''': The Wikimedia Foundation has created a single [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|"Legal and Safety Contacts" page]], to be linked in the footer of each wiki page. This will ensure that everyone has access to accurate and up to date Legal contact information. Insertion of the new links on different wikis will be done in stages, based on assessment of legal risk and necessity. *'''Building shared principals for the internet as a public good:''' The Global Advocacy team [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com/a-shared-path-reinventing-an-internet-in-latin-america-that-serves-people-not-power-62b71c122ebf published a blog] with the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information ([https://observatoriolegislativocele.com/en/ CELE]) and the Electronic Frontier Foundation ([https://www.eff.org/ EFF]) summarizing a workshop that brought together digital rights advocates from Latin America to dream of a "digital utopia." '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]''' <br /><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Wikidata API''': Wikidata’s structured knowledge [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/wikidata-api-endpoints-wikimedia-enterprise/ is now available] through Wikimedia Enterprise. *'''Annual Planning and global trends''': Join the [[m:Event:America APP call|America APP call]] on April 21 at 18:00 UTC. This meeting is an opportunity for the Latin American community to ensure that the region's voice helps shape the Wikimedia Foundation's work and priorities for the next fiscal year. The call will be in Spanish with interpretation into Portuguese and English. The [[m:Wikimedia EDs and Foundation meetings|last meeting]] between Wikimedia EDs and Foundation staff was dedicated to discuss global trends too. More discussions are [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration#On-Wiki|happening on-wiki]] and in [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration#Co-created Community spaces|community spaces]] around different regions and projects. *'''Futures Lab:''' The world is changing around us. As the Wikimedia movement navigates this moment over a hundred Wikimedians from different Wikimedia projects came together to deepen our understanding of how these trends are impacting our people and projects at the [[diffblog:/2026/04/09/inside-the-wikimedia-futures-lab-how-the-wikimedia-movement-is-responding-to-a-changing-internet/|Wikimedia Futures Lab.]] *'''Fundraising Hub:''' The Wikimedia Foundation has launched [[:en:Wikipedia:Fundraising/Fundraising Hub|Fundraising Hub]] on English Wikipedia. The first discussion you can participate in is about distributing fundraising banner on English Wikipedia throughout the year. '''Board and Board committee updates''' <br /><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Ombuds Commission''': Announcement of the [[m:Talk:Ombuds commission#Announcing the 2026 Ombuds Commission|2026 Ombuds Commission]], the small group of volunteers who investigate complaints about violations of the Privacy Policy, the Access to Nonpublic Personal Data Policy, the CheckUser Policy and the Oversight Policy. *'''Wikinews closure''': All Wikinews editions will be [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|closed]] and switched to read-only mode on May 4. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles will be able to be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news''' <br /><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/7|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:10, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30380476 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 8</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on April 10. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/08|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:WP25 Graphics Cursor.png|right|thumb|150px|]] '''Highlights''' *'''Annual Planning''': The Wikimedia Foundation published the [[metawiki:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|draft Annual Plan]] for the coming fiscal year (2026&ndash;2027) which will focus on four main goals that directly respond to the external trends. The goals include increasing our reach, deepening engagement, protecting our projects and building speed and resilience to enable the change needed to respond to the internet being at an inflection point. Feedback welcome on [[metawiki:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the talk page]] and [[metawiki:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|many other places]]. *'''Global conversation''': A [[:m:Event:Global Call: Annual Planning Around the Puzzle Globe|global conversation about the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] will take place on May 7 at 5:00 PM UTC. *'''Sustainable reuse of Wikimedia content''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. It makes it easier to credit Wikimedia content fairly wherever it is used. It provides all information required by the [https://wikimedia-attribution.toolforge.org/ Wikimedia Attribution Framework] in a single, well-structured and easy-to-use endpoint, simplifying attribution for off-wiki reuse. Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Feedback on Article guidance''': Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature. This tool helps less-experienced editors create structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Review [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines] and share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Check out the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|step-by-step]] and [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] instructions. *'''Games Hub available on Android''': The Games Hub is live in the Wikipedia app for Android. This new feature offers a space for users to find all available [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Games|games]] in one place, explore archives, and get updates on new games. It currently includes ''[[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TriviaGame|Which Came First?]]'', with more games coming soon. *'''Update to Wikipedia app for iOS''': A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS has rolled out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple’s latest “Liquid Glass” visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. *'''Confirming email addresses''': On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven’t [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] now see a banner encouraging them to do so. [[mw:Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Confirming the email address]] helps users restore account access if they lose it and receive messages about their accounts. It also provides an easy option to communicate with other users off-wiki if they choose. As of early 2026, about 62.9% of all registered Wikimedia [[metawiki:Help:Unified login|user accounts]] that have an email set had not confirmed it. *'''Testing mobile web page previews''': [[mw:Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Mobile page previews]] experiment was launched on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page previews are pop-ups that show a thumbnail, a lead paragraph, and a link to the full article to improve content discovery. It is already available on desktop and in the apps. *'''Account creation experiment''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account creation experiment]] is live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia targeting 10% of logged-out mobile web users. It looks at whether adding a button to create accounts in the mobile web header boosts new registrations and increases mobile users contributing to the wikis. *'''Experimenting with Hybrid Search on mobile apps''': The Hybrid Search [[mw:Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Phase 1 experiment]] on the Wikipedia Android app has concluded. It tested a combined keyword and meaning-based search methods to meet various information needs. The team is analyzing data and feedback, and will share insights and next steps soon. [[File:Android Explore Feed Top Read.png|right|thumb|150px|Top read element on the current Explore Feed on Android]] *'''Latest experiments''': See all live, upcoming, and completed [[metawiki:List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. One [[phab:T419916|upcoming experiment]] is testing a refreshed Explore Feed to make it easier for readers to discover interesting content and visit Wikipedia app more often. *'''Wikifunctions''': Wikifunctions crossed 4,000 functions, with [[f:Z33366|subtracting two complex numbers]] as the 4,000th function. Also, Abstract Wikipedia reached 1,000 articles. The article about the famous Indian Brahmin [[abstract:Q9045|Chanakya]] marked this milestone. *'''Reading lists now a beta feature''': New accounts are now opted into [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] by default on all Wikipedia wikis. This brings the "Save pages" feature to the web, which has been popular in mobile apps. For users in the beta, a "Save page" (bookmark) button appears in the toolbar on every page. The watch/unwatch (star) option moves to the tools menu. The "Watchlist" button in the top navigation shifts to the user menu. A new "Saved pages" button takes its place. In June, the feature will be available to all users and a user preference will be added to choose between two sets of buttons: Watch + Watchlist or Save + Saved list. The other set will be in the tool and user menus. *'''Structured Contents''': Article Images and Lists now in [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-article-images-and-lists/ Structured Contents payloads]. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/04/13/tech-news-2026-issue-16/|16]] and [[diffblog:2026/04/20/tech-news-2026-issue-17/|17]] include CodeMirror 6 being promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. See also the 45 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Research Fund submissions in review:''' The submission period for this year's [[metawiki:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Research & Technology Fund/Wikimedia Research Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]] is now closed. The technical and internal reviews of [[metawiki:Category:Under review Wikimedia Research Fund applications in FY 2025-26|the proposals]] have begun. *'''Events and conferences''': Take a look at the different community events happening later this year: [[metawiki:ESEAP Conference 2026|ESEAP Conference]] (May 15-17), [[metawiki:WikiConference India 2026|WikiConference India]] (Sep 4-6), [[wcna:2026/Main Page|WikiConference North America]] (Sep 24-27), [[metawiki:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference]] (Oct 2 to 4), [[metawiki:Queering Wiki 2026|Queering Wiki]] (Oct 23-25), [[metawiki:WikiArabia 2026|WikiArabia]] (Nov 6-8). *'''Around the puzzle globe in the America region''': More than 60 people joined [[metawiki:Event:America APP call|America call]] to discuss the annual plan and the global trends impacting the movement. Participants came from across the region, and the audience included a mix of affiliates from LATAM, online contributors, and users with extended rights. *'''Transparency Report:''' The Wikimedia Foundation published a [[foundationsite:who-we-are/transparency/2025-2/|transparency report]] covering July to December 2025. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Board selection process''': The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees is reviewing and improving [[metawiki:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Debrief|how it selects new members]]. The goal is to ensure that there is the right mix of expertise and community representation on the board. Join the conversation and share your ideas on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Debrief|the talk page]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/08|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 04:21, 29 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30449136 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 9</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on April 25. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/09|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Highlights''' *'''Community Protection''': Wikimedia Foundation [[diffblog:2026/04/30/wikimedia-foundation-secured-governments-commitment-to-user-safety-privacy-and-content-integrity-ahead-of-administrative-registration-in-indonesia/|secured Indonesian government’s commitment]] to user safety, privacy, and content integrity ahead of administrative registration in Indonesia. *'''Stronger protections against bots''': Wikimedia Foundation is replacing our CAPTCHA with [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|a new approach]] to detect bad-faith activities without making things harder for users. *'''Transparency Report:''' The Wikimedia Foundation has published its latest [[foundationsite:who-we-are/transparency/2025-2/|Transparency Report]]. This provides an overview of the work to protect Wikimedia projects and support the volunteer communities who handle the majority of content requests. Our users trust us to protect their identities against unlawful disclosure, and we take this responsibility seriously, granting only 1 of 30 requests for disclosure we received from July to December 2025. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Wikipedia app Reading Challenge - Opt into challenge.png|right|thumb|150px|Mock-up of the Wikipedia app reading challenge.]] *'''Reading Challenge''': As part of the 25th birthday celebrations, Wikipedia Mobile Apps launched a limited-time feature, the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/25th Birthday Reading Challenge|25-day reading challenge with Baby Globe]]. This challenge encourages a daily habit of reading one Wikipedia article. The goal is to motivate users to come back to the app regularly. *'''Latest experiments''': One [[mw:Product Safety and Integrity/Incident Reporting System#April 2026: Trial on English Wikipedia|upcoming experiment]] is introducing the Incident Reporting System (IRS) to help contributors easily find the right place to seek help when facing harassment or other issues. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Change in how new users are autoconfirmed''': The account age for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] will [[phab:T418484|now start]] from their first edit, not the registration date. This is to avoid exploitation by vandals. This change will only apply to wikis that require at least one edit for autoconfirmation. *'''Organized Reading lists''': All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the “automatically enable most beta features” option can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature. This lets you save articles for later reading and keep it organized in one place for easy access. *'''Thumbnail size preferences''': Default thumbnail size preference for article content is now [[phab:T424909|limited to three sizes]]: Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px). This change aims to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. Current preferences will shift to the nearest new size. *'''Wikifunctions''': To make the development of Abstract Wikipedia visible, the Foundation is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|requesting your input]]: which metrics about Abstract Wikipedia pages do you deem important? *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/04/27/tech-news-2026-issue-18/|18]] and [[diffblog:2026/05/04/tech-news-2026-issue-19/|19]] include improvements on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]]. See also the 62 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Annual Planning''': We welcome your [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|feedback]] on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the main talk page]] for the 2026–2027 draft Annual Plan and [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|many other places]] for the coming fiscal year. *'''Wikimania''': Wikimania is a joyful event. It is a chance to celebrate our community and projects, share ideas and information, build connections among Wikimedians, and inspire and develop future projects. If you and your community are interested in hosting Wikimania in 2028 and 2029 submit an [[wmania:Wikimania:Expressions of Interest/Current call|expressions of interest]]. *'''Community Conferences''': The Foundation is supporting [[diffblog:2026/05/04/approved-wikimedia-conference-proposals-for-2026-round-2-continuing-to-connect-grow-and-learn-together/|15 strategic, diverse, and critical convenings]] taking place in 2026 and 2027, bringing together approximately 1800 Wikimedians across various regions, themes, and language communities. *'''Don't blink''': [[diffblog:2026/05/02/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-march-2026/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Wiki Loves Monuments''': The winners of the 2025 Wiki Loves Monuments photo contest [[foundationsite:news/2026/04/29/2025-wiki-loves-monuments-photo-contest/|are announced]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Enterprise''': How CivicLens Uses Wikidata APIs to [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/how-civiclens-uses-wikidata-apis/ Make Civic Data More Accessible]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br /><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Wikinews closure''': All Wikinews have been [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|closed]] and switched to read-only mode. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles will be able to be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. *'''Affcom News''': Read [[m:Affiliations Committee/News|the latest issue of AffCom News (January-March 2026)]] to learn more about the latest news about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. *'''Model for affiliates to support contributors through tools''': The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. *'''Grantmaking''': The Global Resource Distribution Committee closed their request for feedback on [[m:Talk:Global Resource Distribution Committee#Request for feedback: What are the most significant challenges your community faces as it relates to resource distribution within the movement?|three initial questions about grantmaking]], and published their [[m:Talk:Global Resource Distribution Committee#GRDC update – April 2026|monthly update for April]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br /><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/09|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. Let foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org know if you have any feedback or suggestions for improvement! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:58, 12 Mayu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30515701 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on May 8. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/10|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Highlights''' *'''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Community_Wishlist/Updates#May_20,_2026:_Community_Tech_becomes_a_program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community_Wishlist#Proposed_direction_for_Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. *'''Digital Public Goods''': The Wikimedia Foundation [[foundationsite:news/2026/05/13/wikimedia-foundation-joins-the-digital-public-goods-alliance/|has become a member]] of the Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA). *'''Better bot detection''': A [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]] on several Wikipedias, including English, French, and Japanese, showed it can effectively detect and deter bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Based on these results, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Attribution examples.png|right|thumb|200px|Example of the Attribution Framework recommendations.]] *'''A better way to give credit''': [[diffblog:2026/05/18/a-better-way-to-give-credit-introducing-the-wikimedia-attribution-framework-and-api/|The Wikimedia Attribution Framework and API]] makes it simple for developers to fairly credit volunteer contribution. When anyone encounters Wikimedia content, we want them to know that it comes from our projects, and they are invited to participate. *'''Baby Globe joins the Reading Challenge''': The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps released the [[foundationsite:news/2026/05/19/want-to-read-more-download-the-wikipedia-app/|25-day reading challenge]], to drive readers engagement through reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. *'''Account security''': The Foundation is technically enforcing that all [[m:Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|privileges that enable users to take security- or privacy-sensitive actions]] can only be held by users who have enabled [[m:Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. Logging in with passkeys is quicker than logging in without two-factor authentication. In addition, logged-in users can see a banner encouraging them to confirm their email address. These changes secure individual accounts as well as communities and the wikis. *'''Incident reporting form''': The Foundation began a [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF)#Two-month trial of an incident reporting form|trial on English Wikipedia]] of the incident reporting form. 60% of unblocked logged-in users see a new Report button, allowing them to report conduct issues. *'''Encouraging account creation''': Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis this week. [[phab:T424595|The change]] will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. *'''Wikimedia Android App''': The Wikipedia Android App is at the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of redesigning its Home Feed. The new feed includes two tabs: ''Community,'' featuring refreshed Explore content, and ''For You,'' with personalized reading recommendations based on reader interests and activity. The ''For You'' feed refreshes daily with updated suggestions. *'''Better discovery of images''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature was rolled out for all Wikipedias on mobile following two successful experiments. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article’s images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing#Phase 2.1 beta feature|exclude images from the article’s carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. *'''Reading Lists feature''': The Foundation is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18 on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and will run for a month. [[File:Quote share design mockup.png|right|thumb|200px|A design mockup of what the share card looks like.]] *'''Testing Suggestion Mode''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure its impact on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. It will also evaluate the feature’s impact on editor retention and monitor changes in revert and block rates. *'''Wikifunctions now supports Wikidata references''': References in Wikidata statements are now [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|available on Wikifunctions]], and you now can use external links in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|Wikifunctions-generated citations]]. This allows the use of more than 1.3 billion references available in Wikidata and adding them as citations to individual statements in Abstract Wikipedia. *'''Pilot wikis adopting Abstract Wikipedia:''' The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. *'''Latest experiments''': An [[m:List of experiments in Product and Technology|upcoming experiment]] is testing whether we can serve readers better when a footnote click in read mode shows the full bibliographic information rather than flying them to the reference list. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/05/11/tech-news-2026-issue-20/|20]], [[diffblog:2026/05/18/tech-news-2026-issue-21/|21]], [[diffblog:2026/05/25/tech-news-2026-issue-22/|22]], [[diffblog:2026/06/01/tech-news-2026-issue-23/|23]] include an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Share Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles and share them online See also the 92 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br/><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Tech blog moved to Diff''': The [[diffblog:2026/05/28/a-diff-tech-blog/|migration of the Techblog to Diff]] is now complete: 138 posts going back over a decade have been successfully migrated. Diff is now happy to welcome technology-focused blog posts with renewed vigor. *'''What’s new in the Wikipedia Library''': Access to the American Psychological Association was renewed and collections from the Harvard Business Review and Swiss Media Database (Swissdox) are now available to editors who are eligible for [[diffblog:2026/05/31/whats-new-in-the-wikipedia-library-jan-mar-2026/|The Wikipedia Library]]. *'''New course on WikiLearn''': [[diffblog:2026/05/29/a-new-online-course-for-researchers-who-want-to-make-their-field-more-visible-on-wikipedia/|A free self-paced online course]], designed for researchers who want to make their field more visible on Wikipedia, was launched on WikiLearn. Share "[https://learn.wiki/courses/course-v1:WikimediaFoundation+WR001+2026/about Wikipedia for Researchers]” if you work with early-career researchers, teach in an academic institution, or support open knowledge communities. *'''Wiki Mentor Africa:''' The first edition of [[diffblog:2026/05/29/wiki-mentor-africa-women-tech-summit-a-story-of-learning-confidence-and-community/|Wiki Mentor Africa - Women Tech Summit]] brought together over 315 registered participants across Africa to learn, explore, and grow in tech together. *'''Let's Connect Learning Clinic''': If you missed it, you can now [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnjFIQVJVnU watch the recording] of the Let's Connect Learning Clinic "How to support up-and-coming groups in the movement as a long-time Wikimedian" with Wikimedistas El Salvador. *'''Community Conferences''': Registration for [[diffblog:2026/06/02/wikiconference-north-america-registration-opens-on-june-3/|WikiConference North America]] and [[diffblog:2026/05/30/call-for-self-funded-registration-now-open-queering-wiki-conference-2026/|Queering Wiki Conference]] is now opened. [[diffblog:2026/05/15/programme-submissions-call-for-speakers-for-the-queering-wiki-2026-conference-is-now-open/|Call for Speakers]] for the Queering Wiki is also opened until June 30. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Sharing the Form 990s:''' The Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia Endowment published their Form 990s, covering the fiscal year that ran from July 2024 to June 2025. The Form 990 is an annual form required of all nonprofit organizations in the United States. You can read the [[diffblog:2026/05/18/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundation-and-wikimedia-endowment-fiscal-year-2024-2025-form-990s/|highlights]] on [[m:IRS tax related information/2024 Wikimedia Foundation Form 990 Frequently Asked Questions|Form 990 for the Foundation]] and [[m:Wikimedia Endowment reports/Financial/Form 990/2024-2025 - frequently asked questions|Form 990 for the Endowment]] on Meta-Wiki. *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': Wikimedia Enterprise's free API accounts gets [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ a substantial upgrade] across the Snapshot and On-demand APIs, including free access to Structured Contents Snapshots. *'''Structured Contents''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/how-databricks-parsed-wikipedia-to-markdown-with-python/ How Databricks Parsed Wikipedia] to Markdown with Python. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Board selection process''': The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees is reviewing and improving [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Debrief|how it selects new members]]. The goal is to ensure that there is the right mix of expertise and community representation on the board. Join the conversation on [[m:Event:Board Selection Process Conversation - June 2026|16 June at 17:00 UTC]], and share your ideas on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Debrief|the talk page]]. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/10|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:31, 9 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30647051 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on June 5. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/11|translate]].''</div> ---- '''Highlights''' [[File:Baby Globe in Paris.gif|thumb|150px|The Wikimania program [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/schedule/ is now live]!]] *'''Community Wishlist''': Weigh in on proposals and open questions on how the [[m:Community_Wishlist/Updates#June_17,_2026:_Wishlist_program_in_the_future|wishlist will operate in the future.]] *'''Simplifying account creation:''' The Foundation is working on improving the [[diffblog:2026/06/11/wikipedias-account-creation-process-is-broken/|account creation process]] to reduce potential friction for newcomers to create an account. Improvements include making "Create Account" icon more prominent on mobile, simplifying the registration form, and introducing real-time username validation. *'''New U4C members elected:''' The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Results|new members]] and has two remaining vacancies in Middle East & North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. *'''Wikimania conference program''': The Wikimania 2026 program is [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/schedule/ now live]! Take a moment to review the program, and, if you are logged in, you can mark your "must see” sessions with a star to start building your personal schedule. Register for [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/#tickets a virtual ticket] here, if you haven't signed up yet. *'''Neutral Point of View''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Proposed_baseline_NPOV_standard|A proposal for a baseline NPOV standard]] for Wikipedias that do not have one was published, with [[m:Talk:Proposed_baseline_NPOV_standard|a community discussion]] open until July 15, 2026. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]]'''<br/><small>''See also newsletters: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]&nbsp;· [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research]]&nbsp;· [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> [[File:Phase 1 Feed - Community Tab.jpg|thumb|250px|Screenshot showing the Explore Feed refresh in the Wikipedia app (from the Community tab entry point)]] *'''App Explore feed''': The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|redesigned App Explore feed]], now called "Home", has been released to all Android users. The update introduces a refreshed feed experience along with the first set of new content modules, including Did You Know, Places of Interest, Random Article, and a new end-of-feed experience. Additional content and improvements are planned in future releases. *'''Wikipedia games''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia’s “On This Day” content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. *'''Reusing references''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, has been rolled out to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia following a successful pilot phase. *'''Article guidance''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:en:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. *'''Mobile Page Previews''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded with the decision not to roll out the feature. The results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention – the primary success metric. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. *'''Wikifunctions''': You can now [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|add images]] to Abstract Wikipedia and the loading and display of test results when viewing Functions has been improved. *'''Wikidata''': The Foundation is migrating the [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service|Wikidata Query Service]] (WDQS) away from the Blazegraph backend since it no longer scales efficiently with Wikidata’s growth. The migration will take place in several phases. Here is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update#Migration Phases (more detail to come)|the timeline]]. *'''Growth features:''' Growth features are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]!''' ''' Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration, but this update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). *'''Mentors' management''': The Growth team will soon provide a system to automatically suspend or remove inactive mentors from the [[mw:help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|list of mentors]]. Communities can already start configuring the process in the Community Configuration. *'''Collaborative''' '''Contributions''': If you need help setting up the Collaborative Contributions and the Goal setting features, check out these [[c:Category:Collaborative contributions video guides|video guides]]. These features allow you to view which edits are made during an event and allows the group to track progress against a goal with a public progress bar. [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions|Learn more]]. *'''Latest experiments''': An [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|upcoming experiment]] is testing whether we can serve readers better when a footnote click in read mode shows the full bibliographic information rather than flying them to the reference list. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/06/08/tech-news-2026-issue-24/|24]] and [[diffblog:2026/06/15/tech-news-2026-issue-25/|25]] include how the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] is [[phab:T399175|being updated.]] Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. See also the 62 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]]'''<br /><small>''See also blogs: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]] · [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter] · [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]] · [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]''</small> *'''Digital Safety''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Community_Resilience_and_Sustainability/Human_Rights/Office_Hours_FY25/26_Q4|Join a conversation about Using AI Safely.]] It'll explore risks & concerns of using AI tools in personal and organisational contexts and practical strategies to reduce those risks. It will take place at 03:30 UTC & 14:30 UTC on June 26. This session is not about using AI to edit Wikipedia. It's focused entirely on safe personal and organisational use. *'''Don't Blink''': Read [[diffblog:2026/06/06/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-april-2026/|the latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. Highlights include exploring the implications that new child safety regulations have on privacy online. *'''Grantmaking strategy & Affiliate model''': Members of the [[m:Global_Resource_Distribution_Committee|Global Resources Distribution Committee]] (GRDC) and the [[m:Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] met to advance two key movement initiatives: the development of a new Grantmaking strategy and a refreshed Affiliate Model. They produced initial proposals and advanced work on both initiatives ahead of broader conversations planned for Wikimania 2026. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Progress made on last year's plan|Progress on the annual plan]]''</small> *'''Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/how-simppl-fact-checks-social-media/ SimPPL Uses Wikimedia Enterprise] to Map Online Conversations and Fact-Check Social Media. '''Other Movement curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''See also:'' [[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l’actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[:m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/11|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|alt=(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30717735 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on June 19. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/12|translate]].'' This edition uses the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|new annual plan goals]] for this fiscal year (July 2026–June 2027).</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Highlights''' *'''Wikipedia 25''': Wikipedia's 25th birthday was celebrated with various projects designed to grow awareness and support for Wikipedia and the people who make it possible. This includes the virtual birthday event on January 15, which garnered 10,000 live viewers and 15,000 reactions. Find more details on all related projects and results in [[m:Wikipedia 25/Results|the program report]]. *'''Sustainable use of Wikimedia infrastructure''': A valid user-agent string will now be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. *'''Increasing account creation''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|The experiment]] providing direct access to “Create account” and “Log in” actions on mobile increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality. The feature will now be [[phab:T428220|rolled out to all wikis]] on mobile web. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> [[File:Sub-referencing – add details to a main reference.png|thumb|250px|With Sub-referencing editors can reuse and add details to a main reference.]] *'''Add A Link''': The Foundation deployed [[mw:Help:Suggestion mode#Add a link|Add A Link]] as a default-on suggestion within [[mw:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]]. It is now launched on all wikis to all editors who have opted in to the Suggestion Beta Feature. *'''Reusing references''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], the new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, was deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions. *'''Wikifunctions''': Check out [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|the 71 new functions]] with implementations to get a taste of what functions have been created. *'''Range calculator''': The special page [[m:Special:RangeCalculator|Special:RangeCalculator]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. *'''Captcha verification''': Abuse filters that are set to “require CAPTCHA verification” now [[phab:T402595|also affect users]] with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. *'''Latest experiments''': An [[mw:Readers/Reader Experience/WE 3.5.5 Donor badge experiment|upcoming experiment]] is testing two variations of a "thank you" badge shown to donors after a recent donation to deepen the relationship between donors and the Wikimedia movement. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Account security on private wikis''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|Two-factor authentication]] will become mandatory for user accounts on private wikis. This will protect private information from being exposed by an account with a compromised password. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/06/24/tech-news-2026-issue-26/|26]] and [[diffblog:2026/06/29/tech-news-2026-issue-27/|27]] include users will now get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. See also the 65 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''Team Challenges''': The core organizing team for Wikimania is introducing [[diffblog:2026/06/24/team-challenges-new-perspectives-and-innovation-at-wikimania-2026/|Team Challenges]], a different approach to Wikimania Hackathon. This year, Wikimedians and professionals from other fields will join forces to undertake one of the 2026 technical challenges. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Enable|Enable]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research newsletter]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Hackathon''': A look at the [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|2026 edition of Wikimedia Hackathon]] which brought together 216 participants from 29 countries building, collaborating, and shaping the future together. *'''Wikimedia Hubs''': The [[m:Grants:Wikimedia Hub Fund|Hub Fund]] will [[diffblog:2026/06/29/hub-fund-and-hub-piloting-a-look-back-and-whats-ahead/|pause funding for new pilots]] in fiscal year 2026–2027 to align with the work on the Ecosystem of Movement Organizations and the Global Resource Distribution Committee. Existing pilots in transition will be offered an additional year of funding. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Protect|Protect]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]]&nbsp;· [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter]&nbsp;· [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog]''</small> *'''Open Knowledge And Digital Rights''': Wikimedians shared [[diffblog:2026/06/29/bridging-open-knowledge-and-digital-rights-reflections-from-drif-2026-and-the-wikimedia-community/|their reflections]] on how Digital Rights and Inclusion Forum reinforced the role of our movement within broader digital rights conversations. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Reach|Reach]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]''</small> *'''Journalism Award''': Wikimedia Foundation [[foundationsite:news/2026/06/24/african-journalists-open-the-knowledge-awards-icfj-wikimedia/|announced]] three journalists from Africa as recipients of the [https://www.icfj.org/our-work/open-knowledge-journalism-awards Open the Knowledge Journalism Awards,] run in partnership with the [https://www.icfj.org/ International Center for Journalists] (ICFJ). The awards celebrate the essential role journalists play in creating well-researched articles that volunteer editors can use as source materials to develop content on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects. In total, 320 submissions were received from 40 African countries. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/foundation-bulletin.lists.wikimedia.org/ Receive the bulletin by email] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/12|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 7 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30775782 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on July 3. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/13|translate]]. The work follows [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|annual plan goals]] for this fiscal year (July 2026–June 2027).''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Wikimania_2026_francophonie_retake_w_colo.png|right|frameless|200x200px]] '''Highlights''' *'''Reflections from around the puzzle globe''': Wikimedia Foundation CEO, Bernadette Meehan shares her [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Chief Executive Officer/Updates/Reflections from Around the Puzzle Globe|reflections from around the puzzle globe]]. *'''Wikimania 2026''': [[:wikimania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Wikimania|Wikimania]] is happening this week! After the event, all streamed sessions will be linked in [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/schedule/ the program on Eventyay] and later uploaded to Commons. *'''Grantmaking''': The Global Resource Distribution Committee has published a [[m:Global_Resource_Distribution_Committee/Grantmaking_Strategy_2026|Grantmaking Strategy draft]] that sets out a renewed approach to how the Wikimedia Foundation's Community Fund is distributed across the Wikimedia Movement. The GRDC is requesting feedback from volunteers and affiliates, regardless of whether they are grantees or not. *'''Movement Ecosystem''': [[m:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations|A proposal]] that would update movement affiliate recognition and establish new, connected criteria for eligibility to receive Community Fund grants is [[diffblog:2026/07/08/a-proposal-for-updating-the-wikimedia-movement-recognition-and-funding-model/|now available]] for community review. You are invited to read the proposal and [[m:Talk:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations/Funding Eligibility|participate in the discussion]] until August 7. *'''AI's impact on Free Knowledge''': How AI [[diffblog:diff.wikimedia.org/2026/07/17/how-ai-threatens-the-social-contract-of-free-knowledge/|threatens the social contract]] of free knowledge and what we can do about it. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl with text.svg|right|frameless|250x250px]] *'''The Wikipedia Library''': [[diffblog:2026/07/11/whats-new-in-the-wikipedia-library-april-june-2026/|Five new collections were added]] to the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Wikipedia Library] and a course developed by leading experts in academic publishing and open knowledge was launched. *'''Women+ contributions in Wikimedia Tech''': [[diffblog:2026/07/13/welcoming-women-into-wikimedia-tech-a-guide-based-on-lived-experiences/|A guide based on lived experience]] on how to address some of the invisible barriers for women+ in more technical Wikimedia spaces and recommendations to become more inclusive. Help further by filling out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|this survey]] to better understand technical contributions by women+ across Wikimedia projects until July 20. *'''Structured Experimentation''': [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects/|A reflection on the first year]] of structured experimentation highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. *'''Revise Tone test ended''': The A/B test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] ended on July 9. It showed that newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The feature is now available for everyone on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. *'''Keeping mentor list up to date''': Administrators on wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|Growth features are available]] can now automatically remove inactive mentors by configuring the settings at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]] to keep the list updated. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. *'''Wikifunctions''': [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|How Abstract Wikipedia fits]] into the Wikimedia Foundation's annual plan FY26/27. *'''Wikidata:''' The latest [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|Wikidata Platform newsletter (July edition)]] shares how to identify and rewrite queries that rely on Blazegraph-specific extensions and affected by the migration off Blazegraph. *'''Discussion Tools''': On English Wikipedia, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]' Usability Improvements [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#Discussion Tools usability improvements becoming default|has now become default]] for talk pages. You can opt-out of these changes at any time [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]]. With this, Discussion Tools are now fully available at all wikis. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/07/06/tech-news-2026-issue-28/|28]] and [[diffblog:2026/07/13/tech-news-2026-issue-29/|29]] include the new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. See also the 72 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. Overall, from April – June 2026 about [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|337 community tasks]] were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation. *'''Language inclusivity at Wikimania 2026''': [[diffblog:2026/07/14/language-inclusivity-at-wikimania-2026-live-interpretation-and-more/|New approaches]] to translation and interpretation will be tested at Wikimania this year. *'''Call for submissions open for Wikimedia Latin America Conference 2026:''' The Wikimedia community in Latin America [[m:Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026/Programa|has opened the call for session proposals]] for the Wikimedia Latin America Conference 2026. Community members are invited to submit proposals for the conference program by August 10. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Protect|Protect]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]]&nbsp;· [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter]&nbsp;· [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog]''</small> *'''Advocacy''': [[foundationsite:news/2026/07/08/wikimedia-foundation-denied-wipo-permanent-observer-status/|China again blocks the Wikimedia Foundation]] as a permanent observer to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). *'''UK Online Safety Act''': Ofcom, the United Kingdom's Office of Communications, announced that [[foundationsite:news/2026/07/10/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/|Wikipedia is not designated as a Category 1]] service under the [https://www.ofcom.org.uk/online-safety Online Safety Act] (OSA). This is an important and welcomed outcome as a Category 1 designation could have included privacy and safety risks to our global community of volunteers. *'''UN Open Source Week edit-a-thon''': Volunteers created 60 new Wikipedia articles and made nearly 700 updates to improve Wikipedia's coverage of UN and open source topics at the second [[foundationsite:news/2026/07/09/un-open-source-week-edit-a-thon-2026/|UN Open Source Week edit-a-thon]] co-hosted by Wikimedia Foundation. *'''"Don’t Blink"''': [[diffblog:2026/07/09/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-may-2026/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Reach|Reach]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]''</small> [[File:Why do you still need Wikipedia when AI can answer anything – A WIKI MINUTE 16-9 (Thumbnail).png|thumb|250px|A Wiki Minute video series are now available.]] *'''"A Wiki Minute" videos''': [[diffblog:2026/07/14/debunking-myths-and-more-new-a-wiki-minute-videos-added-to-the-series/|New videos are added]] to the series answering some of the most common questions such as "Do you still need Wikipedia when AI can answer anything?" and "Does Wikipedia push a political agenda?". *'''Wikipedia 25 brand collaboration in Indonesia:''' On 4 July, the Jakarta-based street wear company [https://aglxy.com/collections/aglxy-x-wikipedia Ageless Galaxy launched a Wikipedia 25 collection], the first ever Wikipedia Brand Collaboration in Asia. The apparel collection featured hats, t-shirts, and a jigsaw puzzle cardigan. Wikimedians in Indonesia joined Ageless Galaxy for a launch party. '''Other updates''' *'''Leadership''': [[diffblog:2026/07/06/reflections-on-15-years-at-wikimedia-foundation-and-a-new-chapter/|Reflections on 15 years]] at Wikimedia Foundation and a new chapter. *'''Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/gnomi-partners-with-wikimedia-enterprise/ GNOMI Partners with Wikimedia Enterprise] to Bring Trusted Human Knowledge to Its AI News Agent. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Board Elections Eligibility:''' There are [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2027/Proposed eligibility criteria|new proposed eligibility criteria]] for standing as a candidate in Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election now [[Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2027/Proposed eligibility criteria|available for feedback]]. The requirements are more specific and detailed than in years past, to both inform the community of what the Board needs and to create multiple pathways to the Board for Wikimedians. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/XXXXX|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:23, 22 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30782820 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on July 18. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/14|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Wikimania 2026 Day 4 group photo.jpg|thumb|250px|Wikimania 2026 group photo with [[foundationsite:wikipedia25/wikipedia-mascot|Baby Globe]]]] '''Special Wikimania issue'''<br/> <small>''This is a special Wikimania issue of the Bulletin. We'll be back to our regular format in the next issue''</small> *'''Wikimania Paris''': [[foundationsite:news/2026/07/22/wikimania-2026-paris/|Paris hosted Wikimania 2026]] as Wikipedia celebrates 25 years of free knowledge. Catch up on missed sessions of Wikimania 2026 by [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/schedule/ checking session pages in the program.] *'''Meet the Wikimedians of the Year 2026:''' The beloved Wikimedian of The Year awards shine the light on exceptional individuals, and through them, on the whole Wikimedia community. Learn about all of [[diffblog:2026/07/22/meet-the-wikimedians-of-the-year-2026/|this year's winners]]. *'''Daily highlights from Wikimania:''' **[[diffblog:2026/07/22/wikimania-2026-defining-a-moment-of-change/|Day 1 – Defining a moment of change]] **[[diffblog:2026/07/23/wikimania-2026-freedom-equity-and-reliability/|Day 2 – Freedom, equity and reliability]] **[[diffblog:2026/07/24/wikimania-2026-growing-language-communities/|Day 3 – Growing language communities]] **[[diffblog:2026/07/25/wikimania-2026-the-joy-of-contributing/|Day 4 – The joy of contributing]] *'''Public policy advocacy''': Overview of Wikimania 2026 [[diffblog:2026/07/20/understand-the-forces-shaping-free-knowledge-wikimania-2026-public-policy-advocacy-sessions-to-join/|sessions about public policy advocacy]]. While not all sessions are recorded, you can watch some by clicking the session. *'''Users with extended rights''' '''pre-conference''': 190 users with extended rights from all around the world gathered at a [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/talk/SJHKEK/ Wikimania pre-conference], to exchange experiences, learn from each other and connect. *'''Media coverage:''' The event was mentioned in many media outlets as part of wider coverage about the Wikimedia projects including in [https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2026/07/23/le-modele-de-wikipedia-menace-par-l-ia_6731138_4408996.html?srsltid=AfmBOoom_Z9VnLLbIIzRsvJvlEfrPdOn7nE6bx_lE57mgckjj70pOEJH Le Monde], [https://www.elnacional.com/2026/07/wikipedia-celebra-25-anos-de-resistencia-en-paris/&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1785509024172436&usg=AOvVaw2j7MHBb_WewEYxHLBYrJ0O El Nacional] and [https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/le-18-20-le-telephone-sonne/le-telephone-sonne-du-mercredi-22-juillet-2026-5846524 Radio France]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> *'''Improvement to Reading Lists''': Community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]] has been incorporated. 93% of participating users reported that it was useful. This feature allows saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. *'''Creating custom edit suggestions''': With the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature, volunteers can now create custom local suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration. Share your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]]. *'''Dark mode for Content Translation:''' [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. *'''Mobile page preview''': Based on the conclusion of the experiment, [[mw:Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|mobile page previews]] feature will not be rolled out. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. *'''Scaling of Explore Feed to iOS''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Home Feed redesign will be scaled to iOS by applying the learnings from the Android release. *'''Improving Account Creation process''': After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[m:Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. [[phab:T430604|Read more]]. *'''Latest experiments''': An [[phab:T416418|ongoing experiment]] is testing to better guide Temporary Account users toward full account creation. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/07/21/tech-news-2026-issue-30/|30]] and [[diffblog:2026/07/27/tech-news-2026-issue-31/|31]] include that now wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|restrict editing in the “User” namespace]] to only the page owner and certain user groups. See also the 50 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''New bot detection system for all wikis''': After a successful trial, which showed evidence of both deterring bots and being easier to use, hCaptcha (our new bot detection system) has been rolled out to all wikis, for account creation, and for most newcomer edits. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Protect|Protect]]'''<br /><small>''See also: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]]&nbsp;· [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter]&nbsp;· [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog]''</small> *'''Online age verification''': Around the world, governments are adopting different approaches to online age verification. Learn more about it and how it is shaping our experiences online in a new three-part blog series: [[diffblog:2026/07/20/online-age-verification-explained-part-1-3-what-is-it-a-timeline-of-age-based-restrictions-and-why-it-matters/|"What is it, a timeline of age-based restrictions, and why it matters"]], [[diffblog:2026/07/20/online-age-verification-explained-part-2-3-what-means-what-how-its-done-and-balancing-child-rights-and-safety/|"What means what, how it's done, and balancing child rights and safety"]], and [[diffblog:2026/07/20/online-age-verification-explained-part-3-3-age-based-restrictions-draft-bills-to-watch-global-complexity-and-engaging-with-lawsuits/|"Age-based restrictions, draft bills to watch, global complexity, and engaging with lawsuits"]]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br /><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Affiliation Committees''': [[diffblog:2026/07/20/celebrating-20-years-of-the-wikimedia-affiliations-committee/|Celebrating 20 Years]] of the Wikimedia Affiliations Committee. '''Other updates''' *'''Enterprise''': How Wikimedia Enterprise [[foundationsite:news/2026/07/16/wikimedia-enterprise-protecting-wikipedia-ai/|protects Wikipedia in the AI era]]. *'''Unionization''': [[foundationsite:news/2026/07/27/statement-cwa-recognition-request/|Wikimedia Foundation Statement]] on US unionization request. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br /><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/14|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:24, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30782820 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on August 1. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/15|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- '''Highlights''' *'''Improving Account Creation process''': As part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] an improved [[phab:T409236|account creation form]] has been released. The form now provides live username validation, a clearer username policy popover, and a reveal password button. We also removed redundant elements and jarring warning messages, improved the form's information hierarchy, and aligned the design with Codex design system guidelines. *'''Create charts from your own data''': The new ChartWizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. The ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]]. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> [[File:Worklist from Eventdetails page.png|thumb|250px|Worklist feature opened from Eventdetails page]] *'''Worklist Feature Setup Workshop''': Are you organizing or planning a Wikimedia editing event soon? Join one of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|these workshops]] (Aug 18 at 16:00 UTC and Aug 19 at 11:00 UTC) to set up the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|new worklist feature]] for your event. With this feature, organizers can list the specific articles their event will focus on, directly on the event page. *'''Reading Lists to launch as full feature''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], will be launched in September as a full feature. Volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists-user&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages before the launch. *'''Improving Commons' section headings''': The [[phab:T332644|table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages was improved]] to make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. *'''From Abstract Wikipedia''': [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-05|An apple is a fruit]] and new experimental type: [[f:Z38546|anonymous functions]]. *'''Latest experiments''': An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Upcoming|upcoming experiment]] would test methods for email confirmation enforcement for new accounts to determine which approach is the most effective at driving email confirmation. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/08/03/tech-news-2026-issue-32/|32]] and [[diffblog:2026/08/10/tech-news-2026-issue-33/|33]] include that Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category to make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. See also the 43 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Protect|Protect]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]]&nbsp;· [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter]&nbsp;· [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog]''</small> *'''Don't blink''': Representing Wikimedia at the United Nations’ Open Source Week and other [[diffblog:2025/07/12/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-may-2025/|latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Online Identity Verification''': Anonymity is Important for Democracy and [https://medium.com/wikimedia-policy/anonymity-is-important-for-democracy-and-its-also-at-risk-discussing-online-identity-6e9a83099ba7 It’s Also at Risk]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees''': [[diffblog:2026/08/11/board-of-trustees-reflections-on-wikimania-2026/|Reflections on Wikimania 2026]]. '''Other updates''' *'''Leadership''': Wikimedia Foundation will welcome Rena Kokalari as [[foundationsite:news/2026/08/04/wikimedia-foundation-welcomes-rena-kokalari-as-new-chief-people-officer/|new Chief People Officer]] from 1 September. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/15|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:24, 18 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30921733 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on August 15. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/16|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Community wishlist graphic.svg|thumb|150px|Future of Community Wishlist]] '''Highlights''' *'''Simplifying account creation''': The [[m:Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page [[phab:T433783|has been simplified]] as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. *'''Movement Ecosystem strategy''': Deadline to provide feedback on the [[m:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations|first version of the proposal]] are extended until Sep 30 to allow more time for community feedback and discussion. *'''New format for the Community Wishlist''': You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|Please let us know]] what you think will work well or if there are ways to make this proposal stronger. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> *'''Improving page performance''': In order to improve page performance, images now load [[phab:T148047|when they are viewed]]. This means images that are lower down within an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. *'''Android Reading list updates''': Some of the recent Android releases include [[phab:T420788|updates]] to the '''Saved''' feature. This first round of changes on the Android app include redesigning the "Saved" tab to include an "All articles" view, and remove the user-facing default "Saved" reading list. *'''Reading list on desktop''': Reading lists [[phab:T435258|has been released]] on Chinese, Bengali, Czech, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. The feature is now available for logged-in users on those wikis. *'''Event Registration tool''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event’s Worklist. *'''Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy''': Wikimedia is participating in Round 33 of the [https://www.outreachy.org/ Outreachy program] that runs from December 2026 through March 2027. The deadline to [[phab:T436035|submit projects on Phabricator]] is Sept 4 at 4pm UTC and the project list will be finalized by Sep 11. *'''Latest experiments''': A [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 2|current experiment]] is testing to introduce a new content type in Apps home. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News''': The latest highlights from Tech News week [[diffblog:2026/08/17/tech-news-2026-issue-34/|34]] and [[diffblog:2026/08/24/tech-news-2026-issue-35/|35]] include that a new Wikipedia in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] has been created. See also the 58 community submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''UwER Conference''': In December, the Wikimedia Portugal and Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting a first-of-its-kind [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Users with Extended Rights Conference 2026|convening for users with extended rights]]. Applications to attend opened August 13 and will close on September 4. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Enable|Enable]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research newsletter]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Endowment''': [[diffblog:2026/08/19/updates-from-the-july-2026-wikimedia-endowment-board-meeting/|Updates]] from the July 2026 Wikimedia Endowment Board Meeting. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Protect|Protect]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]]&nbsp;· [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter]&nbsp;· [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog]''</small> *'''Don't Blink''': [[diffblog:2026/08/21/dont-blink-protecting-the-wikimedia-model-its-people-and-its-values-in-july-2026/|The latest developments]] from around the world about protecting the Wikimedia model, its people and its values. *'''Legal footer update:''' The Foundation had updated the Legal and Safety Contact Information on 300+ content wikis. The project adds a link to a [[foundation:Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|Foundation-managed central page]] where people can find contact information to report illegal issues and serve official legal notices. This helps to resolve gaps if community-managed contact pages are missing or incomplete. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Reach|Reach]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]''</small> *'''Collaboration''': UNESCO and Wikimedia Movement [[diffblog:2026/08/18/unesco-and-wikimedia-movement-deepen-their-partnership-at-wikimania-2026/|deepen their partnership]] at Wikimania 2026. *'''Digitization''': Bringing [[diffblog:2026/08/22/bringing-balinese-manuscripts-to-wikimania-2026/|Balinese Manuscripts]] to Wikimania 2026. *'''Language''' '''related projects''': Read some key highlights from the latest edition of the [[diffblog:2026/08/21/language-and-internationalization-newsletters-11/|Language and internationalization newsletter]]. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''AffCom''': The Affiliations Committee is [[m:Affiliations_Committee/Extension_of_the_pause_on_new_affiliate_recognition|extending the pause]] on new affiliate recognition until the affiliate recognition and funding model is further clarified. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/16|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=30962150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on August 28. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/17|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Wikipedia scale of justice.svg|thumb|150px|Baseline Neutral Point of View policy is now being introduced.]] '''Highlights''' *'''Data center switch:''' All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23 at 14:00 UTC as part of a [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|scheduled switchover]] to allow for essential maintenance and improvements. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes in advance. *'''Baseline NPOV Policy''': The public conversation regarding the proposed baseline NPOV policy for Wikipedias that do not yet have one has been concluded. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Baseline NPOV policy/Discussion on a proposed baseline Neutral Point of View (NPOV) Standard#Outcome of the public conversation|the summary report]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Baseline NPOV policy|the updated baseline NPOV policy text and enforcement guidance here]]. *'''Save the date.''' [[wikimania:Special:MyLanguage/2027:Wikimania|Wikimania 2027]] will be taking place in Santiago, Chile, and online from August 18 to 21, with the theme "The Internet we want". See the [[diffblog:2026/09/11/coverage-of-wikimania-2026-from-paris-to-the-world/|Wikimania 2026 coverage highlights]] and [[diffblog:2026/09/10/setting-our-sights-on-wikimania-santiago/|a brief update on what's ahead]]. *'''Chart extension is now beginner-friendly''': Creating graphs and charts previously required manual JSON editing. In response to a [[m:Community Wishlist/W414|Community wish]] to make the Charts extension more user-friendly, [[c:Special:ChartWizard|a new Visual mode]] for adding values has been introduced. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> [[File:TextMatch diff illustration 2.png|thumb|150px|TextMatch: A paste from an LLM triggering a Suggestion.]] *'''Introducing TextMatch''': Communities are [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]] to create custom suggestions that are tailored to their own policies and writing conventions. Share your [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]]. *'''Visual editor becoming default:''' Design work on the user experience for visual editing for newcomers [[w:en:Wikipedia talk:VisualEditor#Design follow-up on visual editing for newcomers|is underway]]. This follows visual editor becoming default on [[w:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Visual Editor for new editors#RfC on the default editor for new Desktop editors|English Wikipedia]] following a community discussion. *'''Community Wishlist 2027 consultation:''' The consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|proposed new Wishlist process]] is closing this week. This year's cycle plans for wish submissions in late October/early November, triage completed by late November, and voting in early to mid January. Share feedback in any language [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|on the talk page]]. *'''Improved Add a Link feature''': [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with [[phab:T434259|improved detection]] of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. *'''Wikipedia Android app''': [[phab:T420788|Latest release]] includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. *'''Domain change for thumbnails''': The domain of URLs for thumbnails [[phab:T427465|is changing]] from <code dir=ltr>upload.wikimedia.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>thumb.wikimedia.org</code>. The old URLs will continue to work but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. Original files, videos, and transcodes will still be served from <code dir=ltr>upload.wikimedia.org</code>. *'''Reading lists rollout continues on desktop:''' Following the initial deployment to Bengali, Chinese, Czech, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] went live on Arabic, French, and Indonesian Wikipedias and will go live on [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#Phase 3: Reading lists full feature rollout|English Wikipedia on Sep 14]], with all remaining wikis following on Sep 28. *'''New features of Pageviews Analysis''': Several new features have been added to the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/ Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. *'''Article guidance:''' As part of an A/B experiment, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] is now available in Turkish and Simple English. *'''Latest experiments''': A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Minimal Minerva|current experiment]] for logged-out mobile readers on Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias is testing whether simplifying the Minerva navigation bar improves reader retention. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Wikifunctions status updates''': Thanks to all contributors, Wikifunctions has now [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-03|reached 5,000 functions]]. *'''Latest highlights from Tech News:''' Weeks [[diffblog:2026/08/31/tech-news-2026-issue-36/|36]] and [[diffblog:2026/09/07/tech-news-2026-issue-37/|37]] of Tech News include the Article guidance feature is now enabled by default for editors with less than 100 edits on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Enable|Enable]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research newsletter]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Affiliates and grant funding:''' Have your say [[m:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations|on proposals establishing]] (1) a new model and set of expectations for movement affiliates; (2) new, connected requirements to determine eligibility for receiving Community Fund grants from the Wikimedia Foundation; and (3) updated criteria for affiliate recognition processes. *'''Community Fund reflections''': Read [[diffblog:2026/08/31/fy25-26-annual-funding-programs-reflections-learnings/|the reflections]] on the fiscal year 2025–2026 of the Rapid Fund and General Support Fund, covering $17.73 million across 427 grants in 90 countries, with 56.2% distributed outside North America and Northern & Western Europe. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Reach|Reach]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]''</small> *'''World of Wikipedia launches:''' The [https://worldof.wiki/ World of Wikipedia] game has been released. It is an online collectible card game where players sort fact from fiction across Wikipedia articles to build their card library. The game is the latest experiment in reaching younger audiences through familiar formats, following ''Wikispeedia'' on Roblox and ''Which Came First?'' on the Wikipedia app. '''Other updates'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> * '''Celebrate Women 2026:''' [[diffblog:2026/09/05/more-than-a-campaign-the-measurable-impact-of-celebrate-women-2026/|Read the impact]] of Celebrate Women 2026 as the campaign concluded with 112 events, 238,222 unreverted content edits and 2,499,773,577 bytes added. * '''US staff union vote:''' On Sep 3, eligible Wikimedia Foundation staff in the United States [[foundationsite:news/2026/09/03/us-staff-unionization-vote/|voted in favor]] of union representation in a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) election. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/17|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:53, 16 Satumba 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=31036199 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on 15 September. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/18|translate]].''</div> ---- [[File:Wikipedia Starter Kit Design Mockup 1 - Dashboard Overview.png|thumb|250px|Starter Kit dashboard overview.]] '''Highlights''' *'''Introducing the Wikipedia Starter Kit:''' The Foundation has launched a [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|new Toolforge-hosted tool]] giving new and small language Wikipedia communities a guided pathway through essential onboarding tasks, activity indicators, and connections to the wider movement. *'''Apply for a scholarship to Wikimania 2027:''' Scholarship applications [[diffblog:2026/09/22/scholarship-applications-for-wikimania-santiago-are-now-open/|are now open]] to attend Wikimania 2027 in Santiago. To help with preparing submissions, orientation sessions in Spanish, Portuguese, and English will be held starting the week of October 5. The final deadline is October 31. *'''Reading Lists rolling out to all Wikipedias:''' Starting September 28, logged-in users on every Wikipedia will be able to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|save articles to a "read later"]] list using the bookmark icon, following successful rollouts on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. *'''WikiCelebrate''': [[diffblog:2026/09/14/we-mostly-do-this-stuff-just-for-the-love-of-it-wikicelebrating-juan-bugwarp-kulichevsky/|WikiCelebrating Juan "BugWarp" Kulichevsky]], who has contributed to Wikimedia projects since childhood and is passionate about sports photography and community building in Argentina and beyond. *'''The 2026 appointment cycle is open''' now through 31 October 2026 for the Ombuds Commission (OC) and the Case Review Committee (CRC). You can learn more about the committees, the roles, and how to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|Committee Appointments page on Meta-wiki]]. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> *'''Community Wishlist 2027:''' The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|Community Wishlist Process]] is now updated, taking into account the feedback received. Look out for the call for wish submissions towards the end of October. *'''Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2026''': From Sep 18-20, Wikimedians, open-knowledge researchers, and free-culture advocates from Central and Eastern Europe [[diffblog:2026/09/15/central-and-eastern-europes-premier-free-knowledge-conference-debuts-in-romania-wikimedia-cee-meeting-2026-to-convene-in-cluj-napoca/|gathered]] for the first time in Romania. [[diffblog:2026/09/14/cee-beyond-the-crossroads-wikimedia-cee-meeting-2026-convenes-in-cluj-napoca/|Take a look]] at the novelties and history behind CEE Meeting. *'''Increasing account creation''': To convert more casual users into logged-in daily users, the [[phab:T434847|evergreen account creation]] prompt is released into Beta / TestFlight for iOS and Android. Also, a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]] will now be released to all wikis. The new notice has proven to increase permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%. *'''VisualEditor''' '''is now the default at English Wikipedia''': this wiki has now adopted VisualEditor as the default editor on both desktop and mobile web, following [[w:en:Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Visual Editor for new editors|a sitewide discussion]] that found overwhelming consensus to make the change. *'''Retesting image carousel''': The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]] will be retested using three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. *'''Wikifunctions''': Your code can now call back to the Wikidata fetch functions. Wikifunctions have [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-10|deployed an initial capability]] by which a code Implementation (in JavaScript or Python) can call certain other Wikifunctions Functions, get back the result, and have it available for further processing. *'''Latest experiments''': A [[phab:T436352|current experiment]] is testing whether offering a "generic guidance" path for Article Guidance that does not depend on a Wikidata match would increase the chances of more article creation attempts. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News:''' The latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/09/14/tech-news-2026-issue-38/|38]] and [[diffblog:2026/09/21/tech-news-2026-issue-39/|39]] include a Reader Growth experiment testing whether showing only part of an article at first on mobile, with a “Read more” button to reveal the rest, encourages people to keep reading. See also the 56 community-submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. *'''Suggestions for Transliterated Search''': If you regularly use two different writing systems (such as Hindi and Latin alphabet), sometimes you accidentally type with the wrong one and need to switch to the right keyboard. Now, [[diffblog:2026/06/11/do-what-i-mean-second-try-suggestions-for-wrong-keyboard-and-transliterated-search/|this gadget]] will be able to suggest query based on what you typed. *'''Peer-to-peer learning program''': Let’s Connect, a peer-to-peer learning program is [[diffblog:2026/09/10/lets-connect-a-peer-to-peer-learning-program-the-shift-to-a-community-organized-model/|shifting to a community-organized model]]. *'''LLM Paste Check rolling out to Wikipedia:''' A [[mw:Edit check/LLM Paste Check|new Edit Check]] will prompt editors who paste text likely copied from an external AI chatbot to consider whether it aligns with movement AI-use policies and decide whether to keep or remove it. It goes live as a default-on feature at English Wikipedia on Sep 24 and at all Wikipedias on Oct 8. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Enable|Enable]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research newsletter]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Wikidata bulk downloads now free via Wikimedia Enterprise:''' New beta API endpoints let anyone [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/wikidata-bulk-snapshots-batches/ download full Wikidata snapshots and pull] hourly batch diffs at no cost, opening up bulk access that previously required a paid tier. *'''Accountability for Wikimedia production services''': To ensure clear accountability for responding to incidents in Wikimedia production services, Wikimedia Foundation published the [[mw:Wikimedia Production/Service Catalog|Service Catalog]] page. The page is the canonical source of [[mw:Wikimedia Production/Service Catalog/Ownership Roles and Responsibilities|service ownership]] for code deployed to the Wikimedia Foundation cluster. See also [[mw:Wikimedia Production/Service Catalog/FAQ|FAQ]] pages which contain more background details. *'''Datacenter switchover has been postponed:''' [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual. *'''Affiliates and grant funding''': The conversations on the new proposed model, requirements and criteria continues until the end of next week with [[:m:Updating_the_ecosystem_of_Wikimedia_organizations/Recognition_and_Funding_for_Movement_Organizations#Public_feedback_calls%3A_September_2026|public calls]] on 1) Tuesday, September 29, 16:00-17:00 UTC on affiliate growth paths and Friday, October 2nd, 17:00-18:00 UTC on affiliate overlaps. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Reach|Reach]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]''</small> *'''AI literacy program''': [[diffblog:2026/09/10/wacana-puts-self-determination-at-the-center-of-ai-literacy/|A new regional initiative]] in ASEAN was launched to support training and conversations around AI literacy, accountability, and Indigenous self-determination. *'''Testing Google preferred sources''': [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about %E2%80%9CGoogle preferred sources%E2%80%9D|An experiment]] is proposed on English Wikipedia to run a temporary (2-week) notice asking readers who come from Google to set Wikipedia as a “preferred source” in Google. We would see if this causes people who use Google to visit Wikipedia more. If your language wiki is interested, please reach out on [[m:Future Audiences/Preferred sources|the project's talk page]]. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:en:Wiktionary:The Headword|The Headword (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/18|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:50, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=31063756 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content" /> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - horizontal.svg|150px|right|class=skin-invert|link=]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here is a quick overview of highlights from the Wikimedia Foundation since our last issue on September 25. Please help [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/19|translate]].''</div> <div style="clear:both"></div> ---- [[File:Thanks-Notification-New-Icon-Cropped.png|thumb|200px|Screenshot of the Thanks feature.]] '''Highlights''' *'''Community Wishlist:''' Community Wishlist is [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates|looking for volunteers]] to join their working group. You can find details on the goal of the group, roles and expectations, norms we'll follow, and how to sign up [[m:Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|on this Meta-Wiki page]]. *'''Human knowledge at stake''': Wikimedia Foundation [[foundationsite:news/2026/09/30/un-general-assembly-wikipedia-human-knowledge/|makes the case]] for human knowledge at the UN General Assembly and how scrapers are straining our infrastructure and the larger human knowledge ecosystem online. *'''Joy of contributing:''' [[diffblog:2026/09/30/the-thanks-that-drove-a-wikimedian/|How a simple thanks fuelled]] one of our Wikimedians of the Year as they connect the community. *'''PTAC technical topics''': The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] calls for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Submit your topic on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council#Call for discussion topics|the council’s talk page]]. *'''Wikimania scholarship deadline extended''': The deadline for [[wikimania:2027:Scholarships|Wikimania 2027 scholarship applications]] has been extended through the end of day on November 4, 2026 (Anywhere on Earth). This is to compensate for a pause in the application window on October 15, 2026 from 1pm to 6pm UTC, to allow for an upgrade to the LimeSurvey platform. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Engage|Engage]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Language and Internationalization Newsletter|Language and Internationalization]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter|The Wikipedia Library]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:AllEvents|list of movement events]]&nbsp;· [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia]]''</small> [[File:Screen-20260922-162150-1790111988090.webm|thumb|150px|Prototype Video of Listening to Wikipedia.]] *'''OpenAI agent activities on Wikimedia projects''': The Wikimedia Foundation have [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|discovered some activity]] by “rogue” OpenAI agents on Wikimedia platforms. These unauthorized bot activities included edits to our wikis, some unsuccessful attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool we host, and heavy traffic. *'''Listening to Wikipedia''': The [[mw:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Phase 1]] experiment for Listening to Article intros within the Android app’s “For you” feed has been released into the [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia.beta&hl=en_US Wikipedia Beta App]. This experiment tests whether adding a listening format into the "For you" feed has the potential to deliver improvements in reader retention. *'''Wikimedia Hackathon''': The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2027|2027 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will be taking place in person April 9-11, 2027 in Tirana, Albania. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ Scholarship applications are open] until October 30. *'''Bookmark button on mobile web''': Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, [[phab:T438769|the bookmark button]] prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later, to encourage more readers to become account holders. *'''Abstract Wikipedia piloting showing articles to readers''': Three initial pilot communities are [[f:Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-02|currently working with the team]] to explore using abstract articles on their Wikipedias: [[:ml:പ്രധാന താൾ|Malayalam]], [[:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani,]] and [[:ig:Ihu mbụ|Igbo]]. *'''Simplifying account creation''': [[phab:T430058|An experiment]] has begun on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. *'''Suggestions mode:''' It is now possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a <code dir=ltr>Draft:</code> namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. *'''Latest experiments''': An upcoming experiment is testing a personalised module, [[phab:T436787|called 'Review Changes',]] for [[mw:Home|Home]] which aims to introduce newer editors to the concept of reviewing the edits that other users are making. See all live, upcoming, and completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology|experiments in Product & Technology]]. *'''Tech News:''' The latest highlights from Tech News weeks [[diffblog:2026/09/28/tech-news-2026-issue-40/|40]] and [[diffblog:2026/10/08/tech-news-2026-issue-41/|41]] include users of default skins on desktop and mobile web will now be informed if the search results displayed [[phab:T303013|come from page redirects]]. See also the 20 community-submitted tasks that were resolved over the last two weeks. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Enable|Enable]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Research:Newsletter|Research newsletter]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiLearn#Stay updated|WikiLearn News]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Special:Newsletters|other newsletters on MediaWiki.org]]''</small> *'''Wikimedia Enterprise''': [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/mantic-uses-wikimedia-enterprise/ Mantic Uses Wikimedia Enterprise] to Power AI Forecasting. *'''Improving developers experience''': Two new features has been shipped to improve developer experience: Spiderpig (deployment web interface) which allows developers to leave notes for each other about errors they see in the logs and Patchdemo, which [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/FS25HTRPMVNH2BSDGDNARCSLZBFIAUJ6/|now supports in-browser code editing]], so developers can make quick changes without needing to push a new patch and recreate the demo. *'''Strengthening infrastructure''': To reduce the workload from non-pageview requests, the overall number of database queries per logged-out pageview has been reduced by 52%, from a baseline of 23 queries/pageview in August, to 11 queries/pageview today. [[phab:T347123#12304074|Read more]]. *'''Increasing test reliability''': To reduce friction in post-merge validation and ultimately improve confidence in release decisions: Catalyst [[phab:T435222#12319752|was proven to be a much more reliable environment to run daily Selenium tests]] (95.7% eventually green) compared with the beta cluster (79.1% over the same 10 suites). This gives confidence to automatically catch issues before they reach production. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Protect|Protect]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[diffblog:global-advocacy|Global Advocacy blog]]&nbsp;· [https://mailchi.mp/wikimedia/global-advocacy-policy-newsletter Global Advocacy Newsletter]&nbsp;· [https://wikimediapolicy.medium.com Policy blog]''</small> *'''Transparency Report''': [[diffblog:2026/09/30/the-wikimedia-foundations-latest-transparency-report-6/|The latest Transparency Report]] has been published. Out of 953 requests for content alteration and takedown, [[foundationsite:who-we-are/transparency/2026-1/content/|only 2 requests were granted]]. The Foundation continues to prioritize the public interest and is guided by the content moderation policies the volunteer community has shaped over the past 25 years. '''Annual Goals Progress on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Goals/Reach|Reach]]'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter|Wikimedia Apps]]&nbsp;· [[mw:Newsletter:Readers updates|Readers]]''</small> *'''Grantmaking''': [[diffblog:2026/09/28/a-season-of-subsidiarity-two-reflections-on-transferring-ownership-of-rapid-funds-to-wikimedia-organizations/|Two reflections]] on transferring ownership of Rapid Funds to Wikimedia organizations. '''Board and Board committee updates'''<br/><small>''See also: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard|Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News|Affiliations Committee Newsletter]]''</small> *'''Affiliations Committee''': Wikimedia Affiliations Committee Has [[diffblog:2026/10/06/wikimedia-affiliations-committee-has-new-officers-and-advisors/|New Officers and Advisors]]. Read also [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9|the latest issue]] of the AffCom News to learn more about their work. *'''Governance committees looking for volunteers''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds Commission (OC)]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] welcome [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|new volunteers to contribute]] to important work across the Wikimedia ecosystem. Applications will open until October 31. Learn more about the committees, the roles, and how to apply [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|on the Metapage]]. *'''Board of Trustees Elections Process''': The Board has reviewed the feedback received since July on its elections process proposal, and thanks everyone who shared input on Wiki, in person, or directly with Trustees. Based on that feedback, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Governance Committee|Governance Committee]] has moved away from the eligibility criteria approach and developed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2027/Proposed eligibility criteria|two new options]] for the 2027 selection process and beyond. We'd like your feedback again before deciding. Please read the proposal and share your feedback on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2027/Proposed eligibility criteria|Meta-Wiki talk page]] by October 27. '''Other Movement-curated newsletters & news'''<br/><small>''[[diffblog:|Diff blog]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Goings-on|Goings-on]]&nbsp;· [https://en.planet.wikimedia.org/ Planet Wikimedia]&nbsp;· [[w:en:WP:SIGNPOST|Signpost (en)]]&nbsp;· [[:wikt:en:Wiktionary:The Headword|The Headword (en)]]&nbsp;· [[w:de:Wikipedia:Kurier|Kurier (de)]]&nbsp;· [[wikt:fr:Wiktionnaire:Actualités|Actualités du Wiktionnaire (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia|Regards sur l'actualité de la Wikimedia (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[w:fr:Wikipédia:Wikimag|Wikimag (fr)]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News|Education]]&nbsp;· [[outreachwiki:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM/Newsletter|GLAM]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia News|Milestones]]&nbsp;· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates|Wikidata]]&nbsp;· [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CEE/Newsletter|Central and Eastern Europe]]&nbsp;· [[m:Newsletters|other newsletters]]''</small> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Subscribe or unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2026/19|Help translate]]''' For information about the Bulletin and to read previous editions, see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|project page on Meta-Wiki]]. If you have feedback or suggestions about the bulletin, let us know at foundationbulletin@wikimedia.org. For questions about the Wikimedia Foundation's work, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Contact us|contact us]]! </div> </div> <section end="content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RAdimer-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Foundation_Bulletin&oldid=31131552 --> 7frrru03b8vxeq4flhv7gboo22ugy9y Gyaɗa 0 7169 967355 962888 2026-10-13T21:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gyadan''' ('''''Arachis hypogaea'''''), wanda aka fi sani da groundnut, '''goober''' (Amurka, ta hanyar Kikongo), <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="7" href="./Legume" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Legume">legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober'<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;work&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;National</nowiki> Public Radio<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20200606234944/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;June</nowiki> 6, 2020<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;April 20, 2014<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url-status<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;live<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBHU\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt23\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFDomonoske2014\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Domonoske, Camila (April 20, 2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober\" id=\"mwBHY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"A Legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober'\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwBHg\">National Public Radio</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606234944/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober\" id=\"mwBHk\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on June 6, 2020.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-NPR_20150420_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Peanut#cite_note-NPR_20150420-4 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> '''goober pea''', <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwkq="">Pindar', 'ground pea', and 'groundnut'. The names 'goober' and 'goober pea' are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBH4\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt26\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFBeattie1911\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Beattie, H. R. (1911). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/carver/items/show/77\" id=\"mwBH8\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Farmer's Bulletin No. 431\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwBIA\">USDA National Agricultural Library</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwBIE\">The peanut is known under the local names of 'goober', 'goober pea', 'pindar', 'ground pea', and 'groundnut'. The names 'goober' and 'goober pea' are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Peanut#cite_note-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> pindar (Amurka), <ref name="NPR_20150420" /> ko monkey nut (UK), amfanin gona ne wanda aka shuka galibi don tsaba na cin abinci, wanda ke ƙunshe a cikin pods na karkashin kasa.{{Efn|One of the original names, along with '''ground pea'''.}} Ana shuka shi ne sosai a cikin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]] da subtropics ta ƙananan masu samar da kasuwanci, duka a matsayin legume na [[hatsi]] da kuma amfanin mai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil crops for the production of advanced biofuels |url=http://www.biofuelstp.eu/oil_crops.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909130233/http://www.biofuelstp.eu/oil_crops.html |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=September 28, 2015 |website=European Biofuels Technology Platform}}</ref> 'Ya'yan itace na karkashin kasa (geocarpy) ba daidai ba ne tsakanin legumes, wanda ya jagoranci masanin tsire-tsire [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ya ba da sunan jinsin ''hypogea'', daga Girkanci 'a ƙarƙashin ƙasa'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=hypogeal |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hypogeal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140407/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hypogeal |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |access-date=7 February 2026 |publisher=Collins |quote=from Greek hupogeios, from hypo- + gē earth}}</ref> Gyada na cikin iyalin shuke-shuke masu fure Fabaceae (ko Leguminosae), wanda aka fi sani da dangin wake, <ref name="WFO">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=''Arachis hypogaea'' (L.) |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000174378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531095846/https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000174378 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=The World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium}}</ref> kuma asalinsa ne a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Kamar sauran kayan lambu, gyada suna dauke da kwayoyin cuta masu daidaita nitrogen a cikin tushe, wanda ke inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa, yana mai da su masu mahimmanci a cikin juyawa na amfanin gona. Kayayyakin da za a iya ci sun haɗa da [[Man gyaɗa|man gyada]] da man gyada mai kauri. Ana amfani da gyda ne a Latin Amurka, Yammacin Afirka, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yayin da a yankin Indiya, ana ƙara su zuwa salads da stews. A Arewacin Amurka, ana amfani da gyda cikin sukari, kek, da kukis, yayin da ake cin man gyada a ko'ina. Wasu mutane suna da rashin lafiyan gyada kuma suna iya samun mummunar martani. Ana amfani da saman shuka don [[silage]], yayin da ake amfani da abincin mai a matsayin abincin dabba kuma a matsayin taki. Amfani da masana'antu sun haɗa da fenti, varnish, da kayan da aka yi da man gyada. == Bayani na shuke-shuke == [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ya bayyana ''Arachis hypogaea'' a cikin littafinsa Species Plantarum a cikin 1753. <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |title=Arachis hypogaea L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318562-2/general-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421022140/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318562-2/general-information |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]}}</ref> Shuka ce ta [[Shuka na Shekara-Shekara|shekara-shekara]] mai tsayi mai tsayin 30 zuwa 50 centimeters (12 zuwa 20 in). Yana cikin iyalin botanical Fabaceae, wanda aka fi sani da Leguminosae, kuma an fi sani da legume, wake, ko dangin wake.<ref name="WFO" /> Kamar sauran legumes, peanuts suna dauke da kwayoyin cuta masu daidaita nitrogen a cikin tushe su.<ref name="p062">{{Cite journal |last=Bouznif |first=Besma |last2=Boukherissa |first2=Amira |last3=Jaszczyszyn |first3=Yan |last4=Mars |first4=Mohamed |last5=Timchenko |first5=Tatiana |last6=Shykoff |first6=Jacqui A. |last7=Alunni |first7=Benoît |date=11 June 2024 |title=Complete and circularized genome sequences of five nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium sp. strains isolated from root nodules of peanut, Arachis hypogaea , cultivated in Tunisia |journal=Microbiology Resource Announcements |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.1128/mra.01078-23 |pmc=11237496 |pmid=38747611 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ganyayyakin suna da tsayayya kuma suna da takardu huɗu (nau'i biyu masu tsayayya; babu ganye na ƙarshe); kowane ganye yana da zuwa 2 + 3⁄4 in) tsawo da cm ( to 1 +1⁄4 in) a fadin. {{Convert|1|to|7|cm|in}}{{Convert|1|to|3|cm|in}}Kamar na sauran legumes da yawa, ganyayyaki suna da nyctinastic; wato, suna da motsi na "barci", suna rufewa da dare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meng |first=Zhao |date=27 June 2024 |title=The Anatomical Basis and Molecular Mechanism of Arachis Hypogaea Nyctinastic Movement |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4873031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812145632/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4873031 |archive-date=August 12, 2025 |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=SSRN |ssrn=4873031}}</ref> a fadin, kuma launin orange mai launin rawaya tare da jan veining.<ref name="Krapovickas-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Krapovickas |first=Antonio |last2=Gregory |first2=Walton C. |date=2007 |title=Taxonomy of the genus ''Arachis'' (Leguminosae) |url=http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IBONE |volume=16 (Supl.) |pages=1–205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060107/http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=September 13, 2016}}</ref> {{Convert|1|to|1.5|cm|in}}Ana ɗauke da su a cikin ƙuƙwalwar axillary a kan tushe.<ref name="POWO" /> 'Ya'yan itace suna tasowa a karkashin kasa, wani fasalin da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sani da geocarpy . <ref name="Smith-1950">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Ben W. |date=January 1, 1950 |title=Arachis hypogaea. Aerial Flower and Subterranean Fruit |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=802–815 |doi=10.2307/2437758 |jstor=2437758}}</ref> Bayan haihuwa, [[Haɗuwar ƙwayoyin halitta / Kafuwar ciki|taki]] ɗan gajeren tsutsa a gindin ovary - sau da yawa ana kiransa gynophore, amma wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wani ɓangare na ovary: yana da tsawo don samar da tsari mai kama da zaren da aka sani da "peg". Wannan igiya tana girma ne a cikin ƙasa, tana ba da damar 'ya'yan itace su bunkasa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Smith-1950" /> Wadannan pods, da ake kira legumes, suna da 3 zuwa 7 centimeters (1 zuwa 3 in) tsawo, yawanci suna dauke da daya zuwa hudu tsaba.<ref name="Krapovickas-2007" /> Kwayar 'ya'yan itacen man gyada ta kunshi da farko mesocarp tare da manyan jijiyoyi da yawa da ke ratsa tsawonta.<ref name="Smith-1950" /> A fannin shuke-shuke ba su da ƙwayoyi ("ya'[['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] wanda bangon Ovary ya zama mai wuya a lokacin da ya girma"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Peanut Institute – Peanut Facts |url=http://www.peanut-institute.org/peanut-facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408185751/http://www.peanut-institute.org/peanut-facts/ |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |website=peanut-institute.org}}</ref> Peanuts suna dauke da polyphenols, [[Mai yawan kitse|polyunsaturated]] da monounsaturated kitse, [[Phytosterol|phytosterols]], da fiber na abinci a cikin adadin da ya yi kama da kwayoyin itace da yawa.<ref name="lpi">{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Nuts (including peanuts) |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/nuts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191713/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/nuts |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=2 July 2025 |series=Micronutrient Information Center |publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, [[Oregon State University]]}}</ref> Fata na gyada suna dauke da resveratrol.<ref name="lpi-res">{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=Resveratrol |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/resveratrol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902120321/http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/resveratrol/ |archive-date=September 2, 2006 |access-date=2 July 2025 |series=Micronutrient Information Center |publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, [[Oregon State University]]}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="Botany"> File:Plante_d'arachide.jpg|Plant File:Ground_Nut_flower_(cropped).jpg|Flower File:Developing_pods_of_Peanut.jpg|Developing fruits (pods) File:Peanuts_(Arachis_hypogaea)_-_in_shell,_shell_cracked_open,_shelled,_peeled.jpg|Fruits (pods) and seeds File:Peanut_plumule_and_radicle.jpg|Half of seed, showing a cotyledon, plumule, and radicle </gallery> == Tarihi == [[File:Arachide1.jpg|thumb|Hoton shuka mai laushi da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin Les plantes potagères, Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1903]] Genus ''Arachis'' asalinsa ne a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], gabashin [[Andes]], a kusa da Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, da Brazil.<ref name="Seijo-2007" /> Kayan da aka shuka (''A. hypogaea'') sun fito ne daga cakuda tsakanin nau'ikan gyada guda biyu, wanda ake zaton shine ''A. Duranensis'' da ''A. ipaensis''. <ref name="Seijo-2007" /> <ref name="Kochert-1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moretzsohn |first=Márcio C. |last2=Gouvea |first2=Ediene G. |last3=Inglis |first3=Peter W. |last4=Leal-Bertioli |first4=Soraya C.M. |last5=Valls |first5=José F.M. |last6=Bertioli |first6=David J. |display-authors=3 |date=January 1, 2013 |title=A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (''Arachis hypogaea'') and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=113–126 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs237 |pmc=3523650 |pmid=23131301}}</ref> Halitta ta farko za ta kasance mara kyau, amma ninkawar chromosome ta dawo da haihuwa, ta samar da abin da ake kira amphidiploid ko allotetraploid.<ref name="Seijo-2007" /> Binciken kwayar halitta ya nuna cewa haɗuwa ta iya faruwa sau ɗaya kawai kuma ta haifar da ''A. Monticola'', wani nau'in gyada na daji wanda ke faruwa a wasu wurare masu iyaka a arewa maso yammacin Argentina, ko a kudu maso gabashin Bolivia, inda ake shuka gyada da mafi yawan siffofin daji a yau, kuma ta hanyar Zaɓin wucin gadi zuwa ''A. hypogaea''.<ref name="Krapovickas-2007" /><ref name="Seijo-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Seijo |first=Guillermo |last2=Lavia |first2=Graciela I. |last3=Fernandez |first3=Aveliano |last4=Antonio Krapovickas |last5=Daniel A. Ducasse |last6=David J. Bertioli |last7=Eduardo A. Moscone |display-authors=3 |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (''Arachis hypogaea'', Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=1963–1971 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94.1963S |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963 |pmid=21636391 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kochert-1996">{{Cite journal |last=Kochert |first=Gary |last2=Stalker |first2=H. Thomas |last3=Gimenes |first3=Marcos |last4=Galgaro |first4=Leticia |last5=Lopes |first5=Catalina Romero |last6=Moore |first6=Kim |display-authors=3 |date=October 1, 1996 |title=RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut, ''Arachis hypogaea'' (Leguminosae) |url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_1996-10_83_10/page/1282 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=83 |issue=10 |pages=1282–1291 |doi=10.2307/2446112 |jstor=2446112}}</ref> Tsarin domestication ta hanyar zabin wucin gadi ya sa ''A. hypogaea'' ya bambanta sosai daga danginsa na daji. Tsire-tsire na gida sun fi dacewa, sun fi dacewa da juna, kuma suna da tsari daban-daban da manyan tsaba. Daga wannan cibiyar asali, noma ta bazu kuma ta kafa cibiyoyin sakandare da na uku na bambancin a Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, da Uruguay. A tsawon lokaci, dubban nau'ikan gyada sun samo asali; an rarraba su cikin nau'ikan shuke-shuke guda shida da nau'ika biyu (kamar yadda aka jera a cikin teburin rarraba kimiyya na na gyada). Subspecies ''A. h. fastigiata'' iri sun fi dacewa a cikin halayensu na girma kuma suna da gajeren zagaye na amfanin gona. Subspecies ''A. h. hypogaea'' iri sun bazu a ƙasa kuma suna da tsayin daka na amfanin gona.<ref name="Krapovickas-2007" /> Tsohon sanannun ragowar Archaeological na pods an rubuta su ne a kimanin shekaru 7,600 da haihuwa, mai yiwuwa nau'in daji ne wanda ke cikin noma, ko ''A. hypogaea'' a farkon lokacin domestication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |title=Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911192923/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php |archive-date=September 11, 2007 |access-date=June 29, 2007 |website=eurekalert.org}}</ref> An samo su a Peru, inda yanayin yanayine mai bushe ya dace da adana kayan kwayoyin halitta. Kusan tabbas, noman gyada ya riga ya wuce wannan a tsakiyar asalin inda yanayin yake da danshi. Yawancin al'adun [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]], kamar Moche, sun nuna peanuts a cikin fasahar su. An kafa noma sosai a Mesoamerica kafin Mutanen Espanya su isa. A can, Masu cin nasara sun sami Nahuatl" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:tlalcacahuatl">tlālcacahuatl (sunan Nahuatl na shuka, saboda haka sunan a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] cacahuate) wanda aka ba da sayarwa a kasuwar Tenochtitlan. An gabatar da noman sa a Turai a karni na 19 ta hanyar Spain, musamman [[Valencia]], inda har yanzu ana samar da shi, duk da cewa a gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Claudia |date=2023-11-21 |title=El 'cacau del collaret', el cacahuete valenciano al borde de la extinción |url=https://elpais.com/gastronomia/2023-11-21/el-cacau-del-collaret-el-cacahuete-valenciano-al-borde-de-la-extincion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201172835/https://elpais.com/gastronomia/2023-11-21/el-cacau-del-collaret-el-cacahuete-valenciano-al-borde-de-la-extincion.html |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa na Turai daga baya sun yada gyada a duk duniya, kuma noma yanzu ya yadu a yankuna masu zafi da masu zafi. A [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], ya maye gurbin shuka daga wannan iyali, Bambara groundnut, wanda kuma ya bunkasa a karkashin kasa. An gabatar da gyada a Amurka a Lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma sun girma a matsayin amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bernard Romans}}</ref><ref name="putnam" /> anfara a cikin 1870, an yi amfani da su amazaunin abincin dabba har sai amfani da mutum ya karu a cikin shekarun 1930. [[George Washington Carver]] (1864-1943) ya goyi bayan gyada a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarinsa na fadada aikin gona a Kudancin Amurka, inda aka lalata ƙasa bayan sake dasa auduga. Ya kirkiro kuma ya gabatar da daruruwan kayayyakin da ke dauke da gyada, gami da kayan shafawa, fenti, filastik, man fetur da nitroglycerin. An fara kera Man gyada ne a Kanada ta hanyar tsari da aka ba da izini a Amurka a shekaru 1884 ta hanyar Marcellus Gilmore Edson na [[Montréal|Montreal]].<ref name="edson">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 1884 |title=Manufacture of peanut candy, US Patent #306727 |url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00306727&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D0306727.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0306727%2526RS%3DPN%2F0306727&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405145402/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00306727&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D0306727.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0306727%2526RS%3DPN%2F0306727&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=May 8, 2017 |publisher=US Patent Office}}</ref> An sayar da man gyada a Arewacin Amurka a baje kolin ko kuma ta hanyar masu aiki a cikin karni na 19. Man gyada ya zama sananne a Amurka bayan kamfanin Beech-Nut ya fara sayar da shi a St. Louis World's Fair a shekara ta 1904.<ref name="Michaud-2012">{{Cite web |last=Michaud |first=Jon |date=November 28, 2012 |title=A chunky history of peanut butter |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-chunky-history-of-peanut-butter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331194928/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-chunky-history-of-peanut-butter |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=May 9, 2017 |website=newyorker.com |publisher=New Yorker}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta fara shirin don karfafa samar da noma da amfani da gyada a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. == Shuka == === Ilimin noma === [[File:Peanut_distribution_map.svg|thumb|Taswirar rarraba duniya. Yankunan siyasa ne kuma suna iya wuce ainihin yankin da ake nomawa. Maɓalli: Green = Yanayin halitta; Purple = An gabatar da wannan aikin akan shi.<ref name="POWO" />]] Gyada suna girma mafi kyau a cikin haske, yashi mai laushi tare da pH na 5.9-7. Ikon su na gyara nitrogen yana nufin cewa idan sun yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata, gyada suna amfana kadan ko basa amfana daga [[taki]] mai dauke da nitrogen, kuma suna inganta yawan haihuwa na ƙasa. Saboda haka, suna da mahimmanci a cikin juyawa na amfanin gona. Har ila yau, amfanin gona na gyada da kansa yana ƙaruwa a cikin juyawa ta hanyar rage cututtuka, kwari, da ciyawa. Misali, a [[Texas]], peanuts a cikin juyawa na shekaru uku tare da masara samar da 50% fiye da wadanda ba a juya su ba.<ref name="Baughman" /> Isasshen matakan phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, da micronutrients suma suna da mahimmanci don amfanin gona mai kyau.<ref name="Baughman" /> Peanuts suna buƙatar yanayi mai dumi a duk lokacin girma don bunkasa da kyau. Ana iya girma da su tare da kusan {{Convert|350|mm|in}} in) na ruwa, amma don mafi kyawun amfanin gona ana buƙatar akalla {{Convert|500|mm|in}} in).<ref name="Schilling-2003">{{Cite web |last=Schilling |first=Robert |date=February 5, 2003 |title=L'arachide histoire et perspectives |url=http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/savoirs/arachide/arachide.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504233111/http://www.museum.agropolis.fr/pages/savoirs/arachide/arachide.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=L'arachide histoire et perspectives |publisher=Agropolis Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jauron |first=Richard |date=February 5, 1997 |title=Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden &#124; Horticulture and Home Pest News |url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-2-1997/peanuts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012200626/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-2-1997/peanuts.html |archive-date=October 12, 1999 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |publisher=Ipm.iastate.edu}}</ref> Dangane da yanayin girma da cultivar na gyada, girbi yawanci kwanaki 90 zuwa 130 bayan shuka don nau'ikan nau'ikan ''A. h. fastigiata'', da kuma kwanaki 120 zuwa 150 bayan shuka ga nau'ikan subspecies A. h, hypogaea.<ref name="Schilling-2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsalis |first=Mark |last2=Puppala |first2=Naveen |last3=Goldberg |first3=Natalie |last4=Ashigh |first4=Jamshid |last5=Sanogo |first5=Soumaila |last6=Trostle |first6=Calvin |date=July 2009 |title=New Mexico Peanut Production |url=http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR-645.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231134505/http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR-645.pdf |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=Circular-645 |publisher=New Mexico State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peanut |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930163758/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html |archive-date=September 30, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=www.hort.purdue.edu}}</ref>&nbsp; Tsire-tsire na gyada suna ci gaba da samar da furanni lokacin da pods ke tasowa; sabili da haka, wasu pods ba su manyanta ba ko da sun shirya don girbi. Don kara yawan amfanin gona, lokacin girbi yana da mahimmanci. Idan ya yi wuri sosai, ƙwayoyin da yawa ba za su manyanta ba; idan sun makara, ƙwayoyen za su fashe a kan tsutsa kuma su kasance a cikin ƙasa.<ref name="PCA_Harvesting">{{Cite web |title=How peanuts are Grown&nbsp;– Harvesting&nbsp;– PCA |url=http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719165546/http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25& |archive-date=July 19, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |publisher=Peanut Company of Australia}}</ref> Don girbi, an cire dukkan shuka, gami da mafi yawan tushen, daga ƙasa.<ref name="PCA_Harvesting" /> Babban abubuwan da ke iyakance amfanin gona a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki shine fari da damuwa mai zafi. Matakan ci gaban haihuwa kafin fure. Baya ga nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium, wasu rashi masu gina jiki da ke haifar da asarar amfanin gona sune calcium, baƙin ƙarfe da boron. Matsalar kwayoyin halitta galibi sun haɗa da kwari, cututtuka, da ciyawa. Daga cikin kwari kwari, poders, aphids, da mites suna da mahimmanci. Mafi mahimman cututtukan sune tabo na ganye, rusts, da ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da guba ''Aspergillus'' . A cikin tsarin inji, ana amfani da na'ura don yanke babban tushen shuka ta hanyar yankewa ta ƙasa a ƙasa da matakin ƙwayoyi ƙwayoyi. Injin yana ɗaga "bush" daga ƙasa, yana girgiza shi, sannan ya juya shi, yana barin shuka a tsaye don kiyaye gyada daga ƙasa. Wannan yana ba da damar ƙwayoyi ƙwayoyi su bushe a hankali zuwa ƙasa da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matakin danshi na asali a cikin kwana uku zuwa huɗu. A al'ada, ana jan gyada kuma ana juyawa da hannu. Bayan an busar da gyada sosai, ana cire gyadan daga sauran daji.<ref name="PCA_Harvesting" /><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180" caption="Cultivation"> File:Arachis_hypogaea_006.JPG|Pegs growing into the soil. The buried tip of the peg develops into a fruit. File:Cultivation_of_peanut_crop_in_Junagadh_region_of_Western_India.jpg|Cultivation at the Directorate of Groundnut Research, [[Gujarat]], India, 2009 File:Peanut_harvester.JPG|Track-type peanut harvester File:Peanut_Collection_(8074787813).jpg|Harvesting peanuts by hand (Haiti, 2012) File:Harvest_of_peanuts.jpg|Harvest, Cameroon, 2016 </gallery> === Ire Ire === Akwai nau'ikan gyada da yawa da aka shuka a duniya. Kasuwancin da suka girma a Amurka sune Mutanen Espanya, Runner, Virginia, da Valencia.<ref name="Ruark">{{Cite web |last=Ruark |first=Elinor |title=Peanut Cultivars and Descriptions |url=http://caes2.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fieldcrops/peanuts/production/cultivardescription.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122224427/http://caes2.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fieldcrops/peanuts/production/cultivardescription.html |archive-date=November 22, 2016 |access-date=November 22, 2016 |website=caes2.caes.uga.edu}}</ref> Ana samar da gyada a manyan yankuna uku na Amurka: yankin kudu maso gabashin wanda ya hada da Alabama, Georgia, da Florida; yankin kudu maso yammacin wanda ya hada le [[New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], da Texas; kuma a cikin gabashin Amurka wanda ya hada ti Virginia, North Carolina, da South Carolina.<ref name="Ruark" /> A Georgia, Naomi Chapman Woodroof tana da alhakin bunkasa shirin noma na peanuts, wanda ya haifar da girbi kusan sau biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=naomi chapman woodroof; Programs & People Summer 2000 |url=https://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/magazine/summer_2000/naomi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928040156/https://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/magazine/summer_2000/naomi.html |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=www.cals.uidaho.edu}}</ref> Nau'ukan mutane suna girma a Afirka ta Kudu da kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Har zuwa 1940, kashi 90% na gyada da aka shuka a [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Jihar Georgia ta Amurka]] sun kasance nau'ikan Mutanen Espanya, amma yanayin tun daga wannan lokacin ya kasance mafi girma, mafi girma, masu tsayar da cututtuka. Mutanen Espanya suna da mafi girman man fetur fiye da sauran nau'ikan man fetur. A Amurka, ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya ta fi girma a New Mexico, Oklahoma, da Texas.<ref name="Ruark" /> === Kwayoyin cuta da cututtuka === Idan tsire-tsire na gyada suna fuskantar fari mai tsanani yayin samar da ƙwayoyin, ko kuma idan ba a adana ƙwayoyin ba yadda ya kamata, suna iya gurɓata su da ƙirar ''Aspergillus flavus'' wanda zai iya samar da aflatoxins masu cutar kansa. Ƙananan inganci da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun fi kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirano |first=S |last2=Shima |first2=T |last3=Shimada |first3=T |date=August 2001 |title=[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in imported peanut samples] |journal=Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=237–42 |doi=10.3358/shokueishi.42.237 |pmid=11817138 |doi-access=free}}</ref> USDA tana gwada kowane truckload na raw peanuts don aflatoxin; duk wanda ke dauke da fiye da sassa 15 a kowace biliyan ana lalata shi. Masana'antar tana da matakai na masana'antu don tabbatar da cewa ana bincika dukkan gyada don aflatoxin. Ana amfani da gyada da aka gwada don samun babban aflatoxin don yin man gyada inda za'a iya cire ƙirar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2017 |title=Why Georgia farmers decided to shell their own peanuts |url=https://newfoodeconomy.org/georgia-peanut-farmers-face-an-unlikely-challenge-shelling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704053851/https://newfoodeconomy.org/georgia-peanut-farmers-face-an-unlikely-challenge-shelling/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=July 4, 2019 |website=New Food Economy}}</ref> Fungi, ''Alternaria arachidis'' na iya shafar ganyen tururuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Fungorum - Names Record |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=308498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807092422/https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=308498 |archive-date=August 7, 2023 |access-date=August 7, 2023 |website=www.speciesfungorum.org}}</ref> == Fitarwa == {| class="wikitable floatright col2right" |+Fitar da man shanu 2023, miliyoyin ton<br />{{Small|2023, millions of tonnes}} |{{CHN}} |19.2 |- |{{IND}} |10.3 |- |{{NGA}} |4.3 |- | Amurka |2.7 |- | Sudan |1.4 |- |'''Duniya''' |'''54.3''' |- | colspan="2" |{{Small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]]<br> of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Peanut production (as groundnuts excluding shelled) in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists) |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=2 July 2025 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref> |} A cikin 2023, samar da gyada a duniya (wanda aka ruwaito a matsayin gyada ba tare da harsashi ba) ya kai tan miliyan 54, wanda China ta jagoranta da kashi 36% na jimlar kuma Indiya da kashi 19% (teburin). == Rashin jituwa == Wasu mutane (1.4-2% a Turai da Amurka) suna fuskantar halayen rashin lafiyan ga bayyanar gyada; alamun suna daga idanu masu ruwa zuwa damuwa ta anaphylactic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lange |first=Lars |last2=Klimek |first2=Ludger |last3=Beyer |first3=Kirsten |last4=Blümchen |first4=Katharina |last5=Novak |first5=Natalija |last6=Hamelmann |first6=Eckard |last7=Bauer |first7=Andrea |last8=Merk |first8=Hans |last9=Rabe |first9=Uta |last10=Jung |first10=Kirsten |last11=Schlenter |first11=Wolfgang |last12=Ring |first12=Johannes |last13=Chaker |first13=Adam |last14=Wehrmann |first14=Wolfgang |last15=Becker |first15=Sven |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=White paper on peanut allergy – part 1: Epidemiology, burden of disease, health economic aspects |journal=Allergo Journal International |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=261–269 |doi=10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z |issn=2197-0378 |pmc=8477625 |pmid=34603938}}</ref> Tunanin tsabta na rashin lafiyan ya bayyana cewa rashin bayyanar yara na farko ga masu kamuwa da cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayar cuta na iya haifar da karuwar rashin lafiyan abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2010 |title=Peanut Allergy on the Rise: Why? |url=https://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-allergies-in-kids-on-the-rise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517091953/http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-allergies-in-kids-on-the-rise? |archive-date=May 17, 2010 |access-date=May 18, 2010 |website=WebMD}}</ref> Saurin bayyanar da gyada a ƙuruciya na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da rashin lafiyan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Høst |first=A. |last2=Halken |first2=S |last3=Muraro |first3=A. |last4=Dreborg |first4=S |last5=Niggemann |first5=B. |last6=Aalberse |first6=R |last7=Arshad |first7=S. H. |last8=Von Berg |first8=A. |last9=Carlsen |first9=KH |last10=Duschén |first10=Karel |last11=Eigenmann |first11=Philippe A. |last12=Hill |first12=David |last13=Jones |first13=Catherine |last14=Mellon |first14=Michael |last15=Oldeus |first15=Göran |display-authors=3 |year=2008 |title=Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children |journal=Pediatric Allergy and Immunology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00680.x |pmid=18199086 |s2cid=8831420}}</ref> An haɗa rashin lafiyan gyada tare da amfani da shirye-shiryen fata wanda ke dauke da man gyada tsakanin yara, amma shaidar ba ta da tabbas. Ana danganta rashin lafiyan gyada da tarihin iyali da cin kayan suya.<ref name="lack">{{Cite journal |last=Lack |first=Gideon |last2=Fox |first2=Deborah |last3=Northstone |first3=Kate |last4=Golding |first4=Jean |date=13 March 2003 |title=Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2003-03-13_348_11/page/977 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=348 |issue=11 |pages=977–985 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013536 |pmid=12637607}}</ref> Man gyada mai tsabta ba ya haifar da halayen rashin lafiyan a yawancin mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiyan man gyada.<ref name="The anaphylaxis campaign">{{Cite web |title=The anaphylaxis campaign: peanut oil |url=http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418090105/http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.html |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=August 18, 2009 |publisher=Anaphylaxis.org.uk}}</ref> Koyaya, gyada marasa ƙanshi (marasa ƙima) suna ƙunshe da furotin, wanda zai iya haifar da halayen rashin lafiyan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman DR, Collins-Williams C |year=1994 |title=Cold-pressed peanut oils may contain peanut allergen |journal=[[The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology]] |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=801–802 |doi=10.1016/0091-6749(94)90262-3 |pmid=8163791 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hourihane |first=Jonathan O'B. |last2=Bedwani |first2=Simon J. |last3=Dean |first3=Taraneh P. |last4=Warner |first4=John O. |date=12 April 1997 |title=Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=314 |issue=7087 |pages=1084–1088 |doi=10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084 |pmc=2126478 |pmid=9133891}}</ref> Wasu Gundumomin makaranta a Amurka da sauran wurare sun haramta peanuts da kayayyakin da ke dauke da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2008 |title=School peanut ban in need of review |url=http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080914/OPINION01/309149938 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005120233/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080914/OPINION01/309149938 |archive-date=October 5, 2008 |access-date=August 18, 2009 |website=Nashua Telegraph}}</ref> Koyaya, binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 a Kanada bai sami bambanci a cikin kashi na bayyanar haɗari da ke faruwa a makarantu da ke hana peanuts idan aka kwatanta da makarantu da suka ba su damar ba da izini ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cherkaoui |first=Sabrine |last2=Ben-Shoshan |first2=Moshe |last3=Alizadehfar |first3=Reza |last4=Asai |first4=Yuka |last5=Chan |first5=Edmond |last6=Cheuk |first6=Stephen |last7=Shand |first7=Greg |last8=St-Pierre |first8=Yvan |last9=Harada |first9=Laurie |date=January 1, 2015 |title=Accidental exposures to peanut in a large cohort of Canadian children with peanut allergy |journal=Clinical and Translational Allergy |volume=5 |doi=10.1186/s13601-015-0055-x |pmc=4389801 |pmid=25861446 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == === Abinci ===   Raw Valencia peanuts ne 4% ruwa, 48% mai, 25% [[Protein (mai gina jiki)|furotin]], da 21% carbohydrates (tebur). A ma’aunin '''gram 100 (oz 3.5)''' na gyada, tana samar da kimanin '''kilojoules 2,385 (kilocalories 570)''' na kuzarin abinci. Haka kuma, tana ɗauke da '''gram 9 na sinadarin fiber''', kuma tana da wadatar wasu '''bitamin na B''', '''bitamin E''', da ma’adanai daban-daban masu amfani ga jiki, kamar '''manganese, magnesium, da phosphorus'''. Yawancin kitsen da ke cikin gyada sun ƙunshi '''polyunsaturated fat''' da '''monounsaturated fat''', waɗanda idan aka haɗa su suka kai kusan '''83% na jimillar kitsen da ke cikin gyadar'''. Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa amfani da gyada na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da ƙananan haɗarin Mutuwa daga wasu cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bao |first=Ying |last2=Han |first2=Jiali |last3=Hu |first3=Frank B. |last4=Giovannucci |first4=Edward L. |last5=Stampfer |first5=Meir J. |last6=Willett |first6=Walter C. |last7=Fuchs |first7=Charles S. |date=November 21, 2013 |title=Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=369 |issue=21 |pages=2001–2011 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1307352 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=3931001 |pmid=24256379}}</ref><ref name="lpi" /> Koyaya, ƙirar binciken ba ta ba da izinin haifar da sakamakon ba. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka, "Shaidar kimiyya ta nuna amma ba ta tabbatar da cewa cin 1.5 ounces a kowace rana na mafi yawan kwayoyi (kamar peanuts) a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin da ke da karancin kitse da cholesterol na iya rage haɗarin cutar zuciya ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor CL |date=July 14, 2003 |title=Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505) |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072926.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002013831/http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072926.htm |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |access-date=October 14, 2015 |publisher=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA}}</ref> === Rashin abinci mai gina jiki === Tare da babban furotin, ana amfani da gyada don taimakawa wajen rage ko hana [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]]. Plumpy Nut, MANA Nutrition, da Medika Mamba sune babban furotin, babban makamashi, da kuma kayan abinci mai gina jiki da aka kirkira don a yi amfani da su azaman abinci mai warkewa ta hukumomin da suka hada da [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] don taimakawa wajen sassautawa wajen taimakawa cikin taimakon yunwa a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=M. J. |date=2025-03-03 |title=USAID reinstates contracts for Georgia company that helps feed malnourished kids after Elon Musk responds to CNN reporting |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/03/politics/usaid-reinstates-contracts-for-georgia-company/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303141656/https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/03/politics/usaid-reinstates-contracts-for-georgia-company/index.html |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond |first=Bret |title=Rwaza Health Centre: Efficacy Study Results |url=http://mananutrition.org/img/uploads/MANA-Report-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118120743/http://mananutrition.org/img/uploads/MANA-Report-final.pdf |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |website=mananutrition.org |publisher=MANA Nutrition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meds & Food For Kids ::&nbsp;— Medika Mamba |url=http://mfkhaiti.org/index.php/the_solution/medika_mamba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408043914/http://mfkhaiti.org/index.php/the_solution/medika_mamba |archive-date=April 8, 2010 |access-date=April 23, 2010 |website=mfkhaiti.org}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da gyada kamar sauran legumes da hatsi don yin abin sha mai kama da [[madara]], madara, wanda aka haɓaka a matsayin hanyar rage rashin abinci mai gina jiki tsakanin yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=Nimsate |last2=Ahmedna |first2=Mohamed |last3=Yu |first3=Jianmei |year=2010 |title=Development of a fortified peanut-based infant formula for recovery of severely malnourished children |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=1965–1972 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02330.x}}</ref> === Abinci na dabba === Ana iya amfani da saman tsire-tsire da raguwar amfanin gona don [[silage]]. Gudanar da gyada na masana'antu yana cire bawon masu wadataccen fiber a cikin adadi mai yawa; waɗannan na iya ciyar da dabbobi, musamman ruminants. Ana amfani da ragowar man gyada daga sarrafa man gyada azaman abincin dabba da taki na ƙasa, yawanci a cikin abinci (mai laushi). Yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ba na mai ba na tsaban na gyada kuma yana ƙunshe da wasu man gyada. Gurasar ƙwayoyin cuta abinci ne na dabbobi, galibi shanu ne ke amfani da su azaman kariyar furotin. Yana daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin abinci mai mahimmanci ga kowane nau'in dabbobi kuma ɗayan sinadaran da suka fi aiki don abincin kaji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onwudike |first=O.C. |date=November 1986 |title=Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 1. Composition of palm kernel meal and availability of its amino acids to chicks |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0377840186901082 |url-status=live |journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=179–186 |doi=10.1016/0377-8401(86)90108-2 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204042029/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0377840186901082 |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=November 23, 2024}}</ref> Rashin adana cake a wasu lokuta na iya haifar da gurɓata ta hanyar aflatoxin, [[mycotoxin]] na halitta wanda ''Aspergillus flavus'' da ''Aspergillus parasiticus'' ke samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3. Feed values and feeding potential of major agro-byproducts |url=http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5480e/x5480e03.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528215615/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5480e/x5480e03.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |access-date=May 25, 2015 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (tsuntsaye) za a iya ciyar da su gaba ɗaya ga dabbobi, alal misali, waɗanda ke kan adadin samarwa (kamar a Amurka) ko waɗanda ke da mafi girman abun ciki na aflatoxin fiye da wanda ka'idojin abinci suka ba da izini amma har yanzu a cikin matakin da ka'idoorin ciyar da dabbobi suka ba da damar. == Kayayyakin da za a iya cinyewa == === Dukkanin gyada === Kashewa mai bushewa hanya ce ta yau da kullun ta shirya, kodayake dandano mai ya ɓace da sauri fiye da yadda aka gasa man gyada ko kuma gasa man gyada (mai gasa bayan an tsoma shi cikin ruwa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shi |first=X. |last2=Davis, J.P. |last3=Xia, Z. |last4=Sandeep, K.P. |last5=Sanders, T.H. |last6=Dean, L.L. |year=2016 |title=Characterization of peanuts after dry roasting, oil roasting, and blister frying |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=330876 |url-status=live |journal=[[LWT - Food Science and Technology]] |issue=75 |pages=520–528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421122045/https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=330876 |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2026}}</ref> Tafasashshen gyada da aka dafa sune sanannen abincin dare a Indiya, China, Afirka ta Yamma, da kudancin Amurka. A Kudancin Amurka, ana shirya naman alade da aka dafa sau da yawa a cikin ruwan gishiri kuma ana sayar da su a kan tituna.<ref name="Lee 2011" /> Sabbin "kore" peanuts (ba a bushe su ba) suna shirye don tafasa; dole ne a sake saka ruwa a raw dehydrated peanuts kafin a tafasa (yawanci a cikin kwano cike da ruwa da dare). <ref name="Lee 2011">{{Cite web |title=FAQ |url=http://www.boiledpeanuts.com/faq.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113031350/http://www.boiledpeanuts.com/faq.html |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=October 30, 2011 |website=BoiledPeanuts.com |publisher=The Lee Bros}}</ref> === Man gyada === Ana amfani da man gyada sau da yawa a cikin dafa abinci saboda yana da ɗanɗano mai sauƙi da kuma hayaki mai yawa. Saboda yawan kitsen da ke ciki, ana ɗaukarsa mafi lafiya fiye da mai kuma yana tsayayya da rancidity. Nau'ikan man gyada da yawa sun haɗa da man gyada mai ƙanshi, man zaitun mai tsabta, ko man gyada mai sanyi, da kuma cire man gyada. Man gyada mai tsabta ya keɓe daga dokokin lakabin allergen a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II) |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm106187.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606082335/http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm106187.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2009 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |website=FDA.gov |publisher=US Food & Drug Administration}}</ref> Abincin abinci na yau da kullun da man Saladi, man gyada shine 46% mai monounsaturated (da farko oleic Aceit), 32% mai polyunsaturated mai (da farko linoleic acid), da 17% mai saturated mai (da yawa palmitic acid) (tushen teburin abinci mai gina jiki). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ozcan MM |year=2010 |title=Some nutritional characteristics of kernel and oil of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos/59/1/59_1_1/_pdf |url-status=live |journal=J Oleo Sci |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.5650/jos.59.1 |pmid=20032593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231233/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos/59/1/59_1_1/_pdf |archive-date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=November 2, 2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya cire shi daga dukkan gyada ta amfani da ruwa mai sauƙi da hanyar centrifugation, shirin NASA na Advanced Life Support yana la'akari da man don Ayyukan sararin samaniya na ɗan adam na gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shi L, Lu JY, Jones G, Loretan PA, Hill WA |year=1998 |title=Characteristics and composition of peanut oil prepared by an aqueous extraction method |journal=Life Support Biosph Sci |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=225–9 |pmid=11541680}}</ref> === Man gyada === '''Man gyada (Peanut Butter)''' abinci ne mai kauri ko man shafawa da ake yi ta hanyar nika busasshiyar gyada da aka gasa. Sau da yawa ana ƙara wasu sinadarai domin canza ɗanɗano ko kaurinsa, kamar gishiri, kayan zaƙi, ko sinadaran haɗawa. Wasu kamfanoni suna ƙara wasu ɗanɗano daban-daban a cikin man gyada, kamar '''cakulan, kek na ranar haihuwa, da zabibi mai ɗanɗanon kirfa'''. Ana amfani da man gyada wajen shafawa a kan '''burodi, toast ko crackers''', kuma ana yin sandwich da shi, musamman '''sandwich na man gyada da jelly'''. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi wajen yin wasu kayan zaƙi da abinci, kamar '''granola bars masu ɗanɗanon gyada, croissants da sauran irin kek'''. '''Ƙasar Amurka''' tana daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke fitar da man gyada zuwa wasu ƙasashe, kuma tana amfani da kusan '''dala miliyan 800''' na man gyada a kowace shekara. === Gurasar gyada === Ana amfani da garin gyada a cikin dafa abinci ba tare da gluten ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Are You Gluten Free? |url=https://nationalpeanutboard.org/news/gluten-free-living/ |access-date=6 February 2026 |publisher=National Peanut Board}}</ref> === Gyada don gina jiki === Ana samar da furotin na gyada da kuma warewa ta hanyar kasuwanci daga garin gyada da aka lalata ta amfani da hanyoyi da yawa. Ana samar da furotin mai laushi (kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100) daga ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar cire mafi yawan mai da ruwa mai narkewa, abubuwan da ba na furotin ba. Ana iya amfani da matsin hydraulic, matsin tururi, cire mai narkewa, da kuma matsin lamba tare da cire mai narkarwa don cire mai, bayan haka ana aiwatar da warewar furotin da tsarkakewa.<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180" caption="Edible products"> File:Peanutjar.jpg|Roasted peanuts as snack food File:Smoke_from_groundnut.JPG|Roasting of peanuts in India File:4_gallons_of_peanut_oil.jpg|Peanut oil File:PeanutButter.jpg|Peanut butter File:Roasted_Peanuts_with_shell.jpg|Roasted peanuts with shell File:SevMamra.jpg|Sev mamra, puffed rice, peanuts and fried seasoned noodles File:Peanut_chikki,_a_popular_foodstuff_of_jaggery_and_peanut_is_available_commercially_all_over_India.jpg|Chikki peanut sweet </gallery> == Abincin == === Latin Amurka === [[File:Cacahuates_Japoneses.jpg|thumb|Hanyoyin da aka kirkira a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]]]] Gyada sun zama ruwan dare a cikin abincin Peruvian da Mexican, dukansu biyu sun auri 'yan asalin ƙasar da na Turai. Misali, a Peru, sanannen abincin gargajiya shine picante de cuy, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gastronomía de Huánuco - Platos típicos - Pachamanca Picante de cuy |url=https://www.huanuco.com/departamento/cultura/gastronomia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120033507/http://www.huanuco.com/departamento/cultura/gastronomia/ |archive-date=November 20, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |website=huanuco.com}}</ref> alade da aka gasa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sauce na peanuts (abin da aka samo asali daga Kudancin Amurka) tare da albasa da tafarnuwa (abin da ya samo asali daga abincin Turai). Har ila yau, a cikin birnin Arequipa na Peruvian, abincin da ake kira ''ocopa'' ya ƙunshi sauce mai santsi na naman alade da albasa mai zafi (duka 'yan asalin yankin) tare da albasa, tafarnuwa, da mai, wanda aka zuba a kan nama ko dankali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menú, recetas, cocina, nutricion |url=http://menuperu.elcomercio.pe/recetas/ocopa-1197 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021747/http://menuperu.elcomercio.pe/recetas/ocopa-1197 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |website=menuperu.elcomercio.pe}}</ref> Wani misali shine Fricassee wanda ya haɗu da irin wannan cakuda tare da abincin teku mai sautéed ko kaza da aka dafa da kuma yanka. Wadannan jita-jita an san su da ''ajíes'', ma'ana "alkama mai zafi", kamar su ají de pollo da ají de mariscos (''ajíes'' na teku na iya watsar da man shanu). A Mexico, ana amfani da shi don shirya abinci na gargajiya daban-daban, kamar kaza a cikin naman alade (''encacahuatado''), kuma ana amfani dashi azaman babban sinadarin don shirya wasu shahararrun abinci kamar ja Pipián, mole poblano da oaxacan mole negro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Demystifying mole, Mexico's national dish |url=https://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2122-demystifying-mole-mexico-s-national-dish/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117042543/https://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2122-demystifying-mole-mexico-s-national-dish/ |archive-date=January 17, 2025 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=MexConnect}}</ref> A ko'ina cikin yankin, ana yin sukari da kayan lambu da yawa ta amfani da gyada. A Mexico, ya zama ruwan dare an same su a cikin gabatarwa daban-daban kamar abincin rana ko alewa: gishiri, "Japanese" peanuts, Pralin, ''enchilados'' ko a cikin nau'in gargajiya mai dadi da aka yi da peanuts da zuma da ake kira ''palanqueta'', har ma da man gyada marzipan. Akwai irin wannan nau'in zuma a Brazil, wanda ake kira pé-de-moleque, wanda aka yi da zuma da molasses, wanda yayi kama da chikki na Indiya a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2019 |title=Brazilian sweets and desserts you must taste |url=https://riodejaneirobycariocas.com/7-brazilian-sweets-and-desserts-you-must-taste-in-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408193514/https://riodejaneirobycariocas.com/7-brazilian-sweets-and-desserts-you-must-taste-in-rio-de-janeiro/ |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=riodejaneirobycariocas.com}}</ref> === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === [[File:9471Peanuts_snack_of_the_Philippines_06.jpg|thumb|Kayan da aka dafa a cikin Philippines]] Abincin Philippine da ke amfani da gyada shine ''kare-kare'', tare da nama a cikin soya mai ɗanɗano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villar |first=Roberto |date=August 2, 2019 |title=The Fascinating History of Kare-kare |url=https://esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fascinating-history-of-kare-kare-a2386-20190802-lfrm2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213124006/https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fascinating-history-of-kare-kare-a2386-20190802-lfrm2 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2020 |website=Esquiremag.ph}}</ref> Kayan abinci na yau da kullun na Indonesiya sun haɗa da gado-gado, ''pecel'', ''[[karedok]]'', da ''ketoprak'', salads na kayan lambu da aka gauraya da soyawa da man gyada, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=Mengulas Seputar Sejarah "Ketoprak" |url=https://kumparan.com/hijab-lifestyle/mengulas-seputar-sejarah-ketoprak-1534748596668444824 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020151916/https://kumparan.com/hijab-lifestyle/mengulas-seputar-sejarah-ketoprak-1534748596668444824 |archive-date=2019-10-20 |access-date=2019-10-20 |publisher=kumparan.com}}</ref> da kuma soya naman alade, ''satay''.<ref name="Sejarah Sate yang Mendunia: Dari India, Tiongkok, atau Asli Indonesia?">{{Cite web |title=Sejarah Sate yang Mendunia: Dari India, Tiongkok, atau Asli Indonesia? |url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/133825378/sejarah-sate-yang-mendunia-dari-india-tiongkok-atau-asli-indonesia?page=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211141850/https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/133825378/sejarah-sate-yang-mendunia-dari-india-tiongkok-atau-asli-indonesia?page=all |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic Indonesia |language=Indonesian}}</ref> === Yankin Indiya === [[File:Boiled_Groundnut.jpg|thumb|Kayan da aka dafa a Indiya]] A cikin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]], ana yin peanuts a cikin chikki, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana, ta hanyar sarrafawa tare da sukari mai tsabta da Jaggery. Abinci na Indiya yana amfani da naman alade da aka gasa, don ba da jiki mai laushi ga salads; ana ƙara su gaba ɗaya zuwa kayan lambu da shinkafa saboda wannan dalili. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Anjum |title=Chopped salad with peanuts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/choppedsaladwithpean_86558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906022628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/choppedsaladwithpean_86558 |archive-date=September 6, 2024 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=BBC Food}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Peanut Stew |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/69999/indian-peanut-stew/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630010730/https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/69999/indian-peanut-stew/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=All Recipes}}</ref> A Kudancin Indiya, ana cin naman alade Chutney tare da Dosas da idli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2022 |title=Peanut Chutney |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/peanut-chutney-groundnut-chutney-recipe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211125749/https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/peanut-chutney-groundnut-chutney-recipe/ |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=Swasthi's Recipes}}</ref> Ana amfani da gyada a matsayin dandano a cikin shinkafa tamarind.<ref name="indianhealthyrecipes">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2026 |title=How to make pulihora (chintapandu pulihora) |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/pulihora-recipe-andhra-pulihora/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407081124/https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/pulihora-recipe-andhra-pulihora/ |archive-date=April 7, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=Swasthi's Recipes}}</ref> === Yammacin Afirka === Ana amfani da gyada a cikin naman miya na [[Abincin Mali|Malian]]. A Ghana, ana amfani da man gyada don miya na man gyada ''nkate nkwan'' . Hakanan ana iya amfani da gyada da aka niƙa don [[Nkatie|kek na nkatie]] da ''[[Ƙuli-ƙuli|kuli-kuli]]'', da sauran abinci na gida kamar [[Kayan abinci na Ghana|''oto'']].<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine" /> === Gabashin Afirka === Peanuts wani abu ne na yau da kullun na kayan abinci da yawa (abincin da ke tare da ''[[Ugali|nshima]]'') da aka ci a [[Malawi]], da kuma gabashin [[Zambiya|Zambia]], kuma waɗannan jita-jita sun zama ruwan dare a duk ƙasashe biyu. Ana yin suya mai laushi a [[Uganda]] don ba da shinkafa da sauran abinci masu tsami. Groundnut stew, wanda ake kira ''ebinyebwa'' a Uganda, ana yin sa ne ta hanyar tafasa gari na gyada tare da wasu sinadaran, kamar kabewa, ƙwai, busassun kifi, nama ko kayan lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2008 |title=Ebinyebwa; a tale of the Ugandan groundnut stew |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/-/1370466/1381822/-/uj1i9az/-/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227070055/http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/-/1370466/1381822/-/uj1i9az/-/index.html |archive-date=December 27, 2015 |access-date=December 28, 2015 |website=monitor.co.ug |publisher=Daily Monitor |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === [[File:Roasted_Peanuts_(2019).jpg|thumb|Kayan kwalliya da aka dafa]] Jihar Georgia ta jagoranci Amurka a cikin samar da gyada, tare da kashi 49 cikin dari na gonar gyada da fitarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2014, manoma sun noma kadada 591,000 na peanuts, suna samar da fam biliyan 2.4. Mafi shahararren manomi na gyada shine [[Jimmy Carter]] na Sumter County, Jojiya, wanda ya zama shugaban Amurka a shekarar 1977. A Amurka da Kanada, ana amfani da gyada a cikin sukari, kek, da kukis. Ana cin su a bushe ko ba tare da gishiri ba. Kashi casa'in da biyar na 'yan Kanada suna cinye su, tare da matsakaicin amfani da (6 + 1⁄2 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara, yayin da kashi 79% na' yan Kanada ke cin gyada a kowane mako.<ref name="pbc">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Peanuts in Canada |url=http://www.peanutbureau.ca/all-about-peanuts/peanuts-in-canada.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207015440/http://www.peanutbureau.ca/all-about-peanuts/peanuts-in-canada.html |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |website=peanutbureau.ca |publisher=Peanut Bureau of Canada}}</ref> {{Convert|3|kg|lb}}A Amurka, kayan gyada suna da mahimmanci a cikin abinci, kuma ana ɗaukar su azaman abinci na ta'aziyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez-Carter |first=Karina |date=February 14, 2014 |title=As American as peanut butter |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/american-peanut-butter-73234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013746/https://psmag.com/social-justice/american-peanut-butter-73234 |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |website=psmag.com |publisher=Pacific Standard}}</ref> miyan man gyadayana wakiltar rabin amfani da Amurka da dala miliyan 850 a cikin tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara.<ref name="npb">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=History of Peanuts & Peanut Butter |url=http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/history-peanuts-peanut-butter.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207012554/http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/history-peanuts-peanut-butter.htm |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |website=nationalpeanutboard.org |publisher=US National Peanut Board}}</ref> Ana samun miya a cikin abinci a jihohin kudu maso gabashin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=The history of peanut soup |url=https://thevirginiamarketplace.blogspot.ca/2012/09/peanut-soup-mix-considered-asouthern.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013627/http://thevirginiamarketplace.blogspot.ca/2012/09/peanut-soup-mix-considered-asouthern.html |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |publisher=The Virginia Marketplace}}</ref> A kudancin Amurka, ana dafa gyada na sa'o'i da yawa har sai sunyilaushi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=16 Fun Facts about Peanuts & Peanut Butter; Number 13 |url=http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/fun-facts.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123140938/http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/fun-facts.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |website=nationalpeanutboard.org |publisher=US National Peanut Board}}</ref> Ana iya dafa gyada sosai, wani lokacin a cikin kwalba. Kowane mutum, Amurkawa suna cin {{Convert|6|lb|kg}} kg (6 na kayan gyada a kowace shekara, a farashin sayarwa na dala biliyan 2.<ref name="npb" /> == Dubi kuma ==    == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Ƙarin karantawa == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Peanuts". ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''; 49% na amfanin gona na man shanu na Amurka ana shuka shi a jihar Georgia. * [Hasiya] (2015). [[iarchive:foodsthatchanged0000cumo|''Abinci da ya canza Tarihi: Yadda Abinci ya tsara wayewa daga Dā zuwa Yau'']]. Gaskiya a cikin Fayil. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] "Tushen da tarihin groundnut" a cikin The groundnut crop: tushen kimiyya don ingantawa. Springer Netherlands. shafi na 24-42. * Hughes, Meredith Sayles (1999). Sanya wake kuma ya wuce peanuts: Legumes. Lerner * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [[iarchive:tomatoespotatoes00john|''Tomatoes, Potatoes, Masara, da Beans: Yadda Abinci na Amurka ya Canja Cin abinci a Duniya'']]. Littattafan Atheneum. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] Creamy da Crunchy: Tarihin Ba da izini na Peanut Butter, Abinci na Amurka. Columbia University Press. * Singh, B., da U. Singh (1991). "Ma'adinai a matsayin Tushen Protein don Abinci na Mutum". ''Abinci na Shuka don Abinci na Mutum'' 41:165-177. * Skolnick, Helen S., da sauransu (2001). [https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/sb397b298 "Tarihin Halitta na Rashin Rashin Ruwa"]. ''Jaridar Allergy da Clinical Immunology'' . 107.2:367–374. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Peanuts: Tarihin Mai Girma na Goober Pea . Jami'ar Illinois Press. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Shuka mai laushi: Tushen Kimiyya don Ingantawa''. Chapman da Hall. * Ofishin Tattalin Arziki na Amurka (1947). [[iarchive:peanutsinsouther65unit/page/n2/mode/1up|''Peanuts a cikin Aikin Gona na Kudancin'']]. * Variath, Murali T., da P. Janila (2017). [https://oar.icrisat.org/10492/1/Economic%20and%20Academic%20Importance.pdf "Matsayin Tattalin Arziki da Ilimi na Man shanu"]. The Peanut Genome shafi na 7-26. == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hia7v5z2zg9z8nhbdkzkcef4e3i57dy Sallar Idi Babba 0 8822 967162 889784 2026-10-13T13:07:13Z Nura Bello 24854 967162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 060 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Girls from a girls' school in green clothes (uniform) in a group between poles.jpg|thumb|Shagulgulan sallah]] [[Fayil:SHOLAT IDUL FITRI - DONI SAPUTRA.jpg|thumb]] '''Sallar Layya''', '''Babbar Sallah''', '''Eid al-Adha''' (larabci-ar|عيد الأضحى|ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā|lit da turanci ''Feast of the Sacrifice''), kuma ana kiranta da "'''Sallar Yanka/Sallar yin layya'''", ta kasance biki ne na biyu da musulmai ke gudanarwa a duk faɗin duniya a kowace shekara, ɗayan bikin itace [[Sallar Idi Karam]], wasu na ganin wannan babbar tafi daraja da falala a cikin biyun. Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala, ya karrama [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (A.S), bayan ya miƙa wuya agare shi a kan yarda da yanka ɗansa [[Annabi Ismail]] (A.S) domin bin umurnin da Allah Ya buƙace shi yayi. Amma kafin [[Annabi Ibrahim]] ya yanka ɗan sa, sai Allah ya aiko da babban rago ya zama fansa ga Isma'il, sanadiyar haka ne ake yin yanka kuma ake raba naman gida uku, kaso daya, sadaka ga mabuƙata, na biyu a raba wa ƴan'uwa, na uku wanda yayi layyar ya ci da iyalansa. [[File:Sallah Durba 2014.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan Sallah]] A kalandar musulunci [[Islamic calendar|'Islamic lunar calendar']]. Ana so a canja hanya a yayin da mutum ke dawowa daga Sallar idi, wato a canza hanyar da aka bi zuwa sallar idin ya yin dawowa. ==Ranar Sallah== Sallar tana zuwa ne a kowane goma (10th) na watan [[Dhu al-Hijjah]].A kuma kalandar duniya ta girigori ranar na canjawa a dukkanin shekara zuwa shekara, ta hanyar rage kwanaki goma sha daya (11) daga ta Hijira. [[File:Eid at nigeria.jpg|thumb|Yawon sallah]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 053 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. A praying group in white and light blue outside on a square in front of the Hadji Palace.jpg|thumb|Arfa]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 050 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Order keepers in red-green-white clothing standing in front of a seated group outside.tif|thumb|masallacin idi]] [[File:Ram closeup.jpg|thumb|224x224px|ragon layya]] [[File:Eid Prayer Dhaka 1965.jpg|thumb|Hoton Yadda ake gudanar da sallar eid a fili]] [[File:Eid al-Fitr, Bandar Abbas - 2019 04.jpg|thumb|liyafar ranar sallah]] [[File:Camel market at Daraw in 2017, photo by Hatem moushir 22.jpg|thumb|hotln rakumi ya kwanta]] [[File:Goat & cow.jpg|thumb|tohon rago DA akuya]] '''Babbar sallah''' Rana ce mai dimbin tarihi a duniyar musulunci da misulmai wadda take zuwa bayan an yi sallah karama da wata 2 da kwanaki 10. Ranar babbar sallah rana ce wadda dimbin miliyoyin musulmin ke fitowa su je filin idi domin su hallarci sallar nafila raka'a biyu domin nuna godiya ga mahaliccinsu da nuna murnarsu a gare shi da ya ba su damar halattar wannan rana a tarihin rayuwarsu, a wannan ranar ana yanka abun layya abun da ya sawwaqa ga mutum daga rago, [[tunkiya]], [[bunsuru]], [[akuya]], [[saniya|sa]], [[shanu]], [[shanuwa]], [[rakumi]] amale, [[rakuma]]. Wadannan sune jinsin dabbobin wadanda ake layya dasu kuma [[rogo]] ya fi kowane daraja haka rakuma tafi kowannen su karancin daraja wato itace mai daraja ta can kasar. Akanko mutum ya yanka abun layyar sa ya Ciro wasu sassa acikin[[dabba]]</nowiki>r yafi kamar yadda sunnar manzon Allah (s.a.w) ta nuna. Yin layyar bin sunnar baban annabawane wato [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (a.s) kuma bin KO cika umarnin Allah be inda yake cewa " kayi sallah ga ubangijinka kuma kayi sukar rakumi (wato layyar). Ba'a siyarda manan layya haramunne wanda ya siyar yayi laifi agun Allah, domin Anaso awadatar DA kowa Ba anyi layya sai a rarraba wa mafi kusanci daman layyar musamman makwafta DA makusanta, domin wanda bayadashi yasamu domin ba'abakin cikin awannanan ranar Anaso kowa yaiyita nishidi DA wallala. A ranar babbar sallah akanje ziyara ta musamman ga makusanta DA makwafta domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana me matuqar girman daraja kamar yadda ake aiwatar a ranar karamar sallah. Wannan yawon yafi kebantuwa ga YARA DA wasu daga iyayen YARA musamman sabbin aure zuwa gidajen iyayensu domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana, haka amatayinka na wanda aka ziyarta yanada matukar kyau kabada barka da sallah (wato wani Dan ihsani na [[kidi]], [[nama]], [[cincin]], [[dabino]], ds-ds). Bayan ka zuba [[abinci]] sunci sunkoshi sai ayimusu wannan ihsani. Gudanar da bikin sallah babba ya banbanta kowacce kasar DA kuma kowacce al'adar DA yadda take aiwata danata bikin sallah baba DA karama, ya danganta DA yanayin al'adarsu. <ref>{{site news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121026_eid_animals_market_gallery|date=26 October2012|accessdate=18 July2021|publishers=BBC Hausa|tittle=Babbar Sallah: Kasuwannin dabbobi na wucin gadi a Najeriya}}</ref> == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |title=Prayer, henna, charity: Eid al-Adha traditions around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/24/eid-traditions-around-the-world |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === A cikin ƙasashen Afirka, ana ba da kyauta tsakanin abokai kuma ana gayyatar dangi zuwa bukukuwa. Duk da yake al'adu sun bambanta, mahimman dabi'un bikin sun kasance iri ɗaya. Wadannan dabi'u suna ba da, bukukuwa, iyali, da kuma ba da bukukuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid ul-Adha Traditions Around the World &#124; Penny Appeal |url=https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421103115/https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sallar Layya}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category: Bukukuwan addini]] jjb7z0x9cjigg6n1px2jbeeutmerb3r 967169 967162 2026-10-13T13:27:34Z Nura Bello 24854 967169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 060 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Girls from a girls' school in green clothes (uniform) in a group between poles.jpg|thumb|Shagulgulan sallah]] [[Fayil:SHOLAT IDUL FITRI - DONI SAPUTRA.jpg|thumb]] '''Sallar Layya''', '''Babbar Sallah''', '''Eid al-Adha''' (larabci-ar|عيد الأضحى|ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā|lit da turanci ''Feast of the Sacrifice''), kuma ana kiranta da "'''Sallar Yanka/Sallar yin layya'''", ta kasance biki ne na biyu da musulmai ke gudanarwa a duk faɗin duniya a kowace shekara, ɗayan bikin itace [[Sallar Idi Karam]], wasu na ganin wannan babbar tafi daraja da falala a cikin biyun. Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala, ya karrama [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (A.S), bayan ya miƙa wuya agare shi a kan yarda da yanka ɗansa [[Annabi Ismail]] (A.S) domin bin umurnin da Allah Ya buƙace shi yayi. Amma kafin [[Annabi Ibrahim]] ya yanka ɗan sa, sai Allah ya aiko mala'ika da babban rago ya zama fansa ga Isma'il, sanadiyar haka ne ake yin yanka kuma ake raba naman gida uku, kaso daya, sadaka ga mabuƙata, na biyu a raba wa ƴan'uwa, na uku wanda yayi layyar ya ci da iyalansa. [[File:Sallah Durba 2014.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan Sallah]] A kalandar musulunci [[Islamic calendar|'Islamic lunar calendar']]. Ana so a canja hanya a yayin da mutum ke dawowa daga Sallar idi, wato a canza hanyar da aka bi zuwa sallar idin ya yin dawowa. ==Ranar Sallah== Sallar tana zuwa ne a kowane goma (10th) na watan [[Dhu al-Hijjah]].A kuma kalandar duniya ta girigori ranar na canjawa a dukkanin shekara zuwa shekara, ta hanyar rage kwanaki goma sha daya (11) daga ta Hijira. [[File:Eid at nigeria.jpg|thumb|Yawon sallah]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 053 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. A praying group in white and light blue outside on a square in front of the Hadji Palace.jpg|thumb|Arfa]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 050 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Order keepers in red-green-white clothing standing in front of a seated group outside.tif|thumb|masallacin idi]] [[File:Ram closeup.jpg|thumb|224x224px|ragon layya]] [[File:Eid Prayer Dhaka 1965.jpg|thumb|Hoton Yadda ake gudanar da sallar eid a fili]] [[File:Eid al-Fitr, Bandar Abbas - 2019 04.jpg|thumb|liyafar ranar sallah]] [[File:Camel market at Daraw in 2017, photo by Hatem moushir 22.jpg|thumb|hotln rakumi ya kwanta]] [[File:Goat & cow.jpg|thumb|tohon rago DA akuya]] '''Babbar sallah''' Rana ce mai dimbin tarihi a duniyar musulunci da misulmai wadda take zuwa bayan an yi sallah karama da wata 2 da kwanaki 10. Ranar babbar sallah rana ce wadda dimbin miliyoyin musulmin ke fitowa su je filin idi domin su hallarci sallar nafila raka'a biyu domin nuna godiya ga mahaliccinsu da nuna murnarsu a gare shi da ya ba su damar halattar wannan rana a tarihin rayuwarsu, a wannan ranar ana yanka abun layya abun da ya sawwaqa ga mutum daga rago, [[tunkiya]], [[bunsuru]], [[akuya]], [[saniya|sa]], [[shanu]], [[shanuwa]], [[rakumi]] amale, [[rakuma]]. Wadannan sune jinsin dabbobin wadanda ake layya dasu kuma [[rogo]] ya fi kowane daraja haka rakuma tafi kowannen su karancin daraja wato itace mai daraja ta can kasar. Akanko mutum ya yanka abun layyar sa ya Ciro wasu sassa acikin[[dabba]]</nowiki>r yafi kamar yadda sunnar manzon Allah (s.a.w) ta nuna. Yin layyar bin sunnar baban annabawane wato [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (a.s) kuma bin KO cika umarnin Allah be inda yake cewa " kayi sallah ga ubangijinka kuma kayi sukar rakumi (wato layyar). Ba'a siyarda manan layya haramunne wanda ya siyar yayi laifi agun Allah, domin Anaso awadatar DA kowa Ba anyi layya sai a rarraba wa mafi kusanci daman layyar musamman makwafta DA makusanta, domin wanda bayadashi yasamu domin ba'abakin cikin awannanan ranar Anaso kowa yaiyita nishidi DA wallala. A ranar babbar sallah akanje ziyara ta musamman ga makusanta DA makwafta domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana me matuqar girman daraja kamar yadda ake aiwatar a ranar karamar sallah. Wannan yawon yafi kebantuwa ga YARA DA wasu daga iyayen YARA musamman sabbin aure zuwa gidajen iyayensu domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana, haka amatayinka na wanda aka ziyarta yanada matukar kyau kabada barka da sallah (wato wani Dan ihsani na [[kidi]], [[nama]], [[cincin]], [[dabino]], ds-ds). Bayan ka zuba [[abinci]] sunci sunkoshi sai ayimusu wannan ihsani. Gudanar da bikin sallah babba ya banbanta kowacce kasar DA kuma kowacce al'adar DA yadda take aiwata danata bikin sallah baba DA karama, ya danganta DA yanayin al'adarsu. <ref>{{site news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121026_eid_animals_market_gallery|date=26 October2012|accessdate=18 July2021|publishers=BBC Hausa|tittle=Babbar Sallah: Kasuwannin dabbobi na wucin gadi a Najeriya}}</ref> == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |title=Prayer, henna, charity: Eid al-Adha traditions around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/24/eid-traditions-around-the-world |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === A cikin ƙasashen Afirka, ana ba da kyauta tsakanin abokai kuma ana gayyatar dangi zuwa bukukuwa. Duk da yake al'adu sun bambanta, mahimman dabi'un bikin sun kasance iri ɗaya. Wadannan dabi'u suna ba da, bukukuwa, iyali, da kuma ba da bukukuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid ul-Adha Traditions Around the World &#124; Penny Appeal |url=https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421103115/https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sallar Layya}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category: Bukukuwan addini]] kx7b3rsc5rkq8nzj5u318p6dsg7jtve 967170 967169 2026-10-13T13:28:27Z Nura Bello 24854 967170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 060 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Girls from a girls' school in green clothes (uniform) in a group between poles.jpg|thumb|Shagulgulan sallah]] [[Fayil:SHOLAT IDUL FITRI - DONI SAPUTRA.jpg|thumb]] '''Sallar Layya''', '''Babbar Sallah''', '''Eid al-Adha''' (larabci-ar|عيد الأضحى|ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā|lit da turanci ''Feast of the Sacrifice''), kuma ana kiranta da "'''Sallar Yanka/Sallar yin layya'''", ta kasance biki ne na biyu da musulmai ke gudanarwa a duk faɗin duniya a kowace shekara, ɗayan bikin itace [[Sallar Idi Karam]], wasu na ganin wannan babbar tafi daraja da falala a cikin biyun. Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala, ya karrama [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (A.S), bayan ya miƙa wuya agare shi a kan yarda da yanka ɗansa [[Annabi Ismail]] (A.S) domin bin umurnin da Allah Ya buƙace shi yayi. Amma kafin [[Annabi Ibrahim]] ya yanka ɗan sa, sai Allah ya aiko mala'ika da babban rago ya zama fansa ga Isma'il, sanadiyar haka ne ake yin yanka kuma ake raba naman gida uku, kaso na daya, sadaka ga mabuƙata, na biyu a raba wa ƴan'uwa, na uku wanda yayi layyar ya ci da iyalansa. [[File:Sallah Durba 2014.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan Sallah]] A kalandar musulunci [[Islamic calendar|'Islamic lunar calendar']]. Ana so a canja hanya a yayin da mutum ke dawowa daga Sallar idi, wato a canza hanyar da aka bi zuwa sallar idin ya yin dawowa. ==Ranar Sallah== Sallar tana zuwa ne a kowane goma (10th) na watan [[Dhu al-Hijjah]].A kuma kalandar duniya ta girigori ranar na canjawa a dukkanin shekara zuwa shekara, ta hanyar rage kwanaki goma sha daya (11) daga ta Hijira. [[File:Eid at nigeria.jpg|thumb|Yawon sallah]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 053 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. A praying group in white and light blue outside on a square in front of the Hadji Palace.jpg|thumb|Arfa]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 050 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Order keepers in red-green-white clothing standing in front of a seated group outside.tif|thumb|masallacin idi]] [[File:Ram closeup.jpg|thumb|224x224px|ragon layya]] [[File:Eid Prayer Dhaka 1965.jpg|thumb|Hoton Yadda ake gudanar da sallar eid a fili]] [[File:Eid al-Fitr, Bandar Abbas - 2019 04.jpg|thumb|liyafar ranar sallah]] [[File:Camel market at Daraw in 2017, photo by Hatem moushir 22.jpg|thumb|hotln rakumi ya kwanta]] [[File:Goat & cow.jpg|thumb|tohon rago DA akuya]] '''Babbar sallah''' Rana ce mai dimbin tarihi a duniyar musulunci da misulmai wadda take zuwa bayan an yi sallah karama da wata 2 da kwanaki 10. Ranar babbar sallah rana ce wadda dimbin miliyoyin musulmin ke fitowa su je filin idi domin su hallarci sallar nafila raka'a biyu domin nuna godiya ga mahaliccinsu da nuna murnarsu a gare shi da ya ba su damar halattar wannan rana a tarihin rayuwarsu, a wannan ranar ana yanka abun layya abun da ya sawwaqa ga mutum daga rago, [[tunkiya]], [[bunsuru]], [[akuya]], [[saniya|sa]], [[shanu]], [[shanuwa]], [[rakumi]] amale, [[rakuma]]. Wadannan sune jinsin dabbobin wadanda ake layya dasu kuma [[rogo]] ya fi kowane daraja haka rakuma tafi kowannen su karancin daraja wato itace mai daraja ta can kasar. Akanko mutum ya yanka abun layyar sa ya Ciro wasu sassa acikin[[dabba]]</nowiki>r yafi kamar yadda sunnar manzon Allah (s.a.w) ta nuna. Yin layyar bin sunnar baban annabawane wato [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (a.s) kuma bin KO cika umarnin Allah be inda yake cewa " kayi sallah ga ubangijinka kuma kayi sukar rakumi (wato layyar). Ba'a siyarda manan layya haramunne wanda ya siyar yayi laifi agun Allah, domin Anaso awadatar DA kowa Ba anyi layya sai a rarraba wa mafi kusanci daman layyar musamman makwafta DA makusanta, domin wanda bayadashi yasamu domin ba'abakin cikin awannanan ranar Anaso kowa yaiyita nishidi DA wallala. A ranar babbar sallah akanje ziyara ta musamman ga makusanta DA makwafta domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana me matuqar girman daraja kamar yadda ake aiwatar a ranar karamar sallah. Wannan yawon yafi kebantuwa ga YARA DA wasu daga iyayen YARA musamman sabbin aure zuwa gidajen iyayensu domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana, haka amatayinka na wanda aka ziyarta yanada matukar kyau kabada barka da sallah (wato wani Dan ihsani na [[kidi]], [[nama]], [[cincin]], [[dabino]], ds-ds). Bayan ka zuba [[abinci]] sunci sunkoshi sai ayimusu wannan ihsani. Gudanar da bikin sallah babba ya banbanta kowacce kasar DA kuma kowacce al'adar DA yadda take aiwata danata bikin sallah baba DA karama, ya danganta DA yanayin al'adarsu. <ref>{{site news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121026_eid_animals_market_gallery|date=26 October2012|accessdate=18 July2021|publishers=BBC Hausa|tittle=Babbar Sallah: Kasuwannin dabbobi na wucin gadi a Najeriya}}</ref> == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |title=Prayer, henna, charity: Eid al-Adha traditions around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/24/eid-traditions-around-the-world |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === A cikin ƙasashen Afirka, ana ba da kyauta tsakanin abokai kuma ana gayyatar dangi zuwa bukukuwa. Duk da yake al'adu sun bambanta, mahimman dabi'un bikin sun kasance iri ɗaya. Wadannan dabi'u suna ba da, bukukuwa, iyali, da kuma ba da bukukuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid ul-Adha Traditions Around the World &#124; Penny Appeal |url=https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421103115/https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sallar Layya}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category: Bukukuwan addini]] 89w0reu7b5ifpjze3k9c2a19zxyrgt6 967173 967170 2026-10-13T13:38:52Z Nura Bello 24854 967173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 060 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Girls from a girls' school in green clothes (uniform) in a group between poles.jpg|thumb|Shagulgulan sallah]] [[Fayil:SHOLAT IDUL FITRI - DONI SAPUTRA.jpg|thumb]] '''Sallar Layya''', '''Babbar Sallah''', '''Eid al-Adha''' (larabci-ar|عيد الأضحى|ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā|lit da turanci ''Feast of the Sacrifice''), kuma ana kiranta da "'''Sallar Yanka/Sallar yin layya'''", ta kasance biki ne na biyu da musulmai ke gudanarwa a duk faɗin duniya a kowace shekara, ɗayan bikin itace [[Sallar Idi Karam]], wasu na ganin wannan babbar tafi daraja da falala a cikin biyun. Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala, ya karrama [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (A.S), bayan ya miƙa wuya agare shi a kan yarda da yanka ɗansa [[Annabi Ismail]] (A.S) domin bin umurnin da Allah Ya buƙace shi yayi. Amma kafin [[Annabi Ibrahim]] ya yanka ɗan sa, sai Allah ya aiko mala'ika da babban rago ya zama fansa ga Isma'il, sanadiyar haka ne ake yin yanka kuma ake raba naman gida uku, kaso na daya, sadaka ga mabuƙata, na biyu a raba wa ƴan'uwa, na uku wanda yayi layyar ya ci da iyalansa. [[File:Sallah Durba 2014.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan Sallah]] A kalandar musulunci [[Islamic calendar|'Islamic lunar calendar']]. Ana so a canja hanya a yayin da mutum ke dawowa daga Sallar idi, wato a canza hanyar da aka bi zuwa sallar idin ya yin dawowa. ==Ranar Sallah== Sallar tana zuwa ne a kowane goma (10th) na watan [[Dhu al-Hijjah]].A kuma kalandar duniya ta girigori ranar na canjawa a dukkanin shekara zuwa shekara, ta hanyar rage kwanaki goma sha daya (11) daga ta Hijira. [[File:Eid at nigeria.jpg|thumb|Yawon sallah]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 053 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. A praying group in white and light blue outside on a square in front of the Hadji Palace.jpg|thumb|Arfa]] [[File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 050 Sallah festivities in Bauchi. Order keepers in red-green-white clothing standing in front of a seated group outside.tif|thumb|masallacin idi]] [[File:Ram closeup.jpg|thumb|224x224px|ragon layya]] [[File:Eid Prayer Dhaka 1965.jpg|thumb|Hoton Yadda ake gudanar da sallar eid a fili]] [[File:Eid al-Fitr, Bandar Abbas - 2019 04.jpg|thumb|liyafar ranar sallah]] [[File:Camel market at Daraw in 2017, photo by Hatem moushir 22.jpg|thumb|hotln rakumi ya kwanta]] [[File:Goat & cow.jpg|thumb|tohon rago DA akuya]] '''Babbar sallah''' Rana ce mai dimbin tarihi a duniyar musulunci da misulmai wadda take zuwa bayan an yi sallah karama da wata 2 da kwanaki 10. Ranar babbar sallah rana ce wadda dimbin miliyoyin musulmin Duniya ke fitowa su je filin idi domin su hallarci sallar nafila raka'a biyu domin nuna godiya ga mahaliccinsu da nuna murnarsu a gare shi da ya ba su damar halattar wannan rana a tarihin rayuwarsu, a wannan ranar ana yanka abun layya abun da ya sawwaqa ga mutum daga rago, [[tunkiya]], [[bunsuru]], [[akuya]], [[saniya|sa]], [[shanu]], [[shanuwa]], [[rakumi]] amale, [[rakuma]]. Wadannan sune jinsin dabbobin wadanda ake layya dasu kuma [[rogo]] ya fi kowane daraja haka rakuma tafi kowannen su karancin daraja wato itace mai daraja ta can kasar. Akanko mutum ya yanka abun layyar sa ya Ciro wasu sassa acikin[[dabba]]</nowiki>r yafi kamar yadda sunnar manzon Allah (s.a.w) ta nuna. Yin layyar bin sunnar baban annabawane wato [[Annabi Ibrahim]] (a.s) kuma bin KO cika umarnin Allah be inda yake cewa " kayi sallah ga ubangijinka kuma kayi sukar rakumi (wato layyar). Ba'a siyarda manan layya haramunne wanda ya siyar yayi laifi agun Allah, domin Anaso awadatar DA kowa Ba anyi layya sai a rarraba wa mafi kusanci daman layyar musamman makwafta DA makusanta, domin wanda bayadashi yasamu domin ba'abakin cikin awannanan ranar Anaso kowa yaiyita nishidi DA wallala. A ranar babbar sallah akanje ziyara ta musamman ga makusanta DA makwafta domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana me matuqar girman daraja kamar yadda ake aiwatar a ranar karamar sallah. Wannan yawon yafi kebantuwa ga YARA DA wasu daga iyayen YARA musamman sabbin aure zuwa gidajen iyayensu domin tayasu murnar wannan Rana, haka amatayinka na wanda aka ziyarta yanada matukar kyau kabada barka da sallah (wato wani Dan ihsani na [[kidi]], [[nama]], [[cincin]], [[dabino]], ds-ds). Bayan ka zuba [[abinci]] sunci sunkoshi sai ayimusu wannan ihsani. Gudanar da bikin sallah babba ya banbanta kowacce kasar DA kuma kowacce al'adar DA yadda take aiwata danata bikin sallah baba DA karama, ya danganta DA yanayin al'adarsu. <ref>{{site news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121026_eid_animals_market_gallery|date=26 October2012|accessdate=18 July2021|publishers=BBC Hausa|tittle=Babbar Sallah: Kasuwannin dabbobi na wucin gadi a Najeriya}}</ref> == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === == Traditions around the world == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Hatnote|For the Eid after Ramadan, see [[Eid al-Fitr]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bangladesh === [[Fayil:জাতীয়_ঈদগাহ_ময়দান.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Eidgah na kasa da aka yi wa ado don [[Sallar Eid|Addu'ar Eid]]]] Eid al-Adha (: ঈদুল আযহা, Īdul Āzhā) an fi sani da ''Korbanir Eid'' (Bengal:__hau____hau____hau__ Kōrbānir Īd, lit. 'Eid of sacrifice') ko ''Bakri Eid'' (Dengali: বকরি ঈ, romaniised: Bô Īd,lit. 'Ead of the goat') tsakanin 'Benglishers. [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]] tana yanka mafi yawan dabbobi a kowace shekara a lokacin Eid al-Adha, kimantawa sun nuna kimanin dabbobi miliyan 13 ana yanka su a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Impact of Eid al-Adha Celebrations - Switas Consultancy |url=https://www.switas.com/articles/the-global-impact-of-eid-al-adha-celebrations#:~:text=The%20Scale%20of%20Sacrifice,Impact%20on%20Global%20Animal%20Populations |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Switas.com |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Farawa daga ranar farko ta Dhul-Hijjah, kasuwannin [[Handesh|''hannu'']] na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da haat sun fara bayyana a duk faɗin Bangladesh. Dabbobi ana yin ado da su da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=The Culture of Eid al-Adha in Bangladesh - |url=https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=bangladeshwonders.com |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114534/https://bangladeshwonders.com/the-culture-of-eid-al-adha-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu aiki a [[Dhaka]] kuma suna komawa garuruwansu don yin bikin. Ana cin abincin nama na gargajiya [[Bangladeshis|'Yan Bangladesh]] kamar [[Kala bhuna|''kala bhuna'']], ''chui jhal'', ''Kasir rezala'' da [[Qorma|kwanakin]] tare da [[Pilaf|''pulao'']] ko rotis, wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa, ko [[Pitha|''pithas'']] kamar chitoi da soi pitha. A [[Sylhet]], ana ba da [[Nunor Bora|''nunor bora'']] da handesh a matsayin kayan lambu a lokacin shayi ko Addes. === Pakistan === A duk duniya, ana bin al'adu daban-daban a kan Eid al-Adha . A Pakistan, yin amfani da henna sanannen al'ada ce tsakanin mata.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |title=Prayer, henna, charity: Eid al-Adha traditions around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/24/eid-traditions-around-the-world |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Yara a Pakistan suna karɓar Eidi, wanda shine kuɗi da kyaututtuka da aka ba daga dattawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid in Pakistan: Traditions, Celebrations, and Unity-Citadel 7 |url=https://chakorventures.com/blog/eid-in-pakistan-traditions-celebrations-and-unity-citadel-7/}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana yin kayan zaki na gargajiya.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> === Afirka === A cikin ƙasashen Afirka, ana ba da kyauta tsakanin abokai kuma ana gayyatar dangi zuwa bukukuwa. Duk da yake al'adu sun bambanta, mahimman dabi'un bikin sun kasance iri ɗaya. Wadannan dabi'u suna ba da, bukukuwa, iyali, da kuma ba da bukukuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid ul-Adha Traditions Around the World &#124; Penny Appeal |url=https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421103115/https://pennyappeal.org/news/celebrating-eid-ul-adha-traditions-around-world |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sallar Layya}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category: Bukukuwan addini]] i56n21x2c2wxzdnfzrqtqso10cahnq0 Ibi (Nijeriya) 0 10101 967182 966911 2026-10-13T14:03:54Z DanJuuma 14836 /* Tarihi */ 967182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ibi Ravine.jpg|thumb|Teku]] [[Fayil:Ibi (Alicante).JPG|thumb|ibi]] '''Ibi''' gari ne da kuma gundumar gudanarwa da ke a Jihar [[Taraba]], [[Najeriya]]. Garin yana gefen kudancin '''Kogin Benuwai''',a daidai inda ƙaramin '''Kogin Shemankar''' yake haɗuwa da shi. Kogin Taraba da [[Kogin Donga]] su ma suna kwarara zuwa Kogin Benuwai a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Ibi. '''Ibi''' na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 da ke Jihar Taraba. Shugaban da aka zaɓa ne ke jagorantar ƙaramar hukumar. Ƙaramar Hukumar Ibi tana da unguwanni guda 10, waɗanda suka haɗa da: Dampar I Dampar II Dampar III Ibi Nwonyo I Ibi Nwonyo II Ibi Rimi Uku I Ibi Rimi Uku II Sarkin Kudu I Sarkin Kudu II Sarkin Kudu III == Tarihi == Ibi tana a wurin da tsohuwar hanyar kasuwanci ta ƙasa daga gabashin ƙasar Igbo take haɗuwa da hanyar kasuwanci ta ruwa da ke kan Kogin Benue. Garin gida ne ga al’ummomin Jukun Wanu da Wurbo, waɗanda mafi yawansu masunta ne, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a gefen kogin da kuma yankunan da ke sama da rafin. A shekarar 1899, Kamfanin Niger (Niger Company) ya kafa tashar kasuwanci a Ibi. Zuwa shekarar 1901 kuma, an riga an samar da hanyar sadarwar telegraph wadda ta haɗa garin da Lokoja.<ref name="Duggan2">Duggan, E. de C. (1922) "The Cotton Growing Industry of Nigeria" ''African Affairs'' 21(83): pp. 199-207, p. 203</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] nqeyabprjanel550vo6wqsz7qaxqzwv Kudi 0 12467 967465 967091 2026-10-14T08:47:18Z PJ Geest 17703 Replace raster graph with SVG reconstruction: Markowitz frontier.svg 967465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Kuɗi|kudi]]''' yana nufin gudanarwa, motsi, saka hannun jari, da tara [[kuɗi]]. "[[Finance]]" kuma yana nufin horo na ilimi wanda ke nazarin waɗannan. Dangane da girman ayyukan kudi, ana iya raba horo zuwa manyan rassa guda uku na mutum, kamfanoni, da na jama'a.{{Efn|The following are definitions of 'finance' offered by the authors indicated: * [https://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eugene.fama/research/Theory%20of%20Finance/The%20Theory%20of%20Finance%20Preface%20and%20Table%20of%20Contents.pdf Fama and Miller]: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)." * [https://afajof.org/wp-content/uploads/files/historical-texts/guthmann-dougall-1940-ocr.pdf Guthmann and Dougall]: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators – that is, capitalists or property owners – as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income." * [https://www.wiley.com/en-in/Finance:+Capital+Markets,+Financial+Management,+and+Investment+Management-p-9780470407356 Drake and Fabozzi]: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty." * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1637242A/Frank_Walter_Paish F.W. Paish]: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted". * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL835181A/John_J._Hampton John J. Hampton]: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency". * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976723372 Howard and Upton]: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible". * [https://education.wbstraining.com/pluginfile.php/2808/mod_resource/content/1/PabloFernandez_Finance%20and%20Financial%20Economics.pdf Pablo Fernandez]: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and helps company managers make sound decisions regarding financing, investment, continuity, and other issues that affect the inflow and outflow of money, as well as the company's risk. It also helps individuals and institutions invest wisely and plan money-related matters effectively."}} A cikin "tsarin Kudin", ana sayen kadarori, siyarwa, ko siyarwa azaman kayan aiki na kudi, kamar kudade, rance, takardun [[shaida]], hannun jari, zaɓuɓɓuka, makomar gaba, swaps, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana iya [[banki]], saka hannun jari, da inshora don kara darajar da rage asarar. A aikace, haɗari koyaushe suna cikin kowane mataki na kuɗi da ƙungiyoyi. Kasuwancin kuɗi da cibiyoyin suna tallafawa tsarin. Saboda fa'idarsa, akwai fannoni daban-daban na kuɗi a cikin harkar kuɗi. Gudanar da kadarori, kuɗi, haɗari da saka hannun jari yana nufin haɓaka ƙima da rage canjin yanayi . Binciken kuɗi yana tantance dorewa, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma ribar wani aiki ko ƙungiya. Wasu fannoni suna da fannoni daban-daban, kamar fannin kuɗi na lissafi, dokar kuɗi, tattalin arziki na kuɗi, injiniyan kuɗi da fasahar kuɗi . A wasu lokuta, ana iya gwada ka'idojin kuɗi ta amfani da hanyar kimiyya, wacce aka rufe ta da kuɗin gwaji . Tarihin farko na kudi ya yi daidai da tarihin farko na kudi, wanda shine [[Prehistory|prehistoric]]. Al'adun gargajiya da na zamani sun haɗa da ayyuka na asali na kudi, kamar [[banki]], kasuwanci da lissafi, a cikin tattalin arzikin su. A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa Tsarin kudi na [[duniya]]. A matsayin batun karatu, kudi yana da alaƙa da fannonin [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (bincike na [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka) da kuma Gudanar da kasuwanci (gwamnatin albarkatun kungiyar don cimma burinta). An kafa shirye-shiryen digiri na farko a cikin kudi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gippel |first=Jennifer K |date=2012-11-07 |title=A revolution in finance? |journal=[[Australian Journal of Management]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=125–146 |doi=10.1177/0312896212461034 |issn=0312-8962 |s2cid=154759424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A yau, ana nazarin kudi sosai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. == Tsarin kudi == [[File:1925.B&O.Railroad.Stock.Louis.Brandeis.jpg|right|thumb|Bond da aka bayar ta hanyar Baltimore da Ohio Railroad. Bonds wani nau'i ne na aro da kamfanoni ke amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukansu.]] [[File:Radium_Hill_share_certificate.jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar raba ta shekara ta 1913 da Kamfanin Radium Hill ya bayar]] [[File:NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwancin musayar hannun jari na NYSE a cikin 1963, kafin gabatar da karatun lantarki da allo na kwamfuta]] [[File:Chicago_bot.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Masara na Chicago, 1993]] [[File:A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg|right|thumb|'Yan kasuwar mai, Houston, 2009]] Kamar yadda aka tsara, tsarin kudi ya ƙunshi kwararar babban birnin da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane da gidaje (kudin kuɗi na mutum), [[gwamnatoci]] (Kudin jama'a), da kasuwanci (Kudin kamfanoni). "Finance" don haka yana nazarin tsarin tura kudi daga masu ajiya da masu saka hannun jari zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin da ke buƙatar shi.{{Efn|Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in timespace between production and consumption are then possible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael |last2=Price |first2=John |title=Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'? |journal=Economy and Society |date=2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=264–284 |doi=10.1080/030851400360497 |s2cid=145739812 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320050529/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} Masu adanawa da masu saka hannun jari suna da kuɗin da za su iya samun riba ko rabon kuɗi idan aka yi amfani da su. Kowane mutum, [[kamfanoni]], da gwamnatoci dole ne su sami [[kuɗi]] daga tushen waje, kamar rance ko bashi, lokacin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi don gudanar da ayyukansu. Gabaɗaya, wani bangare wanda kuɗin shiga ya wuce kuɗin da ya kashe na iya ba da rance ko saka hannun jari tare da manufar samun dawowar adalci. Hakazalika, wani bangare inda samun kudin shiga bai kai kasa da kashewa ba zai iya tara kudade yawanci a cikin daya daga cikin hanyoyi biyu: (i) ta hanyar aro a cikin nau'in rance (mutane masu zaman kansu), ko ta hanyar sayar da takardun gwamnati ko kamfanoni; (ii) ta hanyar kamfani da ke sayar da daidaito, wanda ake kira hannun jari ko hannun jari (wanda zai iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban: hannun jari na kowa). Masu mallakar duka takardun shaida da hannun jari na iya zama masu saka hannun jari - cibiyoyin kuɗi kamar bankunan saka hannun jari da asusun fansho - ko mutane masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ake kira Masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ko masu saka hannun hannun jari. (Dubi mahalarta kasuwar kudi.) Sau da yawa ba kai tsaye ba ne, ta hanyar matsakaiciyar kudi kamar [[banki]], ko ta hanyar sayen bayanan rubutu ko jingina (gidan ajiyar kamfanoni, jingina na gwamnati, ko jingina na juna) a cikin kasuwar jingina. Mai ba da rance yana karɓar riba, mai ba da ranta yana biyan riba mafi girma fiye da mai ba da rancen da ke karɓa, kuma matsakancin kuɗi yana samun bambanci don shirya rancen.<ref>See e.g., {{Cite web |last=Bank of Finland |author-link=Bank of Finland |title=Financial system |url=https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602105013/https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |archive-date=2020-06-02 |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the financial system? |url=https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731162128/https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |archive-date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=Economy}}</ref> Bankin yana tara ayyukan masu ba da bashi da masu ba da rance da yawa. Bankuna suna karɓar ajiya daga mutane da kamfanoni, suna biyan riba a kan waɗannan kudade. Bankin ya ba da rancen waɗannan ajiya ga masu ba da bashi, yana sauƙaƙa ma'amaloli tsakanin masu ba da rance da masu ba da rance iri-iri da kuma ba da damar daidaitaccen tsarin kuɗi. Zuba jari yawanci yana haifar da sayen hannun jari, ko dai takardun shaida ko ta hanyar asusun hadin gwiwa, misali. Kamfanoni galibi suna sayar da hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari don tara kudaden da ake buƙata a cikin hanyar "daidaitaccen kuɗi", kamar yadda ya bambanta da bashin da aka bayyana a sama. Tsakanin kudi a nan sune Bankunan saka hannun jari na farko kuma suna sauƙaƙa jerin kadarorin, yawanci hannun jari da jingina), musayar kadarorin (wanda ke ba da damar cinikin su daga baya), da masu ba da sabis na saka hannun jari daban-daban (ciki har da kudade na juna, kudaden fansho, Manajojin dukiya, da masu ba su hannun jari, yawanci suna ba da sabis ga masu saka hannun jari). Kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin hukumomi, da kuma Gudanar da kudade a wannan sikelin, ana kiransu "babban kudi". Cibiyoyin a nan suna fadada samfuran da aka bayar, tare da kasuwanci mai alaƙa, don haɗawa da zaɓuɓɓuka, swaps, da samfuran da suka tsara, da kuma kudade na musamman; wannan "injini na kudi" asalin lissafi ne, kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sune manyan masu ba da aiki na Masu sharhi masu yawa (ko "ƙididdiga", duba ƙasa). A cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, Gudanar da haɗari, babban birnin sarrafawa, da bin doka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. == Yankunan kudi == Kamar yadda aka tsara, kudi ya ƙunshi fannoni uku: kudi na mutum, kudi na kamfanoni, da kuma kudi na jama'a. Wadannan, bi da bi, sun haɗu kuma suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban da ƙananan horo - galibi saka hannun jari, gudanar da haɗari, da kuma kudi mai yawa. === Kudin mutum === [[File:Wealth_Management_Consultation.jpg|thumb|Tattaunawar kula da dukiya - a nan, mai ba da shawara kan kudi yana ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki kan dabarun saka hannun jari da ya dace.]] Kudin mutum yana nufin aikin kasafin kuɗi don tabbatar da isasshen kudade don biyan bukatun asali, yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa akwai matakin haɗari kawai don rasa wannan babban birnin. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan kuɗi don ilimi, ba da kuɗi ga kayayyaki masu dorewa kamar su ƙasa da motoci, sayen inshora, saka hannun jari, da adanawa don ritaya. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan bashin ko wasu wajibai na bashi. Babban bangarorin kudi na mutum ana daukar su a matsayin samun kudin shiga, kashewa, adanawa, saka hannun jari, da kariya. Matakan da ke biyowa, kamar yadda Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kudi ta tsara, sun nuna cewa mutum zai fahimci shirin kudi na sirri bayan: * Sayen inshora don tabbatar da kariya daga abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba; * Fahimtar tasirin manufofin haraji, tallafi, ko azabtarwa akan gudanar da kudaden mutum; * Fahimtar tasirin bashi a kan matsayin kudi na mutum; * Ci gaba da shirin tanadi ko kudade don manyan sayayya (moto, ilimi, gida); * Shirya makomar kudi mai aminci a cikin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki; * Binciken asusun ajiya ko asusun ajiyar kuɗi; * Shirya don ritaya ko wasu kudade na dogon lokaci. === Kudin kamfanoni === Kudin kamfanoni yana hulɗa da ayyukan da manajoji ke ɗauka don haɓaka darajar kamfanin ga masu hannun jari, tushen kudade da Tsarin babban birnin kamfanoni, da kayan aiki da bincike da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba albarkatun kuɗi. Duk da yake kudaden kamfanoni sun bambanta da kudaden gudanarwa, wanda ke nazarin Gudanar da kudade na dukkan kamfanoni maimakon kamfanoni kadai, ra'ayoyin sun dace da matsalolin kudi na dukkan kamfanonin, kuma wannan yanki ana kiransa "kudin kasuwanci". Yawanci, "kudin kuɗi na kamfanoni" yana da alaƙa da burin dogon lokaci na haɓaka darajar kadarorin, hannun jari, da dawowarsa ga masu hannun jari, yayin da kuma daidaita haɗari da riba. Wannan ya ƙunshi manyan wurare uku: # Kasafin kuɗi na babban birnin: zaɓar waɗanne ayyukan da za a saka hannun jari a ciki - a nan, ƙayyade ƙimar daidai yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda hukunce-hukunce game da ƙimar dukiya na iya zama "yi ko karya". # Manufofin raba: amfani da kudade "ya wuce gona da iri - waɗannan za a sake saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwanci ko kuma a mayar da su ga masu hannun jari. # Tsarin babban birnin: yanke shawara kan cakuda kudade da za a yi amfani da su - a nan ƙoƙarin samun mafi kyawun haɗin babban birnin sake biyan bashin bashi vs farashin babban birnin. (Wannan ya kunshi fahimtar yadda kamfanin zai samar don gamsar da masu saka hannun jari, da kuma rage matsakaicin matsakaicin farashin babban birnin (WACC) ) don darajar kamfanin ta karu. ) Wannan na ƙarshe ya haifar da haɗin tare da banki na saka hannun jari da kasuwancin tsaro, kamar yadda yake a sama, a cikin cewa babban birnin da aka tara zai ƙunshi bashi, watau takardun kamfanoni, da daidaito, sau da yawa an jera hannun jari. Sake gudanar da haɗari a cikin kamfanoni, duba ƙasa. Manajojin kudi - watau kamar yadda suka bambanta da masu hada-hadar kudi na kamfanoni - suna mai da hankali kan abubuwan ''gajeren lokaci'' na riba, kwararar kuɗi, da "mana Gudanar da babban birnin aiki" (inventory, bashi da masu bashi), wanda ke damuwa game da ayyukan tallafin yau da kullun, kuma burin shine kiyaye ruwa, rage haɗari da haɓaka inganci tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai iya aiwatar da manufofinsa na kudi da aiki; watau: (1) zai iya ba da biyan bashin gajeren lokaci da kuma biyan bashin aiki na dogon lokaci, da kuma biyan kuɗi na gaba yana da isasshen bashin aiki. (Dubi Gudanar da Kudi da FP&amp;amp;A.) === Kudin jama'a === [[File:2023-federal-budget-breakdown.png|thumb|322x322px|CBO: 2023 Kudin Tarayyar Amurka]] Kudin jama'a yana nufin gudanar da kudade da ke da alaƙa da jihohi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa, da hukumomin gwamnati ko ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa. Gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi hangen nesa na dogon lokaci game da yanke shawara na saka hannun jari wanda ke shafar ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wadannan lokutan dabarun na dogon lokaci yawanci sun kunshi shekaru biyar ko fiye. Kudin jama'a ya fi damuwa da: * Bayyana kudaden da ake buƙata na ƙungiyar jama'a; * Tushen (s) na kudaden shiga na wannan mahallin - daga haraji, da kuma wadanda ba haraji ba; * Tsarin kasafin kuɗi; * Bayar da bashin mallaka, ko takardun birni don ayyukan Ayyukan jama'a. Bankunan tsakiya, irin su Bankunan Tarayya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Babban Bankin Turai da Bankin Ingila a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], 'yan wasa ne masu karfi a cikin kudaden jama'a. Suna aiki a matsayin masu ba da rance na ƙarshe da kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan yanayin kuɗi da bashi a cikin tattalin arziki. Kudin ci gaba, wanda ke da alaƙa, ya shafi saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan Ci gaban tattalin arziki da wata hukuma ta gwamnati (kusan) ta bayar ba tare da kasuwanci ba; waɗannan ayyukan ba za su iya samun kuɗi ba. Ana amfani da Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ayyukan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]]: kamfani mai zaman kansa yana ba da kuɗi a gaba, sannan ya jawo riba daga masu biyan haraji ko masu amfani. [[Kudin yanayi]], da kuma kudaden muhalli masu alaƙa, suna magance dabarun kudi, albarkatu da kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su wajen [[Rage canjin yanayi]]. === Gudanar da saka hannun jari === [[File:Stock_Price_Listing_Numbers_on_a_Korean_Newspaper.jpg|thumb|Farashin hannun jari da aka jera a cikin jaridar Koriya]] [[Fayil:Stock_ticker.jpg|thumb|"Farin ciki kafin fashewar kumfa" - farashin kallo ta hanyar tef, jim kadan kafin Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:E-ticker.jpg|thumb|Mai sayar da farashi na zamani. Wannan ababen more rayuwa yana tallafawa musayar zamani, yana tabbatar da farashi da alamomin tikiti masu alaƙa. Alamar ticker tana wakiltar saiti na musamman na haruffa da aka yi amfani da su don gano batun ma'amala ta kudi.]] Gudanar da saka hannun jari shine gudanar da kadarorin kwararru na "Tsaro" daban-daban - yawanci hannun jari da jingina, amma kuma wasu kadarori, kamar dukiya, kayayyaki da madadin saka hannun jari - don saduwa da takamaiman manufofin saka hannun jari don amfanin masu saka hannun jari. Kamar yadda yake a sama, masu saka hannun jari na iya zama cibiyoyi, kamar kamfanonin inshora, kudaden fansho, kamfanoni, kungiyoyin agaji, cibiyoyin ilimi, ko masu saka hannun jarin masu zaman kansu, ko dai kai tsaye ta hanyar kwangilar saka hannun jari ko, mafi yawanci, ta hanyar tsarin saka hannun jari kamar kudaden musayar, kudaden musanyawa, ko amincin saka hannun jari. A zuciyar gudanar da saka hannun jari shine rabon dukiya - rarraba bayyanar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan dukiya, da kuma tsakanin tsaron mutum a cikin kowane nau'in dukiya - kamar yadda ya dace da Manufofin saka hannun jari na abokin ciniki, bi da bi, aikin bayanin haɗari, burin saka hannun jari, da kuma sararin saka hannun jari (duba Bayanan mai saka hannun jari). A nan: * Inganta fayil shine tsari na zabar fayil mafi kyau da aka ba da manufofi da ƙuntatawa na abokin ciniki. * Binciken asali shine tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen kimantawa da kimantawa ga takardun mutum. * Binciken fasaha shine game da hasashen farashin kadarori na gaba tare da bayanan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Yufeng |last2=Liu |first2=Yang |last3=Zhou |first3=Guofu |last4=Zhu |first4=Yingzi |date=2021-05-21 |title=Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3850494 |location=[[Rochester, New York]] |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3850494 |s2cid=235195430 |ssrn=3850494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Overlaid shine salon saka hannun jari na manajan fayil - gabaɗaya, mai aiki vs. mai wucewa, darajar vs girma, da ƙaramin ƙwanƙwasa vs. babban ƙwanƙusa - da dabarun saka hannun jari. A cikin fayil ɗin da aka samu da kyau, aikin saka hannun jari zai kasance, gabaɗaya, ya zama aikin haɗin kadarorin da aka zaɓa, yayin da ɗayan tsaro ba su da tasiri. Takamaiman tsarin ko falsafar zai kasance mai mahimmanci, dangane da yadda ya dace da sake zagayowar kasuwa. Baya ga wannan bambancin, mahimmin haɗarin da aka yi amfani da shi, manajojin saka hannun jari za su yi amfani da dabarun karewa daban-daban kamar yadda ya dace; waɗannan na iya danganta da fayil ɗin gaba ɗaya ko kuma ga ɗakunan mutum. Sau da yawa (maimakon haka) ana sarrafa fayilolin Bond ta hanyar daidaitawa ko rigakafi, yayin da don fayilolin da matsayi, 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da "Greeks" don auna sannan kuma rage ƙwarewa. A layi daya, manajoji - mai aiki da marasa aiki - za su sa ido kan kuskuren bin diddigin, don haka ragewa da kuma kawar da duk wani rashin aiki da "ma'auni" su. Ana sarrafa asusun adadi ta amfani da dabarun lissafi na kwamfuta (ƙaruwa, ilmantarwa na inji) maimakon hukuncin mutum. Gaskiyar ciniki yawanci ana sarrafa ta atomatik ta hanyar algorithms masu mahimmanci. === Gudanar da haɗari === [[File:Crowds_gathering_outside_New_York_Stock_Exchange_(4).jpg|thumb|Jama'a da suka taru a waje da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York bayan Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:Northern_Rock_Queue.jpg|thumb|Abokan ciniki suna layi a waje da reshen Northern Rock a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] don janye ajiyar su a lokacin Rikicin kudi na 2008]] Gudanar da haɗari, gabaɗaya, shine nazarin yadda za a sarrafa haɗari da daidaita yiwuwar riba; shine tsarin auna haɗari sannan kuma haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun sarrafa wannan haɗarin. Gudanar da Hadarin kudi shine aikin kare ƙimar kamfanoni daga haɗarin kuɗi, sau da yawa ta hanyar "haɓaka" ga waɗannan ta amfani da kayan kuɗi. Ana mai da hankali musamman kan haɗarin bashi da kasuwa, kuma a cikin bankunan, ta hanyar babban birnin, ya haɗa da haɗarin aiki. Gudanar da haɗarin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da kuɗin kamfanoni a hanyoyi biyu. Da farko, bayyanar kamfanoni ga haɗarin kasuwa shine sakamakon kai tsaye na saka hannun jari na baya da yanke shawara na kudade; yayin da haɗarin bashi ya fito ne daga manufofin bashi na kasuwanci kuma galibi ana magance shi ta hanyar inshora na bashi da samarwa. Abu na biyu, duka horo suna da burin ingantawa ko aƙalla adanawa, darajar tattalin arzikin kamfanin, kuma a cikin wannan mahallin sun haɗu da kuma gudanar da haɗarin kasuwanci, yawanci yankin Gudanar da dabarun. A nan, kamfanoni suna ba da lokaci da ƙoƙari sosai ga hasashen, nazari da saka idanu kan aikin. (Dubi [[Gudanar da dukiya da alhakin|ALM]] da kula da baitulmalin.) Ga bankunan da sauran cibiyoyin sayar da kayayyaki, gudanar da hadari yana mai da hankali kan gudanarwa, kuma kamar yadda ya kamata, matsayi daban-daban da ma'aikatar ke riƙewa - duka matsayi na kasuwanci da bayyanar dogon lokaci - da kuma lissafi da saka idanu kan sakamakon Babban birnin tattalin arziki, da kuma babban birnin sarrafawa a karkashin Basel III. Lissafi a nan suna da ƙwarewar lissafi, kuma a cikin yankin kudi mai yawa kamar yadda ke ƙasa. Hadarin bashi yana cikin kasuwancin banki, amma Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna fuskantar hadarin bashi na abokin tarayya. Bankuna yawanci suna amfani da Ofishin Tsakiya "Risk Groups", yayin da "Ƙungiyoyin haɗari" na ofishin gaba ke ba da haɗari "hidimomi" (ko "magani") ga abokan ciniki. Masu inshora suna gudanar da haɗarin kansu tare da mai da hankali kan biyan kuɗi da ikon biyan da'awar: masu inshora na rayuwa sun fi damuwa da haɗarin rayuwa da haɗarin riba; masu inshora masu gajeren lokaci (inshora na dukiya, inshora na kiwon lafiya, inshora mai haɗari) suna jaddada ƙirar bala'i da haɗarin tashin hankali. Don da'awar da ake tsammani ana ajiye ajiya lokaci-lokaci, yayin da don shan asarar da ba a tsammani ba, ana kiyaye mafi ƙarancin matakin babban birnin. === Kuɗin adadi === [[File:Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png|alt=Dōjima Rice Exchange, the world's first futures exchange, established in Osaka in 1697.|right|thumb|Dōjima Rice Exchange, musayar gaba ta farko a duniya, wanda aka kafa a [[Osaka]] a cikin 1697]] Kuɗin adadi—wanda kuma ake kira "kuɗin lissafi"—ya haɗa da waɗannan ayyukan kuɗi inda ake buƙatar samfurin lissafi mai zurfi, <ref name="SIAM">See discussion here: {{Cite web |title=Careers in Applied Mathematics |url=https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170544/https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-24 |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> kuma don haka ya yi karo da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama. # Kuɗin adadi sau da yawa yana kama da injiniyan kuɗi . Wannan fanni gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa kasuwancin da abokin ciniki ke jagoranta na banki - yana isar da kwangilolin OTC na musamman da "masu ban mamaki", da kuma tsara samfuran da mafita daban-daban da aka ambata - kuma ya ƙunshi ƙira da shirye-shirye don tallafawa ciniki na farko, da kuma shinge da gudanarwa na gaba. # Kuɗin adadi kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kula da haɗarin kuɗi a banki, kamar yadda aka ambata, duka dangane da wannan shingen, da kuma game da jarin tattalin arziki da kuma bin ƙa'idodi da Basel III . # "Quants" kuma suna da alhakin ginawa da kuma amfani da dabarun saka hannun jari a asusun adadi da aka ambata ; suna kuma shiga cikin saka hannun jari na adadi gabaɗaya, a fannoni kamar ƙirƙirar dabarun ciniki, da kuma ciniki ta atomatik, ciniki mai yawan gaske, ciniki na algorithmic, da ciniki na shirye-shirye . == Ka'idar kuɗi == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math> \sum_{t=1}^n \frac{FCFF_t}{(1+WACC_{t})^t} + \frac{\left[\frac{FCFF_{n+1}}{(WACC_{n+1}-g_{n+1})}\right]}{(1+WACC_{n})^n} </math>}} {{Small|[[Valuation using discounted cash flows#Basic formula for firm valuation using DCF model|DCF valuation formula]] widely applied in business and finance, since articulated [[The Theory of Investment Value|in 1938]]. Here, to get the [[business valuation|value of the firm]], its forecasted [[free cash flow]]s are discounted to the present using the [[weighted average cost of capital]] for the discount factor. For [[stock valuation|share valuation]] investors use the related [[dividend discount model]].}} |} Kuɗi - kamar yadda aka bayyana - yana bincika yadda ake gudanar da kuɗi da amfani da hanyoyin samun kuɗi, gami da shawarwarin da ke auna lokaci da haɗarin kwararar kuɗi da ake sa ran samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1.1 What Is Finance? |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-finance/pages/1-1-what-is-finance |access-date=3 September 2026 |website=Principles of Finance |publisher=OpenStax}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri takamaiman ka'ida a nan don fannoni daban-daban na aikace-aikace a cikin fannoni na gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (kuɗi) da [[lissafi mai amfani]] . === Kuɗin gudanarwa === Kuɗin gudanarwa reshe ne na kuɗi wanda ke hulɗa da ɓangarorin kuɗi na gudanar da kamfani, da kuma fannin kuɗi na yanke shawara kan gudanarwa a faɗin faɗin. Yana bayar da tushen ka'idar aikin da aka bayyana a sama, dangane da kansa game da amfani da dabarun kuɗi daban-daban na gudanarwa . Malaman da ke aiki a wannan fanni galibi suna aiki ne a sassan kuɗaɗen makarantun kasuwanci, a fannin lissafi, ko kuma a fannin kimiyyar gudanarwa . Kayan aikin da aka tattauna kuma aka haɓaka suna da alaƙa da [[Management accouting|lissafin kuɗi na gudanarwa]] da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni : na farko yana ba da damar gudanarwa ta fahimta, don haka ta yi aiki a kan bayanan kuɗi da suka shafi riba da aiki; na biyun, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yana game da inganta tsarin kuɗi gabaɗaya, gami da tasirinsa ga babban jari. Saboda haka, muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kula da harkokin kuɗi sun haɗa da: * Kasafin kuɗi na babban jari * Tsarin babban birnin * Gudanar da jarin aiki * Gudanar da haɗari * Binciken kuɗi da rahotanni === Tattalin arzikin kuɗi === [[File:Markowitz frontier.svg|right|thumb| [[Harry Markowitz]] ne ya fara tsara " iyaka mai inganci ", a shekarar 1952 a matsayin wani tsari na samfuri a cikin ka'idar fayil ta zamani . A cikin samfurin Markowitz, fayil mai "ingantacce" yana da mafi kyawun riba mai yiwuwa don matakin haɗarinsa (wanda aka wakilta ta hanyar daidaitaccen karkacewar riba).]] [[File:MM2.png|right|thumb| Ka'idar Modigliani-Miller, wani muhimmin sashi na ka'idar kuɗi, an gabatar da ita a shekarar 1958; ita ce tushen tunanin zamani kan tsarin jari-hujja . Ko da leverage ( D/E ) ya ƙaru, matsakaicin farashin jari (k0) mai nauyi ya kasance iri ɗaya.]] Tattalin arzikin kuɗi reshe ne na [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canjin kuɗi, kamar farashi, ƙimar riba da hannun jari, sabanin ainihin masu canjin tattalin arziki, watau kayayyaki da ayyuka . Don haka ya ta'allaka ne akan farashi, yanke shawara, da kuma kula da haɗari a kasuwannin kuɗi, <ref name="Sharpe" /> kuma yana samar da yawancin samfuran kuɗi da ake amfani da su akai-akai. ( Tsarin tattalin arziki na kuɗi reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke amfani da dabarun tattalin arziki don [[Parametrization (geometry)|daidaita]] alaƙar da aka ba da shawara.) Wannan fanni yana da manyan fannoni guda biyu da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu: farashin kadarori da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni; na farko shine hangen nesa na masu samar da jari, wato masu zuba jari, da kuma na biyu na masu amfani da jari; bi da bi: # Ka'idar farashin kadarori ta haɓaka samfuran da ake amfani da su wajen tantance ƙimar rangwame mai dacewa da haɗari, da kuma a cikin abubuwan da aka samo daga farashi; kuma ya haɗa da ka'idar fayil da saka hannun jari da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da kadarori. Binciken ya bincika yadda masu zuba jari masu hankali za su yi amfani da haɗari su koma ga matsalar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas, ta hanyar samar da mabuɗin " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori ". A nan, zato biyu na hankali da ingancin kasuwa suna haifar da ka'idar fayil ta zamani ( CAPM ), da kuma ka'idar Black-Scholes don kimanta zaɓi . A matakai mafi ci gaba—kuma sau da yawa a matsayin martani ga [[Tattalin arzikin duniya|matsalolin kuɗi]] —binciken yana faɗaɗa waɗannan samfuran "neoclassical" don haɗa abubuwan da suka faru inda zato ba su da tushe, ko kuma zuwa ga mafi yawan yanayi. # Sabanin haka, yawancin ka'idar kuɗi ta kamfanoni suna ɗaukar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin " tabbaci " ( ka'idar rabuwar Fisher, [[John Burr Williams|"ka'idar ƙimar saka hannun jari"]], da ka'idar Modigliani-Miller ). A nan, an ƙirƙiri ka'ida da hanyoyi don yanke shawara game da kuɗaɗen tallafi, rabon riba, da tsarin jari da aka tattauna a sama. Wani ci gaba da aka samu kwanan nan shi ne a haɗa rashin tabbas da abubuwan da za su iya faruwa - don haka abubuwa daban-daban na farashin kadarori - a cikin waɗannan shawarwarin, ta amfani da misali nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka na gaske . === Lissafi na kuɗi === {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math>\begin{align} C(S, t) &= N(d_1)S - N(d_2) Ke^{-r(T - t)} \\ d_1 &= \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{T - t}}\left[\ln\left(\frac{S}{K}\right) + \left(r + \frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)(T - t)\right] \\ d_2 &= d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{T - t} \\ \end{align}</math> [[Black–Scholes model#Black–Scholes formula|The Black–Scholes formula]] for the value of a [[call option]]. Although lately its use is [[Financial economics#Departures from normality|considered naive]], it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.<ref>[https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ "The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126125626/https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ |date=2021-11-26 }}, priceonomics.com</ref>}} |} [[File:OAS_valuation_tree_(es).png|thumb| Ana amfani da "bishiyoyi" sosai a fannin lissafin kuɗi; a nan ana amfani da shi wajen ƙididdige OAS . Sauran hanyoyin farashi da aka saba amfani da su sune kwaikwayon da PDEs . Ana amfani da waɗannan don saitunan da suka wuce waɗanda Black-Scholes ya tsara . Bayan rikicin, ko da a cikin waɗannan saitunan, bankuna suna amfani da samfuran canjin yanayi na gida da na stochastic don haɗa saman canjin yanayi, yayin da gyare-gyaren xVA suka dace da la'akari da takwarorinsu da jari.]] Lissafin kuɗi fanni ne na [[lissafi mai amfani]] da ya shafi kasuwannin kuɗi ; takardar digirin digirgir ta Louis Bachelier, wacce aka kare a shekarar 1900, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin aikin ilimi na farko a wannan fanni. An fi mai da hankali kan tsarin kayan da aka samo asali - tare da mai da hankali sosai kan ƙimar riba - da kuma ƙirar haɗarin bashi - yayin da wasu muhimman fannoni suka haɗa da lissafin inshora da kuma kula da fayil ɗin adadi . Hakazalika, ana amfani da dabarun da aka ƙirƙiro don farashi da kuma kariyar nau'ikan kadarori daban-daban, na gwamnati, da na kamfanoni . Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, dangane da aiki, ana kiran fannin da kuɗi mai yawa da/ko kuɗin lissafi, kuma ya ƙunshi fannoni uku da aka tattauna. Manyan kayan aikin lissafi da dabarun su ne, daidai da haka: * don abubuwan da aka samo asali, Lissafin stochastic na Itô, kwaikwayo, da daidaitattun bambance-bambance na ɓangare ; duba tattaunawar da aka haɗa a cikin akwati game da samfurin Black-Scholes na samfurin da dabarun lambobi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su yanzu * don gudanar da haɗari, ƙimar haɗari, gwajin damuwa da nazarin "masu hankali" (ta amfani da "Girkawa"); ilimin lissafi na asali ya ƙunshi samfuran gauraye, PCA, tarin canjin yanayi da copulas . <ref>See for example III.A.3, in Carol Alexander, ed. (2005). ''The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook''. PRMIA Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-9766097-0-4}}</ref> * a cikin waɗannan fannoni biyu, musamman ga matsalolin fayil, quants suna amfani da dabarun ingantawa masu inganci. A lissafi, waɗannan sun rabu zuwa rassan nazari guda biyu : farashin da aka samo asali yana amfani da yiwuwar rashin haɗari (ko yiwuwar farashin sulhu ), wanda aka nuna ta "Q"; yayin da haɗarin da gudanar da fayil gabaɗaya suna amfani da yiwuwar zahiri (ko ta zahiri ko ta actuarial), wanda aka nuna ta "P". Waɗannan suna da alaƙa ta hanyar " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori " da ke sama. Batun yana da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin kuɗi, wanda, kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya mayar da hankali kan yawancin ka'idar da ke cikin lissafin kuɗi: gabaɗaya, lissafin kuɗi zai samo kuma ya faɗaɗa samfuran lissafi da aka ba da shawara. Kuɗin kwamfuta reshe ne na kimiyyar kwamfuta (wanda aka yi amfani da shi) wanda ke magance matsalolin da suka shafi sha'awa a fannin kuɗi, kuma musamman yana jaddada hanyoyin lambobi da aka yi amfani da su a nan. === Kuɗin gwaji === Kuɗin gwaji yana da nufin kafa yanayi daban-daban na kasuwa da muhalli don lura da gwaji da kuma samar da wata hanya ta kimiyya ta yadda za ta iya nazarin halayen wakilai da kuma halayen da suka haifar da kwararar ciniki, yaɗuwar bayanai, da tarawa, hanyoyin saita farashi, da kuma hanyoyin dawo da kaya. Masu bincike a fannin gwajin kuɗi suna nazarin yadda ka'idojin tattalin arzikin kuɗi na yanzu ke yin hasashen gaskiya kuma suna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da su. Suna kuma da nufin gano sabbin ƙa'idodi don faɗaɗa waɗannan ka'idoji don yanke shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na gaba. Wannan bincike sau da yawa ya ƙunshi gudanar da kwaikwayon ciniki ko lura da ɗabi'un ɗan adam a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, gasa, da kuma kamar kasuwa. Nazarin harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a yana nuna yadda ''[[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]]'' masu zuba jari ko manajoji ke shafar yanke shawara da kasuwanni na kuɗi kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen yanke shawara wanda zai iya yin tasiri ko dai a kan wani ɓangare na fannoninsu mara kyau ko kuma mai kyau. Tare da ƙarin zurfafa bincike kan harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a, yana yiwuwa a haɗa abin da ke faruwa a kasuwannin kuɗi da bincike bisa ga ka'idar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zahera |first=Syed Aliya |last2=Bansal |first2=Rohit |date=2018-05-08 |title=Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Qualitative Research in Financial Markets |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=210–251 |doi=10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028 |issn=1755-4179 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408144635/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Kuɗin ɗabi'a ya ƙaru a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata don zama muhimmin ɓangare na kuɗi. A zamanin yau akwai buƙatar ƙarin nazari da kuma gwada tasirin ji a kan shawarwarin kuɗi. Musamman ma, domin yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a wuce kuɗin halayya zuwa kuɗin zamantakewa, wanda ke nazarin tsarin hulɗar zamantakewa, yadda ra'ayoyin kuɗi ke yaɗuwa, da kuma yadda hanyoyin zamantakewa ke shafar yanke shawara da sakamako na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirshleifer |first=David |date=2015 |title=Behavioral Finance |journal=Annual Review of Financial Economics |language=en |volume=7 |pages=133–159 |doi=10.1146/annurev-financial-092214-043752 |issn=1941-1367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Harkokin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwa kamar: # Nazarin tarihi wanda ke nuna manyan karkacewa daga ka'idojin gargajiya; # Samfura na yadda ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ke shafar ciniki da farashi da kuma yadda yake shafar ciniki; # Hasashen bisa ga waɗannan hanyoyin; # Nazarin kasuwannin kadarori na gwaji da kuma amfani da samfura don hasashen gwaje-gwaje. An yi wa wani ɓangare na kuɗin ɗabi'a lakabi da kuɗin ɗabi'a na adadi, wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin lissafi da na ƙididdiga don fahimtar son zuciya na ɗabi'a tare da kimantawa. === Kuɗin kuɗi na Quantum === Kudin kuɗi ya haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin inji na inji ga ka'idar kuɗi, samar da sababbin hanyoyin da ra'ayoyi a fagen.<ref name="SIAM">See discussion here: {{cite web |url=https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170544/https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf|archive-date=2020-04-24|url-status=dead |title=Careers in Applied Mathematics|publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> kudi kudi wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa, inda ake amfani da ka'idoji da hanyoyin da masana kimiyyar lissafi da masana tattalin arziki suka bunkasa don magance matsalolin kudi. Yana wakiltar reshe da aka sani da econophysics . Kodayake hanyoyin lissafi masu yawa sun kasance a kusa da wasu lokuta kuma suna amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin aiwatarwa da sarrafa kwararar kuɗi, lissafi ne da ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan sabon yanayin. Ka'idar kudi ta dogara ne akan farashin kayan aiki na kudi, kamar farashin zaɓi na hannun jari. Yawancin matsalolin da ke fuskantar al'ummar kudi ba su da wani bayani na bincike. A sakamakon haka, hanyoyin lambobi da simulations na kwamfuta don warware waɗannan matsalolin sun karu. Wannan yanki na bincike an san shi da kudi na lissafi. Yawancin matsalolin kudi na lissafi suna da babban matsayi na rikitarwa na lissafi kuma suna da jinkiri don haɗuwa da mafita a kan kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Musamman, idan ya zo ga farashin zaɓi, akwai ƙarin rikitarwa sakamakon buƙatar amsawa ga kasuwannin da ke canzawa da sauri. Misali, don amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari marasa daidaituwa, lissafin dole ne ya kammala kafin canji na gaba a cikin kusan ci gaba da canza kasuwar hannun jari. A sakamakon haka, al'ummar kudi koyaushe suna neman hanyoyin da za su shawo kan matsalolin aikin da ke tasowa yayin zaɓuɓɓukan farashi. Wannan ya haifar da bincike wanda ke amfani da wasu hanyoyin lissafi don kudi. Mafi yawan nau'ikan kudi da aka fi amfani da su sune tsarin ci gaba mai yawa, tsarin binomial mai yawa, samfurin binomial da sauransu. Asalin kuɗi za a iya gano shi tun daga farkon kafa jihohi da cinikayya a [[zamanin Tagulla]] . An gano cewa an gano farkon shaidar kuɗi a tarihi a kusan shekara ta 3000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Bankuna sun samo asali ne daga [[Yammacin Asiya]], inda ake amfani da haikali da manyan fada a matsayin wurare masu aminci don adana kayayyaki masu daraja. Da farko, hatsi ne kawai mai daraja da za a iya ajiyewa, amma daga ƙarshe shanu da kayan tarihi sun shiga ciki. A wannan lokacin, birnin Uruk na Sumerian a [[Mesopotamia]] ya tallafa wa ciniki ta hanyar ba da rance da kuma amfani da riba. A cikin Sumerian, "sha'awa" shine ''mas'', wanda ke fassara zuwa "maraƙi". A [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Misra|Masar]], kalmomin da ake amfani da su don sha'awa, ''tokos'' da ''ms'' bi da bi, suna nufin "haihuwa". A cikin waɗannan al'adu, sha'awa ta nuna ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci, kuma da alama tana la'akari da hakan daga mahangar mai ba da bashi. Dokar Hammurabi (1792–1750 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) ta ƙunshi dokokin da ke kula da harkokin banki. Mutanen Babila sun saba da karɓar riba a kashi 20 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 1200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an yi amfani da harsashin cowrie a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a [[Sin|ƙasar Sin]] . Amfani da tsabar kudi a matsayin hanyar wakiltar kudi ya fara ne a cikin shekaru tsakanin 700 da 500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=babylon-coins.com |url=http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615134016/http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |archive-date=2021-06-15 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=babylon-coins.com}}</ref> Herodotus ya ambaci amfani da tsabar kudi a Lydia a kusa da 687 KZ kuma, a shekara ta 640 KZ, mutanen Lidiya sun fara amfani da tsalar kudi a ko'ina kuma sun bude shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herodotus on Lydia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152131/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |archive-date=2021-05-13 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, birane a Girka ta gargajiya, kamar Aegina, [[Athens]], da Koranti, sun fara yin nasu tsabar kudi tsakanin 595 da 570 KZ. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, sake fasalin Lex Genucia ya haramta sha'awa a cikin 342 KZ, kodayake tanadin ya tafi ba tare da tilasta shi ba. A karkashin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]], an saita rufin a kan kudaden shiga na 12%, kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin Justinian an saukar da shi har ma zuwa tsakanin 4% da 8% .<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2005 |title=History of Usury Prohibition – IslamiCity |url=https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409014040/https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=islamicity.org}}</ref> An buɗe musayar hannun jari ta farko a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a cikin 1531.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handelsbeurs |trans-title=Trade fair |url=https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/handelsbeurs |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Visit Antwerp |language=nl |quote=The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the world.}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kirkiro shahararrun musayar kamar London Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1773) da New York Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1793).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902213413/https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=London Stock Exchange}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges |url=https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804230415/https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin kudi na 2008 * Bayani game da kudi {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|last2=Jason Zweig}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John C. Bogle}} *   * {{Cite book|last2=Sharon Lechter}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=George Soros}} * {{Cite book|last3=Philip Arthur Fisher}} == Haɗin waje == * Magana ta Hypertextual Finance (Campbell Harvey) * Bayanan Kudi (Pierre Vernimmen) * [[Risk (magazine)|Risk.net]]/glossary" id="mwBf8" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin kula da haɗarin kuɗi (Risk.net) * [[NASDAQ]].com/glossary" id="mwBgI" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (NASDAQ) * Kalmomin Maɓallin Kasuwanci (PIMCO) * [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/ Kudin kamfanoni] (Aswath Damodaran) * albarkatun gudanar da kudi (James Van Horne) * Abubuwan da ke tattare da kudade na mutum (Financial Literacy and Education Commission, mymoney.gov) * albarkatun kudi na jama'a (Governance and Social Development Resource Center, gsdrc.org) [An adana 2023-06-02 a ] * albarkatun kula da haɗari (Cibiyar Hadari ta Duniya) [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nudj0hp30xmg0jcs0emm73regjyciqg Laylah Ali Othman 0 13886 967164 507094 2026-10-13T13:17:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{databox}} '''Laylah Ali Othman'''(an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekarata alif dubu daya da dari Tara da tamanin da shida (1986)) yar [[Najeriya]] ce wace aka fi sani da yin sana’ar sayar da kayan gyaran gida kamar kujeru da gadaje<ref> https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-49865877?ocid=wshausa.chat-apps.in-app-msg.whatsapp.trial.link1_.auin</ref>.Ita mawallafiya ce, kuma kuku ce<ref>http://www.landnkitchen.com/</ref>,sanan kuma itace mamallakin kamfanin buga mujallar da ake kira L magazine, tana kuma gabatar da shiri da ake kira Voices of the Youth<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://tblt.com.ng/laylah-ali-othman/ |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422223900/https://tblt.com.ng/laylah-ali-othman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwa == An haifa Laylah a jihar [[yobe]]<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc</ref>, ammata tashi ne a Kaduna, inda tayi rayuwar ta a jihar [[Kaduna]], inda tayi karatun ta na nursery da firamare a cikin Jihar Kaduna, Bayan kuma ta yi makarantar sakandire ta Junior & Senior a [[Damaturu]]. A halin yanzu ita ce Shugaba kuma Manajan Darakta na Superb rb , wato &N (Laylah & Nahaar) Interiors and Exterior Décor Nig<ref>http://www.superblandninteriors.com/{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Makaranta == Ta na da Digiri a fannin harshen Ingilishi daga <ref>http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-young-female-entrepreneurs-rocking-abuja/</ref> [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]], Diploma a interior decoration daga Lotus Educational Institute, [[Dubai]] da wani diploma kuma a space management daga Maren School of Interior Décor and Design, bugu da ƙari ta ƙara digiri na biyu a jami’ar ESAE dake ƙasa [[Benin|Benin Republic]]. == Aure == tayi aure Sau biyu auren na mutuwa. == <ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/1263425-bayan-aurena-ya-mutu-sau-biyu-mutane-suna-ta-zargin-cewa-lalacewa-zanyi-laila-ali-othman.html</ref>Sana'a == Layla Ali othman ita ce ta ƙirƙiro da wani ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Laylah Initiative for the Boy and Girl Child Charity Foundation (LIBGC); ƙungiya ce da'ake ba da kulawa ga al-Manifī<nowiki>''</nowiki>, da kuma basu ilimi kyauta a wani rukuni na ɓangaren yaran da ke cikin buƙata, kamar [[Almajiri]]' da sauran ƙananan yara marassa galihu, ta hanyar shirin [[talabijin]] da ake kira Laylah's Way, inda take taimakan talakawa da kuma sauran jama'a, tana amfani da wanan shirin don taimakawa mutanen da ba zasu iya samun saukin rayuwa ko samun rayuwa mai kyau ba, ta hanyar basu cikakkiyar kayan gida<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxDy0lXAY2A&feature=youtu.be</ref>. Daga baya ta zama mai gabatar da shiri wanda ake kira Voices of the Youth. A cikin wannan shiri, ta bayar da damar samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga marasa galihu, da kuma karfafama mutane gwiwa game da yadda za su zama ƴan kasuwa, tare da koya masu ilimin yadda ake gina ingantaccen hanyar samun kuɗi, da kuma magance matsalolin da matasan [[Najeriya|Najeriyar]] ke fuskanta a yayin da suke ƙoƙarin samun ci gaba da nasara a rayuwarsu<ref>http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-the-young-female-entrepreneurs-rocking-abuja/</ref>. Bayan nasarorin da ta samu a kafafen yaɗa labarai, ita ce mai gabatar da shirin talabijin da ake kira [https://freedomradionig.com/ Muryar Jama’a], shirin wasa ne wanda ke nuna rayuwa da al'adun [[Hausawa]], Ita kuma ta mallaki kamfanin L Magazine, mujallar ce da ke nuna abubuwan kaman kayan ado na cikin gida, kiwon lafiya da salon rayuwa; ita ce marubuciya na Something Deep da Masked<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc</ref>. == Lambobin yabo da nasarori == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Shekara !! Lambar yabo!! Kungiyar |- | 2018 || Award of Excellence || [http://www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS7835.htm Gamji Students] |- | 2015 || Award of Honor || Eastern Mediterranean University (Nigerian Week) |- | 2018 || Award of Excellence || [http:////www.abu.edu.ng/faculties/administration/ Department of Public Admin, Faculty of Admin, ABU] |- | 2018 || Award of Excellence || West African Students |- | 2019 || Meritorious Award of Honor || Nigerian Youth Progress in Democracy |- | 2019 || Certificate of Honor ||Democratic Youth Assembly of Nigeria |- | 2018 ||Certificate of Appreciation || [http://www.startupsokoto.com.ng/{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Startup Sokoto] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | 2018 || Certificate of Participation || [https://startupkano.com/ Startup Kano] |- | 2019 || Award of Honor|| National Association of Nigerian Students (Zone A) |- | 2019 || Life Time Award of Credence || Youth Assembly of Nigeria |- | 2019 || Northern Philanthropic Award of Excellence|| Save Democracy Group, Africa |- | 2020 || Award of Honor ||National Association of Northern Corpers<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkA-Onzamc</ref> |- | 2019 || Corporate Social Responsibility Award || [https://prtimesafrica.org/pr-home/ PR Times Africa]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya Musulmai]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1986]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Masu kwalliya yan'Najeriya]] thr7cens3q1i8psgjtj1532kopuu8qa Uhunoma Osazuwa 0 15796 967463 508853 2026-10-14T08:17:09Z Nura Bello 24854 967463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Aminat Olowora of Nigeria at the 2018 African Athletics Championships.jpg|thumb|yar Nigeria a wurin athletics]] '''Uhunoma Naomi Osazuwa''' (An haife ta a [[Nuwamba]] 23, 1987 a Oakland, [[California]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418084514/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/os/uhunoma-osazuwa-1.html Uhunoma Osazuwa]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2013-06-19.</ref> ) ƴar tseren guje-guje ce da tsalle-tsalle ta [[Nijeriya]] da ke gasa a cikin heptathlon . Ta wakilci [[Najeriya]] a gasar wasannin bazara ta 2012 amma ta kasa kammala gasar bayan ɗaukar maki a wasanni biyar. Ta cancanci zuwa gasar Rio Olympics ta 2016 a cikin heptathlon, inda ta ƙare a matsayi na 29.<ref>[https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/1218547/Syracuse/Uhunoma_Osazuwa.html Syracuse Uhunoma Osazuwa] tfrrs.org. Retrieved on August 4, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://cuse.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=7110 Uhunoma Osazuwa - 2009-10 Track and Field - Syracuse's first All-American pentathlete]. cuse.com. Retrieved on August 4, 2016.</ref> Tana da digirgiri a fannin haɗa magunguna a 2014 daga Jami'ar Michigan College of Pharmacy.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLVLI6HmhDI</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗin waje== * [https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/uhunoma-osazuwa-254563 Bayanin] IAAF na [https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/uhunoma-osazuwa-254563 Uhunoma Osazuwa] [[Category: Haifaffun 1987]] [[Category:Ƴan tsere a Najeriya]] jdqjglc8wnni8z2mejv3594s1954p58 967464 967463 2026-10-14T08:18:41Z Nura Bello 24854 967464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Aminat Olowora of Nigeria at the 2018 African Athletics Championships.jpg|thumb|yar Nigeria a wurin athletics]] '''Uhunoma Naomi Osazuwa''' (An haife ta a [[Nuwamba]] 23, 1987 a Oakland, [[California]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418084514/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/os/uhunoma-osazuwa-1.html Uhunoma Osazuwa]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2013-06-19.</ref> ) ƴar tseren guje-guje ce da tsalle-tsalle ta [[Nijeriya]] da ke gasa a cikin heptathlon . Ta wakilci [[Najeriya]] a gasar wasannin bazara ta shekarar 2012 amma ta kasa kammala gasar bayan ɗaukar maki a wasanni biyar. Ta cancanci zuwa gasar Rio Olympics ta shekarar 2016 a cikin heptathlon, inda ta ƙare a matsayi na 29.<ref>[https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/1218547/Syracuse/Uhunoma_Osazuwa.html Syracuse Uhunoma Osazuwa] tfrrs.org. Retrieved on August 4, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://cuse.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=7110 Uhunoma Osazuwa - 2009-10 Track and Field - Syracuse's first All-American pentathlete]. cuse.com. Retrieved on August 4, 2016.</ref> Tana da digirgiri a fannin haɗa magunguna a 2014 daga Jami'ar Michigan College of Pharmacy.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLVLI6HmhDI</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗin waje== * [https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/uhunoma-osazuwa-254563 Bayanin] IAAF na [https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/uhunoma-osazuwa-254563 Uhunoma Osazuwa] [[Category: Haifaffun 1987]] [[Category:Ƴan tsere a Najeriya]] dvyvi3bwp8mfi0ylxa0gtlu6nmkwcp9 Kasuwancin yanar gizo 0 18821 967272 963416 2026-10-13T19:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|abubuwan da ake kira fa yananar gizo]] '''Kasuwancin yanar gizo''' wata hanyar kasuwanci ne na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] da ya kawo cigaba sosai a wannan lokacin sannan ya takaita zirga-zirga a ɓangaren yan kasuwa domin zaka yi amfani da wayar hannun ka ne ko kwamfutar ka wajen siyen kayayyaki daga wani waje kuma a kawo maka inda kake ba tare da kaje da kanka ba.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasuwancin [[yanar gizo]] ya kawo kara hadaka kasuwanci a duniya domin yanzun kasashen masu tasowa suna alfahari da kasuwancin yanar [[Giza|gizo]] ==Amfanin sa== ==Illolin kasuwancin yanar gizo== Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin yanar gizo to aƙwai illoli da dama a tattare da shi domin a kasuwancin yanar gizo akan yawaita damfarar mutane ko kuma a basu kayan da basu ne suka siya ba ko kuma a turo masu kayan da basu da inganci sosai.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Internet_Online_Marketing_(27905885880).jpg|Kasuwar yanar gizo ta hanayar Email File:Social_media_tablet.jpg|Online marketing </gallery> == Tarihin rayuwa == * Bartels, Robert, Tarihin Tunanin Kasuwanci, Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 a[http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hm/a02history_of_marketing_thought_by_bartels_hermans.pdf kan layi] * {{Cite book|last3=Clayton M. Christensen}} * Ikilisiya, Roy da Godley, Andrew (eds), The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass, 2003 online edition An ajiye shi 18 Oktoba 2009 a * {{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Stanley C. |last2=Rassuli |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Jones |first3=D. G. Brian |last4=Dix |first4=Laura Farlow |date=June 2005 |title=Periodization in Marketing History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-macromarketing_2005-06_25_1/page/32 |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1177/0276146705274982}} * Tedlow, Richard S., da Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, Routledge, 2014 * Weitz, Barton A. da Robin Wensley (eds). Littafin Kasuwanci, 2002 == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Account-based marketing]] * [[Advertising]] ** [[History of advertising]] ** [[Online Advertising]] ** [[Sex in Advertising]] * [[Advertising management]] * [[Affinity marketing]] * [[Agile marketing]] * [[American business history]] * [[B2B Marketing]] * [[Brand awareness]] * [[Consumer confusion]] * [[Consumer behaviour]] * [[Content marketing]] * [[Database marketing]] * [[Demand chain]] * [[Digital marketing]] * [[Email remarketing]] * [[Family in advertising]] * [[Guerrilla marketing]] * [[History of marketing]] * [[Internet marketing]] * [[List of marketing terms]] * [[Loyalty marketing]] * [[Macromarketing]] * [[Marketing management]] * [[Marketing mix]] * [[Marketing science]] * [[Marketing strategy]] * [[Micromarketing]] * [[Media manipulation]] * [[Meta marketing]] * [[Mobile marketing]] * [[Multicultural marketing]] * [[Product management]] * [[Product marketing]] * [[Production orientation]] * [[Public Sector Marketing]] * [[Real-time marketing]] * [[Return on marketing investment]] (ROMI) * [[Relationship marketing]] * [[Search Engine Marketing]] * [[Services marketing]] * [[Smarketing]] * [[Societal marketing]] * [[Social media marketing]] * [[Sustainable market orientation]] * [[Visual marketing]] * [[Viral Marketing]] * [[Web marketing]] * [[Word-of-mouth marketing]]|colwidth=15em}} === Nau'o'in talla === <nowiki>*</nowiki> [[Agricultural marketing]] * [[Business marketing]] and [[industrial marketing]] * [[Destination marketing]] * [[Global marketing]] * [[Influencer marketing]] * [[Relationship marketing]] * [[Services marketing]] * [[Social marketing]]|colwidth=15em}} === Hanyoyin tallace-tallace ko falsafanci === {{Columns-list|* [[History of marketing#The marketing orientation|Marketing orientation]] * [[Production orientation]] * [[History of marketing#Selling orientation|Selling orientation]] * [[Socially responsible marketing]] and [[corporate social responsibility]] * [[Relationship marketing]] and [[customer relationship management]]|colwidth=15em}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 70psyxj7ko6m9p3yrv153z6jqdruy6b Yaudara 0 18897 967409 966119 2026-10-13T23:34:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 11 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaudara''' aiki ne na shawo kan wani ko kuma mutane da yawa da suka karɓi bayanai marasa tushe . Mutumin da ke ƙirƙirar yaudarar ya san ƙarya ce yayin da mai karɓar bayanin bai san hakan ba. Sau da yawa ana yin sa ne don samun riba ko kuma don amfanin kai. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Definition of 'deception' – English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/deception |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905070912/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/deception |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Definition of 'deceive' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/deceive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421214557/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/deceive |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> Deceit and dishonesty can also form grounds for civil litigation in tort, or contract law (where it is known as misrepresentation or fraudulent misrepresentation if deliberate), or give rise to criminal prosecution for fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deception |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/deception}}</ref> == Types == === Sadarwa === [[File:Witkiewicz_Deception_of_woman.jpg|thumb| ''Yaudara mace, tare da hoton kansa'' ta Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, 1927 ( National Museum, Warsaw )]] Ka'idar Yaudara Tsakanin Mutane ta binciko alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahallin sadarwa da fahimta da ɗabi'u na mai aikawa da mai karɓa a cikin musayar yaudara. Wasu nau'ikan yaudara sun haɗa da: * Ƙarya : ƙirƙirar bayanai ko bayar da bayanai da suka saba wa gaskiya ko kuma suka bambanta sosai da gaskiya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last3=Jeremy Griffith}}</ref> * Kurakurai : yin magana a kaikaice, mara tabbas, ko kuma mai karo da juna. * Boyewa : kawar da bayanai masu mahimmanci ko masu dacewa da mahallin da aka bayar, ko kuma shiga cikin halayen da ke taimakawa wajen ɓoye bayanai masu dacewa. * Karin Magana : Karin Magana ko fadada gaskiya zuwa wani mataki. * Karin magana : rage ko rage girman ɓangarorin gaskiya. * Rashin Gaskiya: kuskuren fahimtar gaskiya. Buller da Burgoon (1996) sun gabatar da wasu ka'idoji guda uku don bambance dalilan yaudara bisa ga Ka'idar Yaudara ta Mutum da Mutum: * Kayan aiki: don guje wa hukunci ko kare albarkatu * Dangantaka: don kiyaye dangantaka ko alaƙa * Identity: don kiyaye "fuska" ko kuma kamannin kai <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Buller |first=D. B. |last2=Burgoon |first2=J. K. |year=1996 |title=Interpersonal Deception Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_communication-theory_1996-08_6_3/page/203 |journal=Communication Theory |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=203–242 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00127.x |s2cid=146464264}}</ref> === Bayyanar === ==== Mimicry ==== A duniyar halittu, kwaikwayon ya ƙunshi yaudara ta hanyar kamanceceniya da wata halitta, ko kuma ga wani abu na halitta. Misali, dabbobi na iya yaudarar masu farauta ko farauta ta hanyar gani, [[Sauti|ji]] ko wasu hanyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mimicry &#124; Definition & Examples &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/mimicry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317193003/https://www.britannica.com/science/mimicry |archive-date=March 17, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025}}</ref> ==== Kyankyaso ==== [[File:Young_red_necked_wallaby.jpg|thumb| Wannan wallaby yana da launuka masu daidaitawa wanda ke ba shi damar haɗuwa da muhallinsa.]] Boye wani abu na zahiri sau da yawa yana aiki ta hanyar karya iyakokin gani na wannan abu. Wannan yawanci ya ƙunshi yin wa abin da aka ɓoye launin launi iri ɗaya da asalin da za a ɓoye abin a kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of CAMOUFLAGE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/camouflage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415184301/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/camouflage |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025}}</ref> Rufe ido na soja a matsayin wani nau'i na yaudarar gani wani ɓangare ne na kamfen da yawa. ==== Ɓoye ==== Ana amfani da ɓoye-ɓoye don ƙirƙirar yanayin kamannin ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of DISGUISE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disguise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221175352/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disguise |archive-date=February 21, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025}}</ref> Tarin labarai na ƙarni na sha bakwai, littafin Zhang Yingyu mai suna ''The Book of Swindles'' (kimanin 1617), ya ba da misalai da yawa na dabarun kama-karya da zamba waɗanda suka haɗa da haɓaka kwadayi a daular Ming-China. == A cikin dangantakar soyayya == [[File:Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Beguiling_of_Merlin.jpg|thumb| ''Littafin The Beguiling of Merlin'', na Edward Burne-Jones, 1874]] An kuma lura da kuma nazarin yaudara a cikin soyayya . <ref name="Cole">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=T. |year=2001 |title=Lying to the one you love: The use of deceptions in romantic relationships |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1177/0265407501181005 |s2cid=44014065}}</ref> Akwai manyan dalilai guda uku na yaudara a cikin dangantaka. {| class="wikitable" !Dalilan yaudara ! Bayani |- | '''Dalilan da suka mayar da hankali kan abokin tarayya''' | Amfani da yaudara don guje wa cutar da abokin tarayya, don taimaka wa abokin tarayya ya inganta ko kiyaye girman kansa, don guje wa damuwa da abokin tarayya, da kuma kare dangantakar abokin tarayya da wani ɓangare na uku. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Guthrie |first=J. |last2=Kunkel |first2=A. |year=2013 |title=Tell me sweet (and not-so-sweet) little lies: Deception in romantic relationships |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_communication-studies_april-june-2013_64_2/page/141 |journal=Communication Studies |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1080/10510974.2012.755637 |s2cid=53677161}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Boon |first=S. D. |last2=McLeod |first2=B. A. |year=2001 |title=Deception in Romantic Relationships: Subjective Estimates of Success at Deceiving and Attitudes toward Deception |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=463–476 |doi=10.1177/0265407501184002 |s2cid=144821127}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemay |first=E. P. |last2=Bechis |first2=M. A. |last3=Martin |first3=J. |last4=Neal |first4=A. M. |last5=Coyne |first5=C. |year=2013 |title=Concealing negative evaluations of a romantic partner's physical attractiveness |journal=Personal Relationships |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=669–689 |doi=10.1111/pere.12007}}</ref> Yaudarar da abokin tarayya ya yi amfani da ita a wasu lokutan ana iya kallonta a matsayin ladabi ga zamantakewa da kuma amfani ga dangantaka, kamar faɗin ƙarya don guje wa cutar da abokin tarayya. Ko da yake wasu dalilai, waɗanda ba a saba gani ba, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan abokin tarayya kamar amfani da yaudara don tayar da martanin kishi daga abokin tarayya na iya yin illa ga dangantaka. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheets |first=V. L. |last2=Fredendall |first2=L. L. |last3=Claypool |first3=H. M. |year=1997 |title=Jealousy evocation, partner reassurance, and relationship stability: An exploration of the potential benefits of jealousy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution-and-human-behavior_1997-11_18_6/page/387 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=387–402 |bibcode=1997EHumB..18..387S |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(97)00088-3}}</ref> |- | '''Dalilan mayar da hankali kan kai''' | Amfani da yaudara don inganta ko kare mutuncin mutum, kiyaye ko tabbatar da 'yancin kansa, guje wa ƙuntatawa, ayyukan da ba a so, ko tilastawa, kare kansa daga fushi, kunya, ko suka, ko warware jayayya. <ref name="Cole" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Wani dalili na yau da kullun na yaudara shine ci gaba da yaudara don gujewa kamawa cikin wata yaudara ta baya. <ref name=":1" /> Yaudarar kai gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarta a matsayin babban laifi fiye da yaudarar da abokin tarayya ke yi, domin mai yaudara yana yin aiki ne don dalilai na son kai maimakon don amfanin abokin tarayya ko dangantaka. |- | '''Dalilan da suka mayar da hankali kan dangantaka''' | Amfani da yaudara don iyakance lalacewar dangantaka ta hanyar guje wa rikici ko raunin dangantaka. <ref name=":1" /> Yaudarar da aka yi da alaƙa da dangantaka na iya zama da amfani ga dangantaka, kuma a wasu lokutan tana iya zama cutarwa ta hanyar ƙara rikitar da al'amura. Ana iya amfani da yaudara don sauƙaƙe wargaza dangantaka da ba a so. <ref name="Cole" /> |} Yaudara tana shafar fahimtar dangantaka ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ga mai yaudara da kuma wanda aka yaudare. Mayaudari yawanci yana ganin ƙarancin fahimta da kusanci daga dangantakar, ta yadda yake ganin abokin tarayyarsa a matsayin wanda ba shi da tausayi kuma mai nisa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=DePaulo |first=B. M. |last2=Kashy |first2=D. A. |year=1998 |title=Everyday lies in close and casual relationships |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1998-01_74_1/page/63 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=63–79 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.63 |pmid=9457776 |s2cid=20626244}}</ref> Wannan yaudarar na iya haifar da damuwa ga mai yaudara, wanda hakan ke ƙara muni muddin mai yaudarar ya san wanda ya yaudare, da kuma a cikin dangantaka mai tsawo. Da zarar an gano, yaudara tana haifar da jin rabuwa da rashin jin daɗi da ke kewaye da dangantakar ga abokan hulɗar biyu; wannan a ƙarshe zai iya haifar da rabuwa da abokan hulɗar biyu daga dangantakar ko kuma lalacewar dangantakar. <ref name="Cole" /> Gabaɗaya, gano yaudara na iya haifar da raguwar gamsuwa da dangantaka da matakin sadaukarwa, duk da haka, a lokutan da aka yaudari mutum cikin nasara, gamsuwar dangantaka na iya yin tasiri mai kyau ga mutumin da aka yaudari, tunda galibi ana amfani da ƙarya don sa ɗayan abokin tarayya ya ji daɗi game da dangantakar. Gabaɗaya, yaudara ba ta faruwa sau da yawa a cikin dangantaka mai matuƙar gamsuwa da sadaukarwa da kuma a cikin dangantaka inda abokan hulɗa suka daɗe suna sanin juna, kamar dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da aure. <ref name="Cole" /> Idan aka kwatanta, yaudara ta fi faruwa a cikin dangantaka ta yau da kullun da kuma a cikin soyayya inda matakin alƙawari da tsawon lokacin da aka saba da su galibi suna da ƙasa sosai. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Rowatt |first=W. C. |last2=Cunninghan |first2=M. R. |last3=Druen |first3=P. B. |year=1998 |title=Deception to get a date |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-social-psychology-bulletin_1998-11_24_11/page/1228 |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1228–1242 |doi=10.1177/01461672982411009 |s2cid=144546956}}</ref> === Yaudara da rashin imani === Amfani da yaudara a cikin nau'in rashin aminci ya bambanta da na soyayya. Idan ana maganar faruwar rashin imani, abubuwa da yawa da suka bambanta mutum ɗaya na iya shafar wannan ɗabi'ar. Rashin aminci yana shafar salon haɗewa, gamsuwar dangantaka, aikin zartarwa, [[Jima'i na zamantakewa|yanayin zamantakewa]], halayen mutum, da jinsi . Salon haɗewa yana shafar yuwuwar rashin aminci kuma bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da salon haɗewa mara tsaro (masu damuwa ko masu gujewa) sun fi iya yin yaudara idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da salon haɗewa mai aminci, <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=DeWall |first=C. N. |last2=Lambert |first2=N. M. |last3=Slotter |first3=E. B. |last4=Pond |first4=R. S. Jr. |last5=Deckman |first5=T. |last6=Finkel |first6=E. J. |last7=Luchies |first7=L. B. |last8=Fincham |first8=F. D. |year=2011 |title=So Far Away From One's Partner, Yet So Close to Romantic Alternatives: Avoidant Attachment, Interest in Alternatives, and Infidelity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_2011-12_101_6/page/1302 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1302–1316 |doi=10.1037/a0025497 |pmid=21967006 |s2cid=16982198}}</ref> musamman ga maza masu gujewa da mata masu damuwa. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=E. S. |last2=Baucom |first2=D. H. |year=2004 |title=Adult Attachment and Patterns of Extradyadic Involvement |journal=Family Process |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=467–488 |doi=10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.00035.x |pmid=15605979 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Salon haɗewa mara tsaro ana siffanta shi da rashin jin daɗi a cikin dangantakar soyayya wanda ke haifar da sha'awar zama mai 'yanci fiye da kima (salon haɗewa mara kyau) ko kuma sha'awar dogaro da abokin tarayya ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba (salon haɗewa mai damuwa). Waɗanda ke da salon soyayya mai rashin tsaro ana siffanta su da rashin yarda cewa abokin tarayyarsu na soyayya zai iya/za ta tallafa musu da kuma ta'azantar da su ta hanya mai inganci, ko dai ya samo asali ne daga mummunan imani game da kansu (salon soyayya mai cike da damuwa) ko kuma mummunan imani game da wasu na soyayya (salon soyayya mai cike da gujewa). Mata sun fi saurin yin rashin aminci idan ba su gamsu da dangantakarsu ba yayin da maza suka fi saurin yin rashin aminci idan ba su gamsu da dangantakar da suke da ita ta jima'i ba. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Barta |first=W. D. |last2=Kiene |first2=S. M. |year=2005 |title=Motivations for infidelity in heterosexual dating couples: The roles of gender, personality differences, and sociosexual orientation |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=339–360 |doi=10.1177/0265407505052440 |s2cid=145727447}}</ref> Mata sun fi saurin aikata rashin aminci na motsin rai fiye da maza yayin da maza suka fi yuwuwar aikata rashin aminci na jima'i fiye da mata; duk da haka, waɗannan ba nau'ikan da ba su da bambanci ba ne domin maza da mata za su iya kuma suna iya shiga cikin rashin aminci na motsin rai ko na jima'i. <ref name=":6" /> Kula da zartarwa wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan zartarwa wanda ke ba mutane damar sa ido da sarrafa halayensu ta hanyar tunani game da kuma sarrafa ayyukansu. Matakin ikon zartarwa da mutum ke da shi yana shafar ci gaba da gogewa kuma ana iya inganta shi ta hanyar horo da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=A. |last2=Lee |first2=K. |year=2011 |title=Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=333 |issue=6045 |pages=959–964 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..959D |doi=10.1126/science.1204529 |pmc=3159917 |pmid=21852486}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klingberg |first=T. |year=2010 |title=Training and plasticity of working memory |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=317–324 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.002 |pmid=20630350 |s2cid=17438995}}</ref> Waɗanda suka nuna babban iko na zartarwa za su iya yin tasiri/ikon sarrafa tunaninsu da halayensu cikin sauƙi dangane da barazanar da ka iya tasowa ga dangantaka mai ci gaba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarancin kulawa ga barazanar da ke tattare da dangantakar yanzu (sauran abokan soyayya masu yuwuwa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pronk |first=T. M. |last2=Karremans |first2=J. C. |last3=Wigboldus |first3=D. H. J. |year=2011 |title=How can you resist? Executive control helps romantically involved individuals to stay faithful |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_2011-05_100_5/page/827 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=827–837 |doi=10.1037/a0021993 |pmid=21244181 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Jima'i na zamantakewa|Ilimin zamantakewa]] yana da alaƙa da yadda mutane ke shiga cikin jima'i na yau da kullun a waje da dangantaka mai kyau da kuma imaninsu game da yadda yake da mahimmanci a yi jima'i da wani. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=J. A. |last2=Gangestad |first2=S. W. |year=1991 |title=Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1991-06_60_6/page/870 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=870–883 |bibcode=1991JPSP...60..870S |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.870 |pmid=1865325}}</ref> Mutane masu [[Jima'i na zamantakewa|ra'ayin zamantakewa]] da ba su da tsauri sosai (wanda ya fi yiwuwa su shiga cikin jima'i na yau da kullun) sun fi shiga cikin rashin aminci. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> Mutane masu halaye na ɗabi'a, waɗanda suka haɗa da (babban) rashin son kai, (ƙananan) yarda, da kuma (ƙananan) rashin sanin yakamata, sun fi saurin aikata rashin aminci. <ref name=":6" /> Galibi ana hasashen maza suna yin maguɗi fiye da mata, amma ba a san ko wannan ya faru ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa inda ya fi dacewa ga maza su yi maguɗi idan aka kwatanta da mata ko kuma saboda ƙaruwar wannan ɗabi'a ga maza. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Conley |first=T. D. |last2=Moors |first2=A. C. |last3=Matsick |first3=J. L. |last4=Ziegler |first4=A. |last5=Valentine |first5=B. A. |year=2011 |title=Women, men, and the bedroom: Methodological and conceptual insights that narrow, reframe, and eliminate gender differences in sexuality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-directions-in-psychological-science_2011-10_20_5/page/296 |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=296–300 |doi=10.1177/0963721411418467 |s2cid=109937245}}</ref> Binciken da Conley da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar (2011) ya nuna cewa dalilin da ke bayan waɗannan bambance-bambancen jinsi ya samo asali ne daga mummunan kyamar da ake nunawa ga mata waɗanda ke yin jima'i ba tare da wata matsala ba da kuma hasashen game da ikon jima'i na abokin tarayya mai yuwuwa. A cikin bincikensu, maza da mata sun yi daidai da yiwuwar karɓar shawarar jima'i daga mutumin da aka yi hasashen yana da babban ƙarfin jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, mata suna da yuwuwar karɓar shawarar jima'i kamar maza idan ba su yi tsammanin za a yi musu mummunan zagin mata da aka yarda da su ta hanyar jima'i ba kamar yadda ake yi wa mata masu lalata. <ref name=":8" /> === Yaudara ta soyayya ta yanar gizo === {{excerpt|Interrogation|Deception}}Bincike kan amfani da yaudara a soyayya ta yanar gizo ya nuna cewa mutane gabaɗaya suna da gaskiya game da kansu banda halayen jiki don su bayyana mafi kyau. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Can You Really Trust the People You Meet Online? &#124; Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/close-encounters/201407/can-you-really-trust-the-people-you-meet-online |website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2015 |title=Myth-busting online dating |url=http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2015/5/14/mythbusting-online-dating.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018125732/http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2015/5/14/mythbusting-online-dating.html |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Detecting Deception in Online Profiles &#124; Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/let-their-words-do-the-talking/201111/detecting-deception-in-online-profiles |website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref> A cewar Scientific American, "tara cikin goma masu soyayya a yanar gizo za su yi magana game da tsayinsu, nauyinsu, ko shekarunsu" ta yadda maza za su fi yin ƙarya game da tsayi yayin da mata za su fi yin ƙarya game da nauyi. A wani bincike da Toma da Hancock suka gudanar, "an gano cewa mutanen da ba su da kyan gani sun fi zaɓar hoton bayanin martaba wanda ya fi kyau fiye da yadda suke a rayuwar yau da kullun". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2011 |title=Big fat liars: Less attractive people have more deceptive online dating profiles |url=http://bigthink.com/dollars-and-sex/big-fat-liars-less-attractive-people-have-more-deceptive-online-dating-profiles}}</ref> Duk jinsi biyu sun yi amfani da wannan dabarar a bayanan soyayya ta yanar gizo, amma mata sun fi maza. <ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ba su da kyan gani sun fi "ƙarya game da ma'aunin kyawun jiki kamar tsayi da nauyi". <ref name=":5" /> Gabaɗaya, maza sun fi yin ƙarya a kan bayanan soyayya banda ɗaya shine mata sun fi yin ƙarya game da kiba. <ref name=":4" /> == A cikin kasuwanci == Mutanen da ke yin shawarwari suna jin kamar suna son yin amfani da yaudara. A cikin tattaunawar, ya haɗa da ɓangarorin biyu su amince da juna da kuma girmama juna. A tattaunawar, wani ɓangare ba ya san abin da ke faruwa a ɗayan ɓangaren abin da ke buƙatar a yi shawarwari a kai ba. Yaudara a cikin tattaunawa tana zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma kowannensu yana da martaninsa (Gaspar et al., 2019). <ref name="Gaspar 62–81">{{Cite journal |last=Gaspar |first=Joseph P. |last2=Methasani |first2=Redona |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Maurice |date=February 2019 |title=Fifty Shades of Deception: Characteristics and Consequences of Lying in Negotiations |url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amp.2017.0047 |journal=Academy of Management Perspectives |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=62–81 |doi=10.5465/amp.2017.0047 |issn=1558-9080 |s2cid=149085360 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Ajiye farashi: Rashin faɗin ainihin kasafin kuɗi ko farashin da mutum ke da shi a zuciya. * Ba daidai ba ne a bayyana abubuwan da ake sha'awa: Samun abubuwan da ake sha'awa idan mai siye ya nuna yana cikin matsananciyar damuwa. * Ƙirƙirar gaskiya: Wannan shine mafi girman ɓangaren rashin ɗa'a, inda mutum yake ƙarya game da kayan aiki da bayanai masu ɓatarwa don samun siyarwa. * Yin watsi da mahimmanci: Rashin faɗin wani abu mai amfani da za a sani: misali, mota na iya zama kamar sabuwa amma ba zai taimaka ba idan mai siyarwa ya manta da gaskiyar cewa akwai matsala da watsawa. <ref name="Gaspar 62–81" /> == A fannin aikin jarida == Yaudarar aikin jarida ta kama daga ayyukan da ba na aiki ba (watau haɗuwa zuwa zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam) zuwa yaudarar aiki (watau bayyana kanka da ƙarya ta waya, ana ɗaukarka aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a asibitin mahaukata). <ref name="braun:88">{{Cite journal |last=Braun |first=Paul |date=January 1988 |title=Deception in journalism: 1987 Undergraduate Division Winner of the Carol Burnett/University of Hawaii/AEJMC Student Papers in Journalism Ethics |journal=Journal of Mass Media Ethics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=77–83 |doi=10.1080/08900528809358312}}</ref> Paul Braun ya ce ɗan jaridar bai bambanta da sauran jama'a ba wajen amfani da yaudara. <ref name="braun:88" /> == A cikin tambayoyi == {{excerpt|Interrogation|Deception}} == Suruki == {{excerpt|Military deception}}Don dalilai na shari'a, yaudara laifi ne da ke faruwa lokacin da mutum ya yi kuskuren bayani na gaskiya, yana sanin cewa ƙarya ne (ko rashin yarda da gaskiyarsa da kuma yin sakaci game da ko gaskiya ne) kuma yana nufin mai karɓa ya dogara da shi, kuma mai karɓa ya yi abin da zai cutar da shi ta hanyar dogaro da shi. Yaudara kuma na iya zama dalilan shigar da ƙara a shari'a a cikin dokar kwangila (wanda aka sani da ɓatanci, ko kuma idan da gangan aka yi shi, ɓatanci na zamba ), ko kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya, bisa ga zamba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misrepresentation |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/misrepresentation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711001242/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/misrepresentation |archive-date=July 11, 2025 |access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraud |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fraud}}</ref> == A yaƙi == {{excerpt|Military deception}} == A cikin addini == Yaudara batu ne da aka saba tattaunawa a cikin addini. Wasu majiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan yadda nassoshin addini ke magance yaudara. Amma wasu majiyoyi sun fi mayar da hankali kan yaudarar da addinan suka ƙirƙira. Misali, Ryan McKnight shine wanda ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna FaithLeaks. Ya bayyana cewa "manufar ƙungiyar ita ce rage yawan yaudara da rashin gaskiya da ɗabi'un da ba su dace ba da ke wanzuwa a wasu fannoni na addini". === Addinin Yahudanci === Labarin da ya shafi Yakubu da Isuwa a cikin Littafin Farawa ya tuna yadda Yakubu, tare da mahaifiyarsa Rifkatu, suka yaudari mahaifinsa makaho da tsufa, [[Ishaaq|Ishaku]], wanda hakan ya sa Ishaku ya bai wa Yakubu albarkar da ta wajaba ga babban ɗan'uwansa Isuwa . <ref>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|27:1-40}}</ref> === Kiristanci === === Musulunci === {{Reflist}}In general, Islam never allows deception and lies. Prophet [[Muhammad]] said, "He who deceives is not of me (is not my follower)".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih Muslim 102 – The Book of Faith - كتاب الإيمان - Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:102 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210829/https://sunnah.com/muslim:102 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> However, there are some exceptions, especially in case of war or peace making or in case of safeguarding one's faith.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}} For an example, Taqiya is an Islamic juridical term for the cases in which a Muslim is allowed to lie under the circumstances when needed to deny their faith due to force or when faced with persecution. The concept mainly followed by [[Shi'a|Shi'ite]] sect, but it varies "significantly among Islamic sects, scholars, countries, and political regimes", and has been evoked by critics of Islam to portray the faith allowing dishonesty. == A cikin binciken zamantakewa == Though commonly used and allowed by the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, there has been debate about whether or not the use of deception should be permitted in psychological research experiments. Those against deception object to the ethical and methodological issues involved in its use. Rebecca Dresser noted that, ethically, researchers are only to use subjects in an experiment after the subject has given informed consent. However, because of its very nature, a researcher conducting a deception experiment cannot reveal its true purpose to the subject, thereby making any consent given by a subject misinformed. [[Diana Baumrind]], criticizing the use of deception in the 1963 Milgram obedience experiment, argued that deception experiments inappropriately take advantage of the implicit trust and obedience given by the subject when the subject volunteers to participate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baumrind |first=Diana |date=1964 |title=Some thoughts on ethics of research: After reading Milgram's "Behavioral Study of Obedience." |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-00210-001 |url-status=live |journal=American Psychologist |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=421–423 |doi=10.1037/h0040128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531091825/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-00210-001 |archive-date=May 31, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025}}</ref> Daga mahangar aiki, akwai kuma ƙin yarda da hanyoyin da ake bi wajen yaudara. Andreas Ortmann da Ralph Hertwig sun lura cewa "yaudara na iya yin tasiri sosai ga suna na ɗaiɗaikun dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma sana'ar, ta haka ne ke gurɓata rukunin mahalarta". Idan waɗanda aka yi gwajin suka yi zargin mai binciken, da wuya su yi aiki kamar yadda suka saba, kuma ikon mai binciken a kan gwajin zai lalace. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ortmann |first=Andreas |last2=Hertwig |first2=Ralph |date=1998 |title=The question remains: Is deception acceptable? |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-04417-021 |url-status=live |journal=American Psychologist |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=806–807 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.53.7.806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813050516/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-04417-021 |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Waɗanda ba sa adawa da amfani da yaudara sun lura cewa koyaushe akwai gwagwarmaya a koyaushe wajen daidaita "buƙatar gudanar da bincike wanda zai iya magance matsalolin zamantakewa da kuma buƙatar kiyaye mutunci da haƙƙoƙin mahalarta binciken". Sun kuma lura cewa, a wasu lokuta, amfani da yaudara ita ce kawai hanyar samun wasu nau'ikan bayanai, kuma hana duk wani yaudara a cikin bincike zai "sami mummunan sakamako na hana masu bincike gudanar da bincike mai yawa". Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa yaudara ba ta da illa ga mutane. Binciken da Larry Christensen ya yi kan wallafe-wallafen ya gano cewa "masu binciken ba su fahimci cewa an cutar da su ba kuma da alama ba su damu da a yaudare su ba". Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi yaudara "sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ji daɗin ƙwarewar sosai kuma sun ga fa'idar ilimi" fiye da waɗanda suka shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen da ba na yaudara ba. A ƙarshe, an kuma nuna cewa maganin da ba shi da daɗi da ake amfani da shi a cikin binciken yaudara ko kuma mummunan tasirin sakamakon binciken yaudara na iya zama dalilin da ya sa ake ɗaukar binciken da ke amfani da yaudara a matsayin wanda bai dace ba, maimakon ainihin yaudarar da kanta. == A cikin binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam == Some methodologies in social research, especially in [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|psychology]], involve deception. The researchers purposely mislead or misinform the participants about the true nature of the experiment. In an experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1963 the researchers told participants that they would be participating in a scientific study of memory and learning. In reality the study looked at the participants' willingness to obey commands, even when that involved inflicting pain upon another person. After the study, the subjects were informed of the true nature of the study, and steps were taken in order to ensure that the subjects left in a state of well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milgram |first=Stanley |year=1963 |title=Behavioral Study of Obedience |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=371–378 |doi=10.1037/h0040525 |pmid=14049516 |s2cid=18309531}}</ref> == Haramtawar yanar gizo == Ta hanyar intanet, mutane za su iya bayyana kansu yadda suka ga dama saboda rashin sadarwa ta fuska da fuska. <ref name=":13" /> Ana amfani da yaudarar dijital sosai a cikin nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban don ɓatar da wani ko wani abu. <ref name=":14" /> Ta hanyar yaudarar dijital, mutane suna iya yaudarar wasu cikin sauƙi ko don amfanin kansu ko don tabbatar da amincinsu. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan yaudara ta dijital ita ce kamun kifi. Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamannin karya, masu kama kifi suna yaudarar waɗanda ke kan layi don gina dangantaka, abota, ko alaƙa ba tare da bayyana ainihin su a matsayin mutum ba. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabon asusu gaba ɗaya wanda ke da bayanan da suka ƙirƙira wanda ke ba su damar yin hakan&nbsp;suna bayyana kansu a matsayin wani mutum daban. Yawancin ƙarya da bayanai marasa tushe ana yaɗa su ne ta hanyar imel da saƙonnin gaggawa domin waɗannan saƙonnin suna gogewa da sauri. <ref name=":15" /> Ba tare da tattaunawa ta fuska da fuska ba, zai iya zama da sauƙi a yaudari wasu, wanda hakan zai sa ya yi wuya a gano gaskiya daga ƙarya. Waɗannan alamu marasa tabbas suna ba da damar yaudarar dijital ta rinjayi da kuma ɓatar da wasu cikin sauƙi. <ref name=":16" /> === "Alamun duhu" === {{Excerpt|Dark pattern}} == Zamba biyu == Yin zamba sau biyu yanayi ne na yaudara, inda mai yaudara ke faɗa wa mutum gaskiya game da wani batu, amma yana sa mutum ya yi tunanin cewa mai yaudara yana ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=double bluff |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/double-bluff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209095452/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/double-bluff |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=cambridge.org |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Definition of 'double bluff' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/double-bluff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206232411/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/double-bluff |archive-date=December 6, 2025 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=collinsdictionary.com |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=double bluff |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/double-bluff |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ldoceonline.com |publisher=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=double bluff noun |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/double-bluff |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> A cikin wasan karta, kalmar "double bluff" tana nufin yanayi inda ɗan wasan da ke yaudara yana ƙoƙarin yin ƙarya da katunan banza, sannan abokin hamayya ya sake ɗaga shi, sannan ya sake ɗaga shi da fatan cewa ɗan wasan abokin gaba zai naɗe. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Double Bluff |url=https://www.pokerzone.com/dictionary/double-bluff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505204204/https://www.pokerzone.com/dictionary/double-bluff |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=pokerzone.com |publisher=Casino City}}</ref> Wannan dabarar ta fi aiki ga abokan hamayya waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba cikin sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Double Bluff |url=https://www.pokernews.com/pokerterms/double-bluff.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505204204/https://www.pokernews.com/pokerterms/double-bluff.htm |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=pokernews.com |publisher=iBus Media Limited}}</ref> == Gano mayaudari == Gano mayaudari yana da matuƙar wahala sai dai idan ƙarya ce bayyananna ko kuma ta saɓa wa wani abu da ɗayan ya san gaskiya ne. Duk da cewa yana da wuya a yaudari mutum na tsawon lokaci, yaudara sau da yawa tana faruwa a cikin tattaunawar yau da kullun tsakanin abokan hulɗa na dangantaka. [1] Gano mayaudari yana da wahala saboda babu wani abin dogaro da aka sani na mayaudari kuma saboda mutane galibi suna dogara ne akan yanayin rashin gaskiya . Amma yaudara tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga mai yaudara. Dole ne ya tuna da maganganun da suka gabata domin labarinsa ya kasance daidai kuma abin gaskatawa. Sakamakon haka, masu yaudara galibi suna fallasa muhimman bayanai ta hanyar magana da kuma ta hanyar da ba ta magana ba . Yaudara da gano ta hanyoyi ne masu rikitarwa, masu sauƙin fahimta, kuma masu sauƙin fahimta waɗanda suka dogara ne akan mahallin musayar saƙonni. Ka'idar yaudarar mutane ta nuna cewa yaudarar mutane wani tsari ne mai canzawa, mai maimaita tasirin juna tsakanin mai aikawa, wanda ke sarrafa bayanai don ya kauce wa gaskiya, da kuma mai karɓa, wanda ke ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingancin saƙon. [1] Ayyukan mai yaudara suna da alaƙa da ayyukan mai karɓar saƙo. A lokacin wannan musayar ne mai yaudara zai bayyana bayanai na baki da na baki game da yaudara. [2] Wasu bincike sun gano cewa akwai wasu alamu da za su iya alaƙa da sadarwa ta yaudara, amma masana kan saba da ingancin waɗannan alamu don zama alamu masu inganci. [3] Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan al'adu daban-daban don nazarin halayen ɗan adam da yaudara ya kammala da cewa gano yaudara sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da hukunce-hukuncen mutum da kuma yadda suke fassara alamun da ba na magana ba. Halayyar mutum na iya yin tasiri ga waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen yayin da wasu mutane suka fi ƙarfin gwiwa wajen yaudara idan aka kwatanta da wasu. [4] Fitaccen masanin yaudara, Aldert Vrij, ya ma bayyana cewa babu wani hali na rashin magana wanda ke da alaƙa ta musamman da yaudara. [5] Kamar yadda aka faɗa a baya, babu wani takamaiman alamar ɗabi'a ta yaudara. Duk da haka, akwai wasu halaye marasa magana waɗanda aka gano suna da alaƙa da yaudara. Vrij ya gano cewa bincika "ƙungiya" na waɗannan alamun alama ce mafi inganci ta yaudara fiye da bincika alama ɗaya. [5] Mutane da yawa suna ganin cewa sun ƙware a yaudara, kodayake wannan amincewa sau da yawa ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grieve |first=Rachel |last2=Hayes |first2=Jordana |date=January 1, 2013 |title=Does perceived ability to deceive = ability to deceive? Predictive validity of the perceived ability to deceive (PATD) scale |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=311–314 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano mayaudari na iya raguwa idan aka ƙara jin tausayi. <ref name="b741" /> Horar da fahimtar [[Emotion|motsin rai]] ba ya shafar ikon gano yaudara. <ref name="b741">{{Cite journal |last=Zloteanu |first=Mircea |last2=Bull |first2=Peter |last3=Krumhuber |first3=Eva G |last4=Richardson |first4=Daniel C |date=2021 |title=Veracity judgement, not accuracy: Reconsidering the role of facial expressions, empathy, and emotion recognition training on deception detection |journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=910–927 |doi=10.1177/1747021820978851 |issn=1747-0218 |pmc=8056713 |pmid=33234008}}</ref> Mark Frank ya gabatar da cewa ana gano yaudara a matakin fahimta. Yin ƙarya yana buƙatar yin aiki da gangan, don haka sauraron magana da kallon kalmomin jiki muhimman abubuwa ne wajen gano ƙarya. Idan amsar tambaya tana da matsaloli da yawa, ƙarancin lokacin magana, kalmomi masu maimaitawa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tunani, to mutumin yana iya yin ƙarya. Alamun murya kamar tsayin mita da bambancin su ma na iya bayar da alamu masu ma'ana ga yaudara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockwell |first=P. A. |last2=Buller |first2=D. B. |last3=Burgoon |first3=J. K. |year=1997 |title=Measurement of deceptive voices: Comparing acoustic and perceptual data |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-psycholinguistics_1997-12_18_4/page/471 |journal=Applied Psycholinguistics |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=471–484 |doi=10.1017/S0142716400010948 |s2cid=144615784}}</ref> Tsoro yana haifar da ƙaruwar sha'awa ga maƙaryata, wanda ke bayyana a cikin yawan ƙwallayewa, faɗaɗa ɗalibi, rikicewar magana, da kuma murya mai ƙarfi. An nuna cewa maƙaryata waɗanda suka fuskanci laifi suna ƙoƙarin sanya tazara tsakanin su da sadarwa mai ruɗi, suna haifar da "alamu marasa gaggawa". Waɗannan na iya zama na magana ko na zahiri, gami da magana ta hanyoyi marasa tushe da kuma nuna rashin iya ci gaba da kallon ido da abokan hulɗarsu na tattaunawa. Wani abin da zai iya gano maganganun da ba su dace ba shi ne yanayin maganar da kanta. Streeter, Krauss, Geller, Olson, da Apple (1977) sun kimanta cewa tsoro da fushi, motsin rai guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da yaudara, suna haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali fiye da baƙin ciki ko rashin kulawa, kuma a lura cewa yawan damuwa da mutum ke ji yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yawan muryar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Streeter |first=L. A. |last2=Krauss |first2=R. M. |last3=Geller |first3=V. |last4=Olson |first4=C. |last5=Apple |first5=W. |year=1977 |title=Pitch changes during attempted deception |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1977-05_35_5/page/345 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=345–350 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.35.5.345 |pmid=874738}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Rashin gaskiya a fannin ilimi * Babban ƙarya * Yaudara ta sadarwa * Yaudara a cikin dabbobi * Yaudara ta lantarki * Gujewa (da'a) * Jabu * yaudara * Sarrafawa == Manazarta == === Ambato === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Majiyoyi na gabaɗaya da waɗanda aka ambata === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Ƙarin karatu == * Robert, W.; Thompson, Nicholas S., editoci. , ''Yaudara.'' ''Ra'ayoyi Kan Yaudara ta Dan Adam da ta Marasa Tasiri'' . New York: Jami'ar Jihar New York Press . * Kopp, Carlo, [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~carlo/infowar-in-biology.html ''Yaudara a fannin Ilimin Halittu: Amfani da Bayanai na Yanayi don Cin Nasara a Gasar Rayuwa''] . Jami'ar Monash, Oktoba 2011. * [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6249749 "Masana kimiyya sun gano na'urorin gano ƙaryar ɗan adam"], NBC News / Associated Press == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Wiktionary-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Disinformation}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] md6doe4t6i2gzwoqcwdjsnb8o9cxjct Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 967337 967000 2026-10-13T21:27:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 967337 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Zainab lawal yakubu|Zainab lawal yakubu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zainab lawal yakubu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:MauraWen|MauraWen]] |[[Special:Contributions/MauraWen|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Foschia|Foschia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Foschia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:GChoi-WMF|GChoi-WMF]] |[[Special:Contributions/GChoi-WMF|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Allirauf|Allirauf]] |[[Special:Contributions/Allirauf|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU|ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU]] |[[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR HAMISU ZUBAIRU|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 10 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Whoissya|Whoissya]] |[[Special:Contributions/Whoissya|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 11 ga 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[[File:Beryl_radar_20120528_0114_UTC.jpg |thumb|Taswira na nuna yanayin girman guguwar]] '''Guguwar Tropical Storm Beryl''' itace guguwa mafi karfi da aka taba shigarwa a wanda yasa kasa ta tsage a Amerika.<ref>"John L. Beven II (December 12, 2012). Tropical Storm Beryl Tropical Cyclone Report(PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 14, 201</ref> Gabatarwar Beryl ta haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a Cuba, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zaftarewar laka da mutuwar mutane biyu. [[Ruwan sama]] kamar da bakin kwarya kuma ya shafi kudancin Florida da Bahamas. Bayan kafawa, Beryl ya samar da igiyar ruwa mai wahala a gabar tekun kudu maso gabashin Amurka, ya bar mutum guda daga Folly Beach, [[South Carolina]] . Bayan saukar sa zuwa Florida, guguwar ta samar da iska mai karfi wacce ta bar 38,000&nbsp;mutane ba tare da iko ba. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya sauƙa yanayin fari tare da kashe gobara a kan hanyar guguwar. Wani itace da ya faɗi ya kashe wani mutum da ke tuƙi a Countyasar Orangeburg, ta Kudu Carolina . A arewa maso gabashin Arewacin Carolina, Beryl ya haifar da mahaukaciyar guguwa ta EF1 wacce ta lalata bishiyoyi kuma ta lalata gidaje da dama a kusa da garin Peletier . Gabaɗaya lalacewar ta zama ƙarami, an kiyasta ta $ 148,000. [nb 1] == Tarihin Hasashe == Asalin Beryl ya samo asali ne daga ne daga mashigar ruwa wacce ta ɓullo akan yankin Yucatán a watan Mayu&nbsp;16. Ya yi gaba zuwa gabas zuwa Tekun Caribbean na arewa maso yammacin, yana haifar da yanki mai matsin lamba a watan Mayu&nbsp;18. Kwanaki uku masu zuwa, ya kasance kusan tsayawa ba tare da ci gaba ba, har sai tsarin ya zama mafi ma'ana a watan Mayu&nbsp;22 lokacin da ta fara motsawa zuwa arewa maso gabas. A watan Mayu&nbsp;23, tsawan elongated yana da yanki na rarraba kayan aiki . Yayin wucewa ta tsibirin Cuban na Isla de la Juventud, an lura da wata cibiya mai yaduwa da isar da sako saboda tasirin iska mai karfi a duk yankin. Washegari, tsarin ya ratsa ta hanyar Florida Keys, da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa (NHC) sun lura da yiwuwar ƙara samun kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa. Lowananan ya zama mafi ma'ana azaman ingantaccen tsarin girgije. Ya sake motsawa zuwa yammacin Tekun Atlantika a cikin awanni 24 masu zuwa, kuma gungun isar da sako ya fadada cikin [[Bahamas]] da [[Cuba]] don zagaye gefen kudu maso yamma na yaduwar. A watan Mayu&nbsp;25, tsarin ya yi hulɗa tare da matsakaiciyar matsakaita zuwa babba, wanda ya haifar da cibiyar yin garambawul zuwa arewa maso gabas. Bayan tsarin ya sami iskar gale -force a kusa da cibiyar da isasshen tsari na isar da sako, NHC ta fara nasihohi kan Subtropical Storm Beryl a 0300&nbsp;UTC a watan Mayu&nbsp;26, yayin da guguwar ta kasance 305&nbsp;mi (490&nbsp;km) gabas da Charleston, South Carolina . Binciken bayan-lokaci ya nuna cewa Beryl ya haɓaka sa'o'i uku kafin. [[File:Beryl 2012-05-25 2245Z.png|thumb| Beryl jim kaɗan kafin a lasafta shi azaman babban hadari mai iska a ranar 25 ga Mayu]] Bayan haduwar Beryl, akwai raƙuman ruwa a kan New England wanda da farko ya haifar da yanayin jagoranci mara kyau. Ana tsammanin ruwa mai dumi da busasshiyar iska don hana ƙaruwa mai mahimmancin gaske, kuma isar da ruwa ya kasance kaɗan zuwa watan Mayu&nbsp;26. A wannan ranar, wani ginin dutse ya sa Beryl ya fara motsi a kudu maso yamma. A wannan lokacin, ƙananan matakan sun kasance suna tsaye a tsaye tare da cibiyar matakin sama. Yanayin da ke kusa da cibiyar guguwar ya zama abin ƙyama kuma tsarin ya fara wucewa sama da yanayin yanayin teku mai dumi, wanda ya ba da izinin haɓaka don ƙaruwa. A watan Mayu&nbsp;27, guguwar ta fara canzawa zuwa guguwa mai zafi, wanda ta kammala ta 1800&nbsp;UTC a wannan rana. Yayin da Beryl ya kusanci arewa maso gabashin Florida, sai ya zama mafi tsari, tare da ƙara yawan isar da sako a cikin makada a tsakiyar cibiyar. Late a watan Mayu&nbsp;27, Hurricane Hunters sun lura da iska mai ƙarfi na {{Convert|92|mph|km/h}}, yana ba da shawarar iskar da za a ci gaba na 70&nbsp;tsawon (110&nbsp;km / h); wannan zai zama ƙarfin Beryl. Zai yiwu, duk da haka, cewa Beryl ya ɗan gajarta guguwa a farkon daren Mayu&nbsp;27 dangane da saurin radar Doppler, kodayake bayanan basu da matsala bisa ga rahoton bayan-kakar. Da misalin 0410&nbsp;UTC a watan Mayu&nbsp;28 (bayan tsakar dare lokacin gida), guguwar ta sauko kusa da Jacksonville Beach, Florida, tare da iskar kusan {{Convert|65|mph|km/h}} bayan rauni kadan a kan hanyar ƙarshe. Bayan ya tashi zuwa gaɓar teku, Beryl da sauri ya raunana zuwa wani rami dake wurare masu zafi. Ya yi jinkiri saboda rauni mai rauni zuwa arewacin ta, kuma gab da gaban sanyi ya juya shi zuwa arewa da arewa maso gabas a watan Mayu&nbsp;29. Duk da kasancewarsa cikin gari, Beryl ya ci gaba da isar da sako don zama guguwa mai zafi. Yayin da Beryl ya kusanci Tekun Atlantika a watan Mayu&nbsp;30, yaduwar sa ya karu zuwa kudu da gabas ta tsakiya, kodayake kutsewar busasshiyar iska ya haifar da fasasshen bayyani akan hotunan tauraron dan adam. Dangane da rahotanni daga jiragen ruwa, an haɓaka Beryl zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Mayu&nbsp;30 kusa da gabar tekun South Carolina. Gaban gabatowa ya sa guguwar ta hanzarta arewa maso gabas. Gudun zagayawa na Beryl ya zama mai tsayi kuma haɗin haɗinsa ya bazu zuwa arewa, yana ba da shawarar canzawa zuwa cikin mahaukaciyar iska mai iska . Zuwa ƙarshen Mayu&nbsp;30, Beryl ya zama mai yawan aiki, wanda ya sa NHC ta daina nasiha. Guguwar ta ci gaba zuwa arewa maso gabas, daga baya ta juya zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas. A Yuni&nbsp;2, babban hadari mafi girma ya mamaye ragowar Beryl zuwa kudu maso gabashin Newfoundland . == Shirye-shirye, tasiri, da kuma bayanai == Lokacin da Beryl yasa kasa ta zube a Jacksonville Beach, Florida tare da {{Convert|65|mph|km/h}}, ya zama mafi tsananin guguwa mai zafi a faduwa a cikin Amurka a waje da lokacin guguwar Atlantika ta hukuma. Beryl kuma shine hadari na biyu na wurare masu zafi wanda ya fara kafin farkon kakar, wanda ya nuna kawai karo na biyar irin wannan tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a 1851; sauran abubuwan da suka faru guda hudu sun kasance a shekarar 1887, 1908, 1951, 2016, da kuma 2020 . === Cuba da Bahamas === [[File:May_22,_2012_Doral,_Florida_Flood.jpg|right|thumb| Ambaliyar ruwa a Doral, Florida a ranar 22 ga Mayu daga wanda ya riga ya isa Beryl]] Kafin ya zama mahaukaciyar guguwa mai zafi, Beryl ya samar da ruwan sama mai karfi a kan [[Cuba]], musamman Lardin Sancti Spíritus, inda ruwan samaa ya kai {{Convert|21.93|in|mm}} . Ruwan saman ya haifar da zaftarewar laka kuma ya tilasta sama da 8,500&nbsp;mutane su kwashe gidajensu. Mutane biyu sun mutu bayan kokarin tsallaka koguna da suka mamaye ruwa. Ambaliyar ta lalata 1,109&nbsp;gidaje kuma sun lalata 47&nbsp;wasu. Kodayake ruwan sama ya mamaye wurare masu yawa na filayen amfanin gona, hazo ya kasance da amfani wajen sake cika tafkunan ruwa a yankunan da fari ya shafa a ƙasar. Hadarin hadari da ruwan sama mai karfi sun ratsa cikin The Bahamas kuma suka faɗi kusan {{Convert|9.7|in|mm}} na hazo a Freeport, Grand Bahama . Yankunan da ba sa ƙasa a cikin New Providence sun sami ambaliyar ruwa. Mazauna yankin sun ba da rahoton cewa wata mahaukaciyar guguwa ta taba sauka a garin Murphy, Abaco, ta fadi layin wuta da layukan tarho, ta juye motoci da lalata rufin wasu gine-gine uku. Ruwan sama daga tsarin ya kuma shafi Tsibirin Berry, Abaco, da Bimini, da ƙananan rukuni tsibirin da yawa. === Florida === [[File:Beryl_2012_rainfall.png|right|thumb| Girman ruwan sama mai iska wanda Tropical Storm Beryl ya samar a ƙetare kudu maso gabashin Amurka]] Kafin a sanya shi a matsayin kakkarfar guguwa mai zafi, wanda ya gabaci Beryl ya samar da ruwan sama mai karfi a Kudancin Florida, ya kai {{Convert|9.7|in|mm}} a filin jirgin saman Miami . Jimlar ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan ruwan sama da aka taba samu a cikin watan Mayu a tashar. Ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a kan titi, musamman a cikin Sweetwater da Doral, direbobin da suka makale da kuma matafiya. Kwalejin Miami Dade an tilasta ta soke karatun safe a ranar 23 ga Mayu Lokacin da NHC ta bayar da shawarwarinsu na farko, hukumar ta kuma ba da gargadin hadari mai zafi daga layin gundumar Brevard / Volusia a Florida zuwa Edisto Beach, South Carolina. An ba da agogon guguwa mai zafi arewa zuwa bakin Kogin Santee a Kudancin Carolina. An bayar da dokar ta baci a Jacksonville, Florida, wanda ke haifar da ƙarshen farkon bikin jazz da abubuwan ranar Tunawa. Lokacin da Beryl ya koma bakin teku, filayen jirgin sama da ke kusa da Jacksonville ya soke duk jirage banda JetBlue Airways da [[Delta Air Lines]] . Wani matashi ya mutu a cikin babban teku dake Daytona Beach, Florida . Babban igiyar ruwa da igiyar ruwa sun sa masu ceton rai a yankin sun hana yin iyo a cikin tekun. Girman hadari mafi girma shine {{Convert|3.73|ft|m}} a bakin Tekun Fernandina Lokacin da guguwar ta tashi zuwa gaɓar teku, Beryl ya samar da iska mai ƙarfi a gefen tekun, inda ya kai 54&nbsp;mph (87&nbsp;km / h) a Huguenot Park a Jacksonville; kusa da Tsibirin Buck ya ba da rahoton guguwar iska mai ƙarfi na 72&nbsp;mph (117&nbsp;km / h). Iskar ta sa gadar Mathews da Bridge Bridge suka rufe. Layin wutar da aka katse ya bar kimanin 38,000&nbsp;wuraren zama a Jacksonville ba tare da iko ba. A cikin Jacksonville, ambaliyar ruwan da ta shafi yankunan Hogans Creek, kuma raƙuman ruwa sun lalata katangar teku da wasu tashar jirgin ruwa. Ruwan sun shiga cikin gidan haya da motoci uku. Ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ya rufe wani yanki na Hanyar 129 ta Amurka a cikin Gundumar Suwannee . Lalacewa a cikin Jacksonville an kiyasta ta kai $ 20,000. Kudancin Jacksonville, yawon bude ido na Beryl ya haifar da guguwar EF0 na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Port Saint Lucie wanda ya haifar da ƙananan lalacewa ga gidaje biyu. An kiyasta barnar da mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kai dalar Amurka $ 20,000. An sake yin rahoton wata mahaukaciyar guguwa a Yankeetown. Saboda jinkirin motsi, Beryl ya sauke ruwan sama mai yawa a duk faɗin Florida, yana kan {{Convert|15.0|in|mm}} a cikin Wellborn . Kudancin Kudancin Wellborn, wani mai babur a gundumar Taylor County, Florida ya mutu lokacin da motar da aka dasa a babbar hanyar da ambaliyar ruwa ta buge shi da duka. Masu amsawa na farko sun lura cewa ya ɗauki mintuna 20 kafin su rufe mil goma saboda ganuwa babu. Gainesville ya ruwaito {{Convert|3.25|in|mm}} a ranar 28 ga Mayu, wanda ya karya tarihin ruwan sama da ya gabata. Filin jirgin saman Gundumar Hernando ya karya rikodin ruwan sama na yau da kullun a ranar 29 ga Mayu tare da jimlar {{Convert|3.65|in|mm}}, wanda kuma shi ne mafi girman ruwan sama na yau da kullun har zuwa yau a shekarar 2012. Ruwan sama ya kashe 80&nbsp;kashi 25&nbsp;gobarar daji a arewacin Florida. A cikin Levy County, bututun ruwa ya watse yayin da yake tafiya zuwa gabar teku. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya mamaye gidaje da dama a Citrus County, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar kusan $ 108,000. === Georgia, Kudancin Carolina, da Arewacin Carolina === Sa’o’i kafin guguwar ta tashi zuwa gaɓar teku a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, jami’ai a Tsibirin Cumberland, Georgia sun ba da umarnin cewa duk sansanin da ke sansanin ya fice daga tsibirin. Kodayake guguwar ta sauka a Florida, guguwarta ta mamaye wasu sassan St. Marys, Georgia . Ruwan sama a jihar ya kai {{Convert|7.04|in|mm}} a Woodbine . Ruwan sama na Beryl ya kasance mai alfanu wajen saukaka yanayin fari, duk da haifar da 'yar ambaliyar ruwa. Iskar guguwa tare da gabar tekun Georgia ta kai 55&nbsp;mph (89&nbsp;km / h) a Tsibirin Jekyll, da iskancin iska mai ƙarfi ya faɗaɗa zuwa jihar. Bishiyoyin da aka zana sun lalata gidaje biyu a gundumar McIntosh, da kuma a Orangeburg County, South Carolina, wani itace da ya faɗi ya kashe wani mutum da yake tuki a kan babbar hanyar jihar. Wannan ita ce kawai mutuwa kai tsaye saboda hadari; sauran suna da alaƙa kai tsaye. Mafi tsananin guguwar iska a South Carolina shine 46&nbsp;mph (74&nbsp;km / h) a cikin Fort Johnson, kodayake iska mai ƙarfi ta faru ne kawai daga bakin teku. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a jihar ya kai {{Convert|6.00|in|mm}} a cikin Jasper County . Babban igiyar ruwa a cikin tashar jirgin ruwa ta Charleston ya nutse wani jirgin ruwa, wanda ya tilastawa masu gadin gabar tekun ceto su. A cikin Folly Beach, South Carolina, mutum daya ya ɓace bayan yin iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfin ruwa, amma ba a haɗa shi cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu ba. Bayan Beryl ya fara hanzari zuwa arewa maso gabas, sai ya saukar da ruwan sama mai karfi a cikin Carolinas, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa kusa da Wilmington, [[North Carolina]] . Daga nesa zuwa arewa a cikin Peletier, guguwar ta haifar da guguwa ta EF1 a kan Ingantaccen Fujita wanda ya lalata 67&nbsp;gidaje da lalata su 3&nbsp;wasu. Danshi daga hadari ya bazu arewa zuwa Maryland dake [[West Virginia]]. == Duba kuma == * Sauran hadari mai suna Beryl * Jerin guguwa na lokacin-Atlantic * Guguwar Tropical Stle Arlene (1959) * Tananan Storm Andrea (2007) * Guguwar Tropical Storm Ana (2015) * Bonnie mai tsananin Tropical (2016) * Guguwar Tropical Storm Bertha (2020) == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/BERYL.shtml? Taskar Ba da Shawara ta Tropical Storm Beryl] == Manazarta == [[Category:Cyclone na Tropics]] [[Category:Cyclone daga Atlantic]] [[Category:Karshen shekara]] [[Category:Atlantic na 201/]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category: Amurka]] 1ws3zinavxfrtmu78tmvuqc4vdfefcj Bookshop House 0 23903 967220 564796 2026-10-13T16:21:16Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 967220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Book_shop_House,_Lagos_Island.jpg|right|thumb| Gidan littattafai, Tsibirin Legas]] [[Fayil:Opera House and Yates Bookshop Building (1).jpg|thumb|Bookshop House]] '''Bookshop House''' (Wanda kuma ake kira wajen littattafai na CSS) gini ne a [[Lagos Island|Tsibirin Legas]] wanda yake a yankin arewa maso gabashin nigeria Broad street a titin Odunlami. Godwin da Hopwood Architects <ref name="style" /> kuma aka gina shi a shekara ta 1973. == Bayan Fage == Lokacin da mishan na CMS suka iso [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1850, wasu sun zauna a Marina, Legas inda suka buɗe ƙaramin kantin sayar da kusurwa suna sayar da Littafi Mai -Tsarki da sauran labaran Kirista. Ginin da ke kula da shagon daga baya an saya kuma an gina sabon tsari a shekara ta 1927, Bishop Melville Jones ya sadaukar da wannan tsarin. Kasuwancin CMS daga baya ya canza sunan sa zuwa CSS, Coci da Masu Ba da Makaranta. <ref name=":0" /> An rushe ginin da ya gabata kuma an gina gidan Bookshop na yanzu a shekara ta 1973. <ref name=":0" /> ==Manazarta==   nfoy69nit68xf0lc9xz0impz9cie9le Hurricane Nadine (2012) 0 24035 967403 502244 2026-10-13T23:20:50Z 2003 LN6 35444 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Nadine Oct 3 2012 1245Z.jpg]] → [[File:Nadine 2012-10-03 1245Z.jpg]] Criterion 4 - conforms to other similar files' formats for storm images 967403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:14L_2012_5day.gif |thumb|Taswirar yankin ]] [[File:Nadine_2012_track.png |thumb| Nadine]] '''Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine''' ita ce guguwar Atlantika mafi dadewa a duniya da aka taba yi. A matsayin guguwa mai zafi na goma sha huɗu kuma mai suna guguwa na lokacin guguwa na Atlantika na shekara ta dubu ashirin da shabiyu 2012, Nadine ta haɓaka daga raƙuman ruwan zafi da ke tafiya yammacin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] a watan Satumba&nbsp; goma 10. A rana mai zuwa, ta ƙarfafa zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine. Bayan fara bin diddigin arewa maso yamma, Nadine ta juya zuwa arewa, nesa ba kusa da kowane yanki. Farkon Satumba&nbsp;15, Nadine ta kai matsayin guguwa yayin da take karkata zuwa gabas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙaruwar tsagewar iska a tsaye ta raunana Nadine kuma a ranar 16 ga Satumba ta koma cikin guguwa mai zafi. A washegari, guguwar ta fara tafiya arewa maso gabas kuma tana barazanar Azores amma a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;19, Nadine ta nufi gabas-kudu maso gabas kafin ta isa tsibiran. Duk da haka, guguwar ta haifar da iskar guguwa mai zafi a wasu tsibirai. A watan Satumba&nbsp;21, guguwar ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso gabas yayin da kudancin Azores. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Nadine ta koma cikin matsanancin matsin lamba. Saboda yanayi mai kyau, ragowar Nadine sun sake komawa cikin guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;24. Bayan sake bunƙasa, guguwar ta aiwatar da madaidaicin guguwar kuma ta nufi sannu a hankali a tsallaken gabashin Atlantic. Daga ƙarshe, Nadine ta juya kudu maso kudu maso yamma, wanda a lokacin ya zama kusan tsayayye. A watan Satumba&nbsp;28, guguwar ta karkata arewa maso yamma kuma ta sake karfafawa zuwa guguwa. Mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kara tsananta kuma ta mamaye sama da iska 90 mph a watan Satumba&nbsp;30. Kashegari, duk da haka, Nadine ta raunana zuwa {{Convert|65|mph|km/h}} hadari na wurare masu zafi, yayin da yanayi ya zama mara daɗi. Ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi da raguwar yanayin yanayin teku ya raunana guguwar. Nadine ta koma cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, kuma ya haɗu tare da gabatowar sanyi mai gabatowa arewa maso gabas na Azores jim kaɗan bayan haka. Ragowar Nadine sun ratsa Azores a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4 kuma ya sake kawo iska mai ƙarfi zuwa tsibirin. == Asali da tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|Nadine 2012 track.png|alt=Storm path of Hurricane Nadine. It starts east of Cape Verde and then makes a parabolic track, before meandering and heading in erratic directions. The storm threatened the Azores twice before dissipating near the islands.}}Babban guguwar yanayi ta fito cikin Tekun Atlantika daga gabar yammacin Afirka, a watan Satumba&nbsp;7. Tsarin ya wuce kudancin Cape Verde a watan Satumba&nbsp;8, yana kawo ruwa mara tsauri da tsawa. A kusa da wancan lokacin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da tsarin matsakaiciyar dama na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a cikin 48&nbsp;awanni. An sami ƙaramin yankin matsin lamba tare da guguwar yanayin zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;9, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka aikin motsi. <ref name="ntcr" /> An tantance tsarin tare da babbar dama ga samuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;10. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙarfin tauraron dan adam, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa ta ayyana tashin hankali a matsayin Tashin Harshen Tropical na goma sha huɗu a dubu daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, yayin da guguwar ta kasance kusan dari tatwas da tamanin da biyar {{Convert|885|mi}} yamma da Cape Verde. <ref name="ntcr" /> Kodayake aikin tsawa ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan a kusa da tsakiyar zagayawa, ƙungiya mai haɗawa da ɓacin rai tana ƙara kasancewa cikin tsari. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, convection fara kara da dan kadan a kusa da cibiyar, amma saboda Dvorak tsanani T-lambobin sun tsakanin 2.0 da kuma 2.5, da ciki da aka ba kyautata zuwa wurare masu zafi da hadari. Duk da haka, busasshiyar iska ta haifar da ruwan sama da tsawa a ranar. Da farko, ta doshi arewacin arewa saboda yamma kusa da gefen kudancin babban gandun daji . Koyaya, zuwa Satumba&nbsp;11, bacin rai ya sake karkace arewa maso yamma. Daga baya a wannan ranar, bacin rai ya fara dawo da zurfin tunani. Hoton tauraron dan adam na geostationary da bayanan watsawa sun nuna cewa bacin rai ya ƙaru zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine a 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. == Ƙarfafawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin farko == [[File:Nadine_Sept_15_2012_1610Z.jpg|alt=Nadine after becoming a hurricane on September 15. An eye is not visible.|right|thumb| Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine a lokacinta mafi girma a ranar 15 ga Satumba]] A watan Satumba&nbsp;Ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai yawa ta ɓullo kuma saboda yanayi mai kyau, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura da yuwuwar zurfafa cikin sauri. Ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ya ci gaba da sauri kodayake ƙasa da saurin sauri a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. Daga baya a wannan ranar, iskar da ta ci gaba ta kai 65 mph da (105 km/h) . A farkon Satumba&nbsp;13, banding convective wanda aka nannade kusan gaba ɗaya a kusa da tsakiyar kuma saman girgije ya kai yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Convert|-112|F|C}} . Koyaya, saboda bayanan tauraron dan adam na microwave ba zai iya tantance ko ido ya ci gaba ba, ƙarfin Nadine ya kasance a 70 mph (110 km/h) —– ƙasa da ƙofar halin guguwa. Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa "taga Nadine don karfafawa na iya rufewa", yana mai nuni da daidaiton tsarin kwamfuta game da karuwar sautin iska da kadan canjin tsari. Guguwar ta fara fuskantar guguwar iska a kudu maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;13, wanda aka samar ta tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala da axis mai nisan mil ɗari zuwa yamma da Nadine. A sakamakon haka, guguwar ta yi ta fama don samar da ido kuma cibiyar ta yi wahalar ganowa. Kodayake ba a daidaita guguwar ba, wucewar watsawa ta nuna iskar guguwar iska mai zafi ta miƙa zuwa {{Convert|230|mi|km}} . Bayyanar tauraron dan adam na Nadine ya kara raguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Duk da wannan, guguwar ta kasance a ƙasa da yanayin guguwa kuma Cibiyar Hurricane ta ƙasa ta lura da yiwuwar ƙaruwa idan girgizar iska ta ragu a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Nadine ta juya arewa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14 kamar yadda ta bi ta gefen gefen wani tsauni mai zurfi. Ba da daɗewa ba, wucewa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Rainfall (TMM) ya nuna cewa babban jigon ya fara sake shiri. Duk da haka, saboda kukar iska ta raba matsuguni tsakanin matakin zuwa arewa na ƙaramin matakin, Nadine ba ta haɓaka zuwa guguwa ba. <ref name="disc14" /> Saboda Nadine zai kusanci yanayin yanayin yanayin sanyi na teku, ana ganin ƙarfafawa mai mahimmanci ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda karuwar kimantawar tauraron dan adam da sake tsarawa, Nadine ya inganta zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Bayan awanni shida, Nadine ta kai ƙarfin farko na farko tare da iskar {{Convert|80|mph|km/h}} . Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa raunin ido yana ƙoƙarin haɓakawa a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;15. == Rashin ƙarfi da farkon canjin yanayin zafi == [[File:Nadine_Sept_20_2012_1450Z.jpg|alt=Nadine in a weakened state after passing south of the Azores on September 20.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta wuce kudu da Azores a ranar 20 ga Satumba]] Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, mai hasashen Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa Robbie Berg ya lura cewa Nadine ta fara "duba kadan -kadan", kamar yadda lura da bayanai na microwave ya yi nuni da sausayar da zurfin motsi zuwa arewa maso gabashin cibiyar. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;16, idon ya karkata ya ɓace, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafewa sun fara ɓarna, kuma gabaɗaya shawa da ayyukan tsawa sun ragu tun farkon wannan ranar. Nadine ta raunana baya ga guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 kuma tulu ya rage bayyanar tauraron dan adam. Busasshen iska ya fara shafar Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;17, kodayake fitowar daga guguwa ta hana rauni sosai. Duk da babban walƙiya mai zurfin juzu'i a saman da'irar arewa, Nadine ta raunana kaɗan daga baya a wannan ranar. Ƙarin rauni ya faru a washegari, bayan fashewar zurfin zurfafa a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 ya lalace. Daga baya a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, mafi yawan zurfin convection ya watse. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa da suka rage sun kasance cikin ƙungiya zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma na cibiyar Nadine. Nadine ta yi barazana ga Azores yayin da take tafiya arewa maso gabas sannan kuma zuwa arewa tsakanin Satumba&nbsp;18 da Satumba&nbsp;19, kodayake wani shinge mai hana ruwa ya hana guguwar ta kusanci tsibirin. Mafi kusancinta da Azores kusan {{Convert|150|mi|km}} kudu maso kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Flores a watan Satumba&nbsp;19. Daga nan guguwar ta sake karkata zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, bayan guguwar ta raunana kuma tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala ya zurfafa. <ref name="ntcr" /> A ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21, yawancin ragowar zurfin iskar da aka haɗa da ƙungiya mai ɗaukar nauyi kawai tare da saman girgije. A aikace, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasa ta sake ware Nadine a matsayin guguwa mai ƙarfi a 2100 UTC a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga Satumba, saboda matsakaicin matsakaici, filin iska mai asymmetrical da wani babban matakin matsin lamba kusa da cibiyar. Koyaya, binciken bayan kakar wasa ya ƙare cewa Nadine ya lalace zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba na sa'o'i uku da suka gabata. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine_Sept_25_2012_1510Z.jpg|alt=Tropical Storm Nadine with its eye-like feature on September 25, despite winds of only 45 mph (75 km/h)|right|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;25]] Farkon Satumba&nbsp;22, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa sake farfadowa a cikin guguwa mai tsananin zafi wata dama ce ta daban. Yankin ƙaramin matsin lamba ba da daɗewa ba ya motsa kan tekuna masu zafi da yanayin ƙaramin haushi, yana haifar da zurfafa taro don sake haɓakawa. Don haka, Nadine ta zama guguwa mai zafi a sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;23. Wani shinge mai toshe kan Azores ya tilasta Nadine ta koma yamma-arewa maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;24, yana haifar da aiwatar da ƙaramin madauki na cyclonic. Ko da yake iskar ta karu zuwa 60&nbsp;mph da (95&nbsp;km/h), guguwar ta sake raunana kuma ta ragu zuwa {{Convert|45|mph|km/h}} guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;25. Duk da wannan koma-baya, hoton tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa Nadine ta haɓaka fasalin ido. Sai dai daga bisani Cibiyar Guguwar ta Kasa ta lura cewa yanki ne da babu girgije a kusa da tsakiyar guguwar. A watan Satumba&nbsp;26, Nadine ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma a kusa da yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaka-tsaki zuwa babban matakin kan tekun Atlantika ta yamma. <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan ƙaramin canji na ƙarfi na kwanaki da yawa, a ƙarshe Nadine ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;27, saboda yanayin saman teku ya yi zafi fiye da {{Convert|79|F|C}} . Na 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;28, Nadine ta sake ƙarfafawa zuwa Rukunin&nbsp;Guguwa 1 akan ma'aunin guguwar Saffir -Simpson . A kusa da wancan lokacin, hotunan tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa guguwar ta sake bunkasa fasalin ido. Bayan rashin tsari, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta yi kuskuren rage Nadine zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;29 kafin haɓaka shi zuwa guguwa kuma sa'o'i shida bayan haka. A zahiri Nadine ta ci gaba da zama guguwa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. <ref name="ntcr" /> Iska ta karu zuwa 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) a watan Satumba&nbsp;30, bayan ido ya zama mafi bambanta. Na dubu dari daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC, guguwar ta kai ƙwanƙolin ƙarfin ta tare da matsakaicin iskar 90&nbsp;mph (150&nbsp;km/h) da ƙaramin matsin lamba barometric na {{Convert|978|mbar|inHg}} . <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan tsananin ƙarfi, Nadine ya sake raunana kuma ya lalace zuwa hadari mai zafi a 1200&nbsp;UTC, a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Iskar arewa maso yamma ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, bayan wani babban matattarar ruwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin girgizar iska ya koma gabas. Bayan hoursan awanni daga baya, ƙaramin matakin ya zama ɗan fallasa, kafin a rarrabe shi gaba ɗaya daga isar da dubu dari daya da dari biyar 1500&nbsp;UTC. <ref name="John L. Beven II" /> Saboda tsananin kukar iska da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku mai sanyi, ruwan sama da tsawa sun ragu da sauri, kuma zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba&nbsp;3, Nadine ta zama ba ta da wani motsi mai zurfi. Na 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, Nadine ta canza zuwa wani matsanancin matsin lamba, yayin da kusan {{Convert|195|mi}} kudu maso yamma na tsakiyar Azores. Ƙananan hanzari ya ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya lalace zuwa cikin matattarar matsin lamba, kuma gabanin sanyi ya mamaye shi a wannan ranar. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine 2012-10-03 1245Z.jpg|alt=Nadine is rather disorganized, with ragged banding features and a partly exposed center of circulation.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta sake tunkari Azores a ranar 3 ga Oktoba]] An ba da gargadin guguwar iska da agogo a lokuta biyu daban -daban yayin da Nadine ta kusanci Azores . Na 1000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, an ba da agogon guguwa na wurare masu zafi ga tsibiran Flores da Corvo . Kodayake an dakatar da agogon guguwar a 2100&nbsp;UTC, an aiwatar da gargadin guguwar yanayi a lokacin don tsibiran Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, da Terceira . Na 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;19, an kuma yi gargadin guguwar iska mai zafi ga São Miguel da Santa Maria . An katse duk agogo da gargadi zuwa ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21. Bayan sake sabuntawa, Nadine ta sake yin barazana ga Azores, wanda ya haifar da agogon guguwa mai zafi ga dukan tsibirin a 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Awa tara bayan haka, sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a rana mai zuwa, an haɓaka agogon zuwa gargaɗin guguwa mai zafi. Bayan Nadine ta zama mai wuce gona da iri, an daina gargadin. A hanya ta biyu ta guguwar zuwa Azores, an rufe makarantu kuma an soke tashi. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, Flores ya ba da rahoton iskar {{Convert|46|mph|km/h}} . Gudun iska mai ɗorewa {{Convert|62|mph|km/h}} da gust har zuwa {{Convert|81|mph|km/h}} an ba da rahoto a Horta a tsibirin Faial, yayin da Nadine ta wuce kudu a watan Satumba&nbsp;21. A lokacin tasirin Azores na biyu a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, mafi girman saurin iskar da aka ruwaito shine {{Convert|38|mph|km/h}} akan São Miguel, yayin da gust mafi ƙarfi shine {{Convert|87|mph|km/h}} a Plant Power Plant a Santa Maria. A tsibirin Pico, an lalata laminin zauren wasanni na makarantar firamare da sakandare a Lajes do Pico. Ragowar Nadine sun samar da ɗimbin danshi wanda ya saukar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi akan [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], musamman a Ingila da Wales, ya kai 5.12.&nbsp;a cikin (130&nbsp;mm) a Ravensworth a cikin tsohon. Ruwan sama ya mamaye gidaje tare da tarwatsa hanyoyi da hanyoyin mota. Nadine ta kasance jimlar&nbsp;Kwanaki 24 a matsayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, na wurare masu zafi, da na bayan-zafi, gami da 22.25&nbsp;kwanaki a matsayin tsarin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya sa ta zama guguwa mai zafi ta huɗu ta Atlantika mafi tsayi a kan rikodin, kawai a bayan guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899 a 28&nbsp;kwanaki, Hurricane Ginger a dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya 1971 a kwanaki 27.25, da Hurricane Inga a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 a kwanaki 24.75. Lokacin ƙididdige lokacin da aka kashe kawai azaman guguwa mai zafi ko guguwa - 20.75&nbsp;kwanaki-Nadine ita ce ta uku mafi dadewa, bayan Hurricane Ginger a 1971 da guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899. Lokacin da aka inganta Nadine zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14, ya yi alama ta uku ta farko ta haifar da guguwa ta takwas, a bayan tsarin da ba a bayyana ba a 1893 da Ophelia a 2005 . == Duba kuma == * Jerin guguwar Azores * Hurricane Alberto (2000) * Hurricane Gordon (2006) * Guguwa Leslie (2018) * Sauran guguwa masu wannan sunan == Nassoshi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p3w2fcb1fbmy3zt2m6p47xi3t9sav0o 967404 967403 2026-10-13T23:21:43Z 2003 LN6 35444 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Nadine Sept 15 2012 1610Z.jpg]] → [[File:Nadine 2012-09-15 1610Z.jpg]] Criterion 4 - conforms to other similar files' formats for storm images 967404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:14L_2012_5day.gif |thumb|Taswirar yankin ]] [[File:Nadine_2012_track.png |thumb| Nadine]] '''Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine''' ita ce guguwar Atlantika mafi dadewa a duniya da aka taba yi. A matsayin guguwa mai zafi na goma sha huɗu kuma mai suna guguwa na lokacin guguwa na Atlantika na shekara ta dubu ashirin da shabiyu 2012, Nadine ta haɓaka daga raƙuman ruwan zafi da ke tafiya yammacin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] a watan Satumba&nbsp; goma 10. A rana mai zuwa, ta ƙarfafa zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine. Bayan fara bin diddigin arewa maso yamma, Nadine ta juya zuwa arewa, nesa ba kusa da kowane yanki. Farkon Satumba&nbsp;15, Nadine ta kai matsayin guguwa yayin da take karkata zuwa gabas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙaruwar tsagewar iska a tsaye ta raunana Nadine kuma a ranar 16 ga Satumba ta koma cikin guguwa mai zafi. A washegari, guguwar ta fara tafiya arewa maso gabas kuma tana barazanar Azores amma a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;19, Nadine ta nufi gabas-kudu maso gabas kafin ta isa tsibiran. Duk da haka, guguwar ta haifar da iskar guguwa mai zafi a wasu tsibirai. A watan Satumba&nbsp;21, guguwar ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso gabas yayin da kudancin Azores. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Nadine ta koma cikin matsanancin matsin lamba. Saboda yanayi mai kyau, ragowar Nadine sun sake komawa cikin guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;24. Bayan sake bunƙasa, guguwar ta aiwatar da madaidaicin guguwar kuma ta nufi sannu a hankali a tsallaken gabashin Atlantic. Daga ƙarshe, Nadine ta juya kudu maso kudu maso yamma, wanda a lokacin ya zama kusan tsayayye. A watan Satumba&nbsp;28, guguwar ta karkata arewa maso yamma kuma ta sake karfafawa zuwa guguwa. Mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kara tsananta kuma ta mamaye sama da iska 90 mph a watan Satumba&nbsp;30. Kashegari, duk da haka, Nadine ta raunana zuwa {{Convert|65|mph|km/h}} hadari na wurare masu zafi, yayin da yanayi ya zama mara daɗi. Ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi da raguwar yanayin yanayin teku ya raunana guguwar. Nadine ta koma cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, kuma ya haɗu tare da gabatowar sanyi mai gabatowa arewa maso gabas na Azores jim kaɗan bayan haka. Ragowar Nadine sun ratsa Azores a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4 kuma ya sake kawo iska mai ƙarfi zuwa tsibirin. == Asali da tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|Nadine 2012 track.png|alt=Storm path of Hurricane Nadine. It starts east of Cape Verde and then makes a parabolic track, before meandering and heading in erratic directions. The storm threatened the Azores twice before dissipating near the islands.}}Babban guguwar yanayi ta fito cikin Tekun Atlantika daga gabar yammacin Afirka, a watan Satumba&nbsp;7. Tsarin ya wuce kudancin Cape Verde a watan Satumba&nbsp;8, yana kawo ruwa mara tsauri da tsawa. A kusa da wancan lokacin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da tsarin matsakaiciyar dama na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a cikin 48&nbsp;awanni. An sami ƙaramin yankin matsin lamba tare da guguwar yanayin zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;9, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka aikin motsi. <ref name="ntcr" /> An tantance tsarin tare da babbar dama ga samuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;10. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙarfin tauraron dan adam, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa ta ayyana tashin hankali a matsayin Tashin Harshen Tropical na goma sha huɗu a dubu daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, yayin da guguwar ta kasance kusan dari tatwas da tamanin da biyar {{Convert|885|mi}} yamma da Cape Verde. <ref name="ntcr" /> Kodayake aikin tsawa ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan a kusa da tsakiyar zagayawa, ƙungiya mai haɗawa da ɓacin rai tana ƙara kasancewa cikin tsari. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, convection fara kara da dan kadan a kusa da cibiyar, amma saboda Dvorak tsanani T-lambobin sun tsakanin 2.0 da kuma 2.5, da ciki da aka ba kyautata zuwa wurare masu zafi da hadari. Duk da haka, busasshiyar iska ta haifar da ruwan sama da tsawa a ranar. Da farko, ta doshi arewacin arewa saboda yamma kusa da gefen kudancin babban gandun daji . Koyaya, zuwa Satumba&nbsp;11, bacin rai ya sake karkace arewa maso yamma. Daga baya a wannan ranar, bacin rai ya fara dawo da zurfin tunani. Hoton tauraron dan adam na geostationary da bayanan watsawa sun nuna cewa bacin rai ya ƙaru zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine a 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. == Ƙarfafawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin farko == [[File:Nadine 2012-09-15 1610Z.jpg|alt=Nadine after becoming a hurricane on September 15. An eye is not visible.|right|thumb| Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine a lokacinta mafi girma a ranar 15 ga Satumba]] A watan Satumba&nbsp;Ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai yawa ta ɓullo kuma saboda yanayi mai kyau, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura da yuwuwar zurfafa cikin sauri. Ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ya ci gaba da sauri kodayake ƙasa da saurin sauri a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. Daga baya a wannan ranar, iskar da ta ci gaba ta kai 65 mph da (105 km/h) . A farkon Satumba&nbsp;13, banding convective wanda aka nannade kusan gaba ɗaya a kusa da tsakiyar kuma saman girgije ya kai yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Convert|-112|F|C}} . Koyaya, saboda bayanan tauraron dan adam na microwave ba zai iya tantance ko ido ya ci gaba ba, ƙarfin Nadine ya kasance a 70 mph (110 km/h) —– ƙasa da ƙofar halin guguwa. Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa "taga Nadine don karfafawa na iya rufewa", yana mai nuni da daidaiton tsarin kwamfuta game da karuwar sautin iska da kadan canjin tsari. Guguwar ta fara fuskantar guguwar iska a kudu maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;13, wanda aka samar ta tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala da axis mai nisan mil ɗari zuwa yamma da Nadine. A sakamakon haka, guguwar ta yi ta fama don samar da ido kuma cibiyar ta yi wahalar ganowa. Kodayake ba a daidaita guguwar ba, wucewar watsawa ta nuna iskar guguwar iska mai zafi ta miƙa zuwa {{Convert|230|mi|km}} . Bayyanar tauraron dan adam na Nadine ya kara raguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Duk da wannan, guguwar ta kasance a ƙasa da yanayin guguwa kuma Cibiyar Hurricane ta ƙasa ta lura da yiwuwar ƙaruwa idan girgizar iska ta ragu a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Nadine ta juya arewa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14 kamar yadda ta bi ta gefen gefen wani tsauni mai zurfi. Ba da daɗewa ba, wucewa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Rainfall (TMM) ya nuna cewa babban jigon ya fara sake shiri. Duk da haka, saboda kukar iska ta raba matsuguni tsakanin matakin zuwa arewa na ƙaramin matakin, Nadine ba ta haɓaka zuwa guguwa ba. <ref name="disc14" /> Saboda Nadine zai kusanci yanayin yanayin yanayin sanyi na teku, ana ganin ƙarfafawa mai mahimmanci ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda karuwar kimantawar tauraron dan adam da sake tsarawa, Nadine ya inganta zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Bayan awanni shida, Nadine ta kai ƙarfin farko na farko tare da iskar {{Convert|80|mph|km/h}} . Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa raunin ido yana ƙoƙarin haɓakawa a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;15. == Rashin ƙarfi da farkon canjin yanayin zafi == [[File:Nadine_Sept_20_2012_1450Z.jpg|alt=Nadine in a weakened state after passing south of the Azores on September 20.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta wuce kudu da Azores a ranar 20 ga Satumba]] Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, mai hasashen Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa Robbie Berg ya lura cewa Nadine ta fara "duba kadan -kadan", kamar yadda lura da bayanai na microwave ya yi nuni da sausayar da zurfin motsi zuwa arewa maso gabashin cibiyar. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;16, idon ya karkata ya ɓace, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafewa sun fara ɓarna, kuma gabaɗaya shawa da ayyukan tsawa sun ragu tun farkon wannan ranar. Nadine ta raunana baya ga guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 kuma tulu ya rage bayyanar tauraron dan adam. Busasshen iska ya fara shafar Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;17, kodayake fitowar daga guguwa ta hana rauni sosai. Duk da babban walƙiya mai zurfin juzu'i a saman da'irar arewa, Nadine ta raunana kaɗan daga baya a wannan ranar. Ƙarin rauni ya faru a washegari, bayan fashewar zurfin zurfafa a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 ya lalace. Daga baya a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, mafi yawan zurfin convection ya watse. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa da suka rage sun kasance cikin ƙungiya zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma na cibiyar Nadine. Nadine ta yi barazana ga Azores yayin da take tafiya arewa maso gabas sannan kuma zuwa arewa tsakanin Satumba&nbsp;18 da Satumba&nbsp;19, kodayake wani shinge mai hana ruwa ya hana guguwar ta kusanci tsibirin. Mafi kusancinta da Azores kusan {{Convert|150|mi|km}} kudu maso kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Flores a watan Satumba&nbsp;19. Daga nan guguwar ta sake karkata zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, bayan guguwar ta raunana kuma tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala ya zurfafa. <ref name="ntcr" /> A ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21, yawancin ragowar zurfin iskar da aka haɗa da ƙungiya mai ɗaukar nauyi kawai tare da saman girgije. A aikace, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasa ta sake ware Nadine a matsayin guguwa mai ƙarfi a 2100 UTC a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga Satumba, saboda matsakaicin matsakaici, filin iska mai asymmetrical da wani babban matakin matsin lamba kusa da cibiyar. Koyaya, binciken bayan kakar wasa ya ƙare cewa Nadine ya lalace zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba na sa'o'i uku da suka gabata. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine_Sept_25_2012_1510Z.jpg|alt=Tropical Storm Nadine with its eye-like feature on September 25, despite winds of only 45 mph (75 km/h)|right|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;25]] Farkon Satumba&nbsp;22, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa sake farfadowa a cikin guguwa mai tsananin zafi wata dama ce ta daban. Yankin ƙaramin matsin lamba ba da daɗewa ba ya motsa kan tekuna masu zafi da yanayin ƙaramin haushi, yana haifar da zurfafa taro don sake haɓakawa. Don haka, Nadine ta zama guguwa mai zafi a sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;23. Wani shinge mai toshe kan Azores ya tilasta Nadine ta koma yamma-arewa maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;24, yana haifar da aiwatar da ƙaramin madauki na cyclonic. Ko da yake iskar ta karu zuwa 60&nbsp;mph da (95&nbsp;km/h), guguwar ta sake raunana kuma ta ragu zuwa {{Convert|45|mph|km/h}} guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;25. Duk da wannan koma-baya, hoton tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa Nadine ta haɓaka fasalin ido. Sai dai daga bisani Cibiyar Guguwar ta Kasa ta lura cewa yanki ne da babu girgije a kusa da tsakiyar guguwar. A watan Satumba&nbsp;26, Nadine ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma a kusa da yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaka-tsaki zuwa babban matakin kan tekun Atlantika ta yamma. <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan ƙaramin canji na ƙarfi na kwanaki da yawa, a ƙarshe Nadine ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;27, saboda yanayin saman teku ya yi zafi fiye da {{Convert|79|F|C}} . Na 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;28, Nadine ta sake ƙarfafawa zuwa Rukunin&nbsp;Guguwa 1 akan ma'aunin guguwar Saffir -Simpson . A kusa da wancan lokacin, hotunan tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa guguwar ta sake bunkasa fasalin ido. Bayan rashin tsari, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta yi kuskuren rage Nadine zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;29 kafin haɓaka shi zuwa guguwa kuma sa'o'i shida bayan haka. A zahiri Nadine ta ci gaba da zama guguwa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. <ref name="ntcr" /> Iska ta karu zuwa 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) a watan Satumba&nbsp;30, bayan ido ya zama mafi bambanta. Na dubu dari daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC, guguwar ta kai ƙwanƙolin ƙarfin ta tare da matsakaicin iskar 90&nbsp;mph (150&nbsp;km/h) da ƙaramin matsin lamba barometric na {{Convert|978|mbar|inHg}} . <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan tsananin ƙarfi, Nadine ya sake raunana kuma ya lalace zuwa hadari mai zafi a 1200&nbsp;UTC, a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Iskar arewa maso yamma ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, bayan wani babban matattarar ruwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin girgizar iska ya koma gabas. Bayan hoursan awanni daga baya, ƙaramin matakin ya zama ɗan fallasa, kafin a rarrabe shi gaba ɗaya daga isar da dubu dari daya da dari biyar 1500&nbsp;UTC. <ref name="John L. Beven II" /> Saboda tsananin kukar iska da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku mai sanyi, ruwan sama da tsawa sun ragu da sauri, kuma zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba&nbsp;3, Nadine ta zama ba ta da wani motsi mai zurfi. Na 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, Nadine ta canza zuwa wani matsanancin matsin lamba, yayin da kusan {{Convert|195|mi}} kudu maso yamma na tsakiyar Azores. Ƙananan hanzari ya ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya lalace zuwa cikin matattarar matsin lamba, kuma gabanin sanyi ya mamaye shi a wannan ranar. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine 2012-10-03 1245Z.jpg|alt=Nadine is rather disorganized, with ragged banding features and a partly exposed center of circulation.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta sake tunkari Azores a ranar 3 ga Oktoba]] An ba da gargadin guguwar iska da agogo a lokuta biyu daban -daban yayin da Nadine ta kusanci Azores . Na 1000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, an ba da agogon guguwa na wurare masu zafi ga tsibiran Flores da Corvo . Kodayake an dakatar da agogon guguwar a 2100&nbsp;UTC, an aiwatar da gargadin guguwar yanayi a lokacin don tsibiran Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, da Terceira . Na 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;19, an kuma yi gargadin guguwar iska mai zafi ga São Miguel da Santa Maria . An katse duk agogo da gargadi zuwa ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21. Bayan sake sabuntawa, Nadine ta sake yin barazana ga Azores, wanda ya haifar da agogon guguwa mai zafi ga dukan tsibirin a 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Awa tara bayan haka, sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a rana mai zuwa, an haɓaka agogon zuwa gargaɗin guguwa mai zafi. Bayan Nadine ta zama mai wuce gona da iri, an daina gargadin. A hanya ta biyu ta guguwar zuwa Azores, an rufe makarantu kuma an soke tashi. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, Flores ya ba da rahoton iskar {{Convert|46|mph|km/h}} . Gudun iska mai ɗorewa {{Convert|62|mph|km/h}} da gust har zuwa {{Convert|81|mph|km/h}} an ba da rahoto a Horta a tsibirin Faial, yayin da Nadine ta wuce kudu a watan Satumba&nbsp;21. A lokacin tasirin Azores na biyu a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, mafi girman saurin iskar da aka ruwaito shine {{Convert|38|mph|km/h}} akan São Miguel, yayin da gust mafi ƙarfi shine {{Convert|87|mph|km/h}} a Plant Power Plant a Santa Maria. A tsibirin Pico, an lalata laminin zauren wasanni na makarantar firamare da sakandare a Lajes do Pico. Ragowar Nadine sun samar da ɗimbin danshi wanda ya saukar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi akan [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], musamman a Ingila da Wales, ya kai 5.12.&nbsp;a cikin (130&nbsp;mm) a Ravensworth a cikin tsohon. Ruwan sama ya mamaye gidaje tare da tarwatsa hanyoyi da hanyoyin mota. Nadine ta kasance jimlar&nbsp;Kwanaki 24 a matsayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, na wurare masu zafi, da na bayan-zafi, gami da 22.25&nbsp;kwanaki a matsayin tsarin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya sa ta zama guguwa mai zafi ta huɗu ta Atlantika mafi tsayi a kan rikodin, kawai a bayan guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899 a 28&nbsp;kwanaki, Hurricane Ginger a dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya 1971 a kwanaki 27.25, da Hurricane Inga a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 a kwanaki 24.75. Lokacin ƙididdige lokacin da aka kashe kawai azaman guguwa mai zafi ko guguwa - 20.75&nbsp;kwanaki-Nadine ita ce ta uku mafi dadewa, bayan Hurricane Ginger a 1971 da guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899. Lokacin da aka inganta Nadine zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14, ya yi alama ta uku ta farko ta haifar da guguwa ta takwas, a bayan tsarin da ba a bayyana ba a 1893 da Ophelia a 2005 . == Duba kuma == * Jerin guguwar Azores * Hurricane Alberto (2000) * Hurricane Gordon (2006) * Guguwa Leslie (2018) * Sauran guguwa masu wannan sunan == Nassoshi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7zk0iy0j2k9rvpz0yx4uw9ovaaqgvbd 967405 967404 2026-10-13T23:22:25Z 2003 LN6 35444 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Nadine Sept 20 2012 1450Z.jpg]] → [[File:Nadine 2012-09-20 1450Z.jpg]] Criterion 4 - conforms to other similar files' formats for storm images 967405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:14L_2012_5day.gif |thumb|Taswirar yankin ]] [[File:Nadine_2012_track.png |thumb| Nadine]] '''Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine''' ita ce guguwar Atlantika mafi dadewa a duniya da aka taba yi. A matsayin guguwa mai zafi na goma sha huɗu kuma mai suna guguwa na lokacin guguwa na Atlantika na shekara ta dubu ashirin da shabiyu 2012, Nadine ta haɓaka daga raƙuman ruwan zafi da ke tafiya yammacin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] a watan Satumba&nbsp; goma 10. A rana mai zuwa, ta ƙarfafa zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine. Bayan fara bin diddigin arewa maso yamma, Nadine ta juya zuwa arewa, nesa ba kusa da kowane yanki. Farkon Satumba&nbsp;15, Nadine ta kai matsayin guguwa yayin da take karkata zuwa gabas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙaruwar tsagewar iska a tsaye ta raunana Nadine kuma a ranar 16 ga Satumba ta koma cikin guguwa mai zafi. A washegari, guguwar ta fara tafiya arewa maso gabas kuma tana barazanar Azores amma a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;19, Nadine ta nufi gabas-kudu maso gabas kafin ta isa tsibiran. Duk da haka, guguwar ta haifar da iskar guguwa mai zafi a wasu tsibirai. A watan Satumba&nbsp;21, guguwar ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso gabas yayin da kudancin Azores. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Nadine ta koma cikin matsanancin matsin lamba. Saboda yanayi mai kyau, ragowar Nadine sun sake komawa cikin guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;24. Bayan sake bunƙasa, guguwar ta aiwatar da madaidaicin guguwar kuma ta nufi sannu a hankali a tsallaken gabashin Atlantic. Daga ƙarshe, Nadine ta juya kudu maso kudu maso yamma, wanda a lokacin ya zama kusan tsayayye. A watan Satumba&nbsp;28, guguwar ta karkata arewa maso yamma kuma ta sake karfafawa zuwa guguwa. Mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kara tsananta kuma ta mamaye sama da iska 90 mph a watan Satumba&nbsp;30. Kashegari, duk da haka, Nadine ta raunana zuwa {{Convert|65|mph|km/h}} hadari na wurare masu zafi, yayin da yanayi ya zama mara daɗi. Ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi da raguwar yanayin yanayin teku ya raunana guguwar. Nadine ta koma cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, kuma ya haɗu tare da gabatowar sanyi mai gabatowa arewa maso gabas na Azores jim kaɗan bayan haka. Ragowar Nadine sun ratsa Azores a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4 kuma ya sake kawo iska mai ƙarfi zuwa tsibirin. == Asali da tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|Nadine 2012 track.png|alt=Storm path of Hurricane Nadine. It starts east of Cape Verde and then makes a parabolic track, before meandering and heading in erratic directions. The storm threatened the Azores twice before dissipating near the islands.}}Babban guguwar yanayi ta fito cikin Tekun Atlantika daga gabar yammacin Afirka, a watan Satumba&nbsp;7. Tsarin ya wuce kudancin Cape Verde a watan Satumba&nbsp;8, yana kawo ruwa mara tsauri da tsawa. A kusa da wancan lokacin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da tsarin matsakaiciyar dama na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a cikin 48&nbsp;awanni. An sami ƙaramin yankin matsin lamba tare da guguwar yanayin zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;9, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka aikin motsi. <ref name="ntcr" /> An tantance tsarin tare da babbar dama ga samuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;10. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙarfin tauraron dan adam, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa ta ayyana tashin hankali a matsayin Tashin Harshen Tropical na goma sha huɗu a dubu daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, yayin da guguwar ta kasance kusan dari tatwas da tamanin da biyar {{Convert|885|mi}} yamma da Cape Verde. <ref name="ntcr" /> Kodayake aikin tsawa ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan a kusa da tsakiyar zagayawa, ƙungiya mai haɗawa da ɓacin rai tana ƙara kasancewa cikin tsari. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, convection fara kara da dan kadan a kusa da cibiyar, amma saboda Dvorak tsanani T-lambobin sun tsakanin 2.0 da kuma 2.5, da ciki da aka ba kyautata zuwa wurare masu zafi da hadari. Duk da haka, busasshiyar iska ta haifar da ruwan sama da tsawa a ranar. Da farko, ta doshi arewacin arewa saboda yamma kusa da gefen kudancin babban gandun daji . Koyaya, zuwa Satumba&nbsp;11, bacin rai ya sake karkace arewa maso yamma. Daga baya a wannan ranar, bacin rai ya fara dawo da zurfin tunani. Hoton tauraron dan adam na geostationary da bayanan watsawa sun nuna cewa bacin rai ya ƙaru zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine a 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. == Ƙarfafawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin farko == [[File:Nadine 2012-09-15 1610Z.jpg|alt=Nadine after becoming a hurricane on September 15. An eye is not visible.|right|thumb| Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine a lokacinta mafi girma a ranar 15 ga Satumba]] A watan Satumba&nbsp;Ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai yawa ta ɓullo kuma saboda yanayi mai kyau, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura da yuwuwar zurfafa cikin sauri. Ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ya ci gaba da sauri kodayake ƙasa da saurin sauri a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. Daga baya a wannan ranar, iskar da ta ci gaba ta kai 65 mph da (105 km/h) . A farkon Satumba&nbsp;13, banding convective wanda aka nannade kusan gaba ɗaya a kusa da tsakiyar kuma saman girgije ya kai yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Convert|-112|F|C}} . Koyaya, saboda bayanan tauraron dan adam na microwave ba zai iya tantance ko ido ya ci gaba ba, ƙarfin Nadine ya kasance a 70 mph (110 km/h) —– ƙasa da ƙofar halin guguwa. Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa "taga Nadine don karfafawa na iya rufewa", yana mai nuni da daidaiton tsarin kwamfuta game da karuwar sautin iska da kadan canjin tsari. Guguwar ta fara fuskantar guguwar iska a kudu maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;13, wanda aka samar ta tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala da axis mai nisan mil ɗari zuwa yamma da Nadine. A sakamakon haka, guguwar ta yi ta fama don samar da ido kuma cibiyar ta yi wahalar ganowa. Kodayake ba a daidaita guguwar ba, wucewar watsawa ta nuna iskar guguwar iska mai zafi ta miƙa zuwa {{Convert|230|mi|km}} . Bayyanar tauraron dan adam na Nadine ya kara raguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Duk da wannan, guguwar ta kasance a ƙasa da yanayin guguwa kuma Cibiyar Hurricane ta ƙasa ta lura da yiwuwar ƙaruwa idan girgizar iska ta ragu a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Nadine ta juya arewa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14 kamar yadda ta bi ta gefen gefen wani tsauni mai zurfi. Ba da daɗewa ba, wucewa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Rainfall (TMM) ya nuna cewa babban jigon ya fara sake shiri. Duk da haka, saboda kukar iska ta raba matsuguni tsakanin matakin zuwa arewa na ƙaramin matakin, Nadine ba ta haɓaka zuwa guguwa ba. <ref name="disc14" /> Saboda Nadine zai kusanci yanayin yanayin yanayin sanyi na teku, ana ganin ƙarfafawa mai mahimmanci ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda karuwar kimantawar tauraron dan adam da sake tsarawa, Nadine ya inganta zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Bayan awanni shida, Nadine ta kai ƙarfin farko na farko tare da iskar {{Convert|80|mph|km/h}} . Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa raunin ido yana ƙoƙarin haɓakawa a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;15. == Rashin ƙarfi da farkon canjin yanayin zafi == [[File:Nadine 2012-09-20 1450Z.jpg|alt=Nadine in a weakened state after passing south of the Azores on September 20.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta wuce kudu da Azores a ranar 20 ga Satumba]] Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, mai hasashen Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa Robbie Berg ya lura cewa Nadine ta fara "duba kadan -kadan", kamar yadda lura da bayanai na microwave ya yi nuni da sausayar da zurfin motsi zuwa arewa maso gabashin cibiyar. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;16, idon ya karkata ya ɓace, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafewa sun fara ɓarna, kuma gabaɗaya shawa da ayyukan tsawa sun ragu tun farkon wannan ranar. Nadine ta raunana baya ga guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 kuma tulu ya rage bayyanar tauraron dan adam. Busasshen iska ya fara shafar Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;17, kodayake fitowar daga guguwa ta hana rauni sosai. Duk da babban walƙiya mai zurfin juzu'i a saman da'irar arewa, Nadine ta raunana kaɗan daga baya a wannan ranar. Ƙarin rauni ya faru a washegari, bayan fashewar zurfin zurfafa a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 ya lalace. Daga baya a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, mafi yawan zurfin convection ya watse. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa da suka rage sun kasance cikin ƙungiya zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma na cibiyar Nadine. Nadine ta yi barazana ga Azores yayin da take tafiya arewa maso gabas sannan kuma zuwa arewa tsakanin Satumba&nbsp;18 da Satumba&nbsp;19, kodayake wani shinge mai hana ruwa ya hana guguwar ta kusanci tsibirin. Mafi kusancinta da Azores kusan {{Convert|150|mi|km}} kudu maso kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Flores a watan Satumba&nbsp;19. Daga nan guguwar ta sake karkata zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, bayan guguwar ta raunana kuma tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala ya zurfafa. <ref name="ntcr" /> A ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21, yawancin ragowar zurfin iskar da aka haɗa da ƙungiya mai ɗaukar nauyi kawai tare da saman girgije. A aikace, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasa ta sake ware Nadine a matsayin guguwa mai ƙarfi a 2100 UTC a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga Satumba, saboda matsakaicin matsakaici, filin iska mai asymmetrical da wani babban matakin matsin lamba kusa da cibiyar. Koyaya, binciken bayan kakar wasa ya ƙare cewa Nadine ya lalace zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba na sa'o'i uku da suka gabata. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine_Sept_25_2012_1510Z.jpg|alt=Tropical Storm Nadine with its eye-like feature on September 25, despite winds of only 45 mph (75 km/h)|right|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;25]] Farkon Satumba&nbsp;22, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa sake farfadowa a cikin guguwa mai tsananin zafi wata dama ce ta daban. Yankin ƙaramin matsin lamba ba da daɗewa ba ya motsa kan tekuna masu zafi da yanayin ƙaramin haushi, yana haifar da zurfafa taro don sake haɓakawa. Don haka, Nadine ta zama guguwa mai zafi a sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;23. Wani shinge mai toshe kan Azores ya tilasta Nadine ta koma yamma-arewa maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;24, yana haifar da aiwatar da ƙaramin madauki na cyclonic. Ko da yake iskar ta karu zuwa 60&nbsp;mph da (95&nbsp;km/h), guguwar ta sake raunana kuma ta ragu zuwa {{Convert|45|mph|km/h}} guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;25. Duk da wannan koma-baya, hoton tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa Nadine ta haɓaka fasalin ido. Sai dai daga bisani Cibiyar Guguwar ta Kasa ta lura cewa yanki ne da babu girgije a kusa da tsakiyar guguwar. A watan Satumba&nbsp;26, Nadine ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma a kusa da yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaka-tsaki zuwa babban matakin kan tekun Atlantika ta yamma. <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan ƙaramin canji na ƙarfi na kwanaki da yawa, a ƙarshe Nadine ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;27, saboda yanayin saman teku ya yi zafi fiye da {{Convert|79|F|C}} . Na 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;28, Nadine ta sake ƙarfafawa zuwa Rukunin&nbsp;Guguwa 1 akan ma'aunin guguwar Saffir -Simpson . A kusa da wancan lokacin, hotunan tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa guguwar ta sake bunkasa fasalin ido. Bayan rashin tsari, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta yi kuskuren rage Nadine zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;29 kafin haɓaka shi zuwa guguwa kuma sa'o'i shida bayan haka. A zahiri Nadine ta ci gaba da zama guguwa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. <ref name="ntcr" /> Iska ta karu zuwa 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) a watan Satumba&nbsp;30, bayan ido ya zama mafi bambanta. Na dubu dari daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC, guguwar ta kai ƙwanƙolin ƙarfin ta tare da matsakaicin iskar 90&nbsp;mph (150&nbsp;km/h) da ƙaramin matsin lamba barometric na {{Convert|978|mbar|inHg}} . <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan tsananin ƙarfi, Nadine ya sake raunana kuma ya lalace zuwa hadari mai zafi a 1200&nbsp;UTC, a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Iskar arewa maso yamma ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, bayan wani babban matattarar ruwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin girgizar iska ya koma gabas. Bayan hoursan awanni daga baya, ƙaramin matakin ya zama ɗan fallasa, kafin a rarrabe shi gaba ɗaya daga isar da dubu dari daya da dari biyar 1500&nbsp;UTC. <ref name="John L. Beven II" /> Saboda tsananin kukar iska da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku mai sanyi, ruwan sama da tsawa sun ragu da sauri, kuma zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba&nbsp;3, Nadine ta zama ba ta da wani motsi mai zurfi. Na 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, Nadine ta canza zuwa wani matsanancin matsin lamba, yayin da kusan {{Convert|195|mi}} kudu maso yamma na tsakiyar Azores. Ƙananan hanzari ya ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya lalace zuwa cikin matattarar matsin lamba, kuma gabanin sanyi ya mamaye shi a wannan ranar. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine 2012-10-03 1245Z.jpg|alt=Nadine is rather disorganized, with ragged banding features and a partly exposed center of circulation.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta sake tunkari Azores a ranar 3 ga Oktoba]] An ba da gargadin guguwar iska da agogo a lokuta biyu daban -daban yayin da Nadine ta kusanci Azores . Na 1000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, an ba da agogon guguwa na wurare masu zafi ga tsibiran Flores da Corvo . Kodayake an dakatar da agogon guguwar a 2100&nbsp;UTC, an aiwatar da gargadin guguwar yanayi a lokacin don tsibiran Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, da Terceira . Na 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;19, an kuma yi gargadin guguwar iska mai zafi ga São Miguel da Santa Maria . An katse duk agogo da gargadi zuwa ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21. Bayan sake sabuntawa, Nadine ta sake yin barazana ga Azores, wanda ya haifar da agogon guguwa mai zafi ga dukan tsibirin a 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Awa tara bayan haka, sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a rana mai zuwa, an haɓaka agogon zuwa gargaɗin guguwa mai zafi. Bayan Nadine ta zama mai wuce gona da iri, an daina gargadin. A hanya ta biyu ta guguwar zuwa Azores, an rufe makarantu kuma an soke tashi. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, Flores ya ba da rahoton iskar {{Convert|46|mph|km/h}} . Gudun iska mai ɗorewa {{Convert|62|mph|km/h}} da gust har zuwa {{Convert|81|mph|km/h}} an ba da rahoto a Horta a tsibirin Faial, yayin da Nadine ta wuce kudu a watan Satumba&nbsp;21. A lokacin tasirin Azores na biyu a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, mafi girman saurin iskar da aka ruwaito shine {{Convert|38|mph|km/h}} akan São Miguel, yayin da gust mafi ƙarfi shine {{Convert|87|mph|km/h}} a Plant Power Plant a Santa Maria. A tsibirin Pico, an lalata laminin zauren wasanni na makarantar firamare da sakandare a Lajes do Pico. Ragowar Nadine sun samar da ɗimbin danshi wanda ya saukar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi akan [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], musamman a Ingila da Wales, ya kai 5.12.&nbsp;a cikin (130&nbsp;mm) a Ravensworth a cikin tsohon. Ruwan sama ya mamaye gidaje tare da tarwatsa hanyoyi da hanyoyin mota. Nadine ta kasance jimlar&nbsp;Kwanaki 24 a matsayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, na wurare masu zafi, da na bayan-zafi, gami da 22.25&nbsp;kwanaki a matsayin tsarin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya sa ta zama guguwa mai zafi ta huɗu ta Atlantika mafi tsayi a kan rikodin, kawai a bayan guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899 a 28&nbsp;kwanaki, Hurricane Ginger a dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya 1971 a kwanaki 27.25, da Hurricane Inga a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 a kwanaki 24.75. Lokacin ƙididdige lokacin da aka kashe kawai azaman guguwa mai zafi ko guguwa - 20.75&nbsp;kwanaki-Nadine ita ce ta uku mafi dadewa, bayan Hurricane Ginger a 1971 da guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899. Lokacin da aka inganta Nadine zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14, ya yi alama ta uku ta farko ta haifar da guguwa ta takwas, a bayan tsarin da ba a bayyana ba a 1893 da Ophelia a 2005 . == Duba kuma == * Jerin guguwar Azores * Hurricane Alberto (2000) * Hurricane Gordon (2006) * Guguwa Leslie (2018) * Sauran guguwa masu wannan sunan == Nassoshi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dc9sq1idoeod4nwsbf9urjcy1l5pykp 967406 967405 2026-10-13T23:23:07Z 2003 LN6 35444 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Nadine Sept 25 2012 1510Z.jpg]] → [[File:Nadine 2012-09-25 1510Z.jpg]] Criterion 4 - conforms to other similar files' formats for storm images 967406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:14L_2012_5day.gif |thumb|Taswirar yankin ]] [[File:Nadine_2012_track.png |thumb| Nadine]] '''Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine''' ita ce guguwar Atlantika mafi dadewa a duniya da aka taba yi. A matsayin guguwa mai zafi na goma sha huɗu kuma mai suna guguwa na lokacin guguwa na Atlantika na shekara ta dubu ashirin da shabiyu 2012, Nadine ta haɓaka daga raƙuman ruwan zafi da ke tafiya yammacin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] a watan Satumba&nbsp; goma 10. A rana mai zuwa, ta ƙarfafa zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine. Bayan fara bin diddigin arewa maso yamma, Nadine ta juya zuwa arewa, nesa ba kusa da kowane yanki. Farkon Satumba&nbsp;15, Nadine ta kai matsayin guguwa yayin da take karkata zuwa gabas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙaruwar tsagewar iska a tsaye ta raunana Nadine kuma a ranar 16 ga Satumba ta koma cikin guguwa mai zafi. A washegari, guguwar ta fara tafiya arewa maso gabas kuma tana barazanar Azores amma a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;19, Nadine ta nufi gabas-kudu maso gabas kafin ta isa tsibiran. Duk da haka, guguwar ta haifar da iskar guguwa mai zafi a wasu tsibirai. A watan Satumba&nbsp;21, guguwar ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso gabas yayin da kudancin Azores. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Nadine ta koma cikin matsanancin matsin lamba. Saboda yanayi mai kyau, ragowar Nadine sun sake komawa cikin guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;24. Bayan sake bunƙasa, guguwar ta aiwatar da madaidaicin guguwar kuma ta nufi sannu a hankali a tsallaken gabashin Atlantic. Daga ƙarshe, Nadine ta juya kudu maso kudu maso yamma, wanda a lokacin ya zama kusan tsayayye. A watan Satumba&nbsp;28, guguwar ta karkata arewa maso yamma kuma ta sake karfafawa zuwa guguwa. Mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kara tsananta kuma ta mamaye sama da iska 90 mph a watan Satumba&nbsp;30. Kashegari, duk da haka, Nadine ta raunana zuwa {{Convert|65|mph|km/h}} hadari na wurare masu zafi, yayin da yanayi ya zama mara daɗi. Ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi da raguwar yanayin yanayin teku ya raunana guguwar. Nadine ta koma cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, kuma ya haɗu tare da gabatowar sanyi mai gabatowa arewa maso gabas na Azores jim kaɗan bayan haka. Ragowar Nadine sun ratsa Azores a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4 kuma ya sake kawo iska mai ƙarfi zuwa tsibirin. == Asali da tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|Nadine 2012 track.png|alt=Storm path of Hurricane Nadine. It starts east of Cape Verde and then makes a parabolic track, before meandering and heading in erratic directions. The storm threatened the Azores twice before dissipating near the islands.}}Babban guguwar yanayi ta fito cikin Tekun Atlantika daga gabar yammacin Afirka, a watan Satumba&nbsp;7. Tsarin ya wuce kudancin Cape Verde a watan Satumba&nbsp;8, yana kawo ruwa mara tsauri da tsawa. A kusa da wancan lokacin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da tsarin matsakaiciyar dama na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a cikin 48&nbsp;awanni. An sami ƙaramin yankin matsin lamba tare da guguwar yanayin zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;9, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka aikin motsi. <ref name="ntcr" /> An tantance tsarin tare da babbar dama ga samuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;10. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙarfin tauraron dan adam, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa ta ayyana tashin hankali a matsayin Tashin Harshen Tropical na goma sha huɗu a dubu daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, yayin da guguwar ta kasance kusan dari tatwas da tamanin da biyar {{Convert|885|mi}} yamma da Cape Verde. <ref name="ntcr" /> Kodayake aikin tsawa ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan a kusa da tsakiyar zagayawa, ƙungiya mai haɗawa da ɓacin rai tana ƙara kasancewa cikin tsari. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;10, convection fara kara da dan kadan a kusa da cibiyar, amma saboda Dvorak tsanani T-lambobin sun tsakanin 2.0 da kuma 2.5, da ciki da aka ba kyautata zuwa wurare masu zafi da hadari. Duk da haka, busasshiyar iska ta haifar da ruwan sama da tsawa a ranar. Da farko, ta doshi arewacin arewa saboda yamma kusa da gefen kudancin babban gandun daji . Koyaya, zuwa Satumba&nbsp;11, bacin rai ya sake karkace arewa maso yamma. Daga baya a wannan ranar, bacin rai ya fara dawo da zurfin tunani. Hoton tauraron dan adam na geostationary da bayanan watsawa sun nuna cewa bacin rai ya ƙaru zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine a 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. == Ƙarfafawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin farko == [[File:Nadine 2012-09-15 1610Z.jpg|alt=Nadine after becoming a hurricane on September 15. An eye is not visible.|right|thumb| Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine a lokacinta mafi girma a ranar 15 ga Satumba]] A watan Satumba&nbsp;Ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai yawa ta ɓullo kuma saboda yanayi mai kyau, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura da yuwuwar zurfafa cikin sauri. Ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ya ci gaba da sauri kodayake ƙasa da saurin sauri a watan Satumba&nbsp;12. Daga baya a wannan ranar, iskar da ta ci gaba ta kai 65 mph da (105 km/h) . A farkon Satumba&nbsp;13, banding convective wanda aka nannade kusan gaba ɗaya a kusa da tsakiyar kuma saman girgije ya kai yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Convert|-112|F|C}} . Koyaya, saboda bayanan tauraron dan adam na microwave ba zai iya tantance ko ido ya ci gaba ba, ƙarfin Nadine ya kasance a 70 mph (110 km/h) —– ƙasa da ƙofar halin guguwa. Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa "taga Nadine don karfafawa na iya rufewa", yana mai nuni da daidaiton tsarin kwamfuta game da karuwar sautin iska da kadan canjin tsari. Guguwar ta fara fuskantar guguwar iska a kudu maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;13, wanda aka samar ta tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala da axis mai nisan mil ɗari zuwa yamma da Nadine. A sakamakon haka, guguwar ta yi ta fama don samar da ido kuma cibiyar ta yi wahalar ganowa. Kodayake ba a daidaita guguwar ba, wucewar watsawa ta nuna iskar guguwar iska mai zafi ta miƙa zuwa {{Convert|230|mi|km}} . Bayyanar tauraron dan adam na Nadine ya kara raguwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Duk da wannan, guguwar ta kasance a ƙasa da yanayin guguwa kuma Cibiyar Hurricane ta ƙasa ta lura da yiwuwar ƙaruwa idan girgizar iska ta ragu a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Nadine ta juya arewa a watan Satumba&nbsp;14 kamar yadda ta bi ta gefen gefen wani tsauni mai zurfi. Ba da daɗewa ba, wucewa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Rainfall (TMM) ya nuna cewa babban jigon ya fara sake shiri. Duk da haka, saboda kukar iska ta raba matsuguni tsakanin matakin zuwa arewa na ƙaramin matakin, Nadine ba ta haɓaka zuwa guguwa ba. <ref name="disc14" /> Saboda Nadine zai kusanci yanayin yanayin yanayin sanyi na teku, ana ganin ƙarfafawa mai mahimmanci ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda karuwar kimantawar tauraron dan adam da sake tsarawa, Nadine ya inganta zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14. Bayan awanni shida, Nadine ta kai ƙarfin farko na farko tare da iskar {{Convert|80|mph|km/h}} . Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa raunin ido yana ƙoƙarin haɓakawa a ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;15. == Rashin ƙarfi da farkon canjin yanayin zafi == [[File:Nadine 2012-09-20 1450Z.jpg|alt=Nadine in a weakened state after passing south of the Azores on September 20.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta wuce kudu da Azores a ranar 20 ga Satumba]] Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, mai hasashen Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa Robbie Berg ya lura cewa Nadine ta fara "duba kadan -kadan", kamar yadda lura da bayanai na microwave ya yi nuni da sausayar da zurfin motsi zuwa arewa maso gabashin cibiyar. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;16, idon ya karkata ya ɓace, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafewa sun fara ɓarna, kuma gabaɗaya shawa da ayyukan tsawa sun ragu tun farkon wannan ranar. Nadine ta raunana baya ga guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 kuma tulu ya rage bayyanar tauraron dan adam. Busasshen iska ya fara shafar Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;17, kodayake fitowar daga guguwa ta hana rauni sosai. Duk da babban walƙiya mai zurfin juzu'i a saman da'irar arewa, Nadine ta raunana kaɗan daga baya a wannan ranar. Ƙarin rauni ya faru a washegari, bayan fashewar zurfin zurfafa a watan Satumba&nbsp;17 ya lalace. Daga baya a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, mafi yawan zurfin convection ya watse. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa da suka rage sun kasance cikin ƙungiya zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma na cibiyar Nadine. Nadine ta yi barazana ga Azores yayin da take tafiya arewa maso gabas sannan kuma zuwa arewa tsakanin Satumba&nbsp;18 da Satumba&nbsp;19, kodayake wani shinge mai hana ruwa ya hana guguwar ta kusanci tsibirin. Mafi kusancinta da Azores kusan {{Convert|150|mi|km}} kudu maso kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Flores a watan Satumba&nbsp;19. Daga nan guguwar ta sake karkata zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, bayan guguwar ta raunana kuma tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala ya zurfafa. <ref name="ntcr" /> A ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21, yawancin ragowar zurfin iskar da aka haɗa da ƙungiya mai ɗaukar nauyi kawai tare da saman girgije. A aikace, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasa ta sake ware Nadine a matsayin guguwa mai ƙarfi a 2100 UTC a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga Satumba, saboda matsakaicin matsakaici, filin iska mai asymmetrical da wani babban matakin matsin lamba kusa da cibiyar. Koyaya, binciken bayan kakar wasa ya ƙare cewa Nadine ya lalace zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba na sa'o'i uku da suka gabata. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine 2012-09-25 1510Z.jpg|alt=Tropical Storm Nadine with its eye-like feature on September 25, despite winds of only 45 mph (75 km/h)|right|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine a watan Satumba&nbsp;25]] Farkon Satumba&nbsp;22, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa sake farfadowa a cikin guguwa mai tsananin zafi wata dama ce ta daban. Yankin ƙaramin matsin lamba ba da daɗewa ba ya motsa kan tekuna masu zafi da yanayin ƙaramin haushi, yana haifar da zurfafa taro don sake haɓakawa. Don haka, Nadine ta zama guguwa mai zafi a sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;23. Wani shinge mai toshe kan Azores ya tilasta Nadine ta koma yamma-arewa maso yamma a watan Satumba&nbsp;24, yana haifar da aiwatar da ƙaramin madauki na cyclonic. Ko da yake iskar ta karu zuwa 60&nbsp;mph da (95&nbsp;km/h), guguwar ta sake raunana kuma ta ragu zuwa {{Convert|45|mph|km/h}} guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;25. Duk da wannan koma-baya, hoton tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa Nadine ta haɓaka fasalin ido. Sai dai daga bisani Cibiyar Guguwar ta Kasa ta lura cewa yanki ne da babu girgije a kusa da tsakiyar guguwar. A watan Satumba&nbsp;26, Nadine ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma a kusa da yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaka-tsaki zuwa babban matakin kan tekun Atlantika ta yamma. <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan ƙaramin canji na ƙarfi na kwanaki da yawa, a ƙarshe Nadine ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Satumba&nbsp;27, saboda yanayin saman teku ya yi zafi fiye da {{Convert|79|F|C}} . Na 1200&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;28, Nadine ta sake ƙarfafawa zuwa Rukunin&nbsp;Guguwa 1 akan ma'aunin guguwar Saffir -Simpson . A kusa da wancan lokacin, hotunan tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa guguwar ta sake bunkasa fasalin ido. Bayan rashin tsari, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta yi kuskuren rage Nadine zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba&nbsp;29 kafin haɓaka shi zuwa guguwa kuma sa'o'i shida bayan haka. A zahiri Nadine ta ci gaba da zama guguwa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. <ref name="ntcr" /> Iska ta karu zuwa 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) a watan Satumba&nbsp;30, bayan ido ya zama mafi bambanta. Na dubu dari daya da dari biyu 1200&nbsp;UTC, guguwar ta kai ƙwanƙolin ƙarfin ta tare da matsakaicin iskar 90&nbsp;mph (150&nbsp;km/h) da ƙaramin matsin lamba barometric na {{Convert|978|mbar|inHg}} . <ref name="ntcr" /> Bayan tsananin ƙarfi, Nadine ya sake raunana kuma ya lalace zuwa hadari mai zafi a 1200&nbsp;UTC, a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Iskar arewa maso yamma ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Oktoba&nbsp;3, bayan wani babban matattarar ruwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin girgizar iska ya koma gabas. Bayan hoursan awanni daga baya, ƙaramin matakin ya zama ɗan fallasa, kafin a rarrabe shi gaba ɗaya daga isar da dubu dari daya da dari biyar 1500&nbsp;UTC. <ref name="John L. Beven II" /> Saboda tsananin kukar iska da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku mai sanyi, ruwan sama da tsawa sun ragu da sauri, kuma zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba&nbsp;3, Nadine ta zama ba ta da wani motsi mai zurfi. Na 0000&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, Nadine ta canza zuwa wani matsanancin matsin lamba, yayin da kusan {{Convert|195|mi}} kudu maso yamma na tsakiyar Azores. Ƙananan hanzari ya ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya lalace zuwa cikin matattarar matsin lamba, kuma gabanin sanyi ya mamaye shi a wannan ranar. <ref name="ntcr" /> [[File:Nadine 2012-10-03 1245Z.jpg|alt=Nadine is rather disorganized, with ragged banding features and a partly exposed center of circulation.|left|thumb| Guguwar Tropical Nadine ta sake tunkari Azores a ranar 3 ga Oktoba]] An ba da gargadin guguwar iska da agogo a lokuta biyu daban -daban yayin da Nadine ta kusanci Azores . Na 1000&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;18, an ba da agogon guguwa na wurare masu zafi ga tsibiran Flores da Corvo . Kodayake an dakatar da agogon guguwar a 2100&nbsp;UTC, an aiwatar da gargadin guguwar yanayi a lokacin don tsibiran Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, da Terceira . Na 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;19, an kuma yi gargadin guguwar iska mai zafi ga São Miguel da Santa Maria . An katse duk agogo da gargadi zuwa ƙarshen Satumba&nbsp;21. Bayan sake sabuntawa, Nadine ta sake yin barazana ga Azores, wanda ya haifar da agogon guguwa mai zafi ga dukan tsibirin a 1500&nbsp;UTC a watan Oktoba&nbsp;1. Awa tara bayan haka, sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000&nbsp;UTC a rana mai zuwa, an haɓaka agogon zuwa gargaɗin guguwa mai zafi. Bayan Nadine ta zama mai wuce gona da iri, an daina gargadin. A hanya ta biyu ta guguwar zuwa Azores, an rufe makarantu kuma an soke tashi. Marigayi a watan Satumba&nbsp;20, Flores ya ba da rahoton iskar {{Convert|46|mph|km/h}} . Gudun iska mai ɗorewa {{Convert|62|mph|km/h}} da gust har zuwa {{Convert|81|mph|km/h}} an ba da rahoto a Horta a tsibirin Faial, yayin da Nadine ta wuce kudu a watan Satumba&nbsp;21. A lokacin tasirin Azores na biyu a watan Oktoba&nbsp;4, mafi girman saurin iskar da aka ruwaito shine {{Convert|38|mph|km/h}} akan São Miguel, yayin da gust mafi ƙarfi shine {{Convert|87|mph|km/h}} a Plant Power Plant a Santa Maria. A tsibirin Pico, an lalata laminin zauren wasanni na makarantar firamare da sakandare a Lajes do Pico. Ragowar Nadine sun samar da ɗimbin danshi wanda ya saukar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi akan [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], musamman a Ingila da Wales, ya kai 5.12.&nbsp;a cikin (130&nbsp;mm) a Ravensworth a cikin tsohon. Ruwan sama ya mamaye gidaje tare da tarwatsa hanyoyi da hanyoyin mota. Nadine ta kasance jimlar&nbsp;Kwanaki 24 a matsayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, na wurare masu zafi, da na bayan-zafi, gami da 22.25&nbsp;kwanaki a matsayin tsarin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya sa ta zama guguwa mai zafi ta huɗu ta Atlantika mafi tsayi a kan rikodin, kawai a bayan guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899 a 28&nbsp;kwanaki, Hurricane Ginger a dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya 1971 a kwanaki 27.25, da Hurricane Inga a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 a kwanaki 24.75. Lokacin ƙididdige lokacin da aka kashe kawai azaman guguwa mai zafi ko guguwa - 20.75&nbsp;kwanaki-Nadine ita ce ta uku mafi dadewa, bayan Hurricane Ginger a 1971 da guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899. Lokacin da aka inganta Nadine zuwa guguwa a 1800&nbsp;UTC a watan Satumba&nbsp;14, ya yi alama ta uku ta farko ta haifar da guguwa ta takwas, a bayan tsarin da ba a bayyana ba a 1893 da Ophelia a 2005 . == Duba kuma == * Jerin guguwar Azores * Hurricane Alberto (2000) * Hurricane Gordon (2006) * Guguwa Leslie (2018) * Sauran guguwa masu wannan sunan == Nassoshi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 96qrvzskzc2vthokhxd5iawt18x3mcg Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya 0 27490 967301 911235 2026-10-13T21:16:33Z Nura Bello 24854 967301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labarai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cek9u8rlm811u89z9uni6kdna025i3e 967303 967301 2026-10-13T21:20:00Z Nura Bello 24854 967303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran a ranar 31 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sv9m62ikemrk731ullttsb2oz2m869t 967314 967303 2026-10-13T21:24:28Z Nura Bello 24854 967314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta ranar 31 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} n8kkakxzpbgdhx8qw2cj2s3f1thn4bt 967320 967314 2026-10-13T21:25:16Z Nura Bello 24854 967320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i7crq5uh1ne94564gkzdmna3k19rr94 967324 967320 2026-10-13T21:25:48Z Nura Bello 24854 967324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lbeu34d4ztng0i8l7zs5sqx74z9b9xh 967332 967324 2026-10-13T21:26:46Z Nura Bello 24854 967332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rss17f05ymyl5oopbgkcgqu7xew6qmt 967338 967332 2026-10-13T21:27:51Z Nura Bello 24854 967338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a shekarar 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fstz0hz1xo2wpnloeqy5v0ah5bxkc1x 967341 967338 2026-10-13T21:30:31Z Nura Bello 24854 967341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin shekarun 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a shekarar 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jbus5uu0qwibwbzqw43umm2l5qmlidm 967343 967341 2026-10-13T21:31:11Z Nura Bello 24854 967343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin shekarun 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} le2eel84cui4xd2o2gvrgx3egftp5z9 967344 967343 2026-10-13T21:32:51Z Nura Bello 24854 967344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NTA Mark.png|thumb|Mark Na NTA]] [[Fayil:NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY JOS, (NTA JOS) NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hukumar talabijin reshen Jos ]] '''Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya''' '''(NTA)''' [[Najeriya|mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya]] ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. <ref>[http://www.nta.ng/about-us/ "The Nigerian Television Authority - About Us".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175444/https://www.nta.ng/about-us/ |date=2021-11-27 }} Nigerian Television Authority. Accessed February 2016.</ref> Asali anfi saninshi da '''Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya''' (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a ne cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a [[Najeriya]] tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 66</ref> == Tarihi == === Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya === Gidan talabijin na farko a [[Najeriya]], Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin [[Najeriya]] (WNTV) ya fara watsa labaran ta a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan [[Ibadan|kishin]] zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan [[Najeriya]]. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a [[Afirka]] mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin.<ref>Omatsola, Daniel (1998). Televisual Film Production in Nigeria: A Critical Source Book. Abotu Research Publishers. p. 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9783440683</nowiki>.</ref> A watan [[Maris]] na na shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna / Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin [[Najeriya]] ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a [[Zariya]] a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma [[Kano (birni)|kano]] a watan [[Fabrairu|Fabrairun]] 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan [[Afrilu|Afrilun]] a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin shekarun 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a [[Benin]] . Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1974 tare da hedkwata a [[Jos]] . Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin / dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a shekarar 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 35</ref> === Shirye-shiryen farko === ==== 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida<ref>Ayakoroma, Barclays Foubiri (2014). Trends in Nollywood : a study of selected genres. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraft Books. p. 41. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-918-274-9</nowiki>. OCLC 909897470.</ref> ==== Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na ''Alawada'' a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), ''Shugaban Kauyen'' da ''Hotel de Jordan'' akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su ''Tales da Moonlight'', ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', da ''Mirror in the Sun'' a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, ''Moment of Truth ce ta'' sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} ''Cockcrow at Dawn'', wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Moment of Truth'', ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". ''Acada Campus'', wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a ''kan'' Rana, sai kuma ''Mai Kyau ko Mummuna'' da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode ''a Rana'' . Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere ''Bayan Giza-gizai'' da ''Juyawa'' . A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a ''(Moonlight)'', shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na [[Chinua Achebe]] 's ''Things Fall Apart'' a 1986. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar ''Sabon Masquerade'' da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] 's ''Basi and Company'' . {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2014}} Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai ''no. 13'' (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi ;, wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan ''barkwanci da aka yaba da'' {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. ''Shugaban'' ''Kauye'', ''Koko Close'' da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|Pidgin Nigerian]], an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 74</ref><ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 43</ref><ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> ==== 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci ==== A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar]], an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su ''Mind Bending'' na Lola Fani-Kayode, ''Ripples'' na Zeb Ejiro da ''Checkmate'' na Amaka Igwe .<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 68</ref> ''Ripples'', wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. {{Sfn|Ayakoroma|2010}} ''Checkmate'' by Amaka Igwe, tare da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen ''Ripples'' da ''Checkmate'', NTA ya inganta nunin ''Blossom'' da ''Fortunes'', amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar ''The Rich Also Cry'', ''Asirin da Sand'' kuma ''Wild Rose'' .<ref>Ayakoroma 2014, p. 44</ref> Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30{{Spaces}}karfe 07:00 na yamma{{Spaces}}pm. Nunin sun haɗa da ''lokacin Nishaɗi'', ''Ƙwallon Karatu'', ''Yi aiki da shi'', da ''Ɗauki Mataki'' . A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da ''AM Express'' . <ref>Nigeria: Viewers welcome breakfast TV. (1999, Nov 29). BBC Monitoring Media Retrieved from Proquest</ref> === Labarai === Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, [[Bimbo Oloyede]], Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's ''Newsline.'' Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune ''Labaran Sadarwa a Tara'', Labarai na mintuna 5 ''a Taƙaice da'' ƙarfe 5:00{{Spaces}}pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna ''15'' a 11:00{{Spaces}}pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 == Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}}<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 80</ref> A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar ''AM Express'', daga baya aka sake masa suna ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ana watsa shi na awanni 2½ daga 6:30{{Spaces}}na zuwa 9:00{{Spaces}}na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Super Story'' da ''Stand Up Nigeria'' yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00{{Spaces}}ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da ''A filin wasa'' a ranar Litinin.<ref>Esan 2009, p. 273</ref><ref>Akingbulu, Akin (2010). Public Broadcasting in Africa Series: Nigeria. [New York]: Open Society Foundations. p. 96. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-920489-65-6</nowiki>. OCLC 813993687.</ref> NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen [[Nickelodeon]] yayin 5-7.&nbsp;lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa.<ref>"NTA, Viacom Partner On Programmes". This Day. Lagos. February 1, 2013</ref><ref>"NTA, CMG Launch New Hausa Documentary"</ref> === Labaran Sadarwa === Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Babban samar da labarai shine ''Labaran Sadarwa'', shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00&nbsp;pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ''Ƙarin Labarai'' . ''Labaran Sadarwa'' galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa]], sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da ''Labarai a 7'' da ''Labaran ƙasa'' a 4&nbsp;pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da ''Newsline da'' ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9{{Spaces}}Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar ''Newsline'' ko 9{{Spaces}}labaran sadarwar pm. {{Sfn|Akingbulu|2010}} Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da ''Panorama'', ''Ƙarfe ɗaya Live'', ''A cikin Majalisar Dattijai'', da ''Kai da Wakilinku'' . {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} === Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su<ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 89.</ref> <ref>Akingbulu 2010, p. 81</ref> <ref>Esan 2009, p. 282</ref> === ==== Tsoho ==== '''Mai rairayi''' * ''Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin''<ref>Esan 2009, p. 240.</ref> * ''Kasadar Karamin Yarima'' * ''Atom Ant'' * ''Yakin Duniya''<ref>Anthony, Lovina (22 December 2023). "Reps move to revive abandoned Eket NTA station". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Bear, Tiger da sauran su'' * ''Bertha'' * ''Biker Mice Daga Mars'' * ''Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio'' * ''Hasken Wuta'' * ''Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers'' * ''Casper the Friendly Ghost'' * ''Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta'' * ''Dennis the Menace'' * ''Dino-Mahaya'' * ''DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space''<ref>Yafugborhi, Egufe (22 December 2023). "Reps push for activation of abandoned NTA Eket station". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</ref> * ''Dungeons &amp;amp; Dodanni'' * ''Tatsuniya na Green Forest'' * ''Groovie Goolies'' * ''G-Force'' * ''Harlem Globetrotters''<ref>Etienne, Mary (February 11, 2013). "Startimes Adds UEFA Champions League Channel, Others". This Day. Lagos.</ref> * ''Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya'' * ''Hulk Mai Girma'' * ''Inspector Gadget'' * ''Jimbo da Jet-Set'' * ''Johnny Bravo'' * ''Sarki Rollo'' * ''Ƙananan Mayu'' * ''Bus Makarantar Magic''<ref>Startimes launches DVB-T2 service</ref> * ''Muppet Babies'' * ''Sabon Shmoo'' * ''Ovide da Gang'' * ''Titin Tattabara'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pinky da Brain'' * ''Samurai Jack'' * ''Samurai X'' * ''Sirrin Kunkuru'' * ''SilverHawks'' * ''Gudun tsere'' * ''Wasanni Billy'' * ''SuperTed'' * ''Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru'' * ''ThunderCats'' * ''Subsauki'' * ''[[Tom da Jerry|Tom dan Jerry]]'' * ''Towser'' * ''Victor &amp;amp; Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka''<ref>Omatsola 1998, p. 32</ref> * ''Voltron: Mai kare Duniya'' '''Shirye-shiryen Yara''' * ''3-2-1 Tuntuɓi'' * ''Dabbobin Kwackers'' * ''ChuckleHounds'' * ''Fraggle Rock'' * ''Wutar Wuta'' * ''Rentaghost'' * ''Titin Sesame'' * ''Terrahawks'' * ''Ƙungiyar Waterville'' '''Wasan kwaikwayo''' * ''Charlie's Mala'iku'' * ''Likitan Wane'' * ''Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi'' * ''Yawon shakatawa'' '''Abin ban dariya''' * ''Kula da Harshen ku'' * ''Muppet Show'' * ''Guma Mai Riga!'' * ''Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em'' '''Wasanni''' * ''Telematch'' == NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} == Suka == NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} {{Sfn|Esan|2009}} Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Becky Umeh]] bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas ''The Guardian ta'' bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. {{Sfn|Omatsola|1998}} == Ayyuka masu alaƙa == An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. == Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya == Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Muhammad Kudu Abubakar - Newsreader ( ''Network News'' ), NTA Network<ref>Nigeria: Exit of a Showman</ref> * Chris Anyanwu - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba * Ben Murray-Bruce - Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200307211265.html Nigeria: Exit of a Showman]</ref> * [[Julie Coker]] - Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''Julie's World'' ), NTA Legas<ref>"Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</ref> * Sadiq Daba – Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sadiq-daba-meet-one-of-nigerias-most-professional-broadcasters-actors/yjzszwz Sadiq Daba - Meet One of Nigeria's Most Professional Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Funmi Iyanda]] - Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa ( ''New Dawn On Ten'' ), NTA Lagos <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Chuka Momah - Mai Gabatarwa ( ''Wasannin NTA'', ''Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma'', ''Wasannin ban sha'awa'' ), NTA Network * John Momoh - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' da ''Daren Yau A Tara'' ), NTA Network * [[Tade Ogidan]] - Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/tade-ogidan-shines/ Tade Ogidan Shines]</ref> * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa ( ''Contact'' and ''Wanene Ke kunne?'' ), NTA Network * Nkem Owoh - Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu * [[Bimbo Oloyede|Bimbo Roberts]] - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA<ref>"'Walking with Shadows' is proof that Funmi Iyanda is still invested in telling human interest stories". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 6 September 2019.</ref> * Cyril Stober - Mai karanta ''Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa'' ), Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA * Alex Usifo - Mataimakin / furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin * Fatima Abbas Hassan - Newsreader ( ''News Extra'' ), NTA Network == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nta.ng Shafin hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fcl945gjgxwdzlepd1vzrvckr2vr2di Ɗan kasuwa 0 27791 967131 967092 2026-10-13T12:12:59Z Zaujeel khair 49197 967131 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin 1300 da 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon kasuwanci na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 3ro7f7ecth09mir1f3hjjg9hm577hag 967132 967131 2026-10-13T12:13:42Z Zaujeel khair 49197 967132 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin 1300 da 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon [[kasuwanci]] na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1rgg10mz3zw1di34xlm53g8iqrv8k6n 967133 967132 2026-10-13T12:14:58Z Zaujeel khair 49197 967133 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin 1300 da 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon [[kasuwanci]] na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da chasa'in da takwas 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == g79lr0y272u8b73zs3hh44hh6ifkvmc 967134 967133 2026-10-13T12:17:09Z Zaujeel khair 49197 967134 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin 1300 da 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon [[kasuwanci]] na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The [[Oxford english dictionary|Oxford]] English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da chasa'in da takwas 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 71gzu7zkded0sa50ew244g9j86zo6rm 967135 967134 2026-10-13T12:18:16Z Zaujeel khair 49197 967135 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin alif dubu daya da dari uku 1300 da alif dubu daya da dari biyar 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon [[kasuwanci]] na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The [[Oxford english dictionary|Oxford]] English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da chasa'in da takwas 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == swaoob0b8x7eafuif2pwpgz1kmsv3c5 967165 967135 2026-10-13T13:22:37Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja */ 967165 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin alif dubu daya da dari uku 1300 da alif dubu daya da dari biyar 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon [[kasuwanci]] na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The [[Oxford english dictionary|Oxford]] English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da chasa'in da takwas 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta alif 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == aygolikaqtxm80wjfo6zqf85bpqfffl 967166 967165 2026-10-13T13:24:00Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 967166 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin alif dubu daya da dari uku (1300) da alif dubu daya da dari biyar 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan [[kasuwa]] ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === [[Turai]] ta zama babbar Ikon [[kasuwanci]] na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The [[Oxford english dictionary|Oxford]] English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da chasa'in da takwas 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta alif 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == db0w64r7g0rpat1lashlnl4lzb6wcjj Carcinogenesis 0 29271 967423 952298 2026-10-14T00:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIHen.png|right|thumb|441x441px| [[Sankara|Ciwon daji]] da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace na faruwa ne sakamakon jerin maye gurbi. Kowane maye gurbi yana canza halin tantanin halitta kaɗan.]] [[Fayil:Biological role of FOXM1 in carcinogenesis.png|thumb|bayanai '''Carcinogenesis''']] [[Fayil:Քաղցկեղի զարգացում.png|thumb|Carcinogenesis]] '''Carcinogenesis,''' wanda kuma ake kira '''oncogenesis''' ko '''tumorigenesis,''' shine samuwar [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], inda kwayoyin halitta suka canza zuwa kwayoyin cutar kansa . Tsarin yana halin canje-canje a salon salula, kwayoyin halitta, da matakan epigenetic da rarraba kwayoyin halitta mara kyau. Rarraba tantanin halitta tsari ne na ilimin lissafi wanda ke faruwa a kusan dukkanin kyallen takarda kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri-iri. Yawanci, ma'auni tsakanin yaduwa da tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta, a cikin nau'i na apoptosis, ana kiyaye shi don tabbatar da kuma amincin kyallen takarda da [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobin]] . Bisa ga ka'idar da aka yarda da ita ta carcinogenesis, ka'idar maye gurbi na somatic, maye gurbi a cikin DNA da epimutations wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji ya rushe waɗannan matakai masu tsari ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da shirye-shiryen da ke tsara tsarin tafiyar matakai, tada ma'auni na yau da kullum tsakanin yaduwa da mutuwar kwayar halitta. Wannan yana haifar da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta mara sarrafawa da haɓakar waɗannan sel ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jiki. Wasu maye gurbi ne kawai ke haifar da ciwon daji yayin da yawancin maye gurbi ba sa. Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halittar da aka gada na iya sa mutane su kamu da cutar kansa. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan muhalli kamar su carcinogens da radiation suna haifar da maye gurbi wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji. A ƙarshe kuskuren bazuwar a cikin kwafin DNA na yau da kullun na iya haifar da ciwon daji da ke haifar da maye gurbi. <ref name="Tomasetti_20172">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tomasetti C, Li L, Vogelstein B|title=Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention|journal=Science|date=23 March 2017|volume=355|issue=6331|pages=1330–1334|doi=10.1126/science.aaf9011|pmid=28336671|pmc=5852673|bibcode=2017Sci...355.1330T}}</ref> Ana buƙatar jerin maye gurbi da yawa zuwa wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta kafin tantanin halitta ta al'ada ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar kansa .<ref name="Wood2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wood LD, Parsons DW, Jones S, Lin J, Sjöblom T, Leary RJ, Shen D, Boca SM, Barber T, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Dezso Z, Ustyanksky V, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Karchin R, Wilson PA, Kaminker JS, Zhang Z, Croshaw R, Willis J, Dawson D, Shipitsin M, Willson JK, Sukumar S, Polyak K, Park BH, Pethiyagoda CL, Pant PV, Ballinger DG, Sparks AB, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Suh E, Papadopoulos N, Buckhaults P, Markowitz SD, Parmigiani G, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE, Vogelstein B|display-authors=6|title=The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectal cancers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-11-16_318_5853/page/1108|journal=Science|volume=318|issue=5853|pages=1108–13|date=November 2007|pmid=17932254|doi=10.1126/science.1145720|citeseerx=10.1.1.218.5477|bibcode=2007Sci...318.1108W|s2cid=7586573}}</ref><ref name="Knudson20012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Knudson AG|title=Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=1|issue=2|pages=157–62|date=November 2001|pmid=11905807|doi=10.1038/35101031|s2cid=20201610}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Fearon ER, Vogelstein B|title=A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_1990-06-01_61_5/page/759|journal=Cell|volume=61|issue=5|pages=759–67|date=June 1990|pmid=2188735|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-I|s2cid=22975880}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Belikov AV|title=The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|pages=12170|date=September 2017|pmid=28939880|pmc=5610194|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7|bibcode=2017NatSR...712170B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Belikov AV, Vyatkin A, Leonov SV|title=The Erlang distribution approximates the age distribution of incidence of childhood and young adulthood cancers|journal=PeerJ|volume=9|pages=e11976|date=2021-08-06|pmid=34434669|pmc=8351573|doi=10.7717/peerj.11976|doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsakaita, alal misali, 15 "maye gurbin direba" da "fasinja" 60 ana samun su a cikin ciwon daji na hanji.<ref name="Wood2" /> Maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita rabon tantanin halitta, apoptosis (mutuwar tantanin halitta), da gyaran DNA na iya haifar da yaduwar kwayar halitta da ciwon daji. [[Sankara|Ciwon daji]] ya kasan ce shi ne asalin cuta na ƙayyadaddun ci gaban nama. Domin tantanin halitta ta al'ada ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar daji, dole ne a canza kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girma da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Croce CM|title=Oncogenes and cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-01-31_358_5/page/502|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=5|pages=502–11|date=January 2008|pmid=18234754|doi=10.1056/NEJMra072367}}</ref> Canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta da na epigenetic na iya faruwa a matakai da yawa, daga riba ko asarar dukkanin chromosomes, zuwa maye gurbin da ya shafi DNA nucleotide guda ɗaya, ko don yin shiru ko kunna microRNA wanda ke sarrafa bayanin kwayoyin 100 zuwa 500.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, Bartel DP, Linsley PS, Johnson JM|title=Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-02-17_433_7027/page/769|journal=Nature|volume=433|issue=7027|pages=769–73|date=February 2005|pmid=15685193|doi=10.1038/nature03315|bibcode=2005Natur.433..769L|s2cid=4430576}}</ref><ref name="Balaguer2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Balaguer F, Link A, Lozano JJ, Cuatrecasas M, Nagasaka T, Boland CR, Goel A|title=Epigenetic silencing of miR-137 is an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis|journal=Cancer Research|volume=70|issue=16|pages=6609–18|date=August 2010|pmid=20682795|pmc=2922409|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0622}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda waɗannan canje-canjen suka shafa. Oncogenes na iya zama kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun waɗanda aka bayyana a manyan matakan da ba su dace ba, ko kuma canjin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da sabbin abubuwa. A kowane hali, bayyanar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka mummunan yanayin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke hana rarraba tantanin halitta, rayuwa, ko wasu kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor sau da yawa suna naƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta masu cutar kansa. A ƙarshe Oncovirinae, ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ɗauke da oncogene, an rarraba su azaman oncogenic saboda suna haifar da haɓakar kyallen ƙwayar cuta a cikin gidan . Ana kuma kiran wannan tsari azaman canji na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. == Dalilai == === Genetic da epigenetic === Akwai nau'ikan rarrabuwa iri-iri don sauye-sauyen iri-iri na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda zasu iya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa . ya kasan ce kuma yawancin waɗannan canje-canjen maye gurbi ne, ko canje-canje a cikin jerin nucleotide na DNA na genomic. Hakanan akwai canje-canje na epigenetic da yawa waɗanda ke canza ko an bayyana kwayoyin halitta ko ba a bayyana su ba. Aneuploidy, kasancewar adadin ƙananan ƙwayoyin chromosomes, shine canji na kwayoyin halitta wanda ba maye gurbi ba, kuma yana iya haɗawa da riba ko asarar ɗaya ko fiye da chromosomes ta hanyar kurakurai a cikin mitosis . Manyan maye gurbi sun ƙunshi ko dai shafewa ko kwafin wani yanki na chromosome. Ƙwararrun kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa ne lokacin da tantanin halitta ya sami kwafi da yawa (sau da yawa 20 ko fiye) na ƙaramin yanki na chromosomal, yawanci yana ɗauke da ɗaya ko fiye da oncogenes da kayan gado na kusa. Juyawa yana faruwa lokacin da yankuna biyu na chromosomal daban-daban suka zama masu haɗaka da juna, sau da yawa a wani yanayi na musamman. Wani sanannen misali na wannan shine chromosome Philadelphia, ko fassarar chromosomes 9 da 22, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ciwon sankarar jini na myelogenous na kullum, kuma yana haifar da samar da furotin BCR - abl fusion, wani oncogenic tyrosine kinase . Ƙananan maye gurbi sun haɗa da maye gurbi, gogewa, da shigarwa, wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin mai inganta kwayar halitta kuma ya shafi maganganunsa, ko kuma zai iya faruwa a cikin tsarin codeing na kwayar halitta kuma ya canza aiki ko kwanciyar hankali na samfurin furotin . Rushewar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya kuma na iya haifar da haɗuwa da kayan halitta daga kwayar cutar DNA ko retrovirus, kuma irin wannan lamarin na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tantanin halitta da ya shafa da zuriyarsa. === Lalacewar DNA === [[File:Diagram_Damage_to_Cancer_Wiki_300dpi.svg|thumb|527x527px| Matsayin tsakiya na lalacewar DNA da lahani na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin carcinogenesis]] Ana ɗaukar lalacewar DNA a matsayin tushen farko na cutar kansa.<ref name="pmid184036322">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kastan MB|title=DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture|journal=Molecular Cancer Research|volume=6|issue=4|pages=517–24|date=April 2008|pmid=18403632|doi=10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fiye da 60,000 sababbin abubuwan da ke faruwa ta dabi'a na lalacewar DNA sun tashi, a matsakaici, kowane tantanin halitta, kowace rana, saboda tsarin tsarin salula na zamani (duba labarin lalacewar DNA (wanda ke faruwa a zahiri) ). Ƙarin lalacewa na DNA na iya tasowa daga fallasa ga wasu abubuwan waje. A matsayin misali ɗaya na wakili na ƙwayar cuta na waje, hayaƙin taba yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA, kuma wannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da haɓakar cutar kansar huhu saboda shan taba.<ref name="Cunningham2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C|title=A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=49|issue=11|pages=2921–33|date=November 2011|pmid=21802474|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019}}</ref> A cikin wasu misalan, hasken UV daga hasken rana yana haifar da lalacewar DNA wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin melanoma,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR|title=Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma|journal=Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery|volume=30|issue=4|pages=222–8|date=December 2011|pmid=22123420|doi=10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003}}</ref> ''Helicobacter pylori'' kamuwa da cuta yana samar da nau'in oxygen mai yawa wanda ke lalata DNA kuma yana taimakawa ga ciwon daji na ciki, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T|title=Redox biology and gastric carcinogenesis: the role of Helicobacter pylori|journal=Redox Report|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–7|year=2011|pmid=21605492|doi=10.1179/174329211X12968219310756|pmc=6837368|doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma ''Aspergillus flavus'' metabolite aflatoxin ne. wani wakili mai lalata DNA wanda ke haifar da ciwon hanta.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smela ME, Hamm ML, Henderson PT, Harris CM, Harris TM, Essigmann JM|title=The aflatoxin B(1) formamidopyrimidine adduct plays a major role in causing the types of mutations observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-05-14_99_10/page/6655|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=10|pages=6655–60|date=May 2002|pmid=12011430|pmc=124458|doi=10.1073/pnas.102167699|bibcode=2002PNAS...99.6655S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya haifar da lalacewar DNA ta abubuwan da aka samar a cikin jiki . Macrophages da neutrophils a cikin epithelium mai kumburi mai kumburi sune tushen nau'in oxygen mai amsawa wanda ke haifar da lalacewar DNA wanda ke haifar da [[Carcinogenesis|tumorigenesis]] na colonic,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Katsurano M, Niwa T, Yasui Y, Shigematsu Y, Yamashita S, Takeshima H, Lee MS, Kim YJ, Tanaka T, Ushijima T|title=Early-stage formation of an epigenetic field defect in a mouse colitis model, and non-essential roles of T- and B-cells in DNA methylation induction|journal=Oncogene|volume=31|issue=3|pages=342–51|date=January 2012|pmid=21685942|doi=10.1038/onc.2011.241|doi-access=free}}</ref> da bile acid, a cikin manyan matakan da ke cikin mazaunin mutane suna cin abinci mai yawa, kuma suna haifar da lalacewar DNA. da kuma taimakawa ga ciwon daji na hanji. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bhattacharyya AK, Nguyen H, Payne CM, Zaitlin B, Bernstein H|title=Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid|journal=Archives of Toxicology|volume=85|issue=8|pages=863–71|date=August 2011|pmid=21267546|pmc=3149672|doi=10.1007/s00204-011-0648-7}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ɓangarorin ɓarna da ɓarna na lalacewa na DNA ana nuna su a cikin kwalayen da ke saman adadi a wannan sashe. Matsayin tsakiya na lalacewar DNA a ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji ana nuna shi a mataki na biyu na adadi. Abubuwan tsakiya na lalacewar DNA, sauye-sauye na epigenetic da ƙarancin gyaran DNA a ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji ana nunawa a cikin ja. Rashin gyare-gyaren DNA zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA don tarawa, kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji. Misali, mutanen da ke da nakasa da aka gada a cikin kowane nau'in halittar DNA guda 34 (duba labarin DNA gyara-rashi cuta ) suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa, tare da wasu lahani suna haifar da damar kusan 100% na ciwon daji (misali p53 maye gurbi). <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Malkin D|title=Li-fraumeni syndrome|journal=Genes & Cancer|volume=2|issue=4|pages=475–84|date=April 2011|pmid=21779515|pmc=3135649|doi=10.1177/1947601911413466}}</ref> Ana nuna irin waɗannan maye gurbi na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin akwati a gefen hagu na adadi, tare da nunin gudunmawar su ga ƙarancin gyara DNA. Duk da haka, irin wannan maye gurbi (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji mai saurin shiga jiki) sune sanadin kusan ''kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari'' na cutar kansa. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Fearon ER|title=Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-11-07_278_5340/page/1043|journal=Science|volume=278|issue=5340|pages=1043–50|date=November 1997|pmid=9353177|doi=10.1126/science.278.5340.1043|bibcode=1997Sci...278.1043F}}</ref> Yawancin ciwon daji ana kiran su marasa gado ko "ciwon daji". Kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci suna da wasu abubuwan gado waɗanda a halin yanzu ba a bayyana su ba, yayin da yawancin, ko kashi 70% na cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ba su da wani ɓangaren gado.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K|title=Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2000-07-13_343_2/page/78|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=343|issue=2|pages=78–85|date=July 2000|pmid=10891514|doi=10.1056/NEJM200007133430201}}</ref> A cikin ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci, rashi a gyaran DNA yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar gyaran DNA; da yawa akai-akai, raguwa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA shine saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic wanda ke rage ko yin shiru . Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a mataki na 3 daga sama. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I, Tomlinson I|title=O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2005-06_54_6/page/797|journal=Gut|volume=54|issue=6|pages=797–802|date=June 2005|pmid=15888787|pmc=1774551|doi=10.1136/gut.2004.059535}}</ref> Lokacin da aka rage bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA, wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin gyaran DNA. Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a matakin na 4 daga sama. Tare da ƙarancin gyaran DNA, lalacewar DNA ta ci gaba a cikin sel a mafi girma fiye da matakin al'ada (matakin 5 daga sama a cikin adadi); wannan barnar da ta wuce gona da iri tana haifar da karuwar mitar maye gurbi da/ko epimutation (matakin 6 daga saman adadi). Gwaji, ƙimar maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel marasa lahani a cikin gyara rashin daidaituwa na DNA<ref name="Narayanan L 19972">{{cite journal|vauthors=Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM|title=Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=94|issue=7|pages=3122–7|date=April 1997|pmid=9096356|pmc=20332|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122|bibcode=1997PNAS...94.3122N|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hegan DC 20062">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM|title=Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6|journal=Carcinogenesis|volume=27|issue=12|pages=2402–8|date=December 2006|pmid=16728433|pmc=2612936|doi=10.1093/carcin/bgl079}}</ref> ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa na Homologous (HRR).<ref name="Tutt AN 2002 p 32">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tutt AN, van Oostrom CT, Ross GM, van Steeg H, Ashworth A|title=Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=3|issue=3|pages=255–60|date=March 2002|pmid=11850397|pmc=1084010|doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kvf037}}</ref> Sabuntawar chromosomal da aneuploidy suma suna ƙaruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da lahani na HRR Yayin gyaran ɓangarorin DNA guda biyu, ko gyara wasu lalacewar DNA, wuraren da ba su cika cikakke ba na iya haifar da tsit na epigenetic.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB|title=Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=4|issue=8|pages=e1000155|date=August 2008|pmid=18704159|pmc=2491723|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155|veditors=Lee JT}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV|title=DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=3|issue=7|pages=e110|date=July 2007|pmid=17616978|pmc=1913100|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110}}</ref> Maye gurbin somatic da sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke haifar da lalacewa ta DNA da rashi a cikin gyaran DNA sun taru a cikin lahani . Lalacewar filaye sune kyawu masu bayyana al'ada tare da sauye-sauye da yawa (an tattauna a cikin sashin da ke ƙasa), kuma su ne madogarar gama gari don haɓaka ɓarna da haɓakar ƙwayoyin nama a cikin ciwon daji. Irin wannan lahani na filin (mataki na biyu daga kasan adadi) na iya samun sauye-sauye da yawa da kuma sauye-sauye na epigenetic. Ba shi yiwuwa a tantance dalilin farko na mafi yawan takamaiman cututtukan daji. A kuma wasu ƴan lokuta, dalili ɗaya kawai ya wanzu: alal misali, ƙwayar cuta HHV-8 tana haifar da duk sarcomas na Kaposi . Koyaya, tare da taimakon dabarun cututtukan cututtukan daji da bayanai, yana yiwuwa a samar da ƙididdigewa mai yuwuwar sanadi a cikin ƙarin yanayi. Misali,kuma [[Ciwon huhun daji|ciwon huhu na huhu]] yana da dalilai da yawa, ciki har da shan taba da kuma radon gas . Maza masu shan taba a halin yanzu suna kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu a cikin adadin mazan da ba su taba shan taba ba sau 14: damar cutar kansar huhu a cikin mai shan taba na yanzu da shan taba ke haifar da shi kusan kashi 93% ne; akwai yuwuwar kashi 7% cewa cutar kansar huhu ta mai shan taba ta samo asali ne ta hanyar radon gas ko wani abin da ba na shan taba ba. <ref name="Villeneuve2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Villeneuve PJ, Mao Y|title=Lifetime probability of developing lung cancer, by smoking status, Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-public-health_november-december-1994_85_6/page/n30|journal=Canadian Journal of Public Health|volume=85|issue=6|pages=385–8|date=November 1994|pmid=7895211}}</ref> Waɗannan alaƙar ƙididdiga sun ba da damar masu bincike su fahimci cewa wasu abubuwa ko ɗabi'a na cutar kansa. Hayakin taba yana haifar da karuwar lalacewar DNA na waje, kuma wannan lalacewar DNA shine yuwuwar cutar kansar huhu saboda shan taba. Daga cikin fiye da 5,000 mahadi a cikin taba hayaki, da genotoxic DNA-damaging jamiái da ke faruwa duka biyu a mafi girma yawa, da kuma wanda ke da karfi mutagenic effects ne acrolein, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide da isoprerence . . <ref name="Cunningham2"/> Yin amfani da dabarun nazarin kwayoyin halitta, yana yiwuwa a siffata rikiɗewar, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta ko ɓarna na chromosomal a cikin ƙari, kuma ana samun ci gaba cikin sauri a fagen hasashen hasashen wasu masu cutar kansar bisa ga nau'in maye gurbi. Misali, kusan rabin duk ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suna da lahani na p53. Wannan maye gurbi yana da alaƙa da rashin hasashe, tun da waɗancan ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta ba su da yuwuwar shiga cikin apoptosis ko tsarin mutuwar tantanin halitta lokacin lalacewa ta hanyar jiyya. Maye gurbi na Telomerase yana cire ƙarin shinge, yana ƙara adadin lokutan da tantanin halitta zai iya raba. Sauran maye gurbi suna ba da damar ƙwayar cuta ta haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin jini don samar da ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki, ko kuma don [[Metastasis|daidaitawa]], yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Duk da haka, da zarar an kafa ciwon daji yana ci gaba da samuwa kuma yana samar da ƙananan clones. An ba da rahoto a cikin 2012 cewa samfurin ciwon daji na koda guda ɗaya, wanda aka yi samfurin a wurare daban-daban guda tara, yana da maye gurbi na "ko'ina" 40, wanda aka samu a duk yankuna tara, maye gurbi 59 da wasu suka raba, amma ba duka wurare tara ba, da kuma 29 "masu zaman kansu" kawai. samuwa a wani yanki. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, Martinez P, Matthews N, Stewart A, Tarpey P, Varela I, Phillimore B, Begum S, McDonald NQ, Butler A, Jones D, Raine K, Latimer C, Santos CR, Nohadani M, Eklund AC, Spencer-Dene B, Clark G, Pickering L, Stamp G, Gore M, Szallasi Z, Downward J, Futreal PA, Swanton C|display-authors=6|title=Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=366|issue=10|pages=883–92|date=March 2012|pmid=22397650|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1113205|pmc=4878653}}</ref> Layukan sel waɗanda duk waɗannan sauye-sauyen DNA suka taru suna da wahala a gano su, amma layukan shaidu biyu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin sel na yau da kullun na iya zama sel na asali a cikin cututtukan daji.<ref name="Lopez-Lazaro2015a2">{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Lázaro M|title=Stem cell division theory of cancer|journal=Cell Cycle|volume=14|issue=16|pages=2547–8|date=August 2015|pmid=26090957|doi=10.1080/15384101.2015.1062330|pmc=5242319}}</ref><ref name="Lopez-Lazaro2015b2">{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Lázaro M|title=The migration ability of stem cells can explain the existence of cancer of unknown primary site. Rethinking metastasis|journal=Oncoscience|volume=2|issue=5|pages=467–75|date=May 2015|pmid=26097879|pmc=4468332|doi=10.18632/oncoscience.159}}</ref> Na farko, akwai ingantacciyar alaƙa mai inganci (Spearman's rho = 0.81; P <3.5 × 10-8) tsakanin haɗarin haɓaka ciwon daji a cikin nama da adadin rarrabuwar sel ta al'ada da ke faruwa a cikin wannan nama. Haɗin gwiwar ya shafi nau'ikan ciwon daji guda 31 kuma ya wuce cikin umarni biyar na girma .<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tomasetti C, Vogelstein B|title=Cancer etiology. Variation in cancer risk among tissues can be explained by the number of stem cell divisions|journal=Science|volume=347|issue=6217|pages=78–81|date=January 2015|pmid=25554788|doi=10.1126/science.1260825|pmc=4446723}}</ref> Wannan alaƙar tana nufin cewa idan sel masu tushe na yau da kullun daga nama sun raba sau ɗaya, haɗarin kansa a cikin wannan nama yana kusan 1X. Idan sun raba sau 1,000, haɗarin ciwon daji shine 1,000X. Kuma idan sel masu tushe na al'ada daga nama sun raba sau 100,000, haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin wannan nama yana kusan 100,000X. Wannan yana ba da shawara mai ƙarfi cewa babban abin da ke haifar da cutar kansa shine gaskiyar cewa sel masu “al’ada” suna rarrabuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa ciwon daji ya samo asali ne daga al’ada, ƙwayoyin sel masu lafiya.<ref name="Lopez-Lazaro2015b2" /> Na biyu, kididdiga ta nuna cewa yawancin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam ana gano su a cikin tsofaffi. Wani bayani mai yiwuwa shi ne cewa ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda sel suna tara lalacewa ta hanyar lokaci. DNA shine kawai bangaren salula wanda zai iya tara lalacewa a tsawon rayuwar gaba daya, kuma sel mai tushe su ne kawai sel wadanda zasu iya watsa DNA daga zygote zuwa sel a ƙarshen rayuwa. Sauran sel, waɗanda aka samo daga sel mai tushe, ba sa kiyaye DNA daga farkon rayuwa har sai yiwuwar ciwon daji ya faru. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawancin ciwon daji suna tasowa ne daga sel masu tushe na yau da kullun.<ref name="Lopez-Lazaro2015a2"/><ref name="Lopez-Lazaro2015b2"/> === Gudunmawar lahani na filin === [[File:Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_&_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg|thumb|612x612px| A dadewa an buɗe sabon ɓangaren hanji da aka sake gyara yana nuna ciwon daji da polyps guda huɗu. Ƙari da zane mai nuni da yiwuwar lahani na fili (yankin nama wanda ke gaba da kamuwa da cutar kansa) a cikin wannan sashin hanji. Hoton yana nuna ƙananan clones da sub-clones waɗanda suka kasance masu gaba ga ciwace-ciwacen daji.]] An fara amfani da kalmar " ciwon daji na filin " a cikin 1953 don bayyana wani yanki ko "filin" na epithelium wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar (a wancan lokacin) mafi yawan hanyoyin da ba a san su ba don ƙaddamar da shi zuwa ci gaban ciwon daji. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W|title=Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_1953-09_6_5/page/963|journal=Cancer|volume=6|issue=5|pages=963–8|date=September 1953|pmid=13094644|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da kalmomin "ciwon daji na filin" da "lalacewar filin" don kwatanta nama mai cutarwa wanda zai iya haifar da sababbin cututtuka. An gano lahani na fili tare da ciwon daji kuma suna da mahimmanci wajen ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H|title=Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers|journal=Cancer Letters|volume=260|issue=1–2|pages=1–10|date=February 2008|pmid=18164807|pmc=2744582|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027|department=review}}</ref><ref name="pmid206895132">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C|title=Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer|journal=Journal of Visualized Experiments|issue=41|pages=1931|year=2010|pmid=20689513|pmc=3149991|doi=10.3791/1931}}</ref> Duk da haka, Rubin <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rubin H|title=Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture|journal=BioEssays|volume=33|issue=3|pages=224–31|date=March 2011|pmid=21254148|doi=10.1002/bies.201000067|s2cid=44981539}}</ref> ya nuna cewa "mafi yawancin bincike a cikin binciken ciwon daji an yi su akan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a cikin vivo, ko kuma a kan tsararren neoplastic foci in vitro. Duk da haka akwai shaidar cewa fiye da kashi 80 cikin 100 na maye gurbi da aka samu a cikin mutator phenotype ɗan adam ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na faruwa ne kafin farkon haɓakawar haɓakar clonal na ƙarshen…”<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, Tavaré S, Shibata D|title=Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2000-02-01_97_3/page/1236|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=97|issue=3|pages=1236–41|date=February 2000|pmid=10655514|pmc=15581|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.1236T|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fiye da rabin maye gurbi da aka gano a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace ya faru ne a cikin wani lokaci na pre-neoplastic ( a cikin lahani), yayin haɓakar sel na al'ada. Hakanan ana tsammanin cewa yawancin sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya faruwa a cikin lahani na filin pre-neoplastic. <ref name="Vogelstein2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW|title=Cancer genome landscapes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-03-29_339_6127/page/1546|journal=Science|volume=339|issue=6127|pages=1546–58|date=March 2013|pmid=23539594|pmc=3749880|doi=10.1126/science.1235122|department=review|bibcode=2013Sci...339.1546V}}</ref> [[Fayil:Effects of ECA exposure relating to cancer.png|thumb|Carcinogenesis]] A cikin hanji kuma, mai yiwuwa lahani ya taso ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi na rikidar halitta ko tantanin halitta da aka canza a tsakanin sel mai tushe a gindin ɗaya daga cikin ɓoyayyen hanji a saman ciki na hanji. Mutant ko Epigenetically canza karan tantanin halitta na iya maye gurbin sauran sassan jikin da ke kusa da zabin yanayi. Wannan na iya haifar da facin nama mara kyau ya tashi. Hoton da ke cikin wannan sashe ya haɗa da hoton wani ɓangaren da aka sake gyarawa da tsayin tsayin sashe na hanjin yana nuna ciwon daji na hanji da polyps guda huɗu. A ƙasan hoton akwai zane mai ƙira na yadda babban facin sel ɗin mutant ko epigenetically canza sel, wanda babban yanki ke nunawa a cikin hoton. A cikin wannan babban faci na farko a cikin zane (babban clone na sel), na biyu irin wannan maye gurbi ko sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya faruwa, ta yadda kwayar tantanin halitta da aka ba ta ta sami fa'ida idan aka kwatanta da maƙwabtanta, kuma wannan canjin tantanin halitta na iya faɗaɗa clonally, kafa. facin na biyu, ko ƙaramin clone, a cikin facin na asali. Ana nuna wannan a cikin zane ta ƙananan faci guda huɗu na launuka daban-daban a cikin babban yanki na asali na rawaya. A cikin waɗannan sabbin faci (sub-clones),ya kasan ce ana iya maimaita tsarin sau da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu ƙananan faci ke nunawa a cikin faci na biyu (tare da har yanzu launuka daban-daban a cikin zane) waɗanda ke faɗaɗa gabaɗaya, har sai sel masu tushe sun taso waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarami. polyps ko kuma m neoplasm (ciwon daji). A cikin hoton, wani lahani na fili a cikin wannan ɓangaren hanji ya haifar da polyps guda huɗu (wanda aka lakafta tare da girman polyps, 6mm, 5mm, da biyu na 3mm, da ciwon daji kimanin 3).&nbsp;cm tsayi a cikin mafi tsayinsa). Hakanan ana nuna waɗannan neoplasms (a cikin zanen da ke ƙasa hoto) ta 4 ƙananan tan da'irori (polyps) da yanki mai girma ja (ciwon daji). Ciwon daji a cikin hoton ya faru ne a cikin cecal area na hanji, inda hanji ya haɗu da ƙananan hanji (mai lakabi) da kuma inda abin da ke faruwa (labeled). Kitsen da ke cikin hoton yana waje zuwa bangon waje na hanjin. A cikin ɓangaren hanjin da aka nuna a nan, an yanke hanjin a buɗe tsawon tsayi don fallasa samansa da kuma nuna ciwon daji da polyps da ke faruwa a cikin rufin epithelial na ciki na hanjin. Idan tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ciwon daji na hanji ya taso shine samuwar pre-neoplastic clone wanda ke yaduwa ta zaɓin yanayi, sannan samuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ciki a cikin farkon clone, da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin waɗannan, sannan ciwon daji na hanji. gabaɗaya ya kamata a haɗa su da, kuma a gabace su, fannonin haɓaka rashin daidaituwa, suna nuna gajeriyar abubuwan da suka faru. Mafi girman yanki na rashin daidaituwa (mafi girman yanki na rawaya mara daidaituwa a cikin zane) zai nuna farkon abin da ya faru na samuwar neoplasm mara kyau. A cikin kimantawa na gwaji na ƙayyadaddun ƙarancin gyaran DNA a cikin cututtukan daji, yawancin ƙarancin gyaran DNA na musamman an kuma nuna suna faruwa a cikin lahani na filin da ke kewaye da waɗannan cututtukan. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da misalan waɗanda aka nuna ƙarancin gyaran DNA a cikin ciwon daji da aka nuna ya haifar da sauye-sauyen epigenetic, da ɗan ƙaramin mitoci waɗanda aka sami ƙarancin gyaran DNA na epigenetically wanda ya haifar da lahani a kewayen filin. {| class="wikitable" |+Yawan sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci da kuma cikin lahani na kusa. ! scope="col" | Ciwon daji ! scope="col" | Gene ! scope="col" | Yawaita a Ciwon daji ! scope="col" | Yawaita a Lalacewar Filin ! scope="col" | Magana |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | MGMT | 46% | 34% | |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | MGMT | 47% | 11% | |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | MGMT | 70% | 60% | |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | MSH2 | 13% | 5% | <ref name="Lee_2011" /> |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | Farashin ERCC1 | 100% | 40% | |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | PMS2 | 88% | 50% | <ref name="Facista" /> |- ! scope="row" | Launi mai launi | XPF | 55% | 40% | <ref name="Facista" /> |- ! scope="row" | Kai da wuya | MGMT | 54% | 38% | |- ! scope="row" | Kai da wuya | MLH1 | 33% | 25% | |- ! scope="row" | Kai da wuya | MLH1 | 31% | 20% | |- ! scope="row" | Ciki | MGMT | 88% | 78% | |- ! scope="row" | Ciki | MLH1 | 73% | 20% | |- ! scope="row" | Esophagus | MLH1 | 77% - 100% | 23% -79% | |} Wasu ƙananan polyps a cikin lahani da aka nuna a cikin hoton ɓangaren hanji na iya zama ƙananan neoplasms. A cikin nazarin 1996 na polyps ya kasan ce kasa da 10mm a girman da aka samo a lokacin colonoscopy kuma an biyo baya tare da maimaita colonoscopies na shekaru 3, 25% ya kasance ba canzawa cikin girman, 35% ya koma baya ko raguwa a girman kuma 40% ya girma cikin girma. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hofstad B, Vatn MH, Andersen SN, Huitfeldt HS, Rognum T, Larsen S, Osnes M|title=Growth of colorectal polyps: redetection and evaluation of unresected polyps for a period of three years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_1996-09_39_3/page/449|journal=Gut|volume=39|issue=3|pages=449–56|date=September 1996|pmid=8949653|pmc=1383355|doi=10.1136/gut.39.3.449}}</ref> === Rashin kwanciyar hankali === An san ciwon daji don nuna rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta ko "mutator phenotype".<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schmitt MW, Prindle MJ, Loeb LA|title=Implications of genetic heterogeneity in cancer|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1267|issue=1|pages=110–6|date=September 2012|pmid=22954224|pmc=3674777|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06590.x|bibcode=2012NYASA1267..110S}}</ref> DNA codeing sunadaran da ke cikin tsakiya shine kusan 1.5% na jimillar DNA na kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann Y, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowki J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J|display-authors=6|title=Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome|journal=Nature|volume=409|issue=6822|pages=860–921|date=February 2001|pmid=11237011|doi=10.1038/35057062|author22-link=Jill P. Mesirov|bibcode=2001Natur.409..860L|doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wannan furotin-coding DNA (wanda ake kira exome ), matsakaicin ciwon daji na nono ko hanji zai iya samun kusan 60 zuwa 70 sunadaran maye gurbi, wanda game da 3 ko 4 na iya zama maye gurbin "direba", sauran kuma na iya zama " fasinja" maye gurbi. <ref name="Vogelstein2"/> Koyaya, matsakaicin adadin maye gurbi na jerin DNA a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta (ciki har da yankunan da ba su da sinadarai ) a cikin samfurin nama na nono kusan 20,000. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yost SE, Smith EN, Schwab RB, Bao L, Jung H, Wang X, Voest E, Pierce JP, Messer K, Parker BA, Harismendy O, Frazer KA|title=Identification of high-confidence somatic mutations in whole genome sequence of formalin-fixed breast cancer specimens|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=40|issue=14|pages=e107|date=August 2012|pmid=22492626|pmc=3413110|doi=10.1093/nar/gks299}}</ref> A cikin matsakaicin samfurin nama na melanoma (melanoma suna da mitar maye gurbi mafi girma), <ref name="Vogelstein2" /> ) jimlar adadin maye gurbi na DNA ya kai kusan 80,000. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Berger MF, Hodis E, Heffernan TP, Deribe YL, Lawrence MS, Protopopov A, Ivanova E, Watson IR, Nickerson E, Ghosh P, Zhang H, Zeid R, Ren X, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko AY, Wagle N, Sucker A, Sougnez C, Onofrio R, Ambrogio L, Auclair D, Fennell T, Carter SL, Drier Y, Stojanov P, Singer MA, Voet D, Jing R, Saksena G, Barretina J, Ramos AH, Pugh TJ, Stransky N, Parkin M, Winckler W, Mahan S, Ardlie K, Baldwin J, Wargo J, Schadendorf D, Meyerson M, Gabriel SB, Golub TR, Wagner SN, Lander ES, Getz G, Chin L, Garraway LA|display-authors=6|title=Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-05-24_485_7399/page/502|journal=Nature|volume=485|issue=7399|pages=502–6|date=May 2012|pmid=22622578|pmc=3367798|doi=10.1038/nature11071|bibcode=2012Natur.485..502B}}</ref> Waɗannan manyan mitoci na maye gurbi a cikin jimillar jerin nucleotide a cikin cututtukan daji suna ba da shawarar cewa sau da yawa canjin wuri da wuri a lahani da ke haifar da ciwon daji (misali yankin rawaya a cikin zane a sashin da ya gabata) rashi ne a gyaran DNA. Babban lahani na fili da ke kewaye da kansar hanji (wanda ya kai kusan 10&nbsp;cm a kowane gefe na ciwon daji) ana samun su<ref name="Facista">{{Cite journal}}</ref> akai-akai suna da lahani na epigenetic a cikin sunadaran gyaran DNA guda biyu ko uku ( ERCC1, ERCC4 (XPF) da / ko PMS2 ) a cikin dukan yanki na lahani. Lokacin da aka rage bayanin kwayoyin gyaran DNA, lalacewar DNA ta taru a cikin sel fiye da yadda aka saba, kuma wannan lalacewar da ta wuce gona da iri tana haifar da ƙara yawan maye gurbi da/ko epimutation. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel marasa lahani a cikin gyara rashin daidaituwa na DNA<ref name="Narayanan L 19972"/><ref name="Hegan DC 20062"/> ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa ( HRR ).<ref name="Tutt AN 2002 p 32"/> Rashin gyare-gyaren DNA, da kansa, na iya ba da damar lalacewa ta DNA ta taru, kuma kuskuren fassarar fassarar wasu wuraren da suka lalace na iya haifar da maye gurbi. Bugu da kari, kuskuren gyara wannan tararrakin lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka. Waɗannan sabbin maye gurbi da/ko ƙwanƙwasa na iya ba da fa'ida mai yaduwa, haifar da lahani na filin. Kodayake maye gurbi/emutation a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA ba su, da kansu, suna ba da fa'ida ta zaɓi, ana iya ɗaukar su tare da fasinjoji a cikin sel lokacin da tantanin halitta ya sami ƙarin maye gurbi / kwaikwaya wanda ke ba da fa'ida ta haɓaka. === Ka'idodin da ba na yau da kullun ba === Akwai adadin ra'ayoyin game da ciwon daji da kuma maganin ciwon daji da suka fadi a waje da babban ra'ayi na kimiyya, saboda rashin dalili na kimiyya, tunani, ko tushe shaida.ya kasan ce ana iya amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin don ba da hujjar madadin maganin cutar kansa. Ya kamata a bambanta su daga waɗancan ka'idodin carcinogenesis waɗanda ke da tushe mai ma'ana a cikin ilimin halittar kansa na yau da kullun, kuma daga cikinsu za a iya yin hasashe na al'ada. Da yawa madadin ka'idojin carcinogenesis, duk da haka kuma, sun dogara ne akan shaidar kimiyya kuma ana ƙara yarda da su. Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa ciwon daji na iya kasancewa ta hanyar aneuploidy (nakasar ƙididdiga da tsari a cikin chromosomes) <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rasnick D, Duesberg PH|title=How aneuploidy affects metabolic control and causes cancer|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=340|issue=3|pages=621–30|date=June 1999|pmid=10359645|pmc=1220292|doi=10.1042/0264-6021:3400621}}</ref> maimakon maye gurbi ko epimutation. Har ila yau, an yi la'akari da ciwon daji a matsayin cututtuka na rayuwa, wanda tsarin salula na oxygen ya juya daga hanyar da ke haifar da makamashi ( phosphorylation oxidative ) zuwa hanyar da ke haifar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa . <ref name="LopezLazaro20102">{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Lázaro M|title=A new view of carcinogenesis and an alternative approach to cancer therapy|journal=Molecular Medicine|volume=16|issue=3–4|pages=144–53|date=March 2010|pmid=20062820|pmc=2802554|doi=10.2119/molmed.2009.00162}}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da sauyawar makamashi daga oxidative phosphorylation zuwa aerobic glycolysis ( Warburg's hypothesis ), da kuma tarin nau'in oxygen mai amsawa wanda ke haifar da damuwa na oxidative ("ka'idar danniya na ciwon daji"). <ref name="LopezLazaro20102" /> Wani ra'ayi na ci gaban ciwon daji ya dogara ne akan fallasa zuwa filayen maganadisu mai rauni da na lantarki da kuma tasirin su akan damuwa na oxidative, wanda aka sani da magnetocarcinogenesis. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Juutilainen J, Herrala M, Luukkonen J, Naarala J, Hore PJ|title=Magnetocarcinogenesis: is there a mechanism for carcinogenic effects of weak magnetic fields?|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=285|issue=1879|pages=20180590|date=May 2018|pmid=29794049|pmc=5998098|doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.0590}}</ref> Yawancin marubuta sun yi tambaya game da zato cewa ciwon daji ke haifarwa daga sauye-sauye na bazuwar a matsayin wuce gona da iri, suna ba da shawarar cewa ciwon daji yana haifar da gazawar jiki don hana haɓakar dabi'un da aka tsara. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Soto AM, Sonnenschein C|title=The somatic mutation theory of cancer: growing problems with the paradigm?|journal=BioEssays|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1097–107|date=October 2004|pmid=15382143|doi=10.1002/bies.20087}}</ref> Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ta nuna cewa kansar cuta ce ta atavism, juyin juyin juya hali zuwa wani nau'i na rayuwa mai yawa a baya . <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Davies PC, Lineweaver CH|title=Cancer tumors as Metazoa 1.0: tapping genes of ancient ancestors|journal=Physical Biology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=015001|date=February 2011|pmid=21301065|doi=10.1088/1478-3975/8/1/015001|pmc=3148211|bibcode=2011PhBio...8a5001D}}</ref> Kwayoyin halittar da ke da alhakin haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel marasa sarrafawa da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna kama da waɗanda suka ba da damar sifofin rayuwa masu yawa na farko don haɗawa tare da bunƙasa. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta har yanzu suna wanzu a cikin kwayoyin halittar [[Dabba|metazoans]] da suka fi hadaddun, kamar mutane, ko da yake kwanan nan kwayoyin halittar da suka samo asali suna kiyaye su. Lokacin da sabbin kwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa su suka kasa ga kowane dalili, tantanin halitta zai iya komawa ga mafi girman shirye-shiryensa kuma ya sake haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba. Ka'idar ita ce madadin ra'ayin cewa ciwon daji yana farawa da ƙwayoyin da ba a so ba waɗanda ke jurewa juyin halitta a cikin jiki. Madadin haka, suna da ƙayyadaddun adadin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko waɗanda ake kunna su gabaɗaya, suna ba su iyakataccen canji. <ref>Dean, Tim. [http://lifescientist.com.au/content/health-medical/news/cancer-resembles-life-1-billion-years-ago-say-astrobiologists-65321653 "Cancer resembles life 1 billion years ago, say astrobiologists"], ''Australian Life Scientist'', 8 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</ref> Wani ka'idar juyin halitta ta sanya tushen ciwon daji zuwa asalin kwayar halitta ta eukaryote (nucleated) ta hanyar jigilar kwayar halitta mai girma, lokacin da kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin cuta suka katse (kuma ta haka ne attenuated) ta wurin mai watsa shiri, amma guntuwar su sun hade cikin kwayar halittar kwayoyin halitta. a matsayin kariya ta rigakafi. Ciwon daji ya samo asali ne lokacin da ba kasafai maye gurbi ya sake hada irin wannan gutsuttsura zuwa aikin yaduwan tantanin halitta. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sterrer, W|title=Cancer - Mutational Resurrection of Prokaryote Endofossils|journal=Cancer Hypotheses|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–15|date=August 2016|url=http://www.cancerhypotheses.org.uk/app/download/6246775/SterrerFV.pdf|access-date=2022-02-12|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303085903/http://www.cancerhypotheses.org.uk/app/download/6246775/SterrerFV.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kwayoyin Halittar Ciwon daji == [[File:Cancer_progression_from_NIH.png|left|thumb| Ana iya tsara nama a cikin bakan ci gaba daga al'ada zuwa ciwon daji.]] Sau da yawa, yawancin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na iya ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don tarawa. A wannan lokacin, dabi'ar ilimin halitta na sel pre-malignant sannu a hankali yana canzawa daga kaddarorin sel na al'ada zuwa kaddarorin masu kama da kansa. Naman da ya rigaya ya yi muni na iya samun siffa ta musamman a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Daga cikin halayyar rarrabuwa na masarar pre-mawuyacin hali sune karu adadin sel sel, bambancin nukiliya da sifa, da asarar kwayar halitta, da kuma asarar tsari na al'ada. Dysplasia wani nau'in nau'in cuta ne na ƙwayar cuta. Wadannan canje-canje na farko na neoplastic dole ne a bambanta su daga hyperplasia, karuwa mai canzawa a cikin rarraba tantanin halitta wanda ya haifar da wani abu na waje, irin su rashin daidaituwa na hormonal ko fushi na yau da kullum. Mafi tsanani lokuta na dysplasia ana kiransa ''carcinoma a wurin.'' A Latin, kalmar ''a'' wurin tana nufin "a wurin"; ''carcinoma a'' wurin yana nufin haɓakar sel dysplastic wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba wanda ya rage a wurinsa na asali kuma bai nuna mamayewa cikin wasu kyallen takarda ba. Carcinoma a wurin na iya haɓaka zuwa mummunan cutarwa kuma yawanci ana cire shi ta hanyar tiyata idan an gano shi. === Juyin Halitta === Kamar dai yadda yawan dabbobi ke fuskantar juyin halitta, yawan sel wanda ba a tantance shi ba zai iya samun "juyin halitta". Wannan tsarin da ba a so ana kiransa juyin halitta somatic, kuma shine yadda ciwon daji ke tasowa kuma ya zama mafi muni a cikin lokaci.<ref name="ReferenceB2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nowell PC|title=The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1976-10-01_194_4260/page/23|journal=Science|volume=194|issue=4260|pages=23–8|date=October 1976|pmid=959840|doi=10.1126/science.959840|bibcode=1976Sci...194...23N}}</ref> Yawancin canje-canje a cikin salon salula wanda ke ba da damar sel suyi girma cikin yanayin rashin lafiya suna haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta. Koyaya, da zarar ciwon daji ya fara, ƙwayoyin kansa suna jurewa tsarin zaɓin yanayi : ƴan sel waɗanda ke da sabbin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka rayuwarsu ko haifuwa suna haɓaka da sauri, kuma nan da nan suka mamaye ƙari mai girma yayin da sel waɗanda ke da ƙarancin canji na kwayoyin halitta sun fita gasa. . <ref name="pmid171090122">{{cite journal|vauthors=Merlo LM, Pepper JW, Reid BJ, Maley CC|title=Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=6|issue=12|pages=924–35|date=December 2006|pmid=17109012|doi=10.1038/nrc2013|s2cid=8040576}}</ref> Wannan ita ce hanyar da nau'ikan cututtuka irin su MRSA za su iya zama masu juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ta hanyar da kwayar cutar HIV za ta iya zama mai juriya da kwayoyi ), kuma ta yadda cututtuka da kwari za su iya zama masu jurewa maganin kwari . Wannan juyin halitta ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa komawar ciwon daji yakan ƙunshi sel waɗanda suka sami juriya-maganin ciwon daji ko juriya ga aikin rediyo ). === Halittu Properties na ciwon daji Kwayoyin === A cikin labarin 2000 na Hanahan da Weinberg, an taƙaita kaddarorin halittu na ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa kamar haka:<ref name="pmid106479312">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hanahan D, Weinberg RA|title=The hallmarks of cancer|journal=Cell|volume=100|issue=1|pages=57–70|date=January 2000|pmid=10647931|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Samun wadatar kai a cikin siginar girma, yana haifar da ci gaban da ba a kula da shi ba. * Rashin hankali ga sigina na hana haɓaka girma, kuma yana haifar da haɓakar da ba a kula ba. * Asarar iya aiki don apoptosis, ƙyale girma duk da kurakuran kwayoyin halitta da siginonin rigakafin ci gaba na waje. * Asarar iyawa don tsufa, yana haifar da yuwuwar kwafi mara iyaka (dawwama) * Samun [[Alamomin Ciwon Daji|ci gaba da angiogenesis]], ƙyale ƙwayar cuta ta girma fiye da iyakancewar yaduwar abinci mai gina jiki. * Samun ikon mamaye kyallen maƙwabta, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar cutar sankara. * Samun ikon zuriyar [[Metastasis|metastases]] a wurare masu nisa, kayan da ke bayyana a ƙarshen lokaci na wasu ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta (carcinomas ko wasu). Kammala waɗannan matakai da yawa zai zama wani abu mai wuyar gaske ba tare da: * Rashin ƙarfin gyara kurakuran kwayoyin halitta, yana haifar da haɓakar haɓakar maye gurbi (rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta), don haka yana hanzarta duk sauran canje-canje. Wadannan canje-canjen halittu sune na gargajiya a cikin carcinomas ; sauran mugayen ciwace-ciwace na iya buƙatar cimma su duka. Misali, da aka ba cewa mamayewar nama da ƙaura zuwa wurare masu nisa sune abubuwan al'ada na leukocytes, waɗannan matakan ba a buƙatar su don haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo . Haka kuma matakan daban-daban ba lallai ba ne suna wakiltar maye gurbin mutum ɗaya. Alal misali, rashin kunna kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, codeing don furotin [[:en:P53|p53]], zai haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, kaucewa apoptosis da karuwar angiogenesis. Bugu da ari, ba duka kwayoyin cutar kansa ke rarraba ba. Maimakon haka, wani yanki na sel a cikin wani ƙari, wanda ake kira ciwon daji mai tushe, suna maimaita kansu yayin da suke haifar da sel daban-daban.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cho RW, Clarke MF|title=Recent advances in cancer stem cells|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume=18|issue=1|pages=48–53|date=February 2008|pmid=18356041|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2008.01.017}}</ref> === Ciwon daji a matsayin lahani a cikin hulɗar sel === A al'ada, da zarar nama ya ji rauni ko ya kamu da cutar, ƙwayoyin da suka lalace suna haifar da kumburi ta hanyar haɓaka takamaiman tsarin aikin enzyme da kuma bayyanar kwayar halittar cytokine a cikin sel kewaye. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Taniguchi K, Wu LW, Grivennikov SI, de Jong PR, Lian I, Yu FX, Wang K, Ho SB, Boland BS, Chang JT, Sandborn WJ, Hardiman G, Raz E, Maehara Y, Yoshimura A, Zucman-Rossi J, Guan KL, Karin M|title=A gp130-Src-YAP module links inflammation to epithelial regeneration|journal=Nature|volume=519|issue=7541|pages=57–62|date=March 2015|pmid=25731159|pmc=4447318|doi=10.1038/nature14228|bibcode=2015Natur.519...57T}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=You H, Lei P, Andreadis ST|title=JNK is a novel regulator of intercellular adhesion|journal=Tissue Barriers|volume=1|issue=5|pages=e26845|date=December 2013|pmid=24868495|pmc=3942331|doi=10.4161/tisb.26845}}</ref> An ɓoye gungu masu hankali ("gungu na cytokine") na ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke aiki azaman matsakanci, suna haifar da ayyukan sauye-sauye na biochemical na gaba. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Busillo JM, Azzam KM, Cidlowski JA|title=Glucocorticoids sensitize the innate immune system through regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=286|issue=44|pages=38703–13|date=November 2011|pmid=21940629|pmc=3207479|doi=10.1074/jbc.M111.275370|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowane cytokine yana ɗaure ga takamaiman masu karɓa akan nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban, kuma kowane nau'in tantanin halitta yana amsawa bi da bi ta hanyar canza ayyukan hanyoyin jigilar siginar ciki, dangane da masu karɓan da tantanin halitta ke bayyanawa da ƙwayoyin siginar da ke cikin tantanin halitta. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang Y, Bugatti M, Ulland TK, Vermi W, Gilfillan S, Colonna M|title=Nonredundant roles of keratinocyte-derived IL-34 and neutrophil-derived CSF1 in Langerhans cell renewal in the steady state and during inflammation|journal=European Journal of Immunology|volume=46|issue=3|pages=552–9|date=March 2016|pmid=26634935|pmc=5658206|doi=10.1002/eji.201545917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Siqueira Mietto B, Kroner A, Girolami EI, Santos-Nogueira E, Zhang J, David S|title=Role of IL-10 in Resolution of Inflammation and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=35|issue=50|pages=16431–42|date=December 2015|pmid=26674868|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2119-15.2015|pmc=6605511}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, wannan tsarin sake tsarawa yana haifar da canji na mataki-mataki a cikin nau'ikan halittun tantanin halitta, wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da maido da aikin nama kuma zuwa ga maido da ingantaccen tsarin tsari.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Seifert AW, Maden M|chapter=New insights into vertebrate skin regeneration|title=International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology|volume=310|pages=129–69|date=2014|pmid=24725426|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800180-6.00004-9|isbn=978-0-12-800180-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kwon MJ, Shin HY, Cui Y, Kim H, Thi AH, Choi JY, Kim EY, Hwang DH, Kim BG|title=CCL2 Mediates Neuron-Macrophage Interactions to Drive Proregenerative Macrophage Activation Following Preconditioning Injury|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=35|issue=48|pages=15934–47|date=December 2015|pmid=26631474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1924-15.2015|pmc=6605453}}</ref> Nama zai iya warke ta haka, ya danganta da ingantaccen sadarwa tsakanin sel da ke wurin lalacewa da tsarin rigakafi. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T|title=Endogenous modulators of inflammatory cell recruitment|journal=Trends in Immunology|volume=34|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=January 2013|pmid=22951309|doi=10.1016/j.it.2012.08.003|pmc=3703146}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin mahimmin abu a cikin warkaswa shine ka'idodin maganganun kwayoyin halitta na cytokine, wanda ke ba da damar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na sel don amsawa ga masu shiga tsakani ta hanyar da a hankali ke haifar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin halittar jiki.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nelson AM, Katseff AS, Ratliff TS, Garza LA|title=Interleukin 6 and STAT3 regulate p63 isoform expression in keratinocytes during regeneration|journal=Experimental Dermatology|volume=25|issue=2|pages=155–7|date=February 2016|pmid=26566817|doi=10.1111/exd.12896|pmc=4724264}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vidal PM, Lemmens E, Dooley D, Hendrix S|title=The role of "anti-inflammatory" cytokines in axon regeneration|journal=Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–12|date=February 2013|pmid=22985997|doi=10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hsueh YY, Chang YJ, Huang CW, Handayani F, Chiang YL, Fan SC, Ho CJ, Kuo YM, Yang SH, Chen YL, Lin SC, Huang CC, Wu CC|title=Synergy of endothelial and neural progenitor cells from adipose-derived stem cells to preserve neurovascular structures in rat hypoxic-ischemic brain injury|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|pages=14985|date=October 2015|pmid=26447335|pmc=4597209|doi=10.1038/srep14985|bibcode=2015NatSR...514985H}}</ref> Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da ko dai na dindindin (kwayoyin halitta) ko masu canzawa (epigenetic) canje-canje zuwa kwayoyin halittarsu, wanda wani bangare ya hana sadarwar su tare da ƙwayoyin da ke kewaye da kuma tare da tsarin rigakafi.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yaniv M|title=Chromatin remodeling: from transcription to cancer|journal=Cancer Genetics|volume=207|issue=9|pages=352–7|date=September 2014|pmid=24825771|doi=10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.03.006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang X, He N, Gu D, Wickliffe J, Salazar J, Boldogh I, Xie J|title=Genetic Evidence for XPC-KRAS Interactions During Lung Cancer Development|journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao|volume=42|issue=10|pages=589–96|date=October 2015|pmid=26554912|doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2015.09.006|pmc=4643398}}</ref> Kwayoyin ciwon daji ba sa sadarwa tare da microenvironment na nama ta hanyar da ke kare mutuncin nama; a maimakon haka, motsi da tsirar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ya zama mai yiwuwa a wuraren da za su iya lalata aikin nama.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Fekir K, Coulouarn C, Glaise D, Aninat C, Jarnouen K, Le Guével R, Kubo T, Ishida S, Morel F, Corlu A|title=Inflammatory cytokines promote the retrodifferentiation of tumor-derived hepatocyte-like cells to progenitor cells|journal=Hepatology|volume=60|issue=6|pages=2077–90|date=December 2014|pmid=25098666|doi=10.1002/hep.27353|s2cid=11182192}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Finkin S, Yuan D, Stein I, Taniguchi K, Weber A, Unger K, Browning JL, Goossens N, Nakagawa S, Gunasekaran G, Schwartz ME, Kobayashi M, Kumada H, Berger M, Pappo O, Rajewsky K, Hoshida Y, Karin M, Heikenwalder M, Ben-Neriah Y, Pikarsky E|display-authors=6|title=Ectopic lymphoid structures function as microniches for tumor progenitor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma|journal=Nature Immunology|volume=16|issue=12|pages=1235–44|date=December 2015|pmid=26502405|doi=10.1038/ni.3290|pmc=4653079}}</ref> Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna rayuwa ta hanyar "sakewa" hanyoyin sigina waɗanda yawanci ke kare nama daga tsarin rigakafi. Wannan canji na martanin rigakafi yana bayyana a farkon matakan cutar ma.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Beane JE, Mazzilli SA, Campbell JD, Duclos G, Krysan K, Moy C, Perdomo C, Schaffer M, Liu G, Zhang S, Liu H, Vick J, Dhillon SS, Platero SJ, Dubinett SM, Stevenson C, Reid ME, Lenburg ME, Spira AE|display-authors=6|title=Molecular subtyping reveals immune alterations associated with progression of bronchial premalignant lesions|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1856|date=April 2019|pmid=31015447|pmc=6478943|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09834-2|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1856B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Maoz A, Merenstein C, Koga Y, Potter A, Gower AC, Liu G, Zhang S, Liu H, Stevenson C, Spira A, Reid ME, Campbell JD, Mazzilli SA, Lenburg ME, Beane J|display-authors=6|title=Elevated T cell repertoire diversity is associated with progression of lung squamous cell premalignant lesions|journal=Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e002647|date=September 2021|pmid=34580161|pmc=8477334|doi=10.1136/jitc-2021-002647}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin misalan aikin gyaran nama a cikin ciwon daji shine aikin factor factor NF-κB . <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal}}</ref> NF-κB yana kunna bayyanar da yawancin kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin canji tsakanin kumburi da sabuntawa, wanda ke ɓoye cytokines, abubuwan mannewa, da sauran kwayoyin da zasu iya canza yanayin tantanin halitta.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Grivennikov SI, Karin M|title=Dangerous liaisons: STAT3 and NF-kappaB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer|journal=Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews|volume=21|issue=1|pages=11–9|date=February 2010|pmid=20018552|doi=10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.005|pmc=2834864}}</ref> Wannan sake fasalin fasalin salon salula yana ba da damar haɓaka nama maras aiki cikakke. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rieger S, Zhao H, Martin P, Abe K, Lisse TS|title=The role of nuclear hormone receptors in cutaneous wound repair|journal=Cell Biochemistry and Function|volume=33|issue=1|pages=1–13|date=January 2015|pmid=25529612|doi=10.1002/cbf.3086|pmc=4357276}}</ref> Ayyukan NF-κB ana sarrafa su ta hanyar sunadaran sunadaran da yawa, waɗanda ke tare da tabbatar da cewa NF-κB ne kawai ke haifar da tantanin halitta kuma a lokacin da aka ba da shi.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lu X, Yarbrough WG|title=Negative regulation of RelA phosphorylation: emerging players and their roles in cancer|journal=Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews|volume=26|issue=1|pages=7–13|date=February 2015|pmid=25438737|doi=10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.09.003}}</ref> Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar musayar sigina tsakanin sel yana kare nama daga kumburi da yawa, kuma yana tabbatar da cewa nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban a hankali suna samun ƙarin ayyuka da takamaiman matsayi. Rashin wannan ƙa'ida ta juna tsakanin tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da hulɗar tantanin halitta yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin kansa su haifar da metastasis. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna amsawa ga cytokines, kuma suna kunna siginar sigina wanda zai iya kare su daga tsarin rigakafi.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vlahopoulos SA, Cen O, Hengen N, Agan J, Moschovi M, Critselis E, Adamaki M, Bacopoulou F, Copland JA, Boldogh I, Karin M, Chrousos GP|title=Dynamic aberrant NF-κB spurs tumorigenesis: a new model encompassing the microenvironment|journal=Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews|volume=26|issue=4|pages=389–403|date=August 2015|pmid=26119834|doi=10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.06.001|pmc=4526340}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sionov RV, Fridlender ZG, Granot Z|title=The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment|journal=Cancer Microenvironment|volume=8|issue=3|pages=125–58|date=December 2015|pmid=24895166|doi=10.1007/s12307-014-0147-5|pmc=4714999}}</ref> === A cikin kifi === Ba a fahimta gaba ɗaya rawar da iodine ke takawa a cikin kifin ruwa (mai arzikin iodine) da kuma kifin ruwa mai tsabta (rashin iodine) ba, amma an ruwaito cewa kifin ruwa ya fi kamuwa da cututtuka kuma, musamman, cututtukan neoplastic da atherosclerotic, fiye da na ruwa. kifi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Venturi S|title=Iodine, PUFAs and Iodolipids in Health and Disease: An Evolutionary Perspective|journal=Human Evolution|volume=29|issue=1–3|pages=185–205|year=2014|issn=0393-9375}}</ref> Kifayen elasmobranch na ruwa kamar su sharks, stingrays da dai sauransu ba su da cutar kansa da yawa fiye da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, don haka sun ƙarfafa binciken likita don ƙarin fahimtar cutar sankara. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Walsh CJ, Luer CA, Bodine AB, Smith CA, Cox HL, Noyes DR, Maura G|title=Elasmobranch immune cells as a source of novel tumor cell inhibitors: Implications for public health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_integrative-and-comparative-biology_2006-12_46_6/page/1072|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=46|issue=6|pages=1072–1081|date=December 2006|pmid=19343108|pmc=2664222|doi=10.1093/icb/icl041}}</ref> == Makanikai == Domin sel su fara rarrabuwa ba tare da kamewa ba, dole ne a lalatar da kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girman tantanin halitta. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW|title=Cancer genes and the pathways they control|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=10|issue=8|pages=789–99|date=August 2004|pmid=15286780|doi=10.1038/nm1087|s2cid=205383514}}</ref> Proto-oncogenes su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar tantanin halitta da mitosis, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari ke hana haɓakar tantanin halitta, ko dakatar da rarraba tantanin halitta na ɗan lokaci don aiwatar da gyaran DNA . Yawanci, ana buƙatar jerin maye gurbi da yawa zuwa waɗannan kwayoyin halitta kafin tantanin halitta ta al'ada ya rikide zuwa kwayar cutar kansa . <ref name="ReferenceC2" /> Wannan ra'ayi wani lokaci ana kiransa "oncoevolution." Maye gurbi ga waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna ba da sigina don ƙwayoyin ƙari don fara rarrabawa ba tare da kulawa ba. Amma sashin sel wanda ba a sarrafa shi wanda ke siffanta kansar kuma yana buƙatar cewa mai rarraba tantanin halitta ya kwafi duk abubuwan da ke cikin salula don ƙirƙirar ƴan mata biyu. Kunna glycolysis anaerobic ( sakamako na Warburg ), wanda ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da maye gurbi a cikin proto-oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Brand KA, Hermfisse U|title=Aerobic glycolysis by proliferating cells: a protective strategy against reactive oxygen species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_1997-04_11_5/page/388|journal=FASEB Journal|volume=11|issue=5|pages=388–95|date=April 1997|pmid=9141507|doi=10.1096/fasebj.11.5.9141507|s2cid=16745745}}</ref> yana ba da mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginin da ake buƙata don kwafi sassan salula na tantanin halitta mai rarraba kuma, saboda haka, Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga carcinogenesis. <ref name="LopezLazaro20102" /> === Oncogenes === Oncogenes suna haɓaka haɓakar sel ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mutane da yawa za su iya samar da hormones, "manzon sunadarai" tsakanin sel da ke ƙarfafa mitosis, sakamakon abin da ya dogara da siginar siginar nama mai karɓa ko sel. A wasu kalmomi, lokacin da aka kunna mai karɓar hormone a kan tantanin halitta mai karɓa, ana gudanar da siginar daga saman tantanin halitta zuwa kwayar halitta don rinjayar wasu canje-canje a tsarin rubutun kwayoyin halitta a matakin nukiliya. Wasu oncogenes wani ɓangare ne na tsarin watsa siginar kanta, ko kuma masu karɓar siginar a cikin sel da kyallen jikinsu da kansu, don haka suna sarrafa hankalin irin wannan hormones. Oncogenes sau da yawa suna samar da mitogens, ko kuma suna shiga cikin rubutun DNA a cikin haɗin furotin, wanda ke haifar da sunadaran da enzymes da ke da alhakin samar da samfurori da kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da su kuma suna hulɗa da su. Maye gurbi a cikin proto-oncogenes, waɗanda su ne takwarorinsu na yau da kullun na oncogenes, na iya canza magana da aikin su, ƙara adadin ko ayyukan furotin samfurin. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, proto-oncogenes sun zama oncogenes, kuma wannan canji yana tayar da ma'auni na al'ada na tsarin sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a cikin tantanin halitta, yana sa haɓakar rashin kulawa zai yiwu. Ba za a iya rage damar ciwon daji ta hanyar cire proto-oncogenes daga kwayoyin halitta, koda kuwa hakan zai yiwu, saboda suna da mahimmanci ga girma, gyarawa da homeostasis na kwayoyin halitta. Sai kawai lokacin da suka zama rikida ne alamun girma ya wuce kima. Ɗaya daga cikin na farko oncogenes da za a bayyana a cikin binciken ciwon daji shine ras oncogene . Maye gurbi a cikin dangin Ras na proto-oncogenes (wanda ya ƙunshi H-Ras, N-Ras da K-Ras) suna da yawa, ana samun su a cikin 20% zuwa 30% na duk ciwace-ciwacen ɗan adam. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bos JL|title=ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review|journal=Cancer Research|volume=49|issue=17|pages=4682–9|date=September 1989|pmid=2547513|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2547513}}</ref> An gano asalin Ras a cikin kwayar cutar kwayar cutar Harvey sarcoma, kuma masu bincike sun yi mamakin cewa ba wai kawai wannan kwayar halitta ta kasance a cikin kwayoyin halittar dan adam ba amma kuma, idan aka danganta shi da wani nau'in sarrafawa mai motsa rai, yana iya haifar da cutar kansa a cikin al'adun layin salula.<ref name="pmid62833582">{{cite journal|vauthors=Chang EH, Furth ME, Scolnick EM, Lowy DR|title=Tumorigenic transformation of mammalian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1982-06-10_297_5866/page/479|journal=Nature|volume=297|issue=5866|pages=479–83|date=June 1982|pmid=6283358|doi=10.1038/297479a0|bibcode=1982Natur.297..479C|s2cid=4234621}}</ref> === Proto-oncogenes === Proto-oncogenes ya kasan ce suna haɓaka tantanin halitta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mutane da yawa na iya samar da hormones, "manzannin sunadarai" tsakanin sel waɗanda ke ƙarfafa mitosis, sakamakon abin da ya dogara da siginar siginar nama mai karɓa ko sel. Wasu suna da alhakin tsarin siginar sigina da masu karɓar sigina a cikin sel da kyallen jikin su da kansu, don haka suna sarrafa hankalin irin wannan hormones. Sau da yawa suna samar da mitogens, ko kuma suna shiga cikin rubutun DNA a cikin haɗin furotin, wanda ke haifar da sunadaran da enzymes da ke da alhakin samar da samfurori da kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da su kuma suna hulɗa da su. Maye gurbi a cikin proto-oncogenes na iya canza magana da aikin su, ƙara adadi ko ayyukan furotin samfurin. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, sun zama oncogenes, kuma, don haka, sel suna da damar da za su rarraba fiye da kima kuma ba tare da kulawa ba. Ba za a iya rage damar ciwon daji ta hanyar cire proto-oncogenes daga kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci ga girma, gyarawa da homeostasis na jiki. Sai kawai lokacin da suka zama rikida ne alamun girma ya wuce kima. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kwayar halittar da ke da rawar haɓaka haɓaka na iya ƙara yuwuwar cutar sankara ta tantanin halitta, ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ana kunna duk mahimman hanyoyin salula waɗanda ke ba da izinin haɓakawa. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V|title=The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis|journal=BioEssays|volume=30|issue=4|pages=314–27|date=April 2008|pmid=18348191|doi=10.1002/bies.20734|s2cid=678541}}</ref> Wannan yanayin kuma ya haɗa da rashin kunna takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari (duba ƙasa). Idan yanayin bai cika ba, tantanin halitta na iya daina girma kuma zai iya ci gaba da mutuwa. Wannan ya sa gano mataki da nau'in kwayar cutar kansa da ke girma a ƙarƙashin kulawar da aka ba wa oncogene mai mahimmanci don haɓaka dabarun jiyya. === Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor === [[File:Signal_transduction_pathways.svg|right|thumb| Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari suna haifar da siginar siginar hanyoyin da ke daidaita apoptosis, wanda kuma aka sani da "mutuwar kwayar halitta".]] Tumor suppressor genes code for anti-proliferation signals and proteins da ke hana mitosis da ci gaban cell. Gabaɗaya, masu hana ƙari abubuwan rubutu ne waɗanda ke kunna su ta hanyar damuwa ta salula ko lalata DNA. Sau da yawa lalacewar DNA zai haifar da kasancewar kayan kwayoyin halitta masu kyauta da sauran alamu, kuma zai haifar da enzymes da hanyoyin da ke haifar da kunna kwayoyin cutar ciwon tumo . Ayyukan irin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta shine kama ci gaban tsarin tantanin halitta don gudanar da gyaran DNA, ya kasan ce yana hana maye gurbi daga shiga cikin sel diya mace. Sunan furotin [[:en:P53|p53]], ɗayan mahimman binciken ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani abu ne na rubutu wanda yawancin matsalolin salon salula ke kunna ciki har da hypoxia da lalacewar radiation ultraviolet . Duk da kusan rabin duk cututtukan daji mai yuwuwa sun haɗa da gyare-gyare a cikin p53, aikin hana ƙwayar cuta ba a fahimta sosai ba. p53 a fili yana da ayyuka guda biyu: ɗaya rawar nukiliya a matsayin nau'in rubutu, ɗayan kuma rawar cytoplasmic wajen daidaita tsarin tantanin halitta, rabon tantanin halitta, da apoptosis. Hasashen Warburg shine fifikon amfani da glycolysis don kuzari don ci gaban cutar kansa. An nuna p53 don daidaita motsi daga numfashi zuwa hanyar glycolytic. <ref name="Mantoba-Warburg2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Matoba S, Kang JG, Patino WD, Wragg A, Boehm M, Gavrilova O, Hurley PJ, Bunz F, Hwang PM|title=p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-06-16_312_5780/page/1650|journal=Science|volume=312|issue=5780|pages=1650–3|date=June 2006|pmid=16728594|doi=10.1126/science.1126863|bibcode=2006Sci...312.1650M|s2cid=36668814}}</ref> Duk da haka, maye gurbi na iya lalata kwayar cutar ƙwayar cuta da kanta, ko kuma hanyar siginar da ke kunna ta, "canza shi". Sakamakon da ba za a iya canzawa ba shine cewa gyaran DNA yana hanawa ko hanawa: lalacewar DNA ta taru ba tare da gyara ba, babu makawa yana haifar da ciwon daji. Maye gurbi na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta suna wucewa zuwa zuriya, kuma suna ƙara yuwuwar gano cutar kansa a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. Membobin waɗannan iyalai sun ƙaru kuma sun rage jinkirin ciwace-ciwace da yawa. Nau'in ciwon daji sun kasance na yau da kullun ga kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, tare da wasu maye gurbi suna haifar da cututtukan daji na musamman, da sauran maye gurbi suna haifar da wasu. Yanayin gado na mutant tumor suppressors shi ne cewa memba da abin ya shafa ya gaji nakasar kwafi daga iyaye ɗaya, da kwafi na yau da kullun daga ɗayan. Misali, mutanen da suka gaji mutant ''p53'' allele (saboda haka heterozygous don maye gurbin ''p53'' ) na iya haifar da melanoma da ciwon daji na pancreatic, wanda aka sani da cutar Li-Fraumeni . Sauran cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta da aka gada sun haɗa da maye gurbi na ''Rb'', wanda ke da alaƙa da retinoblastoma, da maye gurbi na ''APC'', wanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji na adenopolyposis . Adenopolyposis ciwon daji na hanji yana da alaƙa da dubban polyps a cikin hanji yayin ƙanana, wanda ke haifar da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] a hanji tun yana ƙanana. A ƙarshe, maye gurbi da aka gada a cikin ''BRCA1'' da ''BRCA2'' suna haifar da farkon farkon [[Breast cancer|ciwon nono]] . An kuma ba da shawarar haɓaka ciwon daji a cikin 1971 don dogara da aƙalla abubuwan maye gurbi guda biyu. A cikin abin da aka fi sani da Knudson na biyu-buga hasashe, gadon, maye gurbi a cikin kwayar cutar da ke kawar da ƙari zai haifar da ciwon daji kawai idan wani yanayin maye gurbi ya faru daga baya a cikin rayuwar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ba ya kunna sauran allele na wannan kwayar cutar ciwon daji .<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Knudson AG|title=Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=68|issue=4|pages=820–3|date=April 1971|pmid=5279523|pmc=389051|doi=10.1073/pnas.68.4.820|bibcode=1971PNAS...68..820K|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci, oncogenes ya kasan ce suna da [[Mafi rinjayen kwayoyin halitta|rinjaye]], kamar yadda suke dauke [[Samun maye gurbi|da maye gurbi]], yayin da rikitattun ƙwayoyin cuta suna [[Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta|raguwa]], ya kasan ce kuma kamar yadda suka ƙunshi [[maye gurbi na asarar aiki]] . Kowane tantanin halitta yana da kwafi guda biyu na kwayar halitta iri ɗaya, ɗaya daga kowane iyaye, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta samun sauye-sauyen aiki a cikin kwafin guda ɗaya na takamaiman proto-oncogene ya kuma isa ya sanya wannan kwayar halitta ta zama oncogene na gaske. A gefe guda, asarar maye gurbi na aiki yana buƙatar faruwa a cikin kwafi biyu na kwayar cutar da ke hana ƙari don mayar da wannan ƙwayar gaba ɗaya baya aiki. Koyaya, akwai lokuta waɗanda ɗayan mutatattun kwafin [[Tumor suppressor gene|ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta]] mai hana ƙari zai iya sanya ɗayan, kwafin [[nau'in daji]] mara aiki. Ana kuma kiran wannan al'amari ''babban tasiri mara kyau'' kuma ana lura dashi a yawancin maye gurbi na p53. Ya kasan ce kwanan nan masu bincike da''mara kyau'' kuma ana lura dashi a yawancin maye gurbi na p53. yawa sun ƙalubalanci samfurin Knudson guda biyu. ya kasan ce Rashin kunna allele guda ɗaya na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari ya wadatar don haifar da ciwace-ciwace. Ana kiran wannan al'amari [[haploinsufficiency]] kuma an nuna shi ta hanyoyi da yawa na gwaji. Ciwon daji da ke haifar da [[haploinsufficiency]] yawanci suna da shekaru masu zuwa na farawa idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ta hanyar bugu biyu. <ref name="Fodde-Haploinsufficiency2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fodde R, Smits R|title=Cancer biology. A matter of dosage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-10-25_298_5594/page/761|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5594|pages=761–3|date=October 2002|pmid=12399571|doi=10.1126/science.1077707|s2cid=50724}}</ref> == Maye gurbi da yawa == [[File:Multi_Onco.jpg|thumb|Multiple mutations in [[Cancer cell|cancer cells]]]] Gabaɗaya, maye gurbi a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu ana buƙatar don cutar kansa. Misali, maye gurbi da aka iyakance ga oncogene guda ɗaya za a kashe shi ta hanyar sarrafa mitosis na al'ada da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda aka fara hasashe ta [[Hasashe|hasashen]] [[Knudson hasashe|Knudson]]<ref name="Knudson20012" /> Canje-canje ga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya kawai ba zai haifar da ciwon daji ba, saboda kasancewar “kwayoyin halitta” da yawa waɗanda ke yin [[Ajiyayyen|kwafin]] ayyukansa. Sai kawai lokacin da isassun proto-oncogenes suka rikide zuwa cikin oncogenes, kuma isassun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari suka lalace ko suka lalace, siginonin haɓakar tantanin halitta ya mamaye sigina don daidaita shi, haɓakar tantanin halitta da sauri ya karkace daga sarrafawa. <ref name="ReferenceC2" /> Sau da yawa, saboda waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna tsara hanyoyin da ke hana yawancin lalacewa ga kwayoyin halitta da kansu, adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa yayin da mutum ya tsufa, saboda lalacewar DNA ta haifar da madauki na [[Jawabin|amsawa]] . == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> [[Category:Cutar daji]] 6t7p17ov245o35l65eqq88qhkkbos5j Ciwon Daji Epigenetics 0 29288 967390 951941 2026-10-13T22:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Symptoms_of_cancer_metastasis-ru.svg |thumb|Alamomin ]] [[File:The_hallmarks_of_cancer_according_to_Hanahan_and_Weinberg.webp |thumb|Bayanin alamomin]] '''Ciwon daji epigenetics''' shine nazarin gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa DNA na kwayoyin cutar kansa wanda ba ya haɗa da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide, amma a maimakon haka ya haɗa da canji a yadda aka bayyana lambar kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin Epigenetic suna da mahimmanci don kula da jerin al'ada na takamaiman maganganun kwayoyin halitta na nama kuma suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba na al'ada. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|language=en|pmc=2802667|issn=0143-3334|doi=10.1093/carcin/bgp220|pages=27–36|issue=1|volume=31|journal=Carcinogenesis|first1=S.|url=|title=Epigenetics in cancer|date=2010-01-01|first3=P. A.|last3=Jones|first2=T. K.|last2=Kelly|pmid=19752007}}</ref> Wataƙila suna da mahimmanci, ko ma mafi mahimmanci, fiye da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin canjin tantanin halitta zuwa kansa. Rikicin hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da asarar bayyanar kwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa kusan sau 10 akai-akai ta hanyar yin shiru na rubutu (wanda ya haifar da haɓakar epigenetic hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG ) fiye da maye gurbi. Kamar yadda Vogelstein et al. nuna, a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata yawanci ana samun kusan maye gurbin direba 3 zuwa 6 da 33 zuwa 66 hitchhiker ko maye gurbin fasinja.<ref name="pmid235395942">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW|title=Cancer genome landscapes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-03-29_339_6127/page/1546|journal=Science|volume=339|issue=6127|pages=1546–58|date=March 2013|pmid=23539594|pmc=3749880|doi=10.1126/science.1235122|bibcode=2013Sci...339.1546V}}</ref> Duk da haka, a cikin ciwace-ciwacen hanji idan aka kwatanta da kusa da mucosa na al'ada na al'ada, akwai kimanin 600 zuwa 800 tsibiran methylated CpG a cikin masu inganta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi yayin da waɗannan tsibiran CpG ba su da methylated a cikin mucosa kusa.<ref name="Illingworth2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Illingworth RS, Gruenewald-Schneider U, Webb S, Kerr AR, James KD, Turner DJ, Smith C, Harrison DJ, Andrews R, Bird AP|title=Orphan CpG islands identify numerous conserved promoters in the mammalian genome|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e1001134|date=September 2010|pmid=20885785|pmc=2944787|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001134}}</ref><ref name="pmid274934462">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wei J, Li G, Dang S, Zhou Y, Zeng K, Liu M|title=Discovery and Validation of Hypermethylated Markers for Colorectal Cancer|journal=Disease Markers|volume=2016|pages=2192853|year=2016|pmid=27493446|pmc=4963574|doi=10.1155/2016/2192853|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Beggs2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beggs AD, Jones A, El-Bahrawy M, El-Bahwary M, Abulafi M, Hodgson SV, Tomlinson IP|title=Whole-genome methylation analysis of benign and malignant colorectal tumours|journal=The Journal of Pathology|volume=229|issue=5|pages=697–704|date=April 2013|pmid=23096130|pmc=3619233|doi=10.1002/path.4132}}</ref> Yin amfani da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yana kuma riƙe da babban alƙawari don rigakafin ciwon daji, ganowa, da jiyya.<ref name="Novak2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Novak K|title=Epigenetics changes in cancer cells|journal=MedGenMed|volume=6|issue=4|pages=17|date=December 2004|pmid=15775844|pmc=1480584}}</ref><ref name="pmid227355472">{{cite journal|vauthors=Banno K, Kisu I, Yanokura M, Tsuji K, Masuda K, Ueki A, Kobayashi Y, Yamagami W, Nomura H, Tominaga E, Susumu N, Aoki D|title=Epimutation and cancer: a new carcinogenic mechanism of Lynch syndrome (Review)|journal=International Journal of Oncology|volume=41|issue=3|pages=793–7|date=September 2012|pmid=22735547|pmc=3582986|doi=10.3892/ijo.2012.1528}}</ref> A cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan epigenetic na iya rikicewa, kamar yin shiru na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da kunna oncogenes ta hanyar canza tsarin methylation na tsibirin CpG, gyare-gyaren histone, da dysregulation na sunadaran ɗaurin DNA. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da tasirin epigenetic yanzu a yawancin waɗannan cututtuka. [[File:Normal-cancer-epigenome.png|right|thumb| Tsarin Epigenetics a cikin al'ada da ƙwayoyin kansa]] [[File:Epigenetic_alterations_in_tumour_progression.svg|right|thumb| Canje-canjen Epigenetic a cikin ci gaban ƙari]] == Makanikai == === DNA methylation === [[File:DNA_methylation.jpg|right|thumb| Guntun kwayoyin halittar DNA wanda ke methylated a cytosines guda biyu]] A cikin sel somatic, tsarin DNA methylation gabaɗaya ana watsa su zuwa sel 'ya'ya masu aminci.<ref name="pmid117824402">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bird A|title=DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genes-development_2002-01-01_16_1/page/6|journal=Genes & Development|volume=16|issue=1|pages=6–21|date=January 2002|pmid=11782440|doi=10.1101/gad.947102|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawanci, wannan methylation yana faruwa ne kawai a cytosines waɗanda suke 5' zuwa guanosine a cikin CpG dinucleotides na eukaryotes mafi girma.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Herman|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|bibcode=1996PNAS...93.9821H|pmc=38513|pmid=8790415|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.18.9821|pages=9821–6|issue=18|volume=93|date=September 1996|title=Methylation-specific PCR: A novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1996-09-03_93_18/page/9821|first1=James G.|first5=Stephen B.|last5=Baylin|first4=Barry D.|last4=Nelkin|first3=Sanna|last3=Myöhänen|first2=Jeremy R.|last2=Graff|doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, methylation DNA na epigenetic ya bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin al'ada da ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin mutane. Bayanan martaba na "al'ada" CpG methylation galibi ana jujjuya su a cikin sel waɗanda suka zama tumorigenic. A cikin sel na al'ada, tsibiran CpG da ke gaba da masu tallata kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi, kuma suna yin aiki ta hanyar rubutawa, yayin da sauran CpG dinucleotides ɗin kowane mutum a cikin kwayar halitta yakan zama methylated. Koyaya, a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, tsibiran CpG waɗanda ke gaba da masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna hypermethylated, yayin da CpG methylation na yankuna masu haɓaka oncogene da jerin maimaita parasitic galibi suna raguwa.<ref name="CraigJMWongNC2">{{cite book|vauthors=Wong NC, Craig JM|title=Epigenetics: A Reference Manual|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk, England|year=2011|isbn=978-1-904455-88-2}}</ref> Hypermethylation na yankuna masu hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da yin shuru ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan maye gurbi na epigenetic yana ba da damar sel suyi girma da kuma haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba, yana haifar da tumorigenesis. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl zuwa cytosines yana haifar da DNA don yin murɗawa kusa da sunadaran histone, wanda ke haifar da DNA wanda ba zai iya jujjuya rubutu ba (DNA da aka yi shiru). Kwayoyin halittar da aka saba da su don yin shuru a rubuce saboda masu haɓaka hypermethylation sun haɗa da: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta; MGMT, kwayar gyaran DNA ; APC, mai kula da zagayawa; MLH1, kwayar halittar DNA-gyaran; da BRCA1, wani DNA-gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Lallai, ƙwayoyin kansa na iya zama masu sha'awar yin shuru na rubutu, saboda mai haɓaka hypermethylation, na wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani tsari da aka sani da jarabar epigenetic.<ref name="De Carvalho et al 20122">{{cite journal|vauthors=De Carvalho DD, Sharma S, You JS, Su SF, Taberlay PC, Kelly TK, Yang X, Liang G, Jones PA|title=DNA methylation screening identifies driver epigenetic events of cancer cell survival|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=21|issue=5|pages=655–67|date=May 2012|pmid=22624715|pmc=3395886|doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.045}}</ref> Hypomethylation na CpG dinucleotides a cikin sauran sassan ƙwayoyin halitta yana haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar chromosome saboda hanyoyin kamar asarar bugawa da sake kunna abubuwa masu iya canzawa . Rashin buguwar kwayar halitta mai girma kamar insulin (IGF2) yana ƙara haɗarin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] na launin fata kuma yana da alaƙa da ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji ga jarirai. A cikin sel lafiya, CpG dinucleotides na ƙananan yawa ana samun su a cikin coding da kuma wuraren da ba sa coding intergenic. Bayanin wasu jerin maimaitawa da sake haduwar meiotic a centromeres ana murƙushe su ta hanyar methylation<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ellermeier C, Higuchi EC, Phadnis N, Holm L, Geelhood JL, Thon G, Smith GR|title=RNAi and heterochromatin repress centromeric meiotic recombination|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-05-11_107_19/page/8701|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=19|pages=8701–5|date=May 2010|pmid=20421495|pmc=2889303|doi=10.1073/pnas.0914160107|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.8701E|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar kansa ya ƙunshi ƙarancin methylcytosine fiye da kwayar halitta mai lafiya. A gaskiya ma, kwayoyin cutar kansa suna da 20-50% kasa da methylation a kowane CpG dinucleotides a fadin kwayoyin halitta. Tsibirin CpG da aka samu a yankuna masu tallatawa galibi ana kiyaye su daga DNA methylation. A cikin ƙwayoyin kansa tsibiran CpG tsibiran suna hypomethylated Yankunan da ke gefen tsibiran CpG da ake kira tsibirin tsibirin CpG sune inda yawancin methylation na DNA ke faruwa a cikin mahallin CpG dinucleotide. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da methylated ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a tsibirin CpG. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, hypermethylation a cikin tsibirin CpG tsibirin suna motsawa zuwa tsibiran CpG, ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG suna motsawa zuwa tsibirin CpG tsibiri suna kawar da iyakokin epigenetic tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan halitta.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Timp W, Feinberg AP|title=Cancer as a dysregulated epigenome allowing cellular growth advantage at the expense of the host|language=En|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=13|issue=7|pages=497–510|date=July 2013|pmid=23760024|pmc=4636434|doi=10.1038/nrc3486}}</ref> A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa "hypomethylation na duniya" saboda rushewa a cikin DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na iya haɓaka haɓakar mitotic da sake tsarawa na chromosome, a ƙarshe yana haifar da aneuploidy lokacin da chromosomes suka kasa rabuwa da kyau yayin mitosis . CpG tsibirin methylation yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin maganganun kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka cytosine methylation na iya haifar da kai tsaye zuwa lalata maye gurbi da yanayin salon salula na farko. Methylated cytosines suna sa hydrolysis na rukunin aminin da jujjuyawar kai tsaye zuwa thymine ya fi dacewa. Suna iya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata na furotin chromatin . Cytosine methylations yana canza adadin hasken UV na tushen nucleotide, haifar da dimers pyrimidine . Lokacin da maye gurbi ya haifar da asarar heterozygosity a rukunin yanar gizon masu hana ƙari ya kasan ce shi ne waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa aiki. Maye gurbi guda ɗaya na tushe yayin kwafi shima yana iya yin illa. === Gyaran tarihi === Eukaryotic DNA yana da hadadden tsari. Gabaɗaya an naɗe shi da sunadaran sunadaran da ake kira histones don samar da wani tsari da ake kira nucleosome . A nucleosome kunshi 2 sets na 4 tarihi: H2A, H2B, H3, da H4 . Bugu da ƙari, histone H1 yana ba da gudummawa ga tattarawar DNA a waje da nucleosome. Wasu gyare-gyaren enzymes na histone na iya ƙarawa ko cire ƙungiyoyi masu aiki zuwa histones, kuma waɗannan gyare-gyare suna tasiri matakin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da aka nannade a kusa da waɗancan tarihin da matakin kwafin DNA. Bayanan bayanan gyare-gyare na tarihi na ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji sun bambanta. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin lafiya, ƙwayoyin daji suna nuna raguwar nau'ikan histone H4 da monoacetylated (raguwar H4ac da H4me3). Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a) na p19ARF mai gabatarwa yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarin ci gaba na ciwon daji da metastasis.<ref name="aprelikova2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Aprelikova O, Chen K, El Touny LH, Brignatz-Guittard C, Han J, Qiu T, Yang HH, Lee MP, Zhu M, Green JE|title=The epigenetic modifier JMJD6 is amplified in mammary tumors and cooperates with c-Myc to enhance cellular transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis|journal=Clinical Epigenetics|volume=8|issue=38|pages=38|date=Apr 2016|pmid=27081402|pmc=4831179|doi=10.1186/s13148-016-0205-6}}</ref> A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta, asarar histone H4 acetylation da trimethylation yana ƙaruwa yayin da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta ke ci gaba. Asarar histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation ( H4K16ac ), wanda shine alamar tsufa a telomeres, musamman ya rasa acetylation. Wasu masana kimiyya suna fatan wannan asarar ta musamman na histone acetylation na iya yin yaƙi tare da mai hana histone deacetylase (HDAC) na musamman don SIRT1, HDAC na musamman don H4K16. Sauran alamomin tarihin da ke hade da [[Carcinogenesis|tumorigenesis]] sun hada da ƙarar deacetylation (raguwar acetylation) na histones H3 da H4, rage trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ), da kuma ƙara monomethylation na histone H3 Lysine 9 ( H3K9me ) da kuma trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 27me H3 Lysine 27 ( H3 . ). shi ne Waɗannan gyare-gyaren tarihi na iya yin shiru da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari duk da raguwar methylation na tsibirin CpG na kwayoyin halitta (wani al'amari da yakan kunna kwayoyin halitta). Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan toshe aikin BRD4 a kan acetylated histones, wanda aka nuna don ƙara yawan bayyanar da furotin Myc, wanda ke da alaka da ciwon daji da yawa. Tsarin ci gaba na miyagun ƙwayoyi don ɗaure zuwa BRD4 abin lura ne ga haɗin gwiwa, buɗe hanyar da ƙungiyar ke ɗauka. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Maxmen A|title=Cancer research: Open ambition|journal=Nature|volume=488|issue=7410|pages=148–50|date=August 2012|pmid=22874946|doi=10.1038/488148a|bibcode=2012Natur.488..148M|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta p53 tana daidaita gyaran DNA kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka lalata. E Soto-Reyes da F Recillas-Targa sun bayyana mahimmancin furotin CTCF a cikin daidaita maganganun p53. CTCF, ko CCCTC daure factor, shine furotin yatsa na zinc wanda ke hana mai tallata p53 daga tara alamun tarihin danniya. A cikin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa, furotin CTCF ba ya ɗaure kullum, kuma mai haɓaka p53 yana tara alamomin tarihi masu tsauri, yana haifar da bayyanar p53 don ragewa. Maye gurbi a cikin na'urar epigenetic kanta na iya faruwa kuma, mai yuwuwar alhakin canza bayanan martaba na sel masu ciwon daji. Bambance-bambancen tarihi na dangin H2A ana kiyaye su sosai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yawancin hanyoyin nukiliya ta hanyar canza tsarin chromatin . Ɗayan maɓalli na H2A, H2A. X, yana nuna lalacewar DNA, yana sauƙaƙe ɗaukar sunadaran gyaran DNA don maido da amincin genomic. Wani bambance-bambancen, H2A. Z, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duka kunna kwayoyin halitta da danniya. Babban darajar H2A. Ana gano furcin Z a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon salula da rashin kwanciyar hankali.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ellermeier C, Higuchi EC, Phadnis N, Holm L, Geelhood JL, Thon G, Smith GR|title=RNAi and heterochromatin repress centromeric meiotic recombination|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=19|pages=8701–5|date=May 2010|pmid=20421495|pmc=2889303|doi=10.1073/pnas.0914160107|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.8701E|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bambancin macroH2A1 na tarihi yana da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan cututtukan daji da yawa, misali a cikin ciwon hanta.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rappa F, Greco A, Podrini C, Cappello F, Foti M, Bourgoin L, Peyrou M, Marino A, Scibetta N, Williams R, Mazzoccoli G, Federici M, Pazienza V, Vinciguerra M|title=Immunopositivity for histone macroH2A1 isoforms marks steatosis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=1|pages=e54458|year=2013|pmid=23372727|pmc=3553099|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054458|editor1-last=Folli|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854458R|editor1-first=Franco|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da raguwa a cikin H4K16ac na iya haifar da ko dai raguwar ayyukan histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ko karuwa a deacetylation ta SIRT1. Hakazalika, maye gurbin frameshift wanda ba ya aiki a cikin HDAC2, histone deacetylase wanda ke aiki akan yawancin lysines na histone-tail, an hade shi da ciwon daji da ke nuna sauye-sauyen tsarin acetylation na histone. Wadannan binciken suna nuna wani tsari mai ban sha'awa don canza bayanan martaba na epigenetic ta hanyar hana enzymatic ko haɓakawa. DNA lalacewa, lalacewa ta hanyar UV haske, ionizing radiation, muhalli guba, da kuma na rayuwa sinadarai, kuma zai iya haifar da genomic rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ciwon daji. Amsar lalacewa ta DNA zuwa ga karyawar DNA mai madauri biyu (DSB) ana yin sulhu a sashi ta gyare-gyaren tarihi. A DSB, MRE11 - RAD50 - NBS1 (MRN) hadaddun sunadaran suna ɗaukar ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase wanda phosphorylates Serine 129 na Histone 2A. MDC1, matsakanci na wurin binciken lalacewar DNA 1, yana ɗaure ga phosphopeptide, da phosphorylation na H2AX na iya yaduwa ta hanyar madaidaicin ra'ayi na daukar ma'aikata na MRN-ATM da phosphorylation. TIP60 acetylates da γH2AX, wanda aka sanya polyubiquitylated . RAP80, wani ɓangare na DNA na gyaran ƙwayar nono nau'in ciwon nono na nau'in 1 mai saukin kamuwa da furotin ( BRCA1 -A), yana ɗaure ubiquitin da aka haɗe zuwa histones. BRCA1-Aiki yana kama da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a wurin bincike na G2/M, ba da damar lokaci don gyara DNA, ko apoptosis na iya farawa. === MicroRNA gene yin shiru === A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, microRNAs (miRNAs), ya kasan ce suna daidaita kusan kashi 60% na ayyukan rufaffiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rufaffen furotin. <ref name="pmid189554342">{{cite journal|vauthors=Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP|title=Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs|journal=Genome Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=92–105|date=January 2009|pmid=18955434|pmc=2612969|doi=10.1101/gr.082701.108}}</ref> Wasu miRNA kuma suna yin shuru mai alaƙa da methylation a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Let-7 da miR15/16 suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita RAS da BCL2 oncogenes, kuma shirunsu yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Rage magana na miR-125b1, miRNA mai aiki azaman mai hana ƙari, an lura dashi a cikin prostate, ovarian, nono da glial cell cancers. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa miR-125b1 yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, HER2/neu da ESR1, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono. DNA methylation, musamman hypermethylation, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da miR-125b1 aka rufe shi ta asali. A cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono, an lura da hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG da ke kusa da wurin fara rubutun. Asarar ɗaurin CTCF da haɓaka alamomin tarihi masu dannewa, H3K9me3 da H3K27me3, sun yi daidai da DNA methylation da shiru na miR-125b1. Ta hanyar injiniyanci, CTCF na iya aiki azaman yanki mai iyaka don dakatar da yaduwar DNA methylation. Sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da Soto-Reyes et al. yana kuma nuna mummunan sakamako na methylation akan aiki da magana na miR-125b1. Saboda haka, sun yanke shawarar cewa DNA methylation yana da wani ɓangare na yin shiru da kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wasu miRNA's an rufe su da wuri da wuri a cikin ciwon nono, sabili da haka waɗannan miRNA na iya zama da amfani azaman alamun ƙari. kuma Yin shiru na epigenetic na kwayoyin miRNA ta hanyar DNA methylation aberrant wani lamari ne akai-akai a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa; Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu tallata miRNA masu aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin mammary na yau da kullun an sami hypermethylated a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono - wannan shine ninki da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba gani akan ƙwayoyin furotin.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vrba L, Muñoz-Rodríguez JL, Stampfer MR, Futscher BW|title=miRNA gene promoters are frequent targets of aberrant DNA methylation in human breast cancer|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=1|pages=e54398|year=2013|pmid=23342147|pmc=3547033|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054398|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854398V|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Metabolic recoding na epigenetics a cikin ciwon daji == Dysregulation na metabolism yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo don samar da tubalan ginin da ake buƙata da kuma daidaita alamun epigenetic don tallafawa farawa da ci gaba da ciwon daji. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke haifar da ciwon daji yana canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic, musamman gyare-gyare akan histones da DNA, don haka inganta canji mara kyau, daidaitawa ga rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da metastasis. Tarin wasu metabolites a cikin ciwon daji na iya kai hari ga enzymes na epigenetic don canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic a duniya. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren sake canza alamun epigenetic. Ciwon daji epigenetics za a iya daidaita daidai da salon salula metabolism ta hanyar 1) kashi-amsa modulation na ciwon daji epigenetics ta metabolites; 2) takamaiman takamaiman ɗaukar aikin enzymes na rayuwa; da 3) niyya na Epigenetic enzymes ta hanyar siginar abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang YP, Lei QY|title=Metabolic recoding of epigenetics in cancer|journal=Cancer Communications|volume=38|issue=1|pages=25|date=May 2018|pmid=29784032|pmc=5993135|doi=10.1186/s40880-018-0302-3}}</ref> == MicroRNA da gyaran DNA == Lalacewar DNA ya bayyana shine babban dalilin cutar kansa.<ref name="pmid184036322">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kastan MB|title=DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture|journal=Mol. Cancer Res.|volume=6|issue=4|pages=517–24|year=2008|pmid=18403632|doi=10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BernsteinPrasad2">{{cite book|vauthors=Bernstein C, Prasad AR, Nfonsam V, Bernstein H|year=2013|chapter=Chapter 16: DNA Damage, DNA Repair and Cancer|title=New Research Directions in DNA Repair|editor-first=Clark|editor-last=Chen|isbn=978-953-51-1114-6|page=413}}</ref> Idan gyaran DNA ya yi karanci, lalacewar DNA tana son taruwa. Irin wannan ɓarna na DNA da yawa na iya ƙara kurakuran maye gurbi yayin kwafin DNA saboda haɗakar fassarar kuskure. Lalacewar DNA ta wuce gona da iri na iya ƙara sauye-sauyen epigenetic saboda kurakurai yayin gyaran DNA.<ref name="Hagan2">{{cite journal|vauthors=O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB|title=Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=4|issue=8|pages=e1000155|date=August 2008|pmid=18704159|pmc=2491723|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155}}</ref><ref name="Cuozzo2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV|title=DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=3|issue=7|pages=e110|date=July 2007|pmid=17616978|pmc=1913100|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110}}</ref> Irin wannan maye gurbi da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya haifar da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (duba m neoplasms ). Canje-canjen layin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyarawa yana haifar da kashi 2-5 cikin ɗari kawai na [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cututtukan ciwon hanji]] . Koyaya, canza yanayin magana na microRNAs, yana haifar da raunin gyaran DNA, akai-akai ana danganta su da ciwon daji kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar sanadin cutar kansa. Yin wuce gona da iri na wasu miRNA na iya rage bayyana takamaiman sunadaran gyaran DNA kai tsaye. Wan et al.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wan G, Mathur R, Hu X, Zhang X, Lu X|title=miRNA response to DNA damage|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=36|issue=9|pages=478–84|date=September 2011|pmid=21741842|pmc=3532742|doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2011.06.002}}</ref> ana magana da kwayoyin halittar DNA guda 6 waɗanda miRNA suka yi niyya kai tsaye a cikin baka: ''ATM'' (miR-421), ''RAD52'' (miR-210, miR-373), ''RAD23B'' (miR-373), ''MSH2'' (miR-21). ), ''BRCA1'' (miR-182) da ''P53'' (miR-504, miR-125b). Kwanan nan, Tessitore et al. <ref name="pmid246168902">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tessitore A, Cicciarelli G, Del Vecchio F, Gaggiano A, Verzella D, Fischietti M, Vecchiotti D, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Alesse E|title=MicroRNAs in the DNA Damage/Repair Network and Cancer|journal=International Journal of Genomics|volume=2014|pages=820248|year=2014|pmid=24616890|pmc=3926391|doi=10.1155/2014/820248|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya jera ƙarin ƙwayoyin gyaran DNA waɗanda ƙarin miRNAs ke niyya kai tsaye, gami da ''ATM'' (miR-18a, miR-101), ''DNA-PK'' (miR-101), ''ATR'' (miR-185), ''Wip1'' (miR-16), ''MLH1, MSH2'' da ''MSH6'' (miR-155), ''ERCC3'' da ''ERCC4'' (miR-192) da ''UNG2'' (mir-16, miR-34c da miR-199a). Daga cikin waɗannan miRNAs, miR-16, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34c, miR-125b, miR-101, miR-155, miR-182, miR-185 da miR-192 suna cikin waɗanda Schnekenburger ya gano da kuma Diederich<ref name="Schnekenburger2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schnekenburger M, Diederich M|title=Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention|journal=Current Colorectal Cancer Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=66–81|date=March 2012|pmid=22389639|pmc=3277709|doi=10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z}}</ref> kamar yadda aka yi yawa a cikin ciwon daji ta hanji ta hanyar epigenetic hypomethylation. Bayan bayyanar kowane ɗayan waɗannan miRNAs na iya haifar da raguwar bayyanar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin da ta ke niyya. Har zuwa 15% na ƙarancin MLH1 -rauni a cikin cututtukan daji na hanji na lokaci-lokaci ya bayyana saboda wuce gona da iri na microRNA miR-155, wanda ke danne furcin MLH1. <ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Valeri N, Gasparini P, Fabbri M, Braconi C, Veronese A, Lovat F, Adair B, Vannini I, Fanini F, Bottoni A, Costinean S, Sandhu SK, Nuovo GJ, Alder H, Gafa R, Calore F, Ferracin M, Lanza G, Volinia S, Negrini M, McIlhatton MA, Amadori D, Fishel R, Croce CM|title=Modulation of mismatch repair and genomic stability by miR-155|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=15|pages=6982–7|date=April 2010|pmid=20351277|pmc=2872463|doi=10.1073/pnas.1002472107|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.6982V|jstor=25665289|doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, yawancin cututtukan daji na hanji 68 da aka rage tare da rage bayanin furotin MLH1 na rashin daidaituwa na DNA an gano cewa sun yi kasala saboda methylation na epigenetic na tsibirin CpG na ''MLH1'' . <ref name="Truninger K 20052">{{cite journal|vauthors=Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, Russell A, Haider R, Gebbers JO, Bannwart F, Yurtsever H, Neuweiler J, Riehle HM, Cattaruzza MS, Heinimann K, Schär P, Jiricny J, Marra G|title=Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2005-05_128_5/page/1160|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=128|issue=5|pages=1160–71|date=May 2005|pmid=15887099|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.056}}</ref> A cikin 28% na glioblastomas, furotin gyaran DNA na MGMT ya gaza amma mai ''tallata MGMT'' ba methylated bane. <ref name="Zhang">{{Cite journal}}</ref> A cikin glioblastomas ba tare da methylated ''MGMT'' masu tallata ba, matakin microRNA miR-181d yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da bayanin furotin na MGMT kuma makasudin miR-181d kai tsaye shine MGMT mRNA 3'UTR ( yankin MGMT mRNA mafi girma uku da ba a fassara shi ba ). <ref name="Zhang" /> Don haka, a cikin kashi 28% na glioblastomas, ƙara yawan magana na miR-181d da rage maganganun gyaran enzyme MGMT na iya zama sanadi. A cikin 29-66%<ref name="Zhang2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang W, Zhang J, Hoadley K, Kushwaha D, Ramakrishnan V, Li S, Kang C, You Y, Jiang C, Song SW, Jiang T, Chen CC|title=miR-181d: a predictive glioblastoma biomarker that downregulates MGMT expression|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=14|issue=6|pages=712–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22570426|pmc=3367855|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nos089}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Pirker C, Filipits M, Lötsch D, Buchroithner J, Pichler J, Silye R, Weis S, Micksche M, Fischer J, Berger W|title=O6-Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase protein expression in tumor cells predicts outcome of temozolomide therapy in glioblastoma patients|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=28–36|date=January 2010|pmid=20150365|pmc=2940563|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop003}}</ref> na glioblastomas, gyaran DNA yana da kasawa saboda epigenetic methylation na kwayar <nowiki><i id="mwAUs">MGMT</i></nowiki>, wanda ya rage bayanin furotin na MGMT. Babban ƙungiyoyin motsi A ( HMGA ), sunadaran sunadaran AT-ƙugiya, ƙanana ne, nonhistone, sunadarai masu alaƙa da chromatin waɗanda zasu iya canza rubutun. MicroRNAs suna sarrafa bayanin sunadaran HMGA, kuma waɗannan sunadaran ( HMGA1 da HMGA2 ) abubuwa ne masu sarrafa rubutun chromatin na gine-gine. Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa, a cikin kyallen takarda na al'ada, kwayoyin ''HGMA1'' da ''HMGA2'' an yi niyya (kuma saboda haka an rage su sosai a cikin magana) ta miR-15, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-196a2 da Let-7a . Maganar HMGA kusan ba a iya gano shi a cikin bambance-bambancen kyallen jikin manya amma yana da girma a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa. Sunadaran HGMA polypeptides ne na ~ 100 ragowar amino acid wanda ke da tsarin tsari na zamani. Waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna uku masu inganci masu inganci, waɗanda ake kira AT hooks, waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙaramin tsagi na DNA mai arzikin AT a cikin takamaiman yankuna na DNA. Neoplasias na ɗan adam, ciki har da thyroid, prostatic, mahaifa, colorectal, pancreatic da ovarian carcinoma, suna nuna karuwa mai karfi na HMGA1a da HMGA1b sunadaran. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sgarra R, Rustighi A, Tessari MA, Di Bernardo J, Altamura S, Fusco A, Manfioletti G, Giancotti V|title=Nuclear phosphoproteins HMGA and their relationship with chromatin structure and cancer|journal=FEBS Letters|volume=574|issue=1–3|pages=1–8|date=September 2004|pmid=15358530|doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2004.08.013|s2cid=28903539}}</ref> Mice masu canzawa tare da HMGA1 da aka yi niyya ga ƙwayoyin lymphoid suna haɓaka lymphoma mai ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa babban HMGA1 magana ba kawai yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji ba, amma cewa ''HMGA1'' na iya aiki azaman oncogene don haifar da ciwon daji. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Xu Y, Sumter TF, Bhattacharya R, Tesfaye A, Fuchs EJ, Wood LJ, Huso DL, Resar LM|title=The HMG-I oncogene causes highly penetrant, aggressive lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice and is overexpressed in human leukemia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer-research_2004-05-15_64_10/page/3371|journal=Cancer Research|volume=64|issue=10|pages=3371–5|date=May 2004|pmid=15150086|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0044|doi-access=free}}</ref> Baldassarre et al.,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Baldassarre G, Battista S, Belletti B, Thakur S, Pentimalli F, Trapasso F, Fedele M, Pierantoni G, Croce CM, Fusco A|title=Negative regulation of BRCA1 gene expression by HMGA1 proteins accounts for the reduced BRCA1 protein levels in sporadic breast carcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-and-cellular-biology_2003-04_23_7/page/2225|journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology|volume=23|issue=7|pages=2225–38|date=April 2003|pmid=12640109|pmc=150734|doi=10.1128/MCB.23.7.2225-2238.2003}}</ref> ya nuna cewa sunadaran HMGA1 yana ɗaure zuwa yankin mai talla na DNA gyara gene ''BRCA1'' kuma yana hana ayyukan mai gabatarwa ''BRCA1'' . Sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da kawai 11% na ciwace-ciwacen nono ke da hypermethylation na ''BRCA1'' gene, 82% na ciwon nono mai tsanani yana da ƙananan furotin na BRCA1, kuma yawancin waɗannan raguwa sun kasance saboda gyaran chromatin ta hanyar manyan matakan furotin HMGA1. HMGA2 furotin na musamman yana kai hari ga mai ''tallata ERCC1'', don haka rage bayyanar da wannan kwayar cutar ta DNA.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Borrmann L, Schwanbeck R, Heyduk T, Seebeck B, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J, Wisniewski JR|title=High mobility group A2 protein and its derivatives bind a specific region of the promoter of DNA repair gene ERCC1 and modulate its activity|url=https://archive.org/details/nucleic-acids-research_2003-12-01_31_23/page/6841|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=31|issue=23|pages=6841–51|date=December 2003|pmid=14627817|pmc=290254|doi=10.1093/nar/gkg884}}</ref> Maganganun furotin na ERCC1 ya gaza a cikin 100% na 47 da aka kimanta ciwon daji na hanji (ko da yake ba a san iyakar abin da HGMA2 ke ciki ba).<ref name="Facista2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Facista A, Nguyen H, Lewis C, Prasad AR, Ramsey L, Zaitlin B, Nfonsam V, Krouse RS, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Stern S, Oatman N, Banerjee B, Bernstein C|title=Deficient expression of DNA repair enzymes in early progression to sporadic colon cancer|journal=Genome Integrity|volume=3|issue=1|pages=3|date=April 2012|pmid=22494821|pmc=3351028|doi=10.1186/2041-9414-3-3}}</ref> Palmieri et al.<ref name="Palmieri" /> ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin miRNAs da ke hari kwayoyin ''HMGA'' sun ragu sosai a kusan dukkanin adenoma pituitary ɗan adam da aka yi nazari, idan aka kwatanta da glandan pituitary na yau da kullun. Daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida na waɗannan miRNAs masu niyya HMGA, an sami haɓaka a cikin HMGA1 da takamaiman mRNAs na HMGA2. Uku daga cikin waɗannan microRNAs (miR-16, miR-196a da Let-7a))<ref name="Schnekenburger3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schnekenburger M, Diederich M|title=Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention|journal=Current Colorectal Cancer Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=66–81|date=March 2012|pmid=22389639|pmc=3277709|doi=10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Malumbres M|title=miRNAs and cancer: an epigenetics view|journal=Molecular Aspects of Medicine|volume=34|issue=4|pages=863–74|year=2013|pmid=22771542|pmc=5791883|doi=10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.005}}</ref> suna da masu tallata methylated don haka ƙarancin magana a cikin ciwon hanji. Na biyu daga cikin waɗannan, miR-15 da miR-16, yankuna masu coding an rufe su ta asali cikin cutar kansa saboda ayyukan histone deacetylase . <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sampath D, Liu C, Vasan K, Sulda M, Puduvalli VK, Wierda WG, Keating MJ|title=Histone deacetylases mediate the silencing of miR-15a, miR-16, and miR-29b in chronic lymphocytic leukemia|journal=Blood|volume=119|issue=5|pages=1162–72|date=February 2012|pmid=22096249|pmc=3277352|doi=10.1182/blood-2011-05-351510}}</ref> Lokacin da aka bayyana waɗannan microRNAs a ƙaramin matakin, to ana bayyana sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 a babban matakin. HMGA1 da HMGA2 manufa (rage maganganun) ''BRCA1'' da ''ERCC1'' DNA gyarawa. Don haka ana iya rage gyaran DNA, mai yiwuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansa. <ref name="BernsteinPrasad3">{{cite book|vauthors=Bernstein C, Prasad AR, Nfonsam V, Bernstein H|year=2013|chapter=Chapter 16: DNA Damage, DNA Repair and Cancer|title=New Research Directions in DNA Repair|editor-first=Clark|editor-last=Chen|isbn=978-953-51-1114-6|page=413}}</ref> == Hanyoyin gyaran DNA == [[File:DNA_damage,_repair,_alteration_of_repair_in_cancer.png|thumb|518x518px| Jadawalin abubuwan da ke lalata DNA na kowa, misalan raunukan da suke haifarwa a cikin DNA, da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don gyara waɗannan raunuka. Har ila yau, an nuna su da yawa daga cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin waɗannan hanyoyi, alamar abin da kwayoyin halitta suka tsara don rage (ko karuwa) magana a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Hakanan yana nuna kwayoyin halitta a cikin kuskure mai saurin kamuwa da microhomology-matsakaici ƙarshen haɗa hanya tare da ƙarin magana a cikin cututtukan daji daban-daban.]] Jadawalin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana nuna wasu abubuwa masu lalata DNA akai-akai, misalan raunukan DNA da suke haifarwa, da hanyoyin da ke magance waɗannan lalacewar DNA. Aƙalla enzymes 169 ana amfani da su kai tsaye a cikin gyaran DNA ko kuma tasiri hanyoyin gyaran DNA. <ref>[http://sciencepark.mdanderson.org/labs/wood/dna_repair_genes.html Human DNA Repair Genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815163628/http://sciencepark.mdanderson.org/labs/wood/dna_repair_genes.html |date=2017-08-15 }}, 15 April 2014, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas</ref> Daga cikin waɗannan, 83 suna aiki kai tsaye wajen gyara nau'ikan lalacewar DNA guda 5 da aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi. Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsakiyar waɗannan hanyoyin gyara ana nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi. Zane-zanen jinsin da aka nuna a cikin ja, launin toka ko cyan suna nuna kwayoyin halitta akai-akai suna canzawa a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan daji daban-daban. Rubutun Wikipedia akan kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halitta da ja, launin toka ko cyan suka haskaka sun bayyana canjin (s) epigenetic da ciwon daji (s) waɗanda aka samo waɗannan abubuwan. Manyan labaran binciken gwaji guda biyu<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Krishnan K, Steptoe AL, Martin HC, Wani S, Nones K, Waddell N, Mariasegaram M, Simpson PT, Lakhani SR, Gabrielli B, Vlassov A, Cloonan N, Grimmond SM|title=MicroRNA-182-5p targets a network of genes involved in DNA repair|journal=RNA|volume=19|issue=2|pages=230–42|date=February 2013|pmid=23249749|pmc=3543090|doi=10.1261/rna.034926.112}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chaisaingmongkol J, Popanda O, Warta R, Dyckhoff G, Herpel E, Geiselhart L, Claus R, Lasitschka F, Campos B, Oakes CC, Bermejo JL, Herold-Mende C, Plass C, Schmezer P|title=Epigenetic screen of human DNA repair genes identifies aberrant promoter methylation of NEIL1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma|journal=Oncogene|volume=31|issue=49|pages=5108–16|date=December 2012|pmid=22286769|doi=10.1038/onc.2011.660|doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma sun rubuta mafi yawan waɗannan raunin gyaran DNA na epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji. Kwayoyin halitta masu haske suna raguwa ko yin shiru akai-akai ta hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Lokacin da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin magana ko rashi, lalacewar DNA na iya tarawa. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da, a ƙarshe, ciwon daji. Danniya na Epigenetic na kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ''ingantattun'' hanyoyin gyaran DNA yana bayyana a matsayin tsakiya ga [[carcinogenesis]] . Ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu launin toka ''[[RAD51]]'' da ''[[Farashin BRCA2|BRCA2]]'', ana buƙatar su don gyara haɗin haɗin [[Haɗuwa da kamanni|gwiwa]] . Wani lokaci ana nuna su a cikin epigenetically fiye da bayyanawa kuma wani lokacin ba a bayyana su a wasu cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran Wikipedia akan [[RAD51]] da [[Farashin BRCA2|BRCA2]], irin wannan ciwon daji yawanci suna da ƙarancin epigenetic a cikin wasu kwayoyin gyara DNA. Waɗannan ƙarancin gyare-gyare na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara su ba. Bayanin sama-sama na ''RAD51'' da ''BRCA2'' da aka gani a cikin waɗannan cututtukan na iya nuna matsi na zaɓi don ramuwa ''RAD51'' ko ''BRCA2'' fiye da bayyanawa da haɓaka gyare-gyare na haɗin gwiwa don aƙalla wani ɓangare na magance irin wannan lalacewar DNA. A waɗancan lokuta inda ''RAD51'' ko ''BRCA2'' ba a bayyana su ba, wannan da kansa zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba [[Gyaran DNA|fassarar fassarar]] ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da ciwon daji, ta yadda rashin bayyanar ''RAD51'' ko ''BRCA2'' zai zama carcinogenic a cikin kanta. gyare-gyaren hutun madauri biyu, homology na 5-25 madaidaitan tushe guda 5-25 tsakanin maɗaurin biyun ya wadatar don daidaita madauri, amma ƙarshen da bai dace ba (flaps) yawanci yana nan. MMEJ yana cire ƙarin nucleotides (flaps) inda aka haɗa igiyoyi, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa igiyoyin don ƙirƙirar helix na DNA marar kyau. MMEJ kusan ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙaramin gogewa, ta yadda ta zama hanyar mutagenic. <ref name="Liang2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Liang L, Deng L, Chen Y, Li GC, Shao C, Tischfield JA|title=Modulation of DNA end joining by nuclear proteins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2005-09-09_280_36/page/31442|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=280|issue=36|pages=31442–9|date=September 2005|pmid=16012167|doi=10.1074/jbc.M503776200|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Flap tsarin-takamaiman OFCONUCCBOURE 1|Fen1]], Flap Sponglease a Mmej, shi ne epicinetally ya karu ta hanyar incarter hysomethyhybyhy ne kuma ya kare a cikin mafi cutar kansa na nono, ,<ref name="pmid159228632">{{cite journal|vauthors=Krause A, Combaret V, Iacono I, Lacroix B, Compagnon C, Bergeron C, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Leissner P, Mougin B, Puisieux A|title=Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in neuroblastomas detected by mass screening|journal=Cancer Letters|volume=225|issue=1|pages=111–20|date=July 2005|pmid=15922863|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2004.10.035|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00157917/file/Cancer_Letters_2004.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pmid157018302">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kim JM, Sohn HY, Yoon SY, Oh JH, Yang JO, Kim JH, Song KS, Rho SM, Yoo HS, Yoo HS, Kim YS, Kim JG, Kim NS|title=Identification of gastric cancer-related genes using a cDNA microarray containing novel expressed sequence tags expressed in gastric cancer cells|journal=Clinical Cancer Research|volume=11|issue=2 Pt 1|pages=473–82|date=January 2005|pmid=15701830}}</ref><ref name="pmid245904002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang K, Xie C, Chen D|title=Flap endonuclease 1 is a promising candidate biomarker in gastric cancer and is involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis|journal=International Journal of Molecular Medicine|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1268–74|date=May 2014|pmid=24590400|doi=10.3892/ijmm.2014.1682|doi-access=free}}</ref> neuroblastomomas, <ref name="pmid244484232">{{cite journal|vauthors=Li D, Bi FF, Cao JM, Cao C, Li CY, Liu B, Yang Q|title=Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 transcriptional regulation: a novel crosstalk between histone modification H3K9ac and ETS1 motif hypomethylation in BRCA1-mutated ovarian cancer|journal=Oncotarget|volume=5|issue=1|pages=291–7|date=January 2014|pmid=24448423|pmc=3960209|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.1549}}</ref> <ref name="pmid126516072">{{cite journal|vauthors=Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Maitra A, Olsen M, Lowe AW, van Heek NT, Rosty C, Walter K, Sato N, Parker A, Ashfaq R, Jaffee E, Ryu B, Jones J, Eshleman JR, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Kern SE, Hruban RH, Brown PO, Goggins M|title=Exploration of global gene expression patterns in pancreatic adenocarcinoma using cDNA microarrays|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=162|issue=4|pages=1151–62|date=April 2003|pmid=12651607|pmc=1851213|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63911-9}}</ref>, <ref name="pmid145620542">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sato M, Girard L, Sekine I, Sunaga N, Ramirez RD, Kamibayashi C, Minna JD|title=Increased expression and no mutation of the Flap endonuclease (FEN1) gene in human lung cancer|journal=Oncogene|volume=22|issue=46|pages=7243–6|date=October 2003|pmid=14562054|doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1206977|doi-access=free}}</ref> da huhu. <ref name="pmid168796932">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lam JS, Seligson DB, Yu H, Li A, Eeva M, Pantuck AJ, Zeng G, Horvath S, Belldegrun AS|title=Flap endonuclease 1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and is associated with a high Gleason score|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bju-international_2006-08_98_2/page/445|journal=BJU International|volume=98|issue=2|pages=445–51|date=August 2006|pmid=16879693|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06224.x|s2cid=22165252}}</ref> Har ila yau, PARP1 an fi bayyana shi sosai lokacin da yankin [[ETS1|ETS]] mai tallata shi ya kasance hypomethylated na epigenetically, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji na endometrial, <ref name="pmid234426052">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bi FF, Li D, Yang Q|title=Promoter hypomethylation, especially around the E26 transformation-specific motif, and increased expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer|journal=BMC Cancer|volume=13|pages=90|date=February 2013|pmid=23442605|pmc=3599366|doi=10.1186/1471-2407-13-90}}</ref> BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, <ref name="pmid24448423">{{Cite journal}}</ref> da BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. <ref name="pmid23442605">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar [[Microhomology-matsakaici ƙarshen haɗawa|MMEJ suma]] an nuna su sosai a cikin adadin cutar kansa (duba [[Microhomology-matsakaici ƙarshen haɗawa|MMEJ]] don taƙaitawa), kuma ana nuna su da shuɗi. == Matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin kwayoyin gyara DNA == Rashin ƙarancin sunadaran gyaran DNA waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA suna ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel tare da maye gurbi a cikin [[Gyaran rashin daidaituwa na DNA|gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA]] <ref name="Narayanan2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM|title=Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=94|issue=7|pages=3122–7|date=April 1997|pmid=9096356|pmc=20332|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122|bibcode=1997PNAS...94.3122N|jstor=41786|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hegan2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM|title=Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6|journal=Carcinogenesis|volume=27|issue=12|pages=2402–8|date=December 2006|pmid=16728433|pmc=2612936|doi=10.1093/carcin/bgl079}}</ref> ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa ( [[Haɗuwa da kamanni|HRR]] ). <ref name="Tutt">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi a cikin kowane ɗayan 34 na gyaran DNA suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa (duba [[Rashin gyara-rashin DNA|lahani na gyaran DNA da haɓaka haɗarin kansa]] ). A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ana samun rashi a gyaran DNA lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, amma yawanci ana ragewa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke rage ko yin shiru. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da [[Rashin fahimtar maye gurbi|maye gurbi]] a cikin DNA na gyaran [[O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase|''MGMT'']], yayin da mafi yawan sun rage ''MGMT'' magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na ''MGMT'' (canjin epigenetic). <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I, Tomlinson I|title=O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2005-06_54_6/page/797|journal=Gut|volume=54|issue=6|pages=797–802|date=June 2005|pmid=15888787|pmc=1774551|doi=10.1136/gut.2004.059535}}</ref> Hakazalika, daga cikin lokuta 119 na rashin daidaiton gyare-gyare-rashin ciwon daji na launi waɗanda ba su da gyaran DNA na ''PMS2'' magana, sunadarin PMS2 ya gaza a cikin 6 saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin ''PMS2'', yayin da a cikin lokuta 103 PMS2 magana ta kasa saboda an danne abokin tarayya MLH1. saboda mai gabatarwa methylation (protein PMS2 ba shi da kwanciyar hankali idan babu MLH1). A cikin sauran shari'o'in 10, asarar bayanin PMS2 ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar epigenetic na microRNA, miR-155, wanda ke daidaita MLH1. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran gyare-gyare sun kasance akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. A cikin tebur, an ƙididdige ciwon daji da yawa don ragewa ko rashin bayyanar jigon gyaran DNA na sha'awa, kuma mitar da aka nuna shi ne yawan ciwon daji da ke da ƙarancin epigenetic na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan raunin epigenetic yana iya tasowa da wuri a cikin [[carcinogenesis]], tun da yake ana samun su akai-akai (ko da yake a ɗan ƙananan mita) a cikin [[Neoplasm|lahani]] da ke kewaye da ciwon daji wanda ciwon daji zai iya tasowa (duba Table). {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yawan raguwar epigenetic a cikin maganganun gyaran kwayoyin halitta na DNA a cikin ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci da kuma a cikin lahani na kusa. !Cancer !Gene !Frequency in Cancer !Frequency in Field Defect !Ref. |- !Colorectal |''[[MGMT (gene)|MGMT]]'' |46% |34% |<ref name="pmid16174854">{{cite journal|vauthors=Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, Houlihan PS, Krouse RS, Prasad AR, Einspahr JG, Buckmeier J, Alberts DS, Hamilton SR, Issa JP|title=MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|volume=97|issue=18|pages=1330–8|date=September 2005|pmid=16174854|doi=10.1093/jnci/dji275|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- !Colorectal |''MGMT'' |47% |11% |<ref name="pmid21706233">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lee KH, Lee JS, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Lee JH|title=Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT genes in colorectal cancer associated with adenoma-carcinoma sequence|journal=Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery|volume=396|issue=7|pages=1017–26|date=October 2011|pmid=21706233|doi=10.1007/s00423-011-0812-9|s2cid=8069716}}</ref> |- !Colorectal |''MGMT'' |70% |60% |<ref name="Svrcek et al 2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Svrcek M, Buhard O, Colas C, Coulet F, Dumont S, Massaoudi I, Lamri A, Hamelin R, Cosnes J, Oliveira C, Seruca R, Gaub MP, Legrain M, Collura A, Lascols O, Tiret E, Fléjou JF, Duval A|title=Methylation tolerance due to an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) field defect in the colonic mucosa: an initiating step in the development of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers|journal=Gut|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1516–26|date=November 2010|pmid=20947886|doi=10.1136/gut.2009.194787|s2cid=206950452}}</ref> |- !Colorectal |''[[MSH2]]'' |13% |5% |<ref name="pmid21706233" /> |- !Colorectal |''[[ERCC1]]'' |100% |40% |<ref name="Facista" /> |- !Colorectal |''[[PMS2]]'' |88% |50% |<ref name="Facista" /> |- !Colorectal |''[[XPF (gene)|XPF]]'' |55% |40% |<ref name="Facista" /> |- !Head and Neck |''MGMT'' |54% |38% |<ref name="Jaroslaw et al 2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Paluszczak J, Misiak P, Wierzbicka M, Woźniak A, Baer-Dubowska W|title=Frequent hypermethylation of DAPK, RARbeta, MGMT, RASSF1A and FHIT in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa|journal=Oral Oncology|volume=47|issue=2|pages=104–7|date=February 2011|pmid=21147548|doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.11.006}}</ref> |- !Head and Neck |''[[MLH1]]'' |33% |25% |<ref name="Chunlai et al 2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zuo C, Zhang H, Spencer HJ, Vural E, Suen JY, Schichman SA, Smoller BR, Kokoska MS, Fan CY|title=Increased microsatellite instability and epigenetic inactivation of the hMLH1 gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_otolaryngology-head-and-neck-surgery_2009-10_141_4/page/484|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume=141|issue=4|pages=484–90|date=October 2009|pmid=19786217|doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2009.07.007|s2cid=8357370}}</ref> |- !Head and Neck |''MLH1'' |31% |20% |<ref name="Tawfik et al 2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tawfik HM, El-Maqsoud NM, Hak BH, El-Sherbiny YM|title=Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 gene|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-otolaryngology_november-december-2011_32_6/page/528|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=528–36|year=2011|pmid=21353335|doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.005}}</ref> |- !Stomach |''MGMT'' |88% |78% |<ref name="Zou et al 2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zou XP, Zhang B, Zhang XQ, Chen M, Cao J, Liu WJ|title=Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in early gastric adenocarcinoma and precancerous lesions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-pathology_2009-11_40_11/page/1534|journal=Human Pathology|volume=40|issue=11|pages=1534–42|date=November 2009|pmid=19695681|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.029}}</ref> |- !Stomach |''MLH1'' |73% |20% |<ref name="pmid23098428">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wani M, Afroze D, Makhdoomi M, Hamid I, Wani B, Bhat G, Wani R, Wani K|title=Promoter methylation status of DNA repair gene (hMLH1) in gastric carcinoma patients of the Kashmir valley|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention|volume=13|issue=8|pages=4177–81|year=2012|pmid=23098428|doi=10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.8.4177|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- !Esophagus |''MLH1'' |77%–100% |23%–79% |<ref name="Agarwal et al 2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A|title=Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma|journal=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology|volume=5|issue=5|pages=382–96|year=2012|pmid=22808291|pmc=3396065}}</ref> |} Ya bayyana cewa ana iya farawa da kansa akai-akai ta hanyar raguwar epigenetic a cikin furci ɗaya ko fiye da gyaran enzymes na DNA. Rage gyaran DNA na iya ba da damar tara lalacewar DNA. Kuskuren [[Gyaran DNA|haɗakar]] fassarar fassarar wasu daga cikin waɗannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin fa'ida. Faci na clonal tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iya girma kuma ya fita gasa sel makwabta, yana haifar da [[Neoplasm|lahani na filin]] . Duk da yake babu wata [[Zaɓin yanayi|fa'ida ta zahiri]] ga tantanin halitta don ya rage gyaran DNA, za a iya ɗaukar [[Epimutation|jigilar]] kwayar halittar DNA ɗin tare da fasinja lokacin da sel masu zaɓin maye gurbi. A cikin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin zaɓi, ƙarin lalacewar DNA za su taru, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da ƙarin maye gurbi tare da zaɓi mafi girma. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin gyaran DNA na iya ba da gudummawa ga sifa mai girman mitar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, kuma yana haifar da ci gaban carcinogenic. Ciwon daji suna da babban matakan [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali|rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta]], wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan [[maye gurbi]] . Yawaitar maye gurbi yana ƙara yuwuwar takamaiman maye gurbi da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kunna oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda ke haifar da [[carcinogenesis]] . Dangane da [[Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta|tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta gaba daya]], ana samun ciwon daji suna da dubunnan zuwa daruruwan dubbai na maye gurbi a dukkan kwayoyin halittarsu.<ref name="pmid231784482">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tuna M, Amos CI|title=Genomic sequencing in cancer|journal=Cancer Letters|volume=340|issue=2|pages=161–70|date=November 2013|pmid=23178448|pmc=3622788|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.004}}</ref> (Haka kuma duba [[Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta|mitocin maye gurbi a cikin cututtukan daji]] . ) Idan aka kwatanta, mitar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsararraki ga mutane (iyaye da yaro) kusan sabbin maye gurbi 70 ne a kowane zamani.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Roach JC, Glusman G, Smit AF, Huff CD, Hubley R, Shannon PT, Rowen L, Pant KP, Goodman N, Bamshad M, Shendure J, Drmanac R, Jorde LB, Hood L, Galas DJ|title=Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-04-30_328_5978/page/636|journal=Science|volume=328|issue=5978|pages=636–9|date=April 2010|pmid=20220176|pmc=3037280|doi=10.1126/science.1186802|bibcode=2010Sci...328..636R}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Campbell CD, Chong JX, Malig M, Ko A, Dumont BL, Han L, Vives L, O'Roak BJ, Sudmant PH, Shendure J, Abney M, Ober C, Eichler EE|title=Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=44|issue=11|pages=1277–81|date=November 2012|pmid=23001126|pmc=3483378|doi=10.1038/ng.2418}}</ref> A cikin yankuna masu rikodin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta, akwai kusan 0.35 maye gurbi tsakanin zuriyar iyaye/yara (kasa da furotin da aka canza a kowane zamani). <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Keightley PD|title=Rates and fitness consequences of new mutations in humans|journal=Genetics|volume=190|issue=2|pages=295–304|date=February 2012|pmid=22345605|pmc=3276617|doi=10.1534/genetics.111.134668}}</ref> Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jini don wasu tagwaye iri ɗaya masu shekaru 100 kawai sun sami bambance-bambancen somatic 8, kodayake ba za a iya gano bambancin somatic da ke faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 20% na ƙwayoyin jini ba. <ref name="pmid241823602">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ye K, Beekman M, Lameijer EW, Zhang Y, Moed MH, van den Akker EB, Deelen J, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Kremer D, Anvar SY, Laros JF, Jones D, Raine K, Blackburne B, Potluri S, Long Q, Guryev V, van der Breggen R, Westendorp RG, 't Hoen PA, den Dunnen J, van Ommen GJ, Willemsen G, Pitts SJ, Cox DR, Ning Z, Boomsma DI, Slagboom PE|title=Aging as accelerated accumulation of somatic variants: whole-genome sequencing of centenarian and middle-aged monozygotic twin pairs|journal=Twin Research and Human Genetics|volume=16|issue=6|pages=1026–32|date=December 2013|pmid=24182360|doi=10.1017/thg.2013.73|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/19298337/S183242741300073Xa.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayin da lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar [[Gyaran DNA|haɗin fassarar]] kuskure, lalacewar DNA kuma na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yayin tafiyar da DNA mara kyau. Lalacewar DNA da ke taruwa saboda lahani na gyaran DNA na epigenetic na iya zama tushen haɓakar sauye-sauyen epigenetic da aka samu a yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan daji. A cikin binciken farko, duban ƙayyadaddun saiti na masu tallata rubutu, Fernandez et al. <ref name="pmid21613409">{{Cite journal}}</ref> yayi nazarin bayanan methylation DNA na ciwace-ciwacen farko na 855. Kwatanta kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta tare da nama na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, rukunin tsibirin CpG 729 (55% na rukunin 1322 CpG da aka kimanta) sun nuna bambancin DNA methylation. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 496 sun kasance hypermethylated (danne) kuma 233 sun kasance hypomethylated (an kunna). Don haka, akwai babban matakin haɓakar epigenetic mai haɓaka methylation a cikin ciwace-ciwace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ciwon daji. [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hq7l2slqx7in8dc5sybzfqe1jfwrksc Kwayoyin Ciwon Daji 0 29294 967328 951541 2026-10-13T21:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Symptoms_of_cancer_metastasis-ru.svg |thumb|Alamomin ]] [[File:Cancer_stem_cells_text_resized.svg|thumb|320x320px| '''Hoto na 1:''' Ƙayyadadden ƙwayar cuta]] [[File:The_hallmarks_of_cancer_according_to_Hanahan_and_Weinberg.webp |thumb|Bayanin alamomin]] [[Fayil:Cancer stem cells model.png|thumb]] '''Kwayoyin ciwon daji''' ( '''CSCs''' ), ya kasan ce kuma sune kwayoyin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (wanda aka samo a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji ko ciwon daji ) waɗanda ke da halaye masu alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta na al'ada, musamman ikon haifar da kuma duk nau'in tantanin halitta da kuma aka samu a cikin wani samfurin ciwon daji. Saboda haka [[Carcinogenesis|CSCs]] suna da ƙari (tumor-forming), watakila ya bambanta da sauran kwayoyin cutar kansa marasa tumorigenic.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sreepadmanabh M, Toley BJ|title=Investigations into the cancer stem cell niche using in-vitro 3-D tumor models and microfluidics|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=36|issue=4|pages=1094–1110|date=2018|pmid=29559382|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.009}}</ref> CSCs, na iya haifar da ciwace-ciwace ta hanyar tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na sabuntawar kai da bambancewa cikin nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa. Irin waɗannan awayoyin ana tsammanin zasu cigaba da kasancewa cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a matsayin jama'a daban-daban kuma suna haifar da koma baya da [[metastasis]] ta hanyar haifar da sabbin ciwace-ciwace. Sabili da haka, haɓaka takamaiman hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da aka yi niyya a CSCs, yana riƙe da bege don inganta rayuwa da ingancin rayuwar marasa lafiyar cutar kansa, musamman ga marasa lafiya da [[Metastasis|cututtukan metastatic]] . Maganin ciwon daji da ake da su galibi an haɓaka su ne bisa nau'ikan dabbobi, inda aka yi la'akarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Duk da haka, dabbobi ba su samar da cikakken samfurin cutar ɗan adam ba. Musamman, a cikin berayen, waɗanda kuma tsawon rayuwarsu ba su wuce shekaru biyu ba, sake dawowar ƙari yana da wuyar yin karatu. Ingancin jiyya na ciwon daji shine, a farkon matakan gwaji, sau da yawa ana auna su ta hanyar raguwar ɓarna na ƙwayar cuta ( [[Kashe juzu'i|kashe kashi]] ). Kamar yadda CSCs, ke samar da ƙaramin rabo na ƙari, wannan ƙila ba lallai ba ne zaɓin magungunan da ke aiki musamman akan sel mai tushe. Ka'idar ta nuna cewa [[Chemotherapy|chemotherapies]] na al'ada suna kashe nau'i daban-daban ko bambance-bambancen sel, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan ƙwayar cuta amma ba sa haifar da sababbin kwayoyin halitta. Yawan jama'ar CSC, waɗanda kuma suka haifar da ita, na iya zama ba a taɓa su ba kuma suna haifar da koma baya. [[John Dick (Masanin halittu)|John Dick]] ne ya fara gano ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a cikin [[M myeloid cutar sankarar bargo|m myeloid leukemia]] a ƙarshen 1990s. Tun daga farkon 2000s, sun kasance babban [[Binciken ciwon daji|binciken bincike]] kan kansa. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Siddhartha|title=The Cancer Sleeper Cell|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/magazine/31Cancer-t.html?pagewanted=4&_r=1&|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=15 July 2014|date=2010-10-29}}</ref> An tsara kalmar da kanta a cikin takarda da aka ambata sosai a cikin 2001, ta masana ilimin halitta [[Tannishtha Reya]], [[Sean J. Morrison]], Michael F. Clarke da [[Irving Weissman ne adam wata|Irving Weissman]] . <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL|title=Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-11-01_414_6859/page/105|journal=Nature|volume=414|issue=6859|pages=105–11|date=November 2001|pmid=11689955|doi=10.1038/35102167|bibcode=2001Natur.414..105R|hdl=2027.42/62862|s2cid=4343326}}</ref> == Samfurin yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta. == A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan [[Tumor|ƙari]] daban-daban, sel a cikin yawan ƙwayar ƙari suna nuna nau'ikan aiki [[Tumor iri-iri|iri]] -iri kuma ana samun ciwace-ciwace daga [[Kwayoyin halitta (ilimin halitta)|sel]] masu iya yaduwa iri-iri da [[Ilimin halitta na ci gaba|bambanta]] . <ref name="2/12">{{cite journal|vauthors=Heppner GH, Miller BE|title=Tumor heterogeneity: biological implications and therapeutic consequences|journal=Cancer and Metastasis Reviews|volume=2|issue=1|pages=5–23|year=1983|pmid=6616442|doi=10.1007/BF00046903|s2cid=2769686}}</ref> Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in [[Kwayoyin cutar daji|ciwon daji]] ya haifar da ƙirƙirar nau'o'in yaduwa da yawa don yin lissafin nau'i-nau'i da bambance-bambance a cikin iyawar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta: ƙwayar ciwon daji (CSC) da samfurin stochastic. Duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi sun tabbatar da cewa wannan ƙira ta wucin gadi ce, tun da dukkanin hanyoyin biyu suna aiki ne bisa ga madaidaicin halaye dangane da ainihin yawan ƙwayar cuta. Mahimmanci an lura cewa yayin da a cikin lafiyayyan ɗan adam epithelium na esophageal lafiyayyan nauyin yaduwa yana haɗuwa da stochastically rarraba basal epithelium. Bayan sauye-sauyensa zuwa epithelium na Barrett na farko, duk da haka, wani ƙaramin ɗaki mai ɗorewa yana bayyana wanda ke goyan bayan yaɗuwar epithelium yayin da shaidu guda ɗaya na sashin rarraba stochastically wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye nama ya ɓace. Don haka, aƙalla don wasu kyallen jikin neoplastic, ɓangarorin ɓangarorin sel da aka keɓe suna kula da haɓaka girman sashin da aka canza <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pan Q, Nicholson AM, arr H, Harrison LA, Wilson GD, Burkert J, Jeffery R, Alison MR, Looijenga L, Lin WR, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Harrison R, Peppelenbosch MP, Jankowski JA|title=Identification of lineage-uncommitted, long-lived, label-retaining cells in healthy human esophagus and stomach, and in metaplastic esophagus|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=144|issue=4|pages=761–70|date=April 2013|pmid=23266557|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.022|url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/16079/1/16079%20GASTRO-D-11-01797-v7nonhighlighted.pdf}}</ref> [[File:Normal_stem_cells.png|thumb|'''Hoto 2:''' Matsayin salon salula na yau da kullun wanda ya ƙunshi [[Kwayoyin tushe|sel mai tushe]] a koli, waɗanda ke haifar da gama-gari kuma mafi ƙuntataccen ƙwayoyin sel da kuma a ƙarshe nau'ikan tantanin halitta waɗanda suka ƙunshi nama na musamman.]] [[File:Cancer_stem_cells_model.png|thumb|'''Hoto na 3''' . A cikin tsarin kwayar cutar kansa (CSC), CSCs kawai ke da ikon haifar da ƙari, dangane da abubuwan sabunta kansu da yuwuwar haɓakawa.]] === Samfurin kwayar cutar kansa. === Samfurin kwayar cutar kansa, wanda kuma aka sani da Tsarin Hierarchical Model ya ba da shawarar cewa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji suna cikin tsari (CSCs suna kwance a koli <ref name="2/62">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bonnet D, Dick JE|title=Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=3|issue=7|pages=730–7|date=July 1997|pmid=9212098|doi=10.1038/nm0797-730|s2cid=205381050}}</ref> (Fig. 3). A cikin yawan ciwon daji na ciwace-ciwacen daji akwai ƙwayoyin cuta masu ciwon daji (CSC) waɗanda ke da ƙwayoyin tumorigenic kuma sun bambanta da ilimin halitta da sauran ƙananan jama'a <ref name="citation|PMID=240608642">{{citation|pmid=24060864|doi=10.1038/nrc3597|volume=13|issue=10|title=Unravelling cancer stem cell potential|vauthors=Beck B, Blanpain C|journal=Nat Rev Cancer|pages=727–38|year=2013|s2cid=11882727}}</ref> Suna da siffofi guda biyu: ikon su na dogon lokaci don sabunta kansu da kuma ikon su na bambanta. cikin zuriyar da ba su da ƙari amma har yanzu suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Wannan samfurin yana ba da shawarar cewa kawai wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ciwon daji suna da ikon haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji, ma'ana cewa akwai takamaiman halaye (na zahiri) waɗanda za a iya gano su sannan kuma a yi niyya don lalata ƙwayar cuta na dogon lokaci ba tare da buƙatar yaƙi da cutar ba. duka ƙari. <ref name="2/122">{{cite journal|vauthors=Heppner GH, Miller BE|title=Tumor heterogeneity: biological implications and therapeutic consequences|journal=Cancer and Metastasis Reviews|volume=2|issue=1|pages=5–23|year=1983|pmid=6616442|doi=10.1007/BF00046903|s2cid=2769686}}</ref> === Stochastic model === Domin tantanin halitta ya zama mai ciwon daji dole ne ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ga jerin DNA. Wannan samfurin tantanin halitta yana nuna waɗannan maye gurbi na iya faruwa ga kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji. Ainihin wannan ka'idar tana ba da shawarar cewa duk ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon zama ƙari suna yin duk ƙwayoyin ƙari daidai da ikon sabunta kansu ko bambanta, wanda ke haifar da nau'in ƙari yayin da wasu na iya bambanta zuwa waɗanda ba CSCs <ref name="citation|PMID=244162582">{{citation|pmid=24416258|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0084654|pmc=3886990|volume=9|issue=1|title=Dynamics between cancer cell subpopulations reveals a model coordinating with both hierarchical and stochastic concepts|vauthors=Wang W, Quan Y, Fu Q, Liu Y, Liang Y, Wu J, Yang G, Luo C, Ouyang Q, Wang Y|journal=PLOS ONE|pages=e84654|year=2014|bibcode=2014PLoSO...984654W|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarfin tantanin halitta zai iya. Za a rinjayi abubuwan da ba a yi tsammani ba ko abubuwan [[epigenetic]], wanda ke haifar da sel daban-daban a cikin duka ƙwayoyin tumorigenic da waɗanda ba na tumorigenic waɗanda ke haɗa ƙari. Dangane da "samfurin stochastic" (ko "samfurin juyin halitta na clonal") kowane kwayar cutar kansa a cikin ƙari zai iya samun ikon sabunta kansa da bambanta da yawa da nau'ikan zuriyar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa waɗanda ke lalata ƙari <ref>{{citation|pmid=24607403|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2014.02.006|volume=14|issue=3|title=Evolution of the cancer stem cell model|vauthors=Kreso A, Dick JE|journal=Cell Stem Cell|pages=275–91|year=2014}}</ref> [[File:Klonální_evoluce.png|thumb|'''Hoto na 4:''' A cikin tsarin juyin halitta na clonal, duk ƙwayoyin da ba su da bambanci suna da irin wannan damar don canzawa zuwa kwayar cutar tumorigenic.]] Waɗannan maye gurbi na iya ci gaba da tarawa da haɓaka juriya da dacewa da ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke ba su damar yin nasara ga sauran ƙwayoyin ƙari, waɗanda aka fi sani da ƙirar [[Juyin Juyin Halitta|juyin halitta na somatic]] . Samfurin Juyin Halitta na clonal, wanda ke faruwa a cikin nau'in CSC duka da kuma samfurin stochastic, yana ƙaddamar da cewa ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu rikiɗawa tare da fa'idar girma sun fi sauran. Kwayoyin da ke cikin mafi yawan jama'a suna da irin wannan damar don fara haɓakar ƙari. <ref name="2/112">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barabé F, Kennedy JA, Hope KJ, Dick JE|title=Modeling the initiation and progression of human acute leukemia in mice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-04-27_316_5824/page/600|journal=Science|volume=316|issue=5824|pages=600–4|date=April 2007|pmid=17463288|doi=10.1126/science.1139851|bibcode=2007Sci...316..600B|s2cid=34417642}}</ref> (Hoto 4). <ref name="2/82">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nowell PC|title=The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1976-10-01_194_4260/page/23|journal=Science|volume=194|issue=4260|pages=23–8|date=October 1976|pmid=959840|doi=10.1126/science.959840|bibcode=1976Sci...194...23N}}</ref> Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu ba su keɓanta juna ba, kamar yadda CSCs da kansu ke fuskantar juyin halitta na clonal. Don haka, na biyu mafi rinjaye na CSC na iya fitowa, idan maye gurbi yana ba da ƙarin kaddarorin mummuna<ref name="2/12b2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Clark EA, Golub TR, Lander ES, Hynes RO|title=Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-08-03_406_6795/page/532|journal=Nature|volume=406|issue=6795|pages=532–5|date=August 2000|pmid=10952316|doi=10.1038/35020106|bibcode=2000Natur.406..532C|s2cid=4301092}}</ref> (Fig. 5). [[File:Fig.4.png|thumb|'''Hoto na 5''' : Duk nau'ikan ciwon daji na iya taka rawa wajen kula da ƙwayar cuta. Da farko, an tabbatar da ci gaban ƙari tare da takamaiman CSC (CSC1). Tare da ci gaban ƙari, wani CSC (CSC 2) na iya tasowa saboda [[Zaɓin kaɗa|zaɓin clonal]] . Haɓaka sabon ƙarin m CSC na iya haifar da samun ƙarin maye gurbi ko [[Gyaran Epigenetic|gyare-gyaren epigenetic]] .]] == Haɗa samfuran CSC da stochastic tare == Wani bincike a cikin 2014 yana jayayya da rata tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan rigima guda biyu za a iya daidaita su ta hanyar samar da wani bayani na daban-daban na ƙari. Suna nuna samfurin da ya haɗa da bangarorin biyu na Stochastic da CSC. Sun bincika [[Plasticity mai tushe|filastik]] mai tushe na kansa wanda a cikinsa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kansa za su iya canzawa tsakanin ƙwayoyin sel marasa ciwon daji (Non-CSC) da CSC ta wurin [[A cikin wurin|da ke]] tallafawa ƙarin ƙirar Stochastic.<ref>{{citation|pmid=25621103|doi=10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.27|pmc=4300934|volume=7|issue=1|title=Cancer stem cell plasticity and tumor hierarchy|vauthors=Cabrera MC, Hollingsworth RE, Hurt EM|journal=World J Stem Cells|pages=27–36|year=2015}}</ref> Amma kasancewar duka nau'ikan halittu daban-daban waɗanda ba CSC ba da CSC suna goyan bayan ƙarin ƙirar CSC, suna ba da shawarar cewa duka samfuran biyu na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayar cuta. == Samfurin rigakafin cutar kansa. == Wannan samfurin yana nuna cewa kaddarorin rigakafi na iya zama mahimmanci don fahimtar tumorigenesis da iri-iri. Don haka, CSCs na iya zama da wuya a wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji,<ref name="pmid197348772">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gupta PB, Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA|title=Cancer stem cells: mirage or reality?|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=15|issue=9|pages=1010–2|date=September 2009|pmid=19734877|doi=10.1038/nm0909-1010|s2cid=14167044}} {{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}></ref> amma wasu masu bincike sun gano cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta na iya fara ciwace-ciwace idan an dasa su cikin ɓeraye marasa ƙarfi, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, Morrison SJ|title=Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells|journal=Nature|volume=456|issue=7222|pages=593–8|date=December 2008|pmid=19052619|pmc=2597380|doi=10.1038/nature07567|bibcode=2008Natur.456..593Q}}</ref> don haka suna tambayar dacewar CSCs da ba kasafai ba. Koyaya, duka sel masu tushe <ref>{{cite book|pmid=23756938|year=2013|vauthors=Ichiryu N, Fairchild PJ|veditors=Zavazava N|title=Embryonic Stem Cell Immunobiology|journal=<!--Bypass Citation bot -->|volume=1029|pages=1–16|doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-478-4_1|chapter=Immune Privilege of Stem Cells|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|isbn=978-1-62703-477-7}}</ref> da CSCs <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Maccalli C, Volontè A, Cimminiello C, Parmiani G|title=Immunology of cancer stem cells in solid tumours. A review|journal=European Journal of Cancer|volume=50|issue=3|pages=649–55|date=February 2014|pmid=24333096|doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2013.11.014}}</ref> suna da sifofin rigakafi na musamman waɗanda ke ba su juriya sosai ga rigakafin rigakafi. Don haka, CSCs kawai za su iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a cikin marasa lafiya tare da aikin rigakafi na rigakafi, kuma gata na rigakafi na iya zama mahimmin ma'auni don gano CSCs. <ref name="ReferenceB2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bruttel VS, Wischhusen J|title=Cancer stem cell immunology: key to understanding tumorigenesis and tumor immune escape?|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=5|pages=360|year=2014|pmid=25120546|pmc=4114188|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2014.00360|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, samfurin yana nuna cewa CSCs, na iya kasancewa da farko sun dogara da ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel, kuma CSCs na iya aiki a can azaman tafki wanda maye gurbi zai iya tara shekaru da yawa ba tare da ƙuntatawa ta tsarin rigakafi ba. Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya girma idan: A) CSCs, sun rasa dogaro ga abubuwan alkuki (ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji), B) zuriyarsu masu yaɗuwa sosai, duk da haka da farko ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta al'ada ta haɓaka tana nufin tserewa rigakafi ko C) tsarin rigakafi na iya rasa ta. Ƙarfin ƙwayar cuta, misali saboda tsufa. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === Muhawara. === Kasancewar CSCs yana ƙarƙashin muhawara, saboda yawancin binciken da aka samu babu sel tare da takamaiman halayen su. <ref name="pmid19734877">{{Cite journal}} {{Dead link}}></ref> Kwayoyin ciwon daji dole ne su kasance masu iya ci gaba da yaduwa da sabuntawar kansu don riƙe da yawancin maye gurbi da ake buƙata don [[carcinogenesis]] da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, tun da sel daban-daban (wanda aka ƙuntata ta [[Hayflick iyaka|Hayflick Limit]] <ref name="pmid14315085">{{Cite journal}}</ref> ) ba zai iya rarraba ba har abada. Don la'akarin warkewa, idan yawancin ƙwayoyin tumor suna da abubuwan da suka dace, niyya girman ƙari kai tsaye dabara ce mai inganci. Idan CSC ƴan tsiraru ne, niyya su na iya zama mafi inganci. Wani muhawara game da asalin CSCs - ko daga dysregulation na kwayoyin halitta na al'ada ko kuma daga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jama'a waɗanda suka sami ikon sabunta kansu (wanda ke da alaƙa da batun ƙwayar ƙwayar [[Adult kara cell|ƙwayar]] cuta). Rikita wannan muhawara shine gano cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna nuna [[Phenotypic filastik|nau'in filastik]] a ƙarƙashin ƙalubale na warkewa, suna canza rubutun su zuwa yanayi mai kama da kara don guje wa halaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}} === Shaida. === Tabbatacciyar shaida ta farko don CSCs ta zo a cikin 1997. Bonnet da Dick sun keɓe ƙananan ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo waɗanda suka bayyana alamar [[CD34]], amma ba [[CD38]] ba. <ref name="pmid92120982">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bonnet D, Dick JE|title=Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=3|issue=7|pages=730–7|date=July 1997|pmid=9212098|doi=10.1038/nm0797-730|s2cid=205381050|author2-link=John Dick (scientist)}}</ref> Mawallafa sun tabbatar da cewa CD34 <sup>+</sup> / CD38 <sup>-</sup> yawan yawan jama'a yana da ikon fara ciwace-ciwace a cikin berayen NOD/ [[Haɗaɗɗen rashin ƙarfi mai tsanani|SCID]] waɗanda suka yi kama da mai bayarwa. Shaida ta farko na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayar cutar kansar ƙwayar cuta mai kama da tantanin halitta ta biyo baya a cikin 2002, tare da gano ƙwayar cuta ta clonogenic, tantanin halitta wanda ke ware kuma yana da alaƙa daga [[gliomas]] na kwakwalwar ɗan adam balagagge. Ciwon daji na cortical [[Neuroglia|glial]] na ɗan adam sun ƙunshi sel masu kama da jijiya waɗanda ke bayyana alamun astroglial da alamun neuronal ''a cikin vitro'' . <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ignatova TN, Kukekov VG, Laywell ED, Suslov ON, Vrionis FD, Steindler DA|title=Human cortical glial tumors contain neural stem-like cells expressing astroglial and neuronal markers in vitro|journal=Glia|volume=39|issue=3|pages=193–206|date=September 2002|pmid=12203386|doi=10.1002/glia.10094|s2cid=37236481}}</ref> Kwayoyin ciwon daji da aka ware daga manyan gliomas na ɗan adam an nuna su haifar da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwayar mahaifa lokacin da aka cusa su cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta tsirara. <ref name="Sundar20142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sundar SJ, Hsieh JK, Manjila S, Lathia JD, Sloan A|title=The role of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma|journal=Neurosurgical Focus|volume=37|issue=6|pages=E6|date=December 2014|pmid=25434391|doi=10.3171/2014.9.FOCUS14494}}</ref> A cikin gwaje-gwajen [[Binciken ciwon daji|bincike na ciwon daji]], wasu lokuta ana allurar ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin [[Gwajin dabbobi|dabbar gwaji]] don kafa ƙari. Ana ci gaba da ci gaban cuta a cikin lokaci kuma ana iya gwada magungunan novel don ingancin su. Samuwar Tumor yana buƙatar dubunnan ko dubun duban sel don gabatar da su. A al'ada, an bayyana wannan ta hanyar rashin kyaun tsari (watau ƙwayoyin tumor sun rasa [[wiktionary:viable|ƙarfinsu]] yayin canja wuri) ko mahimmancin mahimmancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman mahallin sinadarai na ƙwayoyin allurar. Magoya bayan tsarin CSC suna jayayya cewa kaɗan ne kawai na ƙwayoyin allurar, CSCs, ke da yuwuwar haifar da ƙari. A cikin ɗan adam [[m myeloid cutar sankarar bargo]], mitar wadannan kwayoyin bai wuce 1 cikin 10,000, ba. <ref name="pmid9212098">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Ƙarin shaida ya zo daga [[Tarihi|histology]] . Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace iri- [[iri-iri|iri]] ne kuma suna ƙunshe da nau'ikan [[Nau'in salula|tantanin halitta]] da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga sashin mai masaukin baki. Ciwon ƙwayar cuta yawanci ana riƙe shi ta hanyar [[Metastasis|metastases]] na ƙari. Wannan yana nuna cewa tantanin halitta da ya samar da su yana da ikon samar da nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa, alama ce ta al'ada ta [[Kwayoyin tushe|kwayoyin halitta]] . <ref name="pmid92120983">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Kasancewar ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo ya haifar da bincike kan wasu cututtukan daji. Kwanan nan an gano CSCs a cikin ciwace-ciwace da yawa, gami da: * Kwakwalwa <ref name="pmid145229052">{{cite journal|vauthors=Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB|title=Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors|journal=Cancer Research|volume=63|issue=18|pages=5821–8|date=September 2003|pmid=14522905|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/18/5821}}</ref> * Nono <ref name="pmid126292182">{{cite journal|vauthors=Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF|title=Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=100|issue=7|pages=3983–8|date=April 2003|pmid=12629218|pmc=153034|doi=10.1073/pnas.0530291100|bibcode=2003PNAS..100.3983A|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kolon <ref name="pmid171227722">{{cite journal|vauthors=O'Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S, Dick JE|title=A human colon cancer cell 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cells|journal=The Journal of Pathology|volume=217|issue=2|pages=299–306|date=January 2009|pmid=19040209|pmc=2673349|doi=10.1002/path.2478}}</ref> * Melanoma <ref name="pmid182026602">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schatton T, Murphy GF, Frank NY, Yamaura K, Waaga-Gasser AM, Gasser M, Zhan Q, Jordan S, Duncan LM, Weishaupt C, Fuhlbrigge RC, Kupper TS, Sayegh MH, Frank MH|title=Identification of cells initiating human melanomas|journal=Nature|volume=451|issue=7176|pages=345–9|date=January 2008|pmid=18202660|pmc=3660705|doi=10.1038/nature06489|bibcode=2008Natur.451..345S}}</ref><ref name="pmid205960262">{{cite journal|vauthors=Boiko AD, Razorenova OV, van de Rijn M, Swetter SM, Johnson DL, Ly DP, Butler PD, Yang GP, Joshua B, Kaplan MJ, Longaker MT, Weissman IL|title=Human melanoma-initiating cells express neural crest nerve growth factor receptor CD271|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7302|pages=133–7|date=July 2010|pmid=20596026|pmc=2898751|doi=10.1038/nature09161|bibcode=2010Natur.466..133B}}</ref><ref name="pmid212826572">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schmidt P, Kopecky C, Hombach A, Zigrino P, Mauch C, Abken H|title=Eradication of melanomas by targeted elimination of a minor subset of tumor cells|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=108|issue=6|pages=2474–9|date=February 2011|pmid=21282657|pmc=3038763|doi=10.1073/pnas.1009069108|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2474S|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid213935062">{{cite journal|vauthors=Civenni G, Walter A, Kobert N, Mihic-Probst D, Zipser M, Belloni B, Seifert B, Moch H, Dummer R, van den Broek M, Sommer L|title=Human CD271-positive melanoma stem cells associated with metastasis establish tumor heterogeneity and long-term growth|journal=Cancer Research|volume=71|issue=8|pages=3098–109|date=April 2011|pmid=21393506|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3997|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/09/0008-5472.CAN-10-3997.long}}</ref> * Myeloma da yawa<ref name="pmid146308032">{{cite journal|vauthors=Matsui W, Huff CA, Wang Q, Malehorn MT, Barber J, Tanhehco Y, Smith BD, Civin CI, Jones RJ|title=Characterization of clonogenic multiple myeloma cells|journal=Blood|volume=103|issue=6|pages=2332–6|date=March 2004|pmid=14630803|pmc=3311914|doi=10.1182/blood-2003-09-3064}}</ref><ref name="pmid181723112">{{cite journal|vauthors=Matsui W, Wang Q, Barber JP, Brennan S, Smith BD, Borrello I, McNiece I, Lin L, Ambinder RF, Peacock C, Watkins DN, Huff CA, Jones RJ|title=Clonogenic multiple myeloma progenitors, stem cell properties, and drug resistance|journal=Cancer Research|volume=68|issue=1|pages=190–7|date=January 2008|pmid=18172311|pmc=2603142|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3096}}</ref> * Ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba <ref name="PMID- 232929362">{{cite journal|vauthors=Colmont CS, Benketah A, Reed SH, Hawk NV, Telford WG, Ohyama M, Udey MC, Yee CL, Vogel JC, Patel GK|title=CD200-expressing human basal cell carcinoma cells initiate tumor growth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-01-22_110_4/page/1434|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=110|issue=4|pages=1434–9|date=January 2013|pmid=23292936|pmc=3557049|doi=10.1073/pnas.1211655110|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.1434C|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid220119062">{{cite journal|vauthors=Patel GK, Yee CL, Terunuma A, Telford WG, Voong N, Yuspa SH, Vogel JC|title=Identification and characterization of tumor-initiating cells in human primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=132|issue=2|pages=401–9|date=February 2012|pmid=22011906|pmc=3258300|doi=10.1038/jid.2011.317}}</ref> == Samfuran injina da na lissafi. == Da zarar an yi hasashe hanyoyin zuwa ciwon daji, yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙira ƙirar [[Ilimin ilimin lissafi|lissafi]] na tsinkaya, misali, bisa hanyar [[Samfuran ɓangarori a cikin ilimin cututtuka|sashin sel]] . Misali, ana iya bayyana ci gaban sel marasa al'ada tare da takamaiman yuwuwar maye gurbi. Irin wannan samfurin ya annabta cewa maimaita cin mutunci ga sel balagagge yana ƙaruwa da samuwar zuriyar da ba ta dace ba da haɗarin ciwon daji. Tasirin asibiti na irin waɗannan samfuran ya kasance mara tushe. == Asalin. == [[File:Hierarchical_organisation_of_a_tumour_according_to_the_CSC_model.svg|right|thumb|'''Hoto 6:''' Ƙungiya mai matsayi na ƙari bisa ga tsarin CSC]] Asalin CSCs yanki ne mai aiki da bincike. Amsar na iya dogara da nau'in ƙari da nau'in [[phenotype]] . Ya zuwa yanzu dai hasashen cewa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace sun samo asali ne daga “kwayoyin asali” guda daya ba a nuna su ta amfani da tsarin kwayar cutar kansar ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙwayoyin da ke haifar da ciwon daji ba su cikin ciwace-ciwacen mataki na ƙarshe. Asalin hasashe sun haɗa da maye gurbi a cikin masu tasowa mai tushe ko sel masu tasowa, mutants a [[Manyan kwayoyin kara|cikin sel mai tushe na]] manya ko manyan ƙwayoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samun sifofi kamar kara. Waɗannan ka'idodin galibi suna mayar da hankali ne kan “kwayoyin asali” ƙari. == Hasashe. == === Maye gurbin kwayar halitta === Hasashen "maye gurbi a cikin al'ummomin [[Stem cell niche|kwayoyin halitta]] yayin haɓakawa" hasashe yana iƙirarin cewa waɗannan al'ummomi masu tasowa suna canzawa sannan kuma su haifuwa ta yadda yawancin zuri'a ke raba maye gurbin. Wadannan sel 'ya'ya sun fi kusa da zama ciwace-ciwacen daji kuma adadin su yana kara yiwuwar maye gurbi mai cutar kansa. <ref name="pmid194774302">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang Y, Yang J, Zheng H, Tomasek GJ, Zhang P, McKeever PE, Lee EY, Zhu Y|title=Expression of mutant p53 proteins implicates a lineage relationship between neural stem cells and malignant astrocytic glioma in a murine model|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=15|issue=6|pages=514–26|date=June 2009|pmid=19477430|pmc=2721466|doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2009.04.001}}</ref> === Manyan kwayoyin kara. === Wata ka’idar tana danganta ƙwan ƙwan ƙwayoyin manya (ASC) tare da samuwar ƙari. Yawancin lokaci ana danganta wannan tare da kyallen takarda tare da yawan juzu'in tantanin halitta (kamar [[Fatar jiki|fata]] ko [[Gut (zoology)|hanji]] ). A cikin waɗannan kyallen takarda, ASCs 'yan takara ne saboda yawan [[Rarrabuwar salula|rarrabuwar tantanin halitta]] (idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ASCs) tare da tsawon rayuwar ASCs. Wannan haɗin yana haifar da ingantacciyar yanayin yanayi don maye gurbi don tarawa: tarin maye gurbi shine babban abin da ke haifar da [[Carcinogenesis|farawar cutar kansa]] . Shaidu sun nuna cewa ƙungiyar tana wakiltar wani abu na gaske, kodayake an danganta takamaiman cutar kansa da wani takamaiman dalili. === De-banbantawa === Bambance-bambancen sel da aka canza na iya haifar da halaye masu kama da kwayar halitta, suna nuna cewa kowane tantanin halitta zai iya zama kwayar cutar kansa. A wasu kalmomi, cikakkiyar bambance-bambancen tantanin halitta yana fuskantar maye gurbi ko siginar siginar salula waɗanda ke mayar da shi zuwa yanayi mai kama da tushe. An nuna wannan ra'ayi kwanan nan a cikin nau'ikan [[Ciwon daji na prostate|ciwon daji]] na prostate, inda sel waɗanda ke fuskantar [[Maganin rashin lafiyar androgen|jiyya na rashin ƙarfi na androgen ke]] bayyana suna canza rubutun su na ɗan lokaci zuwa na tantanin [[Jijiya crest|halitta]] mai kama da jijiyoyi, tare da ɓarna da kaddarorin masu yawa na wannan nau'in sel masu kama da kara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}} === Matsayi === Ma'anar matsayi na ƙari yana iƙirarin cewa ƙari shine nau'in nau'in kwayoyin halitta masu kama da juna, dukansu suna raba wasu maye gurbi, amma sun bambanta a takamaiman [[Phenotype|nau'in phenotype]] . Ciwon daji yana ɗaukar nau'ikan sel masu tushe da yawa, ɗaya mafi kyau ga takamaiman mahalli da sauran layukan marasa nasara. Waɗannan layukan na biyu na iya zama mafi nasara a wasu wurare, ƙyale ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta daidaita, gami da daidaitawa ga saƙon warkewa. Idan daidai ne, wannan ra'ayi yana tasiri akan tsarin tsarin jiyya na musamman na ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="pmid169903462">{{cite journal|vauthors=Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, Eaves CJ, Jamieson CH, Jones DL, Visvader J, Weissman IL, Wahl GM|title=Cancer stem cells--perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR Workshop on cancer stem cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer-research_2006-10-01_66_19/page/9339|journal=Cancer Research|volume=66|issue=19|pages=9339–44|date=October 2006|pmid=16990346|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3126}}</ref> Irin wannan matsayi zai dagula yunƙurin nuna asalin. == Ganewa == CSCs, wanda yanzu aka ruwaito a cikin mafi yawan ciwace-ciwacen mutum, ana gano su da kuma wadatar da su ta amfani da dabarun gano ƙwayoyin sel na yau da kullun waɗanda suke kama da juna a cikin karatu. <ref name="1/72">{{cite journal|vauthors=Golebiewska A, Brons NH, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP|title=Critical appraisal of the side population assay in stem cell and cancer stem cell research|journal=Cell Stem Cell|volume=8|issue=2|pages=136–47|date=February 2011|pmid=21295271|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2011.01.007}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa [[Rarraba cell mai kunna fluorescence|da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta mai kunna haske]] (FACS), tare da ƙwayoyin rigakafi da aka ba da umarni a alamomin saman tantanin halitta da hanyoyin aiki gami da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ko gwajin Aldefluor. <ref name="3/92">{{cite journal|vauthors=Scharenberg CW, Harkey MA, Torok-Storb B|title=The ABCG2 transporter is an efficient Hoechst 33342 efflux pump and is preferentially expressed by immature human hematopoietic progenitors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_blood_2002-01-15_99_2/page/507|journal=Blood|volume=99|issue=2|pages=507–12|date=January 2002|pmid=11781231|doi=10.1182/blood.V99.2.507}}</ref> Sakamakon wadatar CSC sannan ana shuka shi, a nau'ikan allurai daban-daban, a cikin ɓeraye masu ƙarancin rigakafi don tantance ƙarfin haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Wannan ''in vivo'' assay ana kiransa ƙayyadaddun tantancewar dilution. Rukunin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta wanda zai iya fara haɓaka ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a ƙananan lambobi ana ƙara gwada ƙarfin sabuntawar kai a cikin binciken ƙwayar cuta.<ref name="1/492">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pastrana E, Silva-Vargas V, Doetsch F|title=Eyes wide open: a critical review of sphere-formation as an assay for stem cells|journal=Cell Stem Cell|volume=8|issue=5|pages=486–98|date=May 2011|pmid=21549325|pmc=3633588|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2011.04.007}}</ref> Hakanan za'a iya gano CSCs ta hanyar fitar da riniyoyin [[Hoechst tabo|Hoechst]] da aka haɗa ta hanyar [[Antineoplastic juriya|juriya da yawa]] (MDR) da [[Kaset mai ɗaure ATP|kaset ɗin ATP-binding]] (ABC) [[Protein safarar membrane|Masu]] jigilar kaya. Wata hanya kuma ita ce kima-samfurin kima. Yawancin [[Kwayoyin tushe|sel]] masu tushe na al'ada irin su [[Hematopoietic stem cell|hematopoietic]] ko sel mai tushe daga [[Nama (ilimin halitta)|kyallen takarda]], a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada na musamman, suna samar da nau'i mai nau'i uku waɗanda zasu iya bambanta. Kamar yadda yake da sel mai tushe na al'ada, CSCs da ke ware daga [[kwakwalwa]] ko [[Ciwon daji na prostate|ciwace-ciwacen prostate]] suma suna da ikon samar da sassa masu zaman kansu. <ref name="3/112">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nicolis SK|title=Cancer stem cells and "stemness" genes in neuro-oncology|journal=Neurobiology of Disease|volume=25|issue=2|pages=217–29|date=February 2007|pmid=17141509|doi=10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.022|s2cid=25401054}}</ref> ’Yan shekarun nan an ga bullowar hanyoyin da za a bi don gano kwayar cutar daji a cikin rodents na gwaji. A cikin irin wannan binciken, biyo bayan shigar da ciwon daji (yawanci ta hanyar aikace-aikacen mutagens), ana kunna kaset na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da bayyanar da alama mai sauƙin ganewa, misali koren furotin (GFP). Wannan ya shawo kan iyakokin hanyoyin al'ada (misali fasahar lakabin Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da ita don gano ƙwayoyin jinkirin hawan keke a cikin dabbobi) kamar yadda hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ke zama masu zaman kansu na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin vivo pulse-chase labeling don gano quiescent. /Slow-cycling Kwayoyin. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cao W, Chen K, Bolkestein M, Yin Y, Verstegen MM, Bijvelds MJ, Wang W, Tuysuz N, Ten Berge D, Sprengers D, Metselaar HJ, van der Laan LJ, Kwekkeboom J, Smits R, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q|title=Dynamics of Proliferative and Quiescent Stem Cells in Liver Homeostasis and Injury|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=153|issue=4|pages=1133–47|date=October 2017|pmid=28716722|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.006}}</ref> Wannan dabarar, alal misali, ta kasance kayan aiki don gano abin da ake kira rukunin Lgr5+ azaman sashin kwayar cutar kansa a cikin ciwon hanta da kuma nuna yuwuwar sa a matsayin maƙasudin warkewa. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cao W, Li M, Liu J, Zhang S, Noordam L, Verstegen MM, Wang L, Ma B, Li S, Wang W, Bolkestein M, Doukas M, Chen K, Ma Z, Bruno M, Sprengers D, Kwekkeboom J, van der Laan LJ, Smits R, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q|title=LGR5 marks targetable tumor-initiating cells in mouse liver cancer|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1961|date=April 2020|pmid=32327656|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-15846-0|pmc=7181628|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1961C}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance (alamomi) == CSCs heterogeneity wani tafki ne na bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin ƙari waɗanda ba su da bambanci waɗanda aka cika su ta sel waɗanda ke da duka ƙari da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kamar kaddarorin kuma suna da nau'ikan halitta da na rayuwa a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya. Akwai ra'ayoyi guda biyu don bayyana yanayin phenotypic da na rayuwa na CSCs; bambancin clonal da ka'idar kwayar cutar kansa. Yayin da tsohuwar ka'idar ta nuna rawar da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta, epigenetic da micro muhalli inda kwayar cutar ciwon daji ke zaune don samun halayen tumorigenic marasa bambanci. Ka'idar ta ƙarshe ta fi mayar da hankali kan halaye marasa kyau da aka samu ta hanyar sel masu tushe inda waɗannan ƙwayoyin da ba su da bambanci kuma suna da yawa sosai suna sake cika yawan ƙwayar ƙari.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yadav UP, Singh T, Kumar P, Sharma P, Kaur H, Sharma S, Singh S, Kumar S, and Mehta K|title=Metabolic Adaptations in Cancer Stem Cells|journal=Frontiers in Oncology|issue=Metabolic Plasticity of Cancer|year=2020|volume=10|page=1010|doi=10.3389/fonc.2020.01010|pmid=32670883|pmc=7330710|doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano CSCs a cikin nau'ikan [[M ciwace-ciwacen daji|ciwace-ciwace]] iri-iri. Yawanci, ana amfani da alamomi na musamman don sel mai tushe na yau da kullun don ware CSCs daga ciwace-ciwace da ciwace-ciwacen jini. Alamomi mafi akai-akai da ake amfani da su don warewar CSC sun haɗa da: [[CD133]] (wanda kuma aka sani da [[PROM1]] ), [[CD44]], [[Bayani na ALDH1A1|ALDH1A1]], [[CD34]], [[CD24]] da [[Farashin EpCAM|EpCAM]] ( [[Epithelial cell adhesion kwayoyin|kwayoyin halitta adhesion cell epithelial]], wanda kuma aka sani da antigen na musamman na epithelial, [[ESA]] ). <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> CD133 (prominin 1) yanki ne na [[glycoprotein]] mai [[Yankin transmembrane|transmembrane]] guda biyar wanda aka bayyana akan [[CD34]] <sup>+</sup> kara da [[Kwayoyin halitta|sel masu]] zuwa, a cikin precursors na endothelial da [[Kwayoyin tushe na jijiya|sel kara na tayi]] . An gano shi ta amfani da [[Epitop|epitope]] na [[Glucoside|glycosylated]] wanda aka sani da AC133. EpCAM (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, ESA, TROP1) shine hemophilic Ca <sup>2+</sup> - kwayoyin adhesion cell mai zaman kanta wanda aka bayyana akan basolateral surface na yawancin [[Kwayoyin Epithelial|kwayoyin epithelial]] . CD90 (THY1) shine [[Glycosylphosphatidylinositol|glycosylphosylphosphatidylinositol]] [[glycoprotein]] wanda aka kafa a cikin membrane na plasma kuma yana shiga cikin [[Canja wurin sigina|jigilar sigina]] . Hakanan yana iya daidaita mannewa tsakanin [[thymocytes]] da thymic stroma. [[CD44]] (PGP1) kwayar halitta ce ta [[Pleiotropy|mannewa]] wacce ke da rawar gani a cikin siginar tantanin halitta, ƙaura da homing. Yana da isoforms da yawa, ciki har da CD44H, wanda ke nuna babban kusanci ga [[Hyaluronic acid|hyaluronate]] da CD44V wanda ke da kaddarorin metastatic. [[CD24]] (HSA) wani [[Glucoside|glycosylated]] glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored adhesion molecule, wanda ke da rawar haɗin gwiwa a cikin ƙwayoyin [[B cell|B]] da [[T cell|T.]] [[CD200]] (OX-2) wani nau'i ne na 1 membrane [[glycoprotein]], wanda ke ba da siginar hanawa zuwa ƙwayoyin rigakafi ciki har da ƙwayoyin T, ƙwayoyin [[Halitta kisa cell|kisa na halitta]] da [[Macrophage|macrophages]] . ALDH wani yanki ne na [[aldehyde dehydrogenase]] iyali na enzymes, wanda ke haifar da iskar shaka na [[Aldehydes|aldehydes na aromatic]] zuwa [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl acid]] . Alal misali, yana da tasiri wajen canza retinol zuwa [[retinoic acid]], wanda yake da mahimmanci don rayuwa.<ref name="Meng2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Meng E, Mitra A, Tripathi K, Finan MA, Scalici J, McClellan S, Madeira da Silva L, Reed E, Shevde LA, Palle K, Rocconi RP|title=ALDH1A1 maintains ovarian cancer stem cell-like properties by altered regulation of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair network signaling|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e107142|date=September 12, 2014|pmid=25216266|pmc=4162571|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0107142|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j7142M|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="2-22">{{cite journal|vauthors=Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ|title=Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=8|issue=10|pages=755–68|date=October 2008|pmid=18784658|doi=10.1038/nrc2499|s2cid=40382183}}</ref> Na farko m malignancy daga wanda CSCs aka ware da kuma gano shi ne [[Sankaran Nono|nono cancer]] kuma su ne mafi tsanani nazari. An wadatar da CSCs na nono a cikin CD44 <sup>+</sup> CD24 <sup>-/low</sup>, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF|title=Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=100|issue=7|pages=3983–8|date=April 2003|pmid=12629218|pmc=153034|doi=10.1073/pnas.0530291100|bibcode=2003PNAS..100.3983A|doi-access=free}}</ref> SP <ref name="1/512">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hirschmann-Jax C, Foster AE, Wulf GG, Nuchtern JG, Jax TW, Gobel U, Goodell MA, Brenner MK|title=A distinct "side population" of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=101|issue=39|pages=14228–33|date=September 2004|pmid=15381773|pmc=521140|doi=10.1073/pnas.0400067101|bibcode=2004PNAS..10114228H|doi-access=free}}</ref> da [[ALDH]] <sup>+</sup> .<ref name="1/532">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ginestier C, Hur MH, Charafe-Jauffret E, Monville F, Dutcher J, Brown M, Jacquemier J, Viens P, Kleer CG, Liu S, Schott A, Hayes D, Birnbaum D, Wicha MS, Dontu G|title=ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome|journal=Cell Stem Cell|volume=1|issue=5|pages=555–67|date=November 2007|pmid=18371393|pmc=2423808|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.014}}</ref><ref name="1/552">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pece S, Tosoni D, Confalonieri S, Mazzarol G, Vecchi M, Ronzoni S, Bernard L, Viale G, Pelicci PG, Di Fiore PP|title=Biological and molecular heterogeneity of breast cancers correlates with their cancer stem cell content|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2010-01-08_140_1/page/62|journal=Cell|volume=140|issue=1|pages=62–73|date=January 2010|pmid=20074520|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.007|s2cid=5547104}}</ref> CSCs na nono a fili [[A zahiri|suna da bambanci]] . Maganar alamar CSC a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono a bayyane yake iri-iri ne kuma yawan CSC nono ya bambanta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji. <ref name="1/582">{{cite journal|vauthors=Deng S, Yang X, Lassus H, Liang S, Kaur S, Ye Q, Li C, Wang LP, Roby KF, Orsulic S, Connolly DC, Zhang Y, Montone K, Bützow R, Coukos G, Zhang L|title=Distinct expression levels and patterns of stem cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH1), in human epithelial cancers|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=4|pages=e10277|date=April 2010|pmid=20422001|pmc=2858084|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010277|veditors=Cao Y|bibcode=2010PLoSO...510277D|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukansu CD44 <sup>+</sup> CD24 <sup>-</sup> da CD44 <sup>+</sup> CD24 <sup>+</sup> yawan yawan tantanin halitta sune ƙwayoyin farawar ƙari; duk da haka, CSC sun fi wadatuwa sosai ta amfani da bayanin martaba CD44 <sup>+</sup> CD49f <sup>hi</sup> CD133/2 <sup>hi</sup> .<ref name="1/592">{{cite journal|vauthors=Meyer MJ, Fleming JM, Lin AF, Hussnain SA, Ginsburg E, Vonderhaar BK|title=CD44posCD49fhiCD133/2hi defines xenograft-initiating cells in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer-research_2010-06-01_70_11/page/4624|journal=Cancer Research|volume=70|issue=11|pages=4624–33|date=June 2010|pmid=20484027|pmc=4129519|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3619}}</ref> An ba da rahoton CSCs a yawancin ciwan kwakwalwa. An gano ƙwayoyin cuta ciki har da CD133, <ref name="1/612">{{cite journal|vauthors=Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, Squire JA, Bayani J, Hide T, Henkelman RM, Cusimano MD, Dirks PB|title=Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-11-18_432_7015/page/396|journal=Nature|volume=432|issue=7015|pages=396–401|date=November 2004|pmid=15549107|doi=10.1038/nature03128|bibcode=2004Natur.432..396S|s2cid=4430962}}</ref> SSEA-1 (antigen-takamaiman amfrayo-1), <ref name="1/642">{{cite journal|vauthors=Son MJ, Woolard K, Nam DH, Lee J, Fine HA|title=SSEA-1 is an enrichment marker for tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma|journal=Cell Stem Cell|volume=4|issue=5|pages=440–52|date=May 2009|pmid=19427293|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.003|pmc=7227614}}</ref> [[Epidermal girma factor mai karɓa|EGFR]] <ref name="1/672">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mazzoleni S, Politi LS, Pala M, Cominelli M, Franzin A, Sergi Sergi L, Falini A, De Palma M, Bulfone A, Poliani PL, Galli R|title=Epidermal growth factor receptor expression identifies functionally and molecularly distinct tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma multiforme and is required for gliomagenesis|journal=Cancer Research|volume=70|issue=19|pages=7500–13|date=October 2010|pmid=20858720|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2353|url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/178122}}</ref> da CD44.<ref name="1/692">{{cite journal|vauthors=Anido J, Sáez-Borderías A, Gonzàlez-Juncà A, Rodón L, Folch G, Carmona MA, Prieto-Sánchez RM, Barba I, Martínez-Sáez E, Prudkin L, Cuartas I, Raventós C, Martínez-Ricarte F, Poca MA, García-Dorado D, Lahn MM, Yingling JM, Rodón J, Sahuquillo J, Baselga J, Seoane J|title=TGF-β Receptor Inhibitors Target the CD44(high)/Id1(high) Glioma-Initiating Cell Population in Human Glioblastoma|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=18|issue=6|pages=655–68|date=December 2010|pmid=21156287|doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2010.10.023}}</ref> Amfani da CD133 don tantance ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na iya zama matsala saboda ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayar cuta a cikin wasu [[Gliomas|CD133]] <sup>+</sup> Kwayoyin kwakwalwar CD133 na CD133 na CD13 na CD13 <sup>-</sup> Kwayoyin kwakwalwa <sup>.</sup> An ba da rahoton CSC a cikin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] na hanji. Don gano su, an yi amfani da alamomin sararin samaniya irin su CD133, CD44 <ref name="1/782">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dalerba P, Dylla SJ, Park IK, Liu R, Wang X, Cho RW, Hoey T, Gurney A, Huang EH, Simeone DM, Shelton AA, Parmiani G, Castelli C, Clarke MF|title=Phenotypic characterization of human colorectal cancer stem cells|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=104|issue=24|pages=10158–63|date=June 2007|pmid=17548814|pmc=1891215|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703478104|bibcode=2007PNAS..10410158D|doi-access=free}}</ref> da [[ABCB5]], <ref name="1/852">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wilson BJ, Schatton T, Zhan Q, Gasser M, Ma J, Saab KR, Schanche R, Waaga-Gasser AM, Gold JS, Huang Q, Murphy GF, Frank MH, Frank NY|title=ABCB5 identifies a therapy-refractory tumor cell population in colorectal cancer patients|journal=Cancer Research|volume=71|issue=15|pages=5307–16|date=August 2011|pmid=21652540|pmc=3395026|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0221}}</ref> nazarin aikin ciki har da nazarin clonal <ref name="1/802">{{cite journal|vauthors=Odoux C, Fohrer H, Hoppo T, Guzik L, Stolz DB, Lewis DW, Gollin SM, Gamblin TC, Geller DA, Lagasse E|title=A stochastic model for cancer stem cell origin in metastatic colon cancer|journal=Cancer Research|volume=68|issue=17|pages=6932–41|date=September 2008|pmid=18757407|pmc=2562348|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5779}}</ref> da kuma Aldefluor assay. <ref name="1/822">{{cite journal|vauthors=Huang EH, Hynes MJ, Zhang T, Ginestier C, Dontu G, Appelman H, Fields JZ, Wicha MS, Boman BM|title=Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a marker for normal and malignant human colonic stem cells (SC) and tracks SC overpopulation during colon tumorigenesis|journal=Cancer Research|volume=69|issue=8|pages=3382–9|date=April 2009|pmid=19336570|pmc=2789401|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4418}}</ref> Yin amfani da CD133 azaman tabbataccen alama don CSCs na hanji ya haifar da saɓani. Epitope na AC133, amma ba sunadaran CD133 ba, an bayyana shi musamman a cikin CSCs na hanji kuma an rasa bayanin sa akan bambancewa. <ref name="1/832">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kemper K, Sprick MR, de Bree M, Scopelliti A, Vermeulen L, Hoek M, Zeilstra J, Pals ST, Mehmet H, Stassi G, Medema JP|title=The AC133 epitope, but not the CD133 protein, is lost upon cancer stem cell differentiation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer-research_2010-01-15_70_2/page/719|journal=Cancer Research|volume=70|issue=2|pages=719–29|date=January 2010|pmid=20068153|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1820}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, CD44 <sup>+</sup> ƙwayoyin ciwon daji na hanji da ƙarin ƙananan juzu'i na CD44 <sup>+</sup> EpCAM <sup>+</sup> yawan tantanin halitta tare da CD166 suna haɓaka nasarar haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. An ba da rahoton CSC da yawa a cikin [[prostate]],<ref name="1/1002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Liu C, Kelnar K, Liu B, Chen X, Calhoun-Davis T, Li H, Patrawala L, Yan H, Jeter C, Honorio S, Wiggins JF, Bader AG, Fagin R, Brown D, Tang DG|title=The microRNA miR-34a inhibits prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis by directly repressing CD44|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=17|issue=2|pages=211–5|date=February 2011|pmid=21240262|pmc=3076220|doi=10.1038/nm.2284}}</ref> [[huhu]] da sauran gabobin da yawa, gami da [[hanta]], [[pancreas]], [[koda]] ko [[ovary]] . A cikin ciwon daji na [[Ciwon daji na prostate|prostate]], an gano ƙwayoyin farawar tumor a cikin CD44 <sup>+<ref name="1/902">{{cite journal|vauthors=Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Schneider-Broussard R, Li H, Bhatia B, Tang S, Reilly JG, Chandra D, Zhou J, Claypool K, Coghlan L, Tang DG|title=Highly purified CD44+ prostate cancer cells from xenograft human tumors are enriched in tumorigenic and metastatic progenitor cells|journal=Oncogene|volume=25|issue=12|pages=1696–708|date=March 2006|pmid=16449977|doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1209327|s2cid=28427525}}</ref></sup> tantanin halitta kamar CD44 <sup>+</sup> α2β1 <sup>+</sup>,<ref name="1/962">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dubrovska A, Kim S, Salamone RJ, Walker JR, Maira SM, García-Echeverría C, Schultz PG, Reddy VA|title=The role of PTEN/Akt/PI3K signaling in the maintenance and viability of prostate cancer stem-like cell populations|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=1|pages=268–73|date=January 2009|pmid=19116269|pmc=2629188|doi=10.1073/pnas.0810956106|bibcode=2009PNAS..106..268D|doi-access=free}}</ref> TRA-1-60 <sup>+</sup> CD151 <sup>+</sup> CD166 <sup>+</sup> <ref name="1/992">{{cite journal|vauthors=Rajasekhar VK, Studer L, Gerald W, Socci ND, Scher HI|title=Tumour-initiating stem-like cells in human prostate cancer exhibit increased NF-κB signalling|journal=Nature Communications|volume=2|issue=1|pages=162|date=January 2011|pmid=21245843|pmc=3105310|doi=10.1038/ncomms1159|bibcode=2011NatCo...2..162R}}</ref> ko ALDH <sup>+</sup> <ref name="1/97">{{Cite journal}}</ref> yawan adadin sel. . An ba da rahoton alamomin sakawa na [[Ciwon huhun daji|huhu]] na CSC, ciki har da CD133 <sup>+</sup>, <ref name="1/1022">{{cite journal|vauthors=Eramo A, Lotti F, Sette G, Pilozzi E, Biffoni M, Di Virgilio A, Conticello C, Ruco L, Peschle C, De Maria R|title=Identification and expansion of the tumorigenic lung cancer stem cell population|journal=Cell Death and Differentiation|volume=15|issue=3|pages=504–14|date=March 2008|pmid=18049477|doi=10.1038/sj.cdd.4402283|s2cid=2484961}}</ref> ALDH <sup>+</sup>, <ref name="1/1072">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sullivan JP, Spinola M, Dodge M, Raso MG, Behrens C, Gao B, Schuster K, Shao C, Larsen JE, Sullivan LA, Honorio S, Xie Y, Scaglioni PP, DiMaio JM, Gazdar AF, Shay JW, Wistuba II, Minna JD|title=Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity selects for lung adenocarcinoma stem cells dependent on notch signaling|journal=Cancer Research|volume=70|issue=23|pages=9937–48|date=December 2010|pmid=21118965|pmc=3058307|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0881}}</ref> CD44 <sup>+</sup> <ref name="1/1092">{{cite journal|vauthors=Leung EL, Fiscus RR, Tung JW, Tin VP, Cheng LC, Sihoe AD, Fink LM, Ma Y, Wong MP|title=Non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing CD44 are enriched for stem cell-like properties|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=11|pages=e14062|date=November 2010|pmid=21124918|pmc=2988826|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014062|veditors=Jin DY|bibcode=2010PLoSO...514062L|doi-access=free}}</ref> da furotin oncofetal 5T4 <sup>+</sup> . <ref name="1/1112">{{cite journal|vauthors=Damelin M, Geles KG, Follettie MT, Yuan P, Baxter M, Golas J, DiJoseph JF, Karnoub M, Huang S, Diesl V, Behrens C, Choe SE, Rios C, Gruzas J, Sridharan L, Dougher M, Kunz A, Hamann PR, Evans D, Armellino D, Khandke K, Marquette K, Tchistiakova L, Boghaert ER, Abraham RT, Wistuba II, Zhou BB|title=Delineation of a cellular hierarchy in lung cancer reveals an oncofetal antigen expressed on tumor-initiating cells|journal=Cancer Research|volume=71|issue=12|pages=4236–46|date=June 2011|pmid=21540235|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3919}}</ref> == Metastasis == Metastasis shine babban dalilin mutuwar ƙari. Duk da haka, ba kowane ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ba zai iya yin metastasize. <ref name="Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gonzalez-Villarreal CA, Quiroz-Reyes AG, Islas JF, Garza-Treviño EN|title=Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis|journal=Frontiers in Oncology|volume=10|pages=1511|date=2020-08-20|pmid=32974184|pmc=7468493|doi=10.3389/fonc.2020.01511|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yuwuwar ya dogara da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade [[Girman salula|girma]], [[angiogenesis]], mamayewa da sauran matakai na asali. === Epithelial-mesenchymal canji === A cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, ana [[Epithelial-mesenchymal canji|ɗaukar canjin epithelial-mesenchymal]] (EMT) a matsayin lamari mai mahimmanci.<ref name="2/502">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thiery JP|title=Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=2|issue=6|pages=442–54|date=June 2002|pmid=12189386|doi=10.1038/nrc822|s2cid=5236443}}</ref> EMT da jujjuya juyi daga [[Mesenchyme|mesenchymal]] zuwa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta ( [[Epithelial – mesenchymal canji|MET]] ) suna shiga cikin [[Ci gaban ciki|haɓakar amfrayo]], wanda ya haɗa da rushewar [[homeostasis]] na sel na epithelial da kuma samun nau'in yanayin ƙaura na mesenchymal. <ref name="4/162">{{cite journal|vauthors=Angerer LM, Angerer RC|title=Regulative development of the sea urchin embryo: signalling cascades and morphogen gradients|journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=327–34|date=June 1999|pmid=10441547|doi=10.1006/scdb.1999.0292}}</ref> EMT ya bayyana ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyin canonical kamar [[Wnt hanyar sigina|WNT]] da [[canza yanayin girma β]] . <ref name="2/512">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mani SA, Yang J, Brooks M, Schwaninger G, Zhou A, Miura N, Kutok JL, Hartwell K, Richardson AL, Weinberg RA|title=Mesenchyme Forkhead 1 (FOXC2) plays a key role in metastasis and is associated with aggressive basal-like breast cancers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-06-12_104_24/page/10069|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=104|issue=24|pages=10069–74|date=June 2007|pmid=17537911|pmc=1891217|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703900104|bibcode=2007PNAS..10410069M|doi-access=free}}</ref> Muhimmin fasalin EMT shine asarar membrane [[E-cadherin]] a cikin [[Adherens junction|haɗin gwiwar adherens]], inda [[β-catenin]] na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Canja wurin β-catenin daga haɗin gwiwar adherens zuwa [[Kwayoyin tsakiya|tsakiya]] na iya haifar da asarar E-cadherin kuma daga baya zuwa EMT. Nuclear β-catenin a fili zai iya kai tsaye, ta hanyar rubutawa ta kunna abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da [[Genes|EMT]], irin su E-cadherin gene [[Danniya|repressor]] [[SNAI2|SLUG]] (wanda aka fi sani da [[SNAI2]] ). <ref name="4/222">{{cite journal|vauthors=Conacci-Sorrell M, Simcha I, Ben-Yedidia T, Blechman J, Savagner P, Ben-Ze'ev A|title=Autoregulation of E-cadherin expression by cadherin-cadherin interactions: the roles of beta-catenin signaling, Slug, and MAPK|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-cell-biology_2003-11-24_163_4/page/2003|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|volume=163|issue=4|pages=847–57|date=November 2003|pmid=14623871|pmc=2173691|doi=10.1083/jcb.200308162}}</ref> Kayan aikin injiniya na [[Tumor microenvironment|ƙwayar cuta]], irin su [[Hypoxia (likita)|hypoxia]], na iya ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa ta CSC da kuma m metastatic ta hanyar daidaitawa na [[hypoxia inducible dalilai]] ta hanyar hulɗa tare da ROS ( [[nau'in oxygen mai amsawa|jinsunan oxygen mai amsawa]] ).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Comito G, Calvani M, Giannoni E, Bianchini F, Calorini L, Torre E, Migliore C, Giordano S, Chiarugi P|title=HIF-1α stabilization by mitochondrial ROS promotes Met-dependent invasive growth and vasculogenic mimicry in melanoma cells|journal=Free Radical Biology & Medicine|volume=51|issue=4|pages=893–904|date=August 2011|pmid=21703345|doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.042|hdl=2158/496457}}</ref><ref name="physicalMicroenvironment2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Spill F, Reynolds DS, Kamm RD, Zaman MH|title=Impact of the physical microenvironment on tumor progression and metastasis|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=40|pages=41–48|date=August 2016|pmid=26938687|pmc=4975620|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.007}}</ref> Kwayoyin Tumor da ke jurewa EMT na iya zama madogara ga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa na metastatic, ko ma CSCs na metastatic. <ref name="2/52">{{Cite journal}}</ref> <ref name="Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the">{{Cite journal}}</ref> A cikin gefen ɓarna na ciwon daji na [[Ciwon daji na Pancreatic|pancreatic]], an bayyana sassan CD133 <sup>+</sup> CXCR4 <sup>+</sup> (mai karɓa don CXCL12 [[chemokine]] wanda aka fi sani da [[Matsalolin da aka samo asali na stromal cell 1|SDF1]] [[ligand]] ). Waɗannan sel sun nuna ƙarfin ƙaura fiye da takwaransu CD133 <sup>+</sup> CXCR4 <sup>-</sup> sel, amma duka biyun sun nuna irin ƙarfin haɓakar ƙari.<ref name="2/282">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hermann PC, Huber SL, Herrler T, Aicher A, Ellwart JW, Guba M, Bruns CJ, Heeschen C|display-authors=6|title=Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer|journal=Cell Stem Cell|volume=1|issue=3|pages=313–23|date=September 2007|pmid=18371365|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2007.06.002}}</ref> Haka kuma, hana [[Mai karɓa na CXCR4|mai karɓar CXCR4]] ya rage yuwuwar metastatic ba tare da canza ƙarfin tumorigenic ba.<ref name="2/532">{{cite journal|vauthors=Yang ZF, Ho DW, Ng MN, Lau CK, Yu WC, Ngai P, Chu PW, Lam CT, Poon RT, Fan ST|display-authors=6|title=Significance of CD90+ cancer stem cells in human liver cancer|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=13|issue=2|pages=153–66|date=February 2008|pmid=18242515|doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.013}}</ref> === Tsarin magana mai mataki biyu === [[File:EMT.png|thumb|'''Hoto na 7:''' Ma'anar ƙaura daga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa (MSC). Kwayoyin ciwon daji na tsaye suna kunshe a cikin carcinomas na farko kuma ana iya gano waɗannan sel a cikin bambancin tsakiyar yankin ƙari. Muhimmin mataki zuwa ga malignant shi ne shigar da epithelial mesenchymal miƙa mulki (EMT) a cikin tsaye ciwon daji stem cell (SCS), wanda ya zama mobile ko ƙaura kansa kara Kwayoyin. Kwayoyin karawa suna rarraba asymmetrically. Kwayoyin 'ya'ya daya za su fara yaduwa da bambanta. Ragowar MCS na yin ƙaura daga ɗan gajeren nesa kafin a sami sabon sashin asymmetric, ko kuma ya yadu ta hanyoyin jini ko tasoshin lymphatic kuma yana haifar da metastasis.]] A cikin ciwon nono CD44 <sup>+</sup> CD24 <sup>-/ ƙananan</sup> sel ana iya gano su a cikin ɓarkewar ƙwayar cuta. <ref name="pmid12629218">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Sabanin haka, an gano ƙarin adadin ƙwayoyin CD24 <sup>+</sup> a cikin metastases mai nisa a cikin masu cutar kansar nono. <ref name="2/56">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Yana yiwuwa CD44 <sup>+</sup> CD24 <sup>-/ ƙananan</sup> sel da farko su yi metastasize kuma a cikin sabon rukunin yanar gizon suna canza yanayin su kuma suna fuskantar iyakancewa. <ref name="2/57">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Hasashen salon magana mai kashi biyu yana ba da shawarar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa guda biyu - tsaye (SCS) da wayar hannu (MCS). An saka SCS a cikin nama kuma suna dagewa a wurare daban-daban a duk tsawon ci gaban ƙari. Ana samun MCS a wurin mahaɗar ƙwayar cuta. Waɗannan sel da alama an samo su daga SCS ta hanyar siyan EMT na wucin gadi (Hoto 7). <ref name="4-4">{{Cite journal}}</ref> == Tasiri == CSCs suna da tasiri don maganin ciwon daji, ciki har da don gano cututtuka, zaɓin magungunan ƙwayoyi, rigakafin metastasis da dabarun sa baki. === Magani === CSCs a zahiri sun fi juriya ga [[Chemotherapeutic wakili|magungunan chemotherapeutic]] . Akwai manyan abubuwa guda 5 da suke haifar da hakan: <ref>{{cite journal|pmid=26899500|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.008|volume=160|title=Cancer stem cells and chemoresistance: The smartest survives the raid|pmc=4808328|year=2016|author=Zhao J|journal=Pharmacol Ther|pages=145–58}}</ref> : 1. [[Stem-cell niche|Abubuwan]] da suke da shi na kare su daga haɗuwa da babban adadin magungunan cutar kansa. : 2. Suna bayyana nau'ikan sunadaran transmembrane, irin su [[MDR1]] da [[BCRP]], waɗanda ke fitar da kwayoyi daga cikin cytoplasm. : 3. Suna rarraba sannu a hankali, kamar [[Adult kara cell|manyan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] suna yin haka, don haka ba a kashe su ta hanyar chemotherapeutic jamiái waɗanda ke yin niyya da sauri kwafi ta hanyar lalata DNA ko hana mitosis. : 4. Suna daidaita sunadaran gyaran lalacewar DNA. : 5. Ana siffanta su da wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin siginar anti-apoptotic. : Bayan jiyya na chemotherapy, CSCs masu tsira suna iya sake cika ƙwayar cutar da haifar da koma baya. Ƙarin magani da aka yi niyya don cire CSCs ban da ƙwayoyin somatic masu cutar kansa dole ne a yi amfani da su don hana wannan. === Yin niyya === Zaɓan CSCs mai niyya na iya ba da damar jiyya na ciwace-ciwacen da ba za a iya sake su ba, da kuma hana metastasis da sake dawowa. Hasashen yana nuna cewa akan kawar da CSC, ciwon daji na iya komawa baya saboda bambance-bambance da/ko mutuwar tantanin halitta.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2009}} Ƙirar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta waɗanda suke CSCs don haka suna buƙatar kawar da su ba a sani ba. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dirks P|title=Cancer stem cells: Invitation to a second round|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/40|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7302|pages=40–1|date=July 2010|pmid=20596007|doi=10.1038/466040a|bibcode=2010Natur.466...40D|s2cid=205056717}}</ref> Nazarin ya nemi takamaiman alamomi da kuma sa hannu na ƙwayar cuta da [[Genomics|ƙwayoyin]] cuta waɗanda ke bambanta [[Proteomics|CSCs]] daga wasu. <ref name="Insights on neoplastic stem cells from gel-based proteomics of childhood germ cell tumors2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Haskins WE, Eedala S, Jadhav YL, Labhan MS, Pericherla VC, Perlman EJ|title=Insights on neoplastic stem cells from gel-based proteomics of childhood germ cell tumors|journal=Pediatric Blood & Cancer|volume=58|issue=5|pages=722–8|date=May 2012|pmid=21793190|pmc=3204330|doi=10.1002/pbc.23282}}</ref> A cikin 2009, masana kimiyya sun gano fili [[salinomycin]], wanda zaɓaɓɓen ya rage yawan adadin nono CSCs a cikin mice fiye da 100-ninka dangane da [[Paclitaxel]], wani wakili na chemotherapeutic da aka saba amfani dashi. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gupta PB, Onder TT, Jiang G, Tao K, Kuperwasser C, Weinberg RA, Lander ES|title=Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening|journal=Cell|volume=138|issue=4|pages=645–659|date=August 2009|pmid=19682730|pmc=4892125|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.034}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa na iya tsira da magani tare da salinomycin ta hanyar [[Ciwon kai|autophagy]], <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jangamreddy JR, Ghavami S, Grabarek J, Kratz G, Wiechec E, Fredriksson BA, Rao Pariti RK, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Panigrahi S, Łos MJ|title=Salinomycin induces activation of autophagy, mitophagy and affects mitochondrial polarity: differences between primary and cancer cells|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research|volume=1833|issue=9|pages=2057–69|date=September 2013|pmid=23639289|doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.011}}</ref> ta yadda sel ke amfani da [[Organelle|gabobin kwayoyin]] acidic kamar [[Lysosome|lysosomes]] don lalatawa da sake sarrafa wasu nau'ikan sunadaran. Yin amfani da masu hana autophagy na iya kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa da ke rayuwa ta hanyar autophagy.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vlahopoulos S, Critselis E, Voutsas IF, Perez SA, Moschovi M, Baxevanis CN, Chrousos GP|title=New use for old drugs? Prospective targets of chloroquines in cancer therapy|journal=Current Drug Targets|volume=15|issue=9|pages=843–51|date=2014|pmid=25023646|doi=10.2174/1389450115666140714121514}}</ref> The cell surface receptor interleukin-3 receptor-alpha (CD123) an overexpressed a kan CD34+CD38-leukemic stem Kwayoyin (LSCs) a cikin [[M myeloid cutar sankarar bargo|m myelogenous cutar sankarar bargo]] (AML) amma ba a al'ada CD34 + CD38- [[Barrin kashi|kasusuwa marrow]] Kwayoyin. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jordan CT, Upchurch D, Szilvassy SJ, Guzman ML, Howard DS, Pettigrew AL, Meyerrose T, Rossi R, Grimes B, Rizzieri DA, Luger SM, Phillips GL|title=The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain is a unique marker for human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells|journal=Leukemia|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1777–84|date=October 2000|pmid=11021753|doi=10.1038/sj.leu.2401903|s2cid=9467715}}</ref> Yin maganin berayen NOD/SCID da aka sawa AML tare da CD123-takamaiman [[Monoclonal antibody|antibody monoclonal]] mai lahani LSCs zuwa ga marrow na kasusuwa kuma ya rage yawan jama'ar AML gabaɗaya gami da adadin LSCs a cikin masu karɓar linzamin kwamfuta na biyu.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jin L, Lee EM, Ramshaw HS, Busfield SJ, Peoppl AG, Wilkinson L, Guthridge MA, Thomas D, Barry EF, Boyd A, Gearing DP, Vairo G, Lopez AF, Dick JE, Lock RB|title=Monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of CD123, IL-3 receptor alpha chain, eliminates human acute myeloid leukemic stem cells|journal=Cell Stem Cell|volume=5|issue=1|pages=31–42|date=July 2009|pmid=19570512|doi=10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.018}}</ref> Nazarin 2015 ya ƙunshi nanoparticles tare da [[Mir-34 microRNA precursor iyali|miR-34a]] da [[ammonium bicarbonate]] kuma ya isar da su zuwa CSCs na prostate a cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta. Sannan suka [[Photodynamic far|haska wurin da hasken Laser na kusa da infrared]] . Wannan ya sa nanoparticles su kumbura sau uku ko fiye da girman su suna fashe endosomes kuma suna tarwatsa RNA a cikin tantanin halitta. miR-34a na iya rage matakan CD44. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/nanobombs-that-blow-up-cancer-cells|title='Nanobombs' that blow up cancer cells {{!}} KurzweilAI|date=2015-12-07|website=www.kurzweilai.net|access-date=2016-02-20|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090546/http://www.kurzweilai.net/nanobombs-that-blow-up-cancer-cells|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Agarwal P, Zhao S, Yu J, Lu X, He X|title=A Near-Infrared Laser-Activated "Nanobomb" for Breaking the Barriers to MicroRNA Delivery|journal=Advanced Materials|volume=28|issue=2|pages=347–55|date=January 2016|pmid=26567892|doi=10.1002/adma.201504263}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 ya gano masu hana dangin ALDH1A na enzymes kuma ya nuna cewa za su iya zaɓin rage ƙwayar ƙwayar cutar kansa a cikin layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansar ovarian da yawa.<ref name="pmid302219402">{{cite journal|vauthors=Huddle BC, Grimley E, Buchman CD, Chtcherbinine M, Debnath B, Mehta P, Yang K, Morgan CA, Li S, Felton JA, Sun D, Metha G, Neamati N, Buckanovich RJ, Hurley TD, Larsen SD|title=Structure-Based Optimization of a Novel Class of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) Subfamily-Selective Inhibitors as Potential Adjuncts to Ovarian Cancer Chemotherapy|journal=J Med Chem|volume=61|issue=19|pages=8754–8773|year=2018|pmid=30221940|doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00930|pmc=6477540}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == Ƙirƙirar [[Tsarin magani|sababbin magunguna]] don ƙaddamar da CSCs yana buƙatar fahimtar hanyoyin salula waɗanda ke daidaita yaduwar kwayar halitta. Ci gaba na farko a wannan yanki an yi su ne tare da kwayoyin halitta na hematopoietic (HSCs) da kuma takwarorinsu da suka canza a cikin [[cutar sankarar bargo]], cutar da aka fi fahimtar asalin CSCs. Kwayoyin sassa na gabobin da yawa suna raba hanyoyin salon salula iri ɗaya da cutar sankarar bargo ta HSCs. Za a iya canza [[Adult kara cell|kwayar halitta]] ta al'ada zuwa CSC ta hanyar dysregulation na yaduwa da [[Siginar salula|hanyoyin]] bambance-bambancen da ke sarrafa shi ko ta hanyar haifar da ayyukan [[oncoprotein]] . === BMI-1 === An gano [[Polycomb-group sunadaran|ƙungiyar Polycomb]] mai jujjuya [[Rubuce-rubucen (genetics)|rubutun]] [[Danniya|Bmi]] [[Bmi-1|-1]] azaman ƙwayar [[Oncogene|cuta]] ta gama gari wacce aka kunna a cikin [[Lymphomas|lymphoma]] <ref name="pmid84145192">{{cite journal|vauthors=Haupt Y, Bath ML, Harris AW, Adams JM|title=bmi-1 transgene induces lymphomas and collaborates with myc in tumorigenesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oncogene_1993-11_8_11/page/3161|journal=Oncogene|volume=8|issue=11|pages=3161–4|date=November 1993|pmid=8414519}}</ref> kuma daga baya aka nuna don daidaita HSCs. <ref name="pmid127149712">{{cite journal|vauthors=Park IK, Qian D, Kiel M, Becker MW, Pihalja M, Weissman IL, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF|title=Bmi-1 is required for maintenance of adult self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells|journal=Nature|volume=423|issue=6937|pages=302–5|date=May 2003|pmid=12714971|doi=10.1038/nature01587|bibcode=2003Natur.423..302P|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62508/1/nature01587.pdf|hdl=2027.42/62508|s2cid=4403711}}</ref> An kwatanta rawar Bmi-1 a cikin ƙwayoyin tushe na jijiyoyi. <ref name="pmid145743652">{{cite journal|vauthors=Molofsky AV, Pardal R, Iwashita T, Park IK, Clarke MF, Morrison SJ|title=Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation|journal=Nature|volume=425|issue=6961|pages=962–7|date=October 2003|pmid=14574365|pmc=2614897|doi=10.1038/nature02060|bibcode=2003Natur.425..962M}}</ref> Hanyar yana bayyana yana aiki a cikin CSCs na ciwan [[Ciwon kwakwalwa|kwakwalwar]] [[Likitan yara|yara]] . <ref name="pmid146457032">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hemmati HD, Nakano I, Lazareff JA, Masterman-Smith M, Geschwind DH, Bronner-Fraser M, Kornblum HI|title=Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=100|issue=25|pages=15178–83|date=December 2003|pmid=14645703|pmc=299944|doi=10.1073/pnas.2036535100|bibcode=2003PNAS..10015178H|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Daraja === Hanyar [[Hanyar daraja|Notch tana]] taka rawa wajen sarrafa yaduwar kwayar halitta don nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa ciki har da hematopoietic, jijiyoyi da mammary <ref name="pmid15535842">{{Cite journal}}</ref> SCs. An ba da shawarar sassan wannan hanyar don yin aiki azaman oncogenes a cikin mammary <ref name="pmid10557086">{{Cite journal}}</ref> da sauran ciwace-ciwacen daji. Wani reshe na hanyar siginar Notch wanda ya haɗa da ma'anar rubutun [[Hes3 sigina axis|Hes3]] yana daidaita yawancin ƙwayoyin al'ada tare da halayen CSC da aka samu daga marasa lafiya na glioblastoma. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> == Sonic hedgehog da Wnt == Waɗannan hanyoyin haɓakawa sune masu kula da SC.<ref>Milosevic, V. et al. Wnt/IL-1β/IL-8 autocrine circuitries control chemoresistancein mesothelioma initiating cells by inducing ABCB5.Int. J. Cancer, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32419</ref><ref name="pmid155490942">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beachy PA, Karhadkar SS, Berman DM|title=Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-11-18_432_7015/page/324|journal=Nature|volume=432|issue=7015|pages=324–31|date=November 2004|pmid=15549094|doi=10.1038/nature03100|bibcode=2004Natur.432..324B|s2cid=4428056}}</ref> Dukansu [[Sonic bushiya|Sonic hedgehog]] (SHH) da hanyoyin [[Wnt hanyar sigina|Wnt]] galibi ana yin su ne a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji. Koyaya, abubuwan rubutun Gli waɗanda SHH ke tsara su sun ɗauki sunansu daga [[Glioma|gliomas]], inda aka bayyana su sosai. Matsayin [[Crosstalk (ilimin halitta)|giciye]] yana wanzu tsakanin hanyoyin biyu kuma galibi ana kunna su tare. <ref name="pmid159176682">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou BP, Hung MC|title=Wnt, hedgehog and snail: sister pathways that control by GSK-3beta and beta-Trcp in the regulation of metastasis|journal=Cell Cycle|volume=4|issue=6|pages=772–6|date=June 2005|pmid=15917668|doi=10.4161/cc.4.6.1744|s2cid=31467958|url=http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cc/abstract.php?id=1744}}</ref> Sabanin haka, a cikin ciwon daji na hanji siginar bushiya yana nuna adawa da Wnt. <ref name="pmid162990302">{{cite journal|vauthors=Akiyoshi T, Nakamura M, Koga K, Nakashima H, Yao T, Tsuneyoshi M, Tanaka M, Katano M|title=Gli1, downregulated in colorectal cancers, inhibits proliferation of colon cancer cells involving Wnt signalling activation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2006-07_55_7/page/991|journal=Gut|volume=55|issue=7|pages=991–9|date=July 2006|pmid=16299030|pmc=1856354|doi=10.1136/gut.2005.080333}}</ref> Sonic hedgehog blockers suna samuwa, kamar [[cyclopamine]] . Cyclopamine mai narkewar ruwa na iya zama mafi tasiri a maganin ciwon daji. DMAPT, wani abu mai narkewa na ruwa na [[parthenolide]], yana haifar da danniya na oxidative kuma ya hana [[NF-κB]] siginar <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=She M, Chen X|title=Targeting Signal Pathways active in Cancer Stem Cells to Overcome Drug Resistance|journal=Zhongguo Fei AI Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer|volume=12|issue=1|pages=3–7|date=January 2009|pmid=20712949|doi=10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2009.01.001}}</ref> don AML (cututtukan sankarar bargo) da yiwuwar myeloma da ciwon daji na prostate. [[Telomerase]] batun nazari ne a cikin ilimin halittar jiki na CSC. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bollmann FM|title=The many faces of telomerase: emerging extratelomeric effects|journal=BioEssays|volume=30|issue=8|pages=728–32|date=August 2008|pmid=18623070|doi=10.1002/bies.20793|s2cid=205478338}}</ref> GRN163L ( [[Geron Corporation girma|Imetelstat]] ) kwanan nan an fara shi a cikin gwaji don ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin myeloma. Siginar Wnt na iya zama mai zaman kanta daga abubuwan motsa jiki na yau da kullun, ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari waɗanda ke kunna su dindindin duk da cewa mai karɓa na yau da kullun bai sami sigina ba. β-catenin yana ɗaure zuwa abubuwan rubutu kamar furotin [[TCF4]] kuma a hade kwayoyin suna kunna kwayoyin da suka dace. LF3 da ƙarfi yana hana wannan ɗauri ''a cikin vitro,'' a cikin layin salula da rage haɓakar ƙari a cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta. Ya hana kwafi kuma ya rage karfin su na yin ƙaura, duk ba tare da cutar da ƙwayoyin lafiya ba. Babu kwayar cutar kansa da ta rage bayan magani. Sakamakon binciken shine samfurin " [[Tsarin magani|ƙirar magunguna]] na hankali", wanda ya haɗa da AlphaScreens da fasahar [[ELISA]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hacking the programs of cancer stem cells|url=http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-01-hacking-cancer-stem-cells.html|website=medicalxpress.com|access-date=2016-02-12|date=2016-01-25|last=Hodge|first=Russ|name-list-style=vanc|publisher=Medical Express}}</ref> == Ci gaba da karatu == * {{cite book|editor-last=Rajasekhar|editor-first=Vinagolu K.|name-list-style=vanc|title=Cancer Stem Cells|date=2014|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=9781118356166}} * {{cite journal|vauthors=Milosevic V et al|title=Wnt/IL-1β/IL-8 autocrine circuitries control chemoresistance in mesothelioma initiating cells by inducing ABCB5|journal=Int. J. Cancer|volume=146|issue=1|pages=192–207|date=January 2020|doi=10.1002/ijc.32419|pmid=31107974|s2cid=160014053|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijc.32419}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Cutar daji]] 1qnj48a0c4n5ay0f7z0qt6uey4raplt Ikon Mallakar Abinci 0 31835 967354 693527 2026-10-13T21:52:08Z Nura Bello 24854 967354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Egyptian food Koshary.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Imagen que ejemplifica el arte de amar y compartir.jpg|thumb|Mallakar abinci]] '''Mallakar abinci''' Tsarin abinci ne wanda mutanen da ke noma abinci, suke rarrabawa, kuma suke amfani da abinci har wayau suke da alhakin sarrafa wa da samar da tsarin shukawa da rarraba abincin. Wannan tsarin ya sha bambam da tsarin abinci na masana'antu a yau, inda kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci ke da alhakin sarrafa tsarukan abinci na duniya. Mallakar abinci tana jaddada muhimmanci akan tattalin arzikin abinci na gargajiya, wadatar abinci mai dorewa, kuma ta daidaita kan tsarin samar da abinci da suka dace da al'du. Canje-canjen yanayi da rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci sun yi tasiri sosai ga mutanen karkara da kuma damar samun abinci na al'ada yayin da suke ba fuskantar kamuwa da wasu cututtuka; saboda wannan dalilai, ikon mallakar abinci ta'allak ne akan mutanen asalin yanki. Ƙungiyoyin duniya da dama sun magance wadannan bukatu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], tare da kasashe da dama da ke daukar manufofin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin doka. Masu sukar fafutukar neman 'yancin abinci sun yi imanin cewa an kafa tsarin ne bisa zato mara inganci; anyi watsi ne da asalin matsalolin da ake fuskanta; kuma tsarin na fama da rashin haɗin kai don shawarwarin mafita. == Ma'ana == Mambobin ƙungiyar manoma ta [[Kungiyar Via Campesina|Via Campesina]] ne suka fara kirkiro kalmar "mallakar abinci" a shekarar 1996, sannan daga bisani kungiyoyin duniya da dama, ciki har da [[Bankin Duniya]] da Majalisar Dunkin Duniya suka fara amfani da kalmar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, "Sanarwar Nyéléni " ta ba da ma'anar da kasashe 80 suka karba; a shekara ta 2011 kasashen Turai sun fara amfani da kalmar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, akalla kasashe bakwai sun hada tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinsu. <ref name="Hannah Wittman 2010">Hannah Wittman, Annette Desmarais & Nettie Wiebe "Food Sovereignty - Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community" (2010)</ref> == Tarihi == Hakan yazo daidai da dan lokaci tare da ka'idodin kungiyar Slow Food, tarihin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin kungiya za'a iya cewa bai dade ba. Duk da haka, kungiyar tana samun karbuwa yayin da kasashe da yawa ke daukar matakai masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da tsarin abinci wanda ke magance rashin daidaito na abinci.<ref>Holt-Giménez, Eric (2009). "From Food Crisis to Food Sovereignty: The Challenge of Social Movements". ''Monthly Review''. '''61''' (3): 142–156. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.14452/MR-061-03-2009-07_11.</ref> === Tarukan duniya === A taron shekara ta 2007 don ikon mallakar abinci a Sélingué, [[Mali|kasar Mali]], wakilai 500, kasashe sama da 80 sun amince da "Sanarwar Nyéléni ", <ref name="Declaration of Nyéléni">[http://www.nyeleni.org/spip.php?article290 Declaration of Nyéléni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517132049/https://nyeleni.org/spip.php?article290 |date=2022-05-17 }} (text), Nyéléni 2007 - Forum for Food Sovereignty. Accessed online 19 February 2010.</ref> wanda ke cewa a wani bangare:<blockquote>Mallakar abinci shine hakkin al'umma don samun lafiyayyen abinci mai dacewa da al'ada da ake samarwa ta ingantacciyar hanya da muhalli mai dorewa, da kuma hakkinsu na ayyana tsarin abincinsu da yanayin noman su. Tsarin na sanya wadanda ke samar da abinci, rarrabawa da kuma cin abincin a tsakiyar tsarin abinci da manufofi maimakon bukatun kasuwanni da kamfanoni. Yana kare muradu da shigar da na gaba. Tsarin yana ba da dabaru don yin tsaye da wargaza tsarin kasuwancin kamfanonin abinci da tsarin abinci na yanzu, da kuma hanyoyin abinci, noma, kiwo da tsarin kiwon kifi wanda manoman gida suka tsara. Mallakar abinci yana ba da fifiko kan tattalin arziki na gida da na kasa da kasuwanni kuma yana ba wa kananan manoma da masu noman gandu damar aikin noma, kamun kifi, kiwo da kiwon dabbobi, da samar da abinci, rarraba su da kuma ci ko amfani dasu bisa dorewar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. <ref name="Declaration of Nyéléni"/></blockquote>A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2008 Ƙididdigar Kimiyya da Fasaha Noma da Kiwo ta Duniya (IAASTD), wani kwamiti ne na gwamnatoci da ke karkashin tallafin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Bankin Duniya]], sun samar da ma'anar kamar haka: "An ayyana ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin 'yancin mutane da kasashen ashe masu iko domin su tantance manufofinsu na noma da tsare-tsaren abinci ta hanyar yarda da amincewar mutane."<ref>International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), Global Summary for Decision Makers Archived 17 July 2012 at [[archive.today]]Accessed online 23 September 2008</ref> === Kasancewa daga cikin manufofin gwamnati === Batutuwa na samar da abinci, rarraba su da samun damar isa gare su ba abu bane mai sauki na siyasa ko kuma ba tare da an soke tsarin ba. Misali, amincewa da juyin yanayi na samar da abinci wato "Green Revolution" a kasashe da dama na fadin duniya ya kara samar da abinci a duniya amma bai "warware" matsalolin yunwa ba a duniya. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda wannan hanzarin bai magance damar samun fili ko rarraba ikon tattalin arziki ba. Wasu kuma sunyi jayayya da cewa ikon mallakar abinci ya dogara ne akan zato mara kyau game da rawar da noma ke takawa ga manufofin gwamnati. Bangarorin noma na ikon mallakar abinci sun sanya kungiyar a yanayi na rikici da cigaban duniya, habaka masana'antu, da sauran tsare-tsare.<ref>Ayres, Jeffrey; Bosia, Michael J. (1 February 2011). "Beyond Global Summitry: Food Sovereignty as Localized Resistance to Globalization". ''Globalizations''. '''8'''(1): 47–63. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/14747731.2011.544203. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 58946040.</ref> A cikin watan Satumbar shekarar 2008, kasar [[Ecuador]] ta zama kasa ta farko da ta sanya tsarin ikon mallakar abinci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, an fara tsara wata doka wacce ake sa ran za ta fadada wannan tanadin tsarin mulki ta hanyar hana kwayoyin halittu da aka gyara, da kare yankuna da dama na kasar daga fitar da albarkatun ta da ba za a iya sabunta su ba, da kuma hana shuka abinci iri daya tak a fili. An tsara dokar ne ta yadda zata wanzuwarhalittu a matsayin mallakar fasaha na gaba daya da kuma amincewa da Hakkokin Muhalli.<ref>Peña, Karla (Winter 2008). "Opening the Door to Food Sovereignty in Ecuador". ''Food First''. '''30'''(111): 1, 4.</ref> Tun daga nan kasashen [[Venezuela]], [[Mali]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Nepal]] da [[Senegal]]; da kuma na baya-bayan nan Masar (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 2014) sun kara tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu ko dokokin kasashen su. <ref name="Hannah Wittman 2010">Hannah Wittman, Annette Desmarais & Nettie Wiebe "Food Sovereignty - Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community" (2010)</ref> == Mallakar abincin asali == === Batutuwan Duniya === ==== Yanayi ==== Canjin yanayi yana yin tasiri matuka ga damar samar da abinci na al'umma na asali, wanda ya hada da mutanen tsibirin Pacific da wadanda ke yankin kankara na duniya wato "Circumpolar North", saboda [[Tashin matakin teku|hauhawar matakan teku]] ko zaizayar kasa.<ref>Mansbridge, Joanna (2018). "Animating Extinction, Performing Endurance: Feathers, Angels, and Indigenous Eco-Activism". ''Theatre Topics''. '''28''' (2): 113–123. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1353/tt.2018.0020. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 191545689. [[Project MUSE]] 700177.</ref> ==== Ire-Iren Abinci ==== Masu fafutuka kan tsarin sun yi ikirari da cewa ikon mallakar abinci na asali na a matsayin ire-iren abinci na yau da kullun saboda abincin mutane na asalin yakan zama ingantaccen abinci a al'adance, wadanda ke wajen wadanda nnan al'ummomin ke so. Sinadaran abinci wadanda suka zama ginshikan abincin al'adu, wadanda ke da wahala ga wadannan al'ummomin su samu, ana asarar su saboda ƙarin bukatu na samun su daga mutanen asali da ke wajen yankin.<ref>Grey, Sam; Newman, Lenore (September 2018). "Beyond culinary colonialism: indigenous food sovereignty, liberal multiculturalism, and the control of gastronomic capital". ''Agriculture and Human Values''. '''35'''(3): 717–730. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1007/s10460-018-9868-2. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 158355593. </ref> === Mallakar abinci na mutanen asalin Amurka === ’Yan asalin kasar Amurka sun sami matsala ta kai tsaye wajen samu da shirya abincinsu na asali kuma hakan ya haifar da matsaloli na lafiya, kamar ciwon siga da cututtukan zuciya.<ref>Satterfield, Dawn; DeBruyn, Lemyra; Santos, Marjorie; Alonso, Larry; Frank, Melinda (12 February 2016). "Health Promotion and Diabetes Prevention in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities — Traditional Foods Project, 2008–2014". ''MMWR Supplements''. '''65''' (1): 4–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.15585/mmwr.su6501a3. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 26916637</ref> Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali a Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa kauracewa abincin asali da mutane sukayi ya haifar da karancin abinci. Kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adun gargajiya, habaka hanyoyin samar da abinci n gargajiya, ' [[Hakkin Abinci|yancin abinci]], da ikon mallakar iri.<ref name=":2">Coté, Charlotte (15 July 2016). "'Indigenizing' Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States". ''Humanities''. '''5''' (3): 57. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.3390/h5030057.</ref> Tsarin mallakar abinci da wadatar abinci ga mutanen asalin yanki na da alaka ta kut da kut da wurin da suke zama. Hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya na Amurka suna da alaƙa da kasashen kakanni na al'ummar Amurka, musamman ga wadanda ke rike da al'adunsu. Alal misali, an koyar da shi a cikin Muckleshoot cewa "kasar da ke ba da abinci da magunguna da muke bukata wani bangare ne na mu."<ref name=":0">Jernigan, Valarie Blue Bird; Huyser, Kimberly R.; Valdes, Jimmy; Simonds, Vanessa Watts (2 January 2017). "Food Insecurity Among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A National Profile Using the Current Population Survey–Food Security Supplement". ''Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition''. '''12''' (1): 1–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/19320248.2016.1227750. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 5422031. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 28491205.</ref><ref>Satterfield, Dawn; DeBruyn, Lemyra; Santos, Marjorie; Alonso, Larry; Frank, Melinda (12 February 2016). "Health Promotion and Diabetes Prevention in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities — Traditional Foods Project, 2008–2014". ''MMWR Supplements''. '''65''' (1): 4–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.15585/mmwr.su6501a3. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 26916637.</ref> An bayyana rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya da cewa yana da alaka da katsewar alakar da ke tsakanin kasar Yan asalin kasar ta gargajiya da mutanensu, canjin da Rachel V. Vernon ta kwatanta da cewa tana da alaka da "wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da kuma asarar 'yancin kai da mulki."<ref>Vernon, Rachel (9 September 2015). "A Native Perspective: Food is More Than Consumption". ''Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development'': 1–6. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.5304/jafscd.2015.054.024</ref> Kasashen da suka riga sun yi mulkin mallaka sun kasance masu fa'ida kuma suna bunkasa tare da abinci na gargajiya. Saboda cututtuka da yake-yake, an asalin kasar a farkon karni na 20 sun samu matsala sosai wajen iya siye da shirya abincinsu. Baya ga wannan, kaura daga kasashen kakanni na kara iyakance hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Yawancin ’yan asalin kasar Amurka yanzu suna zama a cikin hamadar abinci . Saboda rashin isassun abinci ko hana samun abinci, Yan asalin kasar suna fama da rashin daidaituwar abinci idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'ar Amurka.<ref name=":0" /> A abubuwan da aka tanada, "'abin da aka sarrafa sosai, da sukari mai yawa, mai mai yawa, da abincin da aka sarrafa," ya kara ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran kiwon lafiya a cikin 'yan asalin kasar, wanda ke haifar da Yan asalin kasar a Amurka suna da mafi girman adadin ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya a cikin al'ummar.<ref>"Indian Health Disparities". ''Indian Health Service''. January 2013.</ref> Baya ga wannan, galibin Yan asalin kasar suma suna rayuwa ne ba tare da an ware su ba, don haka ana kara cire su daga hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. <ref>Office, US Census Bureau Public Information. 2010 Census Shows Nearly Half of American Indians and Alaska Natives Report Multiple Races - 2010 Census - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb12-cn06.html. Accessed 21 Feb. 2021.</ref> Saboda al'ummar asalin Amurkawa suna da kima a kasar Amurka, sun sami taimako kadan don gyara hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin nkin Duniya ta Indiyawan Amirka ta ayyana, ikon mallakar kabilanci yana tabbatar da cewa duk wani shawara game da ƙabilun game da dukiyoyinsu da ƴan ƙasa an yi su tare da sa hannu da yardarsu.<ref>"National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)", ''Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law'', CQ Press, 2009, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.4135/9781604265767.n441, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/978-1-933116-98-3|<bdi>978-1-933116-98-3</bdi>]]</ref> Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta amince da kabilun Amirkawa a matsayin gwamnatoci daban-daban, masu adawa da "kungiyoyin sha'awa na musamman, daidaikun mutane, ko ... wani nau'in kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu."<ref>"Tribal Sovereignty and State Jurisdiction", ''American Indians and State Law'', UNP - Nebraska, pp. 19–50, 2007, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.2307/j.ctt1djmgrn.5, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/978-0-8032-0989-3|<bdi>978-0-8032-0989-3</bdi>]]</ref> ==== Tarihi ==== [[File:Three_Sisters_4.jpg|thumb| '''Tsirrai uku: masara, wake, da kabewa ana shuka su tare.''']] Kafin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, ’yan asalin kasar Amirka suna da abinci iri-iri na al’adunsu, suna samun abinci ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam a tsakanin kabilu. Dangane da yankin, ’yan asalin kasar suna samun abincinsu ta hanyar farauta, kamun kifi, taro, da noma. Hanyoyin abinci na asali sun ta'allaka ne akan " 'yan'uwa mata uku ," ko masara, wake, da squash, a matsayin madaidaitan abincinsu. Farauta, tarawa, da kamun kifi sune farkon hanyoyin tattara abinci. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun wargaza waɗannan ma'auni masu ma'amala da muhalli bayan "[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus/Legacy gano] Amurka" Christopher Columbus a shekarar1492. Bayan zuwan Turawa, ’yan asalin Amurka sun kwashe kayansu har ma da yunwa a matsayin dabarar mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen ’yan asali. Mazaunan Turawa sun shigo da dabbobin gida cikin Amurka, suna kawo sabbin cututtuka tare da su.<ref name=":1">Park, Sunmin; Hongu, Nobuko; Daily, James W. (September 2016). "Native American foods: History, culture, and influence on modern diets". ''Journal of Ethnic Foods''. '''3''' (3): 171–177. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/j.jef.2016.08.001.</ref> Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi niyya kan shagunan abinci musamman kuma sun canza abincin Yan asalin Amirkawa sosai, ikonsu na samun albarkatu, da samar da abinci.<ref>Frank, Lois Ellen. "How Native American Diets Shifted After European Colonization". ''HISTORY''. Retrieved 2 May 2022.</ref> Sabbin tsarukan abinci da sabbin mazauna Amurkawa suka samar, sun tilastawa asalin Amurkawa dogaro da abinci da aka sarrafa da yawa akan wuraren ajiyar Indiya da al'ummomin ƴan asalin gaba daya. An tilasta wa kabilun asali shiga wani yanayi na rashin abinci kuma an sanya su cikin wani wuri a cikin al'umma inda ba za a iya samun damar samun wasu hanyoyin samun lafiya ko abincin da ake nomawa ba.<ref name=":1" /> Tare da asarar ikon mallakar abinci, an kuma yi asarar filaye, yayin da Indiyawan suka ƙaura da tilastawa. Bayan majalisar ta zartar da dokar kasa da kasa ta Indiya a shekara ta 1851, an tilasta wa duk 'yan asalin kasar shiga wuraren ajiyar Indiya, sun rasa ikon noma kasa da dogaro da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya. ==== Ayyuka ==== Asalin mazauna ƙasar Amirka a yau suna fafutukar neman yancin abinci a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin lafiya, suna komawa ga abincinsu na al’ada don waraka. Komawa cin abinci na gargajiya yana da ƙalubale, idan akayi la'akari da tarihin ƙaura da kashe al'adu . Anyi rasa ko kuma asarar yawancin tarihin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka na abincin al'adun gargajiya kuma suna da wahala a kara kirkiransu. <ref>Protecting and Restoring Indigenous Peoples’ Food Sovereignty. http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/protecting-and-restoring-indigenous-peoples-food. Accessed 21 Feb. 2021.</ref> Masu fafutukar kare hakkin abinci na 'yan asalin kasar Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar sun yi gudun hijira daga gidajen abinci na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci.<ref name=":2" /> Ana zargin cewa hanya mafi inganci don samun wadatar abinci ga ’yan asalin yanki ita ce karin tsare-tsare wajen samar da abinci. <ref>Murphy, Andi. (2019). Indigenous Food Security is Dependent on Food Sovereignty. Retrieved from https://civileats.com/2019/07/24/indigenous-food-security-is-dependent-on-food-sovereignty/</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka kuma suna jayayya game da ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin hanyar warkar da raunukan tarihi da kuma hanyar mallakar yankunan daga masu mulkin mallaka. A cikin {asar Amirka, Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Abinci ta Amirka, suna aiki don ilmantarwa da tsara manufofi da suka shafi tsaro na abinci da noma. Wani rukunin da ya mayar da hankali kan buƙatar abinci da ikon mallakar makamashi shine White Earth Anishnaabeg daga Minnesota, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abinci iri-iri, dasa shuki da girbin su ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, nau'in lalatawa.<ref>Grey, Sam; Patel, Raj (September 2015). "Food sovereignty as decolonization: some contributions from Indigenous movements to food system and development politics". ''Agriculture and Human Values''. '''32'''(3): 431–444. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1007/s10460-014-9548-9. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 55545504.</ref> Irin wadanda annan kungiyoyi suna haduwa don kafa manufofin ikon mallakar abinci da habaka tattalin arzikin abinci na gida a taron koli kamar Diné Bich'iiya' Summit a Tsaile, Arizona, wanda ya mai da hankali kan abincin gargajiya na Navajo.<ref>"The Growth of the Native Food Sovereignty Movement". ''Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</ref> Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali suma galibi suna bayar da muhimmanci wajen samun ikon mallakar iri, kuma galibi akan haƙƙin masu kiwo. Adana iri yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka saboda yana samarwa waɗancan al'ummomin ingantaccen tushen abinci kuma yana bada mahimmanci ga al'adu. <ref name="youtube.com">LaDuke, Winona. (2012). Seeds of Our Ancestors, Seeds of Life, TEDxTC. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHNlel72eQc</ref> Bugu da kari, masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya cewa ceton iri wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci wajen samar da tsarin noma wanda zai iya dacewa da sauyin yanayi. <ref name="nativeseedpod.org">White, Rowen. (2018). The Native Seed Pod, Episode 1. https://www.nativeseedpod.org/podcast/2018/episode-1-the-natural-law-of-seeds</ref> ==== Bincike da ayyukan ikon mallakar abinci ==== A cikin shekara ta 2021, cikakken bita na wallafe-wallafe na IFS (Mallakan Abinci na Ƙasa) da ingancin ka'idodin ikon mallakar abinci sun kammala da cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Canada suna da samun karin [[kiba]], rashin abinci, da [[nau'in ciwon sukari na 2]] fiye da yawan jama'a.<ref>Maudrie, Tara L; Colón-Ramos, Uriyoán; Harper, Kaitlyn M; Jock, Brittany W; Gittelsohn, Joel (29 July 2021). "A Scoping Review of the Use of Indigenous Food Sovereignty Principles for Intervention and Future Directions". ''Current Developments in Nutrition''. '''5''' (7): nzab093. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1093/cdn/nzab093. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 2475-2991. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 8321882. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 34345758.</ref> Ayyukan gwamnati da ke tallafawa tsarin abinci na asali sun kasance sabbin yunƙuri na ɗaga al'ummomin Yan asalin kuma suna cikin matakan ci gaba masu son ci gaba. Wasu ƙasashe sun dauki shirye-shiryen abinci na 'yan asalin shekaru kafin Amurka, gami da Kanada. [https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/ An ƙirƙiri Jagoran Abinci na Kanada (CFG)] a cikin Janairu 2019 a matsayin hanyar haɗa nau'ikan abincin al'adu, maimakon kafa ƙa'idodin abinci a kan al'adu ɗaya ko kaɗan - jagorar ya haɗa da abincin 'yan asalin ƙasa da kuma haɗa ƴan asalin ƙasar cikin shawarwari.<ref>Wilson, Taylor; Shukla, Shailesh (12 June 2020). "Pathways to Revitalization of Indigenous Food Systems: Decolonizing Diets through Indigenous-focused Food Guides". ''Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development'': 1–8. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.5304/jafscd.2020.094.003.</ref> [[File:Keya_Wakpala_Garden,_Mission_SD_3.jpg|thumb| Wani memba na al'umma yana girbi daga gona mai girman kadada ɗaya a wurin ajiyar Indiya a Kudancin Dakota.]] A cikin shekara ta 2021, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mallakar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin. An ƙera wannan yunƙurin don "haɓaka hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya" kamar yadda, kama da Kanada, shirye-shiryen USDA ba su ƙunshi hanyoyin abinci da abinci na 'yan asalin a tarihi ba.<ref>"USDA Indigenous Food Sovereignty Initiative". ''www.usda.gov''. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</ref> Usda ta hadu da kungiyoyi sun riga sun yi hidimar [https://itbcbuffalonation.org/ zean] asalinsu: [https://www.natifs.org/ Majalisar] Dabbobi [https://nativefoodalliance.org/our-programs-2/indigenous-seedkeepers-network/ Aregrad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518101946/https://nativefoodalliance.org/our-programs-2/indigenous-seedkeepers-network/ |date=2022-05-18 }} - [https://www.indianag.org/americanindianfoods Majalisar Noma] da Noma ta Tsammani [https://indigenousfoodandag.com/ da Noma Ƙaddamarwa] . Ayyukan da ba na gwamnati ba, irin su aikin tsari na "Good Life" a Ecuador, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan asalin al'umma ne ke jagorantar su. "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" ta nuna cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a bi ta hanyar ci gaban al'ummar 'yan asalin da ba su haɗa da tallafin gwamnati ko samar da jihohi ba. A Ecuador, 'yan asalin kasar sun haɓaka aikin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" wanda ke nisanta daga fahimtar jari-hujja da yammacin duniya game da abin da al'umma ke bukata, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan habaka nasarar al'umma ta hanyar jituwa da mutane, yanayi, da kare kasarsu - da gaske suna aiki. kai tsaye a cikin al'ummar ƴan asalin kasar don kwato ikon abinci.<ref>Altmann, Philipp (2014). "Good Life As a Social Movement Proposal for Natural Resource Use: The Indigenous Movement in Ecuador". ''Consilience'' (12): 82–94. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1948-3074</ref> Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka sun dauki irin wannan samfuri zuwa aikin "Good Life" na Ecuador. A California, kungiyar UC Berkeley, [https://best.berkeley.edu/cares-community-assessment-of-renewable-energy-and-sustainability/ CARES (Kimanin Al'umma na Sabunta Makamashi da Dorewa)] yana aiki tare da PPN (Pinoleville Pomo Nation) a Ukiah, California, don tallafawa ikon mallakar kabilanci. Wannan al'ummar 'yan asalin ta kasance tana aiki tare da CARES tsawon shekaru don tsara gidaje masu ɗorewa da makamashi waɗanda ke nuna al'adunta.<ref>"CARES: Community Assessment of Renewable Energy and Sustainability – BEST Lab UC Berkeley". ''best.berkeley.edu''. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</ref> == Ikon mallakar iri == Ana iya bayyana ikon mallakar iri a matsayin hakkin “habaka da musanya irr daban daban.”<ref>"Seed Sovereignty". ''Seed Sovereignty''. The Gaia Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</ref> Tsarinyana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ikon mallakar abinci, kamar yadda masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri ke jayayya da aiwatar da aikin ceton iri a wani bangare a matsayin hanyar habaka wadatar abinci.<ref>Hoidal, Natalie. "What's in a seed? The critical role of seed politics in the food sovereignty movement". ''Sustainable Food Trust''. Sustainable Food Trust. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</ref> Wadannan masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa ceton iri yana ba da damar rufaffiyar tsarin abinci wanda zai iya taimakawa al'ummomi samun 'yancin kai daga manyan kamfanonin noma.<ref>Hoidal, Natalie. "What's in a seed? The critical role of seed politics in the food sovereignty movement". ''Sustainable Food Trust''. Sustainable Food Trust. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</ref> Mallakar iri ta bambanta da ikon mallakar abinci a cikin fifikonta kan ceton iri musamman, maimakon tsarin abinci gaba ɗaya. Masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya don ceto iri bisa la'akari da muhalli, ba kawai adalcin abinci ba. <ref name="youtube.com"/> Suna jayayya da cewa ceto iri ya cika muhimmiyar rawa na maido da ɗimbin halittu ga noma, da samar da nau'ikan tsirrai waɗanda suka fi jure canza yanayin yanayi ta fuskar sauyin yanayi. <ref name="nativeseedpod.org"/> == Mullakar abinci tare da amincin abinci == An kirkiri ikon mallakar abinci ne a matsayin martani ga masu fafutuka game da samar da abinci ta ko yaya, babban jawabin duniya kan samar da abinci da manufofi.<ref name=":3">Beuchelt, Tina D.; Virchow, Detlef (June 2012). "Food sovereignty or the human right to adequate food: which concept serves better as international development policy for global hunger and poverty reduction?". ''Agriculture and Human Values''. '''29''' (2): 259–273. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1007/s10460-012-9355-0. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 55985231.</ref> Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada samun isassun abinci mai gina jiki ga kowa, wanda zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar abinci daga ƙasarsa ko kuma daga shigo da kayayyaki na duniya. A cikin sunan inganci da haɓaka yawan aiki, don haka ya yi aiki don haɓaka abin da ake kira "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni":<ref>McMichael, Philip (January 2009). "A food regime genealogy". ''[[Journal of Peasant Studies]]''. '''36''' (1): 139–169. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/03066150902820354. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 15330376.</ref> manyan ma'auni, masana'antu na masana'antu dangane da samarwa na musamman, tattara ƙasa da sassaucin ra'ayi . Masu sukar harkar samar da abinci sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin kula da tattalin arziƙin siyasa na tsarin abinci na kamfanoni yana rufe mata ido da illolin wannan gwamnatin, musamman yadda ake korar ƙananan masana'antun da kuma lalacewar muhallin duniya.<ref>Jansen, Kees (2 January 2015). "The debate on food sovereignty theory: agrarian capitalism, dispossession and agroecology". ''The Journal of Peasant Studies''. '''42''' (1): 213–232. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/03066150.2014.945166. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 154690036.</ref> Da yake rubutawa a cikin ''Bayanan'' Abinci na Farko, faduwar shekara ta 2003, Peter Rosset ya yi jayayya da cewa "Ikon mallakar abinci ya wuce manufar samar da ''abinci'' . . . [Tsaron abinci] yana nufin cewa... [kowa] dole ne ya sami tabbacin samun abin da zai ci kowace rana[,] ... amma bai ce komai ba game da inda abincin ya fito ko yadda ake samar da shi.” Mallakar abinci ya hada da tallafi ga masu karamin karfi da gonaki, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu, maimakon samar da masana'antu a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya kaɗan. A cikin wani littafin, Food First ya bayyana "Mallakar abinci" a matsayin "dandali na farfado da karkara a matakin duniya bisa [[wiktionary:equal|daidaiton]] rabon filayen noma da ruwa, sarrafa manoma kan iri, da kananan gonaki masu albarka da ke wadata masu amfani da kiwon lafiya, abincin da ake nomawa na al'ada. ."<ref>Global Small-Scale Farmers' Movement Developing New Trade Regimes", [[Food First]] ''News & Views'', Volume 28, Number 97 Spring/Summer 2005, p.2.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verification needed]]'']</sup></ref> Hakanan an kara kwatanta tsarin ikon mallakar abinci da adalcin abinci, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan kabilanci da rashin adalcin aji da alakar su da abinci, yayin da mallakar abinci yana nufin hukuma kan tsarin samar da abinci.<ref>Clendenning, Jessica; Dressler, Wolfram H.; Richards, Carol (March 2016). "Food justice or food sovereignty? Understanding the rise of urban food movements in the USA". ''Agriculture and Human Values''. '''33''' (1): 165–177. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1007/s10460-015-9625-8. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:11343/283038. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 145661471</ref> === Sukar juyin yanayin tsirrai === Juyin tsarin shuke-shuke, wanda ke nufin ci gaban da aka samu a kiwo a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 wanda ya inganta amfanin gona daga manyan amfanin gona na [[Siril|hatsi]], wasu masu goyon bayan samar da abinci ne suka amince da shi a matsayin labarin nasara wajen kara yawan amfanin gona da yaki da yunwa a duniya. Manufar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan bincike, habakawa da canja wurin fasahar noma, irin su nau'in iri da takin zamani, ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda suka kawo sauyi a harkar noma a ƙasashe da dama, tun daga [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Indiya]].<ref>Pingali, Prabhu L. (31 July 2012). "Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''109'''(31): 12302–12308. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:2012PNAS..10912302P. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1073/pnas.0912953109. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 3411969. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 22826253.</ref> Koyaya, da yawa a cikin kungiyar ikon mallakar abinci suna sukar juyin yanayin samar da abinci kuma suna zargin wadanda ke ba da shawararsa da cewa suna bin tsarin fasaha na al'adun Yammacin Turai da yawa wanda bai dace da bukatun yawancin kananan masana'antu da manoma ba.<ref>Saha, Madhumita; Schmalzer, Sigrid (2016). "Green-revolution epistemologies in China and India: technocracy and revolution in the production of scientific knowledge and peasant identity". ''BJHS Themes''. '''1''': 145–167. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/bjt.2016.2. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 20900741.</ref> . Yayin da juyin yanayin halayyar shuke-shuke na iya samar da abinci mai yawa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|yunwar duniya]] ta ci gaba saboda bai magance matsalolin samun dama ba.<ref>''Nature: poor people's wealth'' (PDF). Friends of the Earth International. 2005.</ref> Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa juyin juya halin koren ya gaza canza babban rabon ikon tattalin arziki, musamman damar samun filaye da ikon siye.<ref>Timmermann, Cristian; Félix, Georges F.; Tittonell, Pablo (16 March 2018). "Food sovereignty and consumer sovereignty: Two antagonistic goals?". ''Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems''. '''42''' (3): 274–298. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/21683565.2017.1359807. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 158627067.</ref> Masu sukar sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa juyin shuke-shuke ya kara yin amfani da maganin ciyawa ya haifar da barna a muhalli da kuma rage dimbin halittu a wurare da dama.<ref>Alteri, Miguel (2009). "Agroecology, Small Farms, and Food Sovereignty". ''ProQuest''. 102-113.</ref> == Ra'ayoyin ilimi == === Ƙa'idar Tsarin Abinci === A matsayinsa na kungiya na zamantakewa, masu nazarin tsarin abinci suna da ra'ayi akan ikon mallakar abinci. Tare da tasirinsa na Marxist, masana ilimin tsarin abinci suna sha'awar yadda lokutan rikici tsakanin wani tsarin abinci ke bayyana tashin hankali na yare wanda ke motsa motsi tsakanin irin wadannan jeri (watau lokutan canji). A cewar babban masanin ka'idar Philip McMichael, tsarin tsarin abinci koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi da sabani. Ƙarfafa tsarin mulki ba ya da ƙwaƙƙwara kamar yadda ya ƙunshi, ko kuma ya dace da waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula.<ref>McMichael, Philip (January 2009). "A food regime genealogy". ''The Journal of Peasant Studies''. '''36''' (1): 139–169. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/03066150902820354. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 15330376.</ref> A cewar McMichael, "noman duniya" a karkashin yarjejeniyar WTO akan aikin gona ("abinci daga ko ina") yana wakiltar daya iyaka na "cibanin tsakiya" na mulkin yanzu. Yana da sha'awar yuwuwar tsarin ikon mallakar abinci don ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin wannan da sandar sa ta gaba, tushen agroecology ("abinci daga wani wuri") wanda ƙungiyoyin abinci daban-daban suka ba da shawarar.<ref name=":3" /> Bayar da yanke shawara daban-daban, aikin kwanan nan na Harriet Friedmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "abinci daga wani wuri" an riga an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin tsarin " juyin tsirrai " na gaggawa<ref>Friedmann, Harriet (2006). "From Colonialism to Green Capitalism: Social Movements and Emergence of Food Regimes". ''New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development''. Research in Rural Sociology and Development. Vol. 11. pp. 227–264. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/S1057-1922(05)11009-9. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/0-7623-1250-5|<bdi>0-7623-1250-5</bdi>]].</ref> (cf. Campbell 2009).<ref>Campbell, Hugh (2009). "Breaking new ground in food regime theory: corporate environmentalism, ecological feedbacks, and the 'food from somewhere' regime?". ''Agriculture and Human Values''. '''26''' (4): 309–319. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1007/s10460-009-9215-8. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 155035613.</ref> === Suka === ==== Zato na asali mara kuskure ==== Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bayar da Abinci ta bin diddigin zato ba daidai ba ne, suna masu nuni da cewa ƙananan manoma ba lallai ba ne salon rayuwarsu da aka zaɓa ba kuma manoma a ƙalla ƙasashe masu ci gaba da wanda suka cigaba ba sa fuskantar kalubale iri ɗaya. Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin ikon mallakar abinci na iya yin daidai game da kura-kuran akidar tattalin arziƙin ɗaiɗaiɗai, amma an yi shiru game da gaskiyar cewa yawancin yunwa a zahiri ta faru ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin gurguzu da na gurguzu waɗanda suka bi manufar wadatar abinci (cf. Shekarar 2011). ==== Tsarin siyasa-na shari'a ==== Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin ra'ayin ikon mallakar abinci game da siyasa ko al'umman hukunce-hukuncen da ake ba da umarnin kiranta na neman dimokaradiyya da sabunta "dan kasa na noma" . A cikin bayanan jama'a, ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci ta buƙaci ɗaukar tsauraran matakai daga gwamnatocin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi (a cikin jigon [[Haƙƙoƙin yan asalin ƙasa|ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam]], Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa na Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) . A wani wurin kuma ta yi kira ga kungiyoyin farar hula ta duniya da su yi aiki a matsayin abin dubawa ga cin zarafi daga hukumomin kasa da na kasa. Wadanda ke da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da ikon mallakar jihohi za su yi jayayya da yiwuwar cewa za a iya daidaita ikon mallakar ƙasashe da na al'ummomin gida (duba kuma muhawara game da al'adu da yawa da 'yancin cin gashin na 'yan asalin a Mexico ). ==== Rikicin noma? ==== A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan sake tabbatar noma na ƙauye da ƙauye, an karanta motsin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin ƙalubale ga labaran zamani na ƙasƙantar birni, masana'antu na noma, da kawar da manoma. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ke gudana game da mahimmancin aikin noma a cikin Marxism na gargajiya, Henry Bernstein yana da mahimmanci ga wadannan asusun. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa irin wadannan nazarin sun kasance suna gabatar da yawan masu noman noma a matsayin haɗin kai, nau'in zamantakewa guda ɗaya da tarihin duniya, wanda ya kasa yin lissafin: * Manyan bambance-bambancen zamantakewar jama'a (Arewa/Kudu, jinsi da matsayi); * dabi'un masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ra'ayin tsiratar da al'adu na motsi wanda ya fito a matsayin wani bangare na koma baya ga masu ra'ayin yin kama da juna na duniya (Boyer yayi magana akan ko ikon mallakar abinci shine labari ko rashin ci gaba ) Berstein yayi ikirarin rarin cewa waɗannan asusun. ba zai iya tserewa wani populism (ko agrarianism ). Don amsa ga Bernstein, duba McMichae shekarar (2009) . == Duba kuma == * 2007-2008 rikicin farashin abinci a duniya * Kame kasa * Permaculture * Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali * [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Adabi == * Annette Desmarais, Nettie Wiebe, da Hannah Wittman (2010). Mallakar Abinci: Sake Haɗin Abinci, Hali da Al'umma. Littattafan Farkon Abinci. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-935028-37-9|978-0-935028-37-9]] * Choplin, Gérard; Strickner, Alexandra; Trouvé, Aurélie [Hg.] (2011). ''Mallakar abinci - zuwa sabuwar manufar noma da abinci a Turai'' (Ernährungssouveränität - Für eine andere Agrar- und Lebensmittelpolitik a Europa). Mandelbaum Verlag. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85476-346-8|978-3-85476-346-8]] * * Kadada biyar da 'Yanci == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150123040105/http://www.nyelenieurope.net/en/ Dandalin Turai don Mallakar Abinci] - Krems, Austria, Agusta 2011 * [https://www.indigenousfoodsystems.org/about Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta Yan asalin ƙasar] * [https://nativefoodalliance.org/ Haɗin Kan Mulkin Abinci na Kasar Amirka] * [http://www.nyeleni.org/?lang=en&lang_fixe=ok Nyéléni] Na farko International Forum for Food Sovereignty (Sélingué, Mali - Fabrairu 2007) da kuma kasa da ''kasa Newsletter'' - muryar motsi ga Abinci. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204164439/http://waronwant.org/overseas-work/food-justice Yaƙi akan shirin Mulkin Abinci na So] * [http://www.ukabc.org/foodsovpaper.htm "MASARAUTAR ABINCI: zuwa ga dimokuradiyya a cikin tsarin abinci"] na Michael Windfuhr da Jennie Jonsén, FIAN. ITDG Bugawa - takarda aiki. 64pp ku. 2005. Yana ba da bayanai akan Tsarin Manufofin Mulkin Abinci. Hadi zuwa manyan bayanai da takaddun da aka samar cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai PDF mai saukewa. * [http://www.foodsovereignty.org "Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Duniya don Mallakar Abinci"] . Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO na kasa da kasa - IPC cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO da suka damu da batutuwa da shirye-shiryen ikon mallakar abinci. IPC tana aiki azaman hanyar watsa bayanai kan ikon mallakar abinci da batutuwan da suka shafi samar da abinci. * Mulkin [http://www.mijarc.net abinci da matasan karkara] (MIJARC) * Michel Pimbert, 2010. IIED. [http://www.iied.org/natural-resources/key-issues/food-and-agriculture/multimedia-publication-towards-food-sovereignty-re Zuwa ga Mallakar Abinci.] [http://www.iied.org/natural-resources/key-issues/food-and-agriculture/multimedia-publication-towards-food-sovereignty-re Maido da tsarin abinci mai cin gashin kansa] * [http://www.wdm.org.uk/food-sovereignty "Menene mulkin mallaka?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105205544/http://www.wdm.org.uk/food-sovereignty |date=2014-11-05 }} - Harkar Ci gaban Duniya [[Category:Mallaka]] [[Category:'Yancin Abinci]] [[Category:Ikon mallakar abinci]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hhk8zmlvgnq36t8z6uwjn6xm3ntrr40 Ilmi 0 36474 967398 966694 2026-10-13T23:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kimiyya ta zamani yawanci ta kasu kashi biyu: [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]], wacce ke nazarin duniyar zahiri, da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], wacce ke karatun mutane da al'ummomi. Duk da yake ana kiransu kimiyyar al'ada, dabaru, lissafi, da kimiyyar kwamfuta na ka'idoji galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin daban saboda sun dogara da tunani mai banƙyama maimakon Hanyar kimiyya a matsayin babbar hanyar su. A halin yanzu, [[Kimiyya mai amfani|kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da ita]] sune horo waɗanda ke amfani da ilimin kimiyya don dalilai masu amfani, kamar injiniya da magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=M. R. |last2=Fabry |first2=G |year=2014 |title=Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education |journal=GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=Doc24 |doi=10.3205/zma000916 |pmc=4027809 |pmid=24872859}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=Marius |year=1993 |title=On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods |url=https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Engineering Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115220102/https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> Tarihin kimiyya ya mamaye mafi yawan tarihin tarihi, tare da farkon wadanda suka riga sun kasance a kimiyyar zamani wanda ya fara zuwa zamanin Bronze a [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] ({{Circa|3000–1200&nbsp;BCE}} ). Gudummawar da suka bayar ga lissafi, ilimin taurari, da magani sun shiga kuma sun tsara falsafar halitta ta Girka ta zamanin d ̄ a da kuma karatun zamani na zamani, inda aka yi ƙoƙari na samar da bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a duniyar zahiri bisa ga abubuwan da suka haifar da halitta; an ci gaba da ci gaba, gami da gabatar da tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Arabic, a lokacin Golden Age na Indiya da [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|Zamanin Zinariya na Musulunci]].: 12 : 1–26 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Keay}}</ref><ref name="Lindberg2007" />: 163–192  Farfadowa da daidaita ayyukan Girka da tambayoyin Musulunci a Yammacin Turai a lokacin [[Renaissance]] sun farfado da falsafar halitta, : 193-224, 225-253 wanda daga baya Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya wanda ya fara a karni na 16 ya canza shi yayin da sababbin ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da aka gano suka tashi daga ra'ayoyin Girka da suka gabata.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />: 357-368 : 274-322 Hanyar kimiyya nan da nan ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun ilimi, kuma a cikin Karni na 19, yawancin bangarorin kimiyya da kwararru sun fara samun tsari, tare da sauya "falsafar halitta" zuwa "kimiyya ta halitta".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> Sabon ilimi a kimiyya yana ci gaba ta hanyar bincike daga masana kimiyya waɗanda ke motsawa ta hanyar son sani game da duniya da sha'awar warware matsaloli. Binciken kimiyya na zamani sau da yawa yana da haɗin gwiwa sosai kuma ƙungiyoyi a cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike suna gudanar da shi akai-akai, hukumomin gwamnati, : 163-192 da kamfanoni. A lokaci guda, manyan ci gaba da yawa - musamman a cikin Kimiyya ta asali - sun fito ne daga masu bincike kuma an san su sosai ta hanyar manyan kyaututtuka na duniya kamar [[Kyautar Nobel]]. Sakamakon aiki na aikin kimiyya ya haifar da fitowar manufofin kimiyya waɗanda ke neman ba da fifiko ga ci gaban alhakin samfuran kasuwanci, kiwon lafiya, ababen more rayuwa na jama'a, kariya ta muhalli, da kuma damar tsaro. == Magana == An yi amfani da kalmar ''kimiyya'' a cikin Turanci tun daga karni na 14 (Middle English) a cikin ma'anar "yanayin sani". An aro kalmar daga Harshen Anglo-Norman a matsayin ma'anar -kimiyya, wanda aka aro daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:scientia|scientia]]}}, ma'ana ', sani, fahimta', sunan da aka samo daga {{Lang|la|[[wikt:sciens|sciens]]}} ma'anar 'sanin', kanta mai aiki na yanzu na sciō 'sanin'. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da asalin kalmar ''kimiyya''. A cewar Michiel de Vaan, masanin harshe na Dutch kuma Indo-Turai, {{Lang|la|sciō}} na iya samun asalinsa a cikin harshen Proto-Italic kamar {{Lang|itc-x-proto|*skije-}} ko {{Lang|itc-x-proto|*skijo-}} ma'anar 'sanin', wanda zai iya samo asali daga Harshen Proto-Indo-Turai kamar {{Lang|ine-x-proto|skh<sub>1</sub>-ie}}, *{{Lang|ine-x-proto|skh<sub>1</sub>-io}} ma'anar' yanka'. ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' ya ba da shawarar {{Lang|la|sciō}} wani tsari ne na baya na {{Lang|la|[[wikt:nescire|nescīre]]}}, ma'ana 'ba a sani ba, zama mara sani da', wanda zai iya samo asali daga Proto-Indo-Turai ''{{Lang|ine-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sek-|sekH-]]}}'' a cikin Latin {{Lang|la|[[wikt:secare|secāre]]}}, ko {{Lang|ine-x-proto|skh<sub>2</sub>-}} daga *sʹheh2 (i) - ma'ana' yanka'. A baya, kimiyya tana da alaƙa da "sani" ko "bincike", daidai da asalin Latin. Mutumin da ya gudanar da bincike na kimiyya ana kiransa "masanin falsafa na halitta" ko "mutumin kimiyya". A cikin 1834, [[William whewell|William Whewell]] ya gabatar da kalmar ''masanin kimiyya'' a cikin bita na littafin Mary Somerville On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, yana mai da shi ga "wani mutum mai basira" (watakila kansa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Sydney |year=1962 |title=Scientist: The story of a word |journal=[[Annals of Science]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.1080/00033796200202722 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === [[File:Megaliths_Aswan_Nubia_museum.JPG|left|thumb|Megaliths daga Nabta Playa, wanda jama'ar Neolithic suka gina don daidaita abubuwan lura da taurari da ke [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], Upper Egypt.]] [[File:Plimpton_322.jpg|alt=Clay tablet with markings, three columns for numbers and one for ordinals|thumb|Allon Plimpton 322 na Babiloniyawa ya rubuta Sau uku na Pythagoras, wanda aka rubuta {{Circa|1800&nbsp;BCE}} ]] Kimiyya ba ta da asali ɗaya. Maimakon haka, tunanin kimiyya ya fito ne a hankali a cikin dubban shekaru, <ref>{{Citation|journal=Stephen|url-status=Siegal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lombard |first=Marlize |last2=Gärdenfors |first2=Peter |year=2017 |title=Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=95 |issue=95 |pages=219–234 |doi=10.4436/JASS.95006 |issn=1827-4765 |pmid=28489015}}</ref> yana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban a duniya, kuma an san bayanai kaɗan game da abubuwan da suka faru na farko. Wataƙila Mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a kimiyyar prehistoric, kamar yadda al'adun addini suka yi. <ref>{{Cite book|last2=David Wengrow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budd |first=Paul |last2=Taylor |first2=Timothy |year=1995 |title=The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making |journal=World Archaeology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=133–143 |bibcode=1995WoArc..27..133B |doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297 |jstor=124782}}</ref> Wasu malamai suna amfani da kalmar "protoscience" don lakafta ayyukan da suka gabata waɗanda suka yi kama da kimiyyar zamani a wasu amma ba duk siffofi ba; duk da haka, an kuma soki wannan lakabin a matsayin mai raina, ko kuma yana nuna halin yanzu, yana tunani game da waɗannan ayyukan kawai dangane da rukunin zamani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Pamela H. |year=2009 |title=Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_renaissance-quarterly_spring-2009_62_1/page/n354 |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |pages=345–375 |doi=10.1086/599864 |pmid=19750597 |s2cid=43643053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=Robert |date=March 2021 |title=Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=25–48 |bibcode=2021PhP....23...25F |doi=10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7 |issn=1422-6944 |s2cid=253597172 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dear |first=Peter |year=2012 |title=Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science |journal=History of Science |volume=50 |pages=197–211 |doi=10.1177/007327531205000203 |s2cid=141599452}}</ref> Shaidar kai tsaye ga hanyoyin kimiyya ta zama mafi haske tare da zuwan tsarin rubutu a cikin wayewar [[zamanin Tagulla]] na [[Tsohuwar Masar]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] ( {{Circa|3000–1200&nbsp;BCE}} ), ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubucen farko a tarihin kimiyya . : 12–15  Duk da cewa kalmomin da ra'ayoyin "kimiyya" da "yanayi" ba su kasance cikin yanayin tunani a lokacin ba, tsoffin Masarawa da Mesopotamiya sun ba da gudummawa waɗanda daga baya suka sami matsayi a cikin kimiyyar Girka da ta zamanin da: lissafi, ilmin taurari, da magani. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Francesca Rochberg|edition=Ronald}}</ref> <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 12  Daga ƙarni na 3&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S), tsoffin Masarawa sun ƙirƙiro tsarin lambobi marasa matsayi, sun warware matsalolin aiki ta amfani da lissafi, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Haggai Erlich}}</ref> kuma suka ƙirƙiro kalanda . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2017 |title=Telling Time in Ancient Egypt |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303133140/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Magungunan warkarwa da suka yi sun haɗa da magungunan ƙwayoyi da kuma abubuwan al'ajabi, kamar addu'o'i, addu'o'i, da al'adu. : 9 Tsoffin [[Nubians (ƙabila)|'yan Nubiya]] sun fara amfani da maganin rigakafi na farko kuma sun kafa tsarin ka'idojin lissafi wanda ya zama tushen hasken rana na farko. 'Yan Nubiya sun kuma yi amfani da hanyar trigonometric wacce ta yi daidai da takwarorinsu na Masar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armelagos, George |date=2000 |title=Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years: Use of Tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/482bd90a-de71-49b3-9bbc-d8ff0ab974b3 |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=50–3 |s2cid=89542474}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Depuydt |first=Leo |date=1 January 1998 |title=Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=84 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.2307/3822211 |jstor=3822211}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Slayman |first=Andrew |date=27 May 1998 |title=Neolithic Skywatchers |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234044/http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |website=Archaeology Magazine Archive}}</ref> Tsoffin [[Mesopotamia|mutanen Mesopotamiya]] sun yi amfani da ilimi game da halayen sinadarai daban-daban na halitta don ƙera [[tukwane]], faience, gilashi, sabulu, ƙarfe, filastar lemun tsami, da kuma hana ruwa shiga. <ref name="McIntosh2005">{{Cite book|last3=Jane McIntosh}}</ref> Sun yi nazarin ilimin halittar dabbobi, [[Anatomy|ilmin halittar jiki]], ɗabi'a, da ilmin taurari don dalilai na allahntaka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aaboe |first=Asger |author-link=Asger Aaboe |date=2 May 1974 |title=Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |pages=21–42 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |jstor=74272 |s2cid=122508567}}</ref> Mutanen Mesopotamiya suna da sha'awar magani sosai, kuma farkon magungunan likita sun bayyana a Sumerian a lokacin Daular Uku ta Ur . <ref name="McIntosh2005" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biggs |first=R. D. |year=2005 |title=Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=19 |pages=7–18}}</ref> Da alama sun yi nazarin fannonin kimiyya waɗanda ke da aikace-aikace na aiki ko na addini kuma ba su da sha'awar gamsar da sha'awa. <ref name="McIntosh2005" /> === Tsoffin tarihi === [[File:MANNapoli_124545_plato's_academy_mosaic.jpg|alt=Framed mosaic of philosophers gathering around and conversing|thumb| Mosaic na Kwalejin Plato, wanda aka yi tsakanin 100&nbsp;BC da 79&nbsp;CE, yana nuna masana falsafa da masana Girka da yawa.]] A zamanin d ̄ a, babu ainihin kwatankwacin masanin kimiyya na zamani. Maimakon haka, masu ilimi sosai, yawanci manyan ɗalibai, kuma kusan maza na duniya suna yin bincike daban-daban game da yanayi a duk lokacin da za su iya samun lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> Kafin kirkirar ko gano manufar ''phusis'' ko ra'ayi ta hanyar masana falsafa na pre-Socratic, ana amfani da kalmomi iri ɗaya don bayyana "hanyar" ta halitta inda shuka ke girma, da kuma "hanyar' wanda, alal misali, wata kabila tana bauta wa wani allah. Saboda wannan dalili, an yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan maza ne masana falsafa na farko a cikin tsananin ma'ana kuma na farko da ya rarrabe "al'ada" da "taron". [[Falsafar Girka ta Da|Masana falsafa na Girka]] na farko na makarantar Milesian, wanda [[Thales na Miletus]] ya kafa daga baya kuma magajinsa Anaximander da [[Anaximenes na Miletus|Anaximenes]] suka ci gaba da shi, su ne farkon waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin bayyana [[List of natural phenomena|abubuwan da suka faru na halitta]] ba tare da dogaro da abubuwan da suka shafi allahntaka ba . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Patricia O'Grady}}</ref> [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoreans]] sun ƙirƙiro wata falsafar lissafi mai sarkakiya <ref name="Burkert1972">{{Cite book|last3=Walter Burkert}}</ref> {{Rp|467–468}}kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi. <ref name="Burkert1972" /> {{Rp|465}}Masanin falsafar Girka Leucippus da ɗalibinsa [[Democritus]] ne suka ƙirƙiro ka'idar atoms . <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Claire}}</ref> Daga baya, Epicurus zai haɓaka cikakken ilimin halittar halitta bisa ga atomism, kuma zai rungumi "canon" (mai mulki, mizani) wanda ya kafa ka'idoji na zahiri ko ƙa'idodin gaskiyar kimiyya. Likitan Girka Hippocrates ya kafa al'adar kimiyyar likitanci mai tsari <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Steven}}</ref> kuma an san shi da " Uban Magunguna ". Wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a tarihin kimiyyar falsafa ta farko shi ne misalin [[Socrates]] na amfani da falsafa wajen nazarin al'amuran ɗan adam, ciki har da yanayin ɗan adam, yanayin al'ummomin siyasa, da kuma ilimin ɗan adam da kansa. Hanyar Socratic kamar yadda tattaunawar [[Plato]] ta rubuta ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen kawar da hasashe: ana samun ingantattun hasashe ta hanyar gano da kuma kawar da waɗanda ke haifar da sabani a hankali. Hanyar Socratic tana neman gaskiyar da aka saba da ita wadda ke tsara imani kuma tana bincika su don tabbatar da daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Apology |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=1 November 2017 |page=17}}</ref> Socrates ya soki tsohuwar nau'in nazarin kimiyyar lissafi a matsayin abin zato kawai kuma ba shi da sukar kai . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Apology |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=1 November 2017 |page=27}}</ref> A ƙarni na 4&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S), [[Aristotle]] ya ƙirƙiri wani shiri mai tsari na falsafar sadarwa ta zamani . A ƙarni na 3&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S), masanin ilmin taurari na Girka Aristarchus na Samos shi ne farkon wanda ya gabatar da samfurin sararin samaniya mai tsayin daka, tare da Rana a tsakiya kuma dukkan duniyoyi suna kewaye da ita. An yi watsi da tsarin Aristarchus sosai saboda an yi imanin cewa ya karya dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, <ref name="McClellan2015" /> yayin da aka karɓi samfurin Ptolemy's ''Almagest'', wanda ya ƙunshi bayanin yanayin ƙasa na [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin Rana]], ta hanyar farkon Renaissance. Mai ƙirƙira kuma masanin lissafi [[Arkimidus|Archimedes na Syracuse]] ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga farkon [[Calculus|lissafin lissafi]] . [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] marubuci ne na Roma kuma masanin lissafi wanda ya rubuta babban littafin ''tarihin halitta'' . Alamar matsayi don wakiltar lambobi wataƙila ta bayyana tsakanin ƙarni na 3 da 5&nbsp;CE a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Indiya. Wannan tsarin lambobi ya sa ayyukan lissafi masu inganci su fi sauƙin samu kuma daga ƙarshe sun zama mizani ga lissafi a duk duniya. === Tsakiyar Zamani === [[File:ViennaDioscoridesEndpaperPeacock.jpg|alt=Picture of a peacock on very old paper|thumb| Shafin farko na Vienna Dioscurides yana nuna wani tsuntsu mai suna dawisu, wanda aka yi a ƙarni na 6.]] Saboda rugujewar Daular Roma ta Yamma, ƙarni na 5 ya ga raguwar ilimi, tare da lalacewar ilimin fahimtar Girkawa na gargajiya game da duniya a Yammacin Turai. {{Rp|page=194}}Masana kimiyyar Latin na lokacin kamar Isidore na Seville sun kiyaye mafi yawan ilimin da aka sani na da. Sabanin haka, saboda [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta yi tsayayya da hare-haren mamaya, sun sami damar kiyayewa da inganta ilimin da suka gabata. <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> {{Rp|page=159}}John Philoponus, wani malamin Byzantine a ƙarni na 6, ya fara yin tambaya game da koyarwar Aristotle game da kimiyyar lissafi, yana gabatar da ka'idar ƙarfafawa . <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 307, 311, 363, 402 Sukar da ya yi ta zama abin ƙarfafa gwiwa ga masana zamanin da da Galileo Galilei, waɗanda suka yi ta ambaton ayyukansa sosai bayan ƙarni goma. <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 307–308  A ƙarshen zamanin da da kuma farkon zamanin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, an fi yin nazari kan abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ta hanyar tsarin Aristotelian. Tsarin ya haɗa da dalilai guda huɗu na Aristotle: dalilai na zahiri, na zahiri, masu inganci, da kuma na ƙarshe. [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] ta kiyaye rubuce-rubucen gargajiya da yawa na Girka, kuma Kiristoci ne suka yi fassarar [[Larabci]], galibin su Nestorians da Miaphysites . A zamanin mulkin Abbasiyawa, masana kimiyyar Larabawa sun inganta waɗannan fassarorin Larabci daga baya kuma suka haɓaka su. : 62–67 A ƙarni na 6 da 7, [[Daular Sasanian]] da ke makwabtaka da ita ta kafa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Gondishapur, wadda likitocin Girka, Siriya, da Farisa suka ɗauke ta a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya mafi muhimmanci a duniyar da ta daɗe. Nazarin Musulunci game da Aristotelianism ya bunƙasa a Gidan Hikima da aka kafa a babban birnin Abbasid na [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]], Iraki kuma ya bunƙasa <ref>{{Cite book|last=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da Mongols suka mamaye a ƙarni na 13. [[Ibn al-Haytham]], wanda aka fi sani da Alhazen, ya yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa a cikin bincikensa na gani. {{Efn|Ibn al-Haytham's ''[[Book of Optics]]'' disputed Claudius Ptolemy's extramission theory of vision: "Hence, the extramission of [visual] rays is superfluous and useless". See A. Mark Smith's translation from the Latin,<ref name="Smith2001">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=A. Mark |title=Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's ''De Aspectibus'', the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'': Volume Two |title-link=De Aspectibus |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87169-914-5 |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=91, parts 4 & 5 |location=Philadelphia }}</ref> Book I, [6.54], pp. 372, 408.}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toomer |first=G. J. |year=1964 |title=Reviewed work: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik, Matthias Schramm |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=463–465 |doi=10.1086/349914 |jstor=228328}} See p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "only when the influence of Ibn al-Haytham and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Floris Cohen}}</ref> Tarin littattafan likitanci na [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] na ''The Canon of Medicine'', wani littafi mai suna Medical Encyclopedia, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafai mafi mahimmanci a fannin likitanci kuma an yi amfani da shi har zuwa ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Helaine Selin}}</ref> A ƙarni na 11, yawancin Turai sun zama Kiristoci, : 204 kuma a shekara ta 1088, Jami'ar Bologna ta fito a matsayin jami'a ta farko a Turai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Josiah C. |year=1959 |title=Gratian, Irnerius, and the Early Schools of Bologna |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mississippi-quarterly_fall-1959_12_4/page/168 |journal=[[The Mississippi Quarterly]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=168–188 |jstor=26473232 |quote=Perhaps even as early as 1088 (the date officially set for the founding of the University)}}</ref> Saboda haka, buƙatar fassarar tsoffin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya da na Latin ta ƙaru, <ref name="Lindberg2007" /> : 204 babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Renaissance na ƙarni na 12 . Ilimin boko na Renaissance a Yammacin Turai ya bunƙasa, inda aka yi gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar lura, bayyanawa, da rarraba batutuwa a cikin yanayi. A ƙarni na 13, malaman likitanci da ɗaliban Bologna sun fara buɗe jikin ɗan adam, wanda ya haifar da littafin farko na ilimin halittar jiki wanda ya dogara da rarrabawar ɗan adam ta Mondino de Luzzi . === Farfado da Zamanin Farfadowa === [[File:Printing_towns_incunabula.svg|alt=Map of Europe with dots marking cities where printing presses were established by the end of the fifteenth century|thumb| Yaɗuwar bugu tsakanin 1440 da 1500.]] Daga shagon buga littattafai guda ɗaya da ke [[Mainz]], Jamus a kusan shekara ta 1440, injin buga littattafai masu motsi ya bazu zuwa kusan birane 270 a Tsakiya, Yamma da Gabashin Turai kuma ya riga ya samar da littattafai sama da miliyan 20 a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15. <ref name="Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean 1976 by Anderson, Benedict 1993, 58f.">Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). ''The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800''. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. ''Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo''. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. {{ISBN|978-968-16-3867-2}}. pp. 58f.</ref> Buga littattafai ya sa littattafan ilimi su fi sauƙin samu, wanda hakan ya ba masu bincike damar duba tsoffin rubuce-rubuce cikin 'yanci da kuma kwatanta abubuwan da suka lura da su da na sauran malamai. Bugawa ta kawo ƙarshen al'adar rubuce-rubuce ta Tsakiyar Zamani, inda gaskiya ba ta da yawa, kuma ta maye gurbinta da al'adar bugawa inda gaskiya mai inganci da rubuce-rubuce ta yaɗu cikin sauri kuma ta zama tushe mai aminci ga ilimin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=David Wootton (historian)}}</ref> A ƙarni na 16, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] ya ƙirƙiro samfurin Tsarin Rana mai tsayin daka mai haske, inda Rana take kusa da tsakiyar duniya, <ref>"The man who had deposed the earth from its proud position as the centre of the universe and had recognized it to be merely one of the planets, had yet felt compelled to give it quite an exceptional position in his new system. Though he had said 'in the midst of all stand the sun,' he had in his planetary theories assumed the centre of all movements to be the centre of the earth's orbit, where the sun was not." Dreyer, J.L.E. ''A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler,'' (Dover Publications, 1953). p.343. {{ISBN|9780486600796}}</ref> ba ta motsi, tare da Duniya da sauran duniyoyi suna kewaye da ita a cikin motsi na zagaye, an gyara ta da ƙwanƙwasa-ƙwanƙwasa, kuma a cikin saurin daidai. Tsarin Copernican ya ƙalubalanci tsarin Ptolemy mai rinjaye, wanda ya sanya Duniya a tsakiyar sararin samaniya. Masana ilmin taurari na ƙarni na 16 sun yi imanin cewa kawar da daidaiton da Copernicus ya yi shine babban nasararsa, amma samfurinsa bai taɓa maye gurbin Ptolemy ba, wanda ya faɗi ƙasa bayan shekaru 70 bayan [[Galileo Galilei|binciken Galileo na 1610.]] === Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya === Abubuwan da [[Tycho Brahe]] ya lura da su a fannin ilmin taurari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da kuma abubuwan da [[Galileo Galilei]] ya [[Galileo Galilei|lura a farkon ƙarni na 17]] sun haɗu suka mayar da ilmin taurari ya zama kimiyyar zamani ta farko. Abubuwan da Galileo ya lura sun kawo ƙarshen shekaru dubu na tsarin ilmin taurari na kafin zamani, [ 95 ] yayin da [[Johannes Kepler]] ya yi amfani da bayanan Brahe don gano cewa duniyoyi suna da kewaya mai siffar elliptical, ba zagaye ba, kuma sun haɓaka dokokin motsi na duniyoyi . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gingerich |first=Owen |author-link=Owen Gingerich |date=2011 |title=The great Martian catastrophe and how Kepler fixed it |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-pdf/64/9/50/9881314/50_1_online.pdf |journal=Physics Today |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=50–54 |bibcode=2011PhT....64i..50G |doi=10.1063/PT.3.1259 |access-date=27 July 2023}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Saboda Kepler, an fara ganin abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya a matsayin waɗanda dokokin zahiri ke tafiyar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=Bernard |last2=Hon |first2=Giora |date=2005 |title=Kepler's Move from Orbs to Orbits: Documenting a Revolutionary Scientific Concept |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246602496 |journal=Perspectives on Science |volume=13 |pages=74–111 |doi=10.1162/1063614053714126 |s2cid=57559843}}</ref> "Sabon Kimiyya" wanda daga ƙarshe ya bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 ya karya sosai da falsafar halitta da ta gabace shi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Küskü |first=Elif Aslan |date=2022 |title=Examination of Scientific Revolution Medicine on the Human Body / Bilimsel Devrim Tıbbını İnsan Bedeni Üzerinden İncelemek |url=https://www.academia.edu/87500649 |url-status=live |journal=The Legends: Journal of European History Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112202215/https://www.academia.edu/87500649 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hendrix |first=Scott E. |year=2011 |title=Natural Philosophy or Science in Premodern Epistemic Regimes? The Case of the Astrology of Albert the Great and Galileo Galilei |url=http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/issue/view/10 |url-status=live |journal=Teorie Vědy / Theory of Science |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=111–132 |doi=10.46938/tv.2011.72 |s2cid=258069710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118024030/http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/issue/view/10 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=20 February 2012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ya rabu da ra'ayoyi da al'adun Girkawa na baya, ya fi ƙwarewa a fahimtar duniya kuma ya fi haɗewa da lissafi, <ref name="lindberg2007n" /> kuma ya damu da neman da fassara sabbin shaidu. <ref>Wootton, David. ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'' (Penguin, 2015). p.136. {{ISBN|0-06-175952-X}}</ref> === Zamanin Wayewa === [[File:Newton's_Principia_title_page.png|thumb| Shafin taken bugu na farko na {{Lang|la|[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]}} na 1687 by Isaac Newton]] A farkon Zamanin Wayewa, Isaac Newton ya kafa harsashin makanikai na gargajiya tare da Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, yana tasiri sosai ga masana kimiyyar lissafi na gaba. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ya haɗa kalmomi daga kimiyyar lissafi ta Aristotelian, wanda yanzu ake amfani da shi ta wata sabuwar hanya wacce ba ta hanyar sadarwa ba. Wannan yana nuna canji a ra'ayin abubuwa: yanzu an ɗauki abubuwa a matsayin waɗanda ba su da wani buri na asali. Leibniz ya ɗauka cewa nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban duk suna aiki ne bisa ga dokokin yanayi iri ɗaya, ba tare da wani dalili na musamman ko na ƙarshe ba. A wannan lokacin, manufar kimiyya da darajarta da aka bayyana ta zama samar da wadata da kirkire-kirkire da za su inganta rayuwar ɗan adam, a ma'anar abin duniya na samun ƙarin abinci, tufafi, da sauran abubuwa. A cikin kalmomin Bacon, "manufar kimiyya ta gaskiya kuma halaltacciyar hanya is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches ", kuma ya hana masana kimiyya bin ra'ayoyin falsafa ko na ruhaniya marasa taɓawa, waɗanda ya yi imanin cewa ba su da wani tasiri ga farin cikin ɗan adam fiye da "hasashe mai zurfi, mai ɗaukaka ko mai daɗi". A lokacin wayewar kai, [[Al'umma mai ilmantarwa|al'ummomin kimiyya]] da makarantu sun mamaye kimiyya, waɗanda suka maye gurbin jami'o'i a matsayin cibiyoyin bincike da ci gaban kimiyya. Al'umma da makarantu su ne ginshiƙan ci gaban sana'ar kimiyya. Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne yadda [[Shahararrun al'adu|aka yaɗa]] kimiyya a tsakanin al'ummar da ke ƙara karatu da rubutu. Masana falsafar wayewa sun juya ga wasu daga cikin magabatansu na kimiyya&nbsp;– [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]], Boyle, da Newton galibi&nbsp;– a matsayin jagora ga kowane fanni na zahiri da na zamantakewa na yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment (1500–1780) |url=https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScientificRevolution.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114191547/https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScientificRevolution.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> A ƙarni na 18, an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fannin likitanci da kimiyyar lissafi; ci gaban tsarin nazarin halittu na [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calisher |first=C. H. |author-link=Charles Calisher |year=2007 |title=Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet? |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=268–270 |pmc=2080517 |pmid=17436393}}</ref> sabuwar fahimtar maganadisu da wutar lantarki; da kuma balagar [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] a matsayin fanni. Ra'ayoyi kan yanayin ɗan adam, al'umma, da tattalin arziki sun samo asali ne a lokacin wayewar kai. Hume da sauran masu tunani game da wayewar Scotland sun ƙirƙiri Littafin ''A Treatise of Human Nature'', wanda marubuta suka bayyana a tarihi a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗa da James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar da William Robertson, waɗanda dukkansu suka haɗa wani bincike na kimiyya game da yadda mutane ke yin aiki a cikin al'adun gargajiya da na asali tare da fahimtar ƙarfin da ke tattare da zamani . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnusson |first=Magnus |date=10 November 2003 |title=Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: How Edinburgh Changed the World'' |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015918/http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=27 April 2014 |website=New Statesman}}</ref> Ilimin zamantakewa na zamani ya samo asali ne daga wannan motsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swingewood |first=Alan |year=1970 |title=Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-sociology_1970-06_21_2/page/164 |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |doi=10.2307/588406 |jstor=588406}}</ref> A shekarar 1776, [[Adam Smith]] ya buga littafin ''The Wealth of Nations'', wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin littafi na farko kan tattalin arzikin zamani. === ƙarni na 19 === [[File:Darwin_Tree_1837.png|alt=Sketch of a map with captions|thumb|The first diagram of an evolutionary tree made by [[Charles Darwin]] in 1837]] A ƙarni na 19, halaye daban-daban na kimiyyar zamani sun fara bayyana. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sauya yanayin rayuwa da kimiyyar zahiri; yawan amfani da kayan aikin da suka dace; fitowar kalmomi kamar "masanin halittu", "masanin kimiyyar lissafi", da "masanin kimiyya"; ƙaruwar ƙwarewa ga waɗanda ke nazarin yanayi; masana kimiyya suna samun ikon al'adu akan fannoni daban-daban na al'umma; haɓaka masana'antu na ƙasashe da yawa; bunƙasar rubuce-rubucen kimiyya masu shahara; da kuma fitowar mujallun kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya fito a matsayin fanni daban da falsafa lokacin da Wilhelm Wundt ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko don binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a 1879. A tsakiyar karni na 19, [[Charles Darwin]] da Alfred Russel Wallace da kansu sun gabatar da ka'idar juyin halitta ta hanyar Zaɓin halitta a 1858, wanda ya bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi daban-daban suka samo asali kuma suka samo asali. An tsara ka'idarsu dalla-dalla a cikin littafin Darwin On the Origin of Species, wanda aka buga a 1859. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Padian |first=Kevin |year=2008 |title=Darwin's enduring legacy |journal=Nature |volume=451 |issue=7179 |pages=632–634 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..632P |doi=10.1038/451632a |pmid=18256649 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A gefe guda, Gregor Mendel ya gabatar da takarda "Experiments on Plant Hybridisation" a cikin 1865, wanda ya tsara ka'idodin gadon halittu, yana aiki a matsayin tushen kwayoyin halitta na zamani. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Robin Marantz Henig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miko |first=Ilona |year=2008 |title=Gregor Mendel's principles of inheritance form the cornerstone of modern genetics. So just what are they? |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593/ |url-status=live |journal=Nature Education |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719224056/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, John Dalton ya gabatar da ka'idar atomic ta zamani, bisa ga ra'ayin Democritus na asali na ƙwayoyin da ba za a iya raba su ba da ake kira atoms . Dokokin kiyaye makamashi, kiyaye ƙarfin kuzari, da kuma kiyaye yawan jama'a sun nuna cewa akwai sararin samaniya mai ƙarfi inda ba za a iya samun ƙarancin asarar albarkatu ba. Duk da haka, tare da zuwan injin tururi da juyin juya halin masana'antu, an sami ƙarin fahimtar cewa ba duk nau'ikan makamashi suna da halaye iri ɗaya na makamashi ba, sauƙin canzawa zuwa aiki mai amfani ko zuwa wani nau'in makamashi. Wannan fahimta ta haifar da ci gaban dokokin thermodynamics, inda ake ganin kuzarin duniya kyauta yana raguwa koyaushe: entropy na sararin samaniya mai rufewa yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci. An kafa ka'idar lantarki a ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar ayyukan Hans Christian Ørsted, André-Marie Ampère, Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Heaviside, da Heinrich Hertz . Sabuwar ka'idar ta haifar da tambayoyi waɗanda ba za a iya amsa su cikin sauƙi ta amfani da tsarin Newton ba. Gano hasken X-ray ya yi wahayi zuwa ga gano hasken rediyo ta hanyar Henri Becquerel da [[Marie Curie]] a shekarar 1896; Daga nan sai Marie Curie ta zama mutum na farko da ta lashe kyaututtukan Nobel guda biyu. <ref name="Estreicher1938">{{Cite book|last3=Tadeusz Estreicher}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa aka gano ƙwayar farko ta subatomic, wato electron . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomson |first=J. J. |year=1897 |title=Cathode Rays |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |volume=44 |issue=269 |pages=293–316 |bibcode=1897LEDPM..44..293T |doi=10.1080/14786449708621070}}</ref> === ƙarni na 20 === [[File:Carte_trou_ozone_Antarctique.jpg|alt=Graph showing lower ozone concentration at the South Pole|thumb| Jadawalin kwamfuta na [[Raguwar ozone|ramin ozone]] da aka yi a shekarar 1987 ta amfani da bayanai daga na'urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya]] A rabin farko na ƙarni, haɓaka magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da [[Taki|takin zamani]] ya inganta yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam a duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyotte |first=Dolores |year=2017 |title=The Surgical Legacy of World War II. Part II: The age of antibiotics |url=https://www.ast.org/ceonline/articles/402/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Surgical Technologist |volume=109 |pages=257–264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505180530/https://www.ast.org/ceonline/articles/402/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erisman |first=Jan Willem |last2=Sutton |first2=M. A. |last3=Galloway |first3=J. |last4=Klimont |first4=Z. |last5=Winiwarter |first5=W. |date=October 2008 |title=How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world |url=http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=636–639 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..636E |doi=10.1038/ngeo325 |s2cid=94880859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Matsalolin muhalli]] masu illa kamar [[Raguwar ozone|raguwar iskar ozone]], [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|ƙara yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], [[Eutrophication|fitar da iskar oxygen]], da [[sauyin yanayi]] sun jawo hankalin jama'a kuma sun haifar da fara [[nazarin muhalli]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emmett |first=Robert |last2=Zelko |first2=Frank |year=2014 |title=Minding the Gap: Working Across Disciplines in Environmental Studies |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2014/2/minding-gap-working-across-disciplines-environmental-studies |journal=Environment & Society Portal |series=RCC Perspectives no. 2 |doi=10.5282/rcc/6313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121054306/https://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2014/2/minding-gap-working-across-disciplines-environmental-studies |archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Kimiyya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == 9gnm52t9zimauwxgmmlqx90lyxj0vhp Galileo Galilei 0 40895 967275 959336 2026-10-13T19:42:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Galileo''' di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de 'Galilei (15 ga Fabrairu 1564 - 8 ga Janairu 1642), wanda aka fi sani da '''Galileo Galilei'''{{Efn|English: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|æ|l|ɪ|ˈ|l|eɪ|oʊ|_|ˌ|ɡ|æ|l|ɪ|ˈ|l|eɪ}} {{respell|GAL|il|AY|oh|_|GAL|il|AY}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|ɡ|æ|l|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|oʊ|_|-}} {{respell|GAL|il|EE|oh|_-}}; {{IPA|it|ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi|lang|small=no}}.<!--NOT [ɛːi]; the /ɛi/ sequence forms a diphthong [ɛi̯] and thus /ɛ/ is not long because it is not at the end of a word-internal syllable; see [[Italian phonology#Vowels]]-->}} ko kuma Galileo, masanin taurari ne na Italiya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, [[Injiniyoyi|injiniya]] da kuma polymath.{{Efn|Though a [[Unification of Italy|unified Italian state]] did not exist and Galilei was instead a national of the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], the Latin equivalent of the [[Italians#Name|term ''Italian'']] (''italus'') had been in use for natives of [[Italian geographical region|the region]] since antiquity.<ref>[[Pliny the Younger]], ''[[Epistulae (Pliny)|Letters]]'' 9.23.</ref> Crucially, the intellectuals and the bourgeoisie of the region self-identified as ''Italiani'' at least since the 14th century,<ref>[[Dante]], 5th Epistle.</ref><ref>[[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[The Decameron|Decameron]] II, 9</ref><ref>[[Catherine of Siena]], Letter 310</ref> and Galilei himself did.<ref>Galileo Galilei, Lettera di Galileo Galilei agl'Illustrissimi e Potentiss. Signori Ordini Generali delle confederate Provincie Belgiche, 1636, in Opere di Galileo Galilei, Società tipografica de' classici italiani, 1811, p. 268</ref>}} {{Spaced en dash}}An haife shi a Pisa, sannan wani ɓangare na Duchy na Florence . An kira Galileo uban ilimin taurari na lura, kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya, Hanyar kimiyya, da Kimiyya ta zamani. Ya yi nazarin saurin gudu da saurin gudu, nauyi da Faduwar kyauta, ka'idar daidaituwa, inertiya, motsi na projectile, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin kimiyya da fasaha, yana kwatanta kaddarorin pendulum da "ma'aunin hydrostatic". Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu haɓaka farko na thermoscope kuma mai kirkirar Compasses na soja daban-daban. Tare da ingantaccen na'urar daukar hoto da ya gina, ya lura da taurari na Milky Way, matakai na Venus, manyan tauraron dan adam guda huɗu na Jupiter, zoben Saturn, Craters na wata, da [[Rashin rana|Sunspots]]. Ya kuma gina microscope na farko. Gwagwarmayar Galileo game da Copernican heliocentrism ta sadu da adawa daga cikin [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] da kuma wasu masu binciken taurari. Roman Inquisition ya binciki lamarin a cikin 1615, wanda ya kammala cewa ra'ayoyinsa sun saba wa fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki da aka yarda da su.{{Sfn|Hannam|2009}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|2010}} Galileo ya kare ra'ayinsa a cikin Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632), wanda ya bayyana don jayayya da satiriza Paparoma Urban na takwas, don haka ya nisanta Paparoma da Jesuits, waɗanda dukansu sun goyi bayan Galileo har zuwa wannan batu.{{Sfn|Hannam|2009}}Inquisition ta yi masa shari'a, ta sami "wanda ake zargi da ridda", kuma ta tilasta masa ya tuba. Ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa a karkashin tsare-tsare a gida.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1997}}{{Sfn|Hilliam|2005}}A wannan lokacin, ya rubuta Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, ya yi la'akari da wani nau'i na nuove scienze (Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences, 1638) da farko game da kinematics da ƙarfin kayan. == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == An haifi Galileo a Pisa (a lokacin wani ɓangare na Duchy na Florence) a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1564, <ref name="Galileo Galilei">{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E .F. |title=Galileo Galilei |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html |access-date=24 July 2007 |website=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]], Scotland}}</ref> ta farko cikin 'ya'ya shida na Vincenzo Galilei, babban mawaki, kuma Masanin ilimin kiɗa, da Giulia Ammannati, 'yar wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa, wanda ya yi aure shekaru biyu da suka gabata a 1562, lokacin da yake da shekaru 42 kuma tana da shekara 24. Vincenzo ya kasance wani ɓangare na Florentine Camerata, wanda ya kafa tushe ga sabon nau'in [[opera]]. Galileo ya zama ƙwararren ɗan lute da kansa.{{Sfn|Gribbin|2008}} Uku daga cikin 'yan uwan Galileo guda biyar sun tsira daga jariri. Mafi ƙanƙanta, Michelangelo (ko Michelagnolo), ya kuma zama mawaƙi da mawaƙa wanda ya kara nauyin kuɗi na Galileo ga sauran rayuwarsa.{{Sfn|Gribbin|2008}}Michelangelo bai iya ba da gudummawar rabon da ya dace na sadakar da mahaifinsu ya yi wa surukansu alkawari ba, wanda daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi magungunan shari'a don biyan kuɗi. Michelangelo kuma a wasu lokuta dole ne ya ranta kuɗi daga Galileo don tallafawa ƙoƙarinsa na kiɗa da tafiye-tafiye. Wadannan nauyin kudi na iya ba da gudummawa ga sha'awar farko ta Galileo don haɓaka abubuwan kirkirar da za su kawo masa ƙarin kuɗin shiga.{{Sfn|Gribbin|2008}} Lokacin da Galileo Galilei ya kasance takwas, iyalinsa suka koma Florence, amma an bar shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Muzio Tedaldi na tsawon shekaru biyu. Lokacin da Galileo yake da shekaru goma, ya bar Pisa ya haɗu da iyalinsa a Florence, inda ya zo ƙarƙashin kulawar Jacopo Borghini . <ref name="Galileo Galilei" /> Ya yi karatu, musamman a cikin tunani, daga 1575 zuwa 1578 a cikin Vallombrosa Abbey, kimanin {{Convert|30|km}} (19 kudu maso gabashin Florence.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Gribbin}}</ref><ref name="Gilbert, N. W. 1963 223–231">{{Cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=N. W. |year=1963 |title=Galileo and the School of Padua |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-philosophy_1963-12_1_2/page/223 |journal=Journal of the History of Philosophy |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=223–231 |doi=10.1353/hph.2008.1474 |issn=0022-5053 |s2cid=144276512}}</ref> Galileo ya saba kiran kansa da sunansa na farko. A lokacin, sunayen mahaifi sun kasance zaɓi a Italiya, kuma sunansa na farko yana da asali iri ɗaya da sunan danginsa na wani lokaci, Galilei . Dukansu sunansa da sunan iyali sun samo asali ne daga kakanninmu, Galileo Bonaiuti, wani muhimmin likita, farfesa, kuma ɗan siyasa a Florence a karni na 15.{{Sfn|Sobel|2000}}Lokacin da ya kira kansa da sunaye fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana kiransa Galileo Galilei Linceo, yana nufin kasancewa memba na Accademia dei Lincei, ƙungiyar kimiyya mai daraja da aka kafa a cikin Papal States. Ya zama ruwan dare ga iyalan Tuscan na tsakiyar karni na 16 su ba da sunan ɗan fari bayan sunan mahaifiyar iyaye.{{Sfn|Sobel|2000}}Saboda haka, ba lallai ba ne a sanya sunan Galileo Galilei bayan kakansa Galileo Bonaiuti. Maza na Italiyanci da aka ba da sunan "Galileo" (kuma daga nan ne sunan mahaifiyar "Galilei") ya samo asali ne daga Latin "Galilaeus", ma'ana "na Galili". {{Sfn|Sobel|2000}}Wannan sunan na Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya zama batun (wanda ake zaton) pun.{{Efn|Maurice Finocchiaro, in the source referenced here for this "pun" story (Finocchiaro 1989, 330–331) states, "I am not aware of any direct documentary evidence [for this story], nor is any reference given by the various authors who repeat the story." He also notes that the earliest mention of the story seems to be 1773.}} A cikin 1614, a lokacin Al'amarin Galileo, daya daga cikin abokan adawar Galileo, firist na Dominican Tommaso Caccini, ya gabatar da wa'azi mai rikitarwa da tasiri a kan Galileo wanda ya yi ƙaulin Littafin Ayyukan Manzanni: "Ku mazajen Galili, me ya sa ku tsaya ku kalli sama?".{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}} === Yara ===   Ko da yake Katolika ne mai ibada, Galileo ya haifi 'ya'ya uku ba tare da aure ba tare da Marina Gamba: 'ya'yan mata Virginia (an haife su 1600) da Livia (1601), da ɗa Vincenzo (1606). {{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}} Saboda haihuwarsu ba bisa ka'ida ba, Galileo ya yi la'akari da 'yan matan da ba za a iya yin aure ba, suna buƙatar tallafi mai tsada ko sadaki mai yawa, kamar matsalolin kudi na Galileo da suka gabata tare da' yan uwansa mata biyu.{{Sfn|Gribbin|2008}}Hanyar da za a iya girmamawa ita ce rayuwar addini: sun zama nuns na dindindin a gidan ibada na San Matteo a Arcetri.{{Sfn|Sobel|2000}} Virginia ta ɗauki sunan Maria Celeste lokacin da ta shiga gidan ibada. Ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1634, kuma an binne ta tare da Galileo a Basilica na Santa Croce, Florence . Livia ta ɗauki sunan Sister Arcangela kuma ba ta da lafiya mafi yawan rayuwarta. Daga baya aka ba da izini ga Vincenzo a matsayin magajin Galileo, kuma ya auri Sestilia Bocchineri . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Olaf Pedersen|last=George V. Coyne|title=Michał Heller}}</ref> == Ayyuka da gudummawar kimiyya ta farko == Kodayake Galileo ya yi la'akari da firist a matsayin saurayi, a kan shawarar mahaifinsa ya shiga cikin 1580 a Jami'ar Pisa don digiri na likita.{{Sfn|Reston|2000}}Jawabin Girolamo Borro, Domingo de Soto da Francesco Buonamici na Florence sun rinjaye shi.<ref name="Gilbert, N. W. 1963 223–231" /> A shekara ta 1581, lokacin da yake karatun likitanci, ya lura da wani kyandir mai juyawa, wanda iska ke juyawa zuwa juyawa a cikin manyan da ƙananan arcs. A gare shi, ya zama kamar, idan aka kwatanta da bugun zuciyarsa, cewa kandal ɗin ya ɗauki lokaci iri ɗaya don juyawa baya da gaba, ba tare da la'akari da yadda yake juyawa ba. Lokacin da ya dawo gida, ya kafa pendulums guda biyu daidai kuma ya juya daya tare da babban sweep ɗayan kuma tare da karamin sweep kuma ya gano cewa sun riƙe lokaci tare. Ba har sai aikin Christiaan Huygens ba, kusan shekaru ɗari bayan haka, an yi amfani da yanayin tautochrone na pendulum mai juyawa don ƙirƙirar daidai lokaci. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an hana Galileo da gangan daga [[lissafi]], tunda likita ya sami kudin shiga mafi girma fiye da masanin lissafi. Koyaya, bayan ya halarci lacca ba zato ba tsammani game da lissafi, ya yi magana da mahaifinsa mai jinkiri don ya bar shi ya yi karatun lissafi da falsafar halitta maimakon magani.<ref name="Asimov" /> Ya kirkiro thermoscope, wanda ya fara amfani da thermometer, kuma, a cikin 1586, ya buga wani karamin littafi game da ƙirar ma'aunin hydrostatic da ya kirkira (wanda ya fara kawo shi ga hankalin duniya mai ilimi). Galileo ya kuma yi nazarin disegno, kalmar da ta ƙunshi fasaha mai kyau, kuma, a cikin 1588, ya sami matsayin malami a cikin Accademia delle Arti del Disegno a Florence, koyar da hangen nesa da chiaroscuro. A cikin wannan shekarar, a kan gayyatar da Kwalejin Florentine ta yi, ya gabatar da laccoci biyu, On the Shape, Location, and Size of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s Inferno, a cikin ƙoƙari na ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin cosmological na Dante's Divine Comedy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Len Fisher |date=16 February 2016 |title=Galileo, Dante Alighieri, and how to calculate the dimensions of hell |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/galileo-mapped-dimensions-dante-inferno-hell/7164468 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Da yake an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar al'adun fasaha na birnin da ayyukan Masu zane-zane na Renaissance, Galileo ya sami kyakkyawan tunani. Yayinda yake matashi malami a Accademia, ya fara abota da mai zane na Florentine Cigoli . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ostrow |first=Steven F. |date=June 1996 |title=Cigoli's Immacolata and Galileo's Moon: Astronomy and the Virgin in early seicento Rome |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Cigoli-s-Immacolata-and-Galileo-s-Moon--/0F2C437DF2829CF5 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=MutualArt |language=en}}</ref><ref name="panofsky">{{Cite journal |last=Panofsky |first=Erwin |author-link=Erwin Panofsky |date=1956 |title=Galileo as a Critic of the Arts: Aesthetic Attitude and Scientific Thought |journal=Isis |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1086/348450 |jstor=227542 |s2cid=145451645}}</ref> A shekara ta 1589, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban lissafi a Pisa. A shekara ta 1591, mahaifinsa ya mutu, kuma an ba shi kula da ƙanensa Michelagnolo. A shekara ta 1592, ya koma Jami'ar Padua inda ya koyar da lissafi, injiniya, da ilimin taurari har zuwa shekara ta 1610.{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}A wannan lokacin, Galileo ya yi muhimman abubuwan da aka gano a cikin kimiyya mai tsabta da kuma [[kimiyya mai amfani]]. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa da yawa sun haɗa da nazarin astrology, wanda a lokacin horo ne da ke da alaƙa da nazarin lissafi, ilimin taurari da magani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutkin |first=H. D. |title=Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html |access-date=15 April 2007 |publisher=Program in History & Philosophy of Science & Technology, Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Battistini |first=Andrea |year=2018 |title=Galileo as Practising Astrologer |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021828618793218 |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |publisher=Journal of the History Of Astronomy, Sage |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=388–391 |bibcode=2018JHA....49..345. |doi=10.1177/0021828618793218 |s2cid=220119861 |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Galileo ya shiga aikin injiniya na ruwa, yana samun takardar shaidar daga Jamhuriyar Venetian don famfo na ruwa mai amfani da doki a cikin 1594.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museo Galileo – Multimedia – Water-raising machine |url=https://catalogue.museogalileo.it/multimedia/WaterraisingMachineBis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519231522/https://catalogue.museogalileo.it/multimedia/WaterraisingMachineBis.html |archive-date=2024-05-19 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=catalogue.museogalileo.it}}</ref> === Ilimin taurari === ==== Supernova na Kepler ==== [[Tycho Brahe]] da sauransu sun lura da supernova na shekara ta 1572. Wasikar Ottavio Brenzoni ta 15 ga Janairu 1605 zuwa Galileo ta kawo supernova ta 1572 da kuma mafi ƙarancin haske na 1601 ga sanarwa ta Galileo. Galileo ya lura kuma ya tattauna Kepler's Supernova a cikin 1604. Tun da yake waɗannan sabbin taurari ba su nuna wani parallax na yau da kullun ba, Galileo ya kammala cewa taurari ne masu nisa, sabili da haka, ya karyata imanin [[Aristotle]] game da rashin canji na sammai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kollerstrom |first=N. |author-link=Nicholas Kollerstrom |date=October 2004 |title=Galileo and the new star |url=https://www.dioi.org/kn/NewStar.pdf |journal=[[Astronomy Now]] |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=58–59 |bibcode=2004AsNow..18j..58K |issn=0951-9726 |access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> ==== Na'urar daukar hotuna mai banƙyama ==== [[File:Galileo_galilei,_telescopi_del_1609-10_ca..JPG|thumb|"Cannocchiali" telescopes a Museo Galileo, Florence, wanda ake zargi da zama telescopes na Galili (sama: 1610-1630; kasa: 1609-1640) ]] Wataƙila ya dogara ne kawai akan bayanin na'urar daukar hoto ta farko wanda Hans Lippershey ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da izini a cikin Netherlands a cikin 1608, Galileo, a cikin shekara mai zuwa, ya yi na'urar kallon ido tare da kusan 3× girma.{{Sfn|King|2003}} Daga baya ya inganta fasalin tare da kusan girman 30x.{{Sfn|Drake|1990}}Tare da na'urar daukar hoto ta Galili, mai kallo zai iya ganin hotuna masu girma, masu tsaye a duniya - abin da aka fi sani da na'ura mai daukar hoto na duniya ko spyglass. Hakanan yana iya amfani da shi don lura da sama; na wani lokaci yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda za su iya gina telescopes masu kyau don wannan dalili. A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1609, ya nuna daya daga cikin na'urorin sa na farko, tare da girman kusan 8 × ko 9 ×, ga 'yan majalisa na [[Venezia|Venetian]]. Telescopes kuma sun kasance hanyar riba ga Galileo, wanda ya sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka same su da amfani a teku da kuma kayan kasuwanci. Ya buga bincikensa na farko na astronomical a watan Maris na shekara ta 1610 a cikin wani taƙaitaccen littafi mai taken ''Sidereus Nuncius'' (Starry Messenger).{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}} [[File:Sidereus,_nuncius_magna_longeqve_admirabilia_spectacula..._Wellcome_L0072633.jpg|thumb|Hoton wata daga ''Sidereus Nuncius'', wanda aka buga a Venice, 1610]] A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1609, Galileo ya yi amfani da na'urar daukar hoto a [[Wata]].{{Sfn|Edgerton|2009}}Duk da yake ba shine mutum na farko da ya lura da wata ta hanyar madubi ba (masanin lissafi na Ingilishi Thomas Harriot ya yi haka watanni huɗu da suka gabata amma kawai ya ga "baƙon tabo"), Galileo shine na farko da zai gano dalilin rashin daidaituwa kamar yadda haske ya ɓoye daga tsaunuka da craters na wata.{{Sfn|Edgerton|2009}} A cikin bincikensa, ya kuma yi sigogi na taswirar, yana kimanta tsawo na duwatsu. Wata ba abin da aka daɗe ana tunanin cewa cikakkiyar ma'ana ce ba, kamar yadda Aristotle ya yi iƙirarin, kuma kusan "duniyar" ta farko, "lu'u-lu'u ta har abada don hawa cikin sararin samaniya", kamar yadda [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] ya gabatar. Wani lokaci ana yaba wa Galileo tare da ganowar litattafan wata a latitude a cikin 1632, kodayake Thomas Harriot ko William Gilbert na iya yin hakan a baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen Pumfrey |date=15 April 2009 |title=Harriot's maps of the Moon: new interpretations |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=163–168 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2008.0062 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mai zane Cigoli, aboki na Galileo, ya haɗa da ainihin kwatancin wata a cikin ɗayan zane-zanensa; mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da nasa na'urar daukar hoto don yin kallo.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Watanni na Jupiter ==== A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1610, Galileo ya lura da na'urar daukar hoto abin da ya bayyana a lokacin a matsayin "taurari uku masu tsayayya, gaba ɗaya ba a ganuwa ba saboda ƙanƙansu", duk kusa da Jupiter, kuma yana kwance a kan layi madaidaiciya ta hanyarsa.{{Efn|''i.e.'', invisible to the naked eye.}}{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}Bincike a daren da suka biyo baya ya nuna cewa matsayin waɗannan "taurari" da suka danganci Jupiter suna canzawa ta hanyar da ba za a iya bayyana su ba idan sun kasance Taurari masu tsayayyu. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, Galileo ya lura cewa daya daga cikinsu ya ɓace, wani kallo wanda ya danganta shi da ɓoye a bayan Jupiter. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu ya ga abubuwa hudu daban-daban, kuma a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun ya kammala cewa suna kewaye da Jupiter: ya gano manyan watanni hudu na Jupiter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Moons: Our History of Solar System Satellites |url=https://www.mos.org/article/new-moons-our-history-solar-system-satellites |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=www.mos.org |publisher=Museum of Science}}</ref>{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}Wannan binciken ya ba da shaida a cikin goyon bayan tsarin heliocentric na [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]. Galileo ya ba da sunan ƙungiyar taurari huɗu na Medicean, don girmama mai kula da shi na gaba, Cosimo II de 'Medici, Grand Duke na Tuscany, da 'yan uwan Cosimo uku.{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}Daga baya masu binciken sararin samaniya, duk da haka, sun sake musu suna tauraron dan adam na Galili don girmama wanda ya gano su. Simon Marius ne ya gano wadannan tauraron dan adam a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1610 kuma yanzu ana kiransu Io, Europa, Ganymede, da Callisto, sunayen da Marius ya bayar a cikin ''Mundus Iovialis'' da aka buga a shekara ta 1614.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pasachoff |first=J. M. |date=May 2015 |title=Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=218–234 |bibcode=2015JHA....46..218P |doi=10.1177/0021828615585493 |s2cid=120470649}}</ref> [[File:Carte_de_France_corrigée_par_ordre_du_Roy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Faransa da aka gabatar a cikin 1684, yana nuna tsarin taswirar da ta gabata (bayani mai haske) idan aka kwatanta da sabon binciken da aka gudanar ta amfani da watanni na Jupiter a matsayin daidai lokacin (bayani mafi nauyi) ]] Binciken da Galileo ya yi game da tauraron dan adam na Jupiter ya haifar da gardama a cikin ilimin taurari: duniyar da ke da ƙananan taurari da ke kewaye da ita ba ta dace da ka'idodin Ilimin sararin samaniya na Aristotle ba, wanda ya yi imanin cewa duk abubuwan da ke sama ya kamata su kewaye Duniya, kuma yawancin masanan taurari da falsafa da farko sun ki yarda cewa Galileo na iya gano irin wannan abu.{{Sfn|Linton|2004}}{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}Da yake kara wannan matsala, wasu masu binciken sararin samaniya suna da wahalar tabbatar da abubuwan da Galileo ya lura. Lokacin da ya nuna na'urar daukar hoto a Bologna, masu halarta sun yi ƙoƙari su ga watannin. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Martin Horky, ya lura cewa wasu taurari masu tsayayya, kamar Spica Virginis, sun bayyana sau biyu ta hanyar madubi. Ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin shaida cewa kayan aikin yaudara ne yayin kallon sammai, yana jefa shakku game da wanzuwar watannin.{{Sfn|Feyerabend|1975}}{{Sfn|Naess|2004}}Cibiyar lura da Christopher Clavius a Roma ta tabbatar da abubuwan da aka lura kuma, kodayake ba ta da tabbacin yadda za a fassara su, ta ba Galileo maraba da jarumi lokacin da ya ziyarci shekara mai zuwa.{{Sfn|Hannam|2009}}Galileo ya ci gaba da lura da tauraron dan adam a cikin watanni goma sha takwas masu zuwa, kuma a tsakiyar shekara ta 1611, ya sami ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun lokuta don lokutan su - aikin da [[Johannes Kepler]] ya yi imanin ba zai yiwu ba.{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}} Galileo ya ga amfani mai amfani ga bincikensa. Tabbatar da matsayin gabas da yamma na jiragen ruwa a teku ya buƙaci a haɗa agogo tare da agogo a farkon meridian. Warware wannan matsalar tana da matukar muhimmanci ga kewayawa mai aminci kuma Spain da Holland sun kafa manyan kyaututtuka don mafita. Tun da yake hasken rana na watannin da ya gano ya kasance sau da yawa kuma ana iya hango lokutan su da cikakken daidaito, ana iya amfani da su don saita agogo na jirgin ruwa kuma Galileo ya nemi kyaututtuka. Binciken watanni daga jirgin ruwa ya zama da wahala sosai, amma an yi amfani da hanyar don binciken ƙasa, gami da sake fasalin Faransa.<ref name="rgm">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2014 |title=Solving Longitude: Jupiter's Moons |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/solving-longitude-jupiters-moons |publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]]}}</ref> ==== Matakai na Venus ==== Daga Satumba 1610, Galileo ya lura cewa Venus tana nuna cikakken tsari na matakai masu kama da na wata. Tsarin heliocentric na Copernicus na [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin hasken]] [[Rana]] ya yi hasashen cewa duk matakai za su kasance bayyane tun lokacin da Venus ke kewaye da Rana zai sa haskensa ya fuskanci Duniya lokacin da yake a gefen Rana kuma ya fuskanci duniya lokacin da yake kan gefen Duniya na Rana. A cikin Tsarin Ptolemy na geocentric, ba zai yiwu ba ga kowane bangare na taurari ya haɗu da harsashi mai ɗauke da Rana. A al'adance, an sanya orbit na Venus gaba ɗaya a gefen kusa da Sun, inda zai iya nuna kawai crescent da sababbin matakai. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a sanya shi gaba ɗaya a gefen nesa na Rana, inda zai iya nuna kawai gibbous da cikakkun matakai. Bayan binciken da Galileo ya yi game da crescent, gibbous da cikakkun matakai na Venus, tsarin Ptolemaic ya zama wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=David Wootton (historian)}}</ref> A farkon karni na 17, sakamakon bincikensa, yawancin masu binciken taurari sun canza zuwa ɗaya daga cikin samfuran duniya daban-daban, kamar Tychonic, Capellan da Extended Capellan, kowannensu ko dai tare da ko ba tare da duniya mai juyawa ba.{{Efn|In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth.}} Wadannan duk sun bayyana matakai na Venus ba tare da 'karyata' cikakken hasashen heliocentrism na parallax na taurari ba.{{Sfn|Thoren|1989}}{{Sfn|Hoskin|1999}} ==== Saturn da Neptune ==== A cikin 1610, Galileo ya kuma lura da Saturn, kuma da farko ya yi kuskuren zoben sa don taurari, yana tunanin tsarin jiki uku ne. Lokacin da ya lura da duniyar daga baya, zoben Saturn sun daidaita kai tsaye zuwa Duniya, wanda ya sa ya yi tunanin cewa biyu daga cikin jikin sun ɓace. Zob din ya sake bayyana lokacin da ya lura da duniyar a cikin 1616, ya kara rikitar da shi. Galileo ya lura da [[Neptune]] a cikin 1612. Ya bayyana a cikin litattafansa a matsayin daya daga cikin taurari masu yawa. Bai fahimci cewa duniyar ce ba, amma ya lura da motsi dangane da taurari kafin ya rasa hanyarsa.{{Sfn|Drake|Kowal|1980}} ==== Rashin rana ==== Galileo ya yi nazarin ido da ido na ido na rana. Rayuwarsu ta haifar da wata matsala tare da kammalawar sammai kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin ilimin lissafi na sama na Aristotle. Wani bambancin shekara-shekara a cikin hanyoyin su, wanda Francesco Sizzi da sauransu suka lura a cikin 1612-1613, kuma ya ba da wata hujja mai ƙarfi game da tsarin Ptolemaic da tsarin geoheliocentric na Tycho Brahe.{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Efn|In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation.{{sfn |Linton |2004 |p=212}}{{sfn |Sharratt |1994 |p=166}}{{sfn |Drake |1970 |pp=191–196}} This did not apply, however, to the modified version of Tycho's system introduced by his protégé, [[Longomontanus]], in which the Earth was assumed to rotate. Longomontanus's system could account for the apparent motions of sunspots just as well as the Copernican.}} Rikici game da da da'awar fifiko a cikin gano sunspots, kuma a cikin fassararsu, ya jagoranci Galileo zuwa dogon rikici tare da Jesuit Christoph Scheiner. A tsakiya shine Mark Welser, wanda Scheiner ya sanar da bincikensa, kuma wanda ya tambayi Galileo don ra'ayinsa. Dukansu biyu ba su san abubuwan da Johannes Fabricius ya lura da su ba da kuma buga sunspots.{{Sfn|Gribbin|2008}} ==== Milky Way da taurari ==== Galileo ya lura da Milky Way, wanda a baya aka yi imanin cewa ba shi da kyau, kuma ya gano cewa tarin taurari ne da suka cika sosai har suka bayyana daga Duniya don zama girgije. Ya gano wasu taurari da yawa da suka yi nisa da ba za a iya gani da ido ba. Ya lura da tauraron biyu Mizar a Ursa Major a cikin 1617 . {{Sfn|Ondra|2004}} A cikin Starry Messenger, Galileo ya ba da rahoton cewa taurari sun bayyana a matsayin hasken haske kawai, wanda ba a canza shi ba ta hanyar madubi, kuma ya bambanta su da taurari, wanda madubi ya bayyana a matsayin diski. Amma ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin wasiƙunsa a kan Sunspots, ya ba da rahoton cewa na'urar daukar hoto ta bayyana siffofin taurari da taurari su zama "kyakkyawan zagaye". Daga wannan batu zuwa gaba, ya ci gaba da bayar da rahoton cewa telescopes sun nuna zagaye na taurari, kuma cewa taurari da aka gani ta hanyar telescope sun auna 'yan seconds na arc a diamita.{{Sfn|Graney|2010}}{{Sfn|Graney|Grayson|2011}}Ya kuma kirkiro wata hanya don auna girman tauraron ba tare da na'urar daukar hoto ba. Hanyar da ya yi ita ce rataye igiya mai laushi a cikin layin gani ga tauraron kuma ya auna iyakar nisan da zai rufe tauraron gaba ɗaya. Daga ma'aunin wannan nisan da faɗin igiyar, zai iya lissafin kusurwar da tauraron ya yi a wurin kallon sa.{{Sfn|Van Helden|1985}}{{Sfn|Chalmers|1999}}{{Sfn|Galilei|1953}} A cikin ''Tattaunawa'', ya ba da rahoton cewa ya sami bayyanar diamita na tauraron farko ba fiye da <sup>5</sup> arcseconds ba, kuma na ɗaya daga cikin na shida ya zama kusan 5/<sub>6</sub> arcsecondes. Kamar yawancin masanan taurari na zamaninsa, Galileo bai gane cewa girman taurari da ya auna ba gaskiya ba ne, wanda ya haifar da karkatarwa da rikicewar yanayi, kuma bai wakilci girman taurari na gaskiya ba. Koyaya, dabi'un Galileo sun fi ƙanƙantawa da suka gabata game da girman taurari masu haske, kamar waɗanda Brahe ya yi, kuma ya ba Galileo damar magance muhawarar adawa da Copernican kamar waɗanda Tycho ya yi cewa waɗannan taurari dole ne su kasance masu girma sosai don parallaxes na shekara-shekara ba za a iya gano su ba.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}{{Sfn|Galilei|1953}}{{Sfn|Ondra|2004}}Sauran masanan taurari kamar Simon Marius, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, da Martinus Hortensius sun yi irin wannan ma'auni na taurari, kuma Marius da Riccioli sun kammala cewa ƙananan girman ba su da isasshen amsa gardamar Tycho.{{Sfn|Graney|2010}}{{Sfn|Graney|Grayson|2011}} === Ka'idar raƙuman ruwa === [[File:Galileo_Galilei,_1564-1642_RMG_BHC2699.tiff|thumb|Galileo Galilei, hoton da Francesco Porcia ya yi]] Kadanal Bellarmine ya rubuta a cikin 1615 cewa ba za a iya kare Tsarin Copernican ba tare da "ainihin zahiri na gaskiya cewa rana ba ta kewaye duniya amma duniya ta kewaye rana ba".{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}Galileo ya yi la'akari da ka'idarsa game da raƙuman ruwa don samar da irin wannan shaidar.{{Sfn|Naylor|2007}}Wannan ka'idar tana da mahimmanci a gare shi cewa Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632), an kira shi da farko Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}An cire ambaton raƙuman ruwa daga taken ta hanyar umarnin Inquisition.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}} Ga Galileo, raƙuman ruwa sun samo asali ne daga ruwa da ruwa a cikin teku yayin da wani batu a saman duniya ya yi sauri kuma ya ragu saboda juyawa na duniya a kan axis da juyawa a kusa da Sun. Ya rarraba labarinsa na farko game da raƙuman ruwa a cikin 1616, wanda aka yi wa Kadanal Orsini.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}Ka'idarsa ta ba da haske game da muhimmancin siffofin tafkin teku a cikin girman da lokacin raƙuman ruwa; ya lissafa, alal misali, ga raƙuman da ba a kula da su ba a tsakiyar Tekun Adriatic idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke ƙarshen.{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Sfn|Naylor|2007}} Ka'idar Galileo, duk da haka, ta kasa bayyana abubuwan da aka lura da raƙuman ruwa. Yana nuna kawai babban ruwa daya a kowace rana, kuma a cikin asusunsa na 1616, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ya faru ne a cikin Tekun Atlantika.{{Sfn|Naylor|2007}}Ya danganta manyan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu da aka gani a [[Venezia|Venice]] da sauran wurare ga dalilai na biyu, gami da siffar teku, zurfinta, da sauran dalilai.{{Sfn|Naylor|2007}}{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}{{Sfn|Galilei|1953}}Koyaya, raƙuman ruwa suna faruwa sau biyu a kowace rana a cikin Tekun Atlantika da mafi yawan teku. Bayan ya koyi wannan, Galileo ya gabatar da ka'idarsa a cikin ''Tattaunawa'' ba tare da ambaton Atlantic ko wasu wurare tare da raƙuman ruwa sau ɗaya a kowace rana ba, ya bar tambayoyin raƙuman yau da kullun ba a warware su ba.{{Sfn|Graney|2024}}Ya kuma watsar da ra'ayin, wanda aka sani daga zamanin d ̄ a da kuma na zamani Johannes Kepler, cewa [[Wata]] ta haifar da raƙuman ruwa, wanda shine tushen ka'idodin zamani.{{Sfn|Galilei|1953}} === Rikici game da comets da The Assayer''Mai Bincike'' === A shekara ta 1619, Galileo ya shiga cikin gardama tare da Uba Orazio Grassi, farfesa na lissafi a Jesuit Collegio Romano . Ya fara ne a matsayin jayayya game da yanayin comets, amma a lokacin da Galileo ya buga ''Il Saggiatore'' (The Assayer) a cikin 1623, sautin karshe a cikin jayayya, ya zama jayayya mai yawa game da yanayin kimiyya kanta. Shafin taken littafin ya bayyana Galileo a matsayin masanin falsafa da "Matematico Primario" na Grand Duke na Tuscany . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Career as a Scientist {{!}} Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) {{!}} Stories Preschool |url=https://www.storiespreschool.com/galileo_galilei1.html |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=www.storiespreschool.com}}</ref> Saboda The Assayer ya ƙunshi irin wannan wadataccen ra'ayoyin Galileo game da yadda ya kamata a yi kimiyya, an kira shi a matsayin bayanin kimiyya.{{Sfn|Drake|1960}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}A farkon shekara ta 1619, Uba Grassi ya buga wani ɗan littafin, An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618, wanda ya tattauna yanayin comet wanda ya bayyana a ƙarshen Nuwamba na shekarar da ta gabata.{{Sfn|Grassi|1960a}} Grassi ya kammala cewa comet wani abu ne mai cin wuta wanda ya motsa tare da wani sashi na babban da'irar a nesa da duniya, kuma tun da yake ya motsa a sama da sannu a hankali fiye da Wata, dole ne ya fi nesa da Wata.{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Sfn|Grassi|1960a}}{{Sfn|Drake|1978}} An soki hujjojin Grassi da ƙaddamarwa a cikin wata kasida ta gaba, Discourse on Comets, wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin sunan ɗaya daga cikin almajiran Galileo, lauyan Florentine mai suna Mario Guiducci, kodayake Galileo da kansa ne ya rubuta shi. {{Sfn|Galilei|Guiducci|1960}}{{Sfn|Drake|1960}}Galileo da Guiducci ba su ba da wata ka'ida ta ainihi game da yanayin comets ba, kodayake sun gabatar da wasu ƙididdigar da aka sani yanzu sun yi kuskure.{{Sfn|Drake|1957}}{{Sfn|Drake|1960}} (Tayhin da ya dace don nazarin comets an gabatar da shi a lokacin ta hanyar Tycho Brahe.) A cikin sashi na buɗewa, ''Magana'' ta Galileo da Guiducci sun zagi Jesuit Christoph Scheiner, kuma maganganu daban-daban marasa ladabi game da farfesa na Collegio Romano sun warwatse a cikin aikin.{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}{{Sfn|Drake|1960}}{{Sfn|Galilei|Guiducci|1960}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}Jesuits sun yi fushi, kuma nan da nan Grassi ya amsa da wata takarda mai rikitarwa ta kansa, The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance, a karkashin sunan Lothario Sarsio Sigensano, yana da'awar kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa.{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}{{Sfn|Drake|1960}}{{Sfn|Grassi|1960b}}{{Sfn|Drake|1978}}{{Sfn|Grassi|1960b}}Mai ba da shawara shine amsar Galileo mai banƙyama ga Ma'aunin Astronomical.{{Sfn|Galilei|Guiducci|1960}}An san shi sosai a matsayin babban aikin wallafe-wallafen jayayya, wanda ke fuskantar muhawara ta "Sarsi".{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}{{Sfn|Drake|1957}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}An gaishe shi da yabo mai yawa kuma musamman ya faranta wa sabon shugaban Kirista, Urban na takwas rai, wanda aka keɓe shi.{{Sfn|Drake|1960}}A Roma, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Barberini, Urban na takwas na gaba, ya sauka a gefen Galileo da Kwalejin Lincean.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Amir Alexander}}</ref> Rashin jituwa da Grassi ya rabu da Jesuits da yawa har abada, kuma Galileo da abokansa sun gamsu cewa suna da alhakin kawo hukuncin da ya yi daga baya, kodayake tabbatar da wannan ba cikakke ba ne.{{Sfn|Drake|1960}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}{{Sfn|Sharratt|1994}}{{Sfn|Blackwell|2006}} === Rikici game da tsakiya na rana === [[File:Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg|thumb|Hoton Cristiano Banti na 1857 Galileo yana fuskantar Inquisition na Roma''Galileo yana fuskantar tuhumar RomawaBinciken Roman'']] A lokacin rikici na Galileo da Ikilisiya, Yakin addini da Counter-Reformation sun tayar da Turai. Yawancin mutanen da suka yi karatu sun yi rajista ga ra'ayin Aristotelian geocentric cewa Duniya ita ce Cibiyar sararin samaniya da kuma hanyoyin dukkan abubuwa na sama, ko sabon tsarin Tycho Brahe wanda ya haɗu da geocentrism tare da heliocentrisms.{{Sfn|Hannam|2009}}Rubuce-rubucen Galileo game da heliocentrism sun fuskanci ƙin yarda na addini da kimiyya. Hamayya ta addini ta samo asali ne daga ayoyin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da ke nuna yanayin duniya.{{Efn|Such passages include [[Psalms|Psalm]] [[s:Bible (World English)/Psalms#Psalm 93|93:1]], [[s:Bible (World English)/Psalms#Psalm 96|96:10]], and [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles]] [[s:Bible (World English)/1 Chronicles#Chapter 16|16:30]] which include text stating, "The world also is established. It can not be moved." In the same manner, [[s:Bible (World English)/Psalms#Psalm 104|Psalm 104:5]] says, "He (the Lord) laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be moved forever." Further, [[Ecclesiastes]] [[s:Bible (World English)/Ecclesiastes#Chapter 1|1:5]] states, "The sun also rises, and the sun goes down, and hurries to its place where it rises", and [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] 10:14 states, "Sun, stand still on Gibeon...".{{sfn |Brodrick |1965 |p=95}}}} Hamayya ta kimiyya ta fito ne daga Brahe, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa heliocentrism zai nuna parallax na shekara-shekara, kodayake babu wanda aka lura a lokacin.{{Efn|The discovery of the [[Aberration (astronomy)|aberration of light]] by [[James Bradley]] in January 1729 was the first conclusive evidence for the movement of the Earth, and hence for [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]], Copernicus and Kepler's theories; it was announced in January 1729.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradley |first=James |date=1728 |title=A Letter from the Reverend Mr. James Bradley Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, and F.R.S. to Dr. Edmond Halley Astronom. Reg. &c. Giving an Account of a New Discovered Motion of the Fix'd Stars |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=35 |issue=406 |pages=637–661 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1727.0064}}</ref> The second evidence was produced by [[Friedrich Bessel]] in 1838.}} Aristarchus da Copernicus sun yi daidai da cewa parallax ba shi da mahimmanci saboda taurari suna da nisa sosai. Koyaya, Brahe ya musanta cewa tunda taurari sun bayyana suna da girman kusurwa mai ma'ana, idan taurari sun kasance da nisa, dole ne su fi Sun girma ko ma da zagaye na Duniya.{{Sfn|Graney|Danielson|2014}}Ba zai kasance ba har sai da yawa daga baya cewa masu binciken taurari sun fahimci girman taurari ya haifar da wani abu na gani da ake kira airy disk, kuma ayyuka ne na hasken su maimakon girman jiki na gaskiya (duba tarihin girman).{{Sfn|Graney|Danielson|2014}} Galileo ya kare heliocentrism bisa ga abubuwan da ya lura da su a shekara ta 1609. A cikin shekara ta 1611, a wannan shekarar ne mambobin Jesuit na Collegio Romano suka amince da binciken Galileo, kwamiti na cardinals ya fara binciken Galileo, yana tambaya idan ya shiga cikin shari'ar Cesare Cremonini, wanda ya koyar tare da Galileo a Jami'ar Padua kuma an tuhume shi da ridda. Wadannan tambayoyin sun nuna karo na farko da aka ambaci sunan Galileo ta Roman Inquisition. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1613, Grand Duchess Christina ta Florence ta fuskanci daya daga cikin abokan Galileo da mabiyanta, Benedetto Castelli, tare da ƙin yarda da motsi na Duniya.{{Efn|According to [[Maurice Finocchiaro]], this was done in a friendly and gracious manner, out of curiosity.{{sfn |Finocchiaro |1989 |pp=27–28}}}} Da wannan lamarin ya sa ya sa, Galileo ya rubuta wasika mai shafi takwas ga Castelli inda ya yi jayayya cewa heliocentrism ba ya saba wa matani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma cewa Littafi Mai-Msarki iko ne akan bangaskiya da ɗabi'a, ba kimiyya ba. Ba a buga wannan wasika ba amma an rarraba ta ko'ina.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Galileo ya rubuta wasika ga Christina wanda ya fadada hujjojinsa zuwa shafuka arba'in.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}} [[File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei_(Uffizi).jpg|left|thumb|''Hoton Galili'' na Justus Sustermans, 1635]] A shekara ta 1615, an gabatar da rubuce-rubucen Galileo game da heliocentrism ga Roman Inquisition ta Uba Niccolò Lorini, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Galileo da mabiyansa suna ƙoƙarin sake fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda aka gani a matsayin keta Majalisar Trent kuma ya yi kama da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]].[g]{{Sfn|Langford|1998}}Lorini musamman ya ambaci wasikar Galileo ga Castelli.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1989}}Galileo ya tafi Roma don kare kansa da ra'ayoyinsa. A farkon shekara ta 1616, Francesco Ingoli ya fara muhawara tare da Galileo, ya aiko masa da wata kasida da ke jayayya da tsarin Copernican. Galileo daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa wannan rubutun ya taimaka wajen yaki da Copernicanism da ya biyo baya.{{Sfn|Graney|2015}}Wataƙila Inquisition ta ba da izini ga Ingoli don rubuta ra'ayi na ƙwararru game da gardamar, tare da rubutun da ke ba da tushen ayyukan Inquisition.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|2010}}Rubutun ya mayar da hankali kan hujjoji goma sha takwas na jiki da lissafi game da heliocentrism. Ya samo asali ne daga muhawara ta Tycho Brahe, musamman cewa heliocentrism zai buƙaci taurari kamar yadda suka bayyana sun fi Sun girma.{{Efn|Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory "clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself".{{sfn |Graney |2015 |p=71}}}} Rubutun ya hada da muhawara huɗu na tauhidi, amma Ingoli ya ba da shawarar Galileo ya mai da hankali kan muhawara ta jiki da lissafi, kuma bai ambaci ra'ayoyin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Galileo ba.{{Sfn|Graney|2015}} A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1616, kwamitin Inquisitorial ya bayyana cewa heliocentrism ya zama "wawa da wauta a falsafar, kuma a hukumance ya zama ridda tunda a bayyane ya saba wa ma'anar Nassi Mai Tsarki a wurare da yawa". Inquisition ta gano cewa ra'ayin motsi na Duniya "yana karɓar hukunci iri ɗaya a falsafar kuma ... game da gaskiyar tauhidin, aƙalla kuskure ne a bangaskiya".<ref name="wcumf">{{Cite web |last=Finocchiaro |first=M. |title=West Chester University – History of Astronomy; Lecture notes: Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History |url=http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html#conreport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html#conreport |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=West Chester University |id=ESS 362 / 562}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Paparoma Paul V ya umarci Kadanal Bellarmine ya gabatar da wannan binciken ga Galileo, da kuma umarce shi da ya bar heliocentrism. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, an kira Galileo zuwa gidan Bellarmine kuma ya umarce shi "ya watsar gaba ɗaya ... ra'ayin cewa rana tana tsaye har yanzu a tsakiyar duniya kuma Duniya tana motsawa, kuma daga nan gaba kada a riƙe shi, koyarwa, ko kare shi a kowace hanya, ko dai ta baki ko a rubuce".{{Spaces}} Dokar Ikilisiyar Index ta haramta De Revolutionibus na Copernicus da sauran ayyukan heliocentric har sai an gyara shi.{{Sfn|Heilbron|2010}}{{Sfn|Heilbron|2010}} Shekaru goma masu zuwa, Galileo ya kasance nesa da gardamar. Ya farfado da aikinsa na rubuta littafi a kan batun, wanda aka karfafa shi da zaben Kadinal Maffeo Barberini a matsayin Paparoma Urban na takwas a 1623. Barberini aboki ne kuma mai sha'awar Galileo kuma ya yi adawa da gargadi na Galileo a cikin 1616. Littafin da Galileo ya samo asali, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, an buga shi a cikin 1632, tare da izini na musamman daga Inquisition da izinin papal.<ref name="Pope Urban VIII">{{Cite web |title=Pope Urban VIII Biography |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/gal/urban.html |website=Galileo Project}}</ref> Tun da farko, Paparoma Urban na takwas da kansa ya nemi Galileo ya ba da hujjoji don da kuma adawa da heliocentrism a cikin littafin kuma ya yi hankali kada ya ba da shawarar heliocentristm. Ko ba tare da sani ba ko da gangan ba, Simplicio, mai kare ra'ayi na Aristotle a cikin Tattaunawa game da Tsarin Duniya guda Biyu, sau da yawa ana kama shi cikin kurakuran kansa kuma wani lokacin ya zo a matsayin wawa. Lalle ne, kodayake Galileo ya bayyana a cikin gabatarwar littafinsa cewa an sanya sunan halayen ne bayan sanannen masanin falsafar Aristotelian (Simplicius a Latin, "Simplicio" a Italiyanci), sunan "Simplecio" a cikin Italiyanci kuma yana da ma'anar "Mai sauƙi".{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|1997}}{{Sfn|Moss|Wallace|2003}} Wannan hoton Simplicio ya sa Tattaunawa game da Babban Tsarin Duniya guda Biyu ya bayyana a matsayin jayayya game da tsarin Aristotelian a cikin kare ka'idar Copernican. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda cewa Galileo bai yi niyyar yin ba'a ba'a kuma ya yi mamakin yadda aka yi wa littafinsa.{{Efn|Drake asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers Lodovico delle Colombe and [[Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)|Cesare Cremonini]], rather than Urban.{{sfn |Drake |1978 |p=355}} He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the ''Dialogue'' left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio.{{sfn |Drake |1953 |p=491}} Even [[Arthur Koestler]], who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in ''[[The Sleepwalkers (Koestler book)|The Sleepwalkers]]'', after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue".{{sfn |Koestler |1990 |p=483}}}} Koyaya, Paparoma bai ɗauki rashin girmamawar jama'a ba, ko kuma goyon bayan Copernican.{{Sfn|Finocchiaro|2007b}}Dava Sobel ya yi jayayya cewa kafin shari'ar Galileo ta 1633 da hukunci don ridda, an zargi Paparoma Urban na takwas da rauni wajen kare cocin, kuma ya damu da rikice-rikicen kotu da matsalolin jihar, yana tsoron har ma da rayuwarsa. A cikin wannan mahallin, Sobel ya yi jayayya cewa Urban ya ji an ci amanarsa da Galileo's Dialogues, kuma masu shiga kotu da abokan gaba na Galileo sun yi amfani da wannan jin.{{Sfn|Sobel|2000}}Mario Livio ya sanya al'amarin Galileo a cikin mahallin kimiyya da siyasa na zamani, yana yin kwatankwacin ƙin kimiyya na zamani. == Dubi kuma == * Cocin Katolika da kimiyya * Na biyu pendulum * Gidan magana na Galileo * Villa Il Gioiello == Manazarta == === Bayani === === Babban tushe da aka ambata ===   [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1564]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n8829fdih2yxqxr01bz6356cxrblz7u Wariyar launin fata 0 41359 967444 964537 2026-10-14T01:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Wariyar launin fata''' ( / ə ˈpɑːrt ( h ) aɪt / ə-SASHE -(h)yte, <small>musamman Turancin Afirka ta Kudu :&nbsp;</small>/ ə ˈpɑːr t ( h ) eɪt / ə-PART -(h) ayt ,{{IPA|af|aˈpart(ɦ)əit|lang}} ; transl. "raba", lit. ' ) wani tsari ne na [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] da aka kafa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka {{Efn|South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.}} (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ) daga 1948 zuwa 1994 . {{Refn|The [[Population Registration Act, 1950]], the basis for most apartheid legislation, was abolished in 1991,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act |title=Repeal of Population Registration Act |date=17 June 1991 |publisher=C-Span |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140800/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1%2Frepeal-population-registration-act |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Abolished">{{cite news|title=South Africa ends racial classifications|last=Myre |first=Greg |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |agency=Associated Press|publisher=Southeast Missourian |location=Cape Girardeau |date=18 June 1991|access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the country's first non-racial government was not established until [[1994 South African general election|non-racial elections held under a universal franchise]] in 1994.<ref name=Jeffrey>{{cite book|last=Bartusis|first=Mark|editor1-last=Gomez|editor1-first=Edmund|editor2-last=Premdas|editor2-first=Ralph|title=Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict|date=2012|pages=126–132|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415627689}}</ref>}} An siffanta shi da al'adar siyasa mai kama da kama-karya wadda ta dogara da ''baasskap'' ( lit. 'boss-ship' ko 'boss-hood'), wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki ta hannun tsirarun fararen fata na ƙasar. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin mulkin kama-karya, fararen fata suna da matsayi mafi girma, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyin aka rarraba su a matsayin 'yan Indiya / Asiya, [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] da [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka]], tare da haƙƙoƙi da gata daban-daban. <ref name="Mayne" /> A takaice dai, an rarraba wariyar launin fata zuwa ''ƙaramin wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya ƙunshi raba wuraren jama'a da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, da kuma ''babban wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya raba gidaje da damar aiki ta hanyar launin fata. Dokar wariyar launin fata ta farko ita ce Dokar Haramta Aure Mai Haɗaka, 1949, sannan Dokar Gyaran Fajirci ta 1950 ta biyo baya, wadda ta haramta wa yawancin 'yan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu yin aure ko kuma yin jima'i tsakanin launin fata daban-daban . Dokar Rijistar Jama'a ta 1950 ta rarraba dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƙabila bisa ga kamanni, asalinsu da aka sani, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da salon rayuwa na al'adu: " [[Bakar fata|Baƙi]] ", " Fari ", " [[Coloureds|Mai Launi]] ", da " Indiya ". An ƙayyade wuraren zama ta hanyar rarrabuwar launin fata. [1] Tsakanin 1960 da 1983, an kori 'yan Afirka Baƙaƙe miliyan 3.5 daga gidajensu aka kuma tilasta musu shiga unguwannin da aka ware sakamakon dokar wariyar launin fata, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman korar jama'a a tarihin zamani. [2] Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura da aka yi niyya an yi su ne don takaita yawan baƙar fata zuwa "ƙabilun gida goma", waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans . [1] Wariyar launin fata ta haifar da adawa mai yawa a ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa mafi tasiri a duniya a ƙarni na 20. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi Allah wadai da shi akai-akai, kuma ya haifar da [[Takunkumin kasa da kasa a lokacin wariyar launin fata|takunkumi mai yawa na kasa da kasa]], ciki har da takunkumin makamai da [[takunkumin tattalin arziki]] ga Afirka ta Kudu. [[Internal resistance to apartheid|Juyin juya hali na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata]] ya ƙara zama mai tsauri a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda ya haifar da mummunan farmaki daga gwamnatin da jam'iyyar National Party ke jagoranta da kuma dogon rikicin addini wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane ko kuma a tsare su. An yi wasu gyare-gyare a tsarin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da ba da damar wakilcin siyasa na Indiya da Launuka a majalisar dokoki, amma waɗannan matakan sun kasa faranta wa yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka rai. Tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Jam'iyyar National Party ta shiga tattaunawa ta ɓangarorin biyu da Jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC), babbar ƙungiyar siyasa mai yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, don kawo ƙarshen wariya da kuma gabatar da mulkin rinjaye, [1] [2] wanda ya kai ga zaɓen da ba na launin fata ba a watan Afrilun 1994. [3] Tun bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, zaɓe ya kasance a buɗe kuma mai gasa, kuma rayuwar 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ta inganta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gadon tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa na wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau, musamman rashin daidaito . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moeti |first=Thato |date=27 April 2018 |title=Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000230/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |website=www.sabcnews.com |publisher=SABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Alan |date=6 April 2018 |title=Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html |agency=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Masu gabatarwa == ''Wariyar launin fata'' kalma ce ta [[Afrikaans|'yan Afirka]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid' |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221846/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> ma'ana "rabuwa", ko "yanayin kasancewa a ware", a zahiri "rabuwa" ko [[wiktionary:apart#English|rabuwa]] - [[wiktionary:-hood#English|hood]] " (daga ƙarin bayani na 'yan Afirka ''-heid'' '). An fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1929. Wariyar launin fata ga Baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne tun daga lokacin da Turawa suka mamaye Afirka ta Kudu, inda Kamfanin Dutch East India ya kafa wani wurin ciniki a [[Cape of Good Hope]] a shekarar 1652, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa zuwa Cape Colony na ƙasar Holland . Kamfanin ya fara Yaƙin Khoikhoi-Holland inda ya kori [[Khoekhoe|mutanen Khoikhoi]] na gida, ya maye gurbinsu da gonakin da fararen fata ke aiki, sannan ya shigo da bayi baƙaƙe daga faɗin Daular Holland . {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A zamanin [[Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu|bauta]], bayi suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga wurin masu su. A shekara ta 1797, jami'an ''Landdrost'' da <nowiki><i id="mw1g">Heemraden</i></nowiki>, na [[Swellendam]] da [[Gidan cin abinci|Graaff-Reinet,]] sun faɗaɗa dokokin da suka wuce bayi kuma suka ba da umarnin cewa duk Khoikhoi (wanda aka naɗa a matsayin ''Hottentots'' ) da ke yawo a cikin ƙasar don kowace manufa ya kamata ya ɗauki takardar izinin shiga. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta tabbatar da wannan a shekarar 1809 ta hanyar sanarwar Hottentot, wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa idan wani Khoikhoi zai ƙaura, zai buƙaci izinin wucewa daga mai shi ko wani jami'in yankin. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Dokar da aka ba da lamba 49 ta 1828 ta tsara cewa za a ba wa baƙi 'yan ci-rani izinin shiga ƙasar don kawai neman aiki. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} An bayar da waɗannan takardun izinin ga masu launin fata da Khoikhoi amma ba ga sauran 'yan Afirka ba, waɗanda duk da haka aka tilasta musu ɗaukar katunan izinin. [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bauta ta Burtaniya ta 1833]] ta tanadar da kawar da bauta a hankali a mafi yawan sassan Daular Burtaniya, kuma an haramta cinikin bayi a duk fadin Daular Burtaniya a shekarar 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Northrup |first=David |date=September 2007 |title=A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/a-e-afigbo-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade-in-southeastern-nigeria-18851950-rochester-university-of-rochester-press-2006-rochester-studies-in-african-history-and-the-diaspora-xv-210-pp-maps-appendixes-bibliography-index-7500-cloth/7279CB1095BDD89AD84EACAA5AAA42CC |journal=[[African Studies Review]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=228–229 |doi=10.1353/arw.2007.0116 |issn=0002-0206 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dokar ta yi watsi da Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Cape ta 1806, wadda ta tabbatar da girmama dokokin da aka kafa a baya a ƙarƙashin dokar Roman-Holland <ref name="Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law">{{Cite web |last=R.W Lee |title=Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press}}</ref> kuma ta haifar da rabuwar dokar a Afirka ta Kudu da Dokar gama gari ta Ingila . Domin bin wannan doka, an faɗaɗa dokokin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ga Dokar 1 a shekarar 1835, wadda ta canza matsayin bayi zuwa [[Bautar da aka yi wa bautar|ma'aikata masu lasisin aiki]] yadda ya kamata. Bayan haka, Dokar 3 ta biyo baya a shekarar 1848, wadda ta gabatar da tsarin bayar da diyya ga [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] wanda bai bambanta da bauta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Yankunan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu daban-daban sun zartar da dokoki a duk tsawon sauran karni na 19 don takaita 'yancin ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa, don ƙara ƙuntatawa ga ma'aikatan da aka ba wa lasisin aiki da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu. Binciken lu'u-lu'u da zinariya a Afirka ta Kudu ya kuma haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin launin fata tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Wasu masana sun yi jayayya cewa akidar Apartheid za a iya nuna ta a cikin tsarin Afirkaner Calvinism, tare da al'adunsa masu kama da juna na wariyar launin fata; misali, tun farkon 1933; majalisar zartarwa ta Broederbond ta tsara shawarar wariyar launin fata. <ref name="SaulDubow" /> A yankin Cape Colony, wanda a da yake da kundin tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kabilanci daban-daban da kuma tsarin ikon mallakar Cape Qualified Franchise wanda aka bude wa maza na dukkan kabilu, Dokar ikon mallakar Franchise da kuri'a ta 1892 ta daukaka cancantar ikon mallakar kadarori kuma ta kara wani bangare na ilimi, wanda ya hana adadin masu kada kuri'a na Cape wadanda ba fararen fata ba damar samun 'yancinsu, kuma Dokar Glen Grey ta 1894 da gwamnatin Firayim Minista [[Cecil Rhodes]] ta kafa ta takaita adadin filaye da 'yan Afirka za su iya mallaka. Hakazalika, a Natal, Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Natal ta 1894 ta hana 'yan Indiya 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A shekarar 1896, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta gabatar da dokoki guda biyu da suka bukaci 'yan Afirka su ɗauki tambari. Waɗanda master ya ɗauka aiki ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a Rand, kuma waɗanda suka shiga "yankin aiki" suna buƙatar takardar izinin shiga ta musamman. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, Daular Burtaniya ta ambaci cin zarafin launin fata da ake yi wa Baƙaƙe a matsayin dalilin yaƙin da ta yi da jamhuriyar Boer . Duk da haka, tattaunawar zaman lafiya don Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging ta buƙaci "fifikon fararen fata" a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wani sharaɗi na haɗin kai tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer da Daular Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A shekarar 1905, [[General Pass Regulations Act|Dokar Kafa Dokar Gabaɗaya]] ta hana Baƙar fata kaɗa ƙuri'a kuma ta takaita su ga yankuna da aka ƙayyade, kuma a shekarar 1906, Dokar Rijistar Asiya ta Transvaal Colony ta buƙaci duk 'yan Indiya su yi rijista da kuma ɗaukar takardun izinin shiga. Tun daga shekarar 1906, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Godfrey Lagden ta fara aiwatar da wata manufa ta wariya a fili ga waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta soke na ƙarshe amma ta sake aiwatar da shi a shekarar 1908. A shekara ta 1910, an ƙirƙiri Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mulkin kai, wanda ya ci gaba da shirin dokoki: Dokar Afirka ta Kudu (1910) ta bai wa fararen fata 'yancin yin mulki, tana ba su cikakken iko a siyasance kan duk sauran ƙungiyoyin launin fata yayin da take cire haƙƙin Baƙar fata na zama a majalisa; Dokar Ƙasa ta 'Yan Asalin (1913) ta hana Baƙar fata, ban da waɗanda ke Cape, sayen ƙasa a wajen "ma'ajiyar kaya"; <ref name="leach" /> Dokar 'Yan Asalin Birane (1918) an tsara ta ne don tilasta wa Baƙar fata shiga "wurare"; Dokar Yankin Birane (1923) ta gabatar da wariya a gidaje kuma ta samar da aiki mai araha ga masana'antu da fararen fata ke jagoranta; Dokar Launi ta Launi (1926) ta hana ma'aikatan ma'adinai baƙar fata yin sana'o'i masu ƙwarewa; Dokar Gudanar da 'Yan Asalin (1927) ta sanya Masarautar Burtaniya maimakon manyan shugabanni a matsayin babban shugaban duk harkokin Afirka; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khunou |first=Freddie |date=2009 |title=Traditional Leadership and Independent Bantustans of South Africa; Some Milestones of Transformative Constitutionalism Beyond Apartheid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317904053_Traditional_Leadership_and_Independent_Bantustans_of_South_Africa_Some_Milestones_of_Transformative_Constitutionalism_beyond_Apartheid |journal=PER |volume=12 |issue=4}}</ref> Dokar Filaye da Amincewa ta 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (1936) ta ƙara wa Dokar Filayen 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa ta 1913, kuma a wannan shekarar, Dokar Wakiltar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar ta cire tsoffin masu zaɓen Baƙar fata daga jerin sunayen masu zaɓen Cape kuma ta ba su damar zaɓar Fari uku zuwa Majalisar Dokoki.   Gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jan Smuts ta fara kaucewa tsauraran dokokin wariya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, amma ta fuskanci ƙara adawa daga masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Afirkaner waɗanda ke son a ƙara tsaurara wariya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Bayan yaƙin, ɗaya daga cikin dokokin farko da gwamnatin Smuts ta kafa shine Dokar Kula da Filaye ta Asiya (1946), wadda ta haramta sayar da filaye ga 'yan Indiya da 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=E. S. |date=n.d. |title=Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948 |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |website=sahistory.org.za |publisher=SA History}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta kafa [[Kwamitin Fagan|Hukumar Fagan]] . A cikin fargabar cewa [[Haɗin kai na launin fata|haɗin kai]] zai haifar da haɗakar launin fata, jam'iyyar adawa ta Herenigde Nasionale (HNP) ta kafa Hukumar Sauer don bincika tasirin manufofin Jam'iyyar United. Kwamitin ya kammala da cewa hadewa zai kawo "rashin mutunci" ga dukkan kabilu. HNP ta haɗa sakamakon kwamitin a cikin dandalin yakin neman zaben Afirka ta Kudu na 1948, wanda ta yi nasara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula da Manazarta == === Karin bayani === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|group=note}} === Manazarta === === Littattafan tarihi === *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Josephine C. |last2=Rajab |first2=Devi Moodley |date=1 September 2005 |title=The Dynamics of Oppression |url=https://archive.org/details/psychology-and-developing-societies_july-december-2005_17_2/page/139 |journal=Psychology and Developing Societies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1177/097133360501700204 |s2cid=145782935}} *   == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-ndELAPSd8 Wariyar launin fata: Bautar ƙarni na 20] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1971 kan Wariyar launin fata. * – Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408002939/http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/node/48 Littafin Fahimtar Masu Koyo game da Wariyar Launin Fata] – Jerin PDFs da Gidan Tarihi na Wariyar Launin Fata ya buga * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112005600/https://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap2.html Juyin halittar 'yan dama na fari] - ''Volk'', imani da ƙasar uba: Barazanar tsaro da 'yan dama na fari ke haifarwa, na Martin Schönteich da Henri Boshoff, 2003 * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/20th-century-south-africa/freedom-charter-1955 Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta 1955] - Game da [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci]] (Tarihin SA akan layi) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar 6] – Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Shida ta Cape Town, wanda ke duba korar da aka tilasta wa mutane * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150304043541/http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/south-africa Cibiyar Shari'ar Canjin Mulki ta Duniya (ICTJ)] tana ba da albarkatu kan gadon mulkin wariyar launin fata da adalci na riƙon kwarya a Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. * * [http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/special-collections/archives-manuscripts/subject-guides-to-archives/apartheid/ Jagorar jigon tarihin wariyar launin fata] - Jami'ar London {{Political history of South Africa}}{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa topics|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa year nav}}{{White people}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ph7cf1x1wesoljjrhsyutwx160me92z Kingston, Jamaica 0 41927 967474 299696 2026-10-14T09:58:03Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing 1882_Kingston_Fire.png with [[File:1882_Kingston_Fire_by_Thomas_Sulman.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]]). 967474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kingston''' babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na kasar [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], yana kan gabar kudu maso gabashin tsibirin kasar. Yana fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa wanda Palisadoes ke kare shi, dogon sand spit wanda ya haɗu da garin Port Royal da filin jirgin sama na Norman Manley zuwa sauran tsibirai. A cikin [[Amurka]], Kingston shine birni mafi girma da ake magana da yaren Ingilishi a cikin Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-17 |title=Five Things You Didn't Know About Kingston, Jamaica |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2016/07/16/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-kingston-jamaica/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en}}{{rs|date=December 2022}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomin Kingston da Saint Andrew sun haɗu da Dokar Kingston da St. Andrew Corporation na 1923, don kafa Kingston da St. Andrew Corporation (KSAC). Greater Kingston, ko "Yankin Kamfanoni" yana nufin waɗancan yankunan ƙarƙashin KSAC; duk da haka, ba wai kawai yana nufin Kingston Parish ba, wanda kawai ya ƙunshi tsohon cikin gari da Port Royal.<ref name="kingston">{{cite web|title=Brief history of Kingston, Jamaica|url=http://www.smartyoung.com/cities/kingston/brief_history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190604/http://www.smartyoung.com/cities/kingston/brief_history.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Kingston Parish yana da yawan jama'a 89,057, kuma St. Andrew Parish yana da yawan jama'a 573,369 a shekara ta 2011,<ref name=population /> Kingston Saint Andrew kawai yana da iyaka da gabas, yamma da arewa. Iyakar yanki don Ikklesiya ta Kingston ta ƙunshi al'ummomin masu zuwa: [[Tivoli Gardens, Kingston|Tivoli Gardens]], [[Denham Town]], [[Rae Town]], Gidajen Kingston, [[National Heroes Park]], [[Bournemouth Gardens]], Gardens Norman, [[Rennock Lodge]], Springfield da Port Royal, tare da sassan [[Rollington Town]], Franklyn Town, da Allman Town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Commission of Jamaica |url=http://www.eoj.com.jm/parish-4.htm |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105171119/http://eoj.com.jm/parish-4.htm |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Texas, Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jamaica.html/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2020-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112121/http://www1.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jamaica.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Garin na da iyaka da nisan Miles shida zuwa yamma, Dutsen Stony zuwa arewa, Papine zuwa arewa maso gabas, da [[Harbour View, Jamaica|Harbour View]] zuwa gabas, waɗanda al'ummomi ne a cikin birane da kewayen Saint Andrew. Al'ummomin karkara na St. Andrew kamar Gordon Town, Bankin Mavis, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, da Bull Bay ba za a bayyana su a cikin birnin Kingston ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Kingston Jamaica - Jamaica's Capital City |url=https://www.jamaica-land-we-love.com/map-of-kingston-jamaica.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Jamaica Land We Love}}</ref> Gundumomi biyu sun ƙunshi tsakiyar yankin Kingston: Downtown mai tarihi da New Kingston. Dukansu Filin Jirgin Sama na Norman Manley ne ke ba da su sannan kuma ta ƙarami kuma da farko [[Tinson Pen Aerodrome]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports |url=https://www.visitjamaica.com/groups/meeting-services-and-support/getting-there/airports/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.visitjamaica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:1882 Kingston Fire by Thomas Sulman.png|thumb| Abubuwan da ke faruwa a Kingston bayan gobarar 1882.]] [[File:Map_Kingston_1897.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Kingston, 1897]] An kafa Kingston a watan Yuli 22, 1692, jim kadan bayan girgizar kasa ta 1692 da ta lalata Port Royal a 1692; Asalin sashen na birnin wanda ke a kasan filayen Liguanea an kirkire shi ne don tsugunar da wadanda suka tsira daga wannan [[girgizar kasa]]<ref>Greene, Jack (2016). ''Settler Jamaica in the 1750s''. University of Virginia Press. p. 153.</ref> Kafin girgizar ƙasa, ayyukan Kingston na [[noma]] ne kawai<ref>Greene, Jack (2016). ''Settler Jamaica in the 1750s''. University of Virginia Press. p. 153.</ref>. Wadanda suka tsira daga girgizar kasar sun kafa sansani a bakin tekun. Kimanin mutane dubu biyu ne suka mutu sakamakon cututtukan da suka shafi sauro. Da farko mutanen sun zauna a sansanin tanti akan Kanar Barry's Hog Crawle. Garin bai fara girma ba sai bayan da aka ci gaba da lalata Port Royal da gobara a 1703. Mai binciken John Goffe ya zana wani tsari na garin bisa ga layin da ke iyaka da Arewa, Gabas, Yamma, da Titin Harbour. An tsara sabon tsarin grid na garin don sauƙaƙe kasuwanci, musamman tsarin manyan tituna mai tsawon ƙafa 66 (mita 20), wanda ke ba da damar zirga-zirga tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa da gonaki a cikin ƙasa<ref>Mann, Emily. "Kingston, Jamaica – a city born of 'wickedness' and disaster". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref>. A shekara ta 1716, ya zama birni mafi girma kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Gwamnati ta siyar da filaye ga mutane tare da ka'idar cewa ba za su saya fiye da adadin filin da suka mallaka a Port Royal ba, sai dai a bakin teku. Sannu a hankali ’yan kasuwa masu hannu da shuni sun fara ƙaura daga kan sana’o’insu zuwa gonakin gona a arewacin filayen Liguanea.<ref>Greene, Jack (2016). ''Settler Jamaica in the 1750s''. University of Virginia Press. p. 153.</ref><ref>Mann, Emily. "Kingston, Jamaica – a city born of 'wickedness' and disaster". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> Makarantar kyauta ta farko, Wolmers, an kafa ta ne a cikin 1729 kuma akwai gidan wasan kwaikwayo, na farko akan titin Harbour sannan ya koma 1774 zuwa Parade ta Arewa.<ref>“Wolmers's Boys School". ''wolmers.net''. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</ref> Dukansu har yanzu suna nan. A cikin 1755 gwamna, Sir Charles Knowles, ya yanke shawarar canja wurin ofisoshin gwamnati daga Garin Mutanen Espanya zuwa Kingston. Wasu sun yi tunanin zama wurin da bai dace da Majalisar ba a kusanci da karkatar da dabi'un Kingston, kuma gwamna na gaba ya soke dokar. Koyaya, a shekara ta 1780 yawan mutanen Kingston ya kai 11,000, kuma 'yan kasuwa sun fara fafutukar ganin an canja babban birnin daga Garin Mutanen Espanya, wanda a lokacin kasuwancin Kingston ya rufe shi. Cocin St. Thomas, dake kan titin King, babbar hanya, an fara gina shi ne kafin 1699 amma an sake gina shi bayan girgizar kasa a 1907. A ƙarshen karni na 18, birnin ya ƙunshi gine-ginen bulo fiye da 3,000. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta bunkasa kasuwanci, kuma ta taka rawa a yakin ruwa da dama na karni na 18. Kingston ya ɗauki ayyukan Garin Mutanen Espanya (babban birnin a lokacin). Waɗannan ayyuka sun haɗa da noma, kasuwanci, sarrafawa da babban tashar sufuri zuwa kuma daga Kingston da sauran sassan tsibirin<ref>Christer Petley, ''White Fury'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 38.</ref>. A cikin 1788, Kingston yana da yawan jama'a 25,000, wanda shine kusan kashi goma na yawan jama'ar tsibirin. Ɗaya daga cikin kowane mutum huɗu da ke zaune a Kingston fari ne, kuma akwai ɗimbin jama'a masu 'yanci a can ma, ma'ana biyu cikin kowane mutum biyar da ke zaune a Kingston suna da 'yanci. Sauran kashi uku cikin biyar na mutanen Kingston sun kasance bayi ne na bakaken fata. Gwamnati ta zartar da wani doka don canja wurin ofisoshin gwamnati zuwa Kingston daga Garin Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya faru a cikin 1872.<ref>"Kingston | national capital, Jamaica".</ref> A cikin 1882, an yi wata babbar wuta a Kingston.<ref>“1882". ''Jamaica's history - always something new to find out!''. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref> A cikin 1892, wutar lantarki ta fara zuwa Jamaica, lokacin da aka ba da ita ga wata masana'anta da ke samar da tururi mai ƙonewa a titin Gold Street a Kingston.<ref>“Through the Years". ''www.jpsco.com''. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</ref> A cikin 1907, mutane 800 sun mutu a wata girgizar ƙasa da aka fi sani da girgizar ƙasa ta Kingston ta 1907, ta lalata kusan dukkanin gine-ginen tarihi a kudancin Parade a cikin birnin. Hakan ya kasance lokacin da aka kafa dokar hana tsayin ƙafafu 60 (m18) a kan gine-ginen da ke tsakiyar birnin. An gina waɗannan gine-gine masu hawa uku da siminti mai ƙarfi. Gina titin King a cikin birni shine wuri na farko da ya karya wannan ka'idar ginin.<ref>“1907 Kingston Earthquake | EKACDM". ''www.uwi.edu''. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, tarzoma a duk tsibirin ya haifar da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kwadago da jam’iyyun siyasa don wakiltar ma’aikata.<ref>“Labour rebellions of the 1930s in the British Caribbean region colonies - Richard Hart | libcom.org". ''libcom.org''. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref> Garin ya zama gida ga harabar Mona na Jami'ar West Indies da aka kafa a 1948, tare da ɗaliban likitanci guda ashirin da hudu. A cikin shekarun 1960, hankalin duniya na kiɗan reggae a wancan lokacin ya zo daidai da faɗaɗa da haɓaka kadada 95 (haɗin 38) na yankin tsakiyar birnin Kingston; A shekarun 1980, yawancin tsoffin gine-ginen da kamfanonin gine-gine suka ruguje, kuma an sake gina gaba dayan bakin ruwa tare da otal-otal, shaguna, ofisoshi, wuraren al'adu, da wuraren balaguro da na jigilar kaya. A cikin 1966, Kingston ita ce birni mai masaukin baki ga wasannin Commonwealth. <ref>“Kingston 1966 | Commonwealth Games Federation". ''thecgf.com''. Retrieved 21 June2022.</ref> A cikin babban zaɓe na 1980, an zaɓi gwamnatin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta mulkin demokraɗiyya (PNP), sannan gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya sun fi karkata ga kasuwa tare da mai da hankali kan yawon buɗe ido da dangantaka da Amurka, wanda ya nuna "hargitsi" da "m" zamanin, wanda Cuba da Amurka suka yi yaƙi don kula da al'adu a kan Jamaica.<ref>“The 1980s Historian | Memories of turbulent and volatile Jamaica". ''jamaica-gleaner.com''. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref> A cikin 1990s, laifuka sun karu a yankin kuma ana ba da rahoton tarzoma da yawa, ciki har da wanda ya faru a 1999 game da hauhawar farashin man fetur. A cikin 1999, gwamnatin Jamaica ta umurci dakarun soji da su yi sintiri a titunan Kingston a wani yunƙuri na magance munanan laifuka. A shekara ta 2001, sojojin sojoji da motoci masu sulke sun yi amfani da karfi don "maido da oda" a Kingston bayan "rikicin kwanaki uku ya yi sanadin mutuwar a kalla mutane 27"<ref>“Jamaica profile - Timeline". ''BBC News''. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref>. A cikin 2010, tashin hankalin Kingston, rikici mai dauke da makamai tsakanin sojojin Jamaica da na 'yan sanda a Kingston da kuma shawagi na miyagun ƙwayoyi, ya ja hankalin duniya.<ref>Whittell, Giles (27 May 2010). "Jamaican leader denies link to Shower Posse gangsters". ''The Times''. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref>Rikicin, wanda akasari ya faru a tsakanin 24-25 ga Mayu, ya kashe fararen hula akalla 73 tare da jikkata wasu akalla 35.<ref>“Jamaica police put death toll at 73". ''The Gazette (Montreal)''. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May2010.</ref> An kuma kashe sojoji hudu da ‘yan sanda<ref>Sheil, Ross; Davies, Caroline (26 May 2010). "Kingston residents trapped inside homes as Jamaican death toll rises". ''The Guardian''. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</ref>. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Bob_Marley_-_Statue_-_Kingston_-_Jamaica.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Bob Marley a birnin Kingston, Jamaica File:ISA_Headquaters.jpg|hedkwatar ISA File:Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg|The Kingston Waterfront </gallery> ==Manzarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] 0xsqgd0siuzecnrzp7n5yphlkztfxel Hauwa Allahbura 0 44101 967375 940653 2026-10-13T22:24:52Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368779103|Hauwa Allahbura]]" 967375 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hauwa Allahbura 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai ba da shawara ga aikinta a fadin makamashi, teku, sadarwa ta dabarun, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ita ce ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, kamfanin makamashi da ayyukan dabarun da ke da hannu a hayar jiragen ruwa da man fetur da sabis na gas. Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari na Cut24 Productions, kamfanin watsa labarai da samar da fina-finai na Najeriya. Allahbura a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta kula da dabarun dijital da shirye-shiryen sadarwa na kamfanoni. An kuma san ta da kafa Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a da nufin ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya. == Early life and education == An haifi Hauwa Allahbura a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, gami da Crescent International School, Legas; Crescent International Makarantar, Kano; da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], kuma daga baya [[Federal Government College, Ilorin|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ta sami digiri a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London, Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, da Jami'ar Jihar Montana, kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Masarautar Tattaunawa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Ayyuka == === Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi === Allahbura ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗin Najeriya a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An zaba ta don shiga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', inda ta taka rawar Maro . Daga baya ta bayyana kuma ta samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019), ''Las Gidi Vice'', Battle Ground, da ''Okiripoto'' (2020). Ta kafa Cut24 Productions tare da mai shirya fina-finai [[Femi Odugbemi]] kuma daga baya ta zama babban jami'in kamfanin. A halin yanzu tana da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin. === Sadarwar kamfanoni da kasuwancin kasuwanci === Allahbura daga baya ya sauya zuwa sadarwa ta kamfanoni, ci gaban dabarun, da kuma matsayin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta jagoranci hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanoni da dabarun dabarun dijital. Daga baya ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, wani kamfani na Najeriya da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan dabarun, sabis na makamashi, sabis na dijital, da kwangila da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati. === Makamashi da bangaren teku === Allahbura yana da hannu a bangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya ta hanyar Lahbura Energy, wani bangare da ke mai da hankali kan kayan aikin teku, hayar jiragen ruwa, da ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. Ayyukanta a cikin bangaren sun haɗa da sha'awa a cikin sabis na tallafi na waje, kayan aikin ruwa, da ayyukan jiragen ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar makamashi. == Shirye-shiryen jama'a da shawarwari == === Manzanni 24 === Allahbura shine wanda ya kafa 24 Angels Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tallafin kasuwanci, shiga matasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a Najeriya. Ta hanyar shirin, ta goyi bayan kananan kamfanoni da 'yan kasuwa. === Tashin Naija === A karkashin shirin 24 Angels, ta kaddamar da Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin matasa 'yan Najeriya. === Ƙididdigar Tsaro ta Najeriya === Har ila yau, shirin 24 Angels yana kula da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSI), bayanan jama'a da dandalin jin dadin jama'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan shugabanci, tsaro, tattalin arziki, amincewar masu saka hannun jari, da alamun kwanciyar hankali a Najeriya. == Tarihin iyali == Allahbura 'yar marigayi Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura ce, mataimakin mai kula da kwastomomi da ya yi ritaya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2014 |''Rovieno'' | |- |2015 |''Binciken Ruwa'' | |- |2016 |''[[Gidi Blues]]'' |Nkem Nochiri |- |2017 |''3 Jama'a ce'' |Oma |- |2018 |''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' |Uwa |- |2018 |''Las Gidi Vice'' |Jemila |- |2019 |''[[Code Wilo]]'' | |- |2020 |''Okiripoto'' | |} == Ƙungiyoyin == * Lahbura24 Limited * Lahbura Makamashi * Cut24 Productions * Manzanni 24 == Manzarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bb8k8jygjzhyof0ouhyo7a3skmwt6x1 967377 967375 2026-10-13T22:26:13Z Salma Raddah 45959 967377 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Hauwa Allahbura 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai ba da shawara ga aikinta a fadin makamashi, teku, sadarwa ta dabarun, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ita ce ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, kamfanin makamashi da ayyukan dabarun da ke da hannu a hayar jiragen ruwa da man fetur da sabis na gas. Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari na Cut24 Productions, kamfanin watsa labarai da samar da fina-finai na Najeriya. Allahbura a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta kula da dabarun dijital da shirye-shiryen sadarwa na kamfanoni. An kuma san ta da kafa Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a da nufin ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya. == Early life and education == An haifi Hauwa Allahbura a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, gami da Crescent International School, Legas; Crescent International Makarantar, Kano; da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], kuma daga baya [[Federal Government College, Ilorin|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ta sami digiri a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London, Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, da Jami'ar Jihar Montana, kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Masarautar Tattaunawa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Ayyuka == === Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi === Allahbura ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗin Najeriya a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An zaba ta don shiga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', inda ta taka rawar Maro . Daga baya ta bayyana kuma ta samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019), ''Las Gidi Vice'', Battle Ground, da ''Okiripoto'' (2020). Ta kafa Cut24 Productions tare da mai shirya fina-finai [[Femi Odugbemi]] kuma daga baya ta zama babban jami'in kamfanin. A halin yanzu tana da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin. === Sadarwar kamfanoni da kasuwancin kasuwanci === Allahbura daga baya ya sauya zuwa sadarwa ta kamfanoni, ci gaban dabarun, da kuma matsayin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta jagoranci hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanoni da dabarun dabarun dijital. Daga baya ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, wani kamfani na Najeriya da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan dabarun, sabis na makamashi, sabis na dijital, da kwangila da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati. === Makamashi da bangaren teku === Allahbura yana da hannu a bangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya ta hanyar Lahbura Energy, wani bangare da ke mai da hankali kan kayan aikin teku, hayar jiragen ruwa, da ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. Ayyukanta a cikin bangaren sun haɗa da sha'awa a cikin sabis na tallafi na waje, kayan aikin ruwa, da ayyukan jiragen ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar makamashi. == Shirye-shiryen jama'a da shawarwari == === Manzanni 24 === Allahbura shine wanda ya kafa 24 Angels Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tallafin kasuwanci, shiga matasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a Najeriya. Ta hanyar shirin, ta goyi bayan kananan kamfanoni da 'yan kasuwa. === Tashin Naija === A karkashin shirin 24 Angels, ta kaddamar da Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin matasa 'yan Najeriya. === Ƙididdigar Tsaro ta Najeriya === Har ila yau, shirin 24 Angels yana kula da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSI), bayanan jama'a da dandalin jin dadin jama'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan shugabanci, tsaro, tattalin arziki, amincewar masu saka hannun jari, da alamun kwanciyar hankali a Najeriya. == Tarihin iyali == Allahbura 'yar marigayi Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura ce, mataimakin mai kula da kwastomomi da ya yi ritaya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2014 |''Rovieno'' | |- |2015 |''Binciken Ruwa'' | |- |2016 |''[[Gidi Blues]]'' |Nkem Nochiri |- |2017 |''3 Jama'a ce'' |Oma |- |2018 |''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' |Uwa |- |2018 |''Las Gidi Vice'' |Jemila |- |2019 |''[[Code Wilo]]'' | |- |2020 |''Okiripoto'' | |} == Ƙungiyoyin == * Lahbura24 Limited * Lahbura Makamashi * Cut24 Productions * Manzanni 24 == Manzarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cr3rwok4lvb2zvurt3xjhg2g2iusb78 Rogers Ofime 0 54248 967249 886099 2026-10-13T17:07:47Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379207680|Rogers Ofime]]" 967249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rogers Ofime''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris din shekarar 1973) ɗan Najeriya ne mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai shirya talabijin wanda ke zaune a Kanada. Ya kuma fi shahara da shirya fina-finai da dama na talabijin na Najeriya, ciki har da fim ɗin ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' mai nasara, <ref name="Tinsel">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=July 2015 |title=Rogers Ofime: NANTAP honours Tinsel producer |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-nantap-honours-tinsel-producer-id3932539.html |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020822/http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-nantap-honours-tinsel-producer-id3932539.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda shine fim na farko da aka shirya a gidajen talabijin na yau da kullun wanda wani furodusa ɗan Najeriya ya shirya a duk Gabas, Yamma ko Arewacin Afirka <ref name="Glife">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=June 2016 |title=Rogers Ofime… Ardour For Redefining Nollywood |url=http://life.guardian.ng/2016/06/rogers-ofime-ardour-for-redefining-nollywood/ |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Guardian Life |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825152726/http://life.guardian.ng/2016/06/rogers-ofime-ardour-for-redefining-nollywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma kwanan nan ''Hush'' . <ref name="SatMag">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=April 2017 |title='I believe in teamwork, it promotes professionalism' |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/i-believe-in-teamwork-it-promotes-professionalism/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Guardian Saturday Magazine}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ofime a Legas, Najeriya. A watan Mayun 1985, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Firamare ta St. Paul da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na Makarantar Grammar Iponri da ke Legas a watan Yunin 1991 don karatunsa na sakandare. Bayan karatunsa na sakandare, a watan Mayun 1994 ya sami takardar shaidar wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da ke [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma wata takardar shaidar waƙa daga wannan jami'ar a watan Mayun 1996. A watan Yulin shekarar 2000, Ofime ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin fasaha (Aji na Biyu a Ƙasa) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, jihar Osun, Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Rogers Ofime... Detailed, Articulate On Screen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412041661.html |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2004, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha (PhD Grade) a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na MA daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica" /> A shekarar 2016, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Robertson da ke Kanada da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. <ref name="Glife"/> Daga nan ya yi rajista don samun digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Tun yana ƙarami, Ofime ya nemi masu ba shi shawara kamar Erika Klopper, Desiree Markgraaf, [[Tade Ogidan]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], kuma ya zama mai son Steven Spielberg da Tyler Perry. Tade Ogidan, fitaccen daraktan Najeriya ne ya ba shi damar farko. Amma damar da ta kai ga ci gabansa a masana'antar talabijin da fina-finai ita ce ta ba shi ta Erika Klopper. A cewar Ofime, "Ta yi imani da ni lokacin da kowa ya yi shakkar iyawata na gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na yau da kullun." <ref name="Glife"/> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2001, Ofime ya fara shirya fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a matsayin manajan shirya fina-finai a Legas, Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 2005, Ofime ya kama aiki da Kamfanin Fim na ''Sky Sweeper Films'' da ke Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da yake can, Ofime ya shirya shirye-shiryensa na farko na tallan talabijin, wanda ya samu nasara sosai.<ref name="Ofime">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2015 |title=Biography: Rogers Ofime |url=http://rogersofime.com/index.php/biography/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Rogers Ofime}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, manyan kamfanonin watsa labarai na Afirka ta Kudu ''M-net'' sun yi farautar Ofime kuma an ba shi aikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo ''na Tinsel'' na yau da kullun a kan dandamalin M-net/Africa Magic. Yayin da yake aiki a ''Tinsel'', ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan fina-finai 120, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 15 masu maimaitawa da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 500 masu tallafawa. Shirin ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka fi kallo a Afirka, wanda miliyoyin mutane suka kalla kuma aka watsa shi a cikin ƙasashen Afirka 48 a tashoshin talabijin na tauraron dan adam da na gida. <ref name="Ofime"/> Hakanan ya sanya shi furodusa na farko na Najeriya da ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na yau da kullun mai kyamarori da yawa a cikin studio a Yamma, Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. <ref name="Glife"/> A shekarar 2013, M-net ta umarci Ofime da ya ƙirƙiro wani shiri na Tele-film ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyar masu shirya fina-finai 120 don shirya aƙalla fina-finan tele-fina 80 a shekarar 2013, fina-finai 60 a shekarar 2014 da kuma fina-finai 40 a shekarar 2015. Shirin aikin fina-finai, wanda ya yi nasara, ana kiransa aikin ''Africa Magic Original Films'' (AMOF). Ofime ya koma [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Kanada kuma ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na kansa, ''Theatron Media Incorporated'' <ref name="AllAfrica"/> kuma ya yi aiki tare da fitattun masu shirya fina-finai da daraktoci da dama, ciki har da Tade Ogidan, Erika Klopper, Juliette Hagopian, Robert Peters, Curtis Graham, Steve Morrisson da Titus Orpen. <ref name="Created">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=June 2015 |title=Rogers Ofime: Why I created 222 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-why-i-created-zone-222-tinsel-producer-speaks-on-new-tv-series-id3856568.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815052743/http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-why-i-created-zone-222-tinsel-producer-speaks-on-new-tv-series-id3856568.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ofime shine Babban Furodusa a Native Media TV, wani kamfanin shirya fina-finai, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ya shirya shirin, ''"Zone 222"'' da ''"Till You Are 16"'' don Africa Magic TV. A shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani fim mai suna "Voiceless". Fim ɗin da ya mayar da hankali kan matsalolin da waɗanda ke zaune a arewacin [[Najeriya]] ke fuskanta. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-16 |title=Native Media Unveils New Produc |url=https://guardian.ng/features/native-media-unveils-new-produc/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Guardian News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ofime ta auri Olabimpe Ofime. Sun haɗu a jami'a, kuma sun yi aure tun shekarar 2002. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A bikin bayar da kyautar African Magic Viewers Choice Award (AMVCA) na shekarar 2017, wani fim da ya shirya, Oloibiri, an sanya masa suna Mafi Kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka. <ref name="SatMag"/> Fim ɗin labarin garin tarihi ne inda Shell Darcy ta fara gano mai a Najeriya a watan Yunin 1956, kuma jaruman 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya kamar [[Olu Jacobs]] da Richard Mofe Damijo, Oloibiri ya doke ''A Trip to Jamaica'', ''76'', ''93 Days'' da ''The CEO'' don lashe kyautar. <ref name="AMVCA">{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chimdunga |date=March 2017 |title=#AMVCA 2017: "Oloibiri" wins Best Movie West Africa |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2017-oloibiri-wins-best-movie-west-africa-id6318273.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=PulseNG }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, an karrama Ofime da lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Aikin Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya, NANTAP, a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo saboda jajircewarsa ga ci gaban fasaha da al'adu a Najeriya. <ref name="Tinsel"/> Jerin kyaututtukan Ofime sun haɗa da   == Fim ɗin fim == === Fina-finai masu kayatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="19" | 2013 | ''Rushewar Otal'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Na Biyar'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Gefen Titi'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Kopa'' | Furodusa | | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Ɗakin'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Mai rikitarwa'' | Furodusa | Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Kin'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Mafaka'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Ci gaba'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''dawowa gida'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Reshen Zaitun'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Harbi a Ƙafa'' | Furodusa | Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Buffon'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Spinsters'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Harin Dare'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Wannan gidan ba na sayarwa bane'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Manufa'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Sirrin Rayuwar Yaran Yahoo'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Yin aiki'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | 2014 | ''Jajaye'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | 2016 | ''[[Oloibiri (fim)|Oloibiri]]'' | Furodusa | Curtis Graham | Tsarin Hanya Mai Daidaitawa & Tsarin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''Sifili Awa'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Mugabe'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Samar da Eastgate |- | 2020 | ''[[Voiceless (fim, 2020)|Ba tare da murya ba]]'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Fari |- | 2021 | ''Kanani'' | Furodusa | Tola Olatunji | Fina-finan RAS/Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa |} === Manyan shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2006 - 2015 | ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' (Kashi 1,500) | Furodusa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2011 - kwanan wata | ''[[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]]'' (Kashi na 1892) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2015 | ''Har Zuwa Shekara 16'' (Kashi 13) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron |- | 2015 - 2016 | ''Otal Mai Girma'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2016 - 2017 | ''Hush'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2019 | Kogin Sirri (Jerin 'Yan Najeriya) Kashi 26) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2018 - kwanan wata | ''Coloré'' (Kashi 52) | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Mugosa |- |} === Gajerun fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 | ''Ɗaya daga cikin da yawa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | ''An 'Yantar'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Da Soyayya'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Farashin Kayan Yaji'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Theatron Media/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Ƙasa |- | ''Kwanan wata'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''Ƙarshen'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | rowspan="3" | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Gadoji'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- | ''Rufewa'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- |} === Shirye-shiryen Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2003 | ''Peter Odili'' | Manajan Samarwa | Tade Ogidan | Hotunan OGD |- | 2004 | ''Simintin Ashaka (Ranar LFT)'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Unilever: Rayuwa Mai Taɓawa'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Coca-Cola'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2009 | ''Littafin Tarihin Tatsuniya'' | Furodusa | | MNET Afirka |- | 2017 | ''Ba tare da murya ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2017 | ''Ba za a sake ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | 2017 | ''Maidowa: Labarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira'' <ref name="Refugee Story">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards - Restoration: A Refugee's Story |url=http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=wearemovingstories.com |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016115047/http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Mugbosa Media/Theatron Media Production |- |} === Talabijin na Gaskiya === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2007 | ''Mai Horar da Ɗalibi'' | Mai Shirya Layi | Tade Ogidan | An shirya gasar talabijin ta gaskiya don Bank PHB |- | 2008 | ''Shahararrun Aiki'' | Manajan Samarwa | Hydei Uys | Samarwa don Endemol |- |} == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Ofime a Lagos, Najeriya. A watan Mayun 1985, ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta St. Paul's da ke Lagos, Najeriya. Daga nan kuma ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Iponri Grammar School a Lagos a watan Yunin 1991 domin ci gaba da karatun sakandare. Bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare, a watan Mayun 1994 ya samu Takardar Shaidar Karatun Wasan Kwaikwayo (Drama) daga Obafemi Awolowo University da ke Osun State, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga baya kuma ya samu wata Takardar Shaidar Karatun Kiɗa (Music) daga wannan jami'a a watan Mayun 1996. A watan Yulin 2000, Ofime ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin fasaha (Aji na Biyu a Ƙasa) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, jihar Osun, Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Rogers Ofime... Detailed, Articulate On Screen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412041661.html |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2004, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha (PhD Grade) a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na MA daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica" /> A shekarar 2016, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Robertson da ke Kanada da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. Daga nan ya yi rajista don samun digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. == Career == A shekara ta 2001, Ofime ya fara shirya fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a matsayin manajan shirye-shiryen talabijin a Legas, Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 2005, Ofime ya kama aiki da Kamfanin Fim ''na Sky Sweeper Films'' da ke Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da yake can, Ofime ya shirye-shiryensa na farko na tallata talabijin, wanda ya samu nasara sosai. <ref name="Ofime">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2015 |title=Biography: Rogers Ofime |url=http://rogersofime.com/index.php/biography/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Rogers Ofime}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani fim mai suna "Voiceless". == Career == A shekara ta 2001, Ofime ya fara samar da fina-finai, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a matsayin manajan samar da talabijin a Legas, Najeriya kuma a shekara ta 2005, Ofime ya yi aiki tare da Kamfanin Fim na Afirka ta Kudu, Sky Sweeper Films. A lokacin da yake aiki a ''Tinsel'', ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan fim 120, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 15 da suka sake dawowa da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 500 masu tallafawa. == Fina-finai == === Fina-finai masu kayatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Director !Notes |- | rowspan="19" |2013 |''Hotel Rush'' |Producer |Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |''Fifth'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo |MNET Original Film |- |''Roadside'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo |MNET Original Film |- |''Kopa'' |Producer | |MNET Original Film |- |''The Room'' |Producer |Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |''Complicated'' |Producer |Solomon Macaulay |MNET Original Film |- |''Kin'' |Producer |Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |''Prodigal'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo |MNET Original Film |- |''Moving On'' |Producer |Alex Mouth |MNET Original Film |- |''Homecoming'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |''Olive Branch'' |Producer |Alex Mouth |MNET Original Film |- |''A Shot in the Foot'' |Producer |Solomon Macaulay |MNET Original Film |- |''Buffon'' |Producer |Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |''Spinsters'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Solomon Macaulay |MNET Original Film |- |''Night Raid'' |Producer |Alex Mouth |MNET Original Film |- |''This House is not for Sale'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo |MNET Original Film |- |''Target'' |Producer |Alex Mouth |MNET Original Film |- |''Secret Lives of Yahoo Boys'' |Producer |Ehizojie Ejesebholo |MNET Original Film |- |''Undertaking'' |Producer |Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |2014 |''Scarlet'' |Producer |Patience Oghre Imobhio |MNET Original Film |- |2016 |''[[Oloibiri (fim)|Oloibiri]]'' |Producer |Curtis Graham |A Right Angle & Theatron Media Production |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Zero Hour'' |Executive Producer |Robert Peters |Native Media Production |- |''Mugabe'' |Executive Producer |Robert Peters |Eastgate Production |- |2020 |''[[Voiceless (fim, 2020)|Voiceless]]'' |Executive Producer |Robert Peters |Native Media/Theatron Media/White Media |- |2021 |''Kanaani'' |Producer |Tola Olatunji |RAS Films/Native Media |} === Manyan shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2006 - 2015 | ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' (Kashi 1,500) | Furodusa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2011 - kwanan wata | ''[[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]]'' (Kashi na 1892) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2015 | ''Har Zuwa Shekara 16'' (Kashi 13) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron |- | 2015 - 2016 | ''Otal Mai Girma'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2016 - 2017 | ''Hush'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2019 | Kogin Sirri (Jerin 'Yan Najeriya) Kashi 26) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2018 - kwanan wata | ''Coloré'' (Kashi 52) | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Mugosa |- | 2023 - har zuwa yau | ''Wura'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Wasan kwaikwayo | Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Asalin |} === Gajerun fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 | ''Ɗaya daga cikin da yawa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | ''An 'Yantar'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Da Soyayya'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Farashin Kayan Yaji'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Theatron Media/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Ƙasa |- | ''Kwanan wata'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''Ƙarshen'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | rowspan="3" | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Gadoji'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- | ''Rufewa'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- |} === Shirye-shiryen Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2003 | ''Peter Odili'' | Manajan Samarwa | Tade Ogidan | Hotunan OGD |- | 2004 | ''Simintin Ashaka (Ranar LFT)'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Unilever: Rayuwa Mai Taɓawa'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Coca-Cola'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2009 | ''Littafin Tarihin Tatsuniya'' | Furodusa | | MNET Afirka |- | 2017 | ''Ba tare da murya ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2017 | ''Ba za a sake ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | 2017 | ''Maidowa: Labarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira'' <ref name="Refugee Story">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards - Restoration: A Refugee's Story |url=http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=wearemovingstories.com}}</ref> | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Mugbosa Media/Theatron Media Production |- |} === Talabijin na Gaskiya === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2007 | ''Mai Horar da Ɗalibi'' | Mai Shirya Layi | Tade Ogidan | An shirya gasar talabijin ta gaskiya don Bank PHB |- | 2008 | ''Shahararrun Aiki'' | Manajan Samarwa | Hydei Uys | Samarwa don Endemol |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|5277927}}  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nlspcqmamv26mc6063wdim4c0kcz17p Abba Makama 0 62426 967381 927929 2026-10-13T22:30:42Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372479134|Abba Makama]]" 967381 wikitext text/x-wiki Abba T. Makama marubuci ne na Najeriya, darektan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar Green White Green da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim dinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ka'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba memba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-fakka na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na duniya na fim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=timothy |date=2016-02-26 |title=Art {{as written|Exi|hibition [sic]}} set to hold at IAMISIGO showroom this weekend |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/abba-t-makama-art-exihibition-set-to-hold-at-iamisigo-showroom-this-weekend/b9llgzq |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Egbedi |first=Hadassah |date=2016-01-08 |title=15 African creatives to watch out for in 2016 |url=https://venturesafrica.com/15-african-creatives-to-watch-out-for-in-2016/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Ventures Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Makama, Abba {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/abba-makama/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lost Okoroshi |url=https://www.tiff.net/events/the-lost-okoroshi |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surreal16: the filmmaking collective trying to forge a new identity for Nigerian cinema &#124; Sight & Sound |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/interviews/surreal16-collective-nigerian-arthouse-cinema-nollywood |website=British Film Institute}}</ref> Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika ''[[Labarun Juju|Labaran Juju]]'' (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York.<ref name=":1" />  &nbsp;&nbsp; == Sanarwa == A cikin 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Al Jazeera |title=Nollywood |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/al-jazeera-world/2015/7/28/nollywood |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />  &nbsp;&nbsp;''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . &nbsp;Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020.Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar darektan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Wani abu daga Babu'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bopn6sav4gdnljtbj363qfw4zs45n2b 967383 967381 2026-10-13T22:32:17Z Salma Raddah 45959 967383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abba T. Makama marubuci ne na Najeriya, darektan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar Green White Green da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim dinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ka'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba memba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-fakka na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na duniya na fim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=timothy |date=2016-02-26 |title=Art {{as written|Exi|hibition [sic]}} set to hold at IAMISIGO showroom this weekend |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/abba-t-makama-art-exihibition-set-to-hold-at-iamisigo-showroom-this-weekend/b9llgzq |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Egbedi |first=Hadassah |date=2016-01-08 |title=15 African creatives to watch out for in 2016 |url=https://venturesafrica.com/15-african-creatives-to-watch-out-for-in-2016/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Ventures Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Makama, Abba {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/abba-makama/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lost Okoroshi |url=https://www.tiff.net/events/the-lost-okoroshi |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surreal16: the filmmaking collective trying to forge a new identity for Nigerian cinema &#124; Sight & Sound |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/interviews/surreal16-collective-nigerian-arthouse-cinema-nollywood |website=British Film Institute}}</ref> Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika ''[[Labarun Juju|Labaran Juju]]'' (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York.<ref name=":1" />  &nbsp;&nbsp; == Sanarwa == A cikin 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Al Jazeera |title=Nollywood |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/al-jazeera-world/2015/7/28/nollywood |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />  &nbsp;&nbsp;''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . &nbsp;Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020.Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar darektan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Wani abu daga Babu'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mtw0fjxe70950pahgcefopbjk5jkbd0 967384 967383 2026-10-13T22:34:22Z Salma Raddah 45959 967384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} Abba T. Makama marubuci ne na Najeriya, darektan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar Green White Green da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim dinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ka'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba memba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-fakka na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na duniya na fim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=timothy |date=2016-02-26 |title=Art {{as written|Exi|hibition [sic]}} set to hold at IAMISIGO showroom this weekend |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/abba-t-makama-art-exihibition-set-to-hold-at-iamisigo-showroom-this-weekend/b9llgzq |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Egbedi |first=Hadassah |date=2016-01-08 |title=15 African creatives to watch out for in 2016 |url=https://venturesafrica.com/15-african-creatives-to-watch-out-for-in-2016/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Ventures Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Makama, Abba {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/abba-makama/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lost Okoroshi |url=https://www.tiff.net/events/the-lost-okoroshi |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surreal16: the filmmaking collective trying to forge a new identity for Nigerian cinema &#124; Sight & Sound |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/interviews/surreal16-collective-nigerian-arthouse-cinema-nollywood |website=British Film Institute}}</ref> Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika ''[[Labarun Juju|Labaran Juju]]'' (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York.<ref name=":1" />  &nbsp;&nbsp; == Sanarwa == A cikin 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Al Jazeera |title=Nollywood |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/al-jazeera-world/2015/7/28/nollywood |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />  &nbsp;&nbsp;''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . &nbsp;Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020.Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar darektan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Wani abu daga Babu'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mqs3b6cxesn67lmagu7t1zctpjaj86t Nnorom Azuonye 0 64498 967399 859453 2026-10-13T23:17:25Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Nassoshi */ 967399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nnorom Azuonye (born 12 July 1967, in Biafra) is a publisher, theater director, playwright, poet and advertising professional. He is also an accredited Methodist Local Preacher with the Methodist Church in Britain and serves as Principal Networker, Global Calvary Network. He wrote Letter To God & Other Poems in 2003, The Bridge Selection: Poems for the Road (2005 & 2012) and Funeral of the Minstrel in 2015). The Founding Publishing Director & Chief Executive Officer, SPM Publications Ltd, Azuonye is the founder and administrator of Sentinel Poetry Movement and the founder and publisher of the magazines Nollywood Focus, Sentinel Literary Quarterly, Sentinel Nigeria and Sentinel Champions. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Nnorom Azuonye dan asalin [[Isuikwuato]] ne, [[Abiya|jihar Abia]] ta [[Najeriya]], amma an haife shi a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], yanzu a jihar Enugu ta Najeriya, a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 1967. Shi ne auta ga Stephen Onyemaechi Azuonye MON, MBE, da Hannah Egwuime Azuonye. Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia, Kwalejin Capital, [[Landan|London]], da [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]], inda ya karanta Dramatic Arts.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}</link> . == Ayyukan adabi == A cikin 2002, Azuonye ya kafa ƙungiyar Sentinel Poetry Movement - ƙungiyar marubuta da masu fasaha ta duniya waɗanda ke ba da hulɗa da buɗaɗɗen albarkatun wakoki, almara, wasan kwaikwayo, kasidu, tambayoyi da bita na Arts. Shi ne Manajan Editan na ''Sentinel Literary Quarterly'' - mujallar adabin duniya wanda Sentinel Poetry Movement ya buga. Har ila yau, shi ne mawallafin mujallar ''Sentinel Nigeria'' - mujallar yanar gizo ta zamani ta rubuta rubutun Sentinel guda biyu da suka gabata, ''Sentinel Poetry (Online)'' da ''Sentinel Poetry Quarterly'', an hade su cikin bugu ɗaya na ''Sentinel Literary Quarterly'' == Rubutu == An buga Azuonye da yawa a duniya a cikin mujallu, jaridu da tarihin tarihi da suka hada da Agenda, DrumVoices Revue, Eclectica, Orbis, World Haiku Review, Nigerians Talk, African Writing, African Writers, Sketchbook, Poetry Monthly, Opon Ifa, Dandalin wasan kwaikwayo, muryoyin adawa da wariyar launin fata: Wakoki 100 akan Wariyar launin fata, da Waƙoƙi don Tsawon Zamani (Mandy Pannett ed.) '''Littattafai''' * ''Wasika Zuwa ga Allah & Sauran Waqoqin'' (2003), * ''Zaɓin Gadar: Waƙoƙi don Hanya'' (2005 & 2012). * ''Blue Hyacinths'' (2010; ed. tare da Geoff Stevens), * ''Sentinel Annual Literature Anthology'' (2011; ed tare da [[Unoma Azuah]] da Amanda Sington-Williams), * ''Jana'izar Minstrel'' * ''Farawa na Falcon'' (ed.) (wasan kwaikwayo, 2015).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Iyali == Nnorom ya auri Thelma Amaka Azuonye (née Mbomi) a shekara ta 2006. Suna zaune a birnin Landan na kasar Ingila tare da ‘ya’yansu Arinzechukwu, Nwachiamanda, Obinna da Ugochukwu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nnorom.blogspot.com/ Shafin Nnorom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625160021/http://nnorom.blogspot.com/ |date=2007-06-25 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Category:Kwalejin ilimi]] [[Category:Marubucin Najeriya]] 8wg9x50cmjinl0c3pabayw0v0eqt0bb The Royal Hibiscus Hotel 0 69466 967370 963409 2026-10-13T22:19:37Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368998216|The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]]" 967370 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''''Otal din Royal Hibiscus''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2017 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2017. <ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == A Landan, bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin mai dafa abinci, Ope ba ta iya samun kudade don buɗe Gidan cin abinci ba. Ta yanke shawarar komawa gidan iyayenta a Najeriya, inda suke gudanar da otal mai nasara sau ɗaya. Ope yana shirin yin aiki a can a matsayin mai dafa abinci. Koyaya, otal ɗin ba ya yin kyau, kuma mahaifinta, Segun, ya amince ya sayar da shi ga masu saka hannun jari masu arziki, Deji da Martin. Ba matarsa, Rose, ko 'yarsu Ope ba su san game da sayarwa ba. Kafin a kammala yarjejeniyar, Deji ta ziyarci otal ɗin kuma ta sadu da Ope ba tare da sanin cewa ita 'yar masu mallakar ce ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Zainab Balogun]] a matsayin Ope * [[Kenneth Okolie]] a matsayin Deji * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin Martin * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Augustina * Olu Jacobs a matsayin Richard * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Cif Segun Adeniyi * [[Rachel Oniga|Racheal Oniga]] a matsayin Rose Adeniyi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Chika * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Joyce * Toni Tones a matsayin Esther * [[Charles Inojie]] a matsayin Shugaba * [[OC Ukeje|O.C. Ukeje]] a matsayin Felix * [[Akah Nnani]] a matsayin Tobem == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Bayan gabatarwa na ''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017, shafin yanar gizon CREETIQ ya kimanta fim din 5.3/10 yana ambaton sake dubawa daga masu sukar 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=18 September 2016 |title=The Royal Hibiscus Hotel - CREETIQ |url=https://creetiq.com/reviews/royal-hibiscus-hotel/ |publisher=CREETIQ}}</ref> Courtney Small na Cinema Axis ya yi imanin cewa "Ko da yake ''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' ba zai sami masu sauraro tare da magoya bayan rom-com masu wuya ba, waɗanda ke neman ƙwarewar da ta fi dacewa za su yi takaici" yayin da Chelsea Phillips-Carr (Pop Matters) ya fi karɓar fim ɗin yana mai cewa "''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' ya tabbatar da cewa yin wasa a cikin nau'in ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da fim mara kyau".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Courtney Small |date=18 September 2016 |title=TIFF 2017: THE ROYAL HIBISCUS HOTEL |url=https://cinemaaxis.com/2017/09/18/tiff-2017-the-royal-hibiscus-hotel/ |publisher=Cinema Axis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chelsea Phillips-Carr |date=18 September 2016 |title='The Royal Hibiscus Hotel' |url=http://www.popmatters.com/post/the-royal-hibiscus-hotel-ishaya-bako-tiff-2017/ |publisher=Pop Matters}}</ref> Film Scriptic ya zira kwallaye 46%, tare da darajar D. Isedehi Aigbogun ya nuna fa'idodi da rashin daidaituwa, tare da wata sanarwa ta ƙarshe: "...TIFF ta nuna wannan fim a cikin 2017... daga sadaka da babban sashi na cibiyar sadarwa" == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2017|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2017]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> hyq808yteifbbk2m2xzuhyq65dcfi6h 967371 967370 2026-10-13T22:21:28Z Salma Raddah 45959 967371 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''''Hotal din Royal Hibiscus''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2017 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2017. <ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == A Landan, bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin mai dafa abinci, Ope ba ta iya samun kudade don buɗe Gidan cin abinci ba. Ta yanke shawarar komawa gidan iyayenta a Najeriya, inda suke gudanar da otal mai nasara sau ɗaya. Ope yana shirin yin aiki a can a matsayin mai dafa abinci. Koyaya, otal ɗin ba ya yin kyau, kuma mahaifinta, Segun, ya amince ya sayar da shi ga masu saka hannun jari masu arziki, Deji da Martin. Ba matarsa, Rose, ko 'yarsu Ope ba su san game da sayarwa ba. Kafin a kammala yarjejeniyar, Deji ta ziyarci otal ɗin kuma ta sadu da Ope ba tare da sanin cewa ita 'yar masu mallakar ce ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Zainab Balogun]] a matsayin Ope * [[Kenneth Okolie]] a matsayin Deji * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin Martin * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Augustina * Olu Jacobs a matsayin Richard * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Cif Segun Adeniyi * [[Rachel Oniga|Racheal Oniga]] a matsayin Rose Adeniyi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Chika * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Joyce * Toni Tones a matsayin Esther * [[Charles Inojie]] a matsayin Shugaba * [[OC Ukeje|O.C. Ukeje]] a matsayin Felix * [[Akah Nnani]] a matsayin Tobem == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Bayan gabatarwa na ''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017, shafin yanar gizon CREETIQ ya kimanta fim din 5.3/10 yana ambaton sake dubawa daga masu sukar 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=18 September 2016 |title=The Royal Hibiscus Hotel - CREETIQ |url=https://creetiq.com/reviews/royal-hibiscus-hotel/ |publisher=CREETIQ}}</ref> Courtney Small na Cinema Axis ya yi imanin cewa "Ko da yake ''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' ba zai sami masu sauraro tare da magoya bayan rom-com masu wuya ba, waɗanda ke neman ƙwarewar da ta fi dacewa za su yi takaici" yayin da Chelsea Phillips-Carr (Pop Matters) ya fi karɓar fim ɗin yana mai cewa "''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' ya tabbatar da cewa yin wasa a cikin nau'in ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da fim mara kyau".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Courtney Small |date=18 September 2016 |title=TIFF 2017: THE ROYAL HIBISCUS HOTEL |url=https://cinemaaxis.com/2017/09/18/tiff-2017-the-royal-hibiscus-hotel/ |publisher=Cinema Axis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chelsea Phillips-Carr |date=18 September 2016 |title='The Royal Hibiscus Hotel' |url=http://www.popmatters.com/post/the-royal-hibiscus-hotel-ishaya-bako-tiff-2017/ |publisher=Pop Matters}}</ref> Film Scriptic ya zira kwallaye 46%, tare da darajar D. Isedehi Aigbogun ya nuna fa'idodi da rashin daidaituwa, tare da wata sanarwa ta ƙarshe: "...TIFF ta nuna wannan fim a cikin 2017... daga sadaka da babban sashi na cibiyar sadarwa" == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2017|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2017]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> o2g5zsjryyc4vrah4i53yu7hmmyb0vx Eye of the Storm (jerin TV) 0 70152 967362 578870 2026-10-13T22:10:27Z Nura Bello 24854 967362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Eye_of_the_Storm_title.jpg|suna=Eye of the Storm|caption=Richard Cooper Peter Tabern Bill Nighy Cordelia Bugeja Judy Parfitt|citizenship=Henry Marsh (musician){{!}}Henry Marsh|occupation=Movie|education=United Kingdom}} [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29621388315).jpg|thumb|allan bangon eye of the storm ]] [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29510818342).jpg|thumb|eye of the storm ]] '''''Eye of the Storm''''' shine jerin talabijin na yara na Biritaniya wanda aka fara watsawa a farkon shekarun 1993 akan ITV . Wanda Childsplay Productions ya yi kuma marubuci Richard Cooper don sabon ikon watsa shirye-shiryen ITV Meridian Broadcasting,<ref name="life-force.co.uk eye2">{{cite web|url=http://www.life-force.co.uk/eye/index.html|title=Eye of the Storm|website=life-force.co.uk|access-date=July 28, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217070242/http://www.life-force.co.uk:80/eye/index.html|archive-date=February 17, 2001}}</ref> wasan kwaikwayo na kashi shida yana cikin gudummawar farko ga madaidaicin ITV na Yara . Ya yi tauraro Bill Nighy, Judy Parfitt, da Cordelia Bugeja.<ref name="BFI2">{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|title=Eye of the Storm BFI|website=www2.bfi.org.uk|publisher=BFI|access-date=September 15, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420110543/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|archive-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> Saita wuri a Devon da Hampshire a kudancin gabar tekun Ingila,<ref name="TV Zone2">{{cite magazine|last=May|first=Dominic|date=October 1, 1992|title=News|url=https://archive.org/details/TV_Zone_035_1992_NS2011/page/n4|magazine=[[TV Zone]]|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Visual Imagination|access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref> uba da 'yarsa masu kiyayewa sun bincika abin da ke faruwa a matsayin rufewar gwamnati game da rikicin gurɓatawar da ke gabatowa daga jirgin ruwan da suka canza. Ƙoƙarin nasu ya ci karo da wata barazana mai ban mamaki, wanda ya haɗa da cin zarafin wani majiɓinci na mugun nufi na iyawar ɗanta makaho da ke riƙe da shi, da kuma alakarsa da manyan madafun iko da wani kakannin ilimin kimiyya na ƙarni na 17 ya annabta. Serial ɗin ya kasance babban abin yabo, nasara mai nasara a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen sa na asali, ko da yake zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai zaman kansa kuma ba zai sami ci gaba ko daidaitawa ta kowace hanya ba. Ban da maimaita gudu guda ɗaya a shekara mai zuwa, Ba a samar da ''Idon Guguwar'' don kasuwanci gabaɗaya don kallon jama'a tun daga lokacin. == Dubawa == Tsohon popstar-juya mai kula da muhalli Tom Frewen yana zaune a teku a gabar tekun kudu ta Ingila tare da budurwarsa Nell, suna kallon ta akai-akai daga gidansu na kwalekwale mai suna 'Eye of the Storm'. Docking a Montliskeard Bay a Devon, sun binciki alakarsa da wani lamari da ya faru a lokacin babban guguwar 1987, inda wani jirgin ruwa da ke kan hanyar Felixstowe ya zubar da ganguna biyar na abubuwa masu guba.<ref>May, Dominic (October 1, 1992). "News". ''TV Zone''. United Kingdom: Visual Imagination. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</ref> Ko da yake an kwato hudu daga cikin gwangwani da aka jefar, na biyar da alama ya kasance batattu. Babban haɗarinsa ga rayuwar ruwa ya shafi Tom, da sauri ya fara neman inda ganga yake. Tare da jirgin ruwansu ya lalace sannan Nell ya kai hari yayin da suke nutsewa, su biyun sun yi barazana ga rayuwarsu a cibiyar rufaffiyar hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-richard-cooper-1145210.html</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, wani matashi makaho mai suna Luke Montliskeard, yana shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi a gidan Montliskeard Place da ke kusa da tsaunin bakin teku daga hannun mai kula da shi Martha. Tana son haifar da wani rikicin muhalli ta hanyar wannan amfani; daya daga cikin kakannin alchemist na Luka na karni na 17, Gilbert, ya yi imani cewa hada guda biyar daga cikin kayan ado na iyalinsa zai ba da ikon lalata na da. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Duk da haka, kafin ya sami damar tattara su duka, dangi sun watse bayan gano mugun nufinsa. Martha ta yi ƙoƙari ta nemo duwatsun ta hanyar bin diddigin zuriyar Montliskeard da yin amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki na abubuwan da Luka ya gani na abubuwan da bai halarta ba, da niyyar kiran halaka a cikin al'adar kogo, amma shirinta ya ci tura lokacin da ƙoƙarin Frewens ya yi karo.<ref>https://tvrdb.com/listings/1994-08-12</ref> == Production da watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da iska na Meridian Broadcasting a matsayin tashar ITV, sabon mai kula da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar yara da shirye-shirye na rana Janie Grace (wanda ya riga ya kasance Gidan Talabijin ta Kudu ) ya sayi nunin uku ta kamfanonin samarwa masu zaman kansu don tsohon. masu sauraro a lokacin 1992. Kowannensu an yi niyya ne don rufe wani bangare daban-daban na tallafin matasa na cibiyar sadarwa; Daga cikin waɗannan, an ga ''Eye na Storm'' a matsayin gudunmawar wasan kwaikwayo na Meridian don tsohuwar ƙarshensa. Anyi don Meridian ta kamfanin samar da talabijin mai zaman kansa Childsplay Productions, Peter Tabern da Richard Cooper ne suka tsara jerin. A matsayinsa na shugaban Childsplay tun farkon 1984, tsohon ya bar Thames Television don yin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na matasa ''[[Streetwise (TV series)|a Streetwise]]'' don TVS da sitcom ''All Change'' don Talabijin na Yorkshire ta hanyarsa, yayin da na ƙarshe ya tashi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa talabijin a kan wasan kwaikwayo. shekaru goma da suka gabata, yawanci rubuta wasu jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa da suka fi dacewa ga matasa. <ref name="independent" /> Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''[[Quest of Eagles]]'' for Tyne Tees, ''Codename Icarus'' na BBC, da ''Knights of God'', kuma ga TVS. Tabern ne kawai ya samar da ''Ido na Storm'' kuma ya jagoranci shi, tare da Cooper makamancin haka aka ba da izini ga duk rubuce-rubuce. An bayar da rahoton cewa kasafin kudinsa ya kai fam miliyan daya. An yi babban ɗaukar hoto a kan-wuri a kan iyakar Devon da Hampshire . Saboda fage-fagen ayyuka da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin teku, an yi amfani da wani mai ba da shawara kan ruwa don tsara jerin waƙoƙin da 'yan wasan ke cikin ruwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Yawancin waɗannan sun fito da Cordelia Bugeja, a cikin aikinta na farko na jagorar talabijin. Kristopher Milnes kuma ya yi daya daga cikin manyan bayyanarsa na farko akan allon, bayan aikin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya kuma kwanan nan yana nuna ƙaramin Scrooge a cikin ''Muppet Kirsimeti Carol'' . An jefa Bill Nighy da Judy Parfitt a matsayin Bugeja da Milnes masu goyon bayan manyan jagororin, bi da bi. Lokacin da aka kusance shi don rawar da ya taka, Nighy ya yarda da shi da farin ciki, kamar yadda ya so ya yi tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin wanda ƙaramar 'yarsa mai shekaru tara Mary Nighy za ta iya kallo sakamakon nasarar da balagaggu ya samu na ''ɗakin maza'' . A cikin hirarrakin da suka biyo baya, zai bayyana cewa shi ma da kansa ya yi tunanin labarin jerin "yarinyar kasada ce mai kyau kwarai da gaske". A matsayin wani ɓangare na ''farkon Daren Farko akan shirin Meridian'' wanda tashar da kanta ke watsawa kawai a yammacin ranarta ta farko akan iska ( Ranar Sabuwar Shekara 1993), Michael Palin da Neil Buchanan sun gabatar da gajerun samfoti na ''Eye of the Storm'' . An nuna waɗannan tare da samfoti na ''Zzzap!'' , wani samfurin da Buchanan ya yi don ƙananan yara, da ''Wizadora'' ga jarirai masu zuwa makaranta, yana nuna cikakken jerin abubuwan farko na Meridian don masu sauraron matasa. <ref name="First Night on Meridian" /> ''Eye of the Storm'' ya fara ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1993. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Dukkanin sassan shida na jerin an watsa su a duk faɗin Burtaniya ta hanyar ITV kuma an nuna su da ƙarfe 4:40 na yamma a ranar Juma'a, yayin block na shirye-shiryen ITV na Yara na cibiyar sadarwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond" /> Lamarin na ƙarshe ya kasance musamman shirin na ƙarshe da za a haɗa shi a kan madaidaicin ta hanyar mai ba da hangen nesa, Glenn Kinsey, daga tsohon titin Broad Street, Birmingham tushe, har sai daga baya sake gabatar da gabatarwar rayuwa a cikin hangen nesa a sabon Titin Gas. Studios a 1998. A waje da Birtaniya, An rarraba ''Eye na Storm'' ta hanyar Link Entertainment ; Hakanan an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] sau da yawa ta hanyar ABC, da kuma kan talabijin na biya ta Nickelodeon (asali Max ) a cikin 1990s, da kuma a [[Jamus]] a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Der. Fluch der Edelsteine'' akan ZDF a lokacin 1994. == Cast da haruffa == * Bill Nighy as Tom Frewen * Cordelia Bugeja as Nell Frewen * Judy Parfitt as Martha Tabbert * Kristopher Milnes as Luke Montliskeard * John McGlynn as Runceford/Erlingham * Felipe Izquierdo as Rob Appleton * Deborah Poplett as Fran Tuett * Philip McGough as Henry Price * Michael Feast as Tiarks * Tony Bluto as Howie * Mark Tandy as Barnes * Neil Clark as Doctor * Granville Saxton as Gilbert Montliskeard * Terence Bayler as James Montliskeard * Richard Dixon as Matthew Montliskeard * Gabrielle Cowburn as Cheryl * Jeannie Crowther as Florrie * Geoffrey McGivern as Customs Officer   == Mahimman martani da gado == A kan watsa shirye-shiryen na asali, An ga ''Idon Guguwar'' don zama nasara. Marubuci kuma mai haɓaka Richard Cooper ya sami lambar yabo ta Guild na Marubuci saboda aikinsa akan shirin; daga baya zai bayyana tare da lambar yabo da Fred Dineage a lokacin wani yanki a ''Meridian, Shekarar Farko'', wani gidan talabijin na musamman yana kallon abubuwan da suka faru na farkon watanni 12 na tashar. Tare da abubuwan yabo na farko daga ''Ƙarin Ilimi na Times'' wanda Dineage ya karanta tare da taƙaitaccen faifan bidiyo, Cooper ya yaba wa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da Childsplay Productions, waɗanda zai sake yin aiki tare da su a kan daidaitawarsu na BBC na ''Yara na Sabon daji'' kafin mutuwarsa ta 1998.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2007/10/01/janie_grace_40th_birthday_feature.shtml</ref> Duk da jerin' gabaɗayan kyakkyawar liyafar a lokacin da kuma shawara a cikin rahoton Meridian ta ''The Stage'' cewa zai iya samun wani nau'i na shirye-shiryen, sannan mai kula da shirye-shiryen yara na ITV Dawn Airey zai ba da izinin canjawa daga yawancin abubuwan samarwa ga tsofaffi. ƙarshen masu sauraron matasa, suna ambaton imani da bincike ya jagoranci cewa yana raguwa da soke wasu shahararrun jerin kamar ''Knightmare'' a cikin tsari. Daga baya, ''Idon Guguwar'' bai sami ci gaba ba. Ya ga maimaita guda ɗaya yana gudana akan CITV a cikin Yuli da Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, kuma ba a watsa shi ba ko kuma a fitar da kasuwanci gaba ɗaya tun daga lokacin. Tun daga shekarar 2022, ana samun rikodi na kashi na biyu a halin yanzu don dubawa a BFI Mediatheque Southbank. Tare da na gaba na samar da Childsplay ''na Pirates'', haƙƙoƙin rarraba jerin abubuwan duniya sun kasance ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Nishaɗi a lokacin 2000s bayan siyan Link Entertainment.<ref>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001180/19921217/115/0023</ref> ''Eye of the Storm'' ya ga ƙarancin ƙima mai mahimmanci a tsawon lokaci, kuma an zana kwatancen da ba su da kyau a cikin sake dubawa tsakaninsa da wani samar da Childsplay mai da hankali kan yanayin muhalli, ''Life Force'', duk da liyafar da ta fi rikitarwa a farkon iska a cikin 2000. Rubuce-rubucen BFI a cikin ''Dutsen da Beyond: Yara Television Drama'', tsohon ''Dokta Wane'' ɗan jarida Alistair McGown ya fahimci serial don dogara sosai a kan tashin hankali a cikin kudi na ci gaba mai karfi, wani al'amari da ya yi imani da samun damar. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Ko da yake suna jin cewa sun "yi aiki da kyau a cikin nasu dama" kuma sun yi amfani da fa'idodin ayyuka masu inganci, McGown ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa nau'ikan makircinsa guda biyu na damuwa da muhalli da fantasy ba su haɗu tare ba, haɗuwa a cikin ƙimar da ake ganin sun kasance "kusan tsararru".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190502153426/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1c067aa</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Eye of the Storm}} * [https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 BFI Collections page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220170109/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 |date=2024-02-20 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7zik65g0qz5to1lpq817jgoksgd7xwi 967364 967362 2026-10-13T22:12:28Z Nura Bello 24854 967364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Eye_of_the_Storm_title.jpg|suna=Eye of the Storm|caption=Richard Cooper Peter Tabern Bill Nighy Cordelia Bugeja Judy Parfitt|citizenship=Henry Marsh (musician){{!}}Henry Marsh|occupation=Movie|education=United Kingdom}} [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29621388315).jpg|thumb|allan bangon eye of the storm ]] [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29510818342).jpg|thumb|eye of the storm ]] '''''Eye of the Storm''''' shine jerin talabijin na yara na Biritaniya wanda aka fara watsawa a farkon shekarun 1993 akan ITV . Wanda Childsplay Productions ya yi kuma marubuci Richard Cooper don sabon ikon watsa shirye-shiryen ITV Meridian Broadcasting,<ref name="life-force.co.uk eye2">{{cite web|url=http://www.life-force.co.uk/eye/index.html|title=Eye of the Storm|website=life-force.co.uk|access-date=July 28, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217070242/http://www.life-force.co.uk:80/eye/index.html|archive-date=February 17, 2001}}</ref> wasan kwaikwayo na kashi shida yana cikin gudummawar farko ga madaidaicin ITV na Yara . Ya yi tauraro Bill Nighy, Judy Parfitt, da Cordelia Bugeja.<ref name="BFI2">{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|title=Eye of the Storm BFI|website=www2.bfi.org.uk|publisher=BFI|access-date=September 15, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420110543/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|archive-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> Saita wuri a Devon da Hampshire a kudancin gabar tekun Ingila,<ref name="TV Zone2">{{cite magazine|last=May|first=Dominic|date=October 1, 1992|title=News|url=https://archive.org/details/TV_Zone_035_1992_NS2011/page/n4|magazine=[[TV Zone]]|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Visual Imagination|access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref> uba da 'yarsa masu kiyayewa sun bincika abin da ke faruwa a matsayin rufewar gwamnati game da rikicin gurɓatawar da ke gabatowa daga jirgin ruwan da suka canza. Ƙoƙarin nasu ya ci karo da wata barazana mai ban mamaki, wanda ya haɗa da cin zarafin wani majiɓinci na mugun nufi na iyawar ɗanta makaho da ke riƙe da shi, da kuma alakarsa da manyan madafun iko da wani kakannin ilimin kimiyya na ƙarni na 17 ya annabta. Serial ɗin ya kasance babban abin yabo, nasara mai nasara a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen sa na asali, ko da yake zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai zaman kansa kuma ba zai sami ci gaba ko daidaitawa ta kowace hanya ba. Ban da maimaita gudu guda ɗaya a shekara mai zuwa, Ba a samar da ''Idon Guguwar'' don kasuwanci gabaɗaya don kallon jama'a tun daga lokacin. == Dubawa == Tsohon popstar-juya mai kula da muhalli Tom Frewen yana zaune a teku a gabar tekun kudu ta Ingila tare da budurwarsa Nell, suna kallon ta akai-akai daga gidansu na kwalekwale mai suna 'Eye of the Storm'. Docking a Montliskeard Bay a Devon, sun binciki alakarsa da wani lamari da ya faru a lokacin babban guguwar 1987, inda wani jirgin ruwa da ke kan hanyar Felixstowe ya zubar da ganguna biyar na abubuwa masu guba.<ref>May, Dominic (October 1, 1992). "News". ''TV Zone''. United Kingdom: Visual Imagination. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</ref> Ko da yake an kwato hudu daga cikin gwangwani da aka jefar, na biyar da alama ya kasance batattu. Babban haɗarinsa ga rayuwar ruwa ya shafi Tom, da sauri ya fara neman inda ganga yake. Tare da jirgin ruwansu ya lalace sannan Nell ya kai hari yayin da suke nutsewa, su biyun sun yi barazana ga rayuwarsu a cibiyar rufaffiyar hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-richard-cooper-1145210.html</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, wani matashi makaho mai suna Luke Montliskeard, yana shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi a gidan Montliskeard Place da ke kusa da tsaunin bakin teku daga hannun mai kula da shi Martha. Tana son haifar da wani rikicin muhalli ta hanyar wannan amfani; daya daga cikin kakannin alchemist na Luka na karni na 17, Gilbert, ya yi imani cewa hada guda biyar daga cikin kayan ado na iyalinsa zai ba da ikon lalata na da. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Duk da haka, kafin ya sami damar tattara su duka, dangi sun watse bayan gano mugun nufinsa. Martha ta yi ƙoƙari ta nemo duwatsun ta hanyar bin diddigin zuriyar Montliskeard da yin amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki na abubuwan da Luka ya gani na abubuwan da bai halarta ba, da niyyar kiran halaka a cikin al'adar kogo, amma shirinta ya ci tura lokacin da ƙoƙarin Frewens ya yi karo.<ref>https://tvrdb.com/listings/1994-08-12</ref> == Production da watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da iska na Meridian Broadcasting a matsayin tashar ITV, sabon mai kula da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar yara da shirye-shirye na rana Janie Grace (wanda ya riga ya kasance Gidan Talabijin ta Kudu ) ya sayi nunin uku ta kamfanonin samarwa masu zaman kansu don tsohon. masu sauraro a lokacin 1992. Kowannensu an yi niyya ne don rufe wani bangare daban-daban na tallafin matasa na cibiyar sadarwa; Daga cikin waɗannan, an ga ''Eye na Storm'' a matsayin gudunmawar wasan kwaikwayo na Meridian don tsohuwar ƙarshensa. Anyi don Meridian ta kamfanin samar da talabijin mai zaman kansa Childsplay Productions, Peter Tabern da Richard Cooper ne suka tsara jerin. A matsayinsa na shugaban Childsplay tun farkon 1984, tsohon ya bar Thames Television don yin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na matasa ''[[Streetwise (TV series)|a Streetwise]]'' don TVS da sitcom ''All Change'' don Talabijin na Yorkshire ta hanyarsa, yayin da na ƙarshe ya tashi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa talabijin a kan wasan kwaikwayo. shekaru goma da suka gabata, yawanci rubuta wasu jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa da suka fi dacewa ga matasa. <ref name="independent" /> Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''[[Quest of Eagles]]'' for Tyne Tees, ''Codename Icarus'' na BBC, da ''Knights of God'', kuma ga TVS. Tabern ne kawai ya samar da ''Ido na Storm'' kuma ya jagoranci shi, tare da Cooper makamancin haka aka ba da izini ga duk rubuce-rubuce. An bayar da rahoton cewa kasafin kudinsa ya kai fam miliyan daya. An yi babban ɗaukar hoto a kan-wuri a kan iyakar Devon da Hampshire . Saboda fage-fagen ayyuka da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin teku, an yi amfani da wani mai ba da shawara kan ruwa don tsara jerin waƙoƙin da 'yan wasan ke cikin ruwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Yawancin waɗannan sun fito da Cordelia Bugeja, a cikin aikinta na farko na jagorar talabijin. Kristopher Milnes kuma ya yi daya daga cikin manyan bayyanarsa na farko akan allon, bayan aikin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya kuma kwanan nan yana nuna ƙaramin Scrooge a cikin ''Muppet Kirsimeti Carol'' . An jefa Bill Nighy da Judy Parfitt a matsayin Bugeja da Milnes masu goyon bayan manyan jagororin, bi da bi. Lokacin da aka kusance shi don rawar da ya taka, Nighy ya yarda da shi da farin ciki, kamar yadda ya so ya yi tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin wanda ƙaramar 'yarsa mai shekaru tara Mary Nighy za ta iya kallo sakamakon nasarar da balagaggu ya samu na ''ɗakin maza'' . A cikin hirarrakin da suka biyo baya, zai bayyana cewa shi ma da kansa ya yi tunanin labarin jerin "yarinyar kasada ce mai kyau kwarai da gaske". A matsayin wani ɓangare na ''farkon Daren Farko akan shirin Meridian'' wanda tashar da kanta ke watsawa kawai a yammacin ranarta ta farko akan iska ( Ranar Sabuwar Shekara 1993), Michael Palin da Neil Buchanan sun gabatar da gajerun samfoti na ''Eye of the Storm'' . An nuna waɗannan tare da samfoti na ''Zzzap!'' , wani samfurin da Buchanan ya yi don ƙananan yara, da ''Wizadora'' ga jarirai masu zuwa makaranta, yana nuna cikakken jerin abubuwan farko na Meridian don masu sauraron matasa. <ref name="First Night on Meridian" /> ''Eye of the Storm'' ta fara ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1993. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Dukkanin sassan shida na jerin an watsa su a duk faɗin Burtaniya ta hanyar ITV kuma an nuna su da ƙarfe 4:40 na yamma a ranar Juma'a, yayin block na shirye-shiryen ITV na Yara na cibiyar sadarwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond" /> Lamarin na ƙarshe ya kasance musamman shirin na ƙarshe da za a haɗa shi a kan madaidaicin ta hanyar mai ba da hangen nesa, Glenn Kinsey, daga tsohon titin Broad Street, Birmingham tushe, har sai daga baya sake gabatar da gabatarwar rayuwa a cikin hangen nesa a sabon Titin Gas. Studios a 1998. A waje da Birtaniya, An rarraba ''Eye na Storm'' ta hanyar Link Entertainment ; Hakanan an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] sau da yawa ta hanyar ABC, da kuma kan talabijin na biya ta Nickelodeon (asali Max ) a cikin 1990s, da kuma a [[Jamus]] a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Der. Fluch der Edelsteine'' akan ZDF a lokacin 1994. == Cast da haruffa == * Bill Nighy as Tom Frewen * Cordelia Bugeja as Nell Frewen * Judy Parfitt as Martha Tabbert * Kristopher Milnes as Luke Montliskeard * John McGlynn as Runceford/Erlingham * Felipe Izquierdo as Rob Appleton * Deborah Poplett as Fran Tuett * Philip McGough as Henry Price * Michael Feast as Tiarks * Tony Bluto as Howie * Mark Tandy as Barnes * Neil Clark as Doctor * Granville Saxton as Gilbert Montliskeard * Terence Bayler as James Montliskeard * Richard Dixon as Matthew Montliskeard * Gabrielle Cowburn as Cheryl * Jeannie Crowther as Florrie * Geoffrey McGivern as Customs Officer   == Mahimman martani da gado == A kan watsa shirye-shiryen na asali, An ga ''Idon Guguwar'' don zama nasara. Marubuci kuma mai haɓaka Richard Cooper ya sami lambar yabo ta Guild na Marubuci saboda aikinsa akan shirin; daga baya zai bayyana tare da lambar yabo da Fred Dineage a lokacin wani yanki a ''Meridian, Shekarar Farko'', wani gidan talabijin na musamman yana kallon abubuwan da suka faru na farkon watanni 12 na tashar. Tare da abubuwan yabo na farko daga ''Ƙarin Ilimi na Times'' wanda Dineage ya karanta tare da taƙaitaccen faifan bidiyo, Cooper ya yaba wa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da Childsplay Productions, waɗanda zai sake yin aiki tare da su a kan daidaitawarsu na BBC na ''Yara na Sabon daji'' kafin mutuwarsa ta 1998.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2007/10/01/janie_grace_40th_birthday_feature.shtml</ref> Duk da jerin' gabaɗayan kyakkyawar liyafar a lokacin da kuma shawara a cikin rahoton Meridian ta ''The Stage'' cewa zai iya samun wani nau'i na shirye-shiryen, sannan mai kula da shirye-shiryen yara na ITV Dawn Airey zai ba da izinin canjawa daga yawancin abubuwan samarwa ga tsofaffi. ƙarshen masu sauraron matasa, suna ambaton imani da bincike ya jagoranci cewa yana raguwa da soke wasu shahararrun jerin kamar ''Knightmare'' a cikin tsari. Daga baya, ''Idon Guguwar'' bai sami ci gaba ba. Ya ga maimaita guda ɗaya yana gudana akan CITV a cikin Yuli da Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, kuma ba a watsa shi ba ko kuma a fitar da kasuwanci gaba ɗaya tun daga lokacin. Tun daga shekarar 2022, ana samun rikodi na kashi na biyu a halin yanzu don dubawa a BFI Mediatheque Southbank. Tare da na gaba na samar da Childsplay ''na Pirates'', haƙƙoƙin rarraba jerin abubuwan duniya sun kasance ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Nishaɗi a lokacin 2000s bayan siyan Link Entertainment.<ref>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001180/19921217/115/0023</ref> ''Eye of the Storm'' ya ga ƙarancin ƙima mai mahimmanci a tsawon lokaci, kuma an zana kwatancen da ba su da kyau a cikin sake dubawa tsakaninsa da wani samar da Childsplay mai da hankali kan yanayin muhalli, ''Life Force'', duk da liyafar da ta fi rikitarwa a farkon iska a cikin 2000. Rubuce-rubucen BFI a cikin ''Dutsen da Beyond: Yara Television Drama'', tsohon ''Dokta Wane'' ɗan jarida Alistair McGown ya fahimci serial don dogara sosai a kan tashin hankali a cikin kudi na ci gaba mai karfi, wani al'amari da ya yi imani da samun damar. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Ko da yake suna jin cewa sun "yi aiki da kyau a cikin nasu dama" kuma sun yi amfani da fa'idodin ayyuka masu inganci, McGown ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa nau'ikan makircinsa guda biyu na damuwa da muhalli da fantasy ba su haɗu tare ba, haɗuwa a cikin ƙimar da ake ganin sun kasance "kusan tsararru".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190502153426/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1c067aa</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Eye of the Storm}} * [https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 BFI Collections page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220170109/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 |date=2024-02-20 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] czkw8sfpt7zoxyvul464vcww5l1py9i 967366 967364 2026-10-13T22:13:38Z Nura Bello 24854 967366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Eye_of_the_Storm_title.jpg|suna=Eye of the Storm|caption=Richard Cooper Peter Tabern Bill Nighy Cordelia Bugeja Judy Parfitt|citizenship=Henry Marsh (musician){{!}}Henry Marsh|occupation=Movie|education=United Kingdom}} [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29621388315).jpg|thumb|allan bangon eye of the storm ]] [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29510818342).jpg|thumb|eye of the storm ]] '''''Eye of the Storm''''' shine jerin talabijin na yara na Biritaniya wanda aka fara watsawa a farkon shekarun 1993 akan ITV . Wanda Childsplay Productions ya yi kuma marubuci Richard Cooper don sabon ikon watsa shirye-shiryen ITV Meridian Broadcasting,<ref name="life-force.co.uk eye2">{{cite web|url=http://www.life-force.co.uk/eye/index.html|title=Eye of the Storm|website=life-force.co.uk|access-date=July 28, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217070242/http://www.life-force.co.uk:80/eye/index.html|archive-date=February 17, 2001}}</ref> wasan kwaikwayo na kashi shida yana cikin gudummawar farko ga madaidaicin ITV na Yara . Ya yi tauraro Bill Nighy, Judy Parfitt, da Cordelia Bugeja.<ref name="BFI2">{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|title=Eye of the Storm BFI|website=www2.bfi.org.uk|publisher=BFI|access-date=September 15, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420110543/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|archive-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> Saita wuri a Devon da Hampshire a kudancin gabar tekun Ingila,<ref name="TV Zone2">{{cite magazine|last=May|first=Dominic|date=October 1, 1992|title=News|url=https://archive.org/details/TV_Zone_035_1992_NS2011/page/n4|magazine=[[TV Zone]]|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Visual Imagination|access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref> uba da 'yarsa masu kiyayewa sun bincika abin da ke faruwa a matsayin rufewar gwamnati game da rikicin gurɓatawar da ke gabatowa daga jirgin ruwan da suka canza. Ƙoƙarin nasu ya ci karo da wata barazana mai ban mamaki, wanda ya haɗa da cin zarafin wani majiɓinci na mugun nufi na iyawar ɗanta makaho da ke riƙe da shi, da kuma alakarsa da manyan madafun iko da wani kakannin ilimin kimiyya na ƙarni na 17 ya annabta. Serial ɗin ya kasance babban abin yabo, nasara mai nasara a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen sa na asali, ko da yake zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai zaman kansa kuma ba zai sami ci gaba ko daidaitawa ta kowace hanya ba. Ban da maimaita gudu guda ɗaya a shekara mai zuwa, Ba a samar da ''Idon Guguwar'' don kasuwanci gabaɗaya don kallon jama'a tun daga lokacin. == Dubawa == Tsohon popstar-juya mai kula da muhalli Tom Frewen yana zaune a teku a gabar tekun kudu ta Ingila tare da budurwarsa Nell, suna kallon ta akai-akai daga gidansu na kwalekwale mai suna 'Eye of the Storm'. Docking a Montliskeard Bay a Devon, sun binciki alakarsa da wani lamari da ya faru a lokacin babban guguwar 1987, inda wani jirgin ruwa da ke kan hanyar Felixstowe ya zubar da ganguna biyar na abubuwa masu guba.<ref>May, Dominic (October 1, 1992). "News". ''TV Zone''. United Kingdom: Visual Imagination. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</ref> Ko da yake an kwato hudu daga cikin gwangwani da aka jefar, na biyar da alama ya kasance batattu. Babban haɗarinsa ga rayuwar ruwa ya shafi Tom, da sauri ya fara neman inda ganga yake. Tare da jirgin ruwansu ya lalace sannan Nell ya kai hari yayin da suke nutsewa, su biyun sun yi barazana ga rayuwarsu a cibiyar rufaffiyar hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-richard-cooper-1145210.html</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, wani matashi makaho mai suna Luke Montliskeard, yana shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi a gidan Montliskeard Place da ke kusa da tsaunin bakin teku daga hannun mai kula da shi Martha. Tana son haifar da wani rikicin muhalli ta hanyar wannan amfani; daya daga cikin kakannin alchemist na Luka na karni na 17, Gilbert, ya yi imani cewa hada guda biyar daga cikin kayan ado na iyalinsa zai ba da ikon lalata na da. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Duk da haka, kafin ya sami damar tattara su duka, dangi sun watse bayan gano mugun nufinsa. Martha ta yi ƙoƙari ta nemo duwatsun ta hanyar bin diddigin zuriyar Montliskeard da yin amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki na abubuwan da Luka ya gani na abubuwan da bai halarta ba, da niyyar kiran halaka a cikin al'adar kogo, amma shirinta ya ci tura lokacin da ƙoƙarin Frewens ya yi karo.<ref>https://tvrdb.com/listings/1994-08-12</ref> == Production da watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da iska na Meridian Broadcasting a matsayin tashar ITV, sabon mai kula da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar yara da shirye-shirye na rana Janie Grace (wanda ya riga ya kasance Gidan Talabijin ta Kudu ) ya sayi nunin uku ta kamfanonin samarwa masu zaman kansu don tsohon. masu sauraro a lokacin 1992. Kowannensu an yi niyya ne don rufe wani bangare daban-daban na tallafin matasa na cibiyar sadarwa; Daga cikin waɗannan, an ga ''Eye na Storm'' a matsayin gudunmawar wasan kwaikwayo na Meridian don tsohuwar ƙarshensa. Anyi don Meridian ta kamfanin samar da talabijin mai zaman kansa Childsplay Productions, Peter Tabern da Richard Cooper ne suka tsara jerin. A matsayinsa na shugaban Childsplay tun farkon shekarun 1984, tsohon ya bar Thames Television don yin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na matasa ''[[Streetwise (TV series)|a Streetwise]]'' don TVS da sitcom ''All Change'' don Talabijin na Yorkshire ta hanyarsa, yayin da na ƙarshe ya tashi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa talabijin a kan wasan kwaikwayo. shekaru goma da suka gabata, yawanci rubuta wasu jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa da suka fi dacewa ga matasa. <ref name="independent" /> Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''[[Quest of Eagles]]'' for Tyne Tees, ''Codename Icarus'' na BBC, da ''Knights of God'', kuma ga TVS. Tabern ne kawai ya samar da ''Ido na Storm'' kuma ya jagoranci shi, tare da Cooper makamancin haka aka ba da izini ga duk rubuce-rubuce. An bayar da rahoton cewa kasafin kudinsa ya kai fam miliyan daya. An yi babban ɗaukar hoto a kan-wuri a kan iyakar Devon da Hampshire . Saboda fage-fagen ayyuka da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin teku, an yi amfani da wani mai ba da shawara kan ruwa don tsara jerin waƙoƙin da 'yan wasan ke cikin ruwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Yawancin waɗannan sun fito da Cordelia Bugeja, a cikin aikinta na farko na jagorar talabijin. Kristopher Milnes kuma ya yi daya daga cikin manyan bayyanarsa na farko akan allon, bayan aikin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya kuma kwanan nan yana nuna ƙaramin Scrooge a cikin ''Muppet Kirsimeti Carol'' . An jefa Bill Nighy da Judy Parfitt a matsayin Bugeja da Milnes masu goyon bayan manyan jagororin, bi da bi. Lokacin da aka kusance shi don rawar da ya taka, Nighy ya yarda da shi da farin ciki, kamar yadda ya so ya yi tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin wanda ƙaramar 'yarsa mai shekaru tara Mary Nighy za ta iya kallo sakamakon nasarar da balagaggu ya samu na ''ɗakin maza'' . A cikin hirarrakin da suka biyo baya, zai bayyana cewa shi ma da kansa ya yi tunanin labarin jerin "yarinyar kasada ce mai kyau kwarai da gaske". A matsayin wani ɓangare na ''farkon Daren Farko akan shirin Meridian'' wanda tashar da kanta ke watsawa kawai a yammacin ranarta ta farko akan iska ( Ranar Sabuwar Shekara 1993), Michael Palin da Neil Buchanan sun gabatar da gajerun samfoti na ''Eye of the Storm'' . An nuna waɗannan tare da samfoti na ''Zzzap!'' , wani samfurin da Buchanan ya yi don ƙananan yara, da ''Wizadora'' ga jarirai masu zuwa makaranta, yana nuna cikakken jerin abubuwan farko na Meridian don masu sauraron matasa. <ref name="First Night on Meridian" /> ''Eye of the Storm'' ta fara ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1993. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Dukkanin sassan shida na jerin an watsa su a duk faɗin Burtaniya ta hanyar ITV kuma an nuna su da ƙarfe 4:40 na yamma a ranar Juma'a, yayin block na shirye-shiryen ITV na Yara na cibiyar sadarwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond" /> Lamarin na ƙarshe ya kasance musamman shirin na ƙarshe da za a haɗa shi a kan madaidaicin ta hanyar mai ba da hangen nesa, Glenn Kinsey, daga tsohon titin Broad Street, Birmingham tushe, har sai daga baya sake gabatar da gabatarwar rayuwa a cikin hangen nesa a sabon Titin Gas. Studios a 1998. A waje da Birtaniya, An rarraba ''Eye na Storm'' ta hanyar Link Entertainment ; Hakanan an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] sau da yawa ta hanyar ABC, da kuma kan talabijin na biya ta Nickelodeon (asali Max ) a cikin 1990s, da kuma a [[Jamus]] a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Der. Fluch der Edelsteine'' akan ZDF a lokacin 1994. == Cast da haruffa == * Bill Nighy as Tom Frewen * Cordelia Bugeja as Nell Frewen * Judy Parfitt as Martha Tabbert * Kristopher Milnes as Luke Montliskeard * John McGlynn as Runceford/Erlingham * Felipe Izquierdo as Rob Appleton * Deborah Poplett as Fran Tuett * Philip McGough as Henry Price * Michael Feast as Tiarks * Tony Bluto as Howie * Mark Tandy as Barnes * Neil Clark as Doctor * Granville Saxton as Gilbert Montliskeard * Terence Bayler as James Montliskeard * Richard Dixon as Matthew Montliskeard * Gabrielle Cowburn as Cheryl * Jeannie Crowther as Florrie * Geoffrey McGivern as Customs Officer   == Mahimman martani da gado == A kan watsa shirye-shiryen na asali, An ga ''Idon Guguwar'' don zama nasara. Marubuci kuma mai haɓaka Richard Cooper ya sami lambar yabo ta Guild na Marubuci saboda aikinsa akan shirin; daga baya zai bayyana tare da lambar yabo da Fred Dineage a lokacin wani yanki a ''Meridian, Shekarar Farko'', wani gidan talabijin na musamman yana kallon abubuwan da suka faru na farkon watanni 12 na tashar. Tare da abubuwan yabo na farko daga ''Ƙarin Ilimi na Times'' wanda Dineage ya karanta tare da taƙaitaccen faifan bidiyo, Cooper ya yaba wa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da Childsplay Productions, waɗanda zai sake yin aiki tare da su a kan daidaitawarsu na BBC na ''Yara na Sabon daji'' kafin mutuwarsa ta 1998.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2007/10/01/janie_grace_40th_birthday_feature.shtml</ref> Duk da jerin' gabaɗayan kyakkyawar liyafar a lokacin da kuma shawara a cikin rahoton Meridian ta ''The Stage'' cewa zai iya samun wani nau'i na shirye-shiryen, sannan mai kula da shirye-shiryen yara na ITV Dawn Airey zai ba da izinin canjawa daga yawancin abubuwan samarwa ga tsofaffi. ƙarshen masu sauraron matasa, suna ambaton imani da bincike ya jagoranci cewa yana raguwa da soke wasu shahararrun jerin kamar ''Knightmare'' a cikin tsari. Daga baya, ''Idon Guguwar'' bai sami ci gaba ba. Ya ga maimaita guda ɗaya yana gudana akan CITV a cikin Yuli da Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, kuma ba a watsa shi ba ko kuma a fitar da kasuwanci gaba ɗaya tun daga lokacin. Tun daga shekarar 2022, ana samun rikodi na kashi na biyu a halin yanzu don dubawa a BFI Mediatheque Southbank. Tare da na gaba na samar da Childsplay ''na Pirates'', haƙƙoƙin rarraba jerin abubuwan duniya sun kasance ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Nishaɗi a lokacin 2000s bayan siyan Link Entertainment.<ref>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001180/19921217/115/0023</ref> ''Eye of the Storm'' ya ga ƙarancin ƙima mai mahimmanci a tsawon lokaci, kuma an zana kwatancen da ba su da kyau a cikin sake dubawa tsakaninsa da wani samar da Childsplay mai da hankali kan yanayin muhalli, ''Life Force'', duk da liyafar da ta fi rikitarwa a farkon iska a cikin 2000. Rubuce-rubucen BFI a cikin ''Dutsen da Beyond: Yara Television Drama'', tsohon ''Dokta Wane'' ɗan jarida Alistair McGown ya fahimci serial don dogara sosai a kan tashin hankali a cikin kudi na ci gaba mai karfi, wani al'amari da ya yi imani da samun damar. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Ko da yake suna jin cewa sun "yi aiki da kyau a cikin nasu dama" kuma sun yi amfani da fa'idodin ayyuka masu inganci, McGown ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa nau'ikan makircinsa guda biyu na damuwa da muhalli da fantasy ba su haɗu tare ba, haɗuwa a cikin ƙimar da ake ganin sun kasance "kusan tsararru".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190502153426/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1c067aa</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Eye of the Storm}} * [https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 BFI Collections page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220170109/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 |date=2024-02-20 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1sf1o8jb086yn4stryammjdj3h5yhfb 967367 967366 2026-10-13T22:14:11Z Nura Bello 24854 967367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Eye_of_the_Storm_title.jpg|suna=Eye of the Storm|caption=Richard Cooper Peter Tabern Bill Nighy Cordelia Bugeja Judy Parfitt|citizenship=Henry Marsh (musician){{!}}Henry Marsh|occupation=Movie|education=United Kingdom}} [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29621388315).jpg|thumb|allan bangon eye of the storm ]] [[Fayil:Eye of the Storm- Captain Jack's Stunt Spectacular (29510818342).jpg|thumb|eye of the storm ]] '''''Eye of the Storm''''' shine jerin talabijin na yara na Biritaniya wanda aka fara watsawa a farkon shekarun 1993 akan ITV . Wanda Childsplay Productions ya yi kuma marubuci Richard Cooper don sabon ikon watsa shirye-shiryen ITV Meridian Broadcasting,<ref name="life-force.co.uk eye2">{{cite web|url=http://www.life-force.co.uk/eye/index.html|title=Eye of the Storm|website=life-force.co.uk|access-date=July 28, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217070242/http://www.life-force.co.uk:80/eye/index.html|archive-date=February 17, 2001}}</ref> wasan kwaikwayo na kashi shida yana cikin gudummawar farko ga madaidaicin ITV na Yara . Ya yi tauraro Bill Nighy, Judy Parfitt, da Cordelia Bugeja.<ref name="BFI2">{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|title=Eye of the Storm BFI|website=www2.bfi.org.uk|publisher=BFI|access-date=September 15, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420110543/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/530d259fb9519|archive-date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> Saita wuri a Devon da Hampshire a kudancin gabar tekun Ingila,<ref name="TV Zone2">{{cite magazine|last=May|first=Dominic|date=October 1, 1992|title=News|url=https://archive.org/details/TV_Zone_035_1992_NS2011/page/n4|magazine=[[TV Zone]]|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Visual Imagination|access-date=September 12, 2022}}</ref> uba da 'yarsa masu kiyayewa sun bincika abin da ke faruwa a matsayin rufewar gwamnati game da rikicin gurɓatawar da ke gabatowa daga jirgin ruwan da suka canza. Ƙoƙarin nasu ya ci karo da wata barazana mai ban mamaki, wanda ya haɗa da cin zarafin wani majiɓinci na mugun nufi na iyawar ɗanta makaho da ke riƙe da shi, da kuma alakarsa da manyan madafun iko da wani kakannin ilimin kimiyya na ƙarni na 17 ya annabta. Serial ɗin ya kasance babban abin yabo, nasara mai nasara a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen sa na asali, ko da yake zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai zaman kansa kuma ba zai sami ci gaba ko daidaitawa ta kowace hanya ba. Ban da maimaita gudu guda ɗaya a shekara mai zuwa, Ba a samar da ''Idon Guguwar'' don kasuwanci gabaɗaya don kallon jama'a tun daga lokacin. == Dubawa == Tsohon popstar-juya mai kula da muhalli Tom Frewen yana zaune a teku a gabar tekun kudu ta Ingila tare da budurwarsa Nell, suna kallon ta akai-akai daga gidansu na kwalekwale mai suna 'Eye of the Storm'. Docking a Montliskeard Bay a Devon, sun binciki alakarsa da wani lamari da ya faru a lokacin babban guguwar 1987, inda wani jirgin ruwa da ke kan hanyar Felixstowe ya zubar da ganguna biyar na abubuwa masu guba.<ref>May, Dominic (October 1, 1992). "News". ''TV Zone''. United Kingdom: Visual Imagination. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</ref> Ko da yake an kwato hudu daga cikin gwangwani da aka jefar, na biyar da alama ya kasance batattu. Babban haɗarinsa ga rayuwar ruwa ya shafi Tom, da sauri ya fara neman inda ganga yake. Tare da jirgin ruwansu ya lalace sannan Nell ya kai hari yayin da suke nutsewa, su biyun sun yi barazana ga rayuwarsu a cibiyar rufaffiyar hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-richard-cooper-1145210.html</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, wani matashi makaho mai suna Luke Montliskeard, yana shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi a gidan Montliskeard Place da ke kusa da tsaunin bakin teku daga hannun mai kula da shi Martha. Tana son haifar da wani rikicin muhalli ta hanyar wannan amfani; daya daga cikin kakannin alchemist na Luka na karni na 17, Gilbert, ya yi imani cewa hada guda biyar daga cikin kayan ado na iyalinsa zai ba da ikon lalata na da. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Duk da haka, kafin ya sami damar tattara su duka, dangi sun watse bayan gano mugun nufinsa. Martha ta yi ƙoƙari ta nemo duwatsun ta hanyar bin diddigin zuriyar Montliskeard da yin amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki na abubuwan da Luka ya gani na abubuwan da bai halarta ba, da niyyar kiran halaka a cikin al'adar kogo, amma shirinta ya ci tura lokacin da ƙoƙarin Frewens ya yi karo.<ref>https://tvrdb.com/listings/1994-08-12</ref> == Production da watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da iska na Meridian Broadcasting a matsayin tashar ITV, sabon mai kula da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar yara da shirye-shirye na rana Janie Grace (wanda ya riga ya kasance Gidan Talabijin ta Kudu ) ya sayi nunin uku ta kamfanonin samarwa masu zaman kansu don tsohon. masu sauraro a lokacin 1992. Kowannensu an yi niyya ne don rufe wani bangare daban-daban na tallafin matasa na cibiyar sadarwa; Daga cikin waɗannan, an ga ''Eye na Storm'' a matsayin gudunmawar wasan kwaikwayo na Meridian don tsohuwar ƙarshensa. Anyi don Meridian ta kamfanin samar da talabijin mai zaman kansa Childsplay Productions, Peter Tabern da Richard Cooper ne suka tsara jerin. A matsayinsa na shugaban Childsplay tun farkon shekarun 1984, tsohon ya bar Thames Television don yin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na matasa ''[[Streetwise (TV series)|a Streetwise]]'' don TVS da sitcom ''All Change'' don Talabijin na Yorkshire ta hanyarsa, yayin da na ƙarshe ya tashi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa talabijin a kan wasan kwaikwayo. shekaru goma da suka gabata, yawanci rubuta wasu jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa da suka fi dacewa ga matasa. <ref name="independent" /> Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''[[Quest of Eagles]]'' for Tyne Tees, ''Codename Icarus'' na BBC, da ''Knights of God'', kuma ga TVS. Tabern ne kawai ya samar da ''Ido na Storm'' kuma ya jagoranci shi, tare da Cooper makamancin haka aka ba da izini ga duk rubuce-rubuce. An bayar da rahoton cewa kasafin kudinsa ya kai fam miliyan daya. An yi babban ɗaukar hoto a kan-wuri a kan iyakar Devon da Hampshire . Saboda fage-fagen ayyuka da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin teku, an yi amfani da wani mai ba da shawara kan ruwa don tsara jerin waƙoƙin da 'yan wasan ke cikin ruwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Yawancin waɗannan sun fito da Cordelia Bugeja, a cikin aikinta na farko na jagorar talabijin. Kristopher Milnes kuma ya yi daya daga cikin manyan bayyanarsa na farko akan allon, bayan aikin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya kuma kwanan nan yana nuna ƙaramin Scrooge a cikin ''Muppet Kirsimeti Carol'' . An jefa Bill Nighy da Judy Parfitt a matsayin Bugeja da Milnes masu goyon bayan manyan jagororin, bi da bi. Lokacin da aka kusance shi don rawar da ya taka, Nighy ya yarda da shi da farin ciki, kamar yadda ya so ya yi tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin wanda ƙaramar 'yarsa mai shekaru tara Mary Nighy za ta iya kallo sakamakon nasarar da balagaggu ya samu na ''ɗakin maza'' . A cikin hirarrakin da suka biyo baya, zai bayyana cewa shi ma da kansa ya yi tunanin labarin jerin "yarinyar kasada ce mai kyau kwarai da gaske". A matsayin wani ɓangare na ''farkon Daren Farko akan shirin Meridian'' wanda tashar da kanta ke watsawa kawai a yammacin ranarta ta farko akan iska ( Ranar Sabuwar Shekara 1993), Michael Palin da Neil Buchanan sun gabatar da gajerun samfoti na ''Eye of the Storm'' . An nuna waɗannan tare da samfoti na ''Zzzap!'' , wani samfurin da Buchanan ya yi don ƙananan yara, da ''Wizadora'' ga jarirai masu zuwa makaranta, yana nuna cikakken jerin abubuwan farko na Meridian don masu sauraron matasa. <ref name="First Night on Meridian" /> ''Eye of the Storm'' ta fara ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, 1993. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Dukkanin sassan shida na jerin an watsa su a duk faɗin Burtaniya ta hanyar ITV kuma an nuna su da ƙarfe 4:40 na yamma a ranar Juma'a, yayin block na shirye-shiryen ITV na Yara na cibiyar sadarwa. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond" /> Lamarin na ƙarshe ya kasance musamman shirin na ƙarshe da za a haɗa shi a kan madaidaicin ta hanyar mai ba da hangen nesa, Glenn Kinsey, daga tsohon titin Broad Street, Birmingham tushe, har sai daga baya sake gabatar da gabatarwar rayuwa a cikin hangen nesa a sabon Titin Gas. Studios a 1998. A waje da Birtaniya, An rarraba ''Eye na Storm'' ta hanyar Link Entertainment ; Hakanan an watsa jerin shirye-shiryen a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] sau da yawa ta hanyar ABC, da kuma kan talabijin na biya ta Nickelodeon (asali Max ) a cikin 1990s, da kuma a [[Jamus]] a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Der. Fluch der Edelsteine'' akan ZDF a lokacin 1994. == Cast da haruffa == * Bill Nighy as Tom Frewen * Cordelia Bugeja as Nell Frewen * Judy Parfitt as Martha Tabbert * Kristopher Milnes as Luke Montliskeard * John McGlynn as Runceford/Erlingham * Felipe Izquierdo as Rob Appleton * Deborah Poplett as Fran Tuett * Philip McGough as Henry Price * Michael Feast as Tiarks * Tony Bluto as Howie * Mark Tandy as Barnes * Neil Clark as Doctor * Granville Saxton as Gilbert Montliskeard * Terence Bayler as James Montliskeard * Richard Dixon as Matthew Montliskeard * Gabrielle Cowburn as Cheryl * Jeannie Crowther as Florrie * Geoffrey McGivern as Customs Officer   == Mahimman martani da gado == A kan watsa shirye-shiryen na asali, An ga ''Idon Guguwar'' don zama nasara. Marubuci kuma mai haɓaka Richard Cooper ya sami lambar yabo ta Guild na Marubuci saboda aikinsa akan shirin; daga baya zai bayyana tare da lambar yabo da Fred Dineage a lokacin wani yanki a ''Meridian, Shekarar Farko'', wani gidan talabijin na musamman yana kallon abubuwan da suka faru na farkon watanni 12 na tashar. Tare da abubuwan yabo na farko daga ''Ƙarin Ilimi na Times'' wanda Dineage ya karanta tare da taƙaitaccen faifan bidiyo, Cooper ya yaba wa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da Childsplay Productions, waɗanda zai sake yin aiki tare da su a kan daidaitawarsu na BBC na ''Yara na Sabon daji'' kafin mutuwarsa ta 1998.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2007/10/01/janie_grace_40th_birthday_feature.shtml</ref> Duk da jerin' gabaɗayan kyakkyawar liyafar a lokacin da kuma shawara a cikin rahoton Meridian ta ''The Stage'' cewa zai iya samun wani nau'i na shirye-shiryen, sannan mai kula da shirye-shiryen yara na ITV Dawn Airey zai ba da izinin canjawa daga yawancin abubuwan samarwa ga tsofaffi. ƙarshen masu sauraron matasa, suna ambaton imani da bincike ya jagoranci cewa yana raguwa da soke wasu shahararrun jerin kamar ''Knightmare'' a cikin tsari. Daga baya, ''Idon Guguwar'' bai sami ci gaba ba. Ya ga maimaita guda ɗaya yana gudana akan CITV a cikin Yuli da Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, kuma ba a watsa shi ba ko kuma a fitar da kasuwanci gaba ɗaya tun daga lokacin. Tun daga shekarar 2022, ana samun rikodi na kashi na biyu a halin yanzu don dubawa a BFI Mediatheque Southbank. Tare da na gaba na samar da Childsplay ''na Pirates'', haƙƙoƙin rarraba jerin abubuwan duniya sun kasance ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Nishaɗi a lokacin 2000s bayan siyan Link Entertainment.<ref>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001180/19921217/115/0023</ref> ''Eye of the Storm'' ya ga ƙarancin ƙima mai mahimmanci a tsawon lokaci, kuma an zana kwatancen da ba su da kyau a cikin sake dubawa tsakaninsa da wani samar da Childsplay mai da hankali kan yanayin muhalli, ''Life Force'', duk da liyafar da ta fi rikitarwa a farkon iska a cikin 2000. Rubuce-rubucen BFI a cikin ''Dutsen da Beyond: Yara Television Drama'', tsohon ''Dokta Wane'' ɗan jarida Alistair McGown ya fahimci serial don dogara sosai a kan tashin hankali a cikin kudi na ci gaba mai karfi, wani al'amari da ya yi imani da samun damar. <ref name="The Hill and Beyond"/> Ko da yake suna jin cewa sun "yi aiki da kyau a cikin nasu dama" kuma sun yi amfani da fa'idodin ayyuka masu inganci, McGown ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa nau'ikan makircinsa guda biyu na damuwa da muhalli da fantasy ba su haɗu tare ba, haɗuwa a cikin ƙimar da ake ganin sun kasance "kusan tsararru".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190502153426/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1c067aa</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Eye of the Storm}} * [https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 BFI Collections page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220170109/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/154149377 |date=2024-02-20 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] azutzjxx2is56pwi6iijitoupqryck3 Seun Sean Jimoh 0 72086 967219 513736 2026-10-13T16:19:37Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 967219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Yo-Seun Sean Jimoh.ogg|thumb|Yo Seun Sean Jimoh]] '''Seun Sean Jimoh''' Listeni ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A ranar 7 ga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] 2017, Seun ta auri Olatokunbo Morafa Jimoh . <ref>{{cite web |last1=Korkus |first1=Stella Dimoko |title=Actor Seun Sean Jimoh Weds -Photos. |url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2017/01/actor-seun-sean-jimoh-weds-photos.html |website=Stella Dimoko Korkus |accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref> ranar 22 ga [[Mayu]] 2019, ta hanyar sakon [[Instagram]], ya sanar da isowar ɗansa na biyu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nollywood actor Sean Jimoh welcomes baby with wife |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/nollywood-actor-sean-jimoh-welcomes-baby-with-wife/jed4373 |website=Pulse Nigeria |accessdate=25 September 2020 |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin 2007, ya sami matsayinsa na farko na goyon baya a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a wasan opera sabulun Yarbawa "Kilanta", <ref name="Independent Nigeria">{{cite web |last1=Falade |first1=Tomi |title=I’m A God Boy – Seun Sean Jimoh |url=https://www.independent.ng/im-god-boy-seun-sean-jimoh/ |website=Independent Nigeria |accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref> gidan talabijin na iyali wanda ke nunawa akan Africa Magic Yoruba, da Super Story, [3] jerin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na iyali. Ya yi fice a cikin 2015, tare da jagorar jagora akan Dogon Dare, da The Ex (II), wanda kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo a 2016 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood a matsayin Wahayin Shekara (namiji). A cikin 2019, Sun Sean Jimoh ya fitar da fim ɗin sa na farko mai suna "Tale of Brothers Two" [4] a ƙarƙashin shirin Flintstone Pictures, kuma a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2019, an fara shi a gidajen sinima na ƙasar baki ɗaya, tare da Adeniyi Johnson, Sophie Alakija, Bolanle Ninalowo. , da Skiibii a matsayin babban jigon wasan kwaikwayo. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Tsohon (II) '' |Chinedu |Wasan kwaikwayo |- |''[[A Long Night|Tsawon Dare]]'' |Tony |Wasan kwaikwayo |- |2020 |''An keta shi'' | |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon |- |2016 |Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood |Ru'ya ta Shekara (maza) | rowspan="2" |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |- |2019 |Kyautar AEAUSA ta 5 |Mafi kyawun Actor A Diaspora|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bf8neurre3t7pl6btccxgt7adzf9goe Karim Abdel Aziz 0 72321 967196 491144 2026-10-13T15:23:24Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:كريم_عبد_العزيز_على_كشك_وي.jpg|كريم_عبد_العزيز_على_كشك_وي.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:كريم عبد العزيز على كشك وي.jpg|]]. 967196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karim Abdel Aziz''' (Arabic) (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1975) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darektan Masar. Shi ɗan malami ne Mohammad Abdul Aziz kuma ɗan'uwan darektan fim Omar Abdel Aziz . fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tun yana yaro, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayon a fim din mahaifinsa (Beware, Gentlemen), sannan ya biyo bayan fim na biyu wanda mahaifinsa ya jagoranta (Wasu suna zuwa ga wakilin da aka ba da izini sau biyu) da (wanda ake zargi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1001574/|title=Karim Abdelaziz - Actor - Filmography، photos، Video|website=elCinema.com|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1243922/|title=Karim Abdel Aziz|website=IMDb|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filfan.com/news/details/55593|title=كريم عبد العزيز: مسلم ومسيحي دم واحد|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/nelly-karim-karim-abdel-aziz-win-big-egypt%E2%80%99s-national-film-festival-756082|title=Nelly Karim, Karim Abdel-Aziz win big at Egypt's National Film Festival|date=2015-10-18|newspaper=Al Bawaba|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/karim-abdel-aziz-549406|title=Karim Abdel Aziz is almost done with|date=2014-01-25|newspaper=Al Bawaba|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Karim Abdel Aziz a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 1975, a Agouza, Giza, ɗan'uwan yara biyu. Abdel Aziz ya girma ne daga wani darektan da ke da babban gado a cikin fina-finai na Masar, saboda shi dan babban darektan Mohamed Abd El Aziz ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance ma'aikaci a cibiyar al'adu. Wannan zane-zane ne wanda ya rinjayi shi ya zaɓi aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo kamar yadda ya riga ya saba da yanayin kasuwancin. Abdel Aziz ya yi karatu a makarantar Faransa Collège De La Salle a Alkahira kuma ya kammala karatu daga ciki. Abdel Aziz ya shiga babbar makarantar fina-finai a shekarar 1994, don fara rayuwa daban-daban tun daga lokacin. Ya kammala karatu daga sashen gudanarwa a shekarar 1997 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan na ɗan gajeren lokaci inda jin cewa yana gaban kyamara maimakon a bayanta ya jarabce shi. Wannan shi ne lokacin da ya yanke shawarar canzawa zuwa wasan kwaikwayo maimakon jagorantar, har sai da ya sami damar yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da darektan [[Sherif Arafa]] wanda ya gabatar da shi a karon farko. 'an nan kuma lokacin da Samira Ahmed ya zaɓi Abdel Aziz don rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TV "Emraa mn zaman el hob" shi ne ainihin farawa a matsayin mai zane na gaskiya tare da ƙwarewa mai ban dariya cewa yana karɓar tayin da yawa har sai ya sami jagorancinsa a gaban Mona Zaki da Hala Shiha da Ahmed Helmy a cikin "Leeh khalletny ahebbak"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2017052447344/osn-unveils-ramadan-programming-bundle.html|title=OSN unveils Ramadan programming bundle|last=Hawkes|first=Rebecca|work=Rapid TV News|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en-gb|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115014753/https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2017052447344/osn-unveils-ramadan-programming-bundle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/karim-abdelaziz-hajj-524039|title=A Holy pilgrimage: Karim Abdel Aziz prepares to perform Hajj|date=2013-10-01|work=Al Bawaba|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Shekara !Fim - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin !Matsayi |- |1 |1978 |''Intabeho Ayoha alsada'' |Yaro |- |2 |1978 |''Albaad Yathhabma ll'zon Maratain'' |Yaro |- |3 |1981 |''[[The Suspect (fim 1981)|Al Mashboh]]'' |Ali |- |4 |1998 |''Edhak ilsora tetla helwa'' |Tarek |- |5 |1999 |''Aboud alal Elhodod'' |Mansour |- |6 |2000 |''Gnon Elhayat'' |Magdy |- |7 |2000 |''Leh khaltny ahebak'' |Hisham |- |8 |2002 |''[[Thieves in KG2|Haramiyya Fi KG2]]'' |Hassan |- |9 |2003 |''Haramiyya Fi Thailand'' |Ibrahim |- |10 |2004 |''El Pasha Telmiz'' |Basioni |- |11 |2005 |''Abu Ali'' |Hassan Abu Ali |- |12 |2006 |''Wahed Mn El nas'' |Mahmoud |- |13 |2006 |''Fi Mahatet Misr'' |Reda |- |14 |2008 |''Khareg Ala ilkanon'' |Omar Elwakil |- |15 |2009 |''[[Escaping Tel Aviv|Awlad Elam]]'' |Mostafa |- |16 |2011 |''Fasel Wa Na'od'' |Larabawa |- |17 |2014 |''[[The Blue Elephant|Gishiri mai launin shudi]]'' |Yehia Rashed |- |18 |2015 |Wesh Tani - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |19 |2017 |EL Zebaq - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |20 |2019 |''[[Blue Elephant 2]]'' الفيل الأزرق ٢ |Yehia Rashed |- |21 |2019 |''[[The Secret Men Club|Kungiyar Maza ta Asirin]]'' ta ƙuduri |Adham |- |22 |2021 |Al Ikhtiyar 2: Regal Al Zel - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |Fatehi |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100506012950/http://www.karimabdelaziz.net/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://sites.google.com/view/tahmiloghniyatalghazalarayka شەکرە الغزالة رايقة] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] t2gdrk68lwfxy12mii14s4n6yk4cr91 Dorra Zarrouk 0 72369 967194 833649 2026-10-13T15:21:11Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:درة_على_ثلاجة_جهينة.jpeg|درة_على_ثلاجة_جهينة.jpeg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:درة على ثلاجة جهينة.jpeg|]]. 967194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dorra Ibrahim Zarrouk''' ( {{Lang-ar|درة إبراهيم زروق}}; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu 1980)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/58952/Dorra-to-be-honored-in-Arts-and-Creativity-Festival-of |title=Dorra to be honored in Arts and Creativity Festival of Carthage |website=Egypt Today |date=14 October 2018 }}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar [[Tunisiya]] da ke zaune a [[Misra|Masar]].<ref name="cite2">{{cite web |title=Dorra Zarrouk |url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10697 |website=africultures.com |access-date=19 January 2020 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="cite3">{{cite web |title=Dorra Zarrouk |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN23015dorrakuorra0/actualite-afriquedorra-zarrouk.html |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=24 January 2005 |publisher=Mohamed Habib Ladjimi |access-date=19 January 2020 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="cite4">{{cite web |title=Dorra Zarrouk Prix de la meilleure actrice au Festival " Nejm El Arab " du Caire |url=https://www.realites.com.tn/2019/12/dorra-zarrouk-prix-de-la-meilleure-actrice-au-festival-nejm-el-arab-du-caire/ |website=realites.com.tn |access-date=19 January 2020 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="cite5">{{cite web |title=الفنانة درة تأخذنا في جولة داخل حياتها الخاصة لأول مرة Dorra Zarrouk |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQQ_39EH9S8 |website=youtube |publisher=Alghad TV - قناة الغد |access-date=19 January 2020 |language=ar}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Dorra a [[Tunis]], mahaifinta Ibrahim Zarrouk da kakan mahaifiyarta, [[Ali Zouaoui]], masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ɗan siyasa.<ref name="jeuneafrique">{{cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/79144/archives-thematique/dorra-zarrouk/|title=Tout en poursuivant de brillantes études, cette jeune comédienne est devenue la coqueluche des téléspectateurs tunisiens|website=jeuneafrique.com|language=French|date=24 January 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1969030.aspx|title=درة في ضيافة "بوابة الأهرام": أحلم بالمسرح الاستعراضي وإعادة فوازير رمضان|website=ahram.org|language=Arabic|date=13 June 2018}}</ref> Dorra ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a a Faculty of Law and Political Science na Tunis a 2001, sannan ta sami Master of Advanced Studies da Nazarin Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Saint Joseph ta Lebanon a shekarar 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1205999/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC-|title=درة التونسية تفتخر بدور "العاهرة".. ولهذا السبب لم تتزوج بعد|website=elfann.com|language=Arabic|date=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ar.espacemanager.com/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%91%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7|title=درة زروق للحصري : "رغم هجرتي إلى مصر أبقى درّة التونسية.... و بلبنان كنت أزور باستمرار صبرا وشتيلا...."|website=espacemanager.com|language=Arabic|date=19 November 2012|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021103712/https://ar.espacemanager.com/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%91%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Duk da iliminta na ilimi, Dorra ta fara wasa a cikin shekarar 1997, sannan ta yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tunisiya, {{Interlanguage link|El Teatro|fr}}, tare da [[Taoufik Jebali]] a cikin shekarar 2000. A shekara ta 2002, Dorra ta fara aiki a wani fim na Franco-Tunisiya, ''{{Interlanguage link|Khorma (film)|fr|Khorma}}'' . A shekara ta 2003, ta shiga cikin ''Colosseum: Rum Arena na Mutuwa''. Shirye-shiryenta na farko na TV a wajen Tunisiya shine a cikin shekarar 2004, lokacin da ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a ''Fares Bani Marwan'' a Siriya. A wannan shekarar, ta zama tauraruwa a cikin ''Nadia et Sarra'' tare da Hiam Abbass. A shekara ta 2005, ta yi aiki a ''{{Interlanguage link|Le Voyage de Louisa|fr}}'' . A cikin shekarar 2007, ta fara aikinta a Masar, inda ta fito a ''Alawela fel Gharam'' da ''[[Le Chaos|Heya Fawda]]'' tare da Menna Shalabi. [[Fayil:Couv-Tunivisions Couv Janvier 2016.jpg|thumb|Dorra Zarrouk]] Daga baya, ta fito a fina-finai daban-daban kamar ''[[The Traveler (fim na 2009)|Al Mosafer]]'', ''Tisbah Ala Khair'' da ''[[Sheikh Jackson]]''. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dorra ta jima tana auren wani ɗan kasuwa dan Tunisiya Qays Mukhtar a shekarar 2012. A cikin Afrilu 2020, ta buga hotuna a kan kafofin watsa labarun suna haɗuwa da wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Masar kuma mai zanen ciki, Hany Saad, wanda ta aura a watan Nuwamba 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://getprimonews.com/%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%b2%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%88-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84/|title=حقيقة زواج درة و هاني سعد رجل الاعمال |website=البريمو نيوز|language=Arabic |date=27 October 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1980]] ft1rm4rzy9qtexr6wc0vi91y4qfnz6h Uju Ugoka 0 76194 967356 867121 2026-10-13T21:53:02Z Nura Bello 24854 967356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325062826/https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ta samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] p7c0ketjji631jvx0aa5kl5xav09zbq 967357 967356 2026-10-13T21:53:42Z Nura Bello 24854 967357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325062826/https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ta samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 4juj0nvneyyvy2zm1f3yijaizme1hus 967358 967357 2026-10-13T21:56:25Z Nura Bello 24854 967358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325062826/https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ya fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ta samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] mwoqmj8cgcf8sdt2undnfw9xtaxaxcp 967359 967358 2026-10-13T21:58:22Z Nura Bello 24854 967359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325062826/https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ya fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ya samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 76xc3ipbv2hqxd4xzycpws6kn03xlas Lahadi Adebayo 0 77559 967123 956280 2026-10-13T11:59:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sunday A. Adebayo''' (an haife shi 12 Satumba 1973) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon]] kwando ne na Najeriya. <ref>name="fiba">{{Cite web |title=Sunday A. Adebayo |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/10342/sid/2894/tid/340/_/1991_World_Championship_for_Junior_Men/index.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=FIBA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603031940/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/10342/sid/2894/tid/340/_/1991_World_Championship_for_Junior_Men/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Arkansas Razorbacks da Memphis Tigers. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Adebayo a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|garin Benin]], Najeriya. <ref> name="hs">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Adebayo |url=http://www.hogstats.com/players/player.php?id=62 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=HogStats.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibin sakandare, ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya na yara. <ref> name="freeland">{{Cite web |last=Freeland |first=Dennis |date=December 1996 |title=Last Chance |url=https://www.memphisflyer.com/backissues/issue408/sports408.htm |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Memphis Flyer}}</ref> Ya kasance [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolff |first=Alexander |date=26 January 1998 |title=Foreign Legions |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1998/01/26/foreign-legions-the-number-of-players-from-abroad-has-doubled-in-the-last-five-years-so-now-you-need-an-atlas-as-well-as-a-scorecard-to-follow-the-game |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Sports Illustrated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141115/https://vault.si.com/vault/1998/01/26/foreign-legions-the-number-of-players-from-abroad-has-doubled-in-the-last-five-years-so-now-you-need-an-atlas-as-well-as-a-scorecard-to-follow-the-game |archive-date=2 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma yana da burin buga ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwararru a Turai har zuwa lokacin da ya koma buga ƙwallon kwando yayin da yake girma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelin |first=Dana |date=24 October 1995 |title=14 Arkansas |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1995/10/24/14-arkansas |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Sports Illustrated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422021024/https://vault.si.com/vault/1995/10/24/14-arkansas |archive-date=22 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adebayo ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya wasa a gasar FIBA ta ‘yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 1991. <ref>name="fiba">{{Cite web |title=Sunday A. Adebayo |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/10342/sid/2894/tid/340/_/1991_World_Championship_for_Junior_Men/index.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=FIBA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603031940/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/10342/sid/2894/tid/340/_/1991_World_Championship_for_Junior_Men/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adebayo ya koma Amurka don yin aiki da wani kawun da ya mallaki kamfanin kwamfuta a New Jersey. Ya buga wasan kwallon kwando a gasar lig a cocinsa da kuma a filin wasa na Newark yayin da yake aiki na shekara guda. == Aikin koleji == A cikin 1993, Adebayo ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] don ƙoƙarin samun guraben karatu don yin wasa a Arkansas Bears ta Tsakiya amma ƙungiyar tana da tsarin aikinta kuma ba sa son samun wanda suke ɗauka a matsayin dogon lokaci. Central Arkansas shugaban kocin Don Dyer daga baya makoki da asarar da kuma kwatanta Adebayo da tsohon Bears player Scottie Pippen . <ref>name="adg">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2020 |title=Other days |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/apr/18/other-days-20200418/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Arkansas Democrat Gazette}}</ref> A maimakon haka Adebayo ya fara wasan ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji yana wasa don Raiders of Three Rivers College, inda ya zama ɗan wasan farko na Ba-Amurke. <ref name="adg" /> Ya sami matsakaicin maki 19 da sake dawowa 10 yayin aikin ƙarami na kwaleji. <ref> name="freeland">{{Cite web |last=Freeland |first=Dennis |date=December 1996 |title=Last Chance |url=https://www.memphisflyer.com/backissues/issue408/sports408.htm |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Memphis Flyer}}</ref> Adebayo har yanzu yana riƙe da rikodin Raiders don sake dawowa aiki tare da 706. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raider Individual Records |url=http://www.raidersathletics.com/sports/mbkb/Raider_Individual_Records |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Three Rivers Raiders Athletics}}</ref> Adebayo ya sami kulawa daga manyan ƙungiyoyin NCAA Division I a duk lokacin aikin ƙarami na koleji, da Adebayo sun himmatu don taka leda a Arkansas Razorbacks akan 18 Afrilu 1995. <ref> name="adg">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2020 |title=Other days |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/apr/18/other-days-20200418/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Arkansas Democrat Gazette}}</ref> Ya kai matsakaicin maki 10.7 da babbar ƙungiya ta 7.6 a lokacin kakar 1995 – 96. <ref> name="spears">{{Cite web |last=Spears |first=Marc J. |date=22 February 2019 |title=Fans Cheer Adebayo, Then Hogs |url=https://tulsaworld.com/archive/fans-cheer-adebayo-then-hogs/article_9c2847d4-11f5-5b98-b357-c9008cab234d.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Tulsa World}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Maris 1996, Razorbacks sun ga Adebayo bai cancanta ba don kammala wasannin 11 na ƙarshe na kakar wasa saboda al'amurran da suka shafi rubutun ƙaramin kwalejin sa. <ref name="ap96">{{Cite web |date=1 March 1996 |title=Two Arkansas Players Deemed Ineligible |url=https://apnews.com/article/f08a3dfc725a0c0e4117d43840a4f2b3 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> <ref name="sittler" /> Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Ƙasa (NCAA) ta fara yin tambayoyi game da cancantar Adebayo kuma Razorbacks sun ayyana Adebayo da son rai. <ref name="ap97">{{Cite web |date=8 October 1997 |title=NCAA reinstates Adebayo |url=https://apnews.com/article/e48be69c171410d378e86212e07cac9e |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Karamin karatunsa na koleji ba a tabbatar da shi da kyau ba saboda kuskuren gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Arkansas, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 1997 |title=Plus: In the News -- Colleges; Player Can Return to Razorbacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/08/sports/plus-in-the-news-colleges-player-can-return-to-razorbacks.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> kuma ya fara aiki tare da Razorbacks kwanaki takwas kafin izini. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Timothy W. |date=20 March 1996 |title=N.C.A.A. TOURNAMENT; Richardson Has No One in Stitches |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/20/sports/ncaa-tournament-richardson-has-no-one-in-stitches.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> An ba Adebayo damar ci gaba da zama a Jami'ar Arkansas amma ba zai iya taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kwando ko samun taimakon kudi ba. <ref name="ap97" /> NCAA ta bayyana cewa Adebayo zai sami cancanta nan da nan idan ya koma makaranta a wajen taron Razorbacks na Kudu maso Gabas (SEC) kuma ya ambaci "lala'i masu yawa." <ref name="sittler" /> <ref name="mcmullen">{{Cite web |last=McMullen |first=Paul |date=8 February 1998 |title=Adebayo's final stop defies odds |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-02-06-1998037127-story.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> Adebayo ya shigar da sunansa a cikin 1996 NBA daftarin amma ya bayyana cewa zai yi la'akari da canja wurin wasa don Oral Roberts Golden Eagles, Oklahoma State Cowboys ko Memphis Tigers idan bai son daftarin fatansa. <ref name="sittler">{{Cite web |last=Sittler |first=Dave |date=26 June 1996 |title=Vancouver May Double Okie Factor |url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2541454/vancouver-may-double-okie-factor |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Ya janye daga daftarin kafin ya faru kuma ya koma bugawa Memphis wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Adebayo Switches to Memphis |url=https://tulsaworld.com/archive/hot-gordon-wins-third-pole-in-row/article_28c7c94d-8968-586f-b147-dba5212f3e2a.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Tulsa World}}</ref> Fara Adebayo da Tigers a lokacin 1996-97 ya jinkirta yayin da ya kammala jarrabawa. <ref> name="freeland">{{Cite web |last=Freeland |first=Dennis |date=December 1996 |title=Last Chance |url=https://www.memphisflyer.com/backissues/issue408/sports408.htm |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Memphis Flyer}}</ref> Lokacin da Tigers suka buga wasa a waje da Razorbacks a ranar Fabrairu 2, 1997, Adebayo ya sami karbuwa biyu a tsaye daga magoya bayan Razorbacks bisa shawarar kocin Razorbacks Nolan Richardson . <ref name="spears">{{Cite web |last=Spears |first=Marc J. |date=22 February 2019 |title=Fans Cheer Adebayo, Then Hogs |url=https://tulsaworld.com/archive/fans-cheer-adebayo-then-hogs/article_9c2847d4-11f5-5b98-b357-c9008cab234d.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Tulsa World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 1997 |title=Well-Wishers Lift Anderson |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-02-02-9702010307-story.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=South Florida Sun-Sentinel}}</ref> Adebayo ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa a duk tsawon kakar wasa a cikin nuna aminci wanda Richardson ya ɗauka "na musamman." <ref name="mcmullen"/> Sadaukar da Adebayo ga Razorbacks ya dami magoya bayan Tigers, wadanda suka dauke shi a matsayin "maci amana" kuma suka yi masa ihu a duk wasansa na farko da ya dawo daga Arkansas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrish |first=Gary |date=January 1998 |title=The Hurtful Truth |url=https://www.memphisflyer.com/backissues/issue465/sport465.htm |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Memphis Flyer}}</ref> Ya sami matsakaicin maki 13.3 da babbar ƙungiyar 7 a kowane wasa yayin kakarsa kawai tare da Tigers. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Adebayo |url=https://gotigersgo.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/sunday-adebayo/6511 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Memphis Athletics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanning the Globe: Foreigners Impacting Basketball in Significant Way |url=http://www.collegehoopedia.com/players/foreigners-impact-basketball |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=College Hoopedia}}</ref> A cikin Afrilu 1997, NCAA ta yarda cewa an dakatar da Adebayo bisa kuskure. <ref name="mcmullen"/> Adebayo ya yi hayar lauya kuma ya yi kira don samun damar cancantar kwalejin karo na biyar da ba kasafai ba wanda wani kwamitin nazari na NCAA ya bayar a watan Oktoba 1997. <ref name="mcmullen" /> Ya koma Arkansas Razorbacks don lokacin 1997 – 98 amma an buƙaci ya bar karatunsa don biyan takunkumin NCAA da aka sanya wa ƙungiyar don wasu cin zarafi. <ref name="ap97"/> Adebayo ya ce: "Na san ban yi wani abu ba daidai ba, mutane suna cewa na kafa tarihi, amma hakan bai sa ni ba. Na yi farin ciki da dawowar shekarar nan." <ref name="mcmullen" /> Shigowar sa cikin jerin gwanon Razorbacks an hana shi ne saboda raunin idon sawu. <ref name="mcmullen" /> Adebayo ya sami matsakaicin maki 6.2 da sake dawowa 3.0 a kowane wasa a lokacin kakar 1997–98. <ref name="hs">{{Cite web |title=Sunday Adebayo |url=http://www.hogstats.com/players/player.php?id=62 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=HogStats.com}}</ref> == Sana'ar sana'a == Grand Rapids Hoops ya zaɓi Adebayo tare da zaɓi na 55 na gabaɗaya a cikin daftarin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta 1998 (CBA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1998 CBA Draft |url=https://nbahoopsonline.com/History/Leagues/CBA/draft/1998.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=NBA Hoops Online}}</ref> Adebayo ya buga wasanni hudu a gasar kwallon kwando ta Jamus (BBL) a lokacin kakar 2000–01. Ya samu maki 15.7 da sake dawowa 8.0 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday ADEBAYO |url=https://www.easycredit-bbl.de/de/statistiken/spieler/portraits/p/1779-sunday-adebayo/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=easyCredit Basketball Bundesliga |language=German}}</ref> Adebayo ya buga wa Perth Wildcats na Hukumar Kwallon Kwando ta Australiya (NBL) a lokacin lokacin 2002 – 03 NBL . Ya samu maki 5.0 da sake dawowa 4.4 a kowane wasa. == Kididdigar sana'a == {{NBA player statistics legend}} === Kwalejin === == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] <references /> [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon hannu]] [[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]] [[Category:Maza]] 057khzbdih2z1oof04ujnfmesbwwxpj List of academic libraries in Nigeria 0 78107 967202 963143 2026-10-13T15:31:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967202 wikitext text/x-wiki Ci gaban ɗakunan (Laburare) karatu a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] za a iya samo su tun kafin samun ’yancin kai lokacin da aka kafa [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Jami’ar Ibadan]] da ɗakin karatu a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ogunsola |first=L. A. |date=2004 |title=Nigerian University Libraries and the Challenges of Globalization: The Way Forward |url=http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v05n02/ogunsola_l01.htm |journal=Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship |volume=5 |issue=2–3}}</ref> An kafa ɗakunan karatu na ilimi don tallafawa koyo, koyarwa da bincike a manyan makarantu. Sun kuma yi fice wajen raya manhajar karatu na sassa daban-daban na cibiyoyin iyayensu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Enyia |first=Christian O |date=1991-12-01 |title=Academic libraries and curriculum development in Nigeria |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7837%2891%2990011-N |journal=International Library Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=413–431 |doi=10.1016/0020-7837(91)90011-N |issn=0020-7837}}</ref> Ana iya rarraba ɗakunan karatu na ilimi musamman kamar: jami'a, polytechnics, kwalejojin ilimi da kuma ɗakunan karatu na jinya. == Ɗakunan karatu na jami'a == A [[Najeriya]], akwai ɗakunan karatu 43 da aka kafa a jami’o’in gwamnatin tarayya, ɗakunan karatu 48 da aka kafa a jami’o’in gwamnati da kuma dakunan karatu 79 da aka kafa a jami’o’i masu zaman kansu. Jerin ɗakunan karatu na jami'a a Najeriya sune: <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commissions |date=2020 |title=Federal Universities |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/federal-univeristies/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commissions |date=2020 |title=List of Nigerian State Universities |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/state-univerisity/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commissions |date=2020 |title=List of Nigerian Private Universities |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/private-univeristies/}}</ref> === Jami'o'in tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |'''State''' |'''Region''' |- |1 |[[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], Bauchi University Library |http://portal.atbu.edu.ng/library/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508130538/http://portal.atbu.edu.ng/library/ |date=2024-05-08 }} |1988 |Bauchi |North-East |- |2 |Kashim Ibrahim Library, [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria |https://library.abu.edu.ng/ |1962 |Kaduna |North-West |- |3 |[[Jami'ar Bayero|Bayero University, Kano]] |http://library.buk.edu.ng/ |1975 |Kano |North-west |- |4 |[[Jami'ar Tarayya, Gashua|Federal University Gashua]], Yobe |<nowiki>https://www.fugashua.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Yobe |North-East |- |5 |Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun |https://fupre.edu.ng/library/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201144833/https://fupre.edu.ng/library/ |date=2020-12-01 }} |2007 |Delta |South-South |- |6 |Federal University of Technology, Akure |<nowiki>https://www.futa.edu.ng</nowiki> |1981 |Ondo |South West |- |7 |[[Federal University of Technology, Minna]] |<nowiki>https://www.futminna.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Niger |North-Central |- |8 |Federal University of Technology, Owerri |<nowiki>https://www.futo.edu.ng</nowiki> |1980 |Imo |South East |- |9 |[[Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse|Federal University, Dutse]], Jigawa State |<nowiki>https://www.fud.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |jigawa |North-West |- |10 |[[Jami'ar Taraya dake Dutsinma|Federal University, Dutsin-Ma]], Katsina |<nowiki>https://www.fudutsinma.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Katsina |North-West |- |11 |[[Federal University KashereFederal|University, Kashere]] , Gombe State | <nowiki>https://https://fuk.academia.edu/</nowiki> |2011 |Gombe |North-East |- |12 |Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State |<nowiki>https://www.fulafia.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Nasarawa |North-Central |- |13 |Federal University, Lokoja, Kogi State |<nowiki>https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Kogi |North-Central |- |14 |Alex Ekwueme University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State |<nowiki>https://www.funai.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Bayelsa |South-South |- |15 |Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa |<nowiki>https://www.fuotuoke.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |Ebonyi |South-East |- |16 |Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State |<nowiki>https://www.fuoye.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |Ekiti |South-West |- |17 |Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State |<nowiki>https://www.fuwukari.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |Taraba |North-East |- |18 |Federal University, Birnin Kebbi |<nowiki>https://www.fubk.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Kebbi |North-West |- |19 |Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State |<nowiki>https://www.fugusau.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Zamfara |North-West |- |20 |Michael Okpara University of Agricultural Umudike |<nowiki>https://www.mouau.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Abia |South East |- |21 |Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola |<nowiki>https://www.mautech.edu.ng</nowiki> |1981 |Adamawa |North-East |- |22 |[[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|National Open University of Nigeria]], Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.nou.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Lagos |South-West |- |23 |[[Makarantar yan sandan Najeriya ta Wudil|Nigerian Police Academy]] Wudil |<nowiki>https://polac.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2013 |Kano |North-West |- |24 |[[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Nigerian Defence Academy]] Kaduna |<nowiki>https://www.nda.edu.ng</nowiki> |1985 |Kaduna |North-West |- |25 |Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka |<nowiki>https://www.unizik.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Anambra |South-East |- |26 |Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife |<nowiki>https://www.oauife.edu.ng</nowiki> |1962 |Osun |South-West |- |27 |University of Abuja, Gwagwalada |<nowiki>https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng</nowiki> |1988 |Abuja |North-Central |- |28 |Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta |<nowiki>https://www.unaab.edu.ng</nowiki> |1988 |Ogun |South-West |- |29 |University of Agriculture, Makurdi |<nowiki>https://www.uam.edu.ng</nowiki> |1988 |Benue |North-Central |- |30 |John Harris Library |<nowiki>https://library.uniben.edu.ng</nowiki> |1970 |Edo |South-South |- |31 |[[Jami'ar Calabar|University of Calabar]] |<nowiki>https://www.unical.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Cross River |South-South |- |32 |Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan |http://library.ui.edu.ng/ |1948 |Oyo |South West |- |33 |[[Jami'ar Ilorin|University of Ilorin]] |[http://universitylibrary.unilorin.edu.ng https://www.unilorin.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918132657/http://universitylibrary.unilorin.edu.ng/ |date=2021-09-18 }} |1975 |Kwara |North- Central |- |34 |[[Jami'ar Jos|University of Jos]] |<nowiki>https://www.unijos.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Plateau |North-Central |- |35 |University of Lagos Library |https://library.unilag.edu.ng/ |1962 |Lagos |South-West |- |36 |[[Jami'ar Maiduguri|University of Maiduguri]] |<nowiki>https://www.unimaid.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Borno |North-East |- |37 |[[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|University of Nigeria]], Nsukka |<nowiki>https://www.unn.edu.ng</nowiki> |1960 |Enugu |South-East |- |38 |University of Port Harcourt |<nowiki>https://www.uniport.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Rivers |South-South |- |39 |University of Uyo |<nowiki>https://www.uniuyo.edu.ng</nowiki> |1991 |Akwa-Ibom |South-South |- |40 |[[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Usumanu Danfodiyo University]] |<nowiki>https://www.udusok.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Sokoto |North-West |- |41 |Nigerian Maritime University Okerenkoko, Delta State |https://www.nmu.edu.ng/ |2018 |Delta |South-South |- |42 |Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna |<nowiki>https://afit.edu.ng</nowiki> |2018 |Kaduna |North-West |- |43 |Nigerian Army University Biu |<nowiki>https://naub.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2018 |Borno |North-East |} === Jami'o'in Jiha === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |'''State''' |'''Region''' |- |1 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Abia|Abia State University, Uturu]] |<nowiki>https://www.absu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1981 |Abia |Southeast |- |2 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Adamawa|Adamawa State University Mubi]] |<nowiki>https://www.adsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Adamawa |North-East |- |3 |[[Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin|Adekunle Ajasin University]], Akungba |<nowiki>https://www.aaua.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Ondo |South-West |- |4 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom State University]], Ikot Akpaden |<nowiki>https://www.aksu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2010 |Akwa-Ibom |South-South |- |5 |Ambrose Alli University Library | # <nowiki>https://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng</nowiki> # [https://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=369&Itemid Ambrose Alli University Library] [https://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=369&Itemid=334 =334] |1980 |Edo |South-South |- |6 |Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli |<nowiki>https://coou.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2000 |Anambra |South-East |- |7 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Bauchi|Bauchi State University]], Gadau |<nowiki>https://www.basug.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Bauchi |North-East |- |8 |[[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Benue State University]], Makurdi |<nowiki>https://www.bsum.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Benue |North-Central |- |9 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe|Yobe State University]], Damaturu |<nowiki>https://www.ysu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Yobe |North-East |- |10 |Cross River State University of Technology, Calabar |<nowiki>https://www.crutech.edu.ng</nowiki> |2004 |Cross River |South-South |- |11 |Delta State University Abraka |<nowiki>https://www.delsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Delta |South-South |- |12 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Ebonyi|Ebonyi State University]], Abakaliki |<nowiki>https://www.ebsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2000 |Ebonyi |South-East |- |13 |[[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Ekiti State University]] |<nowiki>https://www.eksu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Ekiti |South-West |- |14 |[[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu|Enugu State University of Science and Technology]], Enugu |<nowiki>https://www.esut.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Enugu |South-East |- |15 |[[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Gombe State University]], Gombe |<nowiki>https://www.gsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2004 |Gombe |North-East |- |16 |Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai |<nowiki>https://www.ibbu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Niger |North-Central |- |17 |Ignatius Ajuru University of Education,Rumuolumeni |<nowiki>https://www.iaue.edu.ng</nowiki> |2010 |River |South-South |- |18 |Imo State University, Owerri |<nowiki>https://www.imsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Imo |South-East |- |19 |Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa |<nowiki>https://www.slu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Jigawa |North-East |- |20 |Kaduna State University, Kaduna |<nowiki>https://www.kasu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2004 |Kaduna |North-West |- |21 |Kano University of Science & Technology, Wudil |<nowiki>https://www.kust.edu.ng</nowiki> |2000 |Kano |North-West |- |22 |Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero |<nowiki>https://www.ksusta.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Kebbi |North-West |- |23 |Kogi State University Anyigba |<nowiki>https://www.ksu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Kogi |North-Central |- |24 |Kwara State University, Ilorin |[https://kwasu.edu.ng/library/news.html https://www.kwasu.edu.ng] |2009 |Kwara |North-Central |- |25 |Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Olusegun Oke Library |<nowiki>https://www.lautech.edu.ng</nowiki> |1990 |Oyo |South-West |- |26 |Ondo State University of Science and Technology Okitipupa |<nowiki>https://www.osustech.edu.ng</nowiki> |2008 |Ondo |South-West |- |27 |River State University |<nowiki>https://www.rsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1979 |River |South-South |- |28 |Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye |<nowiki>https://www.oouagoiwoye.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Ogun |South-West |- |29 |Lagos State University,Fatiu Ademola Akesode Library,Ojo |https://library.lasu.edu.ng/{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |1983 |Lagos |Southwest |- |30 |Niger Delta University Yenagoa |<nowiki>https://www.ndu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2000 |Bayelsa |South-South |- |31 |Nasarawa State University Keffi |<nowiki>https://www.nsuk.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Nasarawa |North-Central |- |32 |Plateau State University Bokkos |<nowiki>https://www.plasu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Plateau |North-Central |- |33 |Tai Solarin University of Education Ijebu Ode |<nowiki>https://www.tasued.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |34 |Umar Musa Yar' Adua University Katsina |<nowiki>https://www.umyu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Katsina |North-West |- |35 |Osun State University Osogbo |<nowiki>https://www.uniosun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Osun |South-West |- |36 |Taraba State University, Jalingo |<nowiki>https://www.tsuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2008 |Taraba |North-East |- |37 |Sokoto State University |<nowiki>https://www.ssu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Sokoto |North-West |- |38 |Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano |<nowiki>https://www.nwu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Kano |North-Central |- |39 |Oyo State Technical University Ibadan |<nowiki>https://tech-u.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2012 |Oyo |South-West |- |40 |Ondo State University of Medical Sciences |<nowiki>https://www.unimed.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Ondo |South-West |- |41 |Edo University Iyamo |<nowiki>https://www.edouniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Edo |South-South |- |42 |Eastern Palm University Ogboko, Imo State |<nowiki>https://www.epu.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Imo |South-South |- |43 |University of Africa Toru Orua, Bayelsa State |<nowiki>https://www.uat.edu.ng/public/</nowiki> |2016 |Bayelsa |South-South |- |44 |Borno State University, Maiduguri |https://www.bosu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524101352/https://www.bosu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-24 }} |2016 |Borno |North-East |- |45 |Moshood Abiola University of Science and Technology Abeokuta |https://www.mapoly.edu.ng/ |2017 |Ogun |South-West |- |46 |Gombe State University of Science and Technology |https://www.gsu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714135047/http://gsu.edu.ng/ |date=2023-07-14 }} |2017 |Gombe |North-East |- |47 |Zamfara State University |https://www.zamsut.edu.ng/ |2018 |Zamfara |North-West |- |48 |Bayelsa Medical University |https://www.bmu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510091632/https://bmu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-10 }} |2019 |Bayelsea |South-South |} === Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |'''State''' |'''Region''' |- |1 |Achievers University, Owo |https://www.achievers.edu.ng/academics/library/ |2007 |Ondo |South-West |- |2 |[[Adeleke University Library, Ede]] |https://adelekeuniversity.edu.ng/au-library {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206143058/https://adelekeuniversity.edu.ng/au-library/ |date=2022-12-06 }} |2011 |Osun |South-West |- |3 |[https://www.abuad.edu.ng Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti - Ekiti State] |<nowiki>https://www.abuad.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Ekiti |South-West |- |4 |African University of Science & Technology, Abuja |<nowiki>https://aust.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |FCT |North-Central |- |5 |Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan |<nowiki>https://www.acu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Oyo |South-West |- |6 |Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin |<nowiki>https://www.alhikmah.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Kwara |North-Central |- |7 |Al-Qalam University, Katsina |<nowiki>https://www.auk.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Kastina |North-West |- |8 |American University of Nigeria, Yola |<nowiki>https://www.aun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2003 |Yola |North-Central |- |9 |Augustine University |<nowiki>https://www.augustineuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Lagos |South-West |- |10 |Babcock University,Ilishan-Remo |<nowiki>https://www.babcock.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Ogun |South-West |- |11 |Baze University |<nowiki>https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |FCT |North-Central |- |12 |Bells University of Technology, Otta |<nowiki>https://www.bellsuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |13 |Benson Idahosa University, Benin City |<nowiki>https://www.biu.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2002 |Edo |South-South |- |14 |Bingham University, New Karu |<nowiki>https://www.binghamuni.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Nasarawa |North-Central |- |15 |Bowen University, Iwo |<nowiki>https://www.bowenuniversity-edu.org</nowiki> |2001 |Osun |South-West |- |16 |Caleb University, Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.calebuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Lagos |South-West |- |17 |Caritas University, Enugu |<nowiki>https://www.caritasuni.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2005 |Enugu |South-East |- |18 |Chrisland University |<nowiki>https://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |19 |Covenant University Library, Ota |https://web.archive.org/web/20211019213731/https://clrmain.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/ |2002 |Ogun |South-West |- |20 |Crawford University Igbesa |<nowiki>https://www.crawforduniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |21 |Crescent University |<nowiki>https://www.crescent-university.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |22 |Edwin Clark University, Kaigbodo |<nowiki>https://www.edwinclarkuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Delta |South-South |- |23 |Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin |[http://library.elizadeuniversity.edu.ng https://www.elizadeuniversity.edu.ng] |2012 |Ondo |South-West |- |24 |Evangel University, Akaeze |<nowiki>https://www.evangeluniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Ebonyi |South-East |- |25 |Fountain University, Oshogbo |https://library.fuo.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175826/https://library.fuo.edu.ng/ |date=2021-10-27 }} |2007 |Oshogbo |South-West |- |26 |Godfrey Okoye University, Ugwuomu-Nike - Enugu State |<nowiki>https://www.gouni.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Enugu |South-East |- |27 |Gregory University, Uturu |<nowiki>https://www.gregoryuniversity.com</nowiki> |2012 |Abia |South-East |- |28 |Hallmark University, Ijebi Itele, Ogun |<nowiki>https://www.hallmark.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |29 |Hezekiah University, Umudi |<nowiki>https://hezekiah.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Imo |South-East |- |30 |Igbinedion University Okada |<nowiki>https://www.iuokada.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Edo |South-South |- |31 |Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ipo Arakeji and Ikeji-Arakeji |<nowiki>https://www.jabu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Osun |South-West |- |32 |Kings University, Ode Omu |<nowiki>https://www.kingsuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Kwara |North-Central |- |33 |Kwararafa University, Wukari |<nowiki>https://www.kwararafauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Taraba |North-East |- |34 |Landmark University, Omu-Aran. |<nowiki>https://www.lmu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Kwara |North-Central |- |35 |Lead City University, Ibadan |<nowiki>https://www.lcu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Oyo |South-West |- |36 |Madonna University, Okija |<nowiki>https://www.madonnauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Anambra |South-East |- |37 |Mcpherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ajebo |<nowiki>https://www.mcu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Ogun |South-West |- |38 |Micheal & Cecilia Ibru University |<nowiki>https://mciu.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Delta |South-South |- |39 |Mountain Top University |https://library.mtu.edu.ng {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}< |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |40 |[[Jami'ar Nile Dake Nigeria|Nile University of Nigeria]] |https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/nile-library |2009 |FCT |North-Central |- |41 |Novena University, Ogume |<nowiki>https://www.novenauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Delta |South-South |- |42 |Obong University, Obong Ntak |<nowiki>https://www.obonguniversity.net</nowiki> |2007 |Akwa-Ibom |South-South |- |43 |Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu - Osun State |<nowiki>https://www.oduduwauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Osun |South-West |- |44 |Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.pau.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Lagos |South-West |- |45 |Paul University, Awka - Anambra State |<nowiki>https://www.pauluniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Anambra |South-East |- |46 |Tekena Tamuno Library (Redeemer's University) |https://run.edu.ng/library |2005 |Osun |South-West |- |47 |Renaissance University, Enugu |<nowiki>https://www.rnu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Enugu |South-East |- |48 |Rhema University, Obeama-Asa - Rivers State |<nowiki>https://www.rhemauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Rivers |South-South |- |49 |Ritman University, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom |<nowiki>https://www.ritmanuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Akwa Ibom |South-South |- |50 |Salem University, Lokoja |<nowiki>https://www.salemuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Kogi |North-Central |- |51 |Samuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa, Edo State |<nowiki>https://www.sau.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Edo |South-South |- |52 |Southwestern University, Oku Owa |<nowiki>https://www.southwesternuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Ogun |South-West |- |53 |Summit University |<nowiki>https://www.summituniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Kwara |North-Central |- |54 |Tansian University, Umunya |<nowiki>https://tansianuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2007 |Anambra |South-East |- |55 |University of Mkar, Mkar |<nowiki>https://www.unimkar.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Benue |North-Central |- |56 |Veritas University, Abuja |<nowiki>https://www.veritas.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |FCT |North-Central |- |57 |Wellspring University, Evbuobanosa - Edo State |<nowiki>https://www.wellspringuniversity.net</nowiki> |2009 |Edo |South-South |- |58 |Wesley University. of Science & Technology, Ondo |<nowiki>https://www.wusto.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Ondo |South-West |- |59 |Western Delta University, Oghara Delta State |<nowiki>https://wdu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Delta |South-South |- |60 |Christopher University Mowe |<nowiki>https://www.christopheruniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |61 |Kola Daisi University Ibadan, Oyo State |<nowiki>https://www.koladaisiuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Oyo |South-West |- |62 |Anchor University Ayobo Lagos State |<nowiki>https://www.aul.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Lagos |South-West |- |63 |Dominican University Ibadan Oyo State |<nowiki>https://www.dui.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Oyo |South-West |- |64 |Legacy University, Okija Anambra State |<nowiki>https://www.legacyuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Anambra |South-East |- |65 |Arthur Javis University Akpoyubo Cross river State |<nowiki>https://www.arthurjarvisuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Cross River |South-South |- |66 |Crown Hill University Eiyenkorin, Kwara State |<nowiki>https://www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Kwara |North-Central |- |67 |Coal City University Enugu State |https://www.ccu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526074337/https://ccu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-26 }} |2016 |Enugu |South-East |- |68 |Clifford University Owerrinta Abia State |<nowiki>https://www.clifforduni.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Abia |South-East |- |69 |[https://adun.edu.ng Admiralty University of Nigeria, Ibusa Delta State] |<nowiki>https://www.adun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Delta |South-South |- |70 |Spiritan University, Nneochi Abia State |<nowiki>https://www.spiritanuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Abia |South-East |- |71 |Precious Cornerstone University, Oyo |<nowiki>https://www.pcu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Oyo |South-West |- |72 |PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Portharcourt |<nowiki>https://www.pums.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Portharcourt |South-South |- |73 |Atiba University Oyo |https://www.atibauniversity.edu.ng/ |2017 |Oyo |South-West |- |74 |Eko University of Medical and Health Sciences Ijanikin, Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.ekounivmed.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Lagos |South-West |- |75 |Skyline University, Kano |<nowiki>https://www.sun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2018 |Kano |North-West |- |76 |Greenfield University, Kaduna |<nowiki>https://www.gfu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2019 |Kaduna |North-West |- |77 |Dominion University Ibadan, Oyo State |<nowiki>https://www.dominionuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2019 |Oyo |South-West |- |78 |Trinity University Ogun State |<nowiki>https://www.trinityuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2019 |Ogun |South-West |- |79 |Westland University Iwo, Osun State |https://www.westland.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508090612/https://westland.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-08 }} |2019 |Osun |South-West |} == Laburare naPolytechnic == An kafa ɗakunan karatu na Polytechnic tare da babban burin samar da albarkatun bayanai ga ɗalibai, membobin ma'aikatan kwalejin fasaha da sauran masu amfani da su. Baya ga kayan bayanan, ana ba da taimako na sirri ga masu amfani da ɗakin karatu don tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da ɗakin karatu. Akwai Ɗakunan karatu na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tarayya guda 29 a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya guda 29 a Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Polytechnics {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/Federal%20Polytechnics |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205520/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/Federal%20Polytechnics |url-status=dead }}</ref> 48 ɗakunan karatu na polytechnic na Jiha <ref>{{Cite web |title=State Polytechnics {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320093223/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ɗakunan karatu na polytechnic guda 57 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Polytechnics {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/private%20polytechnics |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926061746/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/private%20polytechnics |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jerin ɗakunan karatu na Polytechnic a [[Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/ |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719063617/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! !Federal Polytechnic ! ! |- |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |- |1 |Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, P.M.B. 1007, Afikpo, Ebonyi State. |[http://akanuibiampoly.edu.ng/ www.akanuibiampoly.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625065658/http://akanuibiampoly.edu.ng/ |date=2021-06-25 }} |1981 |- |2 |Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo State |[https://auchipoly.edu.ng/ap/academics/library/ www.auchipoly.edu.ng] |1973 |- |3 |Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State |[http://www.fedpolyado.edu.ng/ www.fedpolyado.edu.ng] |1977 |- |4 |Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State |[https://www.fedpobali.edu.ng/library.php www.fedpobali.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607092926/https://www.fedpobali.edu.ng/library.php |date=2020-06-07 }} |2007 |- |5 |Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, P.M. B 231, Bauchi State |www.fptb.edu.ng |1979 |- |6 |Federal Polytechnic Bida, P.M.B 55, Niger State |[http://www.fedpolybida.edu.ng/index.php/library www.fedpolybida.edu.ng] |1977 |- |7 |[[Federal Polytechnic Damaturu]], P.M.B 1006, Yobe State |www.fedpodam.edu.ng |1993 |- |8 |Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State |www.federalpolyede.edu.ng |1992 |- |9 |Federal Polytechnic Ekowe, Bayelsa State |www.federalpolyekowe.edu.ng |2007 |- |10 |Federal Polytechnic Idah P.M.B 1035, Kogi State |www.fepoda.edu.ng |1977 |- |11 |Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, P.M.B 50, Ogun State |www.federalpolyilaro.edu.ng |1979 |- |12 |Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji, Ondo State |www.fedpolel.edu.ng |2016 |- |13 |Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, P.M.B, 1012, Zamfara State |www.fedpolykaura.edu.ng |1983 |- |14 |Federal Polytechnic Mubi, PMB 35 Mubi, Adamawa State |www.federalpolytechnicmubi.edu.ng |1979 |- |15 |Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, P.M.B. 01 Nasarawa State |www.fedpolynasarawa.edu.ng |1983 |- |16 |Federal Polytechnic Nekede, P.M.B 1036, Owerri, Imo State |www.fpno.edu.ng |1977 |- |17 |Federal Polytechnic Offa, P.M.B 420, Kwara State |[https://www.fpo.edu.ng/innerPages.php?pageID=26 www.fpo.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930142451/http://fpo.edu.ng/innerPages.php?pageID=26 |date=2020-09-30 }} |1992 |- |18 |Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra State |www.federalpolyoko.edu.ng |1982 |- |19 |Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny, Rivers State |www.fedpolybonny.edu.ng |2014 |- |20 |Federal Polytechnic Ukana, Akwa Ibom State |https://www.fedpolyukana.edu.ng/ |2014 |- |21 |Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B 5004, Kazaure Jigawa State |www.hafedpoly.edu.ng |1991 |- |22 |Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna |www.kadunapolytechnic.edu.ng |1956 |- |23 |National Institute of Construction Technology Uromi |www.nict.edu.ng |2014 |- |24 |Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1034, Birnin Kebbi |www.wufpbk.edu.ng |1976 |- |25 |Yaba College of Technology, P.M.B. 2011, Yaba, Lagos State |www.yabatech.edu.ng |1947 |- |26 |Airforce Institute of Technology (AFIT),NAF Base Kaduna |www.afit.edu.ng |1977 |- |27 |Petroleum Training Institute Effurun P.M.B 20, Effurun. Delta State |www.pti.edu.ng |1972 |- |28 |Nigerian Army Institute of Technology and Environmental Science (NAITES) Makurdi |www.naitesmkd.edu.ng |1960 |- |29 |Nigerian College of Aviation Technology (NCAT), Sokoto Road, Zaria, Kaduna State |www.ncat.gov.ng | |- |30 |Nigerian Institute of Journalism, 8-14,Ijaiye road Ogba-Ikeja,Lagos state |www.nij.edu.ng |1971 |- |31 |Federal Training Center,Ikoyi,Lagos state |https://ftclagos.edu.ng/ |1957 |} == Duba kuma == * Laburaren ilimi ta ƙasa * Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri (FUTO) Library * Samuel Adegboyega University Library * Laburare na Jami'ar Alkawari (Cibiyar Koyon Ilimi) * Olusegun Oke Library == Manazarta == 6hqm7gknrj1fryrpacp9thu9tudnc60 Susan Carey 0 95646 967299 958530 2026-10-13T21:14:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Susan E. Carey''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942 <ref> name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2019 : Chapter C |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2019-10/ChapterC.pdf |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |page=96}}</ref>) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda take farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayya a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Tana nazarin ilimin harshe, ci gaban yara na ra'ayoyi, canje-canje na ra'ayi a tsawon lokaci, da kuma muhimmancin Ayyukan zartarwa.Ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan jarirai, yara, manya, da wadanda ba mutane ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2009 |title=Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Susan E. Carey |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017193 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=636–638 |doi=10.1037/a0017193 |pmid=19899856}}</ref> Littattafanta sun haɗa da Conceptual Change in Childhood (1985) da The Origin of Concepts (2009). <ref> name="Powell">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Stuart |date=January 1986 |title=Book Review |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144341860060407?journalCode=cedp20 |journal=Educational Psychology |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=373 |doi=10.1080/0144341860060407 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref> name="Kennison">{{Cite journal |last=Kennison |first=Shelia |last2=Messer |first2=Rachel |date=10 March 2010 |title=The Beginning of Knowing |journal=PsycCRITIQUES |volume=55 |issue=10 |doi=10.1037/a0018347}}</ref> Daga cikin ra'ayoyin da Carey ya bunkasa sune taswirar sauri, inda yara ke koyon ma'anar kalmomi bayan bayyanar guda ɗaya; <ref> name="APS">{{Cite web |title=2002 William James Fellow Award |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/awards-and-honors/fellow-award/recipent-past-award-winners/susan_carey |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Association for Psychological Science - APS}}</ref> taswirar da aka faɗaɗa, ka'idodin mutane, <ref> name="AASNW">{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=Acquiring a single new word |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED198703 |journal=Papers and Reports on Child Language Development |volume=15 |pages=17–29}}</ref> da kuma Quinian bootstrapping. <ref>name="Atkinson">{{Cite web |title=Susan Elizabeth Carey |url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=National Academy of Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125222221/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |archive-date=25 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> name="APA_bootstrapping">{{Cite web |title=Quinian bootstrapping (Quinean bootstrapping) |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/quinian-bootstrapping |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=APA Dictionary of Psychology |language=en}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar aikinta a matsayin "maɓallin farawa ga kowane mahimmin ka'idar zamani na ci gaban ra'ayi". A shekara ta 2009, Carey ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi Kyautar David E. Rumelhart don gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tushen ka'idojin ilimin ɗan adam.<ref> name="introduction">{{Cite journal |date=6 July 2010 |title=Introduction to the 2009 Rumelhart Prize Special Issue Honoring Susan Carey |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=716–718 |doi=10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01115.x |pmid=21564233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Carey ta sami lambar yabo ta Atkinson ta 2020 a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum da kimiyyar fahimta saboda ka'idarta game da canjin ra'ayi, wanda aka yaba mata da "sake sauya fahimtarmu game da yadda mutane ke gina fahimtar abubuwa, adadi, nau'ikan rayuwa, da duniyar zahiri".<ref>name="Atkinson">{{Cite web |title=Susan Elizabeth Carey |url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=National Academy of Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125222221/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |archive-date=25 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html "Susan Elizabeth Carey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125222221/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |date=2020-01-25 }}. ''National Academy of Sciences''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref> name="Huang">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Yi Ting |last2=Spelke |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Snedeker |first3=Jesse |date=1 April 2010 |title=When is four far more than three? Children's generalization of newly-acquired number words |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2010-04_21_4/page/600 |journal=Psychological Science |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=600–606 |doi=10.1177/0956797610363552 |issn=0956-7976 |pmc=3110717 |pmid=20424108}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Susan Carey a shekara ta 1942 ga William N. Carey Jr., injiniyan bincike tare da Hukumar Bincike ta Hanyar (HRB), <ref> name="Carey">{{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan E. |date=9 December 2022 |title=Becoming a Cognitive Scientist |journal=Annual Review of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723 |issn=2640-7922 |s2cid=252226250 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da matarsa ta farko, Mary Champine. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ottawa Township a Ottawa, Illinois, ta kammala a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottawa Township High School Educational Foundation Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD_Aa11p49A&ab_channel=OttawaTownshipHighSchoolEducationalFoundation |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Youtube |language=en}}</ref> Susan Carey ta sami BA daga Kwalejin Radcliffe a shekarar 1964. Carey daga nan ya halarci [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. A matsayinta na dalibi ta yi aiki tare da Tzotzil, mutanen Mayan a Chiapas. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta ta ɗauki darussan tare da George Armitage Miller da Jerome Bruner, kuma ta yi aiki a lokacin rani a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike tare da Peter Wason, wanda ke ziyara daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Carey ta yi aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] kafin ta karɓi tallafin Fulbright a 1965 don yin aiki a kan MA a Jami'ar London. Ta yi karatun tarihin Afirka a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) kuma ta halarci tarurrukan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Wason a cikin nazarin fahimta. Carey ta fara aikin digiri a Harvard a 1967, ta sami digirinta na PhD a ilimin halayyar gwaji a 1971. [1]<ref> name="Carey">{{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan E. |date=9 December 2022 |title=Becoming a Cognitive Scientist |journal=Annual Review of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723 |issn=2640-7922 |s2cid=252226250 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCarey2022">Carey, Susan E. (9 December 2022). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723|"Becoming a Cognitive Scientist"]]. ''Annual Review of Developmental Psychology''. '''4''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723|10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2640-7922 2640-7922]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252226250 252226250].</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Carey ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) daga 1972 zuwa 1996 a Sashen Kimiyya da Kimiyya. Carey ta yaba wa Hans-Lukas Teuber a matsayin muhimmiyar mai ba da shawara ga aikin da ta taimaka wajen tantance jagorancinta da Jerry Fodor a matsayin mai ba da shawarar ilimi wanda ta yi jayayya da shi game da yiwuwar canjin ra'ayi. A MIT, Carey ya yi aiki tare da George Miller, Jerome Bruner, da Roger Brown kuma ya fara saduwa da Elizabeth Spelke.<ref> name="Carey">{{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan E. |date=9 December 2022 |title=Becoming a Cognitive Scientist |journal=Annual Review of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723 |issn=2640-7922 |s2cid=252226250 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCarey2022">Carey, Susan E. (9 December 2022). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723|"Becoming a Cognitive Scientist"]]. ''Annual Review of Developmental Psychology''. '''4''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723|10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2640-7922 2640-7922]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252226250 252226250].</cite></ref> Carey ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a MIT daga 1972 zuwa 1977, mataimakiyar furofesara daga 1977 zuwa 1984, kuma cikakken farfesa daga 1984 zuwa 1996. Carey ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Society for Philosophy and Psychology a 1983-1984. A shekara ta 1994, Carey na ɗaya daga cikin mata 16 a Makarantar Kimiyya a MIT waɗanda suka tsara kuma suka sanya hannu kan wasika ga Dean na Kimiyya na lokacin (yanzu Shugaban Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, wanda ya fara kamfen don haskakawa da kalubalantar nuna bambancin jinsi a MIT. A shekara ta 1996, Carey ta shiga Jami'ar New York, inda ta kasance farfesa a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam daga 1996 zuwa 2001. A shekara ta 2001 ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Ta zama Henry A. Morss Jr. da Elisabeth W. MorsS Farfesa na Psychology a Harvard tun daga shekara ta 2004, mace ta farko da ta karbi kyautar. Carey ta yi aiki a kan allon edita ciki har da Cognition, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board - Cognition - Journal |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognition/editorial-board |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Elsevier}}</ref> Development Psychology, Memory and Cognition. == Bincike == A cikin 1978 Susan Carey da Elsa Bartlett sun kirkiro kalmar nan "taswirar sauri". Wannan kalmar tana nufin tsarin tunani inda aka koyi sabon ra'ayi (misali sunan launi) bisa ga bayyanar guda ɗaya kawai.<ref name="AASNW">{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=Acquiring a single new word |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED198703 |journal=Papers and Reports on Child Language Development |volume=15 |pages=17–29}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCareyBartlett1978">Carey, S; Bartlett, E (1978). [https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED198703 "Acquiring a single new word"]. ''Papers and Reports on Child Language Development''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">17–</span>29.</cite></ref> Sun kuma tattauna "ƙaddamar da taswirar", tsarin da yara a hankali suka kawo sabon ra'ayi cikin daidaituwa tare da fahimtar da suka gabata game da sararin samaniya. Carey ya yi jayayya cewa tsawo taswirar yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar sabbin asali don kalmomi da gwajin ra'ayi game da ma'anar kalma. Taswirar sauri ta zama babban ra'ayi a cikin ka'idodin ci gaba game da koyon kalmomi da ke haifar da "babban ci gaba da ka'idoji". Nazarin taswirar tsawo yana da wahala kuma ba a yawan ƙoƙarin yin hakan.<ref name="Swingley">{{Cite journal |last=Swingley |first=Daniel |date=30 June 2010 |title=Fast Mapping and Slow Mapping in Children's Word Learning |url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~swingley/papers/swingley_LLD10_fastmap.pdf |journal=Language Learning and Development |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=179–183 |doi=10.1080/15475441.2010.484412 |s2cid=145627474 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> A cikin 1985 Carey ta rubuta Conceptual Change in Childhood, wani littafi game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yara da manya. Nazarin lamari ne game da samun ilimin halittu na yara kuma tana nazarin hanyoyin da ake sake fasalin ilimin yayin ci gaba. Littafin ya sulhunta aikin Jean Piaget a kan animism tare da aiki daga baya a kan ilimin yara game da ra'ayoyin halitta.<ref name="Powell">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Stuart |date=January 1986 |title=Book Review |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144341860060407?journalCode=cedp20 |journal=Educational Psychology |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=373 |doi=10.1080/0144341860060407 |access-date=13 December 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPowell1986">Powell, Stuart (January 1986). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144341860060407?journalCode=cedp20 "Book Review"]. ''Educational Psychology''. '''6''' (4): 373. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/0144341860060407|10.1080/0144341860060407]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Carey ta ba da shawarar cewa fahimtar yara na farko game da ra'ayoyin halitta kamar "dabba" yana nuna tunanin ɗan adam ko ra'ayin jama'a wanda ake sa ran mutane su zama samfurin wadanda ba mutane ba. (Masu bincike na gaba sun yi jayayya cewa irin wannan tunanin anthropomorphic ba na duniya ba ne, yana jaddada tasirin al'adu da gogewa.) <ref name="Medin">{{Cite journal |last=Medin |first=Douglas |last2=Waxman |first2=Sandra |last3=Woodring |first3=Jennie |last4=Washinawatok |first4=Karen |date=2010 |title=Human-centeredness is Not a Universal Feature of Young Children's Reasoning: Culture and Experience Matter When Reasoning About Biological Entities |journal=Cognitive Development |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=197–207 |doi=10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.02.001 |issn=0885-2014 |pmc=2930830 |pmid=20824197}}</ref> Carey ta kuma kwatanta hanyoyin da yara da manya ke sake fasalin ilimin. Ta yi jayayya cewa irin wannan tsarin tunani yana da hannu a ci gaban ra'ayi a cikin yara da kuma ci gaban ka'idojin da masana kimiyya suka nuna ta hanyar tarihin kimiyya.<ref name="Solomon">{{Cite journal |last=Solomon |first=Miriam |date=December 1996 |title=Commentary on Alison Gopnik's "The Scientist As Child" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/philosophy-of-science/article/abs/commentary-on-alison-gopniks-the-scientist-as-child/F91B876B10F3210CA4C4269C30C77AFC |journal=Philosophy of Science |language=en |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=547–551 |doi=10.1086/289975 |issn=0031-8248 |s2cid=170165488}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Carey da Elizabeth Spelke dukansu sun koma Harvard, inda suka fara Laboratory for Developmental Studies. Yin aiki tare da jarirai, yara, manya, da wadanda ba mutane ba, sun haɓaka mahimmin ilimin ilimi. Dangane da ra'ayin mahimmancin fahimta, jarirai na ɗan adam suna fara rayuwa tare da saiti na mahimman hanyoyin sarrafawa ko tsarin ilimi na asali, don magance abu, wakili, lamba, kuma mai yiwuwa causality da sarari. Wadannan wakilci na farko suna ba da tushe don ƙarin fahimta, tunani, da ci gaban manyan tsarin tunani.<ref name="Jenkin">{{Cite journal |last=Jenkin |first=Zoe |date=1 April 2020 |title=The Epistemic Role of Core Cognition |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00318108-8012850 |journal=The Philosophical Review |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=251–298 |doi=10.1215/00318108-8012850 |s2cid=218843339 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> A cikin 2009 Carey ta buga The Origin of Concepts, "wani abu mai kyau, wanda aka rubuta da kyau, da kuma haɗin kai" tare da burin samar da cikakken bayani game da tsarin ra'ayi, samun ra'ayi da canji, da ci gaban fahimta. <ref name="Genone">{{Cite journal |last=Genone |first=James |date=May 21, 2016 |title=The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-conceptual-mind-new-directions-in-the-study-of-concepts/ |journal=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |language=en |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> A ciki Carey ya kirkiro kalmar "Quinian bootstrapping" don ka'idar yadda mutane ke gina ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa daga masu sauki.<ref name="APA_bootstrapping">{{Cite web |title=Quinian bootstrapping (Quinean bootstrapping) |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/quinian-bootstrapping |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=APA Dictionary of Psychology |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dictionary.apa.org/quinian-bootstrapping "Quinian bootstrapping (Quinean bootstrapping)"]. ''APA Dictionary of Psychology''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Beck">{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Jacob |date=2017 |title=Can bootstrapping explain concept learning? |url=http://www.jacobbeck.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bootstrapping.pdf |journal=Cognition |volume=158 |pages=110–121 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.017 |pmid=27816843 |s2cid=27627478 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Cognitive Development Society a shekara ta 2009 da kuma lambar yabo ta Eleanor Maccoby Book na American Psychological Association a shekara ta 2011. <ref name="CDS">{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://cogdevsoc.org/awards/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Cognitive Development Society |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name="Maccoby">{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title=Bravo! APA honors psychology's best at its 2011 Annual Convention in Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/10/honors |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=42 |issue=9 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Da farko a cikin 2012, Carey da Deborah Zaitchik sun jagoranci aikin Zartarwa da Canjin Tsarin Mulki, <ref name="NSF1247396" /> don nazarin yadda mutane ke haɗa ilimin da suke da shi tare da sabon ilimin da ke buƙatar canjin ra'ayi. Sun gano aikin zartarwa a matsayin babban abin da ke tasiri ga tsarin ilmantarwa da canjin ra'ayi. Ayyukan zartarwa sun haɗa da mahimman matakai na tunani kamar mayar da hankali kan bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, hana martani ga bayanai, da saiti-switching tsakanin mahallin. <ref name="NSF1247396">{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1247396 - INSPIRE: Executive Function and Conceptual Change |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1247396 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> Matsayin yara na aikin zartarwa yana hango ikon su na koyon ra'ayin da ya shafi canjin ra'ayi, kamar ra'ayin halittu cewa wani abu yana da rai.<ref name="NSF2014" /> Yara da ke da ƙimar EF mafi girma sun fi tasiri a koyo. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa horo na iya inganta aikin zartarwa kuma ya haifar da nasarori masu zuwa a lissafin yara, karatu, da ƙamus.<ref name="Nguyen" /> Abin mamaki, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsofaffi suna yin kurakurai a cikin tunani kamar waɗanda yara ƙanana suka yi. A cikin manya wannan na iya nuna gazawar aikin zartarwa maimakon rashin ra'ayoyin da suka dace. Yara a kasa da shekara 5, manya da ke fama da cutar Alzheimer, da manya masu lafiya tsakanin shekaru 65 zuwa 81 sun nuna irin wannan alamu na kuskuren rarrabuwa a wasu ayyuka. Lokacin da aka tambaye su tsara abubuwa bisa ga ko suna da rai ko a'a, membobin dukkan kungiyoyi uku sun saba da rarraba abubuwan da ke motsawa - gami da jiragen sama, agogo, da kekuna - a matsayin "rayayyu". Carey tana nazarin tambayar yadda aikin zartarwa ke tasiri ga ikon manya na bayyana ilimin da suka koya a baya. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Carey ta auri farfesa na falsafar Ned Block (NYU). <ref name="Carey">{{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan E. |date=9 December 2022 |title=Becoming a Cognitive Scientist |journal=Annual Review of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723 |issn=2640-7922 |s2cid=252226250 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCarey2022">Carey, Susan E. (9 December 2022). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723|"Becoming a Cognitive Scientist"]]. ''Annual Review of Developmental Psychology''. '''4''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723|10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2640-7922 2640-7922]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252226250 252226250].</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2020, Kyautar Atkinson a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta da Kimiyya, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa <ref name="Atkinson">{{Cite web |title=Susan Elizabeth Carey |url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=National Academy of Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125222221/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |archive-date=25 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html "Susan Elizabeth Carey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125222221/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2020-awards/Carey.html |date=2020-01-25 }}. ''National Academy of Sciences''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * 2014, Kyautar Mentor a cikin Ci gaban Halitta, Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Amirka <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=APA honors psychology's best in D.C. |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/09/honors |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=45 |issue=8 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> * 2011, Kyautar Littafin Eleanor Maccoby, Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka <ref name="Maccoby"/> * 2009, Kyautar David E. Rumelhart <ref name="introduction">{{Cite journal |date=6 July 2010 |title=Introduction to the 2009 Rumelhart Prize Special Issue Honoring Susan Carey |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=716–718 |doi=10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01115.x |pmid=21564233 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01115.x|"Introduction to the 2009 Rumelhart Prize Special Issue Honoring Susan Carey"]]. ''Cognitive Science''. '''34''' (5): <span class="nowrap">716–</span>718. 6 July 2010. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01115.x|10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01115.x]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21564233 21564233].</cite></ref> * 2009, Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Kimiyya, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka <ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2009 |title=Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Susan E. Carey. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017193 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=636–638 |doi=10.1037/a0017193 |issn=1935-990X |pmid=19899856}}</ref> * 2009, Kyautar Littafin Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya, Cibiyar Ci gaban Kimiyya, don ''Asalin ra'ayoyi'' <ref name="CDS"/> * 2007. Wakilin Fellow (FBA), Kwalejin Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Susan Carey FBA |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/susan-carey-FBA/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=The British Academy |language=en}}</ref> * 2007, memba, American Philosophical Society, <ref name="APSFellow">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Susan E. Carey |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Susan+E.+Carey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=APS Member History |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213014739/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Susan+E.+Carey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2002, memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan E. Carey |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3010972.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=National Academy of Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123004213/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3010972.html |archive-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2002, Kyautar William James Fellow, Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Halitta <ref name="APS">{{Cite web |title=2002 William James Fellow Award |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/awards-and-honors/fellow-award/recipent-past-award-winners/susan_carey |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Association for Psychological Science - APS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/awards-and-honors/fellow-award/recipent-past-award-winners/susan_carey "2002 William James Fellow Award"]. ''Association for Psychological Science - APS''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * 2001, memba, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan E. Carey |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/susan-e-carey |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2019 : Chapter C |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2019-10/ChapterC.pdf |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |page=96}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2019-10/ChapterC.pdf "Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2019 : Chapter C"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p.&nbsp;96.</cite></ref> * 1999, Guggenheim Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Carey |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/susan-carey/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808181516/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/susan-carey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1998, Kyautar Jean Nicod don falsafar tunani, Institut Jean Nicod (IJN) <ref name="IJN">{{Cite web |title=Jean-Nicod Lectures and Prize |url=http://www.institutnicod.org/seminaires-colloques/prix-jean-nicod/?lang=en |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Institut Jean Nicod (IJN) |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413070634/http://www.institutnicod.org/seminaires-colloques/prix-jean-nicod/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1998, George A Miller Lecture, Society of Cognitive Neuroscience <ref>{{Cite web |title=George A. Miller Award |url=https://www.cogneurosociety.org/george-a-miller-award/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Cognitive Neuroscience Society}}</ref> * 1995-1996, James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship <ref name="Cattell">{{Cite web |title=The James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship Recipients |url=https://www.cattell.duke.edu/cattrecip.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=James McKeen Cattell Fund |archive-date=20 December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011220155001/https://www.cattell.duke.edu/cattrecip.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1984-1985, Fellow, Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyya ta Halin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Carey |url=https://casbs.stanford.edu/people/susan-carey |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences}}</ref> * 1976-1978, Cibiyar Radcliffe == Takardun da aka zaɓa == '''Takardun da aka rubuta a matsayin marubuci''' * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=2015 |title=The science of cognitive science |journal=Social Anthropology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=204–207 |doi=10.1111/1469-8676.12119}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=2014 |title=On Learning New Primitives in the Language of Thought: Reply to Rey |journal=Mind & Language |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=133–166 |doi=10.1111/mila.12045}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=2011 |title=Concept innateness, concept continuity, and bootstrapping |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2011-06_34_3/page/152 |journal=The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=152–162 |doi=10.1017/s0140525x10003092 |pmc=3528179 |pmid=23264705}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=2010 |title=Beyond Fast Mapping |journal=Language Learning and Development |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=184–205 |doi=10.1080/15475441.2010.484379 |pmc=3101498 |pmid=21625404}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=2009 |title=Where Our Number Concepts Come From |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=220–254 |doi=10.5840/jphil2009106418 |pmc=3489488 |pmid=23136450}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=2008 |title=Math schemata and the origins of number representations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2008-12_31_6/page/645 |journal=The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=645–646 |doi=10.1017/s0140525x08005608 |pmc=4097143 |pmid=25035525}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=2004 |title=Bootstrapping and the origins of concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_daedalus_winter-2004_133_1/page/59 |journal=Daedalus |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1162/001152604772746701 |jstor=20027897 |doi-access=free |jstor-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=2002 |title=Evidence for numerical abilities in young infants: A fatal flaw? |journal=Developmental Science |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=202–205 |doi=10.1111/1467-7687.00221_1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=2001 |title=Evolutionary and Ontogenetic Foundations of Arithmetic |journal=Mind & Language |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.1111/1468-0017.00155}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=2000 |title=Science Education as Conceptual Change |journal=Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=13–19 |doi=10.1016/s0193-3973(99)00046-5}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=2000 |title=The Origin of Concepts |journal=Journal of Cognition and Development |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1207/S15327647JCD0101N_3 |s2cid=8886171}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=1998 |title=Knowledge of Number: Its Evolution and Ontogeny |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-10-23_282_5389/page/641 |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5389 |pages=641–642 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5389.641 |pmid=9841416 |s2cid=8124842}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=1997 |title=Do constraints on word meaning reflect prelinguistic cognitive architecture? |journal=Cognitive Studies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–58}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=1994 |title=Does learning a language require the child to reconceptualize the world? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lingua_1994-04_92_1-4/page/143 |journal=Lingua |volume=92 |pages=143–167 |doi=10.1016/0024-3841(94)90340-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=1992-01-29 |title=Becoming a face expert |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B |volume=335 |issue=1273 |pages=95–103 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1992.0012 |pmid=1348143}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |date=1988 |title=Conceptual differences between children and adults |journal=Mind & Language |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=167–181 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0017.1988.tb00141.x}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=Susan |author-mask=3 |year=1986 |title=Cognitive science and science education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1986-10_41_10/page/1123 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=1123–1130 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1123}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i4wb7pdvipw4n7b3nblytyv068hgoi1 Stephanie M. Carlson 0 95648 967411 954222 2026-10-13T23:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stephanie M. Carlson''' masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka wanda bincikensa ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar kimiyya game da ci gaban ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa na yara, gami da psychometrics da mahimman matsayi na tunanin da nisantawa. Carlson ya kasance Farfesa a Jami'ar McKnight a Jami'an Minnesota, kuma co-kafa Reflection Sciences, Inc. Farfesa Carlson ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Bucknell (summa cum laude), kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'an Oregon a shekarar 1997, inda ta yi karatu tare da Marjorie Taylor, Lou Moses, Dare Baldwin, Mary Rothbart, da Michael Posner . Daga 1998 zuwa 2007, ta kasance mataimaki sannan kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Washington. A shekara ta 2007, ta koma [http://www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/ Cibiyar Ci gaban Yara], Jami'ar Minnesota, inda ta jagoranci (tare da Philip David Zelazo) Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaban Ci gaban Jama'a. An inganta ta zuwa farfesa a shekarar 2013, kuma an ba ta suna Farfesa a Jami'ar McKnight a shekarar 2017. A cikin 2014, Carlson da Zelazo sun kafa wani kamfani na farawa na jami'a, [https://reflectionsciences.com/ Reflection Sciences, Inc.], don yada bayanai game da ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa da samar da kayan aiki don tantance waɗannan ƙwarewa da inganta ci gaban su mai lafiya. A cikin 2021, Carlson da Zelazo sun kafa [https://reflectiveperformanceinc.com/ Reflective Performance, Inc.], don auna da haɓaka ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa ga ma'aikatan manya. == Jigogi na bincike == '''Ma'auni na aikin zartarwa a farkon yaro''' Farfesa Carlson ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimanta ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa a cikin yara ƙanana, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Stephanie M. |date=October 2005 |title=Developmentally Sensitive Measures of Executive Function in Preschool Children |url=https://archive.org/details/developmental-neuropsychology_2005_28_2/page/595 |journal=Developmental Neuropsychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=595–616 |doi=10.1207/s15326942dn2802_3 |pmid=16144429 |s2cid=19068613}}</ref> gami da Less is More aiki, <ref name="CE2005">{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=S. M. |last2=Davis |first2=A. C. |last3=Leach |first3=J. G. |date=1 August 2005 |title=Less Is More: Executive Function and Symbolic Representation in Preschool Children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2005-08_16_8/page/609 |journal=Psychological Science |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=609–616 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01583.x |pmid=16102063 |s2cid=23148937}}</ref> da kuma kirkirar Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS), kimantawa kai tsaye na kwamfutar hannu wanda aka daidaita, abin dogaro, tabbatarwa, daidaitawa, kuma ya dace da yara masu shekaru 2 da sama. Wannan aikin ya samo asali ne daga bincikenta mai tasiri wanda ke binciken alaƙar da ke tsakanin aikin zartarwa da ka'idar tunani a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Stephanie M. |last2=Moses |first2=Louis J. |date=August 2001 |title=Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control and Children's Theory of Mind |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_july-august-2001_72_4/page/1032 |journal=Child Development |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=1032–1053 |doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00333 |pmid=11480933}}</ref> '''Kwarewar farko da ci gaban ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa''' Binciken Farfesa Carlson ta yi nazarin yadda bambance-bambancen abubuwan da suka faru na farko ke da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen baya a cikin haɓaka ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa. Yaran da ke da ingantattun ƙwarewar aikin gudanarwa (mai zaman kansa na hankali) gabaɗaya suna samun ingantaccen barci mai inganci a cikin ƙuruciya, <ref name="B2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bernier |first=Annie |last2=Carlson |first2=Stephanie M. |last3=Bordeleau |first3=Stéphanie |last4=Carrier |first4=Julie |date=November 2010 |title=Relations Between Physiological and Cognitive Regulatory Systems: Infant Sleep Regulation and Subsequent Executive Functioning |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_november-december-2010_81_6/page/1739 |journal=Child Development |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1739–1752 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x |pmid=21077861 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernier |first=Annie |last2=Beauchamp |first2=Miriam H. |last3=Bouvette-Turcot |first3=Andrée-Anne |last4=Carlson |first4=Stephanie M. |last5=Carrier |first5=Julie |date=September 2013 |title=Sleep and Cognition in Preschool Years: Specific Links to Executive Functioning |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_september-october-2013_84_5/page/1542 |journal=Child Development |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1542–1553 |doi=10.1111/cdev.12063 |pmid=23432661}}</ref> suna samun ƙarin yancin kai-goyon bayan iyaye daga uwaye da uba, <ref name="B2010" /> <ref name="Stephanie M 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Bernier |first=Annie |last2=Carlson |first2=Stephanie M. |last3=Deschênes |first3=Marie |last4=Matte-Gagné |first4=Célia |date=January 2012 |title=Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: a closer look at the caregiving environment |journal=Developmental Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=12–24 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01093.x |pmid=22251288}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meuwissen |first=Alyssa S. |last2=Carlson |first2=Stephanie M. |date=December 2015 |title=Fathers matter: The role of father parenting in preschoolers' executive function development |journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |volume=140 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.jecp.2015.06.010 |pmc=4558369 |pmid=26209884}}</ref> suna karɓar horo mara horo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talwar |first=Victoria |last2=Carlson |first2=Stephanie M. |last3=Lee |first3=Kang |date=November 2011 |title=Effects of a Punitive Environment on Children's Executive Functioning: A Natural Experiment |journal=Social Development |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=805–824 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00617.x}}</ref> kuma ana tashe su cikin harsuna biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Stephanie M. |last2=Meltzoff |first2=Andrew N. |date=March 2008 |title=Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children |journal=Developmental Science |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x |pmc=3647884 |pmid=18333982}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yaran da ke da ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa mafi muni suna iya samun tarihin rashin kulawa, irin su gogewa a gidajen marayu, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doom |first=Jenalee R. |last2=Gunnar |first2=Megan R. |last3=Georgieff |first3=Michael K. |last4=Kroupina |first4=Maria G. |last5=Frenn |first5=Kristin |last6=Fuglestad |first6=Anita J. |last7=Carlson |first7=Stephanie M. |date=February 2014 |title=Beyond Stimulus Deprivation: Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Deficits in Postinstitutionalized Children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_september-october-2014_85_5/page/1805 |journal=Child Development |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=1805–12 |doi=10.1111/cdev.12231 |pmc=4156571 |pmid=24597672}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hostinar |first=C. E. |last2=Stellern |first2=S. A. |last3=Schaefer |first3=C. |last4=Carlson |first4=S. M. |last5=Gunnar |first5=M. R. |date=9 October 2012 |title=Associations between early life adversity and executive function in children adopted internationally from orphanages |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=Supplement_2 |pages=17208–17212 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10917208H |doi=10.1073/pnas.1121246109 |pmc=3477377 |pmid=23047689 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma bayyanar da barasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuglestad |first=Anita J. |last2=Whitley |first2=Marisa L. |last3=Carlson |first3=Stephanie M. |last4=Boys |first4=Christopher J. |last5=Eckerle |first5=Judith K. |last6=Fink |first6=Birgit A. |last7=Wozniak |first7=Jeffrey R. |date=11 July 2014 |title=Executive functioning deficits in preschool children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders |journal=Child Neuropsychology |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=716–731 |doi=10.1080/09297049.2014.933792 |pmc=4289660 |pmid=25011516}}</ref> '''''Tasirin Batman''''' Ayyukan Carlson sun nuna yadda tunanin da alama ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa ƙwarewar yanke shawara na yara.<ref name="CE2005">{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=S. M. |last2=Davis |first2=A. C. |last3=Leach |first3=J. G. |date=1 August 2005 |title=Less Is More: Executive Function and Symbolic Representation in Preschool Children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2005-08_16_8/page/609 |journal=Psychological Science |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=609–616 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01583.x |pmid=16102063 |s2cid=23148937}}</ref> Tare da tsoffin dalibai Rachel White da Emily Prager, da abokan aiki Angela Duckworth da Ethan Kross, Carlson ya nuna cewa tambayar yara su taka rawa kamar dai suna da hali mai kyau (misali, Batman), wanda ke haifar da nesa na tunani, yana ƙara yawan ayyukan zartarwa na yara na makarantar sakandare daidai da shekara 1 na ci gaba, kuma yana taimaka musu su tsayayya da wasan bidiyo mai jaraba kuma su ci gaba da aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Rachel E. |last2=Carlson |first2=Stephanie M. |date=May 2016 |title=What would Batman do? Self-distancing improves executive function in young children |journal=Developmental Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=419–426 |doi=10.1111/desc.12314 |pmid=25997842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Rachel E. |last2=Prager |first2=Emily O. |last3=Schaefer |first3=Catherine |last4=Kross |first4=Ethan |last5=Duckworth |first5=Angela L. |last6=Carlson |first6=Stephanie M. |date=September 2017 |title=The "Batman Effect": Improving Perseverance in Young Children |journal=Child Development |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1563–1571 |doi=10.1111/cdev.12695 |pmid=27982409 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa == Carlson memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Halitta da Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Amirka (Division 7, Developmental), inda ta sami lambar yabo ta Binciken Bincike (1995) da kuma lambar yabo ta Ainsworth don Kwarewa a Kimiyya ta Ci gaba (2022). A cikin 2023-24, ta sami lambar yabo ta James McKeen Cattell don sabbatical a Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Harvard . Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Ilimi na Canji, Gidan Tarihin Yara na Minnesota, Playworks Minnesota, Understood.org, Sesame Workshop, Noggin, da Bright Horizons Family Solutions. Carlson ya gabatar da jawabin TEDx Minneapolis game da ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa a cikin 2020. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01950.x/full Dangantaka tsakanin bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin fantasy da ka'idar tunani]. Ci gaban Yara, 68, 436-455. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06236.x/full Matsayin hanyoyin hanawa a cikin matsalolin yara masu ƙanƙanta tare da yaudara da imani na ƙarya]. Ci gaban Yara, 69, 672-691. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin kulawar hanawa da ka'idar tunanin yara. Ci gaban Yara, 72, 1032-1053. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15326942dn2802_3 Matakan ci gaba na aikin zartarwa a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta]. Neuropsychology na ci gaba, 28, 595-616. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ƙananan shine Ƙari: Ayyukan zartarwa da wakilci na alama a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta. Kimiyya ta Halitta, 16, 609-616. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088520140700055X Kula da hanawa da kuma tsarin motsin rai a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta]. [Hotuna a shafi na 9] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x/full Kwarewar harsuna biyu da aikin zartarwa a cikin yara ƙanana]. Kimiyya ta ci gaba, 11, 282-298. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cd.237/full Asalin zamantakewa na ci gaban aikin zartarwa]. Sabon Jagora a cikin Ci gaban Yara da Matasa, 123, 87-98. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Ci gaban kula da hankali da tunanin. A cikin R. F., Baumeister, A. R. Mele, & K. D. Vohs (Eds.). 'Yanci da son rai da sani: Ta yaya za su iya aiki? (shafi na 135-152). &nbsp;New York: Oxford. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x/abstract Ayyukan zartarwa masu zafi da sanyi a cikin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya: Ci gaba da filastik.] Halin Ci gaban Yara, 6, 354-360. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ayyukan zartarwa. A cikin P. D. Zelazo (Ed.), littafin Oxford na ilimin halayyar ci gaba (Vol. 1, shafi na 706-743). &nbsp;New York: Oxford University Press. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277081368_What_would_Batman_do_Self-distancing_improves_executive_function_in_young_children Me Batman zai yi? Tsakanin tunanin jama'a yana inganta aikin zartarwa a cikin yara ƙanana]. Kimiyya ta ci gaba, 19, 419-426. Rubuce-rubuce: 10.1111/desc.12314. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2023]. [[doi:10.1177/09637214231159052|Bari in zabi: Matsayin zabi a ci gaban ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa.]] Jagoranci na yanzu a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta, 32 (3), 220-227. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] rpauts5ba532vr14jfgii2smgv28n5k Elena Sánchez Valenzuela 0 97652 967345 609300 2026-10-13T21:34:16Z ~2026-54929-27 50026 /* */ 967345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elena Sánchez Valenzuela (2 Maris 1900 – 30 Satumba 1950) yarMexico ce, ɗan jarida kuma mahaliccin tarihin fina-finan Mexico. Daya daga cikin jaruman fina-finan kasarta na farko da suka yi shiru, ita ma ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma mai neman zabe. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Valenzuela a ranar 2 ga Maris 1900 a [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]], Mexico <ref name="birth/death dates">{{Cite web |title=Elena Sánchez Valenzuela |url=http://cinemexicano.mty.itesm.mx/estrellas/elena_sanchez.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724211127/http://cinemexicano.mty.itesm.mx/estrellas/elena_sanchez.html |archive-date=24 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Cine Mexicano |language=Spanish}}</ref> ga ɗan jarida Abraham Sánchez Arce <ref name="women in film" /> da Juana Valenzuela. Har yanzu tana dalibi a National Conservatory of Music lokacin da ta fara fitowa a fim a ''[[Barranca trágica]]'' (1917). A shekara mai zuwa, an zaɓe ta don tauraro a farkon fim ɗin na Federico Gamboa 's 1902, ''[[Santa (1918 film)|Santa]]'' (1918). [[Germán Camus]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin shiru, wanda [[Luis G. Peredo]] <ref name="Silent career">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2014 |title=Efemérides del Periodismo Mexicano: Elena Sánchez Valenzuela |url=http://imgayuq.cambiodigital.com.mx/mosno.php?nota=217293#.VbGf4fm2oVI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724022116/http://imgayuq.cambiodigital.com.mx/mosno.php?nota=217293#.VbGf4fm2oVI |archive-date=24 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Imgayuq |publisher=Cambio Digital |language=Spanish}}</ref> ya jagoranta, zai kafa wata dabara da ta mamaye Mexico har zuwa 1940s, <ref name="women in film">{{Cite web |last=Torres San Martín |first=Patricia |date=27 September 2013 |title=Elena Sánchez Valenzuela |url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-elena-sanchez-valenzuela/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707034551/https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-elena-sanchez-valenzuela/ |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=Columbia University Libraries}}</ref> taken "karuwa mai daraja", yarinya yawanci tana zaune a cikin ƙauyen birane, ta kama cikin tarko na farkon zamani da masana'antu. A ''Santa'', bayan wata yarinya baƙar fata mai suna Santa ta yaudare ta kuma wani soja ya watsar da ita, danginta sun gano lamarin kuma an kore ta. Ta koma birnin Mexico kuma ta koma karuwanci don tallafa wa kanta. An fara fim ɗin a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1918 kuma ya kasance abin burgewa. <ref name="Silent career" /> A cikin 1919 ta fito a cikin wani fim ɗin da Peredo, ''[[La llaga]]'' ya ba da umarni kuma a cikin 1920 ya sanya ''[[El escándalo (1920 film)|El escándalo]]'' a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Alfredo B. Cuellar]] . A daidai lokacin da ta ke yin fina-finai, Sánchez ta kasance tana kwatanta aikin mahaifinta a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma ya zama wakilin ''El Demócrata'' . <ref name="women in film"/> A cikin Agusta 1920, an aika ta zuwa Los Angeles, California <ref name="transit to Los Angeles">{{Cite web |date=8 August 1920 |title=Immigration Arrival Manifests and Indexes |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KXFC-Y1C |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Family Search |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref> a matsayin wakiliyar ''El Demócrata'' . Yayin da take Amurka, Sánchez ta lashe gasar da wata jarida ta shirya don inganta sana'arta da kuma haduwa da fitattun jaruman Hollywood a wuraren da ake yadawa a wurare kamar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na Grauman . An ba ta rawa a cikin ''Almas que sufren'', amma an yi watsi da aikin fim kuma Sánchez ya koma Mexico. <ref name="women in film" /> 1921 ta kawo rawar da ta fi yabo, a cikin ''[[En la hacienda]]'', wanda aka fara a Chapultepec Castle don Shugaba Álvaro Obregón . An nuna shi a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 20 kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin mafi kyawun fim na shekara. Kamar "Santa" a gabansa, fim ɗin ya haɓaka wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa, melodrama na karkara, wanda yawanci ya nuna matalauta, ɓangarorin yankunan karkara. <ref name="women in film"/> Zai zama aikinta na ƙarshe, kamar yadda mahaifinta ya umarce ta da ta ƙare aikinta, wanda ta yi ba tare da izininsa ba tun tana ƙarama. <ref name="unauthorized">{{Cite web |last=Lamas |first=Marta |date=2007 |title=Miradas feministas sobre las mexicanas del siglo xx |url=http://ces.colmex.mx/pdfs/gabriela/Las%20mujeres%20en%20el%20M%C3%A9xico%20del%20siglo%20XX.%20Una%20cronolog%C3%ADa%20m%C3%ADninma.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011213/http://ces.colmex.mx/pdfs/gabriela/Las%20mujeres%20en%20el%20M%C3%A9xico%20del%20siglo%20XX.%20Una%20cronolog%C3%ADa%20m%C3%ADninma.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Conaculta |publisher=Consejo Nacional Para la Cultura y las Arte |language=Spanish}}</ref> A 1922, ta fara rubuta wani shafi a ''El Universal Gráfico'' da ake kira "El cine y sus artistas" (Cinema and Its Artists) kuma a cikin 1929, ta koma Paris a matsayin wakilin labarai na shekaru hudu masu zuwa, ta dawo Mexico a cikin 1930s don aiki a ''El Día'' . <ref name="women in film" /> A cikin 1936 Sánchez ya fara aiki a kan wani aikin da ake kira "Brigadas Cinematográficas" wanda Shugaba Lázaro Cárdenas ya nema. Fim ɗin da ta ɗauka tare da ba da umarni wani shiri ne mai sauti game da jihar Michoacán kuma an yaba da ƙimar fasaha da tarihi, wanda ke nuna rayuwar karkara a jihar yamma. Fim ɗin yana da tsayin fasali kuma kwangilarsa ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya nuna shi ta hanyar kasuwanci ba. <ref name="women in film"/> A cikin 1930s ta ziyarci ɗakin karatu na fina-finai na Cine Club a Mexico City kuma ta yi sha'awar ƙirƙirar Sashen Cinematography na Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai aiki da kayan tarihi. <ref name="Mex Film Archive">{{Cite web |title=Elena Sánchez Valenzuela, pionera de los archivos fílmicos en México |url=http://www.mexfilmarchive.com/documents/elena_se1nchez_valenzuela.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724041331/http://www.mexfilmarchive.com/documents/elena_se1nchez_valenzuela.html |archive-date=24 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Mex Film Archive |language=Spanish}}</ref> A ƙarshe a cikin 1942, ta yi nasara kuma Filmoteca Nacional (Littafin Fina-Finai na Mexica) ya zama gaskiya, lokacin da Shugaba Manuel Ávila Camacho ba wai kawai ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar ta ba <ref name="authorization">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Elena Sánchez Valenzuela |url=http://sic.conaculta.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=cineasta&table_id=331 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Sistema de Información CONACULTA |publisher=Secretaría de Educación Pública |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> amma ya ba ta alhakin haɓakar adana kayan tarihi. <ref name="women in film" /> Sánchez ya fara tafiya ƙasar ne a shekara ta 1944 a ƙoƙarin tattara fina-finai, domin wasu hukumomin gwamnati kaɗan ne kawai suka aika a fina-finai. Ta ziyarce ta tare da hukumomin gwamnati da kuma mutane masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni suna ƙoƙarin shawo kansu su ajiye kwafin fina-finan su don adanawa. <ref name="Mex Film Archive"/> A shekara ta 1947, an ba da tarihin zuwa Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico <ref name="UNAM">{{Cite web |last=Zweig |first=Noah |date=Fall 2009 |title=Algunos Aspectos del Filmoteca de la UNAM |url=http://www.tft.ucla.edu/mediascape/Spring05_AlgunosAspectos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721103852/http://www.tft.ucla.edu/mediascape/Spring05_AlgunosAspectos.html |archive-date=21 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=Mediascape |publisher=UCLA}}</ref> kuma Sánchez ya fara tafiya ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka don ƙarfafa kiyaye fim. A wata tafiya, ta wakilci Taskar Fina-Finai a Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres da aka gudanar a [[Guatemala (birni)|Guatemala City]], Guatemala inda matan ke tattaunawa game da ba da izini, kariyar aikin yi, da kuma al'amuran duniya. <ref name="Flores Asturias">{{Cite web |last=Flores Asturias |first=Ricardo |date=6 June 2011 |title=Las Mujeres no Votan Porque Sí: Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres, 1947 |url=http://politicaysentidocomun.blogspot.com/2011/06/las-mujeres-no-votan-porque-si-congreso.html |access-date=19 June 2015 |website=Politica y Sentido Comun |publisher=Ricardo Flores Asturias |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin 1948, ta yi tafiya ta Argentina da Uruguay tana ba da laccoci kan masana'antar fina-finai na Mexiko da kuma aikinta na adanawa a Taskar Fina-Finai ta ƙasa. <ref name="Mex Film Archive" /> Ta mutu a kan 30 Satumba 1950 a Mexico City. <ref name="Silent career"/> == Filmography == * ''[[Barranca trágica|Barranca tragica]]'' (1917) * ''[[Santa (1918 film)|Santa]]'' (1918) * ''[[La llaga|Lalle]]'' (1919) * ''[[El escándalo (1920 film)|El escandalo]]'' (1920) * ''[[En la hacienda]]'' (1921) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3mkygfhc1jctajv0xg0r8vc3be2bb2i User:Nura Bello 2 104765 967161 966836 2026-10-13T12:58:47Z Nura Bello 24854 WIKIPEDIA TRAINING 967161 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bayan kammala taron.jpg|thumb]] '''About me''' [[Fayil:Nura Bello a lokacin taro.jpg|thumb]] My name is Nura Bello Daraja kaset Gusau. I am a contributor to Hausa Wikipedia and English Wikipedia. I am interested in sharing knowledge, improving articles, and helping make reliable information accessible to readers in both Hausa and English. I value the role of Wikipedia in preserving knowledge, promoting education, and making information freely available to people around the world. I look forward to contributing constructively to the Wikipedia community and supporting the growth of Hausa-language content alongside English-language content. == My work == MY Priority interests * Hausa & English Wikipedia * Wiki Commons * Wikidata * Wikitionary * wiki love * You can contact me via my email Address: (nurabello212@gmail.com) * OR Via my phones number: (07036007481) (09048331931) 1r1gex1l26omlgfimgjlv6filj4d3fr Rayuwa 0 108565 967436 962866 2026-10-14T01:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rayuwa''' ita ce ƙarfin da ke cikin abu, wanda aka samar daga raka'a ɗaya ko fiye da ake kira ƙwayoyin halitta, don aiwatarwa kamar siginar tantanin halitta, [[homeostasis]], metabolism, girma tantanin halitta, daidaitawa, amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsawa, da haifuwa . Duk rayuwa a ƙarshe ta kai ga yanayin [[mutuwa]] . An gabatar da ma'anoni da yawa na falsafa game da tsarin rayuwa, kamar tsarin tsara kai . Bayyanar rayuwa ya ƙara rikitarwa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta ne kawai a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikinta, da kuma yiwuwar rayuwa a waje, wanda zai iya bambanta da rayuwa a [[Duniya]] . Rayuwa tana wanzuwa a ko'ina cikin Duniya a cikin iska, ruwa, da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], tare da yawancin yanayin halittu da ke samar da yanayin halittu . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yanayi ne masu tsauri waɗanda masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne kawai ke mamaye su. Ana kiran rayuwa a cikin wani takamaiman yanayin halitta da suna '''biota''' . An yi nazarin rayuwa tun zamanin da, tare da ka'idoji kamar jari-hujja na [[Empedocles]] da ke tabbatar da cewa ta ƙunshi abubuwa huɗu na har abada, da kuma falsafar [[Aristotle]] da ke tabbatar da cewa halittu masu rai suna da rayuka kuma suna ɗauke da siffofi da abubuwa. Rayuwa ta samo asali ne akalla shekaru biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce, wanda hakan ya haifar da kakanni na gama gari . Wannan ya samo asali zuwa dukkan nau'ikan halittu da ke wanzuwa a yanzu, ta hanyar nau'ikan halittu da yawa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|da suka shuɗe]], waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun bar alamun burbushin halittu . Ƙoƙarin rarraba halittu masu rai ma, ya fara ne da Aristotle . Rarraba zamani ya fara ne da tsarin [[Nomenclature na binomial|sunayen binomial]] na [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] a shekarun 1740. Abubuwa masu rai sun ƙunshi [[Biochemistry|ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai]], waɗanda aka samar da su galibi daga wasu muhimman sinadarai . Duk halittu masu rai suna ɗauke da nau'ikan macromolecules guda biyu, sunadarai da kuma nucleic acid, na biyun galibi suna ɗauke da DNA da RNA : waɗannan suna ɗauke da bayanan da kowane nau'in halitta ke buƙata, gami da umarnin yin kowane nau'in furotin. Sunadaran, bi da bi, suna aiki a matsayin injin da ke gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na sinadarai na rayuwa. Tantanin halitta shine sashin tsari da aiki na rayuwa. Ƙananan halittu, ciki har da prokaryotes ( [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da archaea ), sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya. Manyan halittu, galibi eukaryotes, na iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya ko kuma suna iya zama ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa tare da tsari mai rikitarwa. An san cewa rayuwa tana wanzuwa ne kawai a Duniya, amma ana kyautata zaton rayuwa a wajen duniya tana [[Paradonin Femi|da yuwuwar wanzuwa]] . Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suna kwaikwayon rayuwa ta wucin gadi kuma suna bincike ta hanyar amfani da ita. === Kalubale === Ma'anar rayuwa ta daɗe tana zama ƙalubale ga masana kimiyya da masana falsafa. <ref name="Tsokolov-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Tsokolov |first=Serhiy A. |date=May 2009 |title=Why Is the Definition of Life So Elusive? Epistemological Considerations |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=401–412 |bibcode=2009AsBio...9..401T |doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0201 |pmid=19519215}}</ref> <ref name="Emmeche-1997">{{Cite web |last=Emmeche |first=Claus |year=1997 |title=Defining Life, Explaining Emergence |url=http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=[[Niels Bohr Institute]]}}</ref> <ref name="McKay-2004">{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Chris P. |date=14 September 2004 |title=What Is Life—and How Do We Search for It in Other Worlds? |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=9 |page=302 |bibcode=2004PLOSB...2..302M |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020302 |pmc=516796 |pmid=15367939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda rayuwa tsari ne, ba abu ne mai mahimmanci ba. <ref name="Mautner-1997">{{Cite journal |last=Mautner |first=Michael N. |author-link=Michael N. Mautner |year=1997 |title=Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds |url=http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFDirectedPanspermia3JBIS1997Paper.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]] |volume=50 |pages=93–102 |bibcode=1997JBIS...50...93M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064738/http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFDirectedPanspermia3JBIS1997Paper.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Chris |date=18 September 2014 |title=What is life? It's a Tricky, Often Confusing Question |journal=Astrobiology Magazine}}</ref> Wannan yana da sarkakiya saboda rashin sanin halayen halittu masu rai, idan akwai, waɗanda wataƙila sun samo asali a wajen Duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nealson |first=K.H. |last2=Conrad |first2=P.G. |date=December 1999 |title=Life: past, present and future |url=https://royalsociety.org/journals/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B]] |volume=354 |issue=1392 |pages=1923–1939 |bibcode=1999RSPTB.354.1923N |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0532 |pmc=1692713 |pmid=10670014 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160103000925/https://royalsociety.org/journals/ |archive-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Mautner-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Mautner |first=Michael N. |author-link=Michael N. Mautner |year=2009 |title=Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space |url=http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFLifeCenteredBioethics2009Paper.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Bioethics |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=433–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x |pmid=19077128 |s2cid=25203457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064743/http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFLifeCenteredBioethics2009Paper.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> An kuma gabatar da ma'anonin falsafa na rayuwa, tare da irin waɗannan matsaloli wajen bambance halittu masu rai da waɗanda ba su da rai. <ref name="Jeuken M-1975">{{Cite journal |last=Jeuken M |year=1975 |title=The biological and philosophical defitions of life |journal=Acta Biotheoretica |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.1007/BF01556737 |pmid=811024 |s2cid=44573374}}</ref> An yi muhawara kan ma'anonin shari'a na rayuwa, kodayake galibi suna mai da hankali kan shawarar ayyana wani mutum da ya mutu, da kuma sakamakon shari'a na wannan shawarar. <ref name="Capron-1978">{{Cite journal |last=Capron AM |year=1978 |title=Legal definition of death |journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] |volume=315 |issue=1 |pages=349–362 |bibcode=1978NYASA.315..349C |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50352.x |pmid=284746 |s2cid=36535062}}</ref> An tattara aƙalla ma'anoni 123 na rayuwa. <ref name="Trifonov-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Trifonov |first=Edward N. |date=17 March 2011 |title=Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition |journal=Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1080/073911011010524992 |pmid=21875147 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Bayani === {{Align|right|{{Life timeline}}}}Tunda babu wata yarjejeniya game da ma'anar rayuwa, yawancin ma'anoni na yanzu a fannin [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], nazarin kimiyya na rayuwa, suna da bayanin. Ana ɗaukar rayuwa a matsayin wata siffa ta wani abu da ke kiyayewa, ƙarawa, ko ƙarfafa wanzuwarta a cikin muhallin da aka bayar. Wannan yana nufin dukkan ko mafi yawan waɗannan halaye: <ref name="Koshland-2002">{{Cite journal |url-status=2215–2216}}</ref> <ref name="Trifonov-2012">{{Cite journal |url-status=647–650}}</ref> # [[Homeostasis]] : daidaita yanayin ciki don kiyaye yanayin da ke ci gaba; misali, [[Zufa|gumi]] don rage zafin jiki. # Tsarin tsari : kasancewar an gina ta ne da ƙwayoyin halitta ɗaya ko fiye&nbsp;– muhimman sassan rayuwa. # Metabolism : canjin makamashi, wanda ake amfani da shi don canza sinadarai zuwa sassan tantanin halitta ( anabolism ) da kuma lalata kwayoyin halitta ( catabolism ). Abubuwa masu rai suna buƙatar kuzari don daidaita yanayin jiki da sauran ayyuka. # Girma: kiyaye yawan anabolism mafi girma fiye da catabolism. Ƙwayar halitta mai girma tana ƙaruwa a girma da tsari. # Daidaitawa : tsarin juyin halitta inda wani abu ke samun damar rayuwa a mazauninsa . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Theodosius Dobzhansky}}</ref> # Martani ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki : kamar matsewar wata halitta mai ƙwayoyin halitta daga sinadarai na waje, haɗakar halayen da suka shafi dukkan ji na ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa, ko motsin ganyen shuka yana juyawa zuwa ga rana ( phototropism ), da kuma kemotaxis . # Haihuwa : ikon samar da sabbin halittu daban-daban, ko dai ta hanyar jima'i daga wata halitta ɗaya ta iyaye ko kuma ta hanyar jima'i daga wata halitta ta iyaye biyu. === Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi === [[File:Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg|left|thumb| ''[[Deinococcus geothermalis]]'', wani ƙwayar cuta da ke bunƙasa a cikin [[Geothermal springs|maɓuɓɓugan ƙasa]] da kuma zurfin teku ]] Daga mahangar kimiyyar lissafi, halitta tsarin thermodynamic ne mai tsari na kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya hayayyafa kansa kuma ya ci gaba kamar yadda rayuwa ta tanada. <ref name="Luttermoser-1">{{Cite web |last=Luttermoser |first=Donald G. |title=ASTR-1020: Astronomy II Course Lecture Notes Section XII |url=http://www.etsu.edu/physics/lutter/courses/astr1020/a1020chap12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322185054/http://www.etsu.edu/physics/lutter/courses/astr1020/a1020chap12.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=28 August 2011 |publisher=[[East Tennessee State University]]}}</ref> <ref name="Luttermoser-2008">{{Cite web |last=Luttermoser |first=Donald G. |date=Spring 2008 |title=Physics 2028: Great Ideas in Science: The Exobiology Module |url=http://www.etsu.edu/physics/lutter/courses/phys2028/p2028exobnotes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322185041/http://www.etsu.edu/physics/lutter/courses/phys2028/p2028exobnotes.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=28 August 2011 |publisher=[[East Tennessee State University]]}}</ref> A fannin thermodynamic, an bayyana rayuwa a matsayin tsarin budewa wanda ke amfani da gradients a cikin kewayenta don ƙirƙirar kwafin kanta mara kyau. <ref name="Lammer-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Lammer |first=H. |last2=Bredehöft |first2=J.H. |last3=Coustenis |first3=A. |author-link3=Athena Coustenis |last4=Khodachenko |first4=M.L. |year=2009 |title=What makes a planet habitable? |url=http://veilnebula.jorgejohnson.me/uploads/3/5/8/7/3587678/lammer_et_al_2009_astron_astro_rev-4.pdf |journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=181–249 |bibcode=2009A&ARv..17..181L |doi=10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z |s2cid=123220355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235333/http://veilnebula.jorgejohnson.me/uploads/3/5/8/7/3587678/lammer_et_al_2009_astron_astro_rev-4.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=3 May 2016 |quote=Life as we know it has been described as a (thermodynamically) open system (Prigogine et al. 1972), which makes use of gradients in its surroundings to create imperfect copies of itself.}}</ref> Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ita ce a bayyana rayuwa a matsayin "tsarin sinadarai mai dorewa wanda zai iya jure juyin halittar Darwin ", ma'anar da kwamitin NASA ya amince da ita wanda ke ƙoƙarin ayyana rayuwa don dalilai na ilmin halitta, bisa ga shawarar Carl Sagan . <ref name="Benner 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Benner |first=Steven A. |date=December 2010 |title=Defining Life |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1021–1030 |bibcode=2010AsBio..10.1021B |doi=10.1089/ast.2010.0524 |pmc=3005285 |pmid=21162682}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Gerald Joyce}}</ref> Duk da haka, an yi suka sosai kan wannan ma'anar saboda, a cewarta, mutum ɗaya da ke haifar da jima'i ba ya rayuwa domin ba zai iya ci gaba da rayuwa da kansa ba. <ref name="Benner 2010" /> === Tsarin rayuwa === {{Biological <!--refs from this template are IN USE IN THE ARTICLE, so if changing anything, ensure those refs are copied, thanks!-->systems}}Wasu kuma suna ɗaukar ra'ayin ka'idar tsarin rayuwa wanda ba lallai bane ya dogara da ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta. Ma'anar rayuwa a tsari ɗaya ita ce halittu masu rai suna tsara kansu kuma suna samar da kansu (suna samar da kansu). Bambancin wannan ya haɗa da ma'anar Stuart Kauffman a matsayin wakili mai cin gashin kansa ko tsarin wakili mai yawa wanda zai iya sake haɓɓaka kansa da kuma kammala aƙalla zagayen aiki na thermodynamic ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=P.C.W.}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar juyin halittar sabbin ayyuka akan lokaci. Tsarin rayuwa yana da siffofi daban-daban, tsarin tsari, wanda ya kama daga injunan kwayoyin halitta zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta, gabobi, kyallen takarda, halittu, al'umma, yanayin halittu, har zuwa dukkan halittun halittu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tlusty |first=Tsvi |last2=Libchaber |first2=Albert |date=2025-01-28 |title=Life sets off a cascade of machines |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=122 |issue=4 |bibcode=2025PNAS..12218000T |doi=10.1073/pnas.2418000122 |pmc=11789027 |pmid=39854238 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Mutuwa === <gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="300" widths="300"> File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg|alt=Phylogenetic tree based on rRNA gene data (Woese et al., 1990) showing the 3 life domains, with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) at its root| Bishiyar Phylogenetic bisa ga bayanan kwayoyin halittar rRNA (Woese ''et al.'', 1990) yana nuna 3&nbsp;yankunan rayuwa, tare da kakanni na ƙarshe na gama gari (LUCA) a tushensa File:A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg|alt=A 2016 metagenomic representation of the tree of life, unrooted, using ribosomal protein sequences. Bacteria are at the top (left and right); Archaea at bottom; Eukaryotes in green at bottom right.| Wakiltar metagenomic na bishiyar rayuwa ta 2016, wadda ba a dasa ta ba, ta amfani da jerin sunadaran ribosomal . Kwayoyin cuta suna sama (hagu da dama); Archaea a ƙasa; Eukaryotes a kore a ƙasan dama. <ref name="Hug-2016">{{Cite journal |quote=5}}</ref> </gallery> [[File:Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG|right|thumb| Gawarwakin dabbobi, kamar wannan [[Ɓauna|bauna na Afirka]], tsarin halittu yana sake yin amfani da su, yana samar da makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki ga halittu masu rai.]] Mutuwa ita ce ƙarshen dukkan ayyuka masu mahimmanci ko hanyoyin rayuwa a cikin wani abu ko ƙwayar halitta. <ref name="Encyclopedia of Death and Dying">{{Cite web |title=Definition of death |url=http://www.deathreference.com/Da-Em/Definitions-of-Death.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203141750/http://www.deathreference.com/Da-Em/Definitions-of-Death.html |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=25 May 2012 |website=Encyclopedia of Death and Dying |publisher=Advameg, Inc.}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen ayyana mutuwa ita ce bambanta ta da rayuwa. Mutuwa kamar tana nufin ko dai lokacin da rayuwa ta ƙare, ko kuma lokacin da yanayin da ke biyo bayan rayuwa ya fara. <ref name="Encyclopedia of Death and Dying" /> Duk da haka, tantance lokacin da mutuwa ta faru yana da wahala, domin dakatar da ayyukan rayuwa ba sau da yawa yakan faru a lokaci guda a cikin tsarin gabobin jiki. Saboda haka, irin wannan ƙuduri yana buƙatar zana layi tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa. Wannan matsala ce domin babu wata yarjejeniya kan yadda za a ayyana rayuwa. Yanayin mutuwa ya kasance babban abin da ya dame al'adun addini na duniya da kuma binciken falsafa tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Addinai da yawa suna da imani da ko dai wani nau'in rayuwa bayan mutuwa ko sake rayuwa don rai, ko kuma tashin jiki daga matattu a wani lokaci na gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Major Religions View the Afterlife |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/how-major-religions-view-afterlife |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204201436/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/how-major-religions-view-afterlife |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> === Ƙwayoyin cuta ===   [[File:Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg|right|thumb| Adenoviruses kamar yadda ake gani a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope]] Ko ya kamata a ɗauki ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin masu rai ko a'a abin jayayya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virus |url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Virus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511064713/https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Virus |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Genome.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Are Viruses Alive? |url=https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614031640/https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Yellowstone Thermal Viruses}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin [[Kwafi na DNA|masu kwafi]] na kwayoyin halitta maimakon nau'ikan rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koonin |first=E. V. |last2=Starokadomskyy |first2=P. |date=7 March 2016 |title=Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question |journal=Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Science |volume=59 |pages=125–134 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.016 |pmc=5406846 |pmid=26965225}}</ref> An siffanta su da "ƙwayoyin halitta a gefen rayuwa" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rybicki |first=E. P. |year=1990 |title=The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_6229 |url-status=live |journal=S Afr J Sci |volume=86 |pages=182–186 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921114412/https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_6229 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> saboda suna da kwayoyin halitta, suna tasowa ta hanyar zaɓin halitta, <ref name="Holmes-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E. C. |date=October 2007 |title=Viral evolution in the genomic age |journal=PLOS Biol. |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050278 |pmc=1994994 |pmid=17914905 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Forterre-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Forterre |first=Patrick |date=3 March 2010 |title=Defining Life: The Virus Viewpoint |journal=Orig Life Evol Biosph |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |bibcode=2010OLEB...40..151F |doi=10.1007/s11084-010-9194-1 |pmc=2837877 |pmid=20198436}}</ref> kuma suna kwafi ta hanyar yin kwafi da yawa na kansu ta hanyar haɗa kansu. Duk da haka, ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa taruwa, kuma suna buƙatar ƙwayar halittar da ke cikinta don yin sabbin samfura. Haɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar masu masaukin baki yana da alaƙa da nazarin asalin rayuwa, domin yana iya tallafawa hasashen cewa rayuwa ta fara ne a matsayin ƙwayoyin halitta masu haɗa kanta. <ref name="Koonin-2006">{{Cite journal |last=Koonin |first=E. V. |author-link=Eugene Koonin |last2=Senkevich |first2=T. G. |last3=Dolja |first3=V. V. |year=2006 |title=The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells |journal=Biology Direct |volume=1 |page=29 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-29 |pmc=1594570 |pmid=16984643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rybicki |first=Ed |date=November 1997 |title=Origins of Viruses |url=http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/virorig.html#Virus%20Origins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509094459/http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/virorig.html |archive-date=9 May 2009 |access-date=12 April 2009}}</ref> == Tarihin karatu == === Abin Duniya === Wasu daga cikin ka'idojin farko na rayuwa sun kasance na jari-hujja, suna da'awar cewa duk abin da ke wanzu abu ne, kuma rayuwa kawai wani nau'i ne mai rikitarwa ko tsari na abu. [[Empedocles]] (430 BC) sun yi jayayya cewa komai a cikin sararin samaniya ya ƙunshi haɗuwar "abubuwa" guda huɗu masu rai ko "tushen komai": ƙasa, ruwa, iska, da wuta. Ana bayyana duk wani sauyi ta hanyar tsari da sake fasalin waɗannan abubuwa guda huɗu. Nau'o'in rayuwa daban-daban suna faruwa ne ta hanyar cakuda abubuwa masu dacewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Richard |date=4 March 2005 |title=Empedocles |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empedocles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513201301/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empedocles/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 |access-date=25 May 2012 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> [[Democritus]] (460 BC) masanin ilmin atom ne; ya yi tunanin cewa muhimmin siffa ta rayuwa ita ce samun rai ( ''psyche'' ), kuma cewa rai, kamar komai, ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin wuta. Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da wuta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin rai da zafi, da kuma saboda wuta tana motsawa. <ref name="Parry-2010">{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Richard |date=25 August 2010 |title=Democritus |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830030642/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/#4 |archive-date=30 August 2006 |access-date=25 May 2012 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> A akasin haka, [[Plato]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa an tsara duniya ta hanyar siffofi na dindindin, waɗanda aka nuna ba daidai ba a cikin abu; siffofi suna ba da jagora ko hankali, suna bayyana ka'idojin da ake gani a duniya. Masanin falsafa ɗan Faransa [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650) ya farfaɗo da kuma gyara tsarin jari -hujja na zamani wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar Girka, wanda ya yi imani da cewa dabbobi da mutane tarin sassan jiki ne waɗanda suke aiki tare a matsayin injina. [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] ya jaddada tsarin tsarin manyan injunan rayuwa, yana mai cewa a cikin littafinsa ''Monadology'' (1714) "...injunan yanayi, wato jikkunan rai, har yanzu injina ne a cikin ƙananan sassansu, har zuwa rashin iyaka." Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1750) ya ƙara haɓaka wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa ''L'Homme Machine'' . A ƙarni na 19, ci gaban da aka samu a ka'idar ƙwayoyin halitta a kimiyyar halittu ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi. Ka'idar juyin halitta ta [[Charles Darwin]] (1859) bayani ne na injiniya game da asalin nau'ikan halittu ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi . A farkon ƙarni na 20, Stéphane Leduc (1853–1939) ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa za a iya fahimtar hanyoyin halittu dangane da kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai, kuma cewa girmansu ya yi kama da na lu'ulu'u marasa tsari da aka nutsar a cikin ruwan sodium silicate. Ra'ayoyinsa, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin littafinsa ''La biologie synthétique'', <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Stéphane Leduc}}</ref> an yi watsi da su sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, amma sun sake haifar da sha'awar aikin Russell, Barge da abokan aikinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Michael J. |last2=Barge |first2=Laura M. |last3=Bhartia |first3=Rohit |last4=Bocanegra |first4=Dylan |last5=Bracher |first5=Paul J. |last6=Branscomb |first6=Elbert |last7=Kidd |first7=Richard |last8=McGlynn |first8=Shawn |last9=Meier |first9=David H. |last10=Nitschke |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Shibuya |first11=Takazo |last12=Vance |first12=Steve |last13=White |first13=Lauren |last14=Kanik |first14=Isik |display-authors=5 |year=2014 |title=The Drive to Life on Wet and Icy Worlds |journal=Astrobiology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=308–343 |bibcode=2014AsBio..14..308R |doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1110 |pmc=3995032 |pmid=24697642}}</ref> === Tsarin Halittar Halitta === [[File:Aristotelian_Soul.png|thumb| Tsarin rayukan tsirrai, dabbobi, da mutane, a cewar [[Aristotle]]]] Hylomorphism wata ka'ida ce da masanin falsafar Girka [[Aristotle]] ya fara bayyanawa (322 BC). Amfani da hylomorphism ga ilmin halitta yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Aristotle, kuma ilimin halittu an yi cikakken bayani a cikin rubuce-rubucensa na yanzu . A wannan ra'ayi, komai a cikin sararin samaniya yana da kwayoyin halitta da siffa, kuma siffar abu mai rai ita ce ruhinsa (Girkanci ''psyche'', Latin ''anima'' ). Akwai nau'ikan rayuka guda uku: ''ruhin tsirrai masu tsiro'', wanda ke sa su girma da ruɓewa da kuma ciyar da kansu, amma ba ya haifar da motsi da jin daɗi; ''ruhin dabba'', wanda ke sa dabbobi su motsa su ji; da kuma ''ruhin hankali'', wanda shine tushen sani da tunani, wanda (Aristotle ya yi imani) ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin mutum. Kowace rai mafi girma tana da dukkan halayen waɗanda ke ƙasa. Aristotle ya yi imani da cewa yayin da abu zai iya wanzuwa ba tare da tsari ba, siffa ba za ta iya wanzuwa ba tare da tsari ba, don haka rai ba zai iya wanzuwa ba tare da jiki ba. Wannan labarin ya yi daidai da bayanin rayuwa ta hanyar sadarwa, wanda ke ba da bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru dangane da manufa ko kuma manufar manufa. Saboda haka, ana bayyana farin gashin beyar polar ta hanyar manufarta ta ɓoyewa. Alkiblar dalili (daga nan gaba zuwa abin da ya gabata) ta saba wa shaidar kimiyya game da zaɓin yanayi, wadda ke bayyana sakamakon ta fuskar wani dalili na baya. Ba a bayyana siffofin halittu ta hanyar duban sakamako mafi kyau na gaba ba, amma ta hanyar duba tarihin juyin halitta na wani nau'in halitta da ya gabata, wanda ya haifar da zaɓin yanayi na siffofin da ake magana a kai. === Tsararraki ba tare da wata-wata ba === Tsarin halitta ba tare da wata matsala ba shine imani da cewa halittu masu rai za su iya samuwa ba tare da zuriya daga irin waɗannan halittu ba. Yawanci, ra'ayin shine cewa wasu siffofi kamar ƙuma na iya fitowa daga abubuwa marasa rai kamar ƙura ko kuma yanayin da ake tsammanin beraye da kwari na yanayi daga laka ko shara. [[Aristotle]] ne ya gabatar da ka'idar samuwar halitta ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya tattara kuma ya faɗaɗa ayyukan masana falsafa na halitta na baya da kuma bayanai daban-daban na da, game da bayyanar halittu; an ɗauke ta a matsayin mafi kyawun bayani na tsawon shekaru dubu biyu. An kawar da shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen Louis Pasteur a shekarar 1859, wanda ya faɗaɗa binciken magabata kamar Francesco Redi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Russell |last2=Evers |first2=Chris |title=The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668–1859) |url=http://www.ncsu.edu/project/bio183de/Black/cellintro/cellintro_reading/Spontaneous_Generation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009044415/http://www.ncsu.edu/project/bio183de/Black/cellintro/cellintro_reading/Spontaneous_Generation.html |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=North Carolina State University |publisher=National Health Museum}}</ref> Rashin amincewa da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na samar da halitta ba tare da wata matsala ba ya sake zama abin jayayya a tsakanin masana ilmin halitta. === Vitalism === Vitalism shine imani cewa akwai ƙa'idar rayuwa mara amfani. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga Georg Ernst Stahl (ƙarni na 17), kuma ya ci gaba da shahara har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Ya jawo hankalin masana falsafa kamar Henri Bergson, [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], da Wilhelm Dilthey, masana kimiyyar halittar jiki kamar Xavier Bichat, da kuma masana kimiyyar sinadarai kamar Justus von Liebig . <ref name="Wilkinson-1998">{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Ian |year=1998 |title=History of Clinical Chemistry&nbsp;– Wöhler & the Birth of Clinical Chemistry |url=http://www.ifcc.org/ifccfiles/docs/130304003.pdf |journal=The Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |volume=13 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105031229/http://www.ifcc.org/ifccfiles/docs/130304003.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Mahimmancin rayuwa ya haɗa da ra'ayin cewa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin kayan halitta da na marasa halitta, da kuma imani cewa kayan halitta za a iya samo su ne kawai daga abubuwa masu rai. An karyata wannan a shekarar 1828, lokacin da Friedrich Wöhler ya shirya urea daga kayan da ba na halitta ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedrich Wöhler |author-link=Friedrich Wöhler |year=1828 |title=Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15097k/f261.chemindefer |url-status=live |journal=[[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=253–256 |bibcode=1828AnP....88..253W |doi=10.1002/andp.18280880206 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110094705/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15097k/f261.chemindefer |archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar wannan haɗin Wöhler a matsayin wurin fara [[Organic chemistry|kimiyyar sinadarai]] ta zamani. Yana da mahimmanci a tarihi domin, a karon farko, an samar da wani sinadari na halitta a cikin halayen da ba na halitta ba . <ref name="Wilkinson-1998" /> A shekarun 1850, Hermann von Helmholtz — wanda Julius Robert von Mayer ya yi tsammani — ya nuna cewa babu wani kuzari da ke ɓacewa a cikin motsin tsoka, yana nuna cewa babu "ƙarfin da ake buƙata" don motsa tsoka. Waɗannan sakamakon sun haifar da watsi da sha'awar kimiyya a cikin ka'idojin vitalistic, musamman bayan nuna Eduard Buchner cewa fermentation na barasa na iya faruwa a cikin abubuwan da aka cire daga yisti ba tare da ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai imani a cikin ka'idojin kimiyya na karya kamar homoeopathy, wanda ke fassara cututtuka da rashin lafiya a matsayin waɗanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin wani ƙarfin rai ko ƙarfin rayuwa da aka yi zato. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1994 |title=NCAHF Position Paper on Homeopathy |url=http://www.ncahf.org/pp/homeop.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225185228/https://www.ncahf.org/pp/homeop.html |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=12 June 2012 |publisher=National Council Against Health Fraud}}</ref> == Ci gaba == === Asalin rayuwa === Shekarun Duniya kusan shekaru biliyan 4.54 ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dalrymple |first=G. Brent |year=2001 |title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved |journal=Special Publications, Geological Society of London |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=205–221 |bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 |s2cid=130092094}}</ref> Rayuwa a Duniya ta wanzu tsawon akalla shekaru biliyan 3.5, <ref name="Bell-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Boehnike |first2=Patrick |last3=Harrison |first3=T. Mark |last4=Mao |first4=Wendy L. |date=19 October 2015 |title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1&nbsp;billion-year-old zircon |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=PNAS |volume=112 |issue=47 |pages=14518–14521 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112 |pmc=4664351 |pmid=26483481 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106021508/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schopf |first=J.W. |date=June 2006 |title=Fossil evidence of Archaean life |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |volume=361 |issue=1470 |pages=869–885 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 |pmc=1578735 |pmid=16754604}}</ref> tare da tsoffin alamun rayuwa tun daga 3.7&nbsp;shekaru biliyan. <ref name="Ohtomo-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Ohtomo |first=Yoko |last2=Kakegawa |first2=Takeshi |last3=Ishida |first3=Akizumi |last4=Nagase |first4=Toshiro |last5=Rosing |first5=Minik T. |date=8 December 2013 |title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=25–28 |bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O |doi=10.1038/ngeo2025}}</ref> <ref name="Noffke-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Noffke |first=Nora |author-link=Nora Noffke |last2=Christian |first2=Daniel |last3=Wacey |first3=David |last4=Hazen |first4=Robert M. |date=8 November 2013 |title=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=1103–1124 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13.1103N |doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030 |pmc=3870916 |pmid=24205812}}</ref> Kiyasi daga agogon kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda aka taƙaice a cikin bayanan jama'a na TimeTree, ya nuna asalin rayuwa kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata. Hasashe kan asalin rayuwa yana ƙoƙarin bayyana samuwar wani kakanni na ƙarshe na gama gari daga ƙwayoyin halitta masu sauƙi ta hanyar rayuwar kafin ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta da metabolism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Habitability and Biology: What are the Properties of Life? |url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars145.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417155949/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars145.php |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=6 June 2013 |website=Phoenix Mars Mission |publisher=The University of Arizona}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, an gano tarin kwayoyin halitta 355 daga kakannin ƙarshe na gama gari. Ana kyautata zaton cewa yanayin halittu ya bunkasa, tun daga farkon rayuwa, akalla kusan 3.5.&nbsp;shekaru biliyan da suka wuce. Shaidar farko ta rayuwa a duniya ta haɗa da graphite mai kama da biogenic da aka samu a cikin 3.7&nbsp;duwatsu masu shekaru biliyan daga Yammacin Greenland <ref name="Ohtomo-2013" /> da burbushin tabarmar ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samu a cikin 3.48&nbsp;dutsen yashi mai shekaru biliyan daga Yammacin Ostiraliya . <ref name="Noffke-2013" /> Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2015, an gano "ragowar halittu masu rai " a cikin 4.1&nbsp;duwatsu masu shekaru biliyan a Yammacin Ostiraliya. <ref name="Bell-2015" /> A shekarar 2017, an sanar da cewa an gano ƙananan halittu masu rarrafe (ko ƙananan halittu ) a cikin iskar da ke shiga cikin bututun iskar hydrothermal a cikin Nuvvuagittuq Belt na Quebec, Kanada, waɗanda suka tsufa har zuwa 4.28&nbsp;shekaru biliyan, tarihin rayuwa mafi daɗewa a Duniya, wanda ke nuna "bayyanuwar rayuwa kusan nan take" bayan [[Asalin ruwa a doron ƙasa|samuwar teku 4.4&nbsp;shekaru biliyan da suka wuce]], kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan samuwar Duniya 4.54&nbsp;shekaru biliyan da suka wuce. <ref name="Dodd-2017">{{Cite journal |url-status=60–64}}</ref> === Juyin Halitta === === Kasusuwan halitta === Burbushin halittu sune ragowar halittu da aka kiyaye daga baya. Jimillar burbushin halittu, waɗanda aka gano da waɗanda ba a gano ba, da kuma wurin da aka sanya su a cikin layuka ( strata ) na dutsen sedimentary ana kiransa da ''tarihin burbushin halittu'' . Ana kiran samfurin da aka adana burbushin halitta idan ya girmi kwanan wata na shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, burbushin halittu sun kai shekaru daga ƙarami a farkon [[Holocene]] Epoch zuwa mafi tsufa daga Archaean Eon, har zuwa shekaru biliyan 3.4. === Karewa === == Yanayin muhalli == === Biosphere === Biosphere shine jimlar dukkan halittu a duniya. Haka kuma ana iya kiransa yankin rayuwa a Duniya, tsarin da aka rufe (banda hasken rana da sararin samaniya da kuma zafi daga cikin Duniya), kuma galibi yana daidaita kansa. Akwai halittu a kowane ɓangare na yanayin halittu, ciki har da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi, da kuma cikin duwatsu aƙalla {{Convert|12|mi|km}} zurfin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, mafi zurfin sassan teku, kuma aƙalla {{Convert|40|mi|km}} sama a cikin yanayi. <ref name="University of Georgia-1998">{{Cite web |last=University of Georgia |date=25 August 1998 |title=First-Ever Scientific Estimate Of Total Bacteria On Earth Shows Far Greater Numbers Than Ever Known Before |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/08/980825080732.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110162101/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/08/980825080732.htm |archive-date=10 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2014 |website=[[Science Daily]]}}</ref> <ref name="Hadhazy-2015">{{Cite web |last=Hadhazy |first=Adam |date=12 January 2015 |title=Life Might Thrive a Dozen Miles Beneath Earth's Surface |url=http://www.astrobio.net/extreme-life/life-might-thrive-dozen-miles-beneath-earths-surface/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065614/http://www.astrobio.net/extreme-life/life-might-thrive-dozen-miles-beneath-earths-surface/ |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=[[Astrobiology Magazine]]}}</ref> <ref name="Fox-Skelly-2015">{{Cite web |last=Fox-Skelly |first=Jasmin |date=24 November 2015 |title=The Strange Beasts That Live in Solid Rock Deep Underground |url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151124-meet-the-strange-creatures-that-live-in-solid-rock-deep-underground |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125013248/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151124-meet-the-strange-creatures-that-live-in-solid-rock-deep-underground |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=11 March 2017 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Misali, an gano ƙwayoyin ''Penicillium notatum'' a cikin mesosphere a tsayin 57 zuwa 77.&nbsp;km. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imshenetsky |first=AA |last2=Lysenko |first2=SV |last3=Kazakov |first3=GA |date=June 1978 |title=Upper boundary of the biosphere |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |bibcode=1978ApEnM..35....1I |doi=10.1128/aem.35.1.1-5.1978 |pmc=242768 |pmid=623455}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji, an lura da halittun da ke rayuwa a cikin sararin samaniya. <ref name="Dose-1995">{{Cite journal |last=Dose |first=K. |last2=Bieger-Dose |first2=A. |last3=Dillmann |first3=R. |last4=Gill |first4=M. |last5=Kerz |first5=O. |last6=Klein |first6=A. |last7=Meinert |first7=H. |last8=Nawroth |first8=T. |last9=Risi |first9=S. |last10=Stridde |first10=C. |display-authors=5 |year=1995 |title=ERA-experiment "space biochemistry" |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=119–129 |bibcode=1995AdSpR..16h.119D |doi=10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R |pmid=11542696}}</ref> <ref name="Strauch-1995">{{Cite journal |last=Horneck |first=G. |last2=Eschweiler, U. |last3=Reitz, G. |last4=Wehner, J. |last5=Willimek, R. |last6=Strauch, K. |year=1995 |title=Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=105–118 |bibcode=1995AdSpR..16h.105H |doi=10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N |pmid=11542695}}</ref> Siffofin rayuwa suna bunƙasa a cikin zurfin Mariana Trench, <ref name="Glud-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Glud |first=Ronnie |last2=Wenzhöfer |first2=Frank |last3=Middelboe |first3=Mathias |last4=Oguri |first4=Kazumasa |last5=Turnewitsch |first5=Robert |last6=Canfield |first6=Donald E. |last7=Kitazato |first7=Hiroshi |date=17 March 2013 |title=High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=284–288 |bibcode=2013NatGe...6..284G |doi=10.1038/ngeo1773}}</ref> da kuma cikin duwatsu har zuwa {{Convert|580|m|ft mi}} a ƙasan teku ƙasa da {{Convert|2590|m|ft mi}} na teku a bakin tekun arewa maso yammacin Amurka, <ref name="Choi-2013">{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. |date=17 March 2013 |title=Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth |url=http://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402234623/http://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=[[LiveScience]]}}</ref> <ref name="Oskin-2013">{{Cite web |last=Oskin |first=Becky |date=14 March 2013 |title=Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor |url=http://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402235647/http://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=[[LiveScience]]}}</ref> da {{Convert|2400|m|ft mi}} a ƙarƙashin ƙasan teku a gefen Japan. Akwai ma ƙwayoyin cuta da ke bunƙasa a cikin na'urorin nukiliya. A shekarar 2014, an gano cewa halittu masu rai suna rayuwa {{Convert|800|m|ft mi}} a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙarar Antarctica. <ref name="Fox-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Douglas |date=20 August 2014 |title=Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=512 |issue=7514 |pages=244–246 |bibcode=2014Natur.512..244F |doi=10.1038/512244a |pmid=25143097 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mack-2014">{{Cite web |last=Mack |first=Eric |date=20 August 2014 |title=Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2014/08/20/life-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822002442/http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2014/08/20/life-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next/ |archive-date=22 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na Shirin Gano Teku na Duniya ya gano halittu masu rai guda ɗaya a cikin shekaru 120&nbsp;°C laka 1.2&nbsp;kilomita a ƙarƙashin ƙasan teku a yankin ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwa na Nankai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heuer |first=Verena B. |last2=Inagaki |first2=Fumio |last3=Morono |first3=Yuki |last4=Kubo |first4=Yusuke |last5=Spivack |first5=Arthur J. |last6=Viehweger |first6=Bernhard |last7=Treude |first7=Tina |last8=Beulig |first8=Felix |last9=Schubotz |first9=Florence |last10=Tonai |first10=Satoshi |last11=Bowden |first11=Stephen A. |display-authors=5 |date=4 December 2020 |title=Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=370 |issue=6521 |pages=1230–1234 |bibcode=2020Sci...370.1230H |doi=10.1126/science.abd7934 |pmid=33273103 |s2cid=227257205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926003958/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=5 November 2023 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar wani mai bincike, "Za ka iya samun ƙwayoyin cuta a ko'ina—suna da matuƙar daidaitawa da yanayi, kuma suna rayuwa a duk inda suke." <ref name="Choi-2013" /> === Jerin haƙuri === Abubuwan da ba su da aiki a cikin yanayin halittu sune abubuwan zahiri da sinadarai da ake buƙata don rayuwa - makamashi (hasken rana ko [[Biochemistry|makamashin sinadarai]] ), ruwa, zafi, [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|yanayi]], nauyi, abubuwan gina jiki, da kuma [[Lemar Sararin Samaniya|kariyar hasken rana]] ta ultraviolet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Essential requirements for life |url=http://cmapsnasacmex.ihmc.us/servlet/SBReadResourceServlet?rid=1025200161109_2045745605_1714&partName=htmltext |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817100436/http://cmapsnasacmex.ihmc.us/servlet/SBReadResourceServlet?rid=1025200161109_2045745605_1714&partName=htmltext |archive-date=17 August 2009 |access-date=14 July 2009 |publisher=CMEX-NASA}}</ref> A mafi yawan yanayin halittu, yanayin ya bambanta a lokacin rana kuma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Domin tsira a cikin waɗannan halittun, dole ne halittu su iya jure wa yanayi daban-daban da aka ayyana a matsayin "jerin haƙuri". A wajen wannan fanni akwai "yankunan damuwa na jiki", inda rayuwa da haihuwa ke yiwuwa amma ba su da kyau. Bayan waɗannan yankuna akwai "yankunan rashin haƙuri", inda rayuwa da haifuwar wannan halitta ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba. Kwayoyin halitta masu nau'ikan haƙuri sun fi yaɗuwa fiye da halittu masu nau'ikan haƙuri. <ref name="Chiras-2001" /> [[File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg|thumb| ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' wani nau'in halitta ne mai tsauri wanda zai iya jure yanayin sanyi, bushewar jiki, iska mai ƙarfi, acid, da kuma radiation.]] == Rarrabawa == === Tsoffin Yamma === An fara rarraba halittu ta hanyar masanin falsafar Girka Aristotle (384–322 BC), wanda ya haɗa halittu masu rai a matsayin tsirrai ko dabbobi, bisa ga ikonsu na motsawa. Ya bambanta dabbobi masu jini daga dabbobi marasa jini, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da ra'ayoyin halittu masu kashin baya da marasa kashin baya bi da bi, kuma ya raba dabbobin da ke jini zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyar: dabbobi masu rai masu rai masu rai ( mamaye ), dabbobi masu rarrafe masu rai masu rai (masu rarrafe da masu ruwa da tsaki ), tsuntsaye, kifaye da kifaye masu kifin whale . An raba dabbobin da ba su da jini zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyar: cephalopods, crustaceans, kwari (wanda ya haɗa da gizo-gizo, kunama, da centipedes ), dabbobin da aka yi wa harsashi (kamar yawancin molluscs da echinoderms ), da kuma zoophytes (dabbobin da suka yi kama da tsire-tsire). Wannan ka'ida ta ci gaba da mamaye ta tsawon sama da shekaru dubu. === Falsafar Gabas === A cikin maganin gargajiya na Indiya, ''Sushruta Samhita'' (wanda aka saba amfani da shi a kusan ƙarni na 6 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) ya rarraba guba, da kuma ta hanyar abubuwan da suka fi yawa, zuwa ''stvara'' ("mara motsi"), na asalin shuka ko ma'adinai, da kuma ''jangama'' ("mai motsi" ko mai rai), na asalin dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Poison Detection and Diagnosis in Ayurveda: A Historical and Scientific Perspective |url=https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/13351 |journal=Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=18 |doi=10.69980/12wvgg84 |access-date=5 July 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ƙara raba masarautar shukar zuwa rukuni kamar ''vriksha'' (bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace da furanni) da kuma ''virudha'' (ciyawa da bishiyoyi masu rarrafe). <ref>{{Cite web |title=According to Susruta Samhita, Virudha consisted of |url=https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/according-to-susruta-samhita-virudha-consisted-class-11-biology-cbse-5f84fab210ace866687b8c32 |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> Abokin tafiyar ''Charaka Samhita'' ya yi amfani da wani nau'i mai kama da na ''stvara'', ''jangama'', da kuma nau'in roba ( ''samyogaja'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ayurveda Concept of Visha: A Review |url=https://ijrap.net/admin/php/uploads/2932_pdf.pdf |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> === Linnaean === A ƙarshen shekarun 1740, [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ya gabatar da tsarinsa na [[Nomenclature na binomial|binomial nomenclature]] don rarraba nau'ikan halittu. Linnaeus ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta rubutun da kuma rage tsawon sunayen da aka yi amfani da su a baya da kalmomi da yawa ta hanyar kawar da maganganun da ba dole ba, gabatar da sabbin kalmomin da ke bayyana ma'anarsu daidai. <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Sandra Knapp |date=April 2004 |title=Stability or stasis in the names of organisms: the evolving codes of nomenclature |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B]] |volume=359 |issue=1444 |pages=611–622 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1445 |pmc=1693349 |pmid=15253348}}</ref> Da farko an yi wa fungi magani a matsayin tsirrai. Na ɗan gajeren lokaci, Linnaeus ya rarraba su a cikin taxon Vermes a Animalia, amma daga baya ya mayar da su a Plantae. [[Herbert Copeland]] ya rarraba Fungi a cikin Protoctista ɗinsa, ya haɗa su da ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya don haka ya guji matsalar kaɗan amma ya amince da matsayinsu na musamman. Daga ƙarshe Whittaker ya warware matsalar, lokacin da ya ba su nasu mulkin a cikin tsarin mulkinsa na masarautu biyar . Tarihin juyin halitta ya nuna cewa fungi suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da dabbobi fiye da tsirrai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=R.H. |date=January 1969 |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–160 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |pmid=5762760}}</ref> Yayin da ci gaban da aka samu a na'urar hangen nesa (microscope) ya ba da damar yin cikakken bincike kan ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙananan halittu, an gano sabbin rukunonin rayuwa, kuma an ƙirƙiri fannoni na ilmin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙananan halittu . An fara bayyana waɗannan sabbin halittu daban-daban a cikin protozoa a matsayin dabbobi da protophyta/thallophyta a matsayin tsire-tsire, amma Ernst Haeckel ya haɗa su a cikin masarautar Protista ; daga baya, an raba prokaryotes a cikin masarautar Monera, wanda daga ƙarshe za a raba shi zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban, Bacteria da Archaea . Wannan ya haifar da tsarin masarautu shida kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa tsarin yankuna uku na yanzu, wanda ya dogara ne akan dangantakar juyin halitta. Duk da haka, rarrabuwar eukaryotes, musamman na protists, har yanzu tana da ce-ce-ku-ce. [1] Yayin da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta ke ƙaruwa, an gano ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ba ƙwayoyin halitta ba ne. Ko waɗannan suna da rai abu ne da ake muhawara a kai; ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da halayen rayuwa kamar membranes na tantanin halitta, metabolism da kuma ikon girma ko amsawa ga muhallinsu. An rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa "nau'i" bisa ga [[Genetics|kwayoyin halittarsu]], amma fannoni da yawa na irin wannan rarrabuwa har yanzu suna da ce-ce-ku-ce. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Regenmortel |first=M.H. |date=January 2007 |title=Virus species and virus identification: past and current controversies |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–144 |bibcode=2007InfGE...7..133V |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.04.002 |pmid=16713373 |s2cid=86179057}}</ref> An gyara tsarin Linnaean na asali sau da yawa, misali kamar haka: An ƙalubalanci ƙoƙarin tsara ƙabilun eukaryotes zuwa ƙananan masarautu. Protozoa ba sa samar da wani tsari na halitta ko kuma rukuni na halitta, <ref name="Simpson-2004">{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Alastair G.B. |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |year=2004 |title=The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=14 |issue=17 |pages=R693–R696 |bibcode=2004CBio...14.R693S |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038 |pmid=15341755 |s2cid=207051421 |doi-access=free}}</ref> haka nan Chromista (Chromalveolata). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=J.T. |last2=Waanders |first2=E. |last3=Keeling |first3=P.J. |year=2005 |title=On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes |journal=[[International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology]] |volume=55 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=487–496 |bibcode=2005IJSEM..55..487H |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0 |pmid=15653923 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Metagenomic === Ikon jera adadi mai yawa na cikakkun kwayoyin halitta ya ba masana ilmin halitta damar ɗaukar ra'ayi game da yanayin halittar dukkan bishiyar rayuwa . Wannan ya haifar da fahimtar cewa yawancin halittu masu rai ƙwayoyin cuta ne, kuma duk suna da asali iri ɗaya. <ref name="Hug-2016" /> == Tsarin aiki == === Sinadaran sinadarai === Duk wani nau'in halitta yana buƙatar wasu muhimman sinadarai don aikinsu [[Biochemistry|na sinadarai]] . Waɗannan sun haɗa da carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, da sulfur - abubuwan gina jiki na dukkan halittu. Tare waɗannan suka samar da nucleic acid, sunadarai da lipids, mafi yawan abubuwan rayuwa. Biyar daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa shida sun ƙunshi sinadaran da ke cikin DNA, banda sulfur. Na ƙarshen wani sinadari ne na amino acid cysteine da methionine . Mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwan a cikin halittu shine carbon, wanda ke da siffa mai kyau ta samar da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da yawa. Wannan yana bawa ƙwayoyin da ke ɗauke da carbon (na halitta) damar samar da nau'ikan tsarin sinadarai iri-iri da aka bayyana a cikin [[Organic chemistry|ilmin sunadarai na halitta]] . <ref name="Lipkus-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Lipkus |first=Alan H. |last2=Yuan |first2=Qiong |last3=Lucas |first3=Karen A. |last4=Funk |first4=Susan A. |last5=Bartelt |first5=William F. |last6=Schenck |first6=Roger J. |last7=Trippe |first7=Anthony J. |year=2008 |title=Structural Diversity of Organic Chemistry. A Scaffold Analysis of the CAS Registry |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=73 |issue=12 |pages=4443–4451 |doi=10.1021/jo8001276 |pmid=18505297 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu nau'ikan hasashe na biochemistry waɗanda ke kawar da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan, musanya wani abu da wanda ba ya cikin jerin, ko canza abubuwan da ake buƙata ko wasu halayen sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benner |first=Steven A. |last2=Ricardo |first2=Alonso |last3=Carrigan |first3=Matthew A. |date=December 2004 |title=Is there a common chemical model for life in the universe? |url=http://www.fossildna.com/articles/benner_commonmodelforlife.pdf |journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Biology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=672–689 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.10.003 |pmid=15556414 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016220349/http://www.fossildna.com/articles/benner_commonmodelforlife.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> === DNA === Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) wani kwayar halitta ce da ke ɗauke da mafi yawan umarnin kwayoyin halitta da ake amfani da su wajen girma, ci gaba, aiki da kuma haifuwar dukkan halittu masu rai da aka sani da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. DNA da RNA sune ƙwayoyin nucleic acid ; tare da sunadaran da hadaddun carbohydrates, suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan macromolecules guda uku waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga duk nau'ikan rayuwa da aka sani. Yawancin kwayoyin halittar DNA sun ƙunshi zare biyu na biopolymer da aka naɗe a kusa da juna don samar da helix biyu . An san zaren DNA guda biyu da polynucleotides tunda sun ƙunshi sassa masu sauƙi da ake kira nucleotides . Kowace nucleotide ta ƙunshi nucleobase mai ɗauke da nitrogen - ko dai cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), ko thymine (T) - da kuma sukari da ake kira deoxyribose da kuma rukunin phosphate . [1] Nucleotides suna haɗuwa da juna a cikin sarka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin sukari na nucleotide ɗaya da phosphate na gaba, wanda ke haifar da canjin baya na sukari-phosphate . A bisa ga ƙa'idodin haɗin tushe (A tare da T, da C tare da G), haɗin hydrogen yana ɗaure tushen nitrogenous na zaren polynucleotide guda biyu daban-daban don yin DNA mai nau'i biyu. Wannan yana da mahimmin siffa cewa kowace zare tana ɗauke da duk bayanan da ake buƙata don sake ƙirƙirar ɗayan zaren, wanda ke ba da damar adana bayanan yayin haifuwa da rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta. A cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, an tsara DNA zuwa dogayen tsari da ake kira chromosomes . A lokacin rabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar suna kwafi ne a cikin tsarin [[kwafi na DNA]], wanda ke ba wa kowace ƙwayar halittar cikakken tsarin chromosomes ɗinta. Eukaryotes suna adana mafi yawan DNA ɗinsu a cikin ƙwayar halitta . === Kwayoyin halitta === Kwayoyin halitta su ne ginshiƙin tsari a cikin kowace halitta mai rai, kuma dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta suna fitowa ne daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka riga suka wanzu ta hanyar rarrabawa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2019 |title=2.2: The Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Life: The Cell |url=https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/03%3A_Nutrition_and_the_Human_Body/2.2%3A_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life%3A_The_Cell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060227/https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS:_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/03:_Nutrition_and_the_Human_Body/2.2:_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life:_The_Cell |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |publisher=LibreTexts}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Debopriya |date=14 May 2019 |title=Six Main Cell Functions |url=https://sciencing.com/six-main-cell-functions-6891800.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060221/https://sciencing.com/six-main-cell-functions-6891800.html |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |publisher=Leaf Group Ltd./Leaf Group Media}}</ref> Henri Dutrochet, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow da sauransu ne suka tsara ka'idar ƙwayoyin halitta a farkon ƙarni na sha tara, daga baya kuma aka karɓe ta sosai. Aikin wani abu ya dogara ne akan cikakken aikin ƙwayoyin halittarsa, tare da kwararar kuzari da ke faruwa a cikinsu da kuma tsakanin su. Kwayoyin halitta suna ɗauke da bayanan gado waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin lambar [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] yayin rabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lintilhac |first=P.M. |date=Jan 1999 |title=Thinking of biology: toward a theory of cellularity—speculations on the nature of the living cell |url=https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/Lintilhac%202003.pdf |journal=BioScience |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.2307/1313494 |jstor=1313494 |pmid=11543344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406043511/https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/Lintilhac%202003.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2013 |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu, waɗanda ke nuna asalin juyin halittarsu. Kwayoyin prokaryotic ba su da tsakiya da sauran gabban da ke ɗaure da membrane, kodayake suna da DNA mai zagaye da ribosomes . Kwayoyin cuta da Archaea su ne yankuna biyu na prokaryotes. Wani nau'in farko shine tantanin halitta na eukaryotic, wanda ke da wani sinadari na tsakiya wanda aka ɗaure shi da membrane na nukiliya da kuma wasu gabban da ke ɗaure da membrane, waɗanda suka haɗa da mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum mai laushi da santsi, da vacuoles . Bugu da ƙari, an tsara DNA ɗinsu zuwa cikin chromosomes . Duk nau'ikan manyan halittu masu rikitarwa sune eukaryotes, gami da dabbobi, tsirrai da fungi, kodayake suna da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa na protist . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitman |first=W. |last2=Coleman |first2=D. |last3=Wiebe |first3=W. |year=1998 |title=Prokaryotes: The unseen majority |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=6578–6583 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.6578W |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578 |pmc=33863 |pmid=9618454 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin gargajiya shine cewa eukaryotes sun samo asali ne daga prokaryotes, tare da manyan organelles na eukaryotes suna samar da su ta hanyar endosymbiosis tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayar halittar eukaryotic ta farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pace |first=Norman R. |date=18 May 2006 |title=Concept Time for a change |url=http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/NAS/Kang/BIOL3231/Week3-Pace_2006.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7091 |page=289 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..289P |doi=10.1038/441289a |pmid=16710401 |s2cid=4431143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016220349/http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/NAS/Kang/BIOL3231/Week3-Pace_2006.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Kwayoyin halitta suna haifuwa ta hanyar tsarin rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta inda ƙwayar halitta ta iyaye ke raba zuwa ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya mata biyu ko fiye. Ga prokaryotes, rabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin fission inda ake kwafi DNA, sannan a haɗa kwafin guda biyu zuwa sassan membrane na tantanin halitta. A cikin ƙwayoyin halittar eukaryotes, ana bin wani tsari mai rikitarwa na mitosis . Duk da haka, sakamakon iri ɗaya ne; kwafin ƙwayoyin halitta da suka biyo baya iri ɗaya ne da juna da kuma na asali (banda maye gurbi ), kuma duka biyun suna iya sake rabuwa bayan wani lokaci na interphase . Yawancin nau'ikan [[Shuka|tsire-tsire]] masu ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, [[Dabba|dabbobi]] da fungi da kuma yawancin protists suna iya haihuwa ta hanyar jima'i . Ana ɗaukar cewa haifuwar jima'i, wadda ta ƙunshi tsarin meiotic, ta taso ne tun da wuri a lokacin juyin halittar eukaryotes. <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=779–783}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=498–505}}</ref> Kwayoyin halitta masu yawa na iya samo asali ne ta hanyar samuwar ƙwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta na iya samar da ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar mannewar ƙwayoyin halitta . Mutum ɗaya daga cikin membobin wani yanki yana iya rayuwa da kansa, yayin da membobin wani halitta mai ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa suka haɓaka ƙwarewa, wanda hakan ya sa suka dogara da sauran halittun don rayuwa. Ana samar da irin waɗannan halittu ta hanyar clone ko kuma daga ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya wadda ke da ikon samar da ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman daban-daban waɗanda ke samar da babban halitta. Wannan ƙwarewa tana bawa ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa damar amfani da albarkatu fiye da ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 800 da suka wuce, wani ƙaramin canjin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, wato enzyme GK-PID, ya iya ba da damar halittu su canza daga kwayar halitta guda ɗaya zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa. Kwayoyin halitta sun haɓaka hanyoyin fahimtar da kuma mayar da martani ga yanayin su, ta haka suna haɓaka daidaitawarsu. Siginar tantanin halitta tana daidaita ayyukan tantanin halitta, don haka tana sarrafa ayyukan asali na ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa. Sigina tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da siginar juxtacrine, ko kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar musayar wakilai kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin endocrine . A cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa, haɗin kai na ayyuka na iya faruwa ta hanyar tsarin jijiyoyi na musamman. == A cikin sararin samaniya == Bincike kan juriya da bambancin rayuwa a duniya, da kuma fahimtar tsarin kwayoyin halitta da wasu halittu ke amfani da su don tsira daga irin wannan mawuyacin hali, yana da mahimmanci ga neman rayuwa a waje. <ref name="Rothschild-2003">{{Cite web |last=Rothschild |first=Lynn |author-link=Lynn J. Rothschild |date=September 2003 |title=Understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life |url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329092237/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=13 July 2009 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Misali, lichen zai iya rayuwa na tsawon wata guda a cikin yanayin Mars da aka kwaikwayi . <ref name="Baldwin-2012">{{Cite web |last=Baldwin |first=Emily |date=26 April 2012 |title=Lichen survives harsh Mars environment |url=http://www.skymania.com/wp/2012/04/lichen-survives-harsh-martian-setting.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528145425/http://www.skymania.com/wp/2012/04/lichen-survives-harsh-martian-setting.html/ |archive-date=28 May 2012 |access-date=27 April 2012 |publisher=Skymania News}}</ref> <ref name="de Vera-2012">{{Cite journal |last=de Vera |first=J.-P. |last2=Kohler |first2=Ulrich |date=26 April 2012 |title=The adaptation potential of extremophiles to Martian surface conditions and its implication for the habitability of Mars |url=http://media.egu2012.eu/media/filer_public/2012/04/05/10_solarsystem_devera.pdf |journal=EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts |volume=14 |page=2113 |bibcode=2012EGUGA..14.2113D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504224706/http://media.egu2012.eu/media/filer_public/2012/04/05/10_solarsystem_devera.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> Bayan Tsarin Rana, yankin da ke kewaye da wani babban tauraro wanda zai iya tallafawa rayuwa irin ta Duniya a kan wata duniya mai kama da Duniya ana kiransa yankin da ake iya zama a ciki . Radiyoyin ciki da na waje na wannan yanki sun bambanta da hasken tauraro, haka nan kuma tazara tsakanin lokacin da yankin ke rayuwa. Taurari da suka fi Rana girma suna da babban yanki da za a iya rayuwa a ciki, amma suna ci gaba da kasancewa a kan "babban jerin" juyin halitta na taurari kamar Rana na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ƙananan jajayen halittu suna da matsala akasin haka, tare da ƙaramin yanki mai zama wanda ke fuskantar manyan matakan aikin maganadisu da kuma tasirin kullewar ruwa daga kewayen ruwa. Saboda haka, taurari a matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyi kamar Rana na iya samun ƙarin yuwuwar halittu masu kama da Duniya su girma. <ref name="Selis-2006">{{Cite book|edition=Hervé}}</ref> Wurin da tauraron yake a cikin tarin taurari na iya shafar yiwuwar samuwar rayuwa. Ana hasashen taurari a yankunan da ke da yawan abubuwa masu nauyi waɗanda za su iya samar da duniyoyi, tare da ƙarancin adadin abubuwan da za su iya lalata muhallinsu, waɗanda za su iya zama ruwan dare, za su sami damar karɓar bakuncin duniyoyi masu rai masu rikitarwa. <ref name="Lineweaver-2004">{{Cite journal |last=Lineweaver |first=Charles H. |last2=Fenner |first2=Yeshe |last3=Gibson |first3=Brad K. |date=January 2004 |title=The Galactic Habitable Zone and the age distribution of complex life in the Milky Way |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/704101 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=303 |issue=5654 |pages=59–62 |arxiv=astro-ph/0401024 |bibcode=2004Sci...303...59L |doi=10.1126/science.1092322 |pmid=14704421 |s2cid=18140737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531022432/https://cds.cern.ch/record/704101 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> Ana amfani da masu canjin lissafin Drake don tattauna yanayin da ke cikin tsarin duniyoyi inda wayewa ke da yuwuwar wanzuwa, a cikin iyakokin rashin tabbas. An gabatar da ma'aunin "Amincewar Gano Rayuwa" (CoLD) don bayar da rahoton shaidar rayuwa a bayan Duniya. <ref name="Green-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=James |last2=Hoehler |first2=Tori |last3=Neveu |first3=Marc |last4=Domagal-Goldman |first4=Shawn |last5=Scalice |first5=Daniella |last6=Voytek |first6=Mary |author-link6=Mary Voytek |date=27 October 2021 |title=Call for a framework for reporting evidence for life beyond Earth |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03804-9 |url-status=live |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=598 |issue=7882 |pages=575–579 |arxiv=2107.10975 |bibcode=2021Natur.598..575G |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03804-9 |pmid=34707302 |s2cid=236318566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101023448/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03804-9 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> == wucin gadi == Rayuwar wucin gadi ita ce kwaikwayon kowane fanni na rayuwa, kamar ta hanyar kwamfutoci, na'urorin robotics, ko kuma [[Biochemistry|na biochemistry]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artificial life |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/artificial--life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021041/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/artificial--life |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> Ilimin halittar jiki wani sabon fanni ne na [[Biotechnology|fasahar kere-kere]] wanda ya haɗu da kimiyya da injiniyan halittu . Manufar gama gari ita ce tsara da gina sabbin ayyuka da tsarin halittu da ba a samu a yanayi ba. Ilimin halittar jiki ya haɗa da fayyace da faɗaɗa fasahar kere-kere, tare da manyan manufofi na iya tsara da gina tsarin halittu masu inganci waɗanda ke sarrafa bayanai, sarrafa sinadarai, ƙera kayayyaki da tsari, samar da makamashi, samar da abinci, da kuma kula da lafiya da muhalli da kuma muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chopra |first=Paras |last2=Akhil Kamma |title=Engineering life through Synthetic Biology |url=http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/ |url-status=live |journal=In Silico Biology |volume=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805175817/http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/ |archive-date=5 August 2008 |access-date=9 June 2008}}</ref> * [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14772 Vitae] (BioLib) * [[species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] - kundin adireshi kyauta na rayuwa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140715055239/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=1&src=0 Biota] (Taxonomicon) (an adana a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2014) * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life/ Shigarwa] akan ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231205164331/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/12/defining-life-existentialism-scientific-theory/676238/ Menene Rayuwa?] – ta Jaime Green, ''The Atlantic'' (an adana a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2023) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] os7a8gpmd9ozs1qnaz09nov1753t79u REDD da REDD+ 0 109552 967224 808935 2026-10-13T16:23:03Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 967224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''REDD+''' Wani tsari ne na rage sauyin yanayi na son rai wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) ta kirkira.<ref>UN-REDD Programme (February 2016). "About REDD+" (PDF). www.un-redd.org</ref> Yana da nufin karfafawa kasashe masu tasowa gwiwa don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sare dazuzzuka, da kara habaka kawar da iskar gas, da inganta kula da gandun daji mai dorewa, da karfafa kudi. Ƙaƙƙarfar kalmar tana nufin "rage yawan hayaƙi daga sare gandun daji da lalata gandun daji a ƙasashe masu tasowa. "+" yana nufin ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na tsarin. Ana ganin matsuguni da sare gandun daji a Bolivia a nan a cikin yanayin saran gandun daji na "kashin naman kiwo" wanda ya ratsa cikin dajin. NASA, 2016. Manyan abubuwa Ka'idodin ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɗin kai suna nuna cewa UNFCCC za ta iya ba da ƙa'idodin aiwatarwa kawai, kuma tana buƙatar gabatar da rahotanni a cikin wani tsari kuma buɗe don sake dubawa ta yarjejeniyar. An ƙaddamar da wani tsari na buƙatun don tabbatar da cewa shirye-shiryen REDD + sun ƙunshi mahimman abubuwa waɗanda rahotanni daga jam'iyyun suka kasance daidai kuma suna kama da juna kuma cewa abubuwan da suke ciki a bude suke don yin nazari da aiki na manufofin taron. Shawarar 1/CP.16 ta bukaci duk ƙasashe masu tasowa da ke da niyyar ɗaukar REDD+ don haɓaka abubuwa masu zuwa:<ref>UNFCCC. "What is REDD+?". unfccc.int. Retrieved 1 April 2025.</ref> (a) Dabaru ko shirin aiki na kasa; (b) Matsayin nusar da gandun daji na ƙasa da/ko matakin nunin gandun daji ko, idan ya dace, a matsayin ma'aunin wucin gadi, matakan isar da gandun daji na ƙasa da/ko matakan nunin gandun daji; (c) Tsarin sa ido na gandun daji na ƙasa mai ƙarfi don sa ido da bayar da rahoto kan ayyukan REDD+ (duba ƙasa), tare da, idan ya dace, sa ido da bayar da rahoto na ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi; (d) Tsarin samar da bayanai kan yadda ake magance da kuma mutunta kariyar zamantakewa da muhalli (wanda aka haɗa a cikin ƙari ga yanke shawara) a duk lokacin aiwatar da REDD+. Har ila yau, ta bukaci kasashe masu tasowa da su magance matsalolin sare dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji, al'amurran da suka shafi mallakar filaye, al'amurran da suka shafi kula da gandun daji, la'akari da jinsi da kiyaye zaman jama'a da muhalli, tare da tabbatar da shiga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki. == Ayyukan da suka cancanta == "Ayyukan da suka cancanta" na REDD+ sune: (a) Rage fitar da hayaki daga sare itatuwa. (b) Rage fitar da hayaki daga lalata dazuzzuka. (c) Kiyaye gandun daji na carbon. (d) Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa. (e) Haɓaka haƙƙoƙin gandun daji. == Manufofi da matakai == A cikin rubutun yarjejeniyar an yi magana akai-akai game da "manufofin da ma'auni" na kasa, tsarin doka, ka'idoji da kayan aikin gudanarwa waɗanda jam'iyyun ke haɓaka da aiwatarwa don cimma manufar yarjejeniyar. Waɗannan manufofin za su iya zama na musamman don rage sauyin yanayi ko daidaitawa, ko kuma na yanayi daban-daban amma tare da tasiri kan hayaƙin da ake fitarwa. Yawancin bangarorin da suka rattaba hannu kan UNFCCC a yanzu sun kafa dabarun sauyin yanayi da matakan mayar da martani. Wani sha'awa ta musamman ga REDD+ sune ke haifar da saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji. Hukunce-hukuncen UNFCCC na kira ga kasashe da su yi nazari kan wadannan direbobin tare da kafa manufofi da matakai kan wannan tantancewar ta yadda za a iya karkatar da manufofi da matakan zuwa inda tasirin ya fi girma. Ana ƙarfafa ƙasashe su gano "halayen ƙasa" waɗanda ke shafar direbobi: takamaiman yanayi a cikin ƙasa waɗanda ke tasiri ga albarkatun gandun daji. Ana iya samun alamu na yanayi na al'ada na kasa a cikin gabatarwar shawarwarin COP daban-daban, kamar "tabbatar da cewa ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma da kawar da talauci sune fifiko na duniya" a cikin Bali Action Plan, [4] ba da damar kasashe masu tasowa su ba da fifiko ga manufofi kamar kawar da talauci ta hanyar fadada aikin noma ko samar da wutar lantarki akan kare gandun daji. == Matakan magana == Matakan bita suna aiki azaman tushe don auna tasirin shirye-shiryen REDD+ wajen rage hayakin iskar gas. Sakamakon da aka auna akan waɗannan tushe na iya zama cancantar biyan kuɗi na tushen sakamako. Abubuwan buƙatu da halaye na matakan tunani suna ƙarƙashin kulawar UNFCCC. Idan aka yi la'akari da nau'ikan yanayin muhalli iri-iri da ƙayyadaddun yanayi, kowace ƙasa za ta sami zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri a cikin ma'anarta na matakan tunani a cikin yankinta.<ref>Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010" (PDF). Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Yanayi]] pzjsaef51n25lfck1oh075u4fi9x3se Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS 0 112403 967294 952560 2026-10-13T20:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Rigakafin cutar kanjamau''' yana nufin abubuwan da ke da niyyar hana yaduwar [[Kanjamau|Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV).]] Ayyukan rigakafin cutar kanjamau na iya zama abunda mutane zasuyi don kare lafiyarsu da lafiyar wadanda ke garinsu, ko kuma gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin al'umma na iya kafa su a matsayin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. == Shirye-shiryen rigakafi == Hadin gwiwar hana cutar kanjamau sun hada da amfani da: [[Fayil:AIDS_Prevention_-_Condom_dispensers_in_toilets_(4612444296).jpg|thumb|Rigakafin cutar kanjamau - Masu rarraba kwando a cikin bayan gida]] * Hanyoyin shingen, kamar amfani da kwaroron roba <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=How to Use a Female Condom {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/Female-condom-use.html |access-date=2019-10-31 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> ko madatsar hakora <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=How to Use a Male Condom {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html |access-date=2019-10-31 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> yayin jima'i<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=How to Use a Dental Dam {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/Dental-dam-use.html |access-date=2019-10-31 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> * Magungunan antiretroviral ko maganin antiretrovirus (ART) * Magani kafin bayyanar * Magani bayan bayyanar * kaciya ta maza da son rai (duba kuma kaciya da cutar kanjamau) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandra |first=Iqbal |name-list-style=vanc |date=28 March 2008 |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411065430/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |archive-date=April 11, 2007 |access-date=3 July 2011 |website=who.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J |date=April 2009 |editor-last=Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group |title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2013 |issue=2 |pages=CD003362 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2 |pmc=11666075 |pmid=19370585}}</ref> * Microbicides don cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i * kananan allurar sararin samaniya Amfani a kai-kai, da kwararon roba yadda ya dace hanya ce da aka tabbatar na hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau yayin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weller S, Davis K |date=2002-01-21 |title=Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2012 |issue=1 |pages=CD003255 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003255 |pmc=8407100 |pmid=11869658}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe da suka cigaba, Shirye-shiryen Rigakafin Uwa zuwa Yaro (PMTC) gami da gwajin cutar kanjamau na mata masu juna biyu, maganin antiretroviral, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=White AB, Mirjahangir JF, Horvath H, Anglemyer A, Read JS |date=October 2014 |editor-last=Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group |title=Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=10 |pages=CD011323 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011323 |pmc=10576873 |pmid=25280769}}</ref> shawarwari game da ciyar da jarirai, da ayyukan haihuwa masu aminci (guje wa hanyoyin mamayewa) sun rage yaduwar uwa zuwa yara zuwa kasa da 1%. Magani a matsayin rigakafi (TasP) shi ma yana da tasiri sosai; a cikin ma'aurata daban-daban (inda bayan abokin tarayya yake da cutar kanjamau kuma ɗayan ba shi da cutar kansaru), cutar kanjamau ba za a iya yaduwa ga abokin tarayya marar kamuwa da cutar ba idan abokin tarayya mai cutar kanjama yana kan magani.<ref name="Anglemyer_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, Baggaley RC, Egger M, Siegfried N |date=April 2013 |title=Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2013 |issue=4 |pages=CD009153 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3 |pmc=4026368 |pmid=23633367}}</ref> Yanzu an san cewa idan mutumin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau yana da nauyin kwayar cuta wanda ba a iya ganowa ba, babu hadarin yaduwar kwayar cutar ta HIV ga abokin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Castilla J, Del Romero J, Hernando V, Marincovich B, García S, Rodríguez C |date=September 2005 |title=Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-acquired-immune-deficiency-syndromes_2005-09-01_40_1/page/96 |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |language=en-US |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |doi=10.1097/01.qai.0000157389.78374.45 |pmid=16123689 |s2cid=42271802 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Asboe D, Viciana P, Gutiérrez F, Clotet B, Pradier C, Gerstoft J, Weber R, Westling K, Wandeler G, Prins JM, Rieger A, Stoeckle M, Kümmerle T, Bini T, Ammassari A, Gilson R, Krznaric I, Ristola M, Zangerle R, Handberg P, Antela A, Allan S, Phillips AN, Lundgren J |date=July 2016 |title=Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-07-12_316_2/page/171 |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=2 |pages=171–81 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.5148 |pmid=27404185 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutiérrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J |date=June 2019 |title=Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study |journal=Lancet |volume=393 |issue=10189 |pages=2428–2438 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0 |pmc=6584382 |pmid=31056293}}</ref> Hadarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau yana da alaka da kasancewar cututtuka masu alaka, musamman sauran cututtukan da ake iya kamuwa da ita ta hanyar jima'i. Kwararrun likitoci sun ba da shawarar magani ko rigakafin wasu cututtuka irin su herpes, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, papillomavirus, syphilis, gonorrhea, da tarin fuka a matsayin hanya kai tsaye don hana yaduwar cutar HIV. Likitoci suna kula da waɗannan sharuɗɗan tare da taimakon magunguna da/ko rigakafi.[1] Duk da haka, ba a sani ba ko magance wasu cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i a kan yawan jama'a yana da tasiri wajen hana cutar HIV. === Rage lahani da dabarun zamantakewa === Harm reduction is defined as "policies, programmes and practices that aim to minimise negative health, social and legal impacts associated with drug use, drug policies and drug laws".<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is harm reduction? |url=https://www.hri.global/what-is-harm-reduction |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=Harm Reduction International |language=en}}</ref> The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that harm reduction is central to the prevention of HIV amongst people who inject drugs (PWID) and their sexual and drug using partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=Harm reduction |url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/policy/policy-guidance-for-areas-of-intervention/harm-reduction |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.euro.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Social strategies do not require any drug or object to be effective, but rather require persons to change their behaviors to gain protection from HIV. Some social strategies include:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}   Each of these strategies has widely differing levels of efficacy, social acceptance, and acceptance in the medical and scientific communities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2011}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Mutanen da ke samun damar Gwajin cutar kanjamau ba su da damar shiga cikin halayen da ke da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau daji, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham NL |date=September 1999 |title=Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1999-09_89_9/page/1397 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1397–405 |doi=10.2105/ajph.89.9.1397 |pmc=1508752 |pmid=10474559}}</ref> don haka gwajin cutar kansar kanjamau kusan koyaushe wani ɓangare ne na kowane dabarun don karfafa mutane su canza halayensu don zama marasa yiwuwar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamawa. Kasashe sama da 60 suna sanya wasu nau'ikan kuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye, ko dai don gajeren lokaci ko na dogon lokaci, ga mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIVTravel - Regulations on Entry, Stay, and Residence for PLHIV |url=http://hivtravel.org |access-date=2012-02-26}}</ref> === Talla da kamfen === Sakonnin da aka kawo ta hanyar tallace-tallace na kiwon lafiya da kamfen ɗin tallace-tallacen hanyoyin sada zumunta wadanda aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da haɗarin HIV / AIDS da dabarun rigakafi masu sauƙi suma hanya ce ta hana HIV. Wadannan sakonnin da suka rinjayi sun samu nasarar kara ilimin mutane game da cutar kanjamau. Mafi mahimmanci, bayanan da aka aika ta hanyar tallace-tallace da tallan kafafen sada zumunta suma sun tabbatar da tasiri wajen inganta fahimta ga jama'a game da amfani da kwaroron roba a nan gaba, kodayake ba su kawo canji mai mahimmanci a cikin ainihin halayyar ba sai dai waɗanda ke niyya ga takamaiman kwarewar halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albarracín D, McNatt PS, Klein CT, Ho RM, Mitchell AL, Kumkale GT |date=March 2003 |title=Persuasive communications to change actions: an analysis of behavioral and cognitive impact in HIV prevention |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-psychology_2003-03_22_2/page/166 |journal=Health Psychology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=166–77 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.166 |pmc=4803280 |pmid=12683737}}</ref><ref name="Albarracin, D. 2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albarracín D, Gillette JC, Earl AN, Glasman LR, Durantini MR, Ho MH |date=November 2005 |title=A test of major assumptions about behavior change: a comprehensive look at the effects of passive and active HIV-prevention interventions since the beginning of the epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_2005-11_131_6/page/856 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=856–97 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.856 |pmc=2713787 |pmid=16351327}}</ref> Binciken na musamman na 2020 a kan nazari 16 ya gano cewa ilimin kudi yana inganta ingancin sani da kuma rage yiwuwar cutar kanjamau a cikin matasa a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin arziki da matsakaicin kuɗi. Yawancin karatun da aka yi a cikin bita sun haɗu da ilimin kudi tare da ilimin kiwon lafiyar jima'i da / ko shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee N, Beeler Stücklin S, Lopez Rodriguez P, El Alaoui Faris M, Mukaka I |date=2020 |title=Financial education for HIV-vulnerable youth, orphans, and vulnerable children: A systematic review of outcome evidence |journal=Campbell Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e1071 |doi=10.1002/cl2.1071 |issn=1891-1803 |pmc=8356319 |pmid=37131976 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike a cikin sadarwa na kiwon lafiya ya kuma gano cewa muhimmancin bayar da shawarwari masu mahimmanci da kuma sanar da albarkatun da ke akwai sun fi girma ga mutanen da ke da ƙananan ikon zamantakewa, amma ba lallai ba ne gaskiya ga mutanen da suka fi iko. Masu sauraron Afirka na Amurka suna buƙatar a ilimantar da su game da dabarun da za su iya ɗauka don sarrafa kansu yadda ya kamata a cikin halayen kiwon lafiya kamar kula da yanayi, gudanar da kwayoyi, da kuma shirin shirye-shiryen halayen jima'i. Koyaya, waɗannan abubuwa ba su da mahimmanci ga Amurkawa na Turai.<ref name="Albarracin, D. 2005"/> === Yin jima'i === [[Fayil:Every6SecondsSomeoneContractsHIV.jpg|thumb|Condom a cikin siffar layin cutar kanjamau]] [[Fayil:Gleitmittel_Personal_Lubricants.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Abubuwan shafawa daban-daban]] Amfani da kwaroron roba yana rage haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau ta hanyar kusan 80% a cikin dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crosby R, Bounse S |date=March 2012 |title=Condom effectiveness: where are we now? |journal=Sexual Health |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=10–7 |doi=10.1071/SH11036 |pmid=22348628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Inda abokin tarayya na ma'aurata ke da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau, amfani da kwaroron roba yana haifar da yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamao ga mutumin da ba a kamu da shi ba a ƙasa da 1% a kowace shekara.<ref name="WHOCondoms">{{Cite web |date=August 2003 |title=Condom Facts and Figures |url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018145513/http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=January 17, 2006 |publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]}}</ref> Wasu bayanai suna tallafawa daidaitattun kwaroron roba na ciki zuwa kwaroron roba, amma shaidar ba ta da tabbas.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gallo MF, Kilbourne-Brook M, Coffey PS |date=March 2012 |title=A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236046 |journal=Sexual Health |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.1071/SH11037 |pmid=22348629}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2019, ana samun kwaroron roba a cikin kashi 30% na kurkuku a duniya. Amfani da maganin nonoxynol-9 na iya kara haɗarin yaduwa saboda yana haifar da fushin farji da na baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baptista M, Ramalho-Santos J |date=November 2009 |title=Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds |journal=Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=13 |pages=1556–67 |doi=10.2174/138955709790361548 |pmid=20205637}}</ref> An nuna gel na farji wanda ke dauke da tenofovir, mai hana transcriptase, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi nan da nan kafin jima'i, don rage yawan kamuwa da cuta da kusan kashi 40% tsakanin matan Afirka.<ref name="Celum_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Celum C, Baeten JM |date=February 2012 |title=Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence |journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=51–7 |doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef |pmc=3266126 |pmid=22156901}}</ref> ==== Kaciyar maza na sa kai ==== [[Fayil:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Afirka ta Kudu Yunkurin maza na miliyan 1 na son rai]] Binciken da aka gudanar a yankin Sahara na Afirka ya gano cewa [[Kachiya|kaciya]] yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin maza masu jima'i tsakanin 38 da 66% a cikin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J |date=April 2009 |title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2013 |issue=2 |pages=CD003362 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2 |pmc=11666075 |pmid=19370585}}</ref> Dangane da waɗannan binciken, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da UNAIDS dukansu sun ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin hanyar hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga mace zuwa namiji a cikin 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 28, 2007 |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411065430/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |archive-date=April 11, 2007 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Ko yana karewa daga yaduwar namiji zuwa mace ana jayayya kuma ko yana da fa'ida a Kasashe masu tasowa da kuma tsakanin maza da ke yin jima'i da maza ba a tantance su ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Larke N |date=May 2010 |title=Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nursing_2010-05-27_19_10/page/n11 |journal=British Journal of Nursing |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=629–34 |doi=10.12968/bjon.2010.19.10.48201 |pmc=3836228 |pmid=20622758}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eaton L, Kalichman SC |date=November 2009 |title=Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=187–93 |doi=10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9 |pmc=3557929 |pmid=19849961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M |date=November 2010 |title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond? |journal=Current Opinion in Urology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=515–9 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21 |pmid=20844437 |s2cid=2158164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Templeton DJ, Millett GA, Grulich AE |date=February 2010 |title=Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men |journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d |pmid=19935420 |s2cid=43878584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, Muula AS, Navti OB, Akl EA, Lo YR |date=June 2011 |editor-last=Wiysonge |editor-first=Charles Shey |title=Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=6 |pages=CD007496 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2 |pmid=21678366}}</ref> Ga maza da ke yin jima'i da maza akwai wasu shaidu cewa abokin tarayya yana da ƙananan damar kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's time to talk top: The risk of insertive, unprotected anal sex - Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations |url=http://www.afao.org.au/library/hiv-australia/volume-9/number-3/hiv-prevention-and-anal-sex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625181423/http://www.afao.org.au/library/hiv-australia/volume-9/number-3/hiv-prevention-and-anal-sex |archive-date=2014-06-25 |access-date=2014-06-13}}</ref> Wasu masana suna tsoron cewa karamin ra'ayi game da rauni tsakanin maza da aka yi wa kaciya na iya haifar da ƙarin halayyar haɗarin jima'i, don haka ya musanta tasirin rigakafinsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eaton LA, Kalichman S |date=December 2007 |title=Risk compensation in HIV prevention: implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=165–72 |doi=10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7 |pmc=2937204 |pmid=18366947}}</ref> Mata da aka yanke mata suna da haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Utz-Billing I, Kentenich H |date=December 2008 |title=Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=225–9 |doi=10.1080/01674820802547087 |pmid=19065392 |s2cid=36904088}}</ref> Nazarin Afirka da aka dogara da wannan bayanin an soki su saboda kurakuran hanyoyin.[1] Svoboda da Howe sun kwatanta su da "mafi ƙasƙanci na kowa", suna yin la'akari da "zaɓi mai raɗaɗi, bazuwar bazuwar, ra'ayin masu gwadawa, rashin isasshen makanta, rashin tsammanin mahalarta, rashin kulawar placebo, rashin isasshen kayan aiki, wuce gona da iri na batutuwa, gazawar bincikar cutar HIV ba tare da jima'i ba, jagoranci lokaci, da rashin lokaci." Bugu da kari, an yi watsi da adadi na kashi 60% na rage hadarin a matsayin dangi da yaudara, tare da cikakken adadi na 1.3% kawai, wanda ake ganin ba shi da ma'ana sosai idan aka yi la'akari da "hayaniyar bayanan baya da aka samar ta hanyoyi masu yawa na son zuciya". Har ila yau, sun nuna cewa, {asar Amirka na da mafi girman yawan kaciya da kuma kamuwa da cutar HIV/STD a duniya masu ci gaban masana'antu, wanda ke haifar da shakkar cewa na farko yana hana na biyu. Har ila yau, akwai manyan bambance-bambancen cututtukan cututtukan da ke tsakanin yankuna: a Afirka, cutar kanjamau tana yaɗuwa ta hanyar rashin isassun ayyukan rigakafin kamuwa da cuta a asibitocin kiwon lafiya, yayin da a Amurka, hanyoyin farko na kamuwa da cuta shine raba kayan aiki tsakanin mutanen da ke amfani da magunguna da saduwa ta dubura marasa kwaroron roba tsakanin MSM. George Hill ya ba da ƙarin sukar "Sakamakon mu ya nuna a fili cewa waɗannan CRFs na Afirka sun kasance masu lahani daga farko zuwa ƙarshe ... Tun daga farko, kusan babu wani abu da ya dace da waɗannan karatun. A bayyane yake cewa waɗannan karatun ba su da kyau. Ba za a taba amincewa da su daga kwamitin da'a guda ɗaya a Amurka ba.""<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=G. J. |last2=Hill |first2=G. |year=2011 |title=Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=316–34 |pmid=22320006}}</ref> ==== Ilimi da inganta kiwon lafiya ==== Shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarfafa guje wa jima'i ba su bayyana suna shafar haɗarin cutar kanjamau a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P |date=October 2007 |title=Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2010 |issue=4 |pages=CD005421 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2 |pmid=17943855}}</ref> Shaida don amfanin daga ilimin tsara daidai ba ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tolli MV |date=October 2012 |title=Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies |journal=Health Education Research |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=904–13 |doi=10.1093/her/cys055 |pmid=22641791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cikakken ilimin jima'i da aka bayar a makaranta na iya rage halayyar haɗari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ljubojević S, Lipozenčić J |year=2010 |title=Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence |journal=Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=305–10 |pmid=21251451}}</ref> Yawancin matasa suna ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan haɗari duk da ilimin HIV / AIDS, suna rage haɗarin kansu na kamuwa da cutar kanjamau.<ref name="Patel2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH |date=September 2008 |title=Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2008-09_121_9/page/758 |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=121 |issue=9 |pages=758–64 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022 |pmc=2597652 |pmid=18724961}}</ref> === Kafin kamuwa === Magani na farko-farko na mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta hanyar ''antiretrovirals'' abokan zamansu sun samu kariya da kashi 96% daga kamuwa da cutar.<ref name="Anglemyer_2013"/> Maganin rigakafi tare da maganin yau da kullun na tenofovir tare da ko ba tare da emtricitabine ba yana da tasiri a cikin kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da maza da ke yin jima'i da maza, ma'aurata inda mutum yake da cutar HIV, da matasa masu jima'i a Afirka.<ref name="Celum_2012"/> A cikin al'ummar MSM, babbar shingen ga amfani da PrEP ita ce zargi da ke kewaye da kwayar cutar kanjamau da maza masu luwadi. Maza masu luwadi a kan PrEP sun fuskanci "slut-shaming". <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dubov A, Galbo P, Altice F, Fraenkel L |date=August 2018 |title=Stigma and Shame Experiences by MSM Who Take PrEP for HIV Prevention: A Qualitative Study |journal=American Journal of Men's Health |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1843–1854 |doi=10.1177/1557988318797437 |pmc=6199453 |pmid=30160195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=PrEP slutshaming is still alive and well – and it's harming us all |url=https://www.gaytimes.com/life/prep-slutshaming/ |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> An gano wasu shingen da yawa, gami da rashin kulawa mai inganci na LGBTQ, farashi, da bin amfani da magani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}} === Kulawa tabiyo baya === Shirye-shiryen rage yawan maimaitawar cutar kanjamau sun yi nasara wajen hana sake kamuwa da cuta. Cibiyoyin magani suna ƙarfafa waɗanda aka kula da su a baya don dawo da kwayar cutar kanjamau don tabbatar da cewa ana gudanar da kamuwa da cuta cikin nasara. Sabbin dabarun karfafa sake gwadawa sun kasance amfani da saƙon rubutu da imel. Wadannan hanyoyin tunawa yanzu ana amfani da su tare da kiran waya da haruffa.<ref name="DesaiWoodhall2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desai M, Woodhall SC, Nardone A, Burns F, Mercey D, Gilson R |date=August 2015 |title=Active recall to increase HIV and STI testing: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sexually-transmitted-infections_2015-08_91_5/page/314 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=314–23 |doi=10.1136/sextrans-2014-051930 |pmid=25759476 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwaye zuwa yara na iya rage yawan yaduwar da kashi 92-99% .<ref name="Kurth2011">{{Cite journal |author-link4=Sten H. Vermund |vauthors=Kurth AE, Celum C, Baeten JM, Vermund SH, Wasserheit JN |date=March 2011 |title=Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=62–72 |doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3 |pmc=3036787 |pmid=20941553}}</ref><ref name="Mother2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coutsoudis A, Kwaan L, Thomson M |date=October 2010 |title=Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings |journal=Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1163–75 |doi=10.1586/eri.10.94 |pmid=20954881 |s2cid=46624541}}</ref> Wannan da farko ya haɗa da amfani da haɗuwa da magungunan rigakafi a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma bayan haihuwa a cikin jariri amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da ciyar da kwalba maimakon [[shayarwa]].<ref name="Mother2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siegfried N, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P, Sint TT |date=July 2011 |title=Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=7 |pages=CD003510 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3 |pmid=21735394}}</ref> Idan maye gurbin ciyarwa yana da karba, mai yiwuwa, mai araha, mai ɗorewa da aminci uwaye su ya kamata su guji shayar da jariransu; duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar shayar da nono na musamman a cikin watanni na farko na rayuwa idan wannan ba haka ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25–27, 2006 |title=WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants – Consensus statement |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065845/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=March 12, 2008}}</ref> Idan ana aiwatar da ciyar da nono na musamman samar da kariyar rigakafin antiretroviral ga jariri yana rage haɗarin yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horvath T, Madi BC, Iuppa IM, Kennedy GE, Rutherford G, Read JS |date=January 2009 |title=Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2009 |issue=1 |pages=CD006734 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2 |pmc=7389566 |pmid=19160297}}</ref> === Allurar rigakafi === [[Fayil:Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg|right|thumb|Hanyoyi daban-daban don ci gaban rigakafin HIV]] Ya zuwa 2020, babu wani [[Kirkirar rigakafin cutar kanjamau|allurar rigakafi]] mai tasiri ga cutar kanjamau ko cutar kanjamaun daji da aka sani. Wani gwaji guda na allurar rigakafin RV 144 ya sami ƙarancin inganci a kusa da kashi 30% kuma ya haifar da kyakkyawan fata a cikin al'ummar bincike game da haɓaka allurar rigakawa mai inganci da gaske.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynell L, Trkola A |date=2012-03-02 |title=HIV vaccines: an attainable goal? |journal=[[Swiss Medical Weekly]] |volume=142 |pages=w13535 |doi=10.4414/smw.2012.13535 |pmid=22389197 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da gwaje-gwaje na rigakafin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General |date=March 21, 2011 |title=HIV Vaccine Trial in Thai Adults |url=http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00223080 |access-date=June 28, 2011 |publisher=ClinicalTrials.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General |date=June 2, 2010 |title=Follow up of Thai Adult Volunteers With Breakthrough HIV Infection After Participation in a Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00337181}}</ref> Wasu maye gurbi a kan kwayar halitta ta CCR5 an san su da sa wasu mutane ba su iya kama cutar kanjamau ba. Gyara kwayar halitta ta CCR5 ta amfani da maganin kwayar halitta na iya sa mutane ba za su iya kama shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gene Therapy for Controlling HIV Shows Early Promise |url=http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/news/20140305/gene-therapy-for-controlling-hiv-shows-early-promise#1 |website=WebMD}}</ref> === Tsarin shari'a === Dokokin da suka aikata laifin watsa kwayar cutar kanjamau ba a samo hanyar da ta dace don rage halayen hadarin HIV ba, kuma suna iya yin illa fiye da mai kyau.  A baya, da yawa daga cikin jihohin Amurka sun aikata laifin mallakar allura ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, har ma sun kai ga kama mutane yayin da suke barin wuraren musayar allura masu zaman kansu.  A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da matsayin maganin sirinji ya gabatar da wani shingen doka don samun dama, shirye-shiryen likitancin likitanci sun nuna alkawarin magance halayen allura masu haɗari] Binciken cututtukan cututtukan da ke nuna cewa shirye-shiryen yin amfani da sirinji suna da tasiri kuma suna da tsada ya taimaka wajen canza dokokin jiha da na gida da suka shafi ayyukan shirin musayar allura (NEP) da matsayin mallakar sirinji.  Tun daga 2006, jihohi 48 a Amurka sun ba da izinin musayar allura ta wani nau'i ko ba da izinin siyan sirinji ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba a kantin magani. Cire shingen doka ga aiki na NEPs da sauran shirye-shiryen samun damar allura an gano su a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na cikakkiyar hanyar rage yaduwar cutar kanjamau tsakanin masu amfani da maganin allura (IDUs). <ref name="S Burris, D Finucane, H Gallagher, and J Grace 1996 1161–6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burris S, Finucane D, Gallagher H, Grace J |date=August 1996 |title=The legal strategies used in operating syringe exchange programs in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1996-08_86_8/page/1161 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1161–6 |doi=10.2105/ajph.86.8_pt_1.1161 |pmc=1380633 |pmid=8712281}}</ref> Shingen shari'a sun haɗa da "doka a kan littattafai" da "doki a kan tituna", watau, ainihin ayyukan jami'an tilasta bin doka, <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Burris S, Blankenship KM, Donoghoe M, Sherman S, Vernick JS, Case P, Lazzarini Z, Koester S |year=2004 |title=Addressing the "risk environment" for injection drug users: the mysterious case of the missing cop |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2004_82_1/page/125 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=125–56 |doi=10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00304.x |pmc=2690204 |pmid=15016246 |ssrn=937013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beletsky L, Burris S, Macalino GE |year=2005 |title=Attitudes of Police Officers Towards Syringe Access, Occupational Needle-Sticks, and Drug Use: A Qualitative Study of One City Police Department in the United States |journal=Int'l. J. Drug Pol'y |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=267–274 |doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.01.009 |s2cid=57946984 |ssrn=872756}}</ref> wanda zai iya ko bazai nuna dokar doka ba. Canje-canje a cikin syringe da manufofin kula da miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya zama marasa tasiri wajen rage irin waɗannan shingen idan 'yan sanda suka ci gaba da bi da mallakar syringe a matsayin laifi ko shiga cikin NEP a matsayin shaida na aikata laifuka. <ref name="Beletsky L 2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beletsky L, Grau LE, White E, Bowman S, Heimer R |date=February 2011 |title=The roles of law, client race and program visibility in shaping police interference with the operation of US syringe exchange programs |journal=Addiction |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=357–65 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03149.x |pmc=3088513 |pmid=21054615}}</ref> Ko da yake yawancin NEPs a Amurka yanzu suna aiki bisa doka, da yawa suna ba da rahoton wasu nau'ikan tsangwama na 'yan sanda. <ref name="Beletsky L 2010" /> Bincike a wasu wurare ya nuna irin wannan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin "doka a kan littattafai" da "doka akan tituna". Misali, a [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]], kodayake aikin jima'i, tallace-tallace na allura, da mallakar allura ba laifi ba ne kuma an haramta mallakar ƙananan magunguna, gibin ya kasance tsakanin waɗannan manufofi da ilimin tilasta doka da aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eurasian Harm Reduction Network |year=2011 |title=Implementation of the political declaration and plan of action on international cooperation towards an integrated and balanced strategy to counter the world drug problem |journal=Eurasian Harm Reduction Network}}</ref><ref name="Beletsky L, Thomas R, Smelyanskaya M, et al. 2012 e1-e15">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Beletsky L, Thomas R, Smelyanskaya M, Artamonova I, Shumskaya N, Dooronbekova A, Mukambetov A, Doyle H, Tolson R |date=December 2012 |title=Policy reform to shift the health and human rights environment for vulnerable groups: the case of Kyrgyzstan's Instruction 417 |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=34–48 |pmid=23568946}}</ref> Don inganta kokarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da ke fuskantar kungiyoyi masu rauni, ya kamata ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka da manufofin kiwon lafiya ta jama'a su kasance daidai. Ana iya inganta irin wannan daidaituwa ta hanyar manufofi, horo, da kokarin daidaitawa.<ref name="Beletsky L, Thomas R, Smelyanskaya M, et al. 2012 e1-e15" /> === Inganci a cikin rigakafi === Ayyukan hadin gwiwa na EU na Inganta Inganci a Rigakafin HIV suna neman kara tasirin rigakafin HIV a Turai ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin tabbatar da inganci (QA) da inganta inganci (QI). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality Action |url=http://www.qualityaction.eu/ |website=www.qualityaction.eu |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722132540/https://www.qualityaction.eu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka sune kungiyar farko da ta gane cutar da aka kira cutar AIDS.<ref name="historychallenge">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merson MH, O'Malley J, Serwadda D, Apisuk C |date=August 2008 |title=The history and challenge of HIV prevention |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-9-15-2008_372_9637/page/475 |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9637 |pages=475–88 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60884-3 |pmid=18687461 |s2cid=26554589}}</ref> Sanarwarsu ta zo ne a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1981, lokacin da daya daga cikin mujallu suka buga wata kasida da ke ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar huhu guda biyar, wanda ''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' ya haifar, duk a cikin maza masu luwadi da ke zaune a [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anonymous |year=1981 |title=Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles |journal=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] |issue=30 |pages=250–52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sepkowitz KA |date=June 2001 |title=AIDS--the first 20 years |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=344 |issue=23 |pages=1764–72 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306 |pmid=11396444 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In May 1983, scientists isolated a retrovirus which was later called HIV from an AIDS patient in France.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |date=May 1983 |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/868 |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–71 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |jstor=1690359 |pmid=6189183 |s2cid=390173}}</ref> At this point, the disease called AIDS was proposed to be caused by HIV, and people began to consider prevention of HIV infection as a strategy for preventing AIDS.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekarun 1980s, masu tsara manufofin jama'a da yawancin jama'a ba su iya fahimtar cewa haɗuwa da hanyoyin sadarwar jima'i da na raba allura tare da al'umma gaba ɗaya ya haifar da dubban mutane a duk duniya da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau ba.<ref name="historychallenge"/> A kasashe da yawa, shugabannin da yawancin jama'a sun musanta cewa cutar kanjamau da halayyar haɗari da ke yaduwar cutar kanjamaun daji sun wanzu a waje da yawan jama'a.<ref name="historychallenge" /> A shekara ta 1987, [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta Amurka ta amince da AZT a matsayin magani na farko don cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=James |name-list-style=vanc |date=20 March 1987 |title=AEGiS-FDA: Approval of AZT |url=http://www.aegis.com/news/fda/1987/FD870301.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629185357/http://www.aegis.com/news/fda/1987/FD870301.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=2 July 2011 |website=aegis.com |publisher=[[AIDS Education Global Information System]]}}</ref> A lokaci guda, an kafa ACT UP, tare da daya daga cikin burin farko na kungiyar shine neman hanyar samun damar samun magungunan magunguna don magance cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1987 |title=ACT UP 1987 Wall Street Action - List of Demands |url=http://www.actupny.org/documents/1stFlyer.html |access-date=2 July 2011 |website=actupny.org}}</ref> Lokacin da aka samar da AZT a fili, yana da tsada sosai kuma ba za a iya biyan kuɗi ga kowa ba sai dai mafi yawan marasa lafiya na cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=ACT UP/ NY Chronology 1989 |url=http://www.actupny.org/documents/cron-89.html |access-date=2 July 2011 |website=actupny.org}}</ref> Samun magani amma rashin samun dama ga shi ya haifar da manyan zanga-zangar a kusa da ofisoshin FDA. A shekara ta 2003, [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] da [[Botswana]] sun ba da rahoton kusan mutane hudu daga cikin 10 suna da cutar kanjamau. Festus Mogae, shugaban Botswana, ya yarda da manyan matsalolin ababen more rayuwa ga al'ummar duniya kuma ya nemi shiga tsakani na kasashen waje ta hanyar tuntuɓar tsarin kiwon lafiya da shirye-shiryen rarraba magungunan antiretroviral. A Swaziland, gwamnati ta zaɓi kada ta magance matsalar nan take ta hanyar da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na duniya suka ba da shawara, mutane da yawa sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2003 |title=Bogus Aids cures flood Swaziland |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2003-12-30-bogus-aids-cures-flood-swaziland |access-date=2 July 2011 |website=mg.co.za |publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, an fara bayyana gwamnatocin ƙasashen Afirka kamar yadda suke shiga cikin ƙoƙarin hana cutar kanjamau da ƙarancin aiki. An sami tattaunawar kasa da kasa game da dalilin da ya sa yawan cutar kanjamau a [[Afirka]] ya yi yawa, saboda idan an san dalilin, to za a iya haɓaka dabarun rigakafi. A baya, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa cutar kanjamau a Afirka ta yadu ne saboda ayyukan kiwon lafiya marasa lafiya waɗanda ta wata hanya suka canja jini ga marasa lafiya ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar allurar rigakafi, allura, ko sake amfani da kayan aiki. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, WHO ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa kusan dukkanin kamuwa da cuta, a zahiri, sakamakon ayyukan da ba su da aminci a cikin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Santis |first=Dominique |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 March 2003 |title=Expert group stresses that unsafe sex is primary mode of transmission of HIV in Africa |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2003/statement5/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040827134924/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2003/statement5/en/ |archive-date=August 27, 2004 |access-date=2 July 2011 |website=who.int |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> A mayar da martani ga karuwar yawan cutar kanjamau, Kadanal Alfonso López Trujillo, yana magana a madadin Vatican, ya ce ba wai kawai amfani da kwaroron roba ba ne, har ma da cewa kwaroron roba bai yi tasiri wajen hana cutar kanjamau ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Steve |date=9 October 2003 |title=Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/09/aids |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en |quote=The Aids virus is roughly 450 times smaller than the spermatozoon. The spermatozoon can easily pass through the 'net' that is formed by the condom.}}</ref> Kadanal ya soki shi sosai daga al'ummar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, wadanda ke kokarin inganta amfani da kwaroron roba a matsayin hanyar hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau. WHO daga baya ta gudanar da binciken da ya nuna cewa kwaroron roba suna da tasiri 90% wajen hana cutar kanjamau.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 2001, Amurka ta fara yaƙi a [[Afghanistan]] da ke da alaƙa da yaƙi da [[Taliban]]. Taliban, duk da haka, sun yi tsayayya da masu [[shuka]] opium na gida da cinikin heroin; lokacin da gwamnatin Afghanistan ta fadi a lokacin yakin, ba a hana samar da opium ba. A shekara ta 2003, kasuwar duniya tana da karuwa a cikin wadatar heroin; a [[KKASASHEN DA SUKA SAMU YANCI DAGA TSHOHUWAR TARAYYAR SOVIET|tsoffin jihohin Soviet]] musamman, karuwar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ya faru ne saboda amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. An sabunta kokarin hana cutar kanjamau da ke da alaƙa da raba allurai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parfitt T |date=October 2003 |title=Drug addiction and HIV infection on rise in Tajikistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-10-11_362_9391/page/1206 |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9391 |pages=1206 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14560-6 |pmid=14570036 |s2cid=11892428}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffin N, Khoshnood K |date=July 2010 |title=Opium trade, insurgency, and HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan: relationships and regional consequences |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health |volume=22 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=159S–167S |doi=10.1177/1010539510374524 |pmid=20566549 |s2cid=206615556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-link4=Steffanie A. Strathdee |vauthors=Hankins CA, Friedman SR, Zafar T, Strathdee SA |date=November 2002 |title=Transmission and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in war settings: implications for current and future armed conflicts |journal=AIDS |volume=16 |issue=17 |pages=2245–52 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200211220-00003 |pmid=12441795 |s2cid=5739709 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Todd CS, Abed AM, Strathdee SA, Scott PT, Botros BA, Safi N, Earhart KC |date=September 2007 |title=HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B infections and associated risk behavior in injection drug users, Kabul, Afghanistan |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1327–31 |doi=10.3201/eid1309.070036 |pmc=2857281 |pmid=18252103}}</ref> === Daga shekara ta 2011 === A watan Yulin 2011, WHO da UNAIDS sun sanar da cewa allurar rigakafin antiretroviral sau ɗaya a kowace rana na iya rage haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin ma'aurata masu jima'i.<ref name="dailypill">{{Cite web |date=13 July 2011 |title=UNAIDS and WHO hail new results showing that a once-daily pill for HIV-negative people can prevent them from acquiring HIV |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2011/july/20110713psprep/ |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=unaids.org}}</ref> Wadannan binciken sun dogara ne akan sakamakon gwaje-gwaje biyu da aka gudanar a [[Kenya]] da [[Uganda]], da Botswana. Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates ce ta ba da kuɗin gwajin Partners PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) <ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV & AIDS Information :: The efficacy of PrEP - The Partners PrEP trial |url=http://www.aidsmap.com/The-Partners-PrEP-trial/page/2213106/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516144747/http://www.aidsmap.com/The-Partners-PrEP-trial/page/2213106/ |archive-date=16 May 2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=aidsmap.com}}</ref> kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Asibiti ta Duniya a Jami'ar Washington ce ta gudanar da shi. Shari'ar ta biyo bayan ma'aurata 4758 na jima'i a Kenya da Uganda, inda mutum daya ya kasance mai dauke da kwayar cutar HIV kuma ɗayan ba shi da kwayar HIV.<ref name="dailypill"/> An ba abokin tarayya wanda ba shi da cutar (marar cutar HIV) ko dai allon tenofovir sau ɗaya a kowace rana, allon haɗin tenofovil da emtricitabine sau ɗaya a rana, ko allon placebo wanda ba shi dauke da maganin antiretroviral. Wadannan ma'aurata sun kuma sami shawara kuma suna da damar samun kwaroron roba na maza da mata kyauta. A cikin ma'aurata da ke shan tenofovir da tenofovin / emtricitabine, akwai raguwar kashi 62% da 73%, bi da bi, a cikin yawan kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau idan aka kwatanta da ma'auratan da ke karɓar placebo.<ref name="dailypill" /> An lura da irin wannan sakamako tare da gwajin TDF2, wanda Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka na Amurka suka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Botswana.<ref name="aidsmaptdf2">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=HIV & AIDS Information :: The efficacy of PrEP - The TDF2 trial |url=http://www.aidsmap.com/The-TDF2-trial/page/2213126/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524231247/http://www.aidsmap.com/The-TDF2-trial/page/2213126/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=aidsmap.com}}</ref> Gwajin ya biyo bayan maza da mata 1200 marasa cutar kanjamau a Francistown, Botswana, birni da aka sani yana da ɗayan mafi girman kamuwa da cutar kanjamaun a duniya.<ref name="aidsmaptdf2" /> Wadanda suka halarci taron sun karɓi kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta tenofovir / emtricitabine sau ɗaya a kowace rana ko placebo. A cikin waɗanda ke shan maganin antiretroviral, an gano raguwar kashi 63% a cikin haɗarin samun kwayar cutar kanjamau, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke karɓar placebo.<ref name="dailypill"/> Kwayar cutar HIV-1 ta tabbatar da cewa tana da ƙarfi, tana shigar da kwayoyin halittarta na dindindin a cikin DNA na marasa lafiya, wanda ya tilasta wa marasa lafiya daukar tsarin magani na tsawon rai don sarrafa ƙwayar cutar da kuma hana wani sabon hari. Yanzu, ƙungiyar masu binciken Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Temple sun tsara hanya don "fitar da" hadedde kwayoyin cutar HIV-1 don kyau. Wannan mataki ɗaya ne mai mahimmanci akan hanyar zuwa ga magani na dindindin na AIDS. Wannan shine yunƙuri na farko na nasara na kawar da kwayar cutar HIV-1 mai boyewa daga kwayoyin ɗan adam. A cikin wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (PNAS) ta buga, Khalili da abokan aikinsa sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda suka kirkiro kayan aikin kwayoyin don shafe DNA proviral HIV-1. [cikakkun ambaton da ake bukata] Lokacin da aka tura, haɗin enzyme-snipping enzyme da ake kira nuclease da RNA mai niyya wanda ake kira jagorar RNA (gRNA) yana farautar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar HIV-1 kuma tana fitar da DNA-1. Daga nan, injinan gyaran kwayoyin halitta na tantanin halitta ya fara aiki, yana sayar da sassan sassan jikin kwayoyin halitta tare - yana haifar da kwayoyin da ba su da kwayar cutar. Tun da kwayar cutar HIV-1 ba ta taba kawar da tsarin rigakafi ba, ana bukatar cire kwayar cutar don warkar da cutar.  Irin wannan dabara za a iya amfani da a ka'idar a kan iri-iri na kwayoyin cuta.  Binciken ya nuna cewa wadannan kayan aikin kwayoyin suna ɗaukar alkawari a matsayin maganin warkewa;  Kwayoyin da ke dauke da hadewar nuclease-RNA sun tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar HIV.u. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lwezqjio9foya8ngwjpdjzxvxa48ttb Lobau 0 112528 967205 861721 2026-10-13T15:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967205 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Lobau Filin [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliya]] ne a [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Ostiriya]]. Yana nan kudu-maso-gabas na birnin, a arewacin bankin Danube, shi ne wani ɓangare na Danube-Auen National Park . == Tarihi == === Kafin 1870 === Danube ya nufa ta cikin lebur Marchfeld, samar da ambaliya da kullum canja saboda ambaliya. ==== Yakin Aspern ==== [[Fayil:Anton_von_Perger_-_Napoleons_Überfahrt_aus_der_Lobau.jpg|left|thumb|Napoleon ya haye Lobau]] A ranar 21 da 22 ga Mayu, 1809, lokacin Yaƙin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Biyar, Lobau shine wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Aspern . Domin tunkarar sojojin Austriya karkashin jagorancin Archduke Charles da ke arewacin Danube, [[Napoleon]] ya umarci sojojinsa su ketare kogin a yankin Lobau da ke kusa da Kaiserebersdorf. Tsallakarwar Danube wani aiki ne mai cike da kalubale saboda bukatar tsallaka rassan kogin da dama, da kuma rashin gadoji. Yakin Aspern shine kashin farko da Napoleon ya yi kuma ya kai ga mutuwar Jean Lannes, daya daga cikin amintattun sarakunansa kuma jigo a yakin neman zabensa na soja. An gwabza fada a arewacin Lobau a fili da kuma kauyukan da ke kusa, musamman Aspern da Essling . Bayan yakin, Napoleon ya ja da baya tare da sojojinsa zuwa cikin Lobau, wanda a lokacin wani tsibiri ne tsakanin rassan Danube, ya kafa hedkwatarsa a can na tsawon makonni. A daren 5 ga Yuli, 1809, Henri-Gatien Bertrand ya gina gadoji da yawa, wanda ya ba Napoleon damar motsa mutane 150,000 zuwa bankin hagu na Danube a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan. Daga nan sai ya kai farmaki kan sojojin Austriya tare da fatattakar su da kakkausar murya a yakin Wagram . [[Fayil:Friedhof_der_Franzosen_Lobau.jpg|thumb|Makabartar Faransa]] A yau, wurare kamar Napoleonstraße, abubuwan tunawa a hedkwatar Napoleon (kusa da Panozzalacke), mujallar foda na Napoleon, hurumi na Faransa, mashigin Faransanci (kudu na Groß-Enzersdorf ), da Lion na Aspern suna tunawa da yakin. A cikin [[Faris|Paris]], Rue de Lobau ta Hotel de Ville da Avenue de Wagram, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Arc de Triomphe, suna tunawa da yakin da nasarar da ta biyo baya. === Tsarin Danube === Bayan ka'idar Danube a cikin 1870, yawancin makamai na gefen kogin da wuraren ambaliya a Vienna sun cika ko haɓaka, musamman a kudancin bankin. Sabanin haka, bankin arewa, wanda ke nesa da birnin, ya fuskanci karancin matsin lamba a birane, wanda hakan ya baiwa Lobau damar zama wurin da aka tanada domin farauta, dazuzzuka, da noma, daga karshe ya zama wurin shakatawa. A tarihi, Lobau ya kasance wurin ajiyar farautar sarauta, wanda Yarima mai jiran gado Rudolf ke ziyarta akai-akai. A shekara ta 1903, Sarkin sarakuna Franz Joseph I. da Sarki Edward VII na Biritaniya sun fara wani balaguron farauta a can. A cikin 1905, an sanya Lobau a matsayin yanki mai kariya, kuma a cikin 1918, Sarkin sarakuna Charles I. ya ba da Upper Lobau zuwa birnin Vienna. === Ci gaba === Manufar Canal Danube-Oder ta hanyar Lobau ya samo asali ne tun 1719, tare da gina ginin a 1939 a lokacin Nazi . Ya zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da aikin, an kammala aikin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 4.2. An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa na Lobau, wanda ya hada da matatar mai da manyan wuraren ajiyar tanki. Canal ya raba Lobau zuwa Sama da Lobau na ƙasa, tare da ƙananan Lobau ya rage ba a taɓa shi ba kuma na halitta, yayin da Babban Lobau ya haɓaka don noma. An yi amfani da ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa, musamman fursunonin Soviet da Yahudawa, wajen gina matatar, wanda ya zama makasudin kai hare-hare . [[Fayil:DOE_Lobau.jpg|left|thumb|179x179px|Matatar mai tare da Lobau a bango da tip na [[Donauinsel]] a gaba.]] Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da kananan yankunan Lobau wajen atisayen soji. Lobau Groundwater Works, wanda ke ba Vienna ruwan sha a lokacin da ake buƙata, an kuma gina shi a yankin. === Kiyayewa === Lobau wata mafaka ce mai mahimmanci ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari kuma an sanya shi a matsayin UNESCO Biosphere Reserve daga 1977 zuwa 2016. Tun daga 1978, ya kasance wurin ajiyar yanayi, tare da yankin kariyar shimfidar wuri wanda ya kai Aspern, yana kare kwata na Donaustadt . [[Fayil:Nationalparkhaus.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na kasa]] A cikin 1983, an sanya Lobau Lower Lobau a matsayin yanki na Ramsar Wetland . Tun da 1996, Lobau ya kasance wani ɓangare na Danube-Auen National Park, wanda ya shimfiɗa ƙasa zuwa Lower Austria, yana samar da hanyar muhalli tare da sauran wurare masu kariya. Lobau kuma yana da alaƙa da yankunan Ramsar a cikin [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] da [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], wanda ke samar da yankin Ramsar mai iyaka uku. == Nishaɗi == [[Fayil:Panozzalacke_Steg.jpg|thumb|Panozzalacke]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]], Lobau ya zama sanannen wurin nishaɗi. Layin Tram mai lamba 317 daga Kagran ya yi jigilar mutane zuwa wurin, inda za su ji daɗin dogon tafiye-tafiye da kuma kwana na shakatawa a bakin ruwa ba tare da cin karo da ɗimbin jama'a ba. A cikin 1920s, naturism, ko an yarda da shi a hukumance ko a'a, ya tashi a cikin Lobau. Tare da tsoffin makamai na kogin, ƙungiyoyin dabi'a sun kafa wuraren taro waɗanda ke ci gaba da wanzuwa har yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lobau |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Lobau |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at |language=de}}</ref> ''Dechantlacke'' da ''Panozzalacke'' shahararrun wuraren ninkaya ne a cikin Lobau. An kafa hanyar yanayi mai suna ''Obere Lobau'' a yankin shakatawa na kasa. Yana gudana daga ƙofar wurin shakatawa a Saltenstraße zuwa ƙofar Dechantweg. An haɗa Lobau ta hanyoyi masu yawa na tafiye-tafiye, ciki har da ''Ostösterreichischer Grenzlandweg'' mai nisa mai nisa da kuma hanyoyin nesa na Turai E4 da E8 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Wildbadeplatz Panozzalacke |url=https://www.falter.at/kinder/20230524/wildbadeplatz-panozzalacke |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=FALTER.at |language=de-AT}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lobau_near_Mühlwasser_in_Wien-Aspern_2022-08-09_32.jpg|thumb|Hanya a cikin Lobau]] == Ilimin halittu == Daidaiton kogin ta hanyar tsarin Danube ya canza yanayin ruwa na Lobau. Wurin da a da yake fama da ambaliya ya rikide zuwa wani dausayi mai cike da ruwa a cikin ƙasa, yayin da yawancin manyan hannun Danube da na gefensa suka zama rijiyoyin ruwa marasa ƙarfi, a hankali suna cika da ruwa . Rage yawan [[ambaliya]] da kwararar ruwa na yanayi ya tarwatsa alakar yanayin muhalli tsakanin kogin da magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da koma baya a matakin ruwan karkashin kasa da na sama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elisabeth |first=Wiedenegger |date=2024-06-14 |title=Lobau: Wasser und Au |url=https://www.naturschutzbund-wien.at/wp/lobau-wasser-und-au/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Naturschutzbund Wien |language=de |archive-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226140831/https://www.naturschutzbund-wien.at/wp/lobau-wasser-und-au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙasar Lobau ta ƙasa tana fuskantar saurin bushewa da kuma lalatawa . Ana iya lura da raguwar matakan ruwa a cikin teburin [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙasa]] da ke ja da baya da kuma bushewar ruwan saman da akai-akai. Wadannan sauye-sauyen ana danganta su ne da kokarin daidaita kogi da kuma zurfafa gabar kogin Danube, tsarin da ake kara inganta shi ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki . Bugu da ƙari, ɗimbin laka a cikin ruwan ambaliya, da sauye-sauye a yanayin kwararar Danube, da rashin isasshen kula da ruwa sun ƙara canza yanayin yanayin. Yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa, bambancin halittun yankin shima yana raguwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lobau soll leben - Wasser für die Au - Naturschutzbund Österreich |url=https://naturschutzbund.at/neuigkeiten-liste-312/items/lobau-soll-leben-wasser-fuer-die-au.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=naturschutzbund.at |language=de}}</ref> === Ruwa === Tafkunan oxbow da tafkunan lokaci-lokaci suna bushewa gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan jikunan ruwa masu tsayi ko a hankali suna tallafawa al'ummomin shuka iri-iri, waɗanda wasunsu na cikin haɗari sosai. Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan sun dace da canje-canjen matakan ruwa. A cikin shekarun bushewa, ruwan da ke koma baya yana haifar da ɗumbin laka, waɗanda ƙwararrun tsirrai da nau'ikan dabbobi suka mamaye su daga baya. [[Fayil:Lobau_in_Wien-Aspern_2022-08-09_24.jpg|thumb|Tafki a cikin Lobau]] Tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa da ke cikin haɗari a cikin yankin sun haɗa da violet na ruwa ( ''Hottonia palustris'' ), nau'in pondweed daban-daban ( ''Potamogeton spp.'' ), chestnut ruwa ( ''Trapa natans'' ), ruwa crowfoot ( ''Ranunculus aquatilis'' ), da kuma carnivorous bladderwort ( ''Utricularia'' ). Tsire-tsire da suka dace da busassun gaɓar tekun na ɗan lokaci sun haɗa da spikerush ( ''Eleocharis'' ), mudwort ( ''Limosella'' ), bara ( ''Bidens'' ), da rush club-rush ( ''Schoenoplectus'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Lebensräume |url=https://www.donauauen.at/wissen/natur-wissenschaft/die-lebensraeume |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.donauauen.at |language=de}}</ref> [[Fayil:Josefsteg_Lobau_2022-08-09_04.jpg|thumb|Josefsteg]] Josefsteg wata gada ce mai tsayin mita 135 a yankin Lobau ta Vienna, wacce ta zarce Schröderwasser. An kewaye shi da tekun reshin gama gari ( ''Phragmites australis'' ). An sake gina gadar a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Der neue Josefsteg – ein Mittel der Politik – Lobaumuseum |url=https://www.lobaumuseum.wien/cms/der-neue-josefsteg-ein-mittel-der-politik/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-26 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811202019/https://www.lobaumuseum.wien/cms/der-neue-josefsteg-ein-mittel-der-politik/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |archive-date=2025-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Fauna === ==== Gandun daji na Softwood ==== A kan sabon [[yashi]] ko [[Gravel|tsakuwa]], wanda nau'in ma'auni ya rinjayi shi da kusancinsa da kogin, murfin shuka na farko ya kafa kansa. Wannan tsari yana nuna farkon [[Ecological succession|yanayin gadon]] c [[Wetland|dausayi]] . Magajin yawanci yana farawa ne da [[Herbaceous plant|ciyayi mai tsiro]], sannan kuma girma na bishiyoyin [[willow]], kuma a ƙarshe yana haifar da haɓakar bishiyoyin gandun [[Wetland|dajin]], wanda ke haifar da samuwar [[Riparian forest|gandun daji]] [[Softwood|mai laushi]] . Waɗannan dazuzzuka sun ƙunshi bishiyun dazuzzukan da suke buƙatar haske, irin su willows ( ''Salix spp.'' ) da poplars ( ''Populus spp.'' ), waɗanda ke buƙatar buɗaɗɗen wuraren da ba su da inuwa don bunƙasa. Yawancin jinsin sun hada da farin willow ( ''Salix alba'' ), crack willow ( ''Salix fragilis'' ), Turai ash ( ''Fraxinus excelsior'' ), black poplar ( ''Populus nigra'' ), da farin poplar ( ''Populus alba'' ). [[Fayil:Lobau11.jpg|left|thumb|A poplar]] Idan yankin ya daina fuskantar ambaliya ta lokaci-lokaci ta kogin, nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban na iya kafa kansu a hankali a kan ƙasa mai dausayi na tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Ko da yake ambaliya ta zama ƙasa da ƙasa, kogin ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin, tare da halayen muhallinsa da ke da matuƙar tasiri sakamakon sauyin yanayin ruwan cikin ƙasa sakamakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a Danube. Nau'o'in bishiyoyi na yau da kullun a cikin waɗannan gandun daji sun haɗa da elm mai tsalle-tsalle (''Ulmus laevis''), elm na filin (Ulmus minor), ash (''Fraxinus excelsior''), ƙananan lemun tsalle-talle (''Tilia cordata''), itacen oak (Quercus robur), da farin poplar (''Populus alba''). Wadannan wuraren zama suna tallafawa nau'o'i daban-daban na musamman, gami da kwari da tsutsarsu, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin itatuwa masu lalacewa da bishiyoyi. Tushen bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi masu mutuwa suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsuntsaye. ==== Dry tsakuwa terraces (Heißländen) ==== [[Fayil:Lobau_Heißlände.jpg|thumb|Heißländer]] Heißländen wurare ne masu kama da savanna waɗanda ke tasowa akan ma'aunin tsakuwa a cikin Lobau. Bishiyoyi suna girma ne kawai a inda ƙasan ƙasa ya yi zurfi sosai kuma yana riƙe da isasshen danshi. Waɗannan wuraren sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Lobau amma suna iya bushewa sosai a wasu wurare. Filin ambaliya sun ƙunshi filayen tsakuwa na musamman kamar busassun tsakuwa da aka sani da ''Heißländen'' . Waɗannan wuraren, waɗanda aka kafa a kan tudun tsakuwa mai zurfi, suna da ƙarancin wadatar ruwa, suna barin tsire-tsire masu jure fari kawai su yi girma. Yawancin nau'ikan da aka samo a nan sun haɗa da hawthorn ( ''Crataegus'' ), buckthorn na teku ( ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' ), orchids daban-daban, barberry ( ''Berberis'' ) '','' da ciyawa . Lichens da mosses, wanda zai iya jure yanayin bushe, ma na kowa. Mantis na addu'a, kwari ne da ke da bushewa sosai, wani sanannen nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta ne da ake samu a wadannan wuraren. == Dabbobin daji == Lobau yana tallafawa nau'ikan flora da fauna daban-daban saboda yanayin yanayin yanayin ambaliyar ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kan lokaci da wuraren zama iri-iri, gami da dausayi, dazuzzuka, da makaman kogi, suna haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fauna |url=https://www.donauauen.at/wissen/natur-wissenschaft/fauna |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.donauauen.at |language=de}}</ref> [[Fayil:Biber_(Castor_fiber)_in_der_Lobau_in_Wien_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Eurasian beaver]] === Dabbobi masu shayarwa === Lobau yana ba da wurin zama ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da 30. Daya daga cikin mafi shahara shi ne Eurasian beaver ( ''Castor fiber'' ), wanda aka sake dawo da shi a cikin 1970s bayan an cire shi daga Austria. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurasian Beaver |url=https://www.donauauen.at/en/facts/nature-science/fauna-engl/eurasian-beaver |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.donauauen.at |language=en}}</ref> Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a yankin sun hada da boar daji ( ''Sus scrofa'' ), Turai otter ( ''Lutra lutra'' ), roe deer ( ''Capreolus capreolus'' ), Eurasian water shrew ( ''Neomys fodiens'' ), ja fox ( ''Vulpes vulpes'' ), da kuren Turai ( ''Lepus europaeus'' ). Yawancin nau'in jemagu kuma suna zaune a yankin, irin su noctule na kowa ( ''Nyctalus noctula'' ), Jemage Natterer ( ''Myotis nattereri'' ), da jemage na Daubenton ( ''Myotis daubentonii'' ). === Dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians === Ƙasar dausayi da dazuzzukan Lobau suna ba da wurin zama mai dacewa ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe da masu amphibians . Daga cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe da aka samu a yankin akwai kunkuru na kandami na Turai ( ''Emys orbicularis'' ), jinkirin tsutsa ( ''Anguis fragilis'' ), Aesculapian maciji ( ''Zamenis longissimus'' ), maciji na dice ( ''Natrix tessellata'' ), maciji ciyawa ( ''Natrix natrix'' ), da maciji mai santsi ( ''Coronella austriaca'' ). Amphibians a cikin yankin sun haɗa da kwaɗo bishiyar Turai ( ''Hyla arborea'' ), agile frog ( ''Rana dalmatina'' ), Ƙunƙarar wuta na Turai ( ''Bombina bombina'' ), da Danube crested newt ( ''Triturus dobrogicus'' ). === Kifi === Hanyoyin ruwa na Lobau kuma suna tallafawa nau'o'in [[Kifi|kifaye]] daban-daban, irin su Turai mai ɗaci ( ''Rhodeus amarus'' ), carp na kowa ( ''Cyprinus carpio'' ), pigo ( ''Rutilus pigus'' ), da Turai mudminnow ( ''Umbra krameri'' ). === Tsuntsaye === Lobau yana aiki azaman wurin tsayawa da lokacin sanyi don tsuntsaye masu ƙaura . Nau'in cin kifi sun haɗa da babban cormorant ( ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' ), jarumta mai launin toka ( ''Ardea cinerea'' ), da kuma sarki na kowa ( ''Alcedo atthis'' ). Tsuntsaye na ganima da aka samu a yankin sun hada da jan kite ( ''Milvus milvus'' ), mikiya mai farar wutsiya ( ''Haliaeetus albicilla'' ), da buzzard na zuma na Turai ( ''Pernis apivorus'' ). Sauran sanannun nau'in sun haɗa da tsararren tsararren katako ( ''Dendrocoptes medius'' ) da kuma yashi martin ( ''Riparia riparia'' ). [[Fayil:Amata_phegea_Kopula_Lobau_20220606.jpg|thumb|Asu masu tabo tara guda biyu]] === Invertebrates === Lobau gida ne ga nau'ikan invertebrates iri-iri, gami da mollusks, crustaceans, arachnids, da kwari . Mollusks da aka samu a yankin sun hada da duck mussel ( ''Anodonta anatina'' ), babban kandami katantanwa ( ''Lymnaea stagnalis'' ), da Lister's kogin katantanwa ( ''Viviparus contectus'' ). Crayfish mai daraja ( ''Astacus astacus'' ) yana wakiltar crustaceans na yankin, yayin da arachnids sun hada da gizo-gizo zebra ( ''Salticus snicus'' ) da kuma tarantula wolf gizo-gizo ( ''Lycosa singoriensis'' ). Yawan kwari ya bambanta musamman, yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan irin su dragonflies kore snaketail ''(Ophiogomphus cecilia)'' da Eurasian baskettail ( ''Epitheca bimaculata)'', kudanci festoon malam buɗe ido ( ''Zerynthia polyxena )'', na Turai mantis ( ''Mantis religiosa'' ), da ruwa strider ( ''da Gerridagidaeet'' '')'' . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8juyq0r5zu1f6rz94hirfal3z6xq6zj Lokacin raguwa 0 113091 967255 951896 2026-10-13T17:29:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:TakiZakura2012Apr29(SakuraLooksWaterfall-MiharuFukushimaJapan).jpg|right|thumb|Bayan matsakaicin matsakaici na shekaru dubu, furanni na cherry a Japan suna fitowa a baya tun daga 1800 saboda canjin yanayi ]] [[Fayil:Changes_in_Pollen_Season_(14113640520).png|thumb|Canje-canje a lokacin ragweed pollen a Amurka da Kanada, 1995 zuwa 2013. A wani shafin a Saskatchewan, lokacin ya karu da tsawon kwanaki 27.]] A cikin ilimin halitta, raguwar yanayi yana nufin canje-canje da aka lura a cikin lokutan yanayi, <ref name="Macmillan">{{Cite web |last=Maxwell |first=Kerry |date=2006-09-18 |title=Macmillan English Dictionary Word Of The Week Archive - "Christmas creep" |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/060918-Christmas-creep.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320172802/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/060918-Christmas-creep.htm |archive-date=2007-03-20 |access-date=2007-12-26 |website=New Words |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |quote=...season creep, earlier spring weather and seasonal shifts caused by global climate change}}</ref> kamar alamun da suka gabata na bazara <ref name="MED Magazine">{{Cite web |last=Maxwell |first=Kerry |date=December 2007 |title=A review of 2007 in twelve words |url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/December2007/48-New-Word.htm#3 |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=MED Magazine |publisher=Macmillan English Dictionaries |quote=It's a classic case of the newly identified phenomenon of season creep, where Winters are warmer and Spring arrives earlier. |archive-date=2011-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109135531/http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/December2007/48-New-Word.htm#3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da aka lura da su a yankunan da ke da matsakaici a fadin Arewacin Hemisphere. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz, M. D. |last2=Ahas, R. |last3=Aasa, A. |year=2006 |title=Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=343–351 |bibcode=2006GCBio..12..343S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x |s2cid=86329402 |quote=SI first leaf dates, measuring change in the start of 'early spring' (roughly the time of shrub budburst and lawn first greening), are getting earlier in nearly all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The average rate of change over the 1955–2002 period is approximately -1.2 days per decade.}}</ref> <ref name="Cleland2006">{{Cite journal |last=Cleland, E.E. |last2=Chiariello, N.R. |last3=Loarie, S.R. |last4=Mooney, H.A. |last5=Field, C.B. |year=2006 |title=Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-09-12_103_37/page/13740 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=37 |pages=13740–4 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10313740C |doi=10.1073/pnas.0600815103 |pmc=1560087 |pmid=16954189 |quote=Shifting plant phenology (i.e., timing of flowering and other developmental events) in recent decades establishes that species and ecosystems are already responding to global environmental change. Earlier flowering and an extended period of active plant growth across much of the northern hemisphere have been interpreted as responses to warming. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen Phenological da masana kimiyya na yanayi suka bincika sun nuna muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da aka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, daga ƙarshen karni na 20 kuma suna ci gaba zuwa karni na 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFedries |first=Paul |date=August 2006 |title=Changing Climate, Changing Language |url=http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/aug06/4234 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415042737/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/aug06/4234 |archive-date=15 April 2013 |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |quote=Did spring seem to arrive a bit earlier than usual this year in your part of the world? That wouldn't be surprising, because we seem to be undergoing season creep: earlier spring weather and other gradual seasonal shifts, particularly those caused by global climate change.}}</ref><ref name="Cleland2006" /><ref name="Record-Eagle">{{Cite web |last=Skinner, Victor |date=2007-02-17 |title=Area temperatures expected to rise back to 'normal' |url=http://archives.record-eagle.com/2007/feb/17weather.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075514/http://archives.record-eagle.com/2007/feb/17weather.htm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=2007-12-27 |website=[[Traverse City Record-Eagle]] |quote=...the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay ... has only frozen over five times since 1987,.... Between 1851 and 1980, [it] froze at least seven years per decade, ... the bay-freezing trend shows 'a long-term gradual decline with a significant decline in the past 25 to 35 years.'}}</ref> A [[Turai]], an haɗa saurin yanayi tare da isowar bazara yana motsawa kusan mako guda a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. <ref name="Suddenly spring">{{Cite web |last=Stutz, Bruce |date=2006-04-21 |title=Suddenly spring |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122344415.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516224802/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122344415.html |archive-date=2011-05-16 |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=The Record (Bergen County, NJ) |quote=In fact, due to global warming, spring across the Northern Hemisphere arrives a week or more earlier than it did 30 years ago, a phenomenon starting to be known as "season creep."}}</ref><ref name="BBC NEWS">{{Cite web |date=2006-08-25 |title=Climate changes shift springtime : A Europe-wide study has provided "conclusive proof" that the seasons are changing, with spring arriving earlier each year, researchers say. |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5279390.stm |access-date=2007-12-28 |website=Science/Nature |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=Spring was beginning on average six to eight days earlier than it did 30 years ago, the researchers said.}}</ref> Sauran binciken sun sanya yawan lokacin da aka auna ta hanyar ilimin shuke-shuke a cikin kewayon kwanaki 2-3 a kowace shekara goma ci gaba a cikin bazara, da kuma kwanaki 0.3-1.6 a kowace shekara iri a cikin kaka, a cikin shekaru 30-80 da suka gabata.<ref name="Sherry2007">{{Cite journal |last=Sherry, R.A. |last2=Zhou, X. |last3=Gu, S. |last4=Arnone Iii, J.A. |last5=Schimel, D.S. |last6=Verburg, P.S. |last7=Wallace, L.L. |last8=Luo, Y. |year=2007 |title=Divergence of reproductive phenology under climate warming |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=198–202 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104..198S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605642104 |pmc=1713188 |pmid=17182748 |quote=Phenology is a sensitive biosphere indicator of climate change. Long-term surface data and remote sensing measurements indicate that plant phenology has been advanced by 2–3 days in spring and delayed by 0.3–1.6 days in autumn per decade in the past 30–80 years, resulting in extension of the growing season. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canje-canje masu lura a cikin yanayi da suka danganci tsalle-tsalle na lokacin sun haɗa da tsuntsaye da ke sa qwai a baya da kuma buds da ke bayyana a wasu bishiyoyi a ƙarshen hunturu.<ref name="Scotsman.com">{{Cite web |date=2007-06-04 |title=Man bags at ten paces? Just look it up |url=http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=3291680&bad=678471 |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=Scotsman.com News |quote=While the full impact of global warming is still to be experienced, many scientists are warning that it is responsible for earlier springs leading to longer summers.}}</ref> Baya ga ci gaba da budding, itatuwan da ke fure sun kasance suna fure a baya, misali furanni masu muhimmanci na al'adu a [[Japan]], <ref name="Miller-rushing2007">{{Cite journal |last=Miller-rushing, A.J. |last2=Katsuki, T. |last3=Primack, R.B. |last4=Ishii, Y. |last5=Lee, S.D. |last6=Higuchi, H. |year=2007 |title=Impact of global warming on a group of related species and their hybrids: cherry tree (Rosaceae) flowering at Mt. Takao, Japan |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=1470–8 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.9.1470 |pmid=21636514 |quote=We examined a 25-yr record (1981–2005) of flowering times for 97 trees, representing 17 species and hybrids of cherry (Cerasus sp. or Prunus sp.) grown at [[Mt. Takao]], in Tokyo, Japan. The cherry trees flowered earlier over time, by an average of 5.5 d over the 25-yr study. |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Cleland2007">{{Cite journal |last=Cleland |first=E.E. |last2=Chuine |first2=I. |author-link2=Isabelle Chuine |last3=Menzel |first3=A. |last4=Mooney |first4=H.A. |last5=Schwartz |first5=M.D. |year=2007 |title=Shifting plant phenology in response to global change |url=http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41015195.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=357–365 |bibcode=2007TEcoE..22..357C |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.003 |pmid=17478009 |s2cid=34408962 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214907/http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41015195.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |access-date=2007-12-29 |quote=The longest and best known phenological records come from the Far East and Europe, including ... the 1300+-year Kyoto cherry blossom time series [37]... These longterm historical records can serve as proxies for temperature where thermometer data are unavailable.}}</ref> da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abu-asab |first=M.S. |last2=Peterson |first2=P.M. |last3=Shetler |first3=S.G. |last4=Orli |first4=S.S. |year=2001 |title=Earlier plant flowering in spring as a response to global warming in the Washington, DC, area |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/3371/1/Abu-Asab_et_al_2001_early_flowering.pdf |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=597–612 |bibcode=2001BiCon..10..597A |doi=10.1023/A:1016667125469 |s2cid=21391086 |access-date=2009-06-27 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Chung2011">{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Uran |last2=Mack |first2=Liz |last3=Yun |first3=Jin I. |last4=Kim |first4=Soo-Hyung |year=2011 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Jeffrey A |title=Predicting the Timing of Cherry Blossoms in Washington, DC and Mid-Atlantic States in Response to Climate Change |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=e27439 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...627439C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027439 |pmc=3210174 |pmid=22087317 |quote=The expected changes in phenology will have a substantial effect on the reproduction, distribution and productivity of trees as the coincidence of ecosystem processes, such as flowering and the emergence of pollinators, is disrupted. Some plants may also become less resistant to environmental challenges. For example, shorter and warmer winters can reduce the cold hardening of trees, leaving them vulnerable to frost injury. |doi-access=free}}</ref> dazuzzukan katako na arewa suna da alaƙa da fitowa da wuri, kuma suna riƙe da rufin kore na dogon lokaci.<ref name="Richardson2006">{{Cite journal |last=Richardson, A.D. |last2=Bailey, A.S. |last3=Denny, E.G. |last4=Martin, C.W. |last5=O'Keefe, J. |year=2006 |title=Phenology of a northern hardwood forest canopy |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=1174–1188 |bibcode=2006GCBio..12.1174R |citeseerx=10.1.1.495.6146 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01164.x |s2cid=10717334 |quote=...significant trends (P≤0.05) towards an earlier spring (e.g. sugar maple, rate of change=0.18 days earlier/yr), consistent with other studies documenting measurable climate change effects on the onset of spring in both North America and Europe. Our results also suggest that green canopy duration has increased by about 10 days (e.g. sugar maple, rate of change=0.21 days longer/yr) over the period of study.}}</ref> Lokacin girma na noma ya karu da kwanaki 10-20 a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="Linderholm2006">{{Cite journal |last=Linderholm, H.W. |year=2006 |title=Growing season changes in the last century |url=http://research.eeescience.utoledo.edu/lees/papers_PDF/Linderholm_2006_AFM.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology |volume=137 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2006AgFM..137....1L |doi=10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105140/http://research.eeescience.utoledo.edu/lees/papers_PDF/Linderholm_2006_AFM.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2009-06-27 |quote=The evidence points to a lengthening of the growing season of ca. 10–20 days in the last few decades, where an earlier onset of the start is most prominent. This extension of the growing season has been associated with recent global warming.}}</ref> Sakamakon raguwar lokacin da wadanda ba masana kimiyya ba suka lura da su, gami da masu lambu waɗanda suka ci gaba da lokacin shuka na bazara, <ref name="Philadelphia Inquirer">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Virginia A. |date=2007-04-07 |title=Out on a limb: Gardeners excited by the early warmth&nbsp;— call it "season creep" - are experimenting with earlier planting and new varieties. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14687823_ITM |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |quote=...earlier springs&nbsp;— an idea known as "season creep"&nbsp;— may or may not be related to long-term warming trends. Yet the reality of year-to-year weather weirdness recently, coupled with the ever-present impulse to outsmart Mother Nature, has prompted more than a few gardeners to shun conventional horticultural wisdom.}}</ref> kuma sun yi gwaji tare da shuka shuke-shuke masu saurin yanayi masu zafi na tsire-tsire marasa asali. <ref name="Knoxville News Sentinel">{{Cite web |last=Williams, Brad |date=2007-04-08 |title=Dogwoods to frogs, tulips to snow, Knox shows signs of warming |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/Apr/08/dogwoods-to-frogs-tulips-to-snow-knox-shows-of/ |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=[[Knoxville News Sentinel]] |quote=Knoxville is now in hardiness Zone 7, a zone where more southern trees and shrubs flourish. The zone shift can be seen all across the northern half of the state. It effectively means plants that once had difficulty growing here are now finding it easier to thrive, said Lisa Stanley, master gardener at Stanley's Greenhouses}}</ref> Duk da yake lokutan tsiro na rani suna fadada, hunturu suna samun dumi da gajeren lokaci, wanda ke haifar da rage rufe kankara na hunturu a kan ruwa, a baya kankara, a baya ruwan da ya narke, <ref name="Magnuson2000">{{Cite journal |last=Magnuson, J.J. |last2=Robertson, D.M. |last3=Benson, B.J. |last4=Wynne, R.H. |last5=Livingstone, D.M. |last6=Arai, T. |last7=Assel, R.A. |last8=Barry, R.G. |last9=Card, V. |last10=Kuusisto, E. |display-authors=etal |year=2000 |title=Historical Trends in Lake and River Ice Cover in the Northern Hemisphere |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-09-08_289_5485/page/1743 |journal=Science |volume=289 |issue=5485 |pages=1743–1746 |bibcode=2000Sci...289.1743M |doi=10.1126/science.289.5485.1743 |pmid=10976066 |s2cid=37999241 |quote=Freeze and breakup dates of ice on lakes and rivers provide consistent evidence of later freezing and earlier breakup around the Northern Hemisphere from 1846 to 1995. Over these 150 years, changes in freeze dates averaged 5.8 days per 100 years later, and changes in breakup dates averaged 6.5 days per 100 years earlier;}}</ref> da kuma farkon tafkin.<ref name="Hodgkins2002">{{Cite journal |last=Hodgkins, G.A. |last2=Ii, I.C.J. |last3=Huntington, T.G. |year=2002 |title=Historical Changes In Lake Ice-out Dates As Indicators Of Climate Change In New England, 1850--2000 |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~pbierman/classes/gradsem/2005fall/hodgkins_et_al_2002.pdf |journal=[[International Journal of Climatology]] |volume=22 |issue=15 |pages=1819–1827 |bibcode=2002IJCli..22.1819H |doi=10.1002/joc.857 |s2cid=129244310 |access-date=2007-12-28 |quote=Various studies have shown that changes over time in spring ice-out dates can be used as indicators of climate change.... Ice-out dates have become significantly earlier in New England since the 1800s}}</ref><ref name="New Scientist">{{Cite journal |date=2000-06-03 |title=Early risers |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16622413.300.html |journal=New Scientist |volume=167 |issue=2241 |pages=21 |access-date=2007-12-27 |quote=North America's Great Lakes are reaching their spring high-water levels a month earlier than they did when records began in 1860. Levels normally rise in the spring as snow melts, but regional temperatures have been rising for the past 90 years, and winter ice cover has been shrinking.}}</ref> Wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin bazara, ko "phenophases", sun zama masu saurin kai ko marasa ganuwa; alal misali, jikin ruwa wanda ya taɓa daskarewa a kai a kai yawancin hunturu yanzu suna daskarewa akai-akai, kuma a baya ana ganin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura a wasu yankuna a duk shekara.<ref name="Record-Eagle"/><ref name="NYSDEC">{{Cite web |last=Wake |first=Cameron |date=2006-12-04 |title=Climate Change in the Northeast: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hvcc1000cpw.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907033329/http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hvcc1000cpw.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2008 |access-date=2007-12-27 |website=Climate Change in the Hudson Valley, NY |quote=A particularly interesting lake ice record comes from Lake Champlain where they record the ice in date.... Of more significance is the fact that the ice has not frozen in the area of observation in 16 of the past 30 years.}}</ref><ref name="Freep">{{Cite web |date=2006-04-03 |title=Why Less Winter Ice is the Pitts for State |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_site=freep&f_site=freep&f_sitename=Detroit+Free+Press&p_theme=gannett&p_product=FP&p_action=search |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=[[The Detroit Free Press]] |quote=Grand Traverse Bay ... froze at least seven winters out of every 10; the rate slipped in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the bay froze only three times. So far this decade, once. Observers see that as one more sign of what some call "season creep," or evidence of global warming.}}</ref> == Dangantaka da dumamar yanayi == [[Fayil:American_Robin_(23225302456).jpg|right|thumb|Robin na Amurka ya daina ƙaura a wasu yankuna]] Cikakken tasirin dumamar yanayi na duniya ana hasashen zai faru a nan gaba, amma masana kimiyya na yanayi sun ambaci lokacin da ake samu a matsayin tasirin sauƙin gani na [[Canjin yanayi]] wanda ya riga ya faru kuma yana ci gaba da faruwa.<ref name="Cleland20062">{{Cite journal |last=Cleland, E.E. |last2=Chiariello, N.R. |last3=Loarie, S.R. |last4=Mooney, H.A. |last5=Field, C.B. |year=2006 |title=Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=37 |pages=13740–4 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10313740C |doi=10.1073/pnas.0600815103 |pmc=1560087 |pmid=16954189 |quote=Shifting plant phenology (i.e., timing of flowering and other developmental events) in recent decades establishes that species and ecosystems are already responding to global environmental change. Earlier flowering and an extended period of active plant growth across much of the northern hemisphere have been interpreted as responses to warming. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Scotsman.com2">{{Cite web |date=2007-06-04 |title=Man bags at ten paces? Just look it up |url=http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=3291680&bad=678471 |access-date=2007-12-23 |website=Scotsman.com News |quote=While the full impact of global warming is still to be experienced, many scientists are warning that it is responsible for earlier springs leading to longer summers.}}</ref><ref name="Linderholm20062">{{Cite journal |last=Linderholm, H.W. |year=2006 |title=Growing season changes in the last century |url=http://research.eeescience.utoledo.edu/lees/papers_PDF/Linderholm_2006_AFM.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology |volume=137 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2006AgFM..137....1L |doi=10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105140/http://research.eeescience.utoledo.edu/lees/papers_PDF/Linderholm_2006_AFM.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2009-06-27 |quote=The evidence points to a lengthening of the growing season of ca. 10–20 days in the last few decades, where an earlier onset of the start is most prominent. This extension of the growing season has been associated with recent global warming.}}</ref> Babban binciken tsarin tsarin halittu na bayanai akan nau'ikan shuke-shuke 542 a cikin ƙasashe 21 na Turai daga 1971-2000 ya nuna cewa kashi 78% na duk bayanan ganye, furanni, da 'ya'yan itace sun ci gaba yayin da kashi 3% kawai suka jinkirta sosai, kuma waɗannan abubuwan lura sun dace da ma'aunin da aka lura da dumama. <ref name="BBC NEWS2">{{Cite web |date=2006-08-25 |title=Climate changes shift springtime : A Europe-wide study has provided "conclusive proof" that the seasons are changing, with spring arriving earlier each year, researchers say. |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5279390.stm |access-date=2007-12-28 |website=Science/Nature |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=Spring was beginning on average six to eight days earlier than it did 30 years ago, the researchers said.}}</ref><ref name="Menzel20062">{{Cite journal |last=Menzel, A. |last2=Sparks, T.H. |last3=Estrella, N. |last4=Koch, E. |last5=Aasa, A. |last6=Ahas, R. |last7=Alm-kübler, K. |last8=Bissolli, P. |last9=Braslavská, O. |last10=Briede, A. |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1969–1976 |bibcode=2006GCBio..12.1969M |citeseerx=10.1.1.167.960 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x |s2cid=84406339 |quote=Our results showed that 78% of all leafing, flowering and fruiting records advanced (30% significantly) and only 3% were significantly delayed, whereas the signal of leaf colouring/fall is ambiguous.}}</ref> Irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin ilimin shuke-shuke da dabbobi suna faruwa a duk faɗin ruwa, ruwa mai laushi, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da aka yi nazari, kuma waɗannan canje-canjen sun dace da tasirin da ake tsammani na dumamar duniya.<ref name="Parmesan20062">{{Cite journal |last=Parmesan, C. |year=2006 |title=Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change |journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=637–69 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100 |quote=Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming...}}</ref> Duk da yake ilimin halitta yana nuna alamar da ta gabata a fadin yankuna masu matsakaici na Arewacin Amurka, wani cikakken binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na subarctic ya nuna bambanci mafi girma a lokacin kore-up, tare da wasu yankuna suna ci gaba, kuma wasu ba su da wani yanayi mai ganewa a cikin shekaru 44 na baya.<ref name="Delbart2007">{{Cite journal |last=Delbart, N. |last2=Picard, G. |last3=Kergoat, L. |last4=Letoan, T. |last5=Quegan, S. |last6=Dye, D. |last7=Woodward, I. |last8=Fedotova, V. |year=2007 |title=Spring phenology in taiga and tundra |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B53D..07D/abstract |url-status=live |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007 |bibcode=2007AGUFM.B53D..07D |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220164316/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/wais?jj=B53D-07 |archive-date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2007-12-29 |quote=The model was applied over the whole low arctic region from 1958 to 2002. In North East Canada and North East Russia, no remarkable trend is found in the timing of green- up, whereas a ten-day advance is recorded in the last few decades in North Alaska and in North West Siberia.}}</ref> Wani binciken ilimin halitta na shekaru 40 a kasar Sin ya sami karuwar zafi a wannan lokacin a wuraren da aka fi nazarin su, tare da shafukan da ke fuskantar sanyaya mafi yawa a kudu, yana nuna cewa bambancin zafin jiki tare da latitude yana raguwa a can.<ref name="China">{{Cite journal |last=Jingyun |first=Z. |last2=Quansheng |first2=G. |last3=Zhixin |first3=H. |year=2002 |title=Impacts of climate warming on plants phenophases in China for the last 40 years |url=http://www.igbp-cnc.org.cn/cpn/resource/ky1826.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=47 |issue=21 |pages=1826–1831 |bibcode=2002ChSBu..47.1826Z |doi=10.1360/02tb9399 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040901234413/http://www.igbp-cnc.org.cn/cpn/resource/ky1826.pdf |archive-date=September 1, 2004 |access-date=2009-06-27 |quote=There is a statistically meaningful relation between inter-annual changes in the spring phenophase and the spring temperature in China for the last 40 years.... The response of phenophase advance or delay to temperature change is nonlinear.... the rate of the phenophase difference with latitude becomes smaller too.}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya kuma tabbatar da cewa lokacin creep yana da alaƙa da dumama, amma tasirin ba layi ba ne - phenophases ya ci gaba da ƙasa tare da dumama mafi girma, kuma ya jinkirta tare da sanyaya mafi girma.<ref name="China" /> Ƙananan hunturu da lokutan girma masu tsawo na iya zama fa'ida ga al'umma daga [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]], amma tasirin ci gaba na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga yawan mutane. Misali na dusar ƙanƙara ya yi hasashen cewa dumama na 3 zuwa 5 ° C a Yammacin Amurka na iya haifar da dusar ƙara mai narkewa ya faru kamar watanni biyu da suka gabata, tare da tasiri mai zurfi akan hydroelectricity, amfani da ƙasa, noma, da kuma kula da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rauscher |first=S. A. |last2=Pal |first2=J. S. |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=N. S. |last4=Benedetti |first4=M. M. |year=2008 |title=Future changes in snowmelt-driven runoff timing over the western US |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/benedettim2008-1.pdf |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=35 |issue=16 |pages=L16703 |bibcode=2008GeoRL..3516703R |doi=10.1029/2008GL034424 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711210139/https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/benedettim2008-1.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-11 |access-date=2025-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1980, dusar ƙanƙara da ke tattare da shi da kuma dumama da ke tattane da shi an haɗa shi da karuwa a tsawon da tsananin lokacin gobarar daji a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westerling |first=L. |last2=Hidalgo |first2=G. |last3=Cayan |first3=R. |last4=Swetnam |first4=W. |date=Aug 2006 |title=Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. Forest wildfire activity |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5789 |pages=940–943 |bibcode=2006Sci...313..940W |doi=10.1126/science.1128834 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=16825536 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == lw137bztnwyhjbib2ln0adfgms49fjl Taraba State House of Assembly 0 117035 967461 890051 2026-10-14T07:37:05Z Sadik B Danladi 50035 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 967461 wikitext text/x-wiki The Taraba State House of Assembly reshe ne na Gwamnatin Jihar Tarava, wanda ke aiki a matsayin majalisar dokoki inda duk yanke shawara na majalisa da yin doka don gwamnatin Jihar Tarabe ke fitowa. Kungiyar ce mai zaman kanta tare da mambobi 24 da aka zaba a cikin mazabar jihohi 24. Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] na yanzu shine [[John Kizito Bonzina]] daga mazabar [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]] ta Jihar Tarava . <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Principal Officers |url=https://tarabastate.gov.ng/the-government/principal-officers/ |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=TARABA STATE GOVERNMENT |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608211419/http://tarabastate.gov.ng/the-government/principal-officers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="newspeaker">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Taraba Assembly gets new Speaker as Kunini resigns |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/12/21/taraba-assembly-gets-new-speaker-as-kunini-resigns/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=dailypost.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Taraba Assembly Gets New Speaker, Bonzina |url=https://leadership.ng/taraba-assembly-gets-new-speaker-bonzina/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalingo |first=John Mkom |date=2019-03-27 |title=INEC Present Certificate Of Return To Gov. Ishaku, 24 Members Elect Of Taraba State House Assembly |url=https://leadership.ng/2019/03/27/inec-present-certificate-of-return-to-gov-ishaku-24-members-elect-of-taraba-state-house-assembly/ |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taraba State House of Assembly Archives – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/tag/taraba-state-house-of-assembly |access-date=2019-06-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == 9th Taraba State House of Representatives 2019 - 2023 == Maijankai Charles Abihuda memba Karim1 mazabar 2019-2023 Kunini Joseph Albasu memba Lau mazabar 2019 - 2023 Gwampo Mohammed Danladi memba na mazabar Yorro 2019 - 2023 Gayam Mohammed Umar Galadima memba Gashaka mazabar 2019 - 2023 Aji Josiah John memba Wukari1 mazabar 2019 - 2023 Bonzena John Kizito memba na Majalisar Zing 2019 - yanzu Adamu Mohammed memba Gidan Karim Lamido11 Mazabar 2019 - 2023 Abdulkarim Mohammed memba na Majalisar Ibi 2019 - 2023 Yahaya Douglas Ndatse memba na Majalisar Donga 2019 - 2023 Sabo Pius memba [[Wukari]] 11 Majalisa 2019 - 2023 Sulaiman Abbas memba Majalisar Gassol 1 mazabar 2019 - 2023 Diah Peter Abel memba na mazabar Mbamga 2019 - yanzu Eneme Tafarki Agbadu memba na mazabar Kumi 2019 - yanzu Abdullahi Hamman Adama Borkono memba Bali11 mazabar 2019 - yanzu Ahmad Jedua Dawud memba na Gembu mazabar 2019 - 2023 Anderifun Timothy Habila memba na mazabar Ussa 2019 - 2023 Abubakar Yahuza Maidalailu memba na mazabar [[Jalingo]] 11 2019 - 2023 Bashir Mohammed memba na mazabar Nguroje 2019 - 2023 Bukuni Dominic Nzinang memba Ardo Kola mazabar 2019 - 2023 Garba Ajiya Samson memba Takum1 mazabar 2019 - 2023 Kaura Abbas Umar memba Gassol 11 2019 - 2023 Taraba Mark Bako Useni memba na Majalisar Takum1 2019 - 2023 Tafida Nasiru Usman memba Jalingo11 Mazabar 2019 - 2023 Maikudi Gambo memba Bali1 mazabar 2019 - 2023 10th Taraba State House of Assembly Members 2023 - 2027= Hon. Happy Shonruba memba wakiltar mazabar Ardo-Kola Hon. Veronica Alhassan memba wakiltar mazabar Bali 1 Hon. Hamann Adama Borkono '''Mataimakin Kakakin''' memba mai wakiltar mazabar 11 Hon. Bibonga Dinkomiya Nulamuga memba wakiltar mazabar Donga Hon. Abdullahi (Chul) Musa memba wakiltar Gassol 1 Majalisa Hon. Umar Kaura Abbas memba wakiltar Gassol 11 Hon. Muhammad Batulu Katltume memba mai wakiltar mazabar Gashaka Hon. Suleiman Titong Abdul-Azeez Tanko memba mai wakiltar mazabar Gembu Hon. Ibrahim Isa Bawa memba mai wakiltar mazabar Ibbi Hon. Umar Adamu Sarki memba wakiltar mazabar Jalingo 1 Hon. Mairiga Usman Uba memba wakiltar mazabar Jalingo 11 Hon. Mike Dio M.M. Jen memba wakiltar Karim 1 Mazabar Hon. Anas Shuaibu Didango memba wakiltar mazabar Karim 11 Hon. Akila Nuhu Rantiyo memba wakiltar mazabar Lau Rt. Hon. Peter Abel Diah memba mai wakiltar mazabar Mbamga Hon. Cyprain Nelson Len memba wakiltar mazabar Nguroje Hon. Tafarki Agbadu Eneme memba wakiltar mazabar Kurmi Hon. Tanko-Yusuf Abubakar John memba wakiltar Takum 1 Hon. Lamba John memba wakiltar Takum 11 Hon. Rikupki Joshua Urenyang memba wakiltar mazabar Ussa "'Zikengyu Yakubu Jethro'" '''Shugaba mafi rinjaye''' memba mai wakiltar Wukari 1 Hon. Angye Josiah Yaro memba wakiltar Wukari 11 Election Hon. Kassong Kannoh Joseph memba wakiltar mazabar Yorro '''Mai girma John Kizito Bonzina''' '''Mai magana mai daraja''' memba mai wakiltar mazabar [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]] <ref name="newspeaker"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] czqx3h36v4vrolck942wq49z7a6nqae Bayani 0 119406 967434 961044 2026-10-14T01:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967434 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Bayani''' ra'ayi ne mai zurfi wanda ke nufin wani abu da ke da ikon sanar da mutane . A matakin farko, yana da alaƙa da fassarar (watakila a hukumance ) na abin da za a iya fahimta, ko kuma abubuwan da suka bayyana . Duk wani tsari na halitta wanda ba gaba ɗaya ba ne kuma duk wani tsari da za a iya gani a kowace hanya za a iya cewa yana isar da wasu bayanai. Yayin da siginar dijital da sauran [[bayanai]] ke amfani da alamomi daban-daban don isar da bayanai, wasu abubuwan mamaki da kayan tarihi kamar siginar analog, [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]], hotuna, [[kiɗa]] ko wasu [[Sauti|sautuka]], da kuma kwararar bayanai suna isar da bayanai ta hanyar da ta fi ci gaba. Bayani ba [[ilimi]] ba ne da kansa, amma ma'anar da za a iya samu daga wakilci ta hanyar fassara. Manufar ''bayanai'' tana da alaƙa da kuma alaƙa da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, gami da ƙuntatawa, sadarwa, iko, [[bayanai]], tsari, [[Karantarwa|ilimi]], [[ilimi]], ma'ana, fahimta, abubuwan da ke motsa tunani, tsari, fahimta, gabatarwa, wakilci, da entropy . Sau da yawa ana sarrafa bayanai akai-akai: Bayanan da ake da su a mataki ɗaya ana sarrafa su zuwa bayanai don a fassara su kuma a sarrafa su a mataki na gaba. Misali, a [[Rubutu|rubuce-rubuce]] kowace alama ko [[Harfa|harafi]] tana isar da bayanai masu dacewa da kalmar da take cikinta, kowace kalma tana isar da bayanai masu dacewa da kalmar da take cikinta, kowace jumla tana isar da bayanai masu dacewa da jumlar da take cikinta, da sauransu har sai a mataki na ƙarshe an fassara bayanai kuma sun zama ilimi a wani yanki da aka bayar. A cikin siginar dijital, ana iya fassara bit zuwa alamomi, haruffa, lambobi, ko tsarin da ke isar da bayanan da ake samu a matakin gaba. Babban siffa ta bayanai ita ce cewa ana iya fassara shi da sarrafa shi. Ana iya ɗaukar samowar bayanai daga sigina ko saƙo a matsayin warware rashin tabbas ko rashin tabbas da ke tasowa yayin fassarar alamu a cikin siginar ko saƙon. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webler |first=Forrest |date=25 February 2022 |title=Measurement in the Age of Information |journal=Information |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=111 |doi=10.3390/info13030111 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya tsara bayanai kamar [[bayanai]] . Ana iya matse bayanai masu yawa har zuwa girman da ya fi dacewa, wanda shine iyakar ka'idar matsi. Ana iya samun bayanan da ake samu ta hanyar tattara bayanai ta hanyar bincike. Misali, gidan cin abinci yana tattara bayanai daga kowace odar abokin ciniki. Ana iya yin nazarin waɗannan bayanan don samar da ilimin da za a yi amfani da shi lokacin da kamfanin daga baya yake son gano abincin da ya fi shahara ko kuma wanda ba shi da shahara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Ana iya aika bayanai cikin lokaci, ta hanyar adana bayanai, da sarari, ta hanyar sadarwa da [[sadarwa]] . <ref name="Hilbertvideo2011">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2011 |title=World_info_capacity_animation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIKPjOuwqHo |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211220742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIKPjOuwqHo |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=1 May 2017 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana bayyana bayanai ko dai a matsayin abin da ke cikin saƙo ko kuma ta hanyar lura kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Abin da aka fahimta za a iya fassara shi a matsayin saƙo a kansa, kuma a wannan ma'anar, duk wani bayani koyaushe ana isar da shi a matsayin abin da ke cikin saƙo. Ana iya rubuta bayanai zuwa siffofi daban-daban don watsawa da fassara (misali, ana iya rubuta bayanai cikin jerin alamomi, ko kuma a aika su ta hanyar sigina ). Ana iya ɓoye shi don adanawa da sadarwa mai aminci. Ana auna rashin tabbas na wani abu ta hanyar yiwuwar faruwarsa. Rashin tabbas yana daidai da logarithm mara kyau na yuwuwar faruwa. Ka'idar bayanai ta yi amfani da wannan ta hanyar kammala da cewa ƙarin abubuwan da ba su da tabbas suna buƙatar ƙarin bayani don magance rashin tabbas ɗinsu. Bit ɗin shine ma'aunin bayanai na yau da kullun. "Abin da ke rage rashin tabbas da rabi" ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DT&SC 4-5: Information Theory Primer, Online Course |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qanHTredVE&list=PLtjBSCvWCU3rNm46D3R85efM0hrzjuAIg&index=42 |website=YouTube |publisher=University of California |publication-date=2015}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da wasu na'urori kamar nat . Misali, bayanin da aka sanya a cikin juzu'in tsabar kuɗi "mai adalci" shine log <sub>2</sub> (2/1) = bit 1, kuma a cikin juzu'in tsabar kuɗi biyu masu adalci shine log <sub>2</sub> (4/1) = bit 2. Wani labarin ''Kimiyya'' na 2011 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 97% na bayanan da aka adana a fasaha sun riga sun kasance a cikin bits na dijital a cikin 2007 kuma cewa shekarar 2002 ita ce farkon zamanin dijital don adana bayanai (tare da ƙarfin ajiya na dijital wanda ke wucewa da analog a karon farko). <ref name="HilbertLopez2011">{{Cite journal |last=Hilbert |first=Martin |last2=López |first2=Priscila |date=2011 |title=The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=332 |issue=6025 |pages=60–65 |bibcode=2011Sci...332...60H |doi=10.1126/science.1200970 |pmid=21310967 |s2cid=206531385 |doi-access=free}} Free access to the article at martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html</ref> == Asalin kalma da tarihin ra'ayi == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Kalmar Ingilishi "bayani" ta fito ne daga ''enformacion/informacion/information'' na Tsakiyar Faransanci 'binciken laifuka' da kuma etymon, Latin ''informatiō(n)'' 'conception, teaching, creation'. A Turanci, "bayani" suna ne na taro wanda ba za a iya ƙirgawa ba. Nassoshi kan "samuwa ko ƙera hankali ko hali, horo, koyarwa, koyarwa" sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 14 a cikin Turanci (bisa ga Oxford English Dictionary ) da sauran harsunan Turai. A cikin sauyi daga Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Zamani, amfani da manufar bayanai ya nuna sauyi mai mahimmanci a cikin tushen ilimin halittu - daga "bayar da tsari (mai mahimmanci) zuwa abu" zuwa "sadar da wani abu ga wani". Peters (1988, shafi na 1988)&nbsp;12–13) ya kammala da cewa: : An yi amfani da bayanai cikin sauƙi a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (kodayake bai taka muhimmiyar rawa ba kamar sauran kalmomi kamar ra'ayi ko ra'ayi) saboda da alama yana bayyana hanyoyin ji: abubuwa a duniya suna ba da labari ga ji . Amma jin daɗi ya bambanta gaba ɗaya da "siffa" - ɗayan yana da sha'awa, ɗayan kuma yana da hankali; ɗayan kuma yana da ra'ayin kansa, ɗayan kuma yana da manufa. Jin daɗin abubuwa yana da sauri, ba shi da tabbas, kuma yana da ban mamaki. Musamman ga Hume, ƙwarewar ji da gani wani yanayi ne na ra'ayoyi da aka yanke daga kowace alaƙa ta hakika zuwa ga ainihin duniya... A kowane hali, matsalar mai binciken ilimin lissafi ita ce yadda tunanin duniya ke fahimtarsa. Da farko an sanar da shi an tsara shi ta hanyar; daga baya ya zama yana nufin an karɓi rahotanni daga. Yayin da wurin aikinsa ya karkata daga sararin samaniya zuwa sani, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga haɗin kai (siffofin Aristotle) zuwa raka'a (na ji). Bayanai sun ragu sosai don nufin tsari ko tsari na ciki, tunda empiricism ya ba da damar babu wani tsari na ilimi da ya riga ya wanzu a waje da jin daɗi da kansa. Madadin haka, bayanai sun zo ne don nuna abubuwan da suka yi kama da na hankali, masu canzawa, da kuma waɗanda ba a saba gani ba. Bayanai, kamar farkon ra'ayin duniya na zamani gabaɗaya, sun canza daga sararin samaniya mai tsari daga Allah zuwa tsarin da motsin jikin halittu ke jagoranta. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin empiricism, bayanai a hankali suna tafiya daga tsari zuwa abu, daga tsari zuwa abu, daga tsari na hankali zuwa motsin ji. A zamanin yau, mafi mahimmancin tasiri ga ra'ayin bayanai ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar bayanai da Claude Shannon da sauransu suka haɓaka. Duk da haka, wannan ka'ida tana nuna wani babban sabani. Northrup (1993) ya rubuta: : Saboda haka, a zahiri ana amfani da misalai guda biyu masu karo da juna: Shahararren misalin bayanai a matsayin adadi, kamar ruwa a cikin bututun ruwa, yana aiki, amma haka ma misali na biyu, na bayanai a matsayin zaɓi, zaɓi da :an bayar da bayanai ya yi, da kuma zaɓi da aka tilasta wa mai karɓar bayanai ya yi. A gaskiya ma, kwatanci na biyu yana nuna cewa bayanin da aka aika ba lallai bane ya yi daidai da bayanin da aka karɓa, domin kowane zaɓi yana nufin kwatantawa da jerin abubuwan da za a iya yi, watau, jerin ma'anoni masu yiwuwa. A nan, ma'ana ta ƙunshi, don haka ɓata ra'ayin bayanai a matsayin "Ding an sich." Saboda haka, yawancin rikice-rikicen da ake yi game da ra'ayin bayanai suna da alaƙa da ruɗani na asali na misalai a cikin ka'idar Shannon: shin bayanai adadi ne mai cin gashin kansa, ko kuma bayanai koyaushe ne ga mai lura da bayanai? A gaskiya, ban tsammanin Shannon da kansa ya zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin ma'anoni biyu ba. A ma'ana, ka'idarsa ta nuna bayanai a matsayin wani abu na zahiri. Amma wannan yana da tasiri mai faɗi na ilimin halittu wanda ya sa Shannon bai fahimci wannan gaskiyar da ke da ma'ana ba. Saboda haka, ya ci gaba da amfani da misalai game da bayanai kamar dai abu ne na zahiri. Wannan shine babban sabani da ke cikin ka'idar bayanai ta Shannon. "(Northrup, 1993, shafi na 5). A cikin littafinsu mai suna ''The Study of Information: Interdisciplinary Messages'', Almach da Mansfield (1983) sun tattara muhimman ra'ayoyi kan takaddamar da ke tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a kimiyyar kwamfuta, fasahar wucin gadi, kimiyyar laburare da bayanai, ilimin harsuna, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma kimiyyar zamantakewa, da kuma a kimiyyar zamantakewa. Almach (1983, shafi na&nbsp;660) da kansa bai yarda da amfani da manufar bayanai a cikin mahallin watsa sigina ba, ainihin ma'anar bayanai a ra'ayinsa duk suna nufin "faɗin wani abu ko ga abin da ake faɗa. Ana isar da bayanai ga tunanin ɗan adam kuma tunanin ɗan adam yana karɓe su." Duk sauran ma'anoni, gami da amfani da shi dangane da halittu marasa ɗan adam da kuma ga al'umma gaba ɗaya, a cewar Mahlup, misalai ne, kuma, kamar yadda yake a yanayin cybernetics, anthropomorphic. Hjørland (2007) ya bayyana babban bambanci tsakanin ra'ayoyin da suka shafi bayanai na zahiri da na zahiri kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ra'ayin da suka shafi bayanai ya samu goyon baya daga, da sauransu, Bateson, Yovits, Span-Hansen, Brier, Buckland, Goguen, da Hjørland. Hjørland ya bayar da misali kamar haka: : Dutse a kan gona zai iya ƙunsar bayanai daban-daban ga mutane daban-daban (ko daga wani yanayi zuwa wani). Ba zai yiwu ba ga tsarin bayanai su tsara dukkan bayanan dutsen ga kowane mutum. Kuma babu wanda ke zana taswirar "gaskiya" ɗaya. Amma mutane suna da ilimin da ya bambanta kuma suna taka rawa daban-daban a cikin rabon aiki a cikin al'umma. Dutse a cikin fili yana wakiltar nau'in bayanai na yau da kullun ga masanin ilimin ƙasa, wani kuma ga masanin ilmin ƙasa. Ana iya tsara bayanan da ke cikin dutsen zuwa tsarin ilimi daban-daban na gama gari wanda misali ilimin ƙasa da ilmin kayan tarihi suka samar. Ana iya gano bayanai, bayyana su, da kuma wakiltar su a cikin tsarin bayanai don fannoni daban-daban na ilimi. Hakika, akwai rashin tabbas da matsaloli da yawa masu wahala wajen tantance ko wani abu yana da ilimi ko a'a ga wani yanki. Wasu fannoni suna da babban matakin yarda da juna da kuma takamaiman sharuɗɗan da suka shafi mahimmanci. Wasu fannoni suna da siffofi daban-daban, masu karo da juna, kowannensu yana ɗauke da nasa ra'ayi ko kaɗan game da ingancin bayanai na nau'ikan hanyoyin bayanai daban-daban. (Hjørland, 1997, shafi na 111, an jaddada shi a cikin asali). == Ka'idar bayanai == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ka'idar bayanai ita ce nazarin kimiyya na ƙididdige bayanai, adanawa, da kuma [[sadarwa]] . Aikin Claude Shannon ne ya kafa wannan fanni a shekarun 1940, tare da gudunmawar da Harry Nyquist da Ralph Hartley suka bayar a shekarun 1920. Wannan fanni yana kan mahaɗar ka'idar yiwuwa, ƙididdiga, kimiyyar kwamfuta, makanikan ƙididdiga, injiniyan bayanai, da injiniyan lantarki . Babban ma'auni a cikin ka'idar bayanai shine entropy . Entropy yana auna adadin rashin tabbas da ke tattare da ƙimar wani canji na bazuwar ko sakamakon wani tsari na bazuwar . Misali, gano sakamakon jujjuyawar tsabar kuɗi mai kyau (tare da sakamako biyu masu yuwuwar daidai) yana ba da ƙarancin bayanai (ƙananan entropy) fiye da ƙayyade sakamakon daga jujjuyawar wata (tare da sakamako shida masu yuwuwar daidai). Wasu muhimman ma'auni a cikin ka'idar bayanai sune bayanai na juna, ƙarfin tashar, ma'aunin kuskure, da kuma entropy na dangi . Muhimman ƙananan fannoni na ka'idar bayanai sun haɗa da lambar tushe, ka'idar rikitarwa ta algorithmic, ka'idar bayanai ta algorithmic, da kuma tsaron ka'idar bayanai .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} Amfani da muhimman batutuwa na ka'idar bayanai sun haɗa da lambar tushe/ matse bayanai (misali ga fayilolin ZIP ), da kuma lambar tashoshi/ gano kurakurai da gyara (misali ga DSL ). Tasirinsa ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga nasarar ayyukan Voyager zuwa sararin samaniya mai zurfi, ƙirƙirar ƙaramin faifan diski, yuwuwar wayoyin hannu da kuma haɓaka Intanet. Ka'idar ta kuma sami aikace-aikace a wasu fannoni, ciki har da ƙididdiga, <ref>Burnham, K. P. and Anderson D. R. (2002) ''Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Second Edition'' (Springer Science, New York) {{ISBN|978-0-387-95364-9}}.</ref> cryptography, neurobiology, fahimta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Delgado-Bonal |first=Alfonso |last2=Martín-Torres |first2=Javier |date=2016-11-03 |title=Human vision is determined based on information theory |journal=Scientific Reports |language=En |volume=6 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016NatSR...636038D |doi=10.1038/srep36038 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5093619 |pmid=27808236 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ilimin harsuna, juyin halitta <ref>{{Cite journal |last=cf |last2=Huelsenbeck |first2=J. P. |last3=Ronquist |first3=F. |last4=Nielsen |first4=R. |last5=Bollback |first5=J. P. |year=2001 |title=Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-12-14_294_5550/page/2310 |journal=Science |volume=294 |issue=5550 |pages=2310–2314 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2310H |doi=10.1126/science.1065889 |pmid=11743192 |s2cid=2138288}}</ref> da aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allikmets |first=Rando |last2=Wasserman |first2=Wyeth W. |last3=Hutchinson |first3=Amy |last4=Smallwood |first4=Philip |last5=Nathans |first5=Jeremy |last6=Rogan |first6=Peter K. |year=1998 |title=Thomas D. Schneider], Michael Dean (1998) Organization of the ABCR gene: analysis of promoter and splice junction sequences |url=http://alum.mit.edu/www/toms/ |journal=Gene |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=111–122 |doi=10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00269-8 |pmid=9666097 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na lambobin kwayoyin halitta ( bioinformatics ), kimiyyar zafi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaynes |first=E. T. |year=1957 |title=Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics |url=http://bayes.wustl.edu/ |journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=106 |issue=4 |page=620 |bibcode=1957PhRv..106..620J |doi=10.1103/physrev.106.620 |s2cid=17870175}}</ref> lissafin kwantum, ramukan baƙi, tattara bayanai, tattara bayanai, gano sata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Charles H. |last2=Li |first2=Ming |last3=Ma |first3=Bin |year=2003 |title=Chain Letters and Evolutionary Histories |url=http://sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=08B64096-0772-4904-9D48227D5C9FAC75 |journal=Scientific American |volume=288 |issue=6 |pages=76–81 |bibcode=2003SciAm.288f..76B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0603-76 |pmid=12764940 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007041539/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=08B64096-0772-4904-9D48227D5C9FAC75 |archive-date=2007-10-07 |access-date=2008-03-11}}</ref> gane tsari, gano rashin daidaituwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=David R. Anderson |date=November 1, 2003 |title=Some background on why people in the empirical sciences may want to better understand the information-theoretic methods |url=http://aicanderson2.home.comcast.net/~aicanderson2/home.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723045720/http://aicanderson2.home.comcast.net/~aicanderson2/home.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |access-date=2010-06-23}} </ref> har ma da ƙirƙirar fasaha. == A matsayin shigarwar ji == Sau da yawa ana iya kallon bayanai a matsayin wani nau'in shigarwa ga wani abu ko tsarin halitta . Shigarwa iri biyu ne. Wasu abubuwan da aka samar suna da mahimmanci ga aikin kwayoyin halitta (misali, abinci) ko tsarin ( [[makamashi]] ) da kansu. A cikin littafinsa ''na Sensory Ecology'' masanin kimiyyar halittu David B. Dusenbery ya kira waɗannan abubuwan da suka haifar da hakan. Sauran bayanai (bayanai) suna da mahimmanci ne kawai saboda suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka haifar da su kuma ana iya amfani da su don [[Harsashen|annabta]] faruwar abubuwan da suka haifar da su a wani lokaci daga baya (kuma wataƙila wani wuri). Wasu bayanai suna da mahimmanci saboda alaƙa da wasu bayanai amma daga ƙarshe dole ne a sami alaƙa da shigarwar dalili. A aikace, yawanci bayanai suna ɗauke da rauni a cikin abubuwan da ke motsa jiki waɗanda dole ne a gano su ta hanyar tsarin ji na musamman kuma a ƙara musu kuzari kafin su yi aiki ga kwayoyin halitta ko tsarin. Misali, haske galibi (amma ba wai kawai, misali, tsire-tsire na iya girma a gefen tushen haske ba) wani abu ne da ke haifar da matsala ga tsirrai, amma ga dabbobi, bayanai ne kawai yake bayarwa. Hasken da ke fitowa daga fure yana da rauni sosai don photosynthesis amma tsarin gani na kudan zuma yana gano shi kuma tsarin jijiyoyi na kudan zuma yana amfani da bayanan don jagorantar kudan zuma zuwa ga furen, inda kudan zuma ke samun nectar ko pollen, waɗanda sune abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan, aikin abinci mai gina jiki. == A matsayin tasirin da ke haifar da sauyi == Bayani shine kowace irin tsari da ke tasiri ga samuwar ko sauya wasu siffofi. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Claude E. Shannon}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casagrande |first=David |year=1999 |title=Information as verb: Re-conceptualizing information for cognitive and ecological models |url=http://www.lehigh.edu/~dac511/literature/casagrande1999.pdf |journal=Journal of Ecological Anthropology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–13 |doi=10.5038/2162-4593.3.1.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wannan ma'anar, babu buƙatar mai hankali ya fahimci, balle ya fahimci tsarin. Ka yi la'akari, misali, DNA . Jerin nucleotides tsari ne da ke tasiri ga samuwar da ci gaban wata halitta ba tare da buƙatar tunani mai hankali ba. Duk da haka, mutum zai iya jayayya cewa ga ɗan adam ya ayyana tsari da gangan, misali nucleotide, ya ƙunshi sarrafa bayanai da sani. Duk da haka, wanzuwar halittu masu ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya da ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, tare da hadaddun [[Biochemistry|ilimin halittu]] wanda ke haifar da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da suka faru, zuwa ga wanzuwar enzymes da polynucleotides waɗanda ke hulɗa da kiyaye tsarin halittu da kuma shiga cikin ci gaban halittu masu ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, yana gaba da miliyoyin shekaru bayyanar wayewar ɗan adam da ƙirƙirar al'adun kimiyya waɗanda suka samar da sunayen sinadarai. A wasu lokutan, ka'idar tsarin tana nufin bayanai a wannan ma'anar, idan aka ɗauka cewa bayanai ba lallai bane su ƙunshi wani tunani mai zurfi, kuma alamu da ke yawo (saboda ra'ayoyin ) a cikin tsarin za a iya kiransu bayanai. A wata ma'anar, za a iya cewa bayanai a wannan ma'anar wani abu ne da ake iya ɗauka a matsayin wakilci, kodayake ba a ƙirƙira ko gabatar da shi don wannan dalili ba. Misali, Gregory Bateson ya fassara "bayani" a matsayin "bambanci da ke kawo canji". Amma, idan, manufar "tasiri" tana nufin cewa hankali mai hankali ya fahimci bayanai kuma ya fassara su, takamaiman mahallin da ke da alaƙa da wannan fassarar na iya haifar da canza bayanin zuwa [[ilimi]] . Ma'anoni masu rikitarwa na "bayani" da "ilimi" suna sa irin wannan nazarin ma'ana da ma'ana ya yi wahala, amma yanayin "canji" muhimmin batu ne a cikin nazarin bayanai dangane da ilimi, musamman a fannin kasuwanci na gudanar da ilimi . A wannan aikin, ana amfani da kayan aiki da matakai don taimaka wa ma'aikacin ilimi wajen gudanar da bincike da yanke shawara, gami da matakai kamar: * Yi bitar bayanai don samun ƙima da ma'ana yadda ya kamata * Bayanan bayanai na tunani idan akwai * Kafa mahallin da ya dace, sau da yawa daga yanayi daban-daban da za a iya fuskanta * Samu sabon ilimi daga bayanin * Yi shawarwari ko shawarwari daga ilimin da ya biyo baya Stewart (2001) ya yi jayayya cewa sauya bayanai zuwa ilimi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, wanda ke cikin ginshiƙin ƙirƙirar ƙima da fa'idar gasa ga harkokin kasuwanci na zamani. A cikin tsarin ilmin halitta, Mizraji <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mizraji |first=E. |year=2021 |title=The biological Maxwell's demons: exploring ideas about the information processing in biological systems |journal=Theory in Biosciences. |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1007/s12064-021-00354-6 |pmc=8568868 |pmid=34449033}}</ref> ya bayyana bayanai a matsayin wani abu da ke fitowa daga hulɗar alamu da tsarin masu karɓa (misali: a cikin masu karɓar kwayoyin halitta ko jijiyoyi waɗanda ke iya hulɗa da takamaiman alamu, bayanai suna fitowa daga waɗannan hulɗar). Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗa da ra'ayin "masu haɓaka bayanai", tsarin da bayanai masu tasowa ke haɓaka sauyawa daga gane tsari zuwa aikin da aka tsara bisa manufa (misali, takamaiman canjin wani abu zuwa samfuri ta hanyar enzyme, ko karɓar kalmomi ta hanyar ji da kuma samar da amsa ta baki) Kamus na Dokokin Bayanai na Danish <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simonsen |first=Bo Krantz |title=Informationsordbogen – vis begreb |url=http://www.informationsordbogen.dk/concept.php?cid=902 |access-date=1 May 2017 |website=Informationsordbogen.dk}}</ref> ya yi jayayya cewa bayanai suna ba da amsa ne kawai ga tambayar da aka gabatar. Ko amsar ta bayar da ilimi ya dogara ne da mutumin da ya san abin da ke ciki. Don haka cikakken ma'anar manufar ya kamata ta kasance: "Bayani" = Amsar wata takamaiman tambaya". Lokacin da Marshall McLuhan ke magana game da kafofin watsa labarai da tasirinsu ga al'adun ɗan adam, yana nufin tsarin kayan tarihi waɗanda ke tsara halayenmu da tunaninmu. Haka kuma, sau da yawa ana cewa pheromones "bayani" ne a wannan ma'anar. == Bayanan da aka haɗa ta hanyar fasaha == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Waɗannan sassan suna amfani da ma'aunin bayanai maimakon bayanai, domin ba za a iya auna bayanai kai tsaye ba. === Tun daga shekarar 2007 === An kiyasta cewa ƙarfin fasahar duniya na adana bayanai ya karu daga 2.6 (wanda aka matsa sosai) exabytes a shekarar 1986 - wanda yayi daidai da ƙasa da CD-ROM 730-MB ɗaya ga kowane mutum (539 MB ga kowane mutum) - zuwa 295 (wanda aka matsa sosai) exabytes a shekarar 2007. <ref name="HilbertLopez2011" /> Wannan daidai yake da kusan CD-ROM 61 ga kowane mutum a shekarar 2007. <ref name="Hilbertvideo2011" /> Haɗakar ƙarfin fasaha na duniya don karɓar bayanai ta hanyar hanyoyin watsa labarai na hanya ɗaya shine daidai da [[Jarida|jaridu]] 174 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana a cikin 2007. <ref name="HilbertLopez2011" /> Haɗin ƙarfin da duniya ke da shi na musayar bayanai ta hanyar hanyoyin [[Sadarwa|sadarwa na]] hanyoyi biyu ya yi daidai da jaridu 6 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana a shekarar 2007. <ref name="Hilbertvideo2011" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, an kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na dukkan sabbin bayanai na dijital ne, galibi ana adana su a rumbun kwamfuta. === Tun daga shekarar 2020 === Ana hasashen cewa jimillar bayanan da aka ƙirƙira, aka kama, aka kwafi, aka kuma cinye a duk duniya za su ƙaru cikin sauri, inda za su kai zettabytes 64.2 a shekarar 2020. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa har zuwa 2025, ana hasashen ƙirƙirar bayanai a duniya zai ƙaru zuwa fiye da zettabytes 180. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Total data volume worldwide 2010–2025 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/871513/worldwide-data-created/ |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> == Kamar yadda bayanai suka nuna == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Rikodi nau'ikan bayanai ne na musamman. Ainihin, bayanai bayanai ne da aka samar da su da gangan ko kuma a matsayin sakamakon ayyukan kasuwanci ko ma'amaloli kuma aka adana su saboda ƙimarsu. Ainihin, ƙimar su shaida ce ta ayyukan ƙungiyar amma kuma ana iya riƙe su don ƙimar su ta bayanai. Gudanar da rikodin sauti yana tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye sahihancin rikodin har tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Ma'aunin ƙasa da ƙasa kan kula da bayanai, ISO 15489, ya bayyana bayanan a matsayin "bayanin da aka ƙirƙira, aka karɓa, kuma aka kiyaye a matsayin shaida da bayanai daga ƙungiya ko mutum, bisa ga wajibcin doka ko a cikin mu'amalar kasuwanci". Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Taskar Bayanai (ICA) kan bayanan lantarki ya bayyana rikodin a matsayin, "bayanan da aka yi rikodin da aka samar ko aka karɓa a lokacin fara aiki, gudanarwa ko kammala wani aiki na cibiyoyi ko na mutum ɗaya kuma wanda ya ƙunshi abun ciki, mahallin da tsari wanda ya isa ya samar da shaidar aikin". <ref name="ica">{{Cite web |last=Committee on Electronic Records |date=February 1997 |title=Guide For Managing Electronic Records From An Archival Perspective |url=https://www.ica.org/sites/default/files/ICA%20Study%208%20guide_eng.pdf |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=www.ica.org |publisher=International Committee on Archives |page=22}}</ref> Ana iya adana bayanai don adana tunawa da ƙungiyar ko kuma don biyan buƙatun doka, kuɗi ko alhakin da aka sanya wa ƙungiyar. Willis ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ingantaccen tsarin kula da bayanan kasuwanci da bayanai ya samar da "... muhimman buƙatu guda shida don kyakkyawan shugabanci na kamfanoni ... bayyananne; ɗaukar nauyi; bin ƙa'idodi; bin ƙa'idodi na doka da na gama gari; da kuma tsaron bayanan sirri da na kamfanoni." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=Anthony |date=1 August 2005 |title=Corporate governance and management of information and records |journal=Records Management Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=86–97 |doi=10.1108/09565690510614238}}</ref> == Ilimin Nazarin Alamomi == Michael Buckland ya rarraba "bayani" dangane da amfaninsa: "bayani a matsayin tsari", "bayani a matsayin ilimi", da kuma "bayani a matsayin abu". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckland |first=Michael K. |author-link=Michael Buckland |date=June 1991 |title=Information as thing |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=351–360 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199106)42:5<351::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-3}}</ref> Beynon-Davies ya bayyana ra'ayi mai fuskoki da yawa na bayanai dangane da alamu da tsarin alamun sigina. Ana iya la'akari da alamun kansu dangane da matakai huɗu masu alaƙa da juna, yadudduka ko rassan semiotics : pragmatics, ma'anoni, syntax, da empirics. Waɗannan matakai huɗu suna aiki don haɗa duniyar zamantakewa a gefe ɗaya da duniyar zahiri ko ta fasaha a ɗayan gefen. [[Pragmatics]] yana da alaƙa da manufar sadarwa. Pragmatics yana haɗa batun alamu da mahallin da ake amfani da alamun a ciki. Manufar masu aiki a aikace shine a kan manufar masu rai waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin halayen sadarwa. A wata ma'anar, pragmatics suna haɗa harshe da aiki. Ma'anar ma'ana tana da alaƙa da ma'anar saƙon da aka isar a cikin aikin sadarwa. Ma'anar ma'ana tana la'akari da abubuwan da ke cikin sadarwa. Ma'anar ma'ana ita ce nazarin ma'anar alamu - alaƙar da ke tsakanin alamu da hali. Ana iya ɗaukar ma'anar ma'ana a matsayin nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin alamomi da abubuwan da suka nuna ko ra'ayoyinsu - musamman yadda alamu ke da alaƙa da halayen ɗan adam. Tsarin jumla yana da alaƙa da tsarin da ake amfani da shi don wakiltar saƙo. Tsarin rubutu a matsayin yanki yana nazarin nau'in sadarwa dangane da dabaru da nahawun tsarin alamun. Tsarin rubutu ya mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin siffar maimakon abubuwan da ke cikin alamun da tsarin alamun. Nielsen (2008) ya tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin ilmin kimiyya da bayanai dangane da ƙamus. Ya gabatar da manufar kuɗaɗen bayanai na ƙamus kuma yana nuni ga ƙoƙarin da mai amfani da ƙamus dole ne ya yi don fara nemo bayanai, sannan ya fahimci su don su samar da bayanai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nielsen |first=Sandro |year=2008 |title=The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use |url=https://lexikos.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/483 |journal=Lexikos |location=Stellenbosch |publisher=Bureau of the WAT |volume=18 |pages=170–189 |doi=10.5788/18-0-483 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sadarwa yawanci tana wanzuwa a cikin mahallin wani yanayi na zamantakewa. Yanayin zamantakewa yana tsara mahallin manufofin da aka gabatar (aiki) da kuma hanyar sadarwa. A cikin yanayi na sadarwa, ana bayyana manufofi ta hanyar saƙonni waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin alamu masu alaƙa da juna waɗanda aka ɗauko daga yaren da wakilan da ke cikin sadarwa suka fahimta. Fahimtar juna yana nufin cewa wakilan da abin ya shafa sun fahimci harshen da aka zaɓa dangane da tsarin jumla da ma'anarsa da aka amince da su. Mai aikawa yana rubuta saƙon a cikin yaren kuma yana aika saƙon a matsayin sigina ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin sadarwa (empirics). Tashar sadarwa da aka zaɓa tana da halaye na asali waɗanda ke ƙayyade sakamako kamar saurin da sadarwa za ta iya faruwa, da kuma tsawon da za a iya samu. == Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ƙaddara == Kasancewar bayanai game da tsarin rufewa babban ra'ayi ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya da kuma na kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya ƙunshi ikon, na gaske ko na nazari, na wakili don yin hasashen yanayin da tsarin zai kasance nan gaba bisa ga ilimin da aka tattara a baya da kuma na yanzu. Tabbatarwa ka'ida ce ta falsafa da ke da'awar cewa ƙaddarar dalili na iya hasashen duk abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba, [1] tana sanya sararin samaniya mai cikakken hasashen da masanin kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya Pierre-Simon Laplace ya bayyana a matsayin " tasirin abin da ya gabata da kuma dalilin makomarsa ". [2] Madadin haka, kimiyyar lissafi ta ƙididdige bayanai a matsayin aikin raƙuman ruwa, bayanin lissafi na tsarin da za a iya ƙididdige yiwuwar sakamakon aunawa daga ciki. Wani muhimmin fasali na ka'idar kwantum shine cewa hasashen da take yi yana da [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yuwuwar yiwuwa]] . Kafin a buga ka'idar Bell, masu yanke hukunci sun yi sulhu da wannan ɗabi'a ta amfani da ɓoyayyun ka'idoji masu canzawa, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa bayanan da ake buƙata don annabta makomar wani aiki ''dole ne'' su wanzu, koda kuwa ba za a iya samunsa ga mutane ba, ra'ayin da [[Albert Einstein]] ya bayyana tare da ikirarin cewa " Allah ba ya yin dawakai ". Falsafar ilmin taurari ta zamani ta kawo ma'anar bayanai a cikin bayanin ramin baƙi, tana mai cewa, saboda ƙafewar [[Mutuwaren Taurari|ramin baƙi]] gaba ɗaya zuwa cikin hasken Hawking ba ta bar komai ba sai gajimare mai faɗaɗa na ƙwayoyin cuta [[Bambancin muhalli|iri ɗaya]], wannan yana haifar da rashin iya dawo da duk wani bayani game da lamarin da ya riga ya ketare sararin taron, wanda ya karya ikirarin gargajiya da na adadi game da ikon lalata bayanai. == Amfani da nazarin bayanai == Zagayen bayanai (wanda aka yi magana a kai gaba ɗaya ko kuma a cikin sassansa daban-daban) yana da matuƙar damuwa ga fasahar bayanai, tsarin bayanai, da kuma kimiyyar bayanai . Waɗannan fannoni suna magana ne game da waɗannan hanyoyi da dabarun da suka shafi kama bayanai (ta hanyar na'urori masu auna sigina ) da samarwa (ta hanyar lissafi, tsari ko tsari), sarrafawa (gami da ɓoye bayanai, ɓoye bayanai, matsawa, marufi), watsawa (gami da duk hanyoyin sadarwa ), gabatarwa (gami da hanyoyin gani / nuni ), ajiya (kamar maganadisu ko na gani, gami da hanyoyin holographic ), da sauransu. Nuna bayanai (wanda aka gajarta zuwa InfoVis) ya dogara ne akan lissafi da wakilcin dijital na bayanai, kuma yana taimaka wa masu amfani wajen gane tsari da gano abubuwan da ba su dace ba .<gallery> File:Internet_map_1024.jpg|alt=Partial map of the Internet, with nodes representing IP addresses| Taswirar ɓangare na Intanet, tare da nodes waɗanda ke wakiltar adiresoshin IP File:Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg|alt=Galactic (including dark) matter distribution in a cubic section of the Universe| Rarraba abubuwa masu duhu (gami da duhu) a cikin wani yanki mai siffar cubic na Duniya File:Attractor_Poisson_Saturne.jpg|alt=Visual representation of a strange attractor, with converted data of its fractal structure| Wakiltar gani na wani abin jan hankali mai ban mamaki, tare da bayanan da aka canza na tsarin fractal ɗinsa </gallery>Tsaron bayanai (wanda aka takaita shi zuwa InfoSec) tsari ne na ci gaba da yin taka-tsantsan don kare bayanai, da tsarin bayanai, daga shiga ba tare da izini ba, amfani, bayyanawa, lalatawa, gyarawa, katsewa ko rarrabawa, ta hanyar algorithms da hanyoyin da suka mayar da hankali kan sa ido da ganowa, da kuma mayar da martani da gyara abubuwan da suka faru. [[Data Analysis|Binciken bayanai]] shine tsarin duba bayanai, canzawa, da kuma yin samfurin bayanai, ta hanyar canza bayanai marasa inganci zuwa ilimin da za a iya aiwatarwa, don tallafawa tsarin yanke shawara. Ingancin bayanai (wanda aka taƙaita shi azaman InfoQ) shine yuwuwar bayanai don cimma takamaiman manufa (kimiyya ko aiki) ta amfani da hanyar nazarin gwaji. Sadarwar bayanai tana wakiltar haɗuwar kafofin watsa labarai na informatics, sadarwa da kuma na sauti da gani da abubuwan da ke ciki. == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-semantic/ Sharhin Ma'anar Bayani] na Luciano Floridi don Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100407145846/http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/index.htm Nawa ne bayanai?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100407145846/http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/index.htm 2003] Archived wani yunƙuri na kimanta adadin sabbin bayanai da ake ƙirƙira kowace shekara (malamai da ɗalibai a Makarantar Gudanar da Bayanai da Tsarin Jami'ar California da ke Berkeley ne suka shirya wannan binciken). {{Navboxes|list={{Communication studies}} {{World view}} {{Metaphysics}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kj6ywruelcxhim5nydnizya0xqwz1po Falsafar Girka ta Da 0 120490 967130 742277 2026-10-13T12:12:54Z Nura Bello 24854 967130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Falsafar Girka ta''' dā ta taso a ƙarni na 6 BC. An yi amfani da [[Falsafa]] don fahimtar duniya ta amfani da hankali. Ya yi magana da batutuwa iri-iri da suka haɗa da ilmin taurari, [[Epistemology|ilmin halitta]], [[lissafi]], falsafar siyasa, xa'a, metaphysics, [[ontology]], dabaru, [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], rhetoric da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|aesthetics]] . Falsafar Hellenanci ta ci gaba a duk lokacin Hellenistic kuma daga baya ta samo asali ne zuwa falsafar Romawa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek philosophy, Herodotus, famous ancient Greek philosophers. Ancient Greek philosophy at Hellenism.Net |url=http://www.hellenism.net/greece/ancient-greek-literature/greek-philosophers/ |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=www.hellenism.net}}</ref> Falsafar Girka ta yi tasiri ga yawancin al'adun Yammacin Turai tun farkon ta, kuma ana iya samun ta a fannoni da yawa na ilimin jama'a. Alfred North Whitehead ya taɓa yin iƙirari cewa: "Mafi aminci ga al'adar falsafar Turai ita ce ta ƙunshi jerin bayanan ƙafa ga Plato". <ref>Alfred North Whitehead (1929), ''[[Process and Reality]]'', Part II, Chap. I, Sect. I.</ref> Shahararrun layukan tasiri da ba a karye ba suna kaiwa daga tsoffin falsafar Girkanci da na Hellenanci zuwa falsafar Romawa, Falsafar Musulunci ta Farko, Ilimin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, [[Renaissance|Farfaɗowar]] Turai da Zamanin Hayewa . Falsafar Girka ta sami rinjaye har zuwa wani mataki ta tsoffin wallafe-wallafen hikima da tarihin tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta dā, kodayake ana muhawara game da girman wannan tasirin. Masanin gargajiya Martin Litchfield West ya ce, "saduwa da ilimin sararin samaniya da tauhidin gabas ya taimaka wajen 'yantar da tunanin masana falsafar Girka na farko; tabbas ya ba su ra'ayoyi masu yawa. Amma sun koya wa kansu tunani. Falsafa kamar yadda muka fahimci halitta ce ta Girka". Gabaɗaya, tsoffin Helenawa sun yarda da kakanninsu na Masar, kuma a cikin karni na biyar KZ, masanin falsafa Isocrates ya bayyana cewa farkon masu tunani na Girka sun yi tafiya zuwa Masar don neman ilimi; daya daga cikinsu [[Pythagoras]] na Samos, wanda "ya fara kawo wa Helenawa duk falsafar". <ref name="Herbjørnsrud">{{Cite web |last=Herbjørnsrud |first=Dag |date=2018-12-17 |title=The Radical Philosophy of Egypt: Forget God and Family, Write! |url=https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/12/17/the-radical-philosophy-of-egypt-forget-god-and-family-write/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=Blog of the APA |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerbjørnsrud2018">Herbjørnsrud, Dag (2018-12-17). [https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/12/17/the-radical-philosophy-of-egypt-forget-god-and-family-write/ "The Radical Philosophy of Egypt: Forget God and Family, Write!"]. ''Blog of the APA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarni na 21, binciken da masanan Masar suka yi ya nuna cewa kalmar ''falsafa'' kanta da alama ta samo asali ne daga ƙasar Masar: “kafa kalmar Hellenanci ''philosophos'', mai son hikima, ita kanta aro ce daga kuma fassarar ra’ayin Masarawa ''mer-rekh'' ( ''mr-rḫ'' ) wanda a zahiri yana nufin ‘mason hikima,’ ko ilimi.” <ref name="Herbjørnsrud"/> Hadisin falsafar da ya biyo baya ya rinjayi [[Socrates]] kamar yadda [[Plato]] ya gabatar da shi cewa al'ada ce a koma ga falsafar da aka haɓaka kafin Socrates a matsayin falsafar pre-Socratic. Lokaci bayan wannan, har zuwa da kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Alexander the Great, sune na "Girkanci na gargajiya" da "Falsafar Hellenistic", bi da bi. == Falsafar Girka ta farko (ko falsafar pre-Socratic) == '''Yarjejeniyar''' ƙaddamar da waɗannan [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] waɗanda ke aiki kafin mutuwar [[Socrates]] a matsayin ''pre-Socratics'' sun sami kuɗi tare da littafin 1903 na Hermann Diels' ''Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', kodayake kalmar ba ta samo asali daga gare shi ba. <ref>Greg Whitlock, preface to ''The Pre-Platonic Philosophers'', by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiv–xvi.</ref> Ana ɗaukar kalmar da amfani domin abin da ya zo da aka sani da "makarantar Athens" (wanda ya ƙunshi Socrates, Plato, da [[Aristotle]] ) ya nuna alamar haɓakar sabuwar hanyar falsafa; Rubutun [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] cewa wannan canjin ya fara ne da Plato Socrates (saboda haka sunan sa na " falsafar falsafar pre-Platonic") bai hana fifiko na "pre-Socratic" ba. <ref name="Whitlock">Greg Whitlock, preface to ''The Pre-Platonic Philosophers'', by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiii–xix.</ref> Tun daga 2016, duk da haka, malanta na yanzu ya canza daga kiran falsafar kafin makarantar Athenia "pre-Socratic" zuwa kawai "Falsafa ta Girka ta Farko". André Laks da Glenn W. Yawancin su ne ke da alhakin yada wannan sauyi wajen bayyana zamanin da ke gaban Makarantar Athenia ta hanyar cikakkun bugu na Loeb na ''Falsafa ta Girka ta Farko'' . A cikin juzu'i na farko, sun bambanta tsarin tsarin su daga na Hermann Diels, suna farawa da zaɓi na "Falsafa ta Girka ta Farko" akan " falsafar pre-Socratic" musamman saboda Socrates na zamani ne kuma wani lokacin ma kafin masana falsafa a al'ada sun yi la'akari da "pre-Socratic falsafa". Socratic" (misali, Atomists). <ref> ''Early Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: Introductory and Reference Material'', Edited and Translated by André Laks and Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library 524 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016) 6–8.</ref> Masana falsafa na Girka na farko (ko "pre-Socratics") sun damu da farko game da ilmin sararin samaniya, [[ontology]], da lissafi. An bambanta su da "marasa falsafa" tun da sun ƙi bayanin tatsuniyoyi don neman magana mai ma'ana. === Makarantar Milesian ===   [[Thales na Miletus]], wanda [[Aristotle]] ya dauka a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko, ya yi imanin cewa duk abubuwa sun fito ne daga abu ɗaya, ruwa. Ba saboda ya ba da cosmogony ba ne John Burnet ya kira shi "mutumin kimiyya na farko", amma saboda ya ba le bayanin halitta game da sararin samaniya kuma ya goyi bayan shi da dalilai. Bisa ga al'ada, Thales ya sami damar yin hasashen Hasken rana kuma ya koya wa Masarawa yadda za a auna tsawo na pyramids. Thales ya yi wahayi zuwa makarantar <nowiki><i id="mwmQ">Fasahar</i></nowiki> Milesian kuma Anaximander ya biyo baya, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa substratum ko arche ba zai iya zama ruwa ba ko wani abu na gargajiya amma a maimakon haka wani abu ne "marasa iyaka" ko "marasa tabbas" (a Helenanci, ''apeiron''). Ya fara ne daga lura cewa duniya tana da alama ta kunshi <nowiki><i id="mwgw"><i id="mwhw">Akwatin</i></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> (misali, zafi da sanyi), duk da haka wani abu na iya zama ''Akwatin'' (misali., abu mai zafi mai sanyi). Saboda haka, ba za su iya zama masu adawa da gaske ba amma dole ne duka biyu su kasance bayyanar wasu hadin kai na asali wanda ba shi da kyau. Wannan haɗin kai (substratum, arche) ba zai iya zama wani abu na gargajiya ba, tunda sun kasance wani matsananci ko wani. Misali, ruwa yana da rigar, akasin bushewa, yayin da wuta ta bushe, akasin rigar. Wannan yanayin farko ba shi da tsufa kuma ba zai iya lalacewa ba, kuma komai ya koma gare shi bisa ga wajibi. [[Anaximenes na Miletus|Anaximenes]] ya ci gaba da cewa arche iska ce, kodayake John Burnet ya yi jayayya cewa ta wannan, yana nufin cewa hazo ne mai haske, <nowiki><i id="mwkw">aether</i></nowiki>. Duk da amsoshin su daban-daban, Makarantar Milesian tana neman wani abu na halitta wanda ba zai canza ba duk da bayyana a cikin siffofi daban-daban ba, kuma ta haka ne yana wakiltar ɗayan ƙoƙarin kimiyya na farko don amsa tambayar da za ta haifar da ci gaban ka'idar atomatik ta zamani; "Milesians, "in ji Burnet, "sun nemi φύσις na dukkan abubuwa" === Xenophanes ===   Xenophanes an haife shi a Ionia, inda makarantar Milesian ta kasance mafi ƙarfi kuma mai yiwuwa ta ɗauki wasu ka'idodin sararin samaniya na Milesians a sakamakon haka. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 35.</ref> Abin da aka sani shi ne cewa ya yi jayayya cewa kowane daga cikin abubuwan mamaki yana da na halitta maimakon bayanin allahntaka a cikin hanyar da ta dace da ka'idodin Anaximander kuma cewa akwai allah ɗaya kawai, duniya gaba ɗaya, kuma ya yi ba'a game da anthropomorphism na addinin Girka. ta hanyar da'awar cewa shanu za su yi iƙirarin cewa gumakan suna kama da shanu, dawakai kamar dawakai, zakuna kuma kamar zakoki, kamar yadda Habashawa suka yi iƙirarin cewa gumakan suna da hanci da baki kuma Thraciyawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa su masu launin fari ne da jajayen gashi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 35; Diels-Kranz, ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Xenophanes frs. 15–16.</ref> Xenophanes ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga makarantun falsafa na gaba. An gan shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa layin falsafar da ya ƙare a cikin Pyrrhonism, <ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio Evangelica]]'' Chapter XVII</ref> mai yiwuwa yana da tasiri akan falsafar Eleatic, da kuma abin da ya faru ga Epicurus 'dukkanin karya tsakanin kimiyya da addini. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 33, 36.</ref> === Pythagoreanism ===   [[Pythagoras]] ya rayu a kusan daidai lokacin da Xenophanes ya yi kuma, sabanin na karshen, makarantar da ya kafa ya nemi sulhunta imani da tunani na addini. Kadan aka sani game da rayuwarsa tare da wani abin dogaro, duk da haka, kuma babu rubuce-rubucen da ya tsira, don haka yana yiwuwa ya kasance kawai sufi wanda magajinsa suka gabatar da rationalism a cikin Pythagoreanism, cewa shi kawai mai rationalist wanda magajinsa ke da alhakin sufi a cikin. Pythagoreanism, ko kuma cewa shi ne ainihin marubucin koyarwar; babu wata hanyar da za a iya sanin tabbas. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 37–38.</ref> An ce Pythagoras ya kasance almajirin Anaximander kuma ya zurfafa abubuwan da suka shafi sararin samaniya na Ionia, gami da ra'ayin cewa sararin samaniya ya gina shi da sassa, mahimmancin mara iyaka, kuma iska ko iska ita ce ''tushen'' komai. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 38–39.</ref> Pythagoreanism kuma ya haɗa da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, yana jaddada tsarkakewa, metempsychosis, sabili da haka girmamawa ga duk rayuwar dabba; An yi da yawa daga wasiƙun da ke tsakanin ilimin lissafi da sararin samaniya a cikin jituwa ta kiɗa. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 40–49.</ref> Pythagoras ya yi imanin cewa a bayan bayyanar abubuwa, akwai ka'idar lissafi ta dindindin, kuma cewa nau'ikan sun dogara ne akan alaƙar ilimin lissafi. <ref>C.M. Bowra 1957 ''The Greek experience'' p. 166"</ref> === Heraclitus ===   Heraclitus dole ne ya rayu bayan Xenophanes da Pythagoras, yayin da ya hukunta su tare da [[Homer]] kamar yadda ya tabbatar da cewa ilmantarwa mai yawa ba zai iya koya wa mutum yin tunani ba; tunda Parmenides yana nufin shi a cikin lokacin da ya gabata, wannan zai sanya shi a kashi na 5 BC. Sabanin Makarantar Milesian, wanda ke da wani abu mai ɗorewa a matsayin arche, Heraclitus ya koyar da cewa panta rhei ("duk abin da ke gudana"), mafi kusa da wannan madawwamiyar gudana shine wuta. Dukkanin abubuwa sun faru ne bisa ga Logos, wanda dole ne a dauke shi a matsayin "tsarin" ko "tsarin", da kuma "Logos ya zama ruwan dare gama gari". Ya kuma gabatar da hadin kan ''Akwatin'' haka, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar dialectic, wanda ya tsara wannan gudana, kamar yadda akasin haka a zahiri bayyanar wani abu ne na al'ada ga nagarta da mugunta kanta. Heraclitus da ake kira tsarin adawa ἔρις ( ''eris'' ), "tashin hankali", kuma yayi tsammanin cewa a fili yanayin barga na δίκη ( ''dikê'' ), ko "adalci", shine haɗin kai na waɗannan gaba ɗaya. <ref>DK B80</ref> === Eleatic falsafa ===   Parmenides na Elea ya jefa falsafarsa a kan waɗanda suka riƙe "shi ne kuma ba iri ɗaya ba ne, kuma dukan abubuwa suna tafiya a cikin wasu wurare," - mai yiwuwa yana nufin Heraclitus da waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 64.</ref> Ganin cewa koyaswar makarantar Milesian, a cikin ba da shawara cewa substratum zai iya bayyana a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, yana nuna cewa duk abin da ke wanzu na jiki ne, Parmenides ya yi jayayya cewa ka'idar farko ta zama ɗaya ce, ba za a iya raba ba, kuma ba ta canzawa. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 66–67.</ref> Kasancewa, ya yi gardama, ta ma'anar yana nufin dawwama, yayin da kawai abin ''da'' ake iya tunani; wani abu da ''yake'', haka ma, ba zai iya zama ko ƙasa da haka ba, don haka rashin ƙarfi na Milesiyawa ba zai yiwu ba game da Kasancewa; A ƙarshe, kamar yadda motsi ya buƙaci cewa wani abu ya wanzu baya ga abin da yake motsawa (wato sararin da yake motsawa), Daya ko Halitta ba zai iya motsawa ba, tun da wannan yana buƙatar cewa "sarari" duka ya wanzu kuma babu shi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 68.</ref> Duk da yake wannan koyaswar ta yi hannun riga da ƙwarewar tunani na yau da kullun, inda abubuwa ke canzawa da motsawa, makarantar Eleatic ta bi Parmenides wajen musun cewa abubuwan mamaki sun bayyana duniya kamar yadda ta kasance; a maimakon haka, kawai abin da ke tare da Kasancewa an yi tunani, ko kuma tambayar ko akwai wani abu ko babu shi ne na ko za a iya tunani. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 67.</ref> In support of this, Parmenides' pupil Zeno of Elea attempted to prove that the concept of [[Motsi|motion]] was absurd and as such motion did not exist. He also attacked the subsequent development of pluralism, arguing that it was incompatible with Being. His arguments are known as Zeno's paradoxes. === Jam'i da atomism === Ƙarfin tunanin Parmenides ya kasance kamar yadda wasu masana falsafa na gaba suka watsar da tunanin Milesians, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, da Parmenides, inda abu ɗaya shine ''baka'' . A maimakon haka, sun ɗauki jam'i, irin su [[Empedocles]] da [[Anaxagoras]] . <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 69.</ref> Akwai, in ji su, abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya ragewa juna ba kuma waɗannan an saita su ta hanyar ƙauna da husuma (kamar a cikin Empedocles) ko ta Hannu (kamar a Anaxagoras). Yarjejeniyar da Parmenides cewa babu wani samuwa ko wucewa, genesis ko rubewa, sun ce abubuwa sun bayyana suna wanzuwa kuma suna shuɗewa saboda abubuwan da aka haɗa su suna haɗuwa ko kuma suna raguwa yayin da kansu ba su canzawa. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 70.</ref> Leucippus kuma ya ba da shawarar juzu'i na ontological tare da sararin samaniya bisa manyan abubuwa guda biyu: vacuum da atoms. Wadannan, ta hanyar motsin da suke da shi, suna ketare ɓatacce kuma suna haifar da ainihin abin duniya. Ba a san ka'idodinsa ba a lokacin [[Plato]], duk da haka, kuma a ƙarshe an haɗa su cikin aikin ɗalibinsa, Democritus . <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 94.</ref> === Sophism ===   Sophism ya taso ne daga juxtaposition na ''physis'' (nature) da ''[[wiktionary:nomos|nomos]]'' (doka). John Burnet ya bayyana asalinsa a cikin ci gaban kimiyya na ƙarnin da suka gabata wanda ya nuna cewa kasancewarsa ya bambanta sosai da abin da hankali ya fuskanta kuma, idan ana iya fahimtarsa gaba ɗaya, ba a iya fahimtar tsari; duniyar da mutane suka rayu a cikinta, a daya bangaren, ta kasance mai bin doka da oda, duk da cewa dan Adam ya yi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 105–10.</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, yanayi yana dawwama, yayin da abin da ke bisa doka ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wani kuma ana iya canzawa. Mutum na farko da ya kira kansu masu sophist, a cewar Plato, shine Protagoras, wanda ya gabatar a matsayin koyarwar cewa duk [[Kirki|kyawawan dabi'u]] na al'ada ne. Shi ne Protagoras wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa "mutum shine ma'auni na dukan abubuwa, na abubuwan da suke, cewa su ne, da kuma abubuwan da ba su, cewa ba su ba," wanda Plato ya fassara a matsayin m hangen nesa, inda wasu abubuwa. kamar hanya ɗaya ce ga mutum ɗaya (kuma haka a zahiri haka suke) da wata hanya ga wani (kuma haka a zahiri ''haka'' haka); Ƙarshen kasancewar mutum ba zai iya duba yanayi don neman shiriya game da yadda zai yi rayuwar mutum ba. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 113–17.</ref> Protagoras da sophists na gaba sun kasance suna koyar da maganganun magana a matsayin sana'arsu ta farko. Prodicus, Gorgias, Hippias, da Thrasymacus sun bayyana a cikin [[Plato|tattaunawa]] daban-daban, wasu lokuta suna koyarwa a fili cewa yayin da yanayi ba ya ba da jagoranci na ɗabi'a, jagorancin da dokokin ke bayarwa ba shi da amfani, ko kuma yanayin yana jin dadin waɗanda suka yi aiki da dokoki. == Falsafar Girka ta gargajiya == === Socrates ===   [[Fayil:British_Museum_-_Four_Greek_philosophers.jpg|left|thumb| Masana falsafa na Girka huɗu: Socrates, Antisthenes, Chrysippos, Epicurus; Gidan kayan tarihi na Burtaniya]] [[Socrates]], wanda aka yi imanin an haife shi a Athens a karni na 5 BC, yana nuna alamar ruwa a tsohuwar falsafar Girkanci. Athens cibiya ce ta koyo, tare da masana sophists da masana falsafa da ke yawo daga ko'ina cikin Girka don koyar da lafazin lafazin, ilmin taurari, ilmin sararin samaniya, da lissafi. Yayin da falsafar ta kasance kafaffen bibiyar kafin Socrates, [[Cicero]] ya lasafta shi a matsayin "na farko wanda ya saukar da falsafar daga sama, ya sanya shi a cikin birane, ya gabatar da shi cikin iyalai, kuma ya wajabta shi don bincika rayuwa da ɗabi'a, da nagarta da mugunta. " <ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[Tusculan Disputations]]'', V 10–11 (or V IV).</ref> Ta wannan lissafin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa falsafar siyasa . <ref>Leo Strauss, ''Natural Right and History'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 120.</ref> Dalilan wannan juyowa ga batutuwan siyasa da ɗabi'a sun kasance abin nazari da yawa. <ref>Seth Benardete, ''The Argument of the Action'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 277–96.</ref> <ref>Laurence Lampert, ''How Philosophy Became Socratic'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).</ref> Kasancewar yawancin tattaunawa da suka shafi Socrates (kamar yadda Plato da Xenophon suka ambata) suna ƙarewa ba tare da cimma matsaya mai ƙarfi ba, ko a ɓata lokaci, <ref>Cf. [[Plato]], [[The Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']] 336c & 337a, [[Theaetetus (dialogue)|''Theaetetus'']] 150c, [[Apology (Plato)|''Apology of Socrates'']] 23a; [[Xenophon]], [[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|''Memorabilia'']] 4.4.9; [[Aristotle]], ''[[Sophistical Refutations]]'' 183b7.</ref> ya tada muhawara kan ma'anar tsarin Socratic . <ref>[[W.K.C. Guthrie]], ''The Greek Philosophers'' (London: Methuen, 1950), 73–75.</ref> An ce Socrates ya bi wannan salon bincike na tambaya-da-amsa akan batutuwa da dama, yawanci yana ƙoƙarin isa ga ma'anar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan [[Kirki|ƙaƙƙarfan hali]] . Yayin da tattaunawar Socrates da aka yi rikodin ba safai ya ba da tabbataccen amsa ga tambayar da ake gwadawa ba, yawancin maxims ko fassarorin da ya zama sananne. Socrates ya koyar da cewa babu wanda yake son abin da ba shi da kyau, don haka idan wani ya yi wani abu da yake da gaske ba shi da kyau, dole ne ya kasance cikin rashin son rai ko kuma cikin jahilci; saboda haka, dukkan kyawawan halaye ilimi ne. <ref>[[Terence Irwin]], ''The Development of Ethics'', vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007), 14</ref> <ref>Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", ''Philosophical Review'' 73 (1964): 147–64, 147.</ref> Ya kan yi magana a kan jahilcinsa (yana da'awar cewa bai san mene ne jaruntaka ba, misali). [[Plato]] ya gabatar da shi a matsayin ya bambanta kansa da na kowa da kowa ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa, yayin da ba su san wani abu mai daraja da kyau ba, ba su ''san'' cewa ba su sani ba, yayin da Socrates ya sani kuma ya yarda cewa bai san wani abu mai daraja da kyau ba. <ref>[[Apology (Plato)|''Apology of Socrates'']] 21d.</ref> Babban ɗan siyasa Pericles yana da alaƙa da wannan sabon koyo kuma abokin [[Anaxagoras]], duk da haka, abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa sun buge shi ta hanyar cin gajiyar ra'ayin mazan jiya akan masana falsafa; ya zama laifi a binciki abubuwan da ke sama ko ƙasa, waɗanda aka ɗauke su marasa laifi. An ce Anaxagoras an tuhume shi kuma ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira lokacin da Socrates yana da shekaru kusan ashirin. <ref>Debra Nails, ''The People of Plato'' (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 24.</ref> Akwai labarin cewa Protagoras, shi ma, an tilasta masa ya gudu kuma mutanen Athens sun kona littattafansa. <ref>Nails, ''People of Plato'', 256.</ref> Socrates, duk da haka, shine kawai batun da aka rubuta kamar yadda aka tuhume shi a ƙarƙashin wannan doka, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a 399 BC (duba Trial of Socrates ). A cikin nau'in jawabin nasa na kariyar da Plato ya gabatar, ya yi ikirarin cewa hassada ce ta tayar da shi saboda kasancewarsa masanin falsafa ne zai yanke masa hukunci. Ƙungiyoyin falsafa da yawa da suka biyo baya sun sami wahayi daga Socrates ko ƙanuwansa. Plato ya jefa Socrates a matsayin babban mai shiga tsakani a cikin [[Plato|tattaunawarsa]], yana samo su daga tushen Platonism (kuma ta hanyar tsawo, Neoplatonism ). Dalibin Plato [[Aristotle]] ya soki kuma ya gina bisa koyarwar da ya jingina ga Socrates da Plato, wanda ya kafa tushen Aristotelianism . [[Antisthenes]] ya kafa makarantar da za a fi sani da Cynicism kuma ya zargi Plato da karkatar da koyarwar Socrates. Zeno na Citium kuma ya daidaita ka'idodin Cynicism don bayyana Stoicism . Epicurus yayi karatu tare da malaman Platonic da Pyrrhonist kafin ya yi watsi da duk masana falsafa na baya (ciki har da Democritus, wanda falsafar Epicurean ta dogara akan atomism). Ƙungiyoyin falsafa waɗanda za su mamaye rayuwar hankali na daular Roma ta haka an haife su a cikin wannan lokacin zafi bayan ayyukan Socrates, kuma ko dai kai tsaye ko a fakaice ya rinjayi shi. Haka nan duniyar musulmi da ke yaɗuwa a ƙarni na 7 zuwa na 10 Miladiyya sun mamaye su, daga nan ne suka koma yamma a matsayin tushen [[Falsafar zamani|falsafar zamanin]] da da kuma [[Renaissance]], kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. === Plato ===   Plato was an Athenian of the generation after [[Socrates]]. Ancient tradition ascribes thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters to him, although of these only twenty-four of the dialogues are now universally recognized as authentic; most modern scholars believe that at least twenty-eight dialogues and two of the letters were in fact written by Plato, although all of the thirty-six dialogues have some defenders. A further nine dialogues are ascribed to Plato but were considered spurious even in antiquity. Tattaunawar Plato sun ƙunshi Socrates, kodayake ba koyaushe ne jagoran tattaunawar ba. (Tattaunawa ɗaya, <nowiki><i id="mwAVY">Dokokin</i></nowiki>, maimakon haka ya ƙunshi "Baƙi na Athens".) Tare da Xenophon, Plato shine tushen tushen bayanai game da rayuwar Socrates da imani kuma ba koyaushe bane sauƙin rarrabe tsakanin su biyun. Duk da yake Socrates da aka gabatar a cikin tattaunawar sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin bakin Plato, sunan Socrates don baƙin ciki, rashin jin daɗinsa game da ra'ayoyinsa a cikin tattaunawa, da rashin lokaci na lokaci ko ƙananan rawar a cikin tattaunawar yana ɓoye koyaswar Plato. <ref>[[Leo Strauss]], ''The City and Man'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 50–51.</ref> Yawancin abin da aka faɗi game da koyarwarsa an samo su ne daga abin da Aristotle ya ba da rahoto game da su. Koyarwar siyasar da aka jingina wa Plato ta samo asali ne daga <nowiki><i id="mwAV0">Jamhuriya</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwAV8">Dokoki</i></nowiki>, da kuma <nowiki><i id="mwAWE">ɗan Jiha</i></nowiki> . Na farko daga cikin wadannan ya kunshi ra'ayin cewa ba za a yi adalci a garuruwa ba sai an yi mulkin sarakunan falsafa ; wadanda ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokokin an tilasta musu su rike mata, 'ya'yansu, da dukiyoyinsu [[Kwaminisanci|tare]] ; kuma ana karantar da mutum don neman maslaha ta hanyar karairayi masu daraja ; ''Jamhuriyar'' ta ce mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan birni ba zai yiwu ba, duk da haka, a ɗauka cewa masana falsafa za su ƙi yin mulki kuma mutane za su ƙi tilasta musu yin hakan. <ref name="Strauss Plato">Leo Strauss, "Plato", in ''History of Political Philosophy'', ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987): 33–89.</ref> Ganin cewa ''jamhuriya'' ta ginu ne a kan banbance tsakanin irin ilimin da masanin falsafa yake da shi da kuma wanda sarki ko dan siyasa yake da shi, Socrates ya nazarci halin falsafa ne kawai; a cikin ''ɗan ƙasa'', a gefe guda, ɗan takara da ake kira Eleatic Stranger ya tattauna irin ilimin da ɗan siyasa ya mallaka, yayin da Socrates ya saurara a hankali. <ref name="Strauss Plato">Leo Strauss, "Plato", in ''History of Political Philosophy'', ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987): 33–89.</ref> Ko da yake mulkin mai hikima zai fi dacewa ya yi mulki bisa doka, mai hikima ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai an yi wa marasa hikima shari’a, don haka a aikace, bin doka yana da muhimmanci. Both the ''Republic'' and the ''Statesman'' reveal the limitations of politics, raising the question of what political order would be best given those constraints; that question is addressed in the ''Laws'', a dialogue that does not take place in Athens and from which Socrates is absent. The character of the society described there is eminently conservative, a corrected or liberalized timocracy on the Spartan or Cretan model or that of pre-democratic Athens.<ref name="Strauss Plato" /> Tattaunawar Plato kuma suna da jigogi na metaphysical, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shine ka'idar sa. Yana ɗaukar cewa nau'ikan abubuwan da ba na zahiri ba (amma mahimmanci ) siffofi (ko ra'ayoyi), kuma ba duniyar abin duniya na canji da aka sani da mu ta hankulanmu na zahiri ba, suna da mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin nau'in gaskiya. Ya yi jayayya da yawa a cikin ''Phaedo'', ''Phaedrus'', da ''Jamhuriyar'' don rashin mutuwa na rai, kuma ya gaskanta musamman a sake reincarnation . <ref>See [[Kamtekar, Rachana]]. “The Soul’s (After-) Life,” ''Ancient Philosophy'' 36 (2016): 1–18.</ref> Plato sau da yawa yana amfani da kwatanci na dogon lokaci (yawanci misalai ) don bayyana ra'ayoyinsa; Mafi shahara shine watakila Alamar Kogon . Ya kwatanta yawancin mutane da mutanen da aka ɗaure a cikin kogo, waɗanda suke kallon inuwa kawai a bango kuma ba su da wani tunani na gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato – Allegory of the cave |url=http://classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/plato-allegory-of-the-cave.pdf |website=classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com}}</ref> Idan sun juya, za su ga abin da ke sanya inuwa (sannan su sami ƙarin girma ga gaskiyarsu). Idan wasu sun fita daga cikin kogon, za su ga duniyar waje ta haskaka da rana (wanda ke wakiltar babban nau'i na alheri da gaskiya). Idan waɗannan matafiya suka sake shiga cikin kogon, mutanen da ke cikin (waɗanda har yanzu sun san inuwar) ba za su kasance da kayan aiki don gaskata rahotannin wannan 'waje na duniya' ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Allegory of the Cave |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm |website=washington.edu}}</ref> Wannan labarin yana bayyana ka'idar siffofi tare da matakan gaskiya daban-daban, kuma yana ci gaba da ra'ayin cewa sarakunan falsafa sun fi hikima yayin da yawancin mutane jahilai ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemerling |first=Garth |title=Plato: The Republic 5–10 |url=http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2h.htm |website=philosophypages.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibin Plato, [[Aristotle]], wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin masana falsafa mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci, ya jaddada ma'anar cewa fahimta ta dogara ne akan kallon farko. === Aristotle ===   Aristotle ya koma Athens daga ƙasarsa ta Stageira a cikin 367 BC kuma ya fara nazarin falsafa (watakila har ma da rhetoric, karkashin Isocrates ), a ƙarshe ya shiga makarantar Plato . <ref name="Lord Intro">Carnes Lord, Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984): 1–29.</ref> Ya bar Athens kimanin shekaru ashirin bayan ya yi karatun [[botany]] da [[Zoology|ilmin dabbobi]], ya zama malami na [[Alakszandira|Alexander the Great]], kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma Athens bayan shekaru goma ya kafa nasa makaranta: Lyceum . <ref name="Russell">[[Bertrand Russell]], ''A History of Western Philosophy'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).</ref> Aƙalla ashirin da tara na littattafansa sun tsira, waɗanda aka sani da ''corpus Aristotelicum'', kuma suna magana da batutuwa iri-iri da suka haɗa da dabaru, kimiyyar lissafi, optics, metaphysics, xa'a, rhetoric, [[siyasa]], [[Waƙa|shayari]], ilmin halitta, da ilimin dabbobi. Ana yawan kwatanta Aristotle a matsayin rashin jituwa da malaminsa Plato (misali, a Makarantar [[Raphael]] na Athens ). Ya soki gwamnatocin da aka bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAbE">Jamhuriyar</i></nowiki> Plato da <nowiki><i id="mwAbM">Dokokin</i></nowiki>, <ref name=":0">Aristotle, [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']], bk. 2, ch. 1–6.</ref> kuma yana nufin ka'idar siffofin a matsayin "kalmomi marasa amfani da ma'anar shayari". <ref>Aristotle, [[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|''Metaphysics'']], 991a20–22.</ref> Gabaɗaya ana gabatar da shi azaman yana ba da nauyi ga abubuwan lura da abubuwan da suka shafi aiki. Shaharar Aristotle ba ta yi girma ba a lokacin Hellenistic, lokacin da Stoic dabaru ke cikin fage, amma daga baya masu sharhi na gaba suka yada aikinsa, wanda a ƙarshe ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga falsafar Islama, Bayahude, da falsafar Kirista na tsakiya. <ref>Robin Smith, "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Aristotle's Logic]," ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (2007).</ref> Tasirinsa ya kasance kamar yadda [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] ke kiransa kawai a matsayin "Jagora"; Maimonides, [[Al Farabi|Alfarabi]], [[Ibn Rushd|Averroes]], and [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]] as "The Philosopher". Aristotle ya yi adawa da salon ka'idar utopian, inda ya yanke shawarar dogara ga fahimtar da kuma halayen mutane a zahiri don tsara tunaninsa. Ya samo asali daga zato na ɗabi'a na cewa rayuwa tana da kima, masanin falsafa ya yi nuni da cewa ya kamata a ware ƙarancin albarkatun da ya kamata a ware cikin haƙƙi don rage talauci da mutuwa. Wannan 'Tsoron kaya' ya sa Aristotle ya goyi bayan sana'o'in 'na halitta' wanda aka kiyaye gamsuwar mutum a iyakar amfani. Kasuwancin 'marasa dabi'a', sabanin iyakar da aka yi niyya, an rarraba shi azaman samun dukiya don samun ƙarin dukiya maimakon siyan kayayyaki. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynard |first=H. |last2=Gray |first2=Alexander |date=December 1931 |title=The Development of Economic Doctrine. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2224006 |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=41 |issue=164 |pages=636 |doi=10.2307/2224006 |issn=0013-0133 |jstor=2224006}}</ref> Da yake ci gaba da ƙwaƙƙwaran gaskiya, Aristotle ba kawai ya mai da hankali ga yadda zai ba mutane ja-gora don yin zaɓin da ya dace ba amma yana son kowane mutum da ke da kayan aikin da zai yi wannan aikin na ɗabi’a. A cikin nasa maganar, "Ya kamata dukiya ta kasance ta wata ma'ana gama gari, amma, a matsayinka na yau da kullun, na sirri; domin idan kowa yana da wata maslaha ta daban, maza ba za su yi korafin juna ba, kuma za su kara samun ci gaba domin kowa zai yi. Kasance da halartar harkokin kasuwancinsa... Sannan kuma, akwai babban jin daɗin yin alheri ko hidima ga abokai ko baƙi ko sahabbai, waɗanda ba za a iya yin su ba ne kawai idan mutum yana da wani abu na sirri ya ɓace jihar." <ref name=":0">Aristotle, [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']], bk. 2, ch. 1–6.</ref> === Cynicism ===   An kafa Cynicism ta [[Antisthenes]], wanda shi ne almajirin Socrates, da Diogenes, wanda ya kasance a zamaninsa. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Manufarsu ita ce su rayu bisa ga yanayi kuma sun saba wa al'ada. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} An yi wahayi zuwa ga Antisthenes da girman kai na Socrates, kuma ya zargi Plato da girman kai da girman kai. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Diogenes, mabiyinsa, ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin zuwa iyakarsu, yana rayuwa cikin matsananciyar talauci da kuma shiga halin rashin zaman lafiya. Crates na Thebes shi ne, Diogenes ya yi wahayi zuwa ya ba da dukiyarsa kuma ya zauna a kan titunan Athens. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} === Cyrenaicism ===   Aristippus na Cyrene ne ya kafa Cyrenaics, wanda ɗalibin [[Socrates]] ne. Cyrenaics sun kasance [[Hedonism|masu bin son zuciya]] kuma sun yarda cewa jin daɗi shine mafi kyawun rayuwa a rayuwa, musamman jin daɗin jiki, wanda suke tsammanin ya fi ƙarfin zuciya kuma ya fi sha'awar jin daɗi. <ref name="annas231">{{Cite book|last3=Julia Annas}}</ref> Jin dadi shine kawai alheri a rayuwa kuma zafi shine kawai mugunta. [[Socrates]] ya ɗauka cewa [[Kirki|nagarta]] ita ce kawai ɗan adam mai kyau, amma ya kuma yarda da iyakacin matsayi don amfaninsa, yana barin jin daɗi ya zama manufa ta biyu na aikin ɗabi'a. Aristippus da mabiyansa sun kama wannan, kuma suka ji daɗi kawai burin ƙarshe na rayuwa, suna musun cewa nagarta tana da wata ƙima. === Megarians ===   Makarantar Megarian ta bunƙasa a cikin karni na 4 BC. Euclides na Megara, daya daga cikin daliban [[Socrates]] ne ya kafa ta. Koyarwarta na ɗabi'a ta samo asali ne daga Socrates, yana gane guda ɗaya mai kyau, wanda a fili an haɗa shi da koyarwar Eleatic na Unity . Ayyukansu a kan ma'anar modal, ma'auni na ma'ana, da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa tunani a zamanin da, kuma sun kasance tasiri a kan halittar Stoicism da Pyrrhonism na gaba. == Falsafar Hellenistic ==   [[Fayil:Petrarca-Meister_001.jpg|thumb| Masanin ilimin falsafa Pyrrho na Elis, a cikin wani labari da aka ɗauka daga Sextus Empiricus ' ''Fasahar Pyrrhonism''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div style="background-color:#EEE9BF;text-align: center;"> (na sama) PIRRHO • HELIENSIS •<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> PLISTARCHI • FILIVS<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Fassarar (daga Latin): Pyrrho • Hellenanci • Ɗan Plistarchus</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div style="background-color:#EEE9BF;text-align: center;"> (tsakiyar) OPORTERE • SAPIENTEM<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> HANC ILLIVS IMITARI<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Fassarar SECVRITATEM (daga Latin): Daidai ne hikimar haka kowa ya yi koyi da wannan tsaro (Pyrrho yana nuni ga alade mai zaman lafiya yana cin abincinsa)</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div style="background-color:#EEE9BF;text-align: center;"> (ƙananan) Duk wanda yake so ya yi amfani da hikimar gaske, ba zai damu da firgita da wahala ba</div>]] A lokacin zamanin Hellenistic da na Romawa, makarantu daban-daban na tunani sun haɓaka a cikin duniyar Helenanci sannan duniyar Greco-Roman . Yaduwar [[Kiristanci]] a ko'ina cikin duniyar Romawa, sannan yada Musulunci ya biyo baya, ya kawo karshen falsafar Hellenanci da farkon [[Falsafar zamani|falsafar zamanin da]], wadda al'adun [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|Ibrahim]] guda uku suka mamaye: Falsafar Yahudanci, falsafar Kiristanci, da falsafar Islama ta farko . === Pyrrhonism ===   Pyrrho na Elis, masanin falsafa na Democrat, ya yi Tafiya zuwa Indiya tare da sojojin Alexander the Great inda koyarwar [[Buddha]] ta rinjayi Pyrrho, musamman alamomi uku na wanzuwar. Bayan ya dawo Girka, Pyrrho ya fara sabuwar makarantar falsafar, Pyrrhonism, wanda ya koyar da cewa ra'ayoyin mutum ne game da batutuwan da ba a bayyana ba (watau, koyarwa) wanda ke hana mutum samun eudaimonia. Pyrrhonism ya sanya cimma ataxia (yanayin daidaito) a matsayin hanyar cimma eudaimonia. Don kawo hankali ga Ataraxia Pyrrhonism yana amfani da epoché (dakatar da hukunci) game da duk abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba. Pyrrhonists suna jayayya cewa dogmatists - wanda ya haɗa da duk falsafancin Pyrrhonism - sun sami [[Gaskiya]] game da batutuwan da ba a bayyana ba. Ga duk wani al'amari da ba a bayyane ba, Pyrrhonist yana yin muhawara don da kuma adawa da cewa ba za a iya kammala batun ba, don haka dakatar da imani kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da ataraxia. === Epicureanism ===   Epicurus yayi karatu a [[Athens]] tare da Nausiphanes, wanda ya kasance mabiyin Democritus kuma dalibin Pyrrho na Elis . {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Ya yarda da ka'idar atomism na Democritus, tare da ingantawa da aka yi don mayar da martani ga sukar Aristotle da sauransu. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Dabi'unsa sun dogara ne akan "neman jin daɗi da nisantar zafi". {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Wannan, duk da haka, ba [[hedonism]] mai sauƙi ba ne, kamar yadda ya lura cewa "Ba muna nufin jin daɗin maɓalli ko na sha'awa ba. . . muna nufin rashin ciwo a cikin jiki da damuwa a cikin tunani ". {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} === Stoicism ===   Wanda ya kafa Stoicism, Zeno na Citium, Crates na Thebes ne ya koyar da shi, kuma ya ɗauki ka'idodin Cynic na ci gaba da ci gaba da kai, amma ya yi amfani da manufar rashin tausayi (rashin sha'awa) ga yanayi na sirri maimakon ka'idojin zamantakewa, kuma ya canza rashin kunya na ƙarshe na ƙarshe don cikar ayyukan zamantakewa. [1] Logic da physics suma sun kasance wani ɓangare na farkon Stoicism, wanda magajin Zeno Cleanthes da Chrysippus suka haɓaka. Metaphysics din su ya dogara ne akan jari-hujja, wanda aka tsara ta tambura, dalili (amma kuma ana kiransa Allah ko kaddara). Gudunmawarsu ta ma'ana har yanzu tana cikin lissafin ƙididdiga na zamani . Dabi'un su ya dogara ne akan neman farin ciki, wanda suka yi imani cewa samfurin 'rayuwa daidai da yanayi' ne. Wannan yana nufin yarda da abubuwan da mutum ba zai iya canzawa ba. Saboda haka mutum zai iya zaɓar ko ya yi farin ciki ko a'a ta hanyar daidaita halinsa game da yanayinsu, saboda 'yanci daga tsoro da sha'awa shine farin ciki kansa. === Platonism ===   Platonism shine falsafar [[Plato]], yana tabbatar da wanzuwar abubuwa masu banƙyama, waɗanda ke wanzu a cikin daula daban-daban daga duniyar zahiri da tunani. Tsakiya ga Platonism shine ka'idar Forms, inda aka yi la'akari da Forms masu kyau ko cikakkun kayan tarihi na gaskiya, tare da duniyar zahiri ta zama tunani mara kyau. Wannan falsafanci ya rinjayi tunanin Yammacin Turai, yana mai da hankali ga bambanci tsakanin canji, duniyar da ake iya fahimta da kuma maras canzawa, daular fahimta. Platonism yana adawa da nominalism, wanda ya musanta wanzuwar irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haack |first=Susan |date=1978 |title=Platonism Versus Nominalism: Carnap and Goodman |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902552 |journal=The Monist |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=483–494 |doi=10.5840/monist197861338 |jstor=27902552 |access-date=November 14, 2024}}</ref> ==== Rashin amincewa da ilimi ====   A wajen shekara ta 266 BC, Arcesilaus ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Platonic, kuma ya ɗauki shakku a matsayin tushen tsarin Platonism, wanda ya sa Platonism ya zama kusan iri ɗaya da Pyrrhonism . <ref>[[Sextus Empiricus]], "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.232</ref> Bayan Arcesilaus, shakku na ilimi ya bambanta daga Pyrrhonism. <ref>Sextus Empiricus, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.225–231</ref> Wannan lokacin shakku na zamanin d Platonism, daga Arcesilaus zuwa Philo na Larissa, ya zama sananne a matsayin Sabuwar Kwalejin, kodayake wasu tsoffin marubutan sun ƙara ƙarin ɓangarori, irin su Kwalejin Tsakiya . Masu shakka na Ilimi ba su yi shakkar wanzuwar [[gaskiya]] ba; kawai sun yi shakkar cewa ’yan Adam suna da ikon samunsa. Sun dogara da wannan matsayi akan Plato's ''Phaedo'', sashe na 64-67, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Phaedo, page 64 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0170:text=Phaedo:page=64 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> wanda Socrates yayi magana game da yadda ilimi ba zai iya isa ga mutane ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veres |first=Máté |year=2009 |title=Carlos Lévy, Les Scepticismes; Markus Gabriel, Antike und moderne Skepsis zur Einführung |url=https://www.academia.edu/1774036 |journal=Rhizai. A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=107 |access-date=2025-11-15 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022101041/https://www.academia.edu/1774036 |url-status=dead }}{{Rp|111}}</ref> Yayin da manufar Pyrrhonists ita ce samun ataraxia, bayan Arcesilaus masu shakkar Ilimi ba su riƙe ataraxia a matsayin babban makasudin ba. Masu shakka na Ilimi sun mayar da hankali kan sukar akidar wasu makarantun falsafa, musamman na akidar Stoics . Sun yarda da wasu ɓangarori na ka'idar ɗabi'a a cikin, mafi kyau amma jagora mai ma'ana, wanda mallakarsa, duk da haka, ya haifar da ainihin bambanci tsakanin mai hikima da wawa. Kadan kamar yadda bambanci zai iya bayyana a tsakanin matsayi na masu shakkar Ilimin da Pyrrhonists, kwatanta rayuwarsu ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa daidaitawar falsafanci mai aiki shine halayyar masu shakkar Ilimi yayin da manufofin Pyrrhonists sun fi dacewa da hankali. . ==== Platonism na tsakiya ====   Bayan ƙarshen lokacin shakku na Kwalejin tare da Antiochus na Ascalon, tunanin Platonic ya shiga lokacin Platonism na Tsakiya, wanda ya shawo kan ra'ayoyi daga makarantun Peripatetic da Stoic. Numenius na Apamea ne ya yi karin haɗin kai, wanda ya haɗa shi da Neopythagoreanism. ==== Neoplatonism ====   Har ila yau, abin ya shafa neopythagoreans, neoplatonists, na farko su Plotinus, sun yi iƙirarin cewa tunani yana wanzu kafin kwayoyin halitta, kuma duniya tana da dalili guda ɗaya wanda dole ne ya zama tunani guda. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Don haka, neoplatonism ya zama ainihin [[addini]], kuma yana da tasiri sosai akan Gnosticism da tiyolojin Kirista . {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} == Isar da falsafar Girkanci a cikin zamanin da == {{Reflist}} A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, an manta da ra'ayoyin Girka a Yammacin Turai saboda raguwar [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]] a lokacin Migration Period. A cikin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]], duk da haka, an adana ra'ayoyin Helenawa kuma an yi nazari. Masana falsafar Islama kamar su Al-Kindi (Alkindus), [[Al Farabi|Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius), Ibn Sina ([[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]]) da Ibn Rushd (Averroes) suma sun sake fassara waɗannan ayyukan bayan da [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] suka ba da izinin tattara rubuce-rubucen Helenanci kuma suka hayar masu fassara don kara darajarsu. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya Falsafar Girka ta sake shiga Yamma ta hanyar fassarori biyu daga Larabci zuwa Latin da kuma rubutun Girka na asali daga Daular Byzantine . Sake gabatar da waɗannan falsafanci, tare da sabbin sharhin Larabci, suna da babban tasiri ga [[Falsafar zamani|Masana falsafa na zamani]] kamar [[Thomas Aquinas]]. == Duba kuma == * Tsohuwar falsafa * Falsafar Byzantine * Ma'anar falsafa * Kalmomin Turanci na asalin Girkanci * Kalmomin kimiyya na duniya * Jerin tsoffin falsafar Girkanci * Fassara harshe * Fassara Girkanci zuwa Turanci == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == *   * Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (After-) Life", ''Ancient Philosophy'' 36 (2016): 1–18. * Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy", ''Review of Metaphysics'' 75 (4): 643–665. 2022. * Nikolaos Bakalis (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing   * John Burnet, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043421/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/burnet/index.htm ''Early Greek Philosophy''] (archived from [http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/burnet/index.htm the original], 6 February 2015), 1930. *   *   * William Keith Chambers Guthrie, ''A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans'', 1962. * [[Søren Kierkegaard]], ''On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates'', 1841. * [[A.A. Long]]. ''Hellenistic Philosophy.'' University of California, 1992. (2nd Ed.) * Martin Litchfield West, ''Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971. * Martin Litchfield West, ''The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth'', Oxford [England]; New York: Clarendon Press, 1997. == Ƙarin karantawa == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2012. ''Falsafar Bahar Rum ta Dā: Gabatarwa.'' New York: Bloomsbury. * Curd, Patricia, da D.W. Graham, eds. 2008. ''Littafin Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy .'' New York: Oxford Univ Press. * [Hasiya] ''Yin fasikanci: Eros, Da'a, da Gyaran Siyasa a Falsafar Girka da Kiristanci na Farko.'' Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press. * Garani, Myrto da David Konstan eds. 2014. ''The Philosophizing Muse: Tasirin Falsafar Girka akan Waƙoƙin Roman .'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing . * Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (Bayan-) Life," Tsohon Falsafa 36 (2016): 1-18. * Campbell, Douglas R. "Ka'idar Plato ta Reincarnation: Eschatology da Falsafa ta Halitta," ''Binciken Metaphysics'' 75 (4): 643-665. 2022. * Gill, Mary Louise, da Pierre Pellegrin. 2009. ''Aboki ga Falsafar Girka ta Dā.'' Oxford: Blackwell. * Hankinson, R.J. 1999. ''Dalili da Bayani a cikin Tunanin Girkanci na Dā.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2010. ''Kofin Hemlock: Socrates, Athens da Neman Rayuwa Mai Kyau .'' London: Jonathan Cape. * [Hasiya] ''Anaximander da Asalin Cosmology na Girka.'' Indianapolis, IN: Hackett * [Hasiya] 2011. ''Tunanin Girkanci na Farko: Kafin asuba.'' New York: Ci gaba. * Martín-Velasco, María José da María José García Blanco eds. 2016. ''Falsafar Girka da Addinin Asirin .'' Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing . * An samo asali ne daga yaren New York. ''Nunin Gaskiya a Falsafar Girkanci ta gargajiya: Theoria a cikin Al'adun Al'adu.'' Cambridge, Burtaniya: Cambridge Univ Press. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2002. Tarihin Miletus. Aldershot, Burtaniya: Ashgate. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2010. ''A zuwa Z na Falsafar Girka ta Dā.'' Lanham, MD: Tsoro. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Wasanni da Falsafa a Dā: Gasar Kyau .'' Da'a da Wasanni. London; New York: Routledge. * Wolfsdorf, David. 2013. ''Jin daɗi a Falsafar Girka ta Dā. Muhimman Jigogi a Falsafar Dā.'' Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Greek schools of philosophy}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/ Ancient Greek Philosophy], entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy * [http://www.worldhistorycharts.com/ancient-greek-philosophers/ Ancient Greek Philosophers], Worldhistorycharts.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism from the Hellenistic Period through the Middle Ages c. 330 BCE – 1250 CE] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/index.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * [https://hellenism.net/greece/ancient-greek-literature/greek-philosophers/ Ancient Greek Philosophy and important Greek philosophers], Hellenism.Net {{Ancient Greek philosophical concepts}}{{Authority control}}{{Greek schools of philosophy}}{{Ancient Greek philosophical concepts}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cpnkpu40x76qb3hu7de7f2teniienmd 967136 967130 2026-10-13T12:31:12Z Nura Bello 24854 967136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Falsafar Girka ta''' dā ta taso a ƙarni na 6 BC. An yi amfani da [[Falsafa]] don fahimtar duniya ta amfani da hankali. Ya yi magana da batutuwa iri-iri da suka haɗa da ilmin taurari, [[Epistemology|ilmin halitta]], [[lissafi]], falsafar siyasa, xa'a, metaphysics, [[ontology]], dabaru, [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], rhetoric da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|aesthetics]] . Falsafar Hellenanci ta ci gaba a duk lokacin Hellenistic kuma daga baya ta samo asali ne zuwa falsafar Romawa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek philosophy, Herodotus, famous ancient Greek philosophers. Ancient Greek philosophy at Hellenism.Net |url=http://www.hellenism.net/greece/ancient-greek-literature/greek-philosophers/ |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=www.hellenism.net}}</ref> Falsafar Girka ta yi tasiri ga yawancin al'adun Yammacin Turai tun farkon ta, kuma ana iya samun ta a fannoni da yawa na ilimin jama'a. Alfred North Whitehead ya taɓa yin iƙirari cewa: "Mafi aminci ga al'adar falsafar Turai ita ce ta ƙunshi jerin bayanan ƙafa ga Plato". <ref>Alfred North Whitehead (1929), ''[[Process and Reality]]'', Part II, Chap. I, Sect. I.</ref> Shahararrun layukan tasiri da ba a karye ba suna kaiwa daga tsoffin falsafar Girkanci da na Hellenanci zuwa falsafar Romawa, Falsafar Musulunci ta Farko, Ilimin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, [[Renaissance|Farfaɗowar]] Turai da Zamanin Hayewa . Falsafar Girka ta sami rinjaye har zuwa wani mataki ta tsoffin wallafe-wallafen hikima da tarihin tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta dā, kodayake ana muhawara game da girman wannan tasirin. Masanin gargajiya Martin Litchfield West ya ce, "saduwa da ilimin sararin samaniya da tauhidin gabas ya taimaka wajen 'yantar da tunanin masana falsafar Girka na farko; tabbas ya ba su ra'ayoyi masu yawa. Amma sun koya wa kansu tunani. Falsafa kamar yadda muka fahimci halitta ce ta Girka". Gabaɗaya, tsoffin Helenawa sun yarda da kakanninsu na Masar, kuma a cikin karni na biyar KZ, masanin falsafa Isocrates ya bayyana cewa farkon masu tunani na Girka sun yi tafiya zuwa Masar don neman ilimi; daya daga cikinsu [[Pythagoras]] na Samos, wanda "ya fara kawo wa Helenawa duk falsafar". <ref name="Herbjørnsrud">{{Cite web |last=Herbjørnsrud |first=Dag |date=2018-12-17 |title=The Radical Philosophy of Egypt: Forget God and Family, Write! |url=https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/12/17/the-radical-philosophy-of-egypt-forget-god-and-family-write/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=Blog of the APA |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerbjørnsrud2018">Herbjørnsrud, Dag (2018-12-17). [https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/12/17/the-radical-philosophy-of-egypt-forget-god-and-family-write/ "The Radical Philosophy of Egypt: Forget God and Family, Write!"]. ''Blog of the APA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarni na 21, binciken da masanan Masar suka yi ya nuna cewa kalmar ''falsafa'' kanta da alama ta samo asali ne daga ƙasar Masar: “kafa kalmar Hellenanci ''philosophos'', mai son hikima, ita kanta aro ce daga kuma fassarar ra’ayin Masarawa ''mer-rekh'' ( ''mr-rḫ'' ) wanda a zahiri yana nufin ‘mason hikima,’ ko ilimi.” <ref name="Herbjørnsrud"/> Hadisin falsafar da ya biyo baya ya rinjayi [[Socrates]] kamar yadda [[Plato]] ya gabatar da shi cewa al'ada ce a koma ga falsafar da aka haɓaka kafin Socrates a matsayin falsafar pre-Socratic. Lokaci bayan wannan, har zuwa da kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Alexander the Great, sune na "Girkanci na gargajiya" da "Falsafar Hellenistic", bi da bi. == Falsafar Girka ta farko (ko falsafar pre-Socratic) == '''Yarjejeniyar''' ƙaddamar da waɗannan [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] waɗanda ke aiki kafin mutuwar [[Socrates]] a matsayin ''pre-Socratics'' sun sami kuɗi tare da littafin 1903 na Hermann Diels' ''Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', kodayake kalmar ba ta samo asali daga gare shi ba. <ref>Greg Whitlock, preface to ''The Pre-Platonic Philosophers'', by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiv–xvi.</ref> Ana ɗaukar kalmar da amfani domin abin da ya zo da aka sani da "makarantar Athens" (wanda ya ƙunshi Socrates, Plato, da [[Aristotle]] ) ya nuna alamar haɓakar sabuwar hanyar falsafa; Rubutun [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] cewa wannan canjin ya fara ne da Plato Socrates (saboda haka sunan sa na " falsafar falsafar pre-Platonic") bai hana fifiko na "pre-Socratic" ba. <ref name="Whitlock">Greg Whitlock, preface to ''The Pre-Platonic Philosophers'', by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiii–xix.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2016, duk da haka, malanta na yanzu ya canza daga kiran falsafar kafin makarantar Athenia "pre-Socratic" zuwa kawai "Falsafa ta Girka ta Farko". André Laks da Glenn W. Yawancin su ne ke da alhakin yada wannan sauyi wajen bayyana zamanin da ke gaban Makarantar Athenia ta hanyar cikakkun bugu na Loeb na ''Falsafa ta Girka ta Farko'' . A cikin juzu'i na farko, sun bambanta tsarin tsarin su daga na Hermann Diels, suna farawa da zaɓi na "Falsafa ta Girka ta Farko" akan " falsafar pre-Socratic" musamman saboda Socrates na zamani ne kuma wani lokacin ma kafin masana falsafa a al'ada sun yi la'akari da "pre-Socratic falsafa". Socratic" (misali, Atomists). <ref> ''Early Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: Introductory and Reference Material'', Edited and Translated by André Laks and Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library 524 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016) 6–8.</ref> Masana falsafa na Girka na farko (ko "pre-Socratics") sun damu da farko game da ilmin sararin samaniya, [[ontology]], da lissafi. An bambanta su da "marasa falsafa" tun da sun ƙi bayanin tatsuniyoyi don neman magana mai ma'ana. === Makarantar Milesian ===   [[Thales na Miletus]], wanda [[Aristotle]] ya dauka a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko, ya yi imanin cewa duk abubuwa sun fito ne daga abu ɗaya, ruwa. Ba saboda ya ba da cosmogony ba ne John Burnet ya kira shi "mutumin kimiyya na farko", amma saboda ya ba le bayanin halitta game da sararin samaniya kuma ya goyi bayan shi da dalilai. Bisa ga al'ada, Thales ya sami damar yin hasashen Hasken rana kuma ya koya wa Masarawa yadda za a auna tsawo na pyramids. Thales ya yi wahayi zuwa makarantar <nowiki><i id="mwmQ">Fasahar</i></nowiki> Milesian kuma Anaximander ya biyo baya, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa substratum ko arche ba zai iya zama ruwa ba ko wani abu na gargajiya amma a maimakon haka wani abu ne "marasa iyaka" ko "marasa tabbas" (a Helenanci, ''apeiron''). Ya fara ne daga lura cewa duniya tana da alama ta kunshi <nowiki><i id="mwgw"><i id="mwhw">Akwatin</i></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> (misali, zafi da sanyi), duk da haka wani abu na iya zama ''Akwatin'' (misali., abu mai zafi mai sanyi). Saboda haka, ba za su iya zama masu adawa da gaske ba amma dole ne duka biyu su kasance bayyanar wasu hadin kai na asali wanda ba shi da kyau. Wannan haɗin kai (substratum, arche) ba zai iya zama wani abu na gargajiya ba, tunda sun kasance wani matsananci ko wani. Misali, ruwa yana da rigar, akasin bushewa, yayin da wuta ta bushe, akasin rigar. Wannan yanayin farko ba shi da tsufa kuma ba zai iya lalacewa ba, kuma komai ya koma gare shi bisa ga wajibi. [[Anaximenes na Miletus|Anaximenes]] ya ci gaba da cewa arche iska ce, kodayake John Burnet ya yi jayayya cewa ta wannan, yana nufin cewa hazo ne mai haske, <nowiki><i id="mwkw">aether</i></nowiki>. Duk da amsoshin su daban-daban, Makarantar Milesian tana neman wani abu na halitta wanda ba zai canza ba duk da bayyana a cikin siffofi daban-daban ba, kuma ta haka ne yana wakiltar ɗayan ƙoƙarin kimiyya na farko don amsa tambayar da za ta haifar da ci gaban ka'idar atomatik ta zamani; "Milesians, "in ji Burnet, "sun nemi φύσις na dukkan abubuwa" === Xenophanes ===   Xenophanes an haife shi a Ionia, inda makarantar Milesian ta kasance mafi ƙarfi kuma mai yiwuwa ta ɗauki wasu ka'idodin sararin samaniya na Milesians a sakamakon haka. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 35.</ref> Abin da aka sani shi ne cewa ya yi jayayya cewa kowane daga cikin abubuwan mamaki yana da na halitta maimakon bayanin allahntaka a cikin hanyar da ta dace da ka'idodin Anaximander kuma cewa akwai allah ɗaya kawai, duniya gaba ɗaya, kuma ya yi ba'a game da anthropomorphism na addinin Girka. ta hanyar da'awar cewa shanu za su yi iƙirarin cewa gumakan suna kama da shanu, dawakai kamar dawakai, zakuna kuma kamar zakoki, kamar yadda Habashawa suka yi iƙirarin cewa gumakan suna da hanci da baki kuma Thraciyawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa su masu launin fari ne da jajayen gashi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 35; Diels-Kranz, ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Xenophanes frs. 15–16.</ref> Xenophanes ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga makarantun falsafa na gaba. An gan shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa layin falsafar da ya ƙare a cikin Pyrrhonism, <ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio Evangelica]]'' Chapter XVII</ref> mai yiwuwa yana da tasiri akan falsafar Eleatic, da kuma abin da ya faru ga Epicurus 'dukkanin karya tsakanin kimiyya da addini. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 33, 36.</ref> === Pythagoreanism ===   [[Pythagoras]] ya rayu a kusan daidai lokacin da Xenophanes ya yi kuma, sabanin na karshen, makarantar da ya kafa ya nemi sulhunta imani da tunani na addini. Kadan aka sani game da rayuwarsa tare da wani abin dogaro, duk da haka, kuma babu rubuce-rubucen da ya tsira, don haka yana yiwuwa ya kasance kawai sufi wanda magajinsa suka gabatar da rationalism a cikin Pythagoreanism, cewa shi kawai mai rationalist wanda magajinsa ke da alhakin sufi a cikin. Pythagoreanism, ko kuma cewa shi ne ainihin marubucin koyarwar; babu wata hanyar da za a iya sanin tabbas. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 37–38.</ref> An ce Pythagoras ya kasance almajirin Anaximander kuma ya zurfafa abubuwan da suka shafi sararin samaniya na Ionia, gami da ra'ayin cewa sararin samaniya ya gina shi da sassa, mahimmancin mara iyaka, kuma iska ko iska ita ce ''tushen'' komai. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 38–39.</ref> Pythagoreanism kuma ya haɗa da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, yana jaddada tsarkakewa, metempsychosis, sabili da haka girmamawa ga duk rayuwar dabba; An yi da yawa daga wasiƙun da ke tsakanin ilimin lissafi da sararin samaniya a cikin jituwa ta kiɗa. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 40–49.</ref> Pythagoras ya yi imanin cewa a bayan bayyanar abubuwa, akwai ka'idar lissafi ta dindindin, kuma cewa nau'ikan sun dogara ne akan alaƙar ilimin lissafi. <ref>C.M. Bowra 1957 ''The Greek experience'' p. 166"</ref> === Heraclitus ===   Heraclitus dole ne ya rayu bayan Xenophanes da Pythagoras, yayin da ya hukunta su tare da [[Homer]] kamar yadda ya tabbatar da cewa ilmantarwa mai yawa ba zai iya koya wa mutum yin tunani ba; tunda Parmenides yana nufin shi a cikin lokacin da ya gabata, wannan zai sanya shi a kashi na 5 BC. Sabanin Makarantar Milesian, wanda ke da wani abu mai ɗorewa a matsayin arche, Heraclitus ya koyar da cewa panta rhei ("duk abin da ke gudana"), mafi kusa da wannan madawwamiyar gudana shine wuta. Dukkanin abubuwa sun faru ne bisa ga Logos, wanda dole ne a dauke shi a matsayin "tsarin" ko "tsarin", da kuma "Logos ya zama ruwan dare gama gari". Ya kuma gabatar da hadin kan ''Akwatin'' haka, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar dialectic, wanda ya tsara wannan gudana, kamar yadda akasin haka a zahiri bayyanar wani abu ne na al'ada ga nagarta da mugunta kanta. Heraclitus da ake kira tsarin adawa ἔρις ( ''eris'' ), "tashin hankali", kuma yayi tsammanin cewa a fili yanayin barga na δίκη ( ''dikê'' ), ko "adalci", shine haɗin kai na waɗannan gaba ɗaya. <ref>DK B80</ref> === Eleatic falsafa ===   Parmenides na Elea ya jefa falsafarsa a kan waɗanda suka riƙe "shi ne kuma ba iri ɗaya ba ne, kuma dukan abubuwa suna tafiya a cikin wasu wurare," - mai yiwuwa yana nufin Heraclitus da waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 64.</ref> Ganin cewa koyaswar makarantar Milesian, a cikin ba da shawara cewa substratum zai iya bayyana a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, yana nuna cewa duk abin da ke wanzu na jiki ne, Parmenides ya yi jayayya cewa ka'idar farko ta zama ɗaya ce, ba za a iya raba ba, kuma ba ta canzawa. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 66–67.</ref> Kasancewa, ya yi gardama, ta ma'anar yana nufin dawwama, yayin da kawai abin ''da'' ake iya tunani; wani abu da ''yake'', haka ma, ba zai iya zama ko ƙasa da haka ba, don haka rashin ƙarfi na Milesiyawa ba zai yiwu ba game da Kasancewa; A ƙarshe, kamar yadda motsi ya buƙaci cewa wani abu ya wanzu baya ga abin da yake motsawa (wato sararin da yake motsawa), Daya ko Halitta ba zai iya motsawa ba, tun da wannan yana buƙatar cewa "sarari" duka ya wanzu kuma babu shi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 68.</ref> Duk da yake wannan koyaswar ta yi hannun riga da ƙwarewar tunani na yau da kullun, inda abubuwa ke canzawa da motsawa, makarantar Eleatic ta bi Parmenides wajen musun cewa abubuwan mamaki sun bayyana duniya kamar yadda ta kasance; a maimakon haka, kawai abin da ke tare da Kasancewa an yi tunani, ko kuma tambayar ko akwai wani abu ko babu shi ne na ko za a iya tunani. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 67.</ref> In support of this, Parmenides' pupil Zeno of Elea attempted to prove that the concept of [[Motsi|motion]] was absurd and as such motion did not exist. He also attacked the subsequent development of pluralism, arguing that it was incompatible with Being. His arguments are known as Zeno's paradoxes. === Jam'i da atomism === Ƙarfin tunanin Parmenides ya kasance kamar yadda wasu masana falsafa na gaba suka watsar da tunanin Milesians, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, da Parmenides, inda abu ɗaya shine ''baka'' . A maimakon haka, sun ɗauki jam'i, irin su [[Empedocles]] da [[Anaxagoras]] . <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 69.</ref> Akwai, in ji su, abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya ragewa juna ba kuma waɗannan an saita su ta hanyar ƙauna da husuma (kamar a cikin Empedocles) ko ta Hannu (kamar a Anaxagoras). Yarjejeniyar da Parmenides cewa babu wani samuwa ko wucewa, genesis ko rubewa, sun ce abubuwa sun bayyana suna wanzuwa kuma suna shuɗewa saboda abubuwan da aka haɗa su suna haɗuwa ko kuma suna raguwa yayin da kansu ba su canzawa. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 70.</ref> Leucippus kuma ya ba da shawarar juzu'i na ontological tare da sararin samaniya bisa manyan abubuwa guda biyu: vacuum da atoms. Wadannan, ta hanyar motsin da suke da shi, suna ketare ɓatacce kuma suna haifar da ainihin abin duniya. Ba a san ka'idodinsa ba a lokacin [[Plato]], duk da haka, kuma a ƙarshe an haɗa su cikin aikin ɗalibinsa, Democritus . <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 94.</ref> === Sophism ===   Sophism ya taso ne daga juxtaposition na ''physis'' (nature) da ''[[wiktionary:nomos|nomos]]'' (doka). John Burnet ya bayyana asalinsa a cikin ci gaban kimiyya na ƙarnin da suka gabata wanda ya nuna cewa kasancewarsa ya bambanta sosai da abin da hankali ya fuskanta kuma, idan ana iya fahimtarsa gaba ɗaya, ba a iya fahimtar tsari; duniyar da mutane suka rayu a cikinta, a daya bangaren, ta kasance mai bin doka da oda, duk da cewa dan Adam ya yi. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 105–10.</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, yanayi yana dawwama, yayin da abin da ke bisa doka ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wani kuma ana iya canzawa. Mutum na farko da ya kira kansu masu sophist, a cewar Plato, shine Protagoras, wanda ya gabatar a matsayin koyarwar cewa duk [[Kirki|kyawawan dabi'u]] na al'ada ne. Shi ne Protagoras wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa "mutum shine ma'auni na dukan abubuwa, na abubuwan da suke, cewa su ne, da kuma abubuwan da ba su, cewa ba su ba," wanda Plato ya fassara a matsayin m hangen nesa, inda wasu abubuwa. kamar hanya ɗaya ce ga mutum ɗaya (kuma haka a zahiri haka suke) da wata hanya ga wani (kuma haka a zahiri ''haka'' haka); Ƙarshen kasancewar mutum ba zai iya duba yanayi don neman shiriya game da yadda zai yi rayuwar mutum ba. <ref>Burnet, ''Greek Philosophy'', 113–17.</ref> Protagoras da sophists na gaba sun kasance suna koyar da maganganun magana a matsayin sana'arsu ta farko. Prodicus, Gorgias, Hippias, da Thrasymacus sun bayyana a cikin [[Plato|tattaunawa]] daban-daban, wasu lokuta suna koyarwa a fili cewa yayin da yanayi ba ya ba da jagoranci na ɗabi'a, jagorancin da dokokin ke bayarwa ba shi da amfani, ko kuma yanayin yana jin dadin waɗanda suka yi aiki da dokoki. == Falsafar Girka ta gargajiya == === Socrates ===   [[Fayil:British_Museum_-_Four_Greek_philosophers.jpg|left|thumb| Masana falsafa na Girka huɗu: Socrates, Antisthenes, Chrysippos, Epicurus; Gidan kayan tarihi na Burtaniya]] [[Socrates]], wanda aka yi imanin an haife shi a Athens a karni na 5 BC, yana nuna alamar ruwa a tsohuwar falsafar Girkanci. Athens cibiya ce ta koyo, tare da masana sophists da masana falsafa da ke yawo daga ko'ina cikin Girka don koyar da lafazin lafazin, ilmin taurari, ilmin sararin samaniya, da lissafi. Yayin da falsafar ta kasance kafaffen bibiyar kafin Socrates, [[Cicero]] ya lasafta shi a matsayin "na farko wanda ya saukar da falsafar daga sama, ya sanya shi a cikin birane, ya gabatar da shi cikin iyalai, kuma ya wajabta shi don bincika rayuwa da ɗabi'a, da nagarta da mugunta. " <ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[Tusculan Disputations]]'', V 10–11 (or V IV).</ref> Ta wannan lissafin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa falsafar siyasa . <ref>Leo Strauss, ''Natural Right and History'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 120.</ref> Dalilan wannan juyowa ga batutuwan siyasa da ɗabi'a sun kasance abin nazari da yawa. <ref>Seth Benardete, ''The Argument of the Action'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 277–96.</ref> <ref>Laurence Lampert, ''How Philosophy Became Socratic'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).</ref> Kasancewar yawancin tattaunawa da suka shafi Socrates (kamar yadda Plato da Xenophon suka ambata) suna ƙarewa ba tare da cimma matsaya mai ƙarfi ba, ko a ɓata lokaci, <ref>Cf. [[Plato]], [[The Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']] 336c & 337a, [[Theaetetus (dialogue)|''Theaetetus'']] 150c, [[Apology (Plato)|''Apology of Socrates'']] 23a; [[Xenophon]], [[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|''Memorabilia'']] 4.4.9; [[Aristotle]], ''[[Sophistical Refutations]]'' 183b7.</ref> ya tada muhawara kan ma'anar tsarin Socratic . <ref>[[W.K.C. Guthrie]], ''The Greek Philosophers'' (London: Methuen, 1950), 73–75.</ref> An ce Socrates ya bi wannan salon bincike na tambaya-da-amsa akan batutuwa da dama, yawanci yana ƙoƙarin isa ga ma'anar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan [[Kirki|ƙaƙƙarfan hali]] . Yayin da tattaunawar Socrates da aka yi rikodin ba safai ya ba da tabbataccen amsa ga tambayar da ake gwadawa ba, yawancin maxims ko fassarorin da ya zama sananne. Socrates ya koyar da cewa babu wanda yake son abin da ba shi da kyau, don haka idan wani ya yi wani abu da yake da gaske ba shi da kyau, dole ne ya kasance cikin rashin son rai ko kuma cikin jahilci; saboda haka, dukkan kyawawan halaye ilimi ne. <ref>[[Terence Irwin]], ''The Development of Ethics'', vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007), 14</ref> <ref>Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", ''Philosophical Review'' 73 (1964): 147–64, 147.</ref> Ya kan yi magana a kan jahilcinsa (yana da'awar cewa bai san mene ne jaruntaka ba, misali). [[Plato]] ya gabatar da shi a matsayin ya bambanta kansa da na kowa da kowa ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa, yayin da ba su san wani abu mai daraja da kyau ba, ba su ''san'' cewa ba su sani ba, yayin da Socrates ya sani kuma ya yarda cewa bai san wani abu mai daraja da kyau ba. <ref>[[Apology (Plato)|''Apology of Socrates'']] 21d.</ref> Babban ɗan siyasa Pericles yana da alaƙa da wannan sabon koyo kuma abokin [[Anaxagoras]], duk da haka, abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa sun buge shi ta hanyar cin gajiyar ra'ayin mazan jiya akan masana falsafa; ya zama laifi a binciki abubuwan da ke sama ko ƙasa, waɗanda aka ɗauke su marasa laifi. An ce Anaxagoras an tuhume shi kuma ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira lokacin da Socrates yana da shekaru kusan ashirin. <ref>Debra Nails, ''The People of Plato'' (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 24.</ref> Akwai labarin cewa Protagoras, shi ma, an tilasta masa ya gudu kuma mutanen Athens sun kona littattafansa. <ref>Nails, ''People of Plato'', 256.</ref> Socrates, duk da haka, shine kawai batun da aka rubuta kamar yadda aka tuhume shi a ƙarƙashin wannan doka, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a 399 BC (duba Trial of Socrates ). A cikin nau'in jawabin nasa na kariyar da Plato ya gabatar, ya yi ikirarin cewa hassada ce ta tayar da shi saboda kasancewarsa masanin falsafa ne zai yanke masa hukunci. Ƙungiyoyin falsafa da yawa da suka biyo baya sun sami wahayi daga Socrates ko ƙanuwansa. Plato ya jefa Socrates a matsayin babban mai shiga tsakani a cikin [[Plato|tattaunawarsa]], yana samo su daga tushen Platonism (kuma ta hanyar tsawo, Neoplatonism ). Dalibin Plato [[Aristotle]] ya soki kuma ya gina bisa koyarwar da ya jingina ga Socrates da Plato, wanda ya kafa tushen Aristotelianism . [[Antisthenes]] ya kafa makarantar da za a fi sani da Cynicism kuma ya zargi Plato da karkatar da koyarwar Socrates. Zeno na Citium kuma ya daidaita ka'idodin Cynicism don bayyana Stoicism . Epicurus yayi karatu tare da malaman Platonic da Pyrrhonist kafin ya yi watsi da duk masana falsafa na baya (ciki har da Democritus, wanda falsafar Epicurean ta dogara akan atomism). Ƙungiyoyin falsafa waɗanda za su mamaye rayuwar hankali na daular Roma ta haka an haife su a cikin wannan lokacin zafi bayan ayyukan Socrates, kuma ko dai kai tsaye ko a fakaice ya rinjayi shi. Haka nan duniyar musulmi da ke yaɗuwa a ƙarni na 7 zuwa na 10 Miladiyya sun mamaye su, daga nan ne suka koma yamma a matsayin tushen [[Falsafar zamani|falsafar zamanin]] da da kuma [[Renaissance]], kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. === Plato ===   Plato was an Athenian of the generation after [[Socrates]]. Ancient tradition ascribes thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters to him, although of these only twenty-four of the dialogues are now universally recognized as authentic; most modern scholars believe that at least twenty-eight dialogues and two of the letters were in fact written by Plato, although all of the thirty-six dialogues have some defenders. A further nine dialogues are ascribed to Plato but were considered spurious even in antiquity. Tattaunawar Plato sun ƙunshi Socrates, kodayake ba koyaushe ne jagoran tattaunawar ba. (Tattaunawa ɗaya, <nowiki><i id="mwAVY">Dokokin</i></nowiki>, maimakon haka ya ƙunshi "Baƙi na Athens".) Tare da Xenophon, Plato shine tushen tushen bayanai game da rayuwar Socrates da imani kuma ba koyaushe bane sauƙin rarrabe tsakanin su biyun. Duk da yake Socrates da aka gabatar a cikin tattaunawar sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin bakin Plato, sunan Socrates don baƙin ciki, rashin jin daɗinsa game da ra'ayoyinsa a cikin tattaunawa, da rashin lokaci na lokaci ko ƙananan rawar a cikin tattaunawar yana ɓoye koyaswar Plato. <ref>[[Leo Strauss]], ''The City and Man'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 50–51.</ref> Yawancin abin da aka faɗi game da koyarwarsa an samo su ne daga abin da Aristotle ya ba da rahoto game da su. Koyarwar siyasar da aka jingina wa Plato ta samo asali ne daga <nowiki><i id="mwAV0">Jamhuriya</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwAV8">Dokoki</i></nowiki>, da kuma <nowiki><i id="mwAWE">ɗan Jiha</i></nowiki> . Na farko daga cikin wadannan ya kunshi ra'ayin cewa ba za a yi adalci a garuruwa ba sai an yi mulkin sarakunan falsafa ; wadanda ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokokin an tilasta musu su rike mata, 'ya'yansu, da dukiyoyinsu [[Kwaminisanci|tare]] ; kuma ana karantar da mutum don neman maslaha ta hanyar karairayi masu daraja ; ''Jamhuriyar'' ta ce mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan birni ba zai yiwu ba, duk da haka, a ɗauka cewa masana falsafa za su ƙi yin mulki kuma mutane za su ƙi tilasta musu yin hakan. <ref name="Strauss Plato">Leo Strauss, "Plato", in ''History of Political Philosophy'', ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987): 33–89.</ref> Ganin cewa ''jamhuriya'' ta ginu ne a kan banbance tsakanin irin ilimin da masanin falsafa yake da shi da kuma wanda sarki ko dan siyasa yake da shi, Socrates ya nazarci halin falsafa ne kawai; a cikin ''ɗan ƙasa'', a gefe guda, ɗan takara da ake kira Eleatic Stranger ya tattauna irin ilimin da ɗan siyasa ya mallaka, yayin da Socrates ya saurara a hankali. <ref name="Strauss Plato">Leo Strauss, "Plato", in ''History of Political Philosophy'', ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987): 33–89.</ref> Ko da yake mulkin mai hikima zai fi dacewa ya yi mulki bisa doka, mai hikima ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai an yi wa marasa hikima shari’a, don haka a aikace, bin doka yana da muhimmanci. Both the ''Republic'' and the ''Statesman'' reveal the limitations of politics, raising the question of what political order would be best given those constraints; that question is addressed in the ''Laws'', a dialogue that does not take place in Athens and from which Socrates is absent. The character of the society described there is eminently conservative, a corrected or liberalized timocracy on the Spartan or Cretan model or that of pre-democratic Athens.<ref name="Strauss Plato" /> Tattaunawar Plato kuma suna da jigogi na metaphysical, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shine ka'idar sa. Yana ɗaukar cewa nau'ikan abubuwan da ba na zahiri ba (amma mahimmanci ) siffofi (ko ra'ayoyi), kuma ba duniyar abin duniya na canji da aka sani da mu ta hankulanmu na zahiri ba, suna da mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin nau'in gaskiya. Ya yi jayayya da yawa a cikin ''Phaedo'', ''Phaedrus'', da ''Jamhuriyar'' don rashin mutuwa na rai, kuma ya gaskanta musamman a sake reincarnation . <ref>See [[Kamtekar, Rachana]]. “The Soul’s (After-) Life,” ''Ancient Philosophy'' 36 (2016): 1–18.</ref> Plato sau da yawa yana amfani da kwatanci na dogon lokaci (yawanci misalai ) don bayyana ra'ayoyinsa; Mafi shahara shine watakila Alamar Kogon . Ya kwatanta yawancin mutane da mutanen da aka ɗaure a cikin kogo, waɗanda suke kallon inuwa kawai a bango kuma ba su da wani tunani na gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato – Allegory of the cave |url=http://classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/plato-allegory-of-the-cave.pdf |website=classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com}}</ref> Idan sun juya, za su ga abin da ke sanya inuwa (sannan su sami ƙarin girma ga gaskiyarsu). Idan wasu sun fita daga cikin kogon, za su ga duniyar waje ta haskaka da rana (wanda ke wakiltar babban nau'i na alheri da gaskiya). Idan waɗannan matafiya suka sake shiga cikin kogon, mutanen da ke cikin (waɗanda har yanzu sun san inuwar) ba za su kasance da kayan aiki don gaskata rahotannin wannan 'waje na duniya' ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Allegory of the Cave |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm |website=washington.edu}}</ref> Wannan labarin yana bayyana ka'idar siffofi tare da matakan gaskiya daban-daban, kuma yana ci gaba da ra'ayin cewa sarakunan falsafa sun fi hikima yayin da yawancin mutane jahilai ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemerling |first=Garth |title=Plato: The Republic 5–10 |url=http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2h.htm |website=philosophypages.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibin Plato, [[Aristotle]], wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin masana falsafa mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci, ya jaddada ma'anar cewa fahimta ta dogara ne akan kallon farko. === Aristotle ===   Aristotle ya koma Athens daga ƙasarsa ta Stageira a cikin 367 BC kuma ya fara nazarin falsafa (watakila har ma da rhetoric, karkashin Isocrates ), a ƙarshe ya shiga makarantar Plato . <ref name="Lord Intro">Carnes Lord, Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984): 1–29.</ref> Ya bar Athens kimanin shekaru ashirin bayan ya yi karatun [[botany]] da [[Zoology|ilmin dabbobi]], ya zama malami na [[Alakszandira|Alexander the Great]], kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma Athens bayan shekaru goma ya kafa nasa makaranta: Lyceum . <ref name="Russell">[[Bertrand Russell]], ''A History of Western Philosophy'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).</ref> Aƙalla ashirin da tara na littattafansa sun tsira, waɗanda aka sani da ''corpus Aristotelicum'', kuma suna magana da batutuwa iri-iri da suka haɗa da dabaru, kimiyyar lissafi, optics, metaphysics, xa'a, rhetoric, [[siyasa]], [[Waƙa|shayari]], ilmin halitta, da ilimin dabbobi. Ana yawan kwatanta Aristotle a matsayin rashin jituwa da malaminsa Plato (misali, a Makarantar [[Raphael]] na Athens ). Ya soki gwamnatocin da aka bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAbE">Jamhuriyar</i></nowiki> Plato da <nowiki><i id="mwAbM">Dokokin</i></nowiki>, <ref name=":0">Aristotle, [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']], bk. 2, ch. 1–6.</ref> kuma yana nufin ka'idar siffofin a matsayin "kalmomi marasa amfani da ma'anar shayari". <ref>Aristotle, [[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|''Metaphysics'']], 991a20–22.</ref> Gabaɗaya ana gabatar da shi azaman yana ba da nauyi ga abubuwan lura da abubuwan da suka shafi aiki. Shaharar Aristotle ba ta yi girma ba a lokacin Hellenistic, lokacin da Stoic dabaru ke cikin fage, amma daga baya masu sharhi na gaba suka yada aikinsa, wanda a ƙarshe ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga falsafar Islama, Bayahude, da falsafar Kirista na tsakiya. <ref>Robin Smith, "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Aristotle's Logic]," ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (2007).</ref> Tasirinsa ya kasance kamar yadda [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] ke kiransa kawai a matsayin "Jagora"; Maimonides, [[Al Farabi|Alfarabi]], [[Ibn Rushd|Averroes]], and [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]] as "The Philosopher". Aristotle ya yi adawa da salon ka'idar utopian, inda ya yanke shawarar dogara ga fahimtar da kuma halayen mutane a zahiri don tsara tunaninsa. Ya samo asali daga zato na ɗabi'a na cewa rayuwa tana da kima, masanin falsafa ya yi nuni da cewa ya kamata a ware ƙarancin albarkatun da ya kamata a ware cikin haƙƙi don rage talauci da mutuwa. Wannan 'Tsoron kaya' ya sa Aristotle ya goyi bayan sana'o'in 'na halitta' wanda aka kiyaye gamsuwar mutum a iyakar amfani. Kasuwancin 'marasa dabi'a', sabanin iyakar da aka yi niyya, an rarraba shi azaman samun dukiya don samun ƙarin dukiya maimakon siyan kayayyaki. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynard |first=H. |last2=Gray |first2=Alexander |date=December 1931 |title=The Development of Economic Doctrine. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2224006 |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=41 |issue=164 |pages=636 |doi=10.2307/2224006 |issn=0013-0133 |jstor=2224006}}</ref> Da yake ci gaba da ƙwaƙƙwaran gaskiya, Aristotle ba kawai ya mai da hankali ga yadda zai ba mutane ja-gora don yin zaɓin da ya dace ba amma yana son kowane mutum da ke da kayan aikin da zai yi wannan aikin na ɗabi’a. A cikin nasa maganar, "Ya kamata dukiya ta kasance ta wata ma'ana gama gari, amma, a matsayinka na yau da kullun, na sirri; domin idan kowa yana da wata maslaha ta daban, maza ba za su yi korafin juna ba, kuma za su kara samun ci gaba domin kowa zai yi. Kasance da halartar harkokin kasuwancinsa... Sannan kuma, akwai babban jin daɗin yin alheri ko hidima ga abokai ko baƙi ko sahabbai, waɗanda ba za a iya yin su ba ne kawai idan mutum yana da wani abu na sirri ya ɓace jihar." <ref name=":0">Aristotle, [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']], bk. 2, ch. 1–6.</ref> === Cynicism ===   An kafa Cynicism ta [[Antisthenes]], wanda shi ne almajirin Socrates, da Diogenes, wanda ya kasance a zamaninsa. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Manufarsu ita ce su rayu bisa ga yanayi kuma sun saba wa al'ada. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} An yi wahayi zuwa ga Antisthenes da girman kai na Socrates, kuma ya zargi Plato da girman kai da girman kai. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Diogenes, mabiyinsa, ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin zuwa iyakarsu, yana rayuwa cikin matsananciyar talauci da kuma shiga halin rashin zaman lafiya. Crates na Thebes shi ne, Diogenes ya yi wahayi zuwa ya ba da dukiyarsa kuma ya zauna a kan titunan Athens. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} === Cyrenaicism ===   Aristippus na Cyrene ne ya kafa Cyrenaics, wanda ɗalibin [[Socrates]] ne. Cyrenaics sun kasance [[Hedonism|masu bin son zuciya]] kuma sun yarda cewa jin daɗi shine mafi kyawun rayuwa a rayuwa, musamman jin daɗin jiki, wanda suke tsammanin ya fi ƙarfin zuciya kuma ya fi sha'awar jin daɗi. <ref name="annas231">{{Cite book|last3=Julia Annas}}</ref> Jin dadi shine kawai alheri a rayuwa kuma zafi shine kawai mugunta. [[Socrates]] ya ɗauka cewa [[Kirki|nagarta]] ita ce kawai ɗan adam mai kyau, amma ya kuma yarda da iyakacin matsayi don amfaninsa, yana barin jin daɗi ya zama manufa ta biyu na aikin ɗabi'a. Aristippus da mabiyansa sun kama wannan, kuma suka ji daɗi kawai burin ƙarshe na rayuwa, suna musun cewa nagarta tana da wata ƙima. === Megarians ===   Makarantar Megarian ta bunƙasa a cikin karni na 4 BC. Euclides na Megara, daya daga cikin daliban [[Socrates]] ne ya kafa ta. Koyarwarta na ɗabi'a ta samo asali ne daga Socrates, yana gane guda ɗaya mai kyau, wanda a fili an haɗa shi da koyarwar Eleatic na Unity . Ayyukansu a kan ma'anar modal, ma'auni na ma'ana, da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa tunani a zamanin da, kuma sun kasance tasiri a kan halittar Stoicism da Pyrrhonism na gaba. == Falsafar Hellenistic ==   [[Fayil:Petrarca-Meister_001.jpg|thumb| Masanin ilimin falsafa Pyrrho na Elis, a cikin wani labari da aka ɗauka daga Sextus Empiricus ' ''Fasahar Pyrrhonism''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div style="background-color:#EEE9BF;text-align: center;"> (na sama) PIRRHO • HELIENSIS •<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> PLISTARCHI • FILIVS<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Fassarar (daga Latin): Pyrrho • Hellenanci • Ɗan Plistarchus</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div style="background-color:#EEE9BF;text-align: center;"> (tsakiyar) OPORTERE • SAPIENTEM<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> HANC ILLIVS IMITARI<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Fassarar SECVRITATEM (daga Latin): Daidai ne hikimar haka kowa ya yi koyi da wannan tsaro (Pyrrho yana nuni ga alade mai zaman lafiya yana cin abincinsa)</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div style="background-color:#EEE9BF;text-align: center;"> (ƙananan) Duk wanda yake so ya yi amfani da hikimar gaske, ba zai damu da firgita da wahala ba</div>]] A lokacin zamanin Hellenistic da na Romawa, makarantu daban-daban na tunani sun haɓaka a cikin duniyar Helenanci sannan duniyar Greco-Roman . Yaduwar [[Kiristanci]] a ko'ina cikin duniyar Romawa, sannan yada Musulunci ya biyo baya, ya kawo karshen falsafar Hellenanci da farkon [[Falsafar zamani|falsafar zamanin da]], wadda al'adun [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|Ibrahim]] guda uku suka mamaye: Falsafar Yahudanci, falsafar Kiristanci, da falsafar Islama ta farko . === Pyrrhonism ===   Pyrrho na Elis, masanin falsafa na Democrat, ya yi Tafiya zuwa Indiya tare da sojojin Alexander the Great inda koyarwar [[Buddha]] ta rinjayi Pyrrho, musamman alamomi uku na wanzuwar. Bayan ya dawo Girka, Pyrrho ya fara sabuwar makarantar falsafar, Pyrrhonism, wanda ya koyar da cewa ra'ayoyin mutum ne game da batutuwan da ba a bayyana ba (watau, koyarwa) wanda ke hana mutum samun eudaimonia. Pyrrhonism ya sanya cimma ataxia (yanayin daidaito) a matsayin hanyar cimma eudaimonia. Don kawo hankali ga Ataraxia Pyrrhonism yana amfani da epoché (dakatar da hukunci) game da duk abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba. Pyrrhonists suna jayayya cewa dogmatists - wanda ya haɗa da duk falsafancin Pyrrhonism - sun sami [[Gaskiya]] game da batutuwan da ba a bayyana ba. Ga duk wani al'amari da ba a bayyane ba, Pyrrhonist yana yin muhawara don da kuma adawa da cewa ba za a iya kammala batun ba, don haka dakatar da imani kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da ataraxia. === Epicureanism ===   Epicurus yayi karatu a [[Athens]] tare da Nausiphanes, wanda ya kasance mabiyin Democritus kuma dalibin Pyrrho na Elis . {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Ya yarda da ka'idar atomism na Democritus, tare da ingantawa da aka yi don mayar da martani ga sukar Aristotle da sauransu. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Dabi'unsa sun dogara ne akan "neman jin daɗi da nisantar zafi". {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Wannan, duk da haka, ba [[hedonism]] mai sauƙi ba ne, kamar yadda ya lura cewa "Ba muna nufin jin daɗin maɓalli ko na sha'awa ba. . . muna nufin rashin ciwo a cikin jiki da damuwa a cikin tunani ". {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} === Stoicism ===   Wanda ya kafa Stoicism, Zeno na Citium, Crates na Thebes ne ya koyar da shi, kuma ya ɗauki ka'idodin Cynic na ci gaba da ci gaba da kai, amma ya yi amfani da manufar rashin tausayi (rashin sha'awa) ga yanayi na sirri maimakon ka'idojin zamantakewa, kuma ya canza rashin kunya na ƙarshe na ƙarshe don cikar ayyukan zamantakewa. [1] Logic da physics suma sun kasance wani ɓangare na farkon Stoicism, wanda magajin Zeno Cleanthes da Chrysippus suka haɓaka. Metaphysics din su ya dogara ne akan jari-hujja, wanda aka tsara ta tambura, dalili (amma kuma ana kiransa Allah ko kaddara). Gudunmawarsu ta ma'ana har yanzu tana cikin lissafin ƙididdiga na zamani . Dabi'un su ya dogara ne akan neman farin ciki, wanda suka yi imani cewa samfurin 'rayuwa daidai da yanayi' ne. Wannan yana nufin yarda da abubuwan da mutum ba zai iya canzawa ba. Saboda haka mutum zai iya zaɓar ko ya yi farin ciki ko a'a ta hanyar daidaita halinsa game da yanayinsu, saboda 'yanci daga tsoro da sha'awa shine farin ciki kansa. === Platonism ===   Platonism shine falsafar [[Plato]], yana tabbatar da wanzuwar abubuwa masu banƙyama, waɗanda ke wanzu a cikin daula daban-daban daga duniyar zahiri da tunani. Tsakiya ga Platonism shine ka'idar Forms, inda aka yi la'akari da Forms masu kyau ko cikakkun kayan tarihi na gaskiya, tare da duniyar zahiri ta zama tunani mara kyau. Wannan falsafanci ya rinjayi tunanin Yammacin Turai, yana mai da hankali ga bambanci tsakanin canji, duniyar da ake iya fahimta da kuma maras canzawa, daular fahimta. Platonism yana adawa da nominalism, wanda ya musanta wanzuwar irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haack |first=Susan |date=1978 |title=Platonism Versus Nominalism: Carnap and Goodman |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902552 |journal=The Monist |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=483–494 |doi=10.5840/monist197861338 |jstor=27902552 |access-date=November 14, 2024}}</ref> ==== Rashin amincewa da ilimi ====   A wajen shekara ta 266 BC, Arcesilaus ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Platonic, kuma ya ɗauki shakku a matsayin tushen tsarin Platonism, wanda ya sa Platonism ya zama kusan iri ɗaya da Pyrrhonism . <ref>[[Sextus Empiricus]], "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.232</ref> Bayan Arcesilaus, shakku na ilimi ya bambanta daga Pyrrhonism. <ref>Sextus Empiricus, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.225–231</ref> Wannan lokacin shakku na zamanin d Platonism, daga Arcesilaus zuwa Philo na Larissa, ya zama sananne a matsayin Sabuwar Kwalejin, kodayake wasu tsoffin marubutan sun ƙara ƙarin ɓangarori, irin su Kwalejin Tsakiya . Masu shakka na Ilimi ba su yi shakkar wanzuwar [[gaskiya]] ba; kawai sun yi shakkar cewa ’yan Adam suna da ikon samunsa. Sun dogara da wannan matsayi akan Plato's ''Phaedo'', sashe na 64-67, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Phaedo, page 64 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0170:text=Phaedo:page=64 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> wanda Socrates yayi magana game da yadda ilimi ba zai iya isa ga mutane ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veres |first=Máté |year=2009 |title=Carlos Lévy, Les Scepticismes; Markus Gabriel, Antike und moderne Skepsis zur Einführung |url=https://www.academia.edu/1774036 |journal=Rhizai. A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=107 |access-date=2025-11-15 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022101041/https://www.academia.edu/1774036 |url-status=dead }}{{Rp|111}}</ref> Yayin da manufar Pyrrhonists ita ce samun ataraxia, bayan Arcesilaus masu shakkar Ilimi ba su riƙe ataraxia a matsayin babban makasudin ba. Masu shakka na Ilimi sun mayar da hankali kan sukar akidar wasu makarantun falsafa, musamman na akidar Stoics . Sun yarda da wasu ɓangarori na ka'idar ɗabi'a a cikin, mafi kyau amma jagora mai ma'ana, wanda mallakarsa, duk da haka, ya haifar da ainihin bambanci tsakanin mai hikima da wawa. Kadan kamar yadda bambanci zai iya bayyana a tsakanin matsayi na masu shakkar Ilimin da Pyrrhonists, kwatanta rayuwarsu ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa daidaitawar falsafanci mai aiki shine halayyar masu shakkar Ilimi yayin da manufofin Pyrrhonists sun fi dacewa da hankali. . ==== Platonism na tsakiya ====   Bayan ƙarshen lokacin shakku na Kwalejin tare da Antiochus na Ascalon, tunanin Platonic ya shiga lokacin Platonism na Tsakiya, wanda ya shawo kan ra'ayoyi daga makarantun Peripatetic da Stoic. Numenius na Apamea ne ya yi karin haɗin kai, wanda ya haɗa shi da Neopythagoreanism. ==== Neoplatonism ====   Har ila yau, abin ya shafa neopythagoreans, neoplatonists, na farko su Plotinus, sun yi iƙirarin cewa tunani yana wanzu kafin kwayoyin halitta, kuma duniya tana da dalili guda ɗaya wanda dole ne ya zama tunani guda. {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} Don haka, neoplatonism ya zama ainihin [[addini]], kuma yana da tasiri sosai akan Gnosticism da tiyolojin Kirista . {{Sfn|Grayling|2019}} == Isar da falsafar Girkanci a cikin zamanin da == {{Reflist}} A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, an manta da ra'ayoyin Girka a Yammacin Turai saboda raguwar [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]] a lokacin Migration Period. A cikin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]], duk da haka, an adana ra'ayoyin Helenawa kuma an yi nazari. Masana falsafar Islama kamar su Al-Kindi (Alkindus), [[Al Farabi|Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius), Ibn Sina ([[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]]) da Ibn Rushd (Averroes) suma sun sake fassara waɗannan ayyukan bayan da [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] suka ba da izinin tattara rubuce-rubucen Helenanci kuma suka hayar masu fassara don kara darajarsu. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya Falsafar Girka ta sake shiga Yamma ta hanyar fassarori biyu daga Larabci zuwa Latin da kuma rubutun Girka na asali daga Daular Byzantine . Sake gabatar da waɗannan falsafanci, tare da sabbin sharhin Larabci, suna da babban tasiri ga [[Falsafar zamani|Masana falsafa na zamani]] kamar [[Thomas Aquinas]]. == Duba kuma == * Tsohuwar falsafa * Falsafar Byzantine * Ma'anar falsafa * Kalmomin Turanci na asalin Girkanci * Kalmomin kimiyya na duniya * Jerin tsoffin falsafar Girkanci * Fassara harshe * Fassara Girkanci zuwa Turanci == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == *   * Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (After-) Life", ''Ancient Philosophy'' 36 (2016): 1–18. * Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy", ''Review of Metaphysics'' 75 (4): 643–665. 2022. * Nikolaos Bakalis (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing   * John Burnet, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043421/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/burnet/index.htm ''Early Greek Philosophy''] (archived from [http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/burnet/index.htm the original], 6 February 2015), 1930. *   *   * William Keith Chambers Guthrie, ''A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans'', 1962. * [[Søren Kierkegaard]], ''On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates'', 1841. * [[A.A. Long]]. ''Hellenistic Philosophy.'' University of California, 1992. (2nd Ed.) * Martin Litchfield West, ''Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971. * Martin Litchfield West, ''The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth'', Oxford [England]; New York: Clarendon Press, 1997. == Ƙarin karantawa == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2012. ''Falsafar Bahar Rum ta Dā: Gabatarwa.'' New York: Bloomsbury. * Curd, Patricia, da D.W. Graham, eds. 2008. ''Littafin Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy .'' New York: Oxford Univ Press. * [Hasiya] ''Yin fasikanci: Eros, Da'a, da Gyaran Siyasa a Falsafar Girka da Kiristanci na Farko.'' Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press. * Garani, Myrto da David Konstan eds. 2014. ''The Philosophizing Muse: Tasirin Falsafar Girka akan Waƙoƙin Roman .'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing . * Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (Bayan-) Life," Tsohon Falsafa 36 (2016): 1-18. * Campbell, Douglas R. "Ka'idar Plato ta Reincarnation: Eschatology da Falsafa ta Halitta," ''Binciken Metaphysics'' 75 (4): 643-665. 2022. * Gill, Mary Louise, da Pierre Pellegrin. 2009. ''Aboki ga Falsafar Girka ta Dā.'' Oxford: Blackwell. * Hankinson, R.J. 1999. ''Dalili da Bayani a cikin Tunanin Girkanci na Dā.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2010. ''Kofin Hemlock: Socrates, Athens da Neman Rayuwa Mai Kyau .'' London: Jonathan Cape. * [Hasiya] ''Anaximander da Asalin Cosmology na Girka.'' Indianapolis, IN: Hackett * [Hasiya] 2011. ''Tunanin Girkanci na Farko: Kafin asuba.'' New York: Ci gaba. * Martín-Velasco, María José da María José García Blanco eds. 2016. ''Falsafar Girka da Addinin Asirin .'' Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing . * An samo asali ne daga yaren New York. ''Nunin Gaskiya a Falsafar Girkanci ta gargajiya: Theoria a cikin Al'adun Al'adu.'' Cambridge, Burtaniya: Cambridge Univ Press. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2002. Tarihin Miletus. Aldershot, Burtaniya: Ashgate. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2010. ''A zuwa Z na Falsafar Girka ta Dā.'' Lanham, MD: Tsoro. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Wasanni da Falsafa a Dā: Gasar Kyau .'' Da'a da Wasanni. London; New York: Routledge. * Wolfsdorf, David. 2013. ''Jin daɗi a Falsafar Girka ta Dā. Muhimman Jigogi a Falsafar Dā.'' Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Greek schools of philosophy}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/ Ancient Greek Philosophy], entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy * [http://www.worldhistorycharts.com/ancient-greek-philosophers/ Ancient Greek Philosophers], Worldhistorycharts.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism from the Hellenistic Period through the Middle Ages c. 330 BCE – 1250 CE] * [https://plato.stanford.edu/index.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * [https://hellenism.net/greece/ancient-greek-literature/greek-philosophers/ Ancient Greek Philosophy and important Greek philosophers], Hellenism.Net {{Ancient Greek philosophical concepts}}{{Authority control}}{{Greek schools of philosophy}}{{Ancient Greek philosophical concepts}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dt32b3d6m5cchv2k4wdih196w7786xf Kasuwanci 0 123592 967296 963531 2026-10-13T20:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947,_Tánger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_78.JPG|thumb|A grocery and cosmetics store in [[Tanja|Tangier]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]]] Retail shine sayar da kayayyaki da ayyuka ga masu amfani, sabanin siyarwa, wanda shine siyarwa ga '''Kasuwanci''' ko abokan ciniki na hukuma. '''mai siyarwa''' yana sayen kayayyaki da yawa daga [[Masana'anta|masana'antun]], kai tsaye daga ko ta hanyar mai siyarwa, sannan ya sayar da ƙananan yawa ga masu amfani don riba. Masu siyarwa sune hanyar haɗi ta ƙarshe a cikin jerin wadata daga masu samarwa zuwa masu amfani. Kasuwancin tallace-tallace da shagunan suna da dogon tarihi, tun daga zamanin d ̄ a. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kasuwa na farko sun kasance masu sayarwa masu tafiya. A cikin ƙarni, an canza shagunan sayar da kayayyaki daga kadan fiye da "ƙananan ɗakunan ajiya" zuwa manyan kantin sayar da kayayyakin zamani na zamani. Ayyukan tallace-tallace suna ci gaba da samun kayayyaki a cikin adadin da ake buƙata da sanya su inda kwastomomi za su saya su, wanda ke sa sayarwa da samar da manyan sassan dabarun tallace-tafiye. Shirye-shiryen tallace-tallace galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar Binciken muhalli na lokaci-lokaci da kuma tsarin bincike na kasuwanni, abokan ciniki, damar ciki, da gasa. Sau da yawa ana bayyana yanke shawara na yau da kullun ta amfani da haɗin tallace-tallace, wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin "Ps" guda shida: samfurin, wuri, gabatarwa, farashi, ma'aikata, da gabatarwa (shaida ta jiki). Shawarwarin wuri sun haɗa da wuri, lokutan aiki, da samun dama, kuma masu siyarwa da yawa sun faɗaɗa cikin samfuran tashoshi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa siyarwar jiki da kan layi. Shirye-shiryen farashi da dabaru na iya Haɗuwa da rangwamen, farashi mai ƙarancin yau da kullun, farashi ragi ƙarancin farashi, Shugabannin asarar, haɗawa, da farashi na tunani, tare da tsara hanyoyin biyan kuɗi na abokin ciniki waɗanda ke ɗauke da farashin sarrafawa. Bukatar ma'aikata na tallace-tallace sau da yawa sun bambanta da lokaci da kakar, wanda ya goyi bayan tsarawa mai sauƙi; ɗayan ƙididdigar da aka ambata shi ne cewa a cikin 2012, kusan kashi 70% na ma'aikatan tallace-kallace na Amurka sun kasance na ɗan lokaci. A tsawon lokaci, 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun jaddada Dangantakar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci maimakon ma'amaloli na lokaci guda, yayin da suke saka hannun jari a cikin ƙirar shagon (tsarin, hasken wuta, kiɗa, alamomi, da wuraren "decompression") don tsara kwarewar siyayya. A cikin zamani na dijital, yawancin 'yan kasuwa suna neman isa kasuwannin da suka fi girma ta hanyar siyarwa ta hanyar tashoshi da yawa, gami da tubali da kuma siyarwar kan layi. Fasahar dijital tana shafar hanyar da masu amfani ke biyan kaya da aiyuka. Ayyukan tallafin tallafi na iya haɗawa da samar da bashi, sabis na isar da kaya, sabis na ba da shawara, sabis na salo da sauran ayyukan tallafi. Ma'aikatan sayar da kayayyaki ma'aikatan irin waɗannan shagunan ne. Sashin sayarwa yana da mahimmanci a tattalin arziki kuma yana daukar ma'aikata masu yawa. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa na zamani yawanci suna yin yanke shawara iri-iri na dabarun ciki har da nau'in shagon, kasuwar da za a yi hidima, mafi kyawun samfurin, sabis na abokin ciniki, sabis na tallafi, da kuma matsayin kasuwar gaba ɗaya. Masu siyarwa sun kuma fadada damar omnichannel, kamar sayen kan layi da karɓar ajiya, kuma wasu kamfanoni sun gwada sarrafa kansa, kamar tsarin kantin sayar da kaya. == Magana == Kalmar ''retail'' ta fito ne daga tsohon {{Lang|fro|retaillier}} fi'ili na Faransa, ma'ana "siffa ta hanyar yankewa" ( {{Circa|1365}} ). An fara rubuta shi a matsayin suna a shekara ta 1433 da ma'anar "sayarwa a ƙananan adadi" daga ''mai sayar da'' fi'ili na Tsakiyar Faransanci ma'ana "wani yanki da aka yanke, aka yanke, aka goge, aka yi masa paring". A halin yanzu, ma'anar kalmar ''retail'' (a Turanci, Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Jamusanci da Sifaniyanci) tana nufin sayar da ƙananan kayayyaki ga masu amfani (sabanin jumla ). === Ma'anar shari'a da bayani === Dillali yana nufin aikin sayar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka kai tsaye ga masu amfani ko masu amfani da ƙarshen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=retail |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811173951/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=17 January 2018 |via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> Wasu 'yan kasuwa na iya sayarwa ga abokan ciniki na kasuwanci, kuma irin waɗannan tallace-tallace ana kiransu ''aikin da ba na siyarwa ba'' . A wasu yankuna ko yankuna, ma'anonin shari'a na dillalai sun ƙayyade cewa aƙalla kashi 80 cikin 100 na ayyukan tallace-tallace dole ne su kasance ga masu amfani da ƙarshen. A fannin banki, "sayar da kaya" yawanci yana nufin yin amfani da babban banki, wanda ke ba da ayyuka na musamman ga manyan abokan ciniki, sabanin bankin dillalai, wanda ke ba da ayyuka na yau da kullun ga ƙananan abokan ciniki. Dillalai galibi suna faruwa ne a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ko wuraren hidima, amma kuma suna iya faruwa ta hanyar siyarwa kai tsaye, kamar ta hanyar injunan siyarwa, tallace-tallace daga gida zuwa gida ko hanyoyin lantarki. Duk da cewa ra'ayin dillanci galibi ana danganta shi da siyan kaya, kalmar za a iya amfani da ita ga masu samar da ayyuka waɗanda ke sayarwa ga masu amfani. Masu samar da ayyukan dillalai sun haɗa da bankunan dillalai, yawon buɗe ido, inshora, kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, ilimi mai zaman kansa, kamfanonin tsaro masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin shari'a, masu bugawa, sufuri na jama'a, da sauransu. Misali, mai samar da yawon bude ido na iya samun sashen dillalai wanda ke ba da tafiye-tafiye da masauki ga masu sayayya, da kuma sashen jimillar kaya wanda ke siyan tubalan masauki, karimci, sufuri, da yawon bude ido, wanda daga baya ake tattarawa a matsayin rangadin hutu don sayarwa ga wakilan tafiye-tafiye na dillalai. Wasu dillalai suna yi wa shagunansu lakabi da "shagunan sayar da kayayyaki" waɗanda ke ba da "farashin tallace-tallace". Duk da cewa wannan tsari na iya ƙarfafa masu sayayya su yi tunanin cewa suna da damar samun ƙananan farashi, yayin da suke shirin musanya farashin da aka rage don yanayin da ke cikin shaguna, a cikin ma'anar doka, shagon da ke sayar da mafi yawan kayansa kai tsaye ga masu sayayya ana bayyana shi a matsayin dillali maimakon dillali. Hukumomi daban-daban sun kafa ma'auni don rabon tallace-tallace na mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke ayyana kasuwancin dillalai. Hanya mafi dacewa ta bambanta juzu'i da dillalai ita ce ta ''babban abokin ciniki'' : * ''Cinikin Jumla'' : galibi ana sayarwa ga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su ''sake sayarwa'' ko ''amfani da kayayyaki a cikin ayyuka'' (kasuwanci zuwa kasuwanci). * ''Kasuwancin dillalai:'' galibi ana sayar da shi ga ''gidaje/masu amfani'' . == Ayyukan dillalai da ayyukan == === Sayen kaya na dillali === Samun kayayyaki a cikin adadin da ake buƙata da kuma gano su inda masu sayayya za su saya su manyan ayyuka ne na dillalai, don haka kula da sayayya da wadata muhimman abubuwa ne na dabarun dillalai. Bambanci tsakanin yanke shawara na "dabaru" da "shugabanci" galibi ana amfani da shi don bambance "matakai biyu masu manufofi daban-daban kuma bisa ga kayan aikin dabaru daban-daban. Tsarin dabaru ya shafi zaɓin manufofi da nufin inganta matsayin gasa na kamfanin, la'akari da ƙalubale da damammaki da yanayin gasa ya gabatar. A gefe guda kuma, yanke shawara na gudanarwa yana mai da hankali kan aiwatar da takamaiman manufofi." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volpato |first=Giuseppe |last2=Stocchetti |first2=Andrea |date=2009 |title=Old and new approaches to marketing. The quest of their epistemological roots |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30841/ |url-status=live |journal=The Proceedings of 10th International Conference Marketing Trends |issue=30841 |page=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203170330/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30841/ |archive-date=2017-02-03 |via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}</ref> Binciken dabarun dillalai yawanci ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan: [[File:Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg|thumb| Dillalin kuma yana la'akari da matsayin dabarun gabaɗaya da kuma hoton dillalin.]] * Binciken Kasuwa - Girman kasuwa, matakin kasuwa, gasa a kasuwa, jan hankalin kasuwa, yanayin kasuwa * Binciken Abokan Ciniki - Rarraba Kasuwa, bayanin alƙaluma, yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yanayin tunanin mutum, dabi'u da halaye, halayen siyayya, fifikon alama, nazarin buƙatu da buƙatu, da kuma halayen kafofin watsa labarai. * Binciken Cikin Gida - Sauran iyawa da suka haɗa da ƙarfin albarkatun ɗan adam, ƙarfin fasaha, ƙarfin kuɗi, ikon samar da tattalin arziki ko tattalin arziki mai girma, dangantakar kasuwanci, suna, matsayi, da kuma ayyukan da suka gabata. * Binciken gasa - Samuwar maye gurbin, ƙarfi da raunin masu fafatawa, taswirar fahimta, yanayin gasa * Sharhin haɗin samfura –:: Tallace-tallace a kowace murabba'in ƙafa, ƙimar juye-juyen hannun jari, riba a kowace layin samfura * Bitar hanyoyin rarrabawa - Lokutan jagora tsakanin yin oda da isarwa, farashin rarrabawa, da kuma ingancin farashi na masu shiga tsakani * Kimanta tattalin arzikin dabarun - Nazarin farashi da fa'idar ayyukan da aka tsara A ƙarshen nazarin dillalai, ya kamata masu sayar da kayayyaki su fahimci waɗanne ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki ne za a yi wa ayyukan tallatawa. Duk da haka, ba dukkan abubuwa suke daidai ba, sau da yawa tare da alƙaluma, dalilan siyayya, da kuma kashe kuɗi wajen jagorantar ayyukan masu amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Christopher J. |last2=Wenyu |first2=Lu |date=13 May 2019 |title=What influences Chinese fashion retail? Shopping motivations, demographics and spending |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36823 |journal=Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |doi=10.1108/JFMM-09-2017-0093}}</ref> Binciken bincike kan harkokin kasuwanci ya nuna cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin matsayin shago da kuma matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na abokan ciniki. Bugu da ƙari, dabarun dillalai, gami da ingancin sabis, yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da aminci ga abokan ciniki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yu-Jia |date=Summer 2012 |title=The Moderating Effect of Brand Equity and the Mediating Effect of Marketing Mix Strategy On the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty: the case of retail chain stores in Taiwan |url=https://www.ijoi-online.org/attachments/article/31/FINAL%20ISSUE%20VOL%205%20%20NUM%201%20SUMMER%202012%20revised.pdf#page=155 |journal=International Journal of Organizational Innovation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=155–162 |issn= |eissn=1943-1813 |id={{EBSCOhost|79544612}}. {{ProQuest|1030258221}}.<!-- also https://www.proquest.com/openview/25ef15184d9b2af0ad9f49c28bb5f08b -->}}</ref> Tsarin tallan ya bayyana dukkan muhimman fannoni na masu sauraron da kamfanoni ke so, alƙaluma, da abubuwan da suke so. A cikin kasuwa mai gasa sosai, dabarun dillalai yana kafa dorewa na dogon lokaci. Yana mai da hankali kan alaƙar abokan ciniki, yana jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin ƙima, gamsuwar abokan ciniki, kuma yana nuna yadda matsayin kasuwar shagon ke jan hankalin ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki da aka yi niyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morschett |first=Dirk |last2=Swoboda |first2=Bernhard |last3=Schramm-Klein |first3=Hanna |date=July 2006 |title=Competitive strategies in retailing—an investigation of the applicability of Porter's framework for food retailers |journal=Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=275–287 |doi=10.1016/j.jretconser.2005.08.016}}</ref> === Tallan dillali === [[File:Retail_mix.jpg|thumb| Haɗin tallan dillalai ko Ps 6 na siyarwa]] An ƙirƙiro wani haɗin dillalai don manufar daidaita shawarwarin dabarun yau da kullun. Haɗin tallan dillalai yawanci ya ƙunshi manyan matakai shida na yanke shawara, gami da yanke shawara kan samfura, yanke shawara kan wuri, haɓakawa, farashi, ma'aikata da gabatarwa (wanda kuma aka sani da shaidar zahiri). Haɗin dillalan ya dogara ne kawai akan haɗin tallan, amma an faɗaɗa shi kuma an gyara shi daidai da buƙatun musamman na mahallin dillalan. Masana da dama sun yi jayayya kan faɗaɗa haɗin tallan tare da haɗa sabbin Ps guda biyu, wato, ''Ma'aikata'' da ''Gabatarwa'' tunda waɗannan suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙwarewar abokin ciniki ta musamman ta dillalai kuma sune babban tushen bambance-bambancen dillalai. Duk da haka wasu masana suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a haɗa da ''Tsarin Siyarwa'' (watau tsarin siyarwa). <ref name="Constantinides 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Constantinides |first=E. |date=April 2006 |title=The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1362/026725706776861190 |journal=Journal of Marketing Management |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=407–438 (see p. 421 for consolidation and pp. 422–423 for retail format) |doi=10.1362/026725706776861190 |issn=0267-257X |id={{EBSCOhost|20474898}}.}}</ref> Haɗaɗɗen tallan dillalai da aka fi ambata a cikin littattafan karatu ana kiransa ''4'' (wuri, farashi, samfura, da haɓakawa) ko ''6 Ps na siyarwa'' (duba zane a dama). [[File:Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg|left|thumb| Babban kanti na yau da kullun yana ɗauke da kayayyaki daban-daban tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 60,000.]] Babban shawarwarin da mai siyarwa ke yankewa game da samfura sune nau'in samfuran (irin layukan samfura, layuka nawa da kuma nau'ikan samfuran da za a ɗauka); nau'in sabis na abokin ciniki (taimakon kai tsaye zuwa ga sabis na kai) da kuma samuwar ayyukan tallafi (misali sharuɗɗan bashi, ayyukan isarwa, kulawar bayan tallace-tallace). Waɗannan shawarwari sun dogara ne akan yin nazari mai zurfi kan kasuwa, buƙatu, gasa, da kuma ƙwarewar dillalin. Sabis na abokin ciniki shine "jimillar ayyuka da abubuwan da ke ba wa masu amfani damar karɓar abin da suke buƙata ko suke so daga [shagon] dillalai." Dillalai dole ne su yanke shawara ko za su samar da cikakken wurin sabis ko kuma ƙaramin wurin sabis, kamar babu sabis idan akwai injinan siyarwa; yin hidima kai tsaye tare da taimakon tallace-tallace na asali kawai ko cikakken aikin sabis kamar yadda yake a yawancin shaguna da shagunan musamman. Bugu da ƙari, dillalin yana buƙatar yanke shawara game da tallafin tallace-tallace, kamar isar da abokan ciniki da kuma kula da abokan ciniki bayan siyarwa. [[File:Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da kayan tarihi galibi suna zaune a wuraren da cunkoson ababen hawa ke yawaita kamar wannan wurin ajiye kayan tarihi na London wanda ke kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa a kusurwar titi mai cike da jama'a.]] Shawarwarin wurin aiki sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan samun damar masu amfani kuma suna iya haɗawa da wurin aiki, amfani da sarari da lokutan aiki. Masu siyarwa na iya la'akari da nau'ikan abubuwan inganci da adadi don kimanta wuraren da ake la'akari da su. Abubuwan da suka shafi manyan abubuwa sun haɗa da halayen kasuwa (alƙaluma, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa), buƙatu, gasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa (misali samuwar wutar lantarki, hanyoyi, tsarin sufuri na jama'a). Ƙananan abubuwan sun haɗa da girman wurin (misali, samuwar wurin ajiye motoci), damar shiga motocin jigilar kaya. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a harkokin kasuwanci shi ne sauyawa zuwa harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Domin magance matsalar da shagunan yanar gizo ke haifarwa, dillalan kayayyaki da yawa sun shiga harkar sayar da kayayyaki ta yanar gizo ta hanyar kafa gidajen yanar gizo na tallace-tallace na katalogi da kuma shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwanci ta yanar gizo. Duk da haka, dillalai da yawa sun lura cewa masu sayayya suna nuna halaye daban-daban lokacin siyayya ta intanet. Misali, dangane da zaɓin dandamalin kan layi, masu siyayya suna zaɓar shafin yanar gizo na dillalin da suka fi so da farko, amma yayin da suke samun ƙarin ƙwarewa a siyayya ta kan layi, suna zama marasa aminci kuma suna da yuwuwar canzawa zuwa wasu shafukan dillalai. Shagunan kan layi yawanci suna samuwa awanni 24 a rana, kuma yawancin masu amfani a faɗin duniya suna da damar shiga Intanet a wurin aiki da kuma a gida. [[File:Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG|left|thumb| Amfani da lambar ƙarshe ta 'tara' mai yawa yana nuna cewa farashin tunani yana kan gaba.]] Tallace-tallacen mu'amala na nufin gano masu sayayya da ake so, sannan a yi shawarwari, a yi ciniki, sannan a ƙarshe a kawo ƙarshen dangantaka don kammala ciniki. A cikin wannan tsarin ciniki na lokaci ɗaya, ɓangarorin biyu suna neman haɓaka buƙatunsu. Sakamakon haka, tallan ciniki yana haifar da matsaloli kamar rashin ingancin sabis bayan sayarwa da kuma rashin hanyoyin amsawa ga ɓangarorin biyu. Bugu da ƙari, saboda kamfanonin dillalai suna buƙatar sake haɓaka alaƙar abokan ciniki don kowace ciniki, farashin tallatawa yana da yawa kuma riƙe abokan ciniki yana da ƙasa. Duk waɗannan matsalolin tallan ma'amaloli sun tura masana'antar dillalai zuwa ga kafa dangantaka ta haɗin gwiwa ta dogon lokaci da abokan ciniki. Daga wannan mahangar, kamfanoni sun fara mayar da hankalinsu daga mu'amala zuwa dangantaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Retail Mix |url=https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/r/retail-mix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175916/https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/r/retail-mix |archive-date=2018-07-18 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Marketing dictionary |publisher=[[Monash University|Monash]] Business School}}</ref> Duk da cewa faɗaɗa kasuwar tallace-tallace da jawo sabbin abokan ciniki yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga masana'antar dillalai, yana da mahimmanci a kafa da kuma kula da kyakkyawar alaƙa da abokan cinikin da suka gabata, shi ya sa aka kira sunan manufar da ke ƙarƙashinta, "tallan alaƙa". A ƙarƙashin wannan ra'ayi, kamfanonin dillalai suna daraja da ƙoƙarin inganta dangantaka da abokan ciniki, domin dangantakar abokan ciniki tana da amfani wajen kiyaye daidaito a kasuwar dillalai masu gasa a yanzu, kuma su ne makomar kamfanonin dillalai. [[File:Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg|thumb| Ana nuna fasahar zamani a wurare masu tsabta da sarari mai yawa.]] [[File:Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_(8473364801).jpg|thumb| Tsarin ayyukan dillalai ya haɗa da kamanni, kayan aiki, sararin nunin kaya, kantunan sayar da kaya, alamun talla, tsari da kuma aikin shagon sayar da kaya. Hoto: Kotun Abinci ta Harrods]] Gabatarwa tana nufin shaidar zahiri da ke nuna hoton dillalin. Bayani na zahiri na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban&nbsp;- shagon da kansa, gami da harabar, ofisoshi, tsarin fuskar waje da na ciki, gidajen yanar gizo, motocin jigilar kaya, rumbunan ajiya, da kayan aikin ma'aikata. Yanayin da ake haɗuwa da ayyukan dillalai wani lokacin ana kiransa da ''yanayin ayyukan dillalai.'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Sheetal |date=April 2014 |title=The Impact of Retail Servicescape on Buying Behaviour |url=https://bvimsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2014V6N2.zip <!-- linked from https://bvimsr.org/archive-previous-issues/ --> |format=ZIP archive; this article is 2014V6N1/02.pdf |journal=BVIMSR's Journal of Management Research |publisher=Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Management Studies and Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=10–17 |issn=0976-4739}}</ref> Yanayin shagon ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa kamar ƙamshi, yanayin zahiri (kayan daki, tsari, da aiki), yanayin yanayi (haske, zafin iska, da kiɗa) da kuma alamu, alamomi, da kayan tarihi (misali tallan tallace-tallace, sararin shiryayye, tashoshin samfura, sadarwa ta gani). Masu tsara shagunan sayar da kaya suna mai da hankali sosai ga gaban shagon, wanda aka sani da ''yankin rage matsin lamba'' . Domin haɓaka yawan damarmakin siyarwa, masu siyarwa gabaɗaya suna son abokan ciniki su ɓatar da ƙarin lokaci a cikin shagon sayar da kaya. Duk da haka, dole ne a daidaita wannan da tsammanin abokin ciniki game da dacewa, samun dama da kuma lokacin jira na gaske. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wakefield |first=Kirk L. |last2=Blodgett |first2=Jeffrey G. |date=November–December 1996 |title=The effect of the servicescape on customers' behavioral intentions in leisure service settings |url=http://www.emerald.com/jsm/article/10/6/45-61/254884 |journal=The Journal of Services Marketing |language=en |publisher=<!-- MCB University Press --> |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.1108/08876049610148594 |issn=0887-6045 |eissn=2054-1651 |id={{EBSCOhost|9708154735}}. {{Gale|A18952864}}. {{ProQuest|212650607}}. |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yadda ake nuna alamun kasuwanci shima wani ɓangare ne na tsarin dillalan kayayyaki gabaɗaya. Inda aka sanya samfur a kan shiryayye yana da alaƙa da yuwuwar siye sakamakon gani da samun dama. Yanayin yanayi, kamar haske, zafin jiki da kiɗa, suma wani ɓangare ne na yanayin kasuwanci gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=2–7 ?}}</ref> Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga shagon sayar da kaya ya kunna kiɗan da ya shafi kasuwar da yake son siya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hul |first=Michael K. |last2=Dube |first2=Laurette |last3=Chebat |first3=Jean-Charles |date=March 1997 |title=The impact of music on consumers' reactions to waiting for services |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-retailing_spring-1997_73_1/page/87 |journal=Journal of Retailing |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=87–104 |doi=10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90016-6 |id={{EBSCOhost|9708151367}}. {{Gale|A19642973}}.}}</ref> ==== Bayanan martaba na masu siye ==== Bangarorin bincike guda biyu daban-daban sun binciki halayen masu siyayya. Ɗaya yana da mahimmanci game da dalilan masu siyayya, yayin da ɗayan kuma yana neman rarraba masu siyayya bisa ga halaye iri ɗaya. Zuwa wani mataki, waɗannan hanyoyin bincike suna da alaƙa da juna, amma kowannensu yana ba da nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban game da halayen masu siyayya. [[File:Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs,_collectors_and_general_readers_(1888)_(14593807460).jpg|thumb| Mutanen da ke siyayya don nishaɗi ana san su da masu siyayya na nishaɗi. Mai siyan kayan shakatawa ya samo asali ne daga manyan shagunan siyayya na Turai. Hoto: Manyan mutane a cikin shagon yadin Holland a ƙarni na 17]] Babin da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wasu daga cikin binciken farko kan dalilan da suka sa masu siyayya suka yi amfani da shi, kuma sun gano manyan dalilai guda biyu: ''amfani da shi'' da kuma ''son zuciya.'' Dalilan amfani suna da alaƙa da aiki kuma suna da ma'ana. Ga mai siyayya mai amfani, siyayya aiki ne da ya shafi aiki wanda za a yi shi cikin inganci da sauƙi. A gefe guda kuma, dalilan son zuciya suna nufin jin daɗi. Mai siyayya mai sha'awar sha'awa yana ɗaukar siyayya a matsayin wani nau'i na tserewa inda yake da 'yancin yin mafarki da 'yanci. Masu siyayya marasa kyau sun fi shiga cikin harkar siyayya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Babin |first=Barry J. |last2=Darden |first2=William R. |last3=Griffin |first3=Mitch |year=1994 |title=Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24098851 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=644 |doi=10.1086/209376}}</ref> Ana iya gano bayanan martaba daban-daban na masu siyayya. 'Yan kasuwa suna haɓaka nazarin rarrabuwa na musamman don kowane shagon musamman. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a gano wasu bayanan martaba na masu siyayya. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan siyayya da aka fi ambato kuma aka fi ambato su shine wanda Sproles da Kendal suka ƙirƙira a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durvasula |first=Srinivas |last2=Lysonski |first2=Steven |last3=Andrews |first3=J. Craig |date=Summer 1993 |title=Cross-Cultural Generalizability of a Scale for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1993.tb00737.x |journal=The Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1993.tb00737.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859557 |id={{EBSCOhost|9305260432}}. {{Gale|A14153612}}. {{ProQuest|195901315}} (accession number 00730694, 01557363). |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sproles |first=George B. |date=Winter 1983 |title=Conceptualization and Measurement of Optimal Consumer Decision-Making |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1983.tb00312.x |journal=Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=421–438 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1983.tb00312.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859321 |id={{EBSCOhost|5105865}}. {{Gale|A3061478}}. {{ProQuest|195901715}} (accession number 00222896). |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsarin nau'in masu amfani da Sproles da Kendall ya yi daidai a tsawon lokaci da kuma a cikin al'adu daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Anubhav A. |year=2015 |title=Consumer innovativeness and consumer decision styles: A confirmatory and segmentation analysis |journal=The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research |volume=25 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.1080/09593969.2014.911199 |s2cid=219645290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Ruby |last2=Sharma |first2=Arti |date=March 2013 |title=A Review on Sproles & Kendall's Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) for Analyzing Decision Making Styles of Consumers |url=https://indianjournalofmarketing.com/index.php/ijom/article/view/36370 |journal=Indian Journal of Marketing |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.17010/ijom/2013/v43/i3/36370 |issn=0973-8703}}</ref> Tsarin su ya dogara ne akan hanyar da mai amfani ke bi wajen yanke shawara kan siyayya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sprotles |first=George B. |last2=Kendall |first2=Elizabeth L. |date=Winter 1986 |title=A Methodology for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x |journal=Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=267–279 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859027 |id={{EBSCOhost|5107288}}. {{Gale|A4671830}}. {{ProQuest|195905572}} (accession number 00345726). |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Mai Sanin Inganci/Kammalawa: Sanin inganci yana bayyana ta hanyar neman mafi kyawun inganci a cikin samfura; masu sayayya masu sanin inganci suna yawan siyayya ta hanyar tsari, suna yin ƙarin kwatantawa da siyayya a kusa. * Sanin Alamar Kasuwanci: Sanin alamar kasuwanci yana da alaƙa da siyan kayayyaki masu tsada, sanannun kayayyaki ko lakabin masu ƙira. Waɗanda suka fi samun maki mai yawa a fannin sanin darajar alama sun yi imanin cewa hauhawar farashi alama ce ta inganci kuma suna nuna fifiko ga manyan shaguna ko manyan shaguna. * Mai kula da nishaɗi/abin sha'awa: Siyayya ta nishaɗi tana da alaƙa da shigar mai siye cikin tsarin siyayya. Waɗanda suka fi samun maki a fannin kula da nishaɗi suna ɗaukar siyayya a matsayin wani nau'in jin daɗi. * Mai kula da farashi: Mai amfani wanda ke nuna sanin farashi da ƙima. Masu siyayya masu son farashi suna yin sayayya a hankali don neman ƙananan farashi, tallace-tallace ko rangwame kuma suna samun kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar samun mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi. * Sabon abu/mai sanin salon zamani: wanda ke da alaƙa da halin mai amfani na neman sabbin kayayyaki ko sabbin abubuwan da suka faru don jin daɗi; waɗanda ke samun farin ciki daga neman sabbin abubuwa; suna son ci gaba da sabunta salon zamani da salon zamani, neman nau'ikan kayayyaki yana da alaƙa da wannan yanayin. * Mai Hankali: Masu amfani da sha'awar jima'i ba sa yin sakaci wajen yanke shawara kan siyayya, suna siyayya da sauri kuma ba sa damuwa da yawan kashe kuɗi ko samun daraja. Waɗanda suka yi babban sakamako a kan ma'aunin motsin rai ba sa yin hulɗa da abin a matakin fahimta ko motsin rai. * Rikicewa (ta hanyar zaɓe fiye da kima ): wanda ke da alaƙa da ruɗani na mai amfani wanda ya haifar da zaɓin samfura da yawa, shaguna da yawa ko yawan bayanai game da samfura; galibi suna fuskantar yawan bayanai. * Aminci/alama ta yau da kullun: wanda ke da alaƙa da halin mabukaci na bin tsarin siyayya na yau da kullun a kowane lokacin siyayya; masu sayayya suna da samfuran da suka fi so ko shaguna kuma sun ƙirƙiri halaye wajen zaɓa; shawarar siyayya ba ta buƙatar kimantawa ko siyayya sosai. Wasu masu bincike sun daidaita hanyar Sproles da Kendall don amfani a wasu ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyin al'adu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Hans H. |last2=Sauer |first2=Nicola E. |last3=Becker |first3=Christine |date=July–August 2006 |title=Investigating the relationship between product involvement and consumer decision-making styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cb.185 |journal=Journal of Consumer Behaviour |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=342–354 |doi=10.1002/cb.185 |issn=1472-0817 |id={{EBSCOhost|22188937}}. |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Salon yanke shawara ga masu saye yana da mahimmanci ga masu siyar da kaya da masu tallatawa domin suna bayyana halaye waɗanda suka daɗe suna da kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci, kuma saboda wannan dalili, suna da amfani wajen rarraba kasuwa. === Farashi === Ana kafa tsarin farashi mai faɗi a cikin tsarin dabarun kamfanin gabaɗaya. A fannin shagunan sarka, babban ofishin zai tsara dabarun farashi. Gabaɗaya, akwai hanyoyi shida na dabarun farashi da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen tallan: mai mayar da hankali kan ayyuka, mai mayar da hankali kan samun kuɗi, <ref name="Dibb, S. 2013" /> mai mayar da hankali kan abokin ciniki, <ref name="Dibb, S. 2013" /> mai dogara kan ƙima, mai mayar da hankali kan dangantaka, da kuma mai mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa. Lokacin da masu yanke shawara suka yanke shawara kan hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta fara amfani da farashi (watau, dabarun farashi), sai su mayar da hankalinsu ga dabarun farashi. Shawarwarin farashi na dabara farashi ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda aka tsara don cimma takamaiman manufofi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dabaru na farashi da ake amfani da su a shaguna sun haɗa da farashin rangwame, farashin yau da kullun mai rahusa, <ref name="hoch">{{Cite journal |last=Hoch |first=Steven J. |last2=Drèze |first2=Xavier |last3=Purk |first3=Mary E. |date=October 1994 |title=EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic |url=http://www.davidreiley.com/FieldExperimentsCourse/papers/FullReadingList/DrezeEverydayLowPricing.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Marketing |volume=58 |pages=16–27 |doi=10.1177/002224299405800402 |jstor=1251913 |s2cid=18134783 |id={{EBSCOhost|9410316030}}. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230718/http://www.davidreiley.com/FieldExperimentsCourse/papers/FullReadingList/DrezeEverydayLowPricing.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> farashin mai yawa, <ref name="hoch" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaufmann |first=Patrick J. |last2=Smith |first2=N. Craig |last3=Ortmeyer |first3=Gwendolyn K. |date=Summer 1994 |title=Deception in retailer high-low pricing: A "rule of reason" approach |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4359%2894%2990011-6 |journal=Journal of Retailing |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=115–138 |doi=10.1016/0022-4359(94)90011-6 |issn=0022-4359 |id={{EBSCOhost|9502070535}}. {{Gale|A16401402}}. |url-access=subscription}}</ref> shugabannin asara, haɗa samfura, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guiltinan |first=Joseph P. |date=April 1987 |title=The Price Bundling of Services: A Normative Framework |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/002224298705100206 |journal=Journal of Marketing |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=74–85 |doi=10.1177/002224298705100206 <!-- or JSTOR's 10.2307/1251130 --> |issn=0022-2429 |jstor=1251130 |id={{EBSCOhost|4999766}}. |url-access=subscription}}</ref> farashin talla, da farashin tunani . Wani ɗan kasuwa mai shago a ƙarni na 18, Josiah Wedgwood, ya ƙirƙiro dabaru guda biyu don jawo hankalin mai siye, wato garantin dawo da kuɗi da kuma siyan ɗaya kyauta . Dole ne 'yan kasuwa su tsara hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da abokan ciniki suka fi so&nbsp;– misali tsabar kuɗi, bashi, lay-by, Canja wurin Kuɗin Lantarki a Wurin Sayarwa (EFTPOS). Duk zaɓuɓɓukan biyan kuɗi suna buƙatar wani nau'in biyan kuɗi da kuma kuɗin jan hankali. Sabanin yadda aka saba gani, farashi ba shine mafi mahimmancin abin da masu sayayya ke ɗauka wajen yanke shawarar siyan samfura ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romis |first=Rafael |title=Council Post: Three Ways To Crush E-Commerce: Busting Common Misconceptions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2019/02/05/three-ways-to-crush-e-commerce-busting-common-misconceptions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206165436/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2019/02/05/three-ways-to-crush-e-commerce-busting-common-misconceptions/ |archive-date=6 February 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[File:Mcdonald's_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb| Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun rubuce-rubucen tallace-tallace na giciye ya fito ne daga McDonald's. "Za ki so soyayyen dankali da wannan?"]] Dillalai za su iya amfani da dabaru daban-daban don haɓaka yawan tallace-tallace da kuma inganta ƙwarewar abokin ciniki, kamar Ƙarawa, Sayarwa ko Sayarwa ta Cross-sell; Sayarwa akan ƙima; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hee Jin |last2=Koo |first2=Jieun |date=November 2015 |title=Stand-Alone Sale of a Free Gift: Is it Effective to Accentuate Promotion Value? |journal=Social Behavior and Personality |language=en |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=1593–1605 |doi=10.2224/sbp.2015.43.10.1593 |issn=0301-2212 |id={{EBSCOhost|111059561}}. {{Gale|A437879313}}. |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma sanin lokacin da za a rufe tallace-tallacen. Kudin gidaje da sata <ref name="p946">{{Cite journal |last=Hase |first=Carl |last2=Kasinger |first2=Johannes |date=2026 |title=The Pass-Through of Retail Crime |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20240889 |journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy |doi=10.1257/pol.20240889 |issn=1945-7731}}</ref> suna ƙara farashin dillalai, yayin da tsarin yanki na iya rage gasa. <ref name="l720">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Sumon |last2=Sudhir |first2=K. |date=2013 |title=Does reducing spatial differentiation increase product differentiation? Effects of zoning on retail entry and format variety |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11129-012-9131-x |journal=Quantitative Marketing and Economics |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83–116 |doi=10.1007/s11129-012-9131-x |issn=1570-7156 |access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> == Nau'ikan tsarin dillalai == [[File:Officeworks_inside.jpg|thumb| Ofishin Officeworks na Ostiraliya yana sayar da komai ga ofishin gida ko ƙaramin ofishin kasuwanci; kayan rubutu, kayan daki, kayan lantarki, na'urorin sadarwa, kwafi, ayyukan bugawa da ɗaukar hoto, kofi, shayi da ƙananan abubuwan ciye-ciye.]] [[File:Apple_Store,_Opéra_1.jpg|thumb| Shagunan Apple sun haɗa da bangon bidiyo, Wi-Fi da tebura don samar da ƙwarewar abokin ciniki mai zurfi.]] [[File:ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG|thumb| Wani shago a Scarsdale, Victoria, Ostiraliya yana aiki a matsayin ofishin gidan waya, dillalin jaridu, gidan mai, hayar bidiyo, mai sayar da kayan abinci da kuma dillalin abinci mai ɗauke da kayan abinci. Ana kiran wannan nau'in shagon a yankin da mashayar madara .]] [[File:Luovon_puoji.jpg|thumb| Wani kantin sayar da gida mai suna "Luovon puoji" a cikin Tsibirin Hailuoto, [[Finland]]]] ''Tsarin dillalai'' (wanda kuma aka sani da ''dabarun dillalai'' ) yana tasiri ga zaɓin shagon mai siye kuma yana magance tsammanin mai siye. A matakin farko, tsarin dillanci [[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]] ce mai sauƙi, wato; wurin da ake musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka. A wasu sassan duniya, har yanzu ƙananan shaguna ne ke mamaye ɓangaren dillalan kayayyaki, amma manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki suna ƙara mamaye ɓangaren, domin suna iya yin amfani da ƙarfin siye mai yawa da kuma ba da tanadi ta hanyar rage farashi. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki kuma suna samar da nasu lakabin na sirri, waɗanda ke fafatawa tare da samfuran masana'antu. Haɗakar shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ya canza yanayin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, yana canja wutar lantarki daga masu sayar da kayayyaki zuwa hannun manyan kamfanonin sayar da kayayyaki. <ref name="Constantinides 2006" /> A Birtaniya da Turai, ana sanya sayar da kayayyaki a matsayin wani ''aiki na hidima .'' Umarnin Sabis na Turai ya shafi duk wani ciniki na dillalai, gami da kasuwannin lokaci-lokaci, 'yan kasuwa a kan tituna da masu sayar da kaya. Ana iya rarraba shagunan sayar da kayayyaki bisa ga nau'in samfurin da aka ɗauka. Masu sayar da kayan Softline suna sayar da kayan da ake amfani da su bayan amfani ɗaya, ko kuma suna da iyakataccen lokaci (yawanci ƙasa da shekaru uku), kamar yadda aka saba amfani da su. Kayayyaki masu laushi sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], sauran yadi, [[Takalmi|takalma]], kayan wanka, [[Kwalliya|kayan kwalliya]], [[Magani|magunguna]] da kayan rubutu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrara, J. Susan |title=The World of Retail: Hardlines vs. Softlines |url=http://www.valueline.com/Tools/Educational_Articles/Stocks/The_World_of_Retail__Hardlines_vs__Softlines.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718155656/http://www.valueline.com/Tools/Educational_Articles/Stocks/The_World_of_Retail__Hardlines_vs__Softlines.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Value Line}}</ref> Shagunan kayan abinci, gami da manyan kantuna da manyan kantuna, tare da shagunan kayan abinci suna ɗauke da gaurayen kayayyakin abinci da kayan gida kamar sabulun wanki, kayan tsaftacewa, da kayayyakin tsaftar jiki. Masu sayar da kayayyaki masu araha a wasu lokutan ana kiransu da ''dillalan kayan masarufi masu tsauri'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=hard goods |url=http://www.investorwords.com/2282/hard_goods.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104141007/http://www.investorwords.com/2282/hard_goods.html |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Investor Words}}</ref> - [[Mota|motoci]], kayan aiki, kayan lantarki, kayan daki, kayan wasanni, katako, da sauransu, da kuma sassansu. Ƙwararrun dillalai suna aiki a fannoni da yawa kamar fasaha, misali shagunan sayar da kayan lambu, gidajen adana kayan fasaha na zamani, shagunan sayar da littattafai, [[Sana’ar hannu|sana'o'in hannu, kayan]] kida, shagunan kyaututtuka . Tsarin ciniki na musamman shine siyayya a gida . Akwai manyan nau'ikansa guda uku: yin odar wasiƙa ko ta waya daga kasida ; yin odar waya don mayar da martani ga tallace-tallace a cikin bugawa da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki (kamar jaridu, tashoshin siyayya na TV da rediyo); da siyayya ta yanar gizo . == Tasirin fasaha == Idan ana maganar tasirin fasaha a kan siyayya da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, kasuwancin e-commerce galibi shine abu na farko da ke zuwa wa masu sayar da kayayyaki a zuciya. Duk da haka, fasahohi kamar manyan bayanai, fasahar wucin gadi, hangen nesa ta kwamfuta, da Intanet na Abubuwa suna amfani da bayanai don canza kowane ɓangare na ƙwarewar siyayya, daga bincike zuwa biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Cuimin |date=17 June 2021 |title=Analyzing the Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Industry Transfer Using Big Data |journal=Mobile Information Systems |volume=2021 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2021/9916304 |issn=1875-905X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyoyi su rungumi katsewar dijital domin samun fa'ida a gasa. Lokacin da masana'antu ke fuskantar katsewar dijital, yawanci yana nuna cewa buƙatun masu amfani suna canzawa. Dillalai suna inganta tsarin nazarin su kuma suna yanke shawara mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da manyan bayanai, fasahar wucin gadi, hangen nesa na kwamfuta, da kuma Intanet na Abubuwa. Amfani da bayanai daga dillalai galibi a bayyane yake a cikin waɗannan fannoni, bisa ga sabbin fasahohin da aka ambata a sama: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Will |last2=Rhinehart |first2=Charlene |date=2011-01-04 |title=Retail Inventory Method: Definition, Calculation, and Example |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728013907/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jan |first=Irfanullah |date=2012-03-16 |title=Retail Method of Inventory Estimation |url=https://xplaind.com/145742/retail-method |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103520/https://xplaind.com/145742/retail-method |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=XPLAIND.com}}</ref> * Inganta tallan ta hanyar keɓance ƙwarewar abokin ciniki * Inganta tsarin sarrafa kayayyaki * Daidaita farashi don ƙara yawan riba Manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna kai hari ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda ke tafiya musamman don siyayya ko ware wani kaso mai yawa na kuɗin da suke kashewa ga dillalai yayin hutu. Dangane da ''Rahoton Kasuwar Yawon Bude Ido ta Duniya na 2019–2023'', an kiyasta kasuwar yawon bude ido ta duniya ta kai kimanin ''dala tiriliyan 1.2 a shekarar 2018.'' Rahoton ya yi hasashen ci gaba mai dorewa, tare da ''karuwar ci gaba na shekara-shekara (CAGR) na 6.7%'' tsakanin 2019 da 2023. Bisa ga wannan yanayin, Kogan Page ya buga littafin ''Leading Travel and Tourism Retail'' a shekarar 2023, inda ya yi cikakken nazari kan fannin dillalan tafiye-tafiye da kuma ci gaban da ya samu a zamanin bayan COVID. == Masana'antar dillalai == === Tarihi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg|thumb| Kasuwa a Trajan's Forum, misali na farko da aka sani na shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin]] [[File:2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul_04.jpg|alt=|thumb| Babban Kasuwa, Istanbul (ciki). An kafa shi a shekarar 1455, ana tsammanin shine mafi tsufa kasuwa mai cike da ayyukan yi.]] Kasuwannin dillalai sun wanzu tun zamanin da. Shaidun tarihi na cinikin, waɗanda wataƙila suka shafi tsarin musanya, sun samo asali ne daga sama da shekaru 10,000. Yayin da wayewar wayewa ke ƙaruwa, an maye gurbin ciniki da ciniki na dillalai da ya haɗa da tsabar kuɗi. Ana tsammanin sayarwa da siye sun bayyana a Asiya Ƙarama (Turkiyya ta zamani) a kusan ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. <ref>Jones, Brian D.G.; Shaw, Eric H. (2006). "A History of Marketing Thought", ''Handbook of Marketing.'' Weitz, Barton A.; Wensley, Robin (eds), Sage, p. 41, {{ISBN|1-4129-2120-1}}.</ref> A tsohuwar Girka, kasuwanni suna aiki a cikin agora, wani fili inda, a ranakun kasuwa, ana nuna kayayyaki a kan tabarma ko rumfunan wucin gadi. A zamanin da, an yi ciniki a dandalin tattaunawa . Dandalin Romawa ana iya cewa shine misali na farko na shagon sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin. Bincike da aka gudanar a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa kasar Sin ta nuna tarihi mai kyau na tsarin sayar da kayayyaki na farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Karl |last2=Reid |first2=Susan |date=2008 |title=The Birth of Brand: 4000 Years of Branding History |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10169/ |journal=Business History |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=419–432 |doi=10.1080/00076790802106299 |url-access=subscription |via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}</ref> Tun daga farkon shekara ta 200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), ana amfani da marufi da alamar kasuwanci na kasar Sin don nuna alamar iyali, sunayen wurare da ingancin samfura, kuma an yi amfani da alamar kasuwanci ta gwamnati tsakanin shekara ta 600 zuwa 900 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Eckhart da Bengtsson sun yi jayayya cewa a zamanin daular Song (960-1127), al'ummar Sin ta haɓaka al'adar masu sayayya, inda ake samun babban matakin amfani ga masu sayayya na yau da kullun maimakon manyan mutane kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eckhardt |first=Giana M. |last2=Bengtsson |first2=Anders |date=September 2010 |title=A Brief History of Branding in China |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0276146709352219 |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–221 (see e.g. p. 212) |doi=10.1177/0276146709352219 |issn=0276-1467 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A zamanin da na Ingila da [[Turai]], shaguna kaɗan ne kawai aka samu na dindindin; maimakon haka, abokan ciniki sun shiga cikin bita na ɗan kasuwa inda suka tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan siyayya kai tsaye da 'yan kasuwa. A cikin biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a, ƙananan shaguna sun fara bayyana a ƙarni na 13. A wajen manyan biranen, yawancin sayayya ta kayan masarufi ana yin su ne ta hanyar kasuwanni ko kuma ta baje koli. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |url-status=live |journal=[[List and Index Society]] |issue=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113050534/https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |archive-date=2020-01-13 |via=[[Institute of Historical Research]]}}</ref> Da alama kasuwannin sun bayyana daban-daban a wajen Turai. Ana yawan ambaton Babban Kasuwar [[Istanbul]] a matsayin mafi tsufa a duniya da ke ci gaba da aiki; an fara gininta ne a shekarar 1455. Masu mulkin mallaka na Spain sun yi rubutu mai kyau game da kasuwanni a Amurka. A ƙarni na 15, kasuwar Tlatelolco ta Mexica ( Aztec ) ita ce mafi girma a duk faɗin [[Amurka]] . [[File:Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg|alt=|thumb| Kantin sayar da kayayyaki wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 18.]] A ƙarni na 17, shaguna na dindindin waɗanda ke da lokutan ciniki na yau da kullun sun fara maye gurbin kasuwanni da baje kolin a matsayin babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki. Masu shaguna na larduna sun kasance masu himma a kusan kowace garin kasuwar Ingila. Yayin da adadin shaguna ke ƙaruwa, sai suka rikide. Abubuwan da suka shafi wani shago na zamani, wanda ba ya nan a shagon ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, a hankali sun samar da hanyar shiga cikin shaguna da shagunan da suka fi shahara ga masu siyayya na zamani. Kafin ƙarni na 18, shagon sayar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun ba shi da tebur, akwatunan nuni, kujeru, madubai, ɗakunan canza kaya, da sauransu. Duk da haka, damar da abokin ciniki zai samu don duba kayayyaki, taɓawa da jin kaya ta fara samuwa, tare da sabbin abubuwa na dillalai daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18. [[File:Galeries_de_bois_(ancien_camp_des_Tartares),_au_Palais-Royal,_1825.jpg|alt=|thumb| Galeries de bois a au Palais-Royal, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin shagunan siyayya a Turai]] A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun fara bayyana a faɗin Turai da kuma a Antipodes. Gidan siyayya yana nufin wurin sayar da kayayyaki da yawa, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin rufin da aka rufe. Yawanci, rufin an gina shi ne da gilashi domin a sami hasken halitta da kuma rage buƙatar kyandirori ko hasken lantarki. Wasu daga cikin misalan farko na shagunan siyayya sun bayyana a birnin Paris saboda rashin shimfidar hanya ga masu tafiya a ƙasa. Duk da cewa wuraren shakatawa sune lardin bourgeoisie, wani sabon nau'in kasuwancin dillalai ya fito don biyan buƙatun talakawa masu aiki. John Stuart Mill ya rubuta game da haɓakar shagon sayar da kayayyaki na haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya shaida da idonsa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. [[File:AA446b_copy.jpeg|thumb| Shagunan manyan shaguna, kamar Le Bon Marché na Faransa, sun bayyana tun tsakiyar karni na 19.]] Zamanin zamani na sayar da kayayyaki an bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin daga juyin juya halin masana'antu zuwa ƙarni na 21. A manyan birane, shagon sayar da kayayyaki ya bunƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kuma ya sake fasalta dabi'un siyayya har abada, sannan ya sake fasalta ra'ayoyin hidima da jin daɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koot |first=Gerard M. |date=2011 |title=Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores |url=https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806075623/https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=29 May 2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Dartmouth |agency=History Department}}</ref> Yawancin shagunan farko ba wai kawai shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ba ne; maimakon haka, wurare ne da masu sayayya za su iya yin lokacin hutunsu su kuma sami nishaɗi. Sayar da kaya, ta amfani da odar wasiƙa, ta samo asali ne a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Duk da cewa ana amfani da tallace-tallacen kasida tun ƙarni na 15, wannan hanyar sayar da kaya ta takaita ga wasu masana'antu kaɗan, kamar sayar da littattafai da iri. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu a fannin sufuri da ayyukan gidan waya ya sa 'yan kasuwa da dama a kowane gefen Tekun Atlantika suka gwada sayar da kasida. A lokacin bayan yaƙin, wani mai gine-gine ɗan Amurka, Victor Gruen, ya ƙirƙiro wata dabara ta gina wani babban kanti; wani katafaren shagon siyayya da aka tsara, wanda ke cike da kayan tarihi, mutum-mutumi, tsarin shuka, kiɗan bututu, da kuma wurin ajiye motoci. Manufar Gruen ita ce ƙirƙirar yanayi na siyayya inda mutane ke jin daɗin zama a muhalli, ta yadda za su ƙara samun lokaci a wurin, ta haka za su ƙara samun damar siyayya. An buɗe farkon waɗannan manyan kantuna a Northland Mall kusa da Detroit a shekarar 1954. A cikin ƙarni na ashirin, an fara ganin yanayin zuwa manyan sawun shaguna. Matsakaicin girman babban kanti na Amurka ya karu daga {{Convert|31000|sqft|m2}} murabba'in ƙafa a shekarar 1991 zuwa {{Convert|44000|sqft|m2}} murabba'in ƙafa a shekara ta 2000. A ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin, shaguna suna amfani da lakabi kamar "manyan shaguna" da shagunan "masu adana kaya" don nuna girmansu da ke ƙaruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johanson |first=Simon |date=2 June 2015 |title=Bunnings Shifts Focus as it Upsizes Store Network |url=https://www.theage.com.au/business/bunnings-shifts-focus-as-it-upsizes-store-network-20150601-ghdvs4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230658/https://www.theage.com.au/business/bunnings-shifts-focus-as-it-upsizes-store-network-20150601-ghdvs4.html |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=The Age}}</ref> Haɓaka yanayin karuwar harkokin kasuwanci bai kasance iri ɗaya ba a faɗin ƙasashe kuma ya haifar da Amurka da kusan ninki biyu na bambanci a murabba'in ƙafa ga kowane mutum idan aka kwatanta da Turai. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=33–34}}</ref> Yayin da ƙarni na 21 ya fara aiki, wasu alamu sun nuna cewa manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga [[Kasuwanci na kafar sadarwa|samfuran tallace-tallace na kan layi]] kuma an bayyana cewa raguwar girman shaguna. A ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan gasa da sauran batutuwa kamar bashin kasuwanci, an sami wani cikas na kasuwanci da ake kira aplace na dillalai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wanda wasu 'yan kasuwa da yawa, musamman a Arewacin Amurka, ke rage yawan shagunansu sosai, ko kuma su daina kasuwanci gaba ɗaya. === Manyan dillalai goma na duniya === Tun daga shekarar 2016, [[Sin|China]] ita ce babbar kasuwar dillalai a duniya. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%;" ! colspan="6" |Manyan 'yan kasuwa goma a duniya <ref name="NRF">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Global Retailers 2025 |url=https://nrf.com/research-insights/top-retailers/top-50-global-retailers/top-50-global-retailers-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417211743/https://nrf.com/research-insights/top-retailers/top-50-global-retailers/top-50-global-retailers-2025 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=NRF |language=en}}</ref> |- !Matsayi !Kamfanin !Hedikwatar !Jimlar kudaden shiga na 2024 (US $ biliyan) <ref name="NRF" /> !Tushen kasuwanci !Jimlar adadin shagunan duniya |- |1 |Walmart |{{Flag|United States}} |$676 |Hypermarket / supercenter / superstore |10,692 |- |2 |[[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] |{{Flag|United States}} |$393 |Kasuwancin E-commerce |605 |- |3 |Schwarz Gruppe (Lidl) |{{Flag|Germany}} |$182 |Kasuwancin kayan masarufi |14,244 |- |4 |Aldi |{{Flag|Germany}} |$155 |Kasuwancin kayan masarufi |13,877 |- |5 |Costco |{{Flag|United States}} |$246 |Cash & carry/warehouse kulob |890 |- |6 |Ahold Delhaize |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |$99 |Shagon sayar da kayayyaki |8,111 |- |7 |Gidan da ke tsakanin mutane |{{Flag|France}} |$98 |Babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki |14,961 |- |8 |Bakwai da Ni |{{Flag|Japan}} |$90 |Shagon da ake amfani da shi |41,128 |- |9 |IKEA |{{Flag|Sweden}} |$51 |Kayan gida |489 |- |10 |Gidan Gida |{{Flag|United States}} |$155 |Shagon kayan aiki |2,347 |} [[File:US_Retail_Sales.png|thumb|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amurka, 1992-2010]] == 1Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Automated retail]] * [[Direct-to-consumer]] * [[Business-to-business]] * [[Business-to-government|B2G]] * [[Consumer behaviour]] * [[Convenience store]] * [[Department store]] * [[Dollar store]] * [[Dry goods store]] * [[Final goods]] * [[Five and dime]] * [[General store]] * [[Grey pound]] * [[Hanseatic League]] * [[High Street]] * [[History of marketing]] * [[Hyper market]] * [[Like for like]] * [[List of department stores by country]] * [[Point of sales]] * [[Sales promotion]] * [[Retail concentration]] * [[Retail design]] * [[Retail software]] * [[Retailtainment]] * [[Revenge buying]] * [[Sales density]] * [[Shopping]] * [[Store manager]] * [[Super market]] * [[Super store]] * [[Variety store]] * [[Visual merchandising]] * [[Landlord#Licensed victualler|Licensed victualler]] * [[Wardrobing]] * [[Window shopping]] * [[Large-scale retail in France]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4sgtdcapam81qxgq0ea8q0zow0y0uoo Kysaiah Pickett 0 127504 967379 760125 2026-10-13T22:28:01Z Nura Bello 24854 967379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kysaiah Klem Paul Kropinyeri-Pickett''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=PAC Chronicle 2019 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2019-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> (/kaɪˈzeɪə/ ky-ZAY-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=How to say the AFL's trickiest names |url=https://www.afl.com.au/video/730128/how-to-say-the-afl-s-trickiest-names |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=[[Australian Football League]]}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Kysaiah Pickett''', an haife shi ne a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ke buga wa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Mai gaba, yana da mita 1.71 (5 in) tsayi kuma yana da nauyin kilo 73 (161. Pickett dan uwan tsoffin 'yan wasan Aljanu ne Neville Jetta da Byron Pickett kuma dan uwan na biyu na tsohon dan wasan Richmond Marlion Pickett. An zabi shi don kyautar AFL Rising Star ta 2020 a zagaye na 11 na kakar AFL ta 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=PAC Chronicle 2019 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2019-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Pickett a yankin Eyre a Kudancin Australia amma ya girma a Quairading, Yammacin Australia kafin ya koma Kudancin Ostiraliya tare da kawunsa, tsohon dan wasan AFL Byron Pickett . Da farko, ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da Gundumar Port a Largs Bay, kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Prince Alfred inda ya kasance wani ɓangare na makarantar ta 1st XVIII, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa masu ban sha'awa a cikin tsarin ƙwallon ƙwallon makaranta mai zaman kansa. Pickett ya buga babban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Adelaide tare da Woodville-West Torrens a matsayin ƙaramin mai gaba a cikin 2019 kuma an zaba shi a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ta Kudancin Australia. An yi hasashen cewa zai yi fice a cikin shirin kuma Melbourne, kulob din AFL na karshe na kawunsa Byron, ya sanar da niyyar daukar shi. Melbourne ce ta zaɓi Pickett tare da zaɓi na 12 a cikin Shirin AFL na 2019 wanda ta karɓa daga Fremantle. Pickett shine na biyu da Melbourne ta dauka a bayan Luke Jackson.<ref name="draft">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Premiership drafts {{!}} Looking back at 2019 |url=https://www.melbournefc.com.au/news/1030862/premiership-drafts-looking-back-at-2019#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20club%20drafted,to%20their%202021%20premiership%20season. |website=melbournefc.com.au}}</ref> == Ayyukan AFL == Pickett ya fara bugawa AFL wasa a zagaye na 1, 2020 a kan West Coast a Filin wasa na Perth. Ya buga wasanni 14 a kakar wasa ta farko inda ya sami kyautar Rising Star a zagaye na 11 bayan nasarar da Melbourne ta samu a kan Arewacin Melbourne, lokacin da Pickett ya zira kwallaye kuma yana da dukiya 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=PAC Chronicle 2019 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2019-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2020, an dakatar da Pickett na wasa daya saboda karya ka'idojin COVID-19 na AFL bayan shi da abokin aikinsa Charlie Spargo sun yi tafiya ta hanyar [[Uber]] zuwa gidan da ba a ba da izini ba don taro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=PAC Chronicle 2019 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2019-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Pickett ya buga dukkan wasannin 25 na Melbourne ta hanyar kamfen din su na karshe. Pickett ya sami lambar yabo ta firaministan yayin da Melbourne ta lashe Grand Final, kodayake an gudanar da shi zuwa dukiya huɗu da uku a wasan.<ref name="draft">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Premiership drafts {{!}} Looking back at 2019 |url=https://www.melbournefc.com.au/news/1030862/premiership-drafts-looking-back-at-2019#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20club%20drafted,to%20their%202021%20premiership%20season. |website=melbournefc.com.au}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.melbournefc.com.au/news/1030862/premiership-drafts-looking-back-at-2019#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20club%20drafted,to%20their%202021%20premiership%20season. "Premiership drafts | Looking back at 2019"]. ''melbournefc.com.au''. 15 November 2021.</cite></ref> Pickett ya buga wasanni 23 a 2022 ga Melbourne inda ya zira kwallaye 41, ya rasa wasan Melbourne na zagaye na 7 kawai da Hawthorn saboda ka'idojin Lafiya da Tsaro. A cikin 2023, Pickett ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan farko na Melbourne na kakar wasa ta bana da Western Bulldogs, amma an dakatar da shi wasanni biyu saboda babban tashin hankali a kan dan wasan Bulldogs Bailey Smith.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=PAC Chronicle 2019 |url=https://pac.edu.au/uploads/Publications/PAC-Chronicle/PAC-Chronicle-2019-WEB.pdf |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> In September of 2023, Pickett was handed a one-match ban by the Match Review Officer's verdict after a head-high hit on Patrick Cripps that left the superstar Carlton captain bloodied.[undefined] Melbourne went on to lose that match, giving them a fourth consecutive finals loss. In 2024, Pickett received a third suspension in just over a year for head high contact, this time against Jake Soligo of Adelaide.[2] Prior to the 2025 season, Pickett played in the Indigenous All-Stars representative match against Fremantle. He kicked a goal in the 43-point win.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] re23i8q2d0gb0sda18sltmjjw67hqky Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci 0 129392 967455 963204 2026-10-14T02:22:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhimmin ilimin ƙasa (Critical geography)''' [[Labarin kasa|wani ilimin ƙasa ne wanda aka sani da ka'idar ilimin ƙasa]] wanda ke haɓaka ilimin ƙasa&nbsp;adalci a zamantakewa ,&nbsp;'yanci, kuma&nbsp;Siyasar 'yan hagu . Ana kuma amfani da ilimin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a matsayin kalmar laima ga Marxist, [[Yanayi na mata|feminist]], [[Postmodernism|postmodern]], poststructural, queer, left-reshe, da kuma ilimin ƙasa mai fafutuka . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Castree |first=Noel |year=2000 |title=Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'? |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=955–970 |doi=10.1068/a3263 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Muhimmin labarin ƙasa wani nau'i ne na kimiyyar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke ɗaukar Manufar Marx don fassara da canza duniya. Fay (1987) ya bayyana kimiyyar bincike ta zamani a matsayin ƙoƙarin fahimta zalunci a cikin al'umma kuma a yi amfani da wannan fahimtar don haɓaka canjin zamantakewa da 'yanci. Agger (1998) ya gano wasu siffofi na ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da ake amfani da ita a fannoni kamar ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: ƙin yarda da kyakkyawan fata ; amincewa da yiwuwar ci gaba; da'awa don tsarin yanayin rinjaye ; hujjar cewa rinjaye ya samo asali ne daga nau'ikan sanin ƙarya, akida, da tatsuniyoyi; imani da ikon canza yanayin yau da kullun da kuma ƙin yarda da shi ƙaddara ; da kuma ƙin yarda da sauƙin juyin juya hali. == Asali == Kalmar 'yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci' ana amfani da ita tun aƙalla 1749, lokacin da littafin Geography ya sake fasalin: sabon tsarin ilimin ƙasa gaba ɗaya, bisa ga Cikakken Binciken Kimiyya a sassa huɗu wanda aka keɓe babi ga batun da ake kira "na Yanayin Yanayi mai mahimmanci".Wannan littafin ya ba da shawarar mahimman yanayin ƙasa a matsayin tsari wanda masu ilimin ƙasa ke gano kurakurai a cikin aikin wasu kuma suna gyara su a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya.<ref name="Cave1749" /> A cikin wannan littafin na 1749, Cave yana amfani da misalai na Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, da Ptolemy duk suna gyara kuskuren wanda ya riga su kafin su buga nasu aikin. Kodayake suna da alaƙa da juna, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci da yanayin ƙasa mai zurfi ba za a iya musanya su ba. Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yana da mahimman bayanai guda biyu daga yanayin ƙasa mai zurfi: (1) ƙin tsarin Marxism, daidai da juyin juya halin zamani; da kuma (2) karuwar sha'awar al'adu da wakilci, sabanin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci akan tattalin arziki. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peet (2000) ya lura da kusanci tsakanin mahimman bayanai da yanayin ƙasa bayan muhawara mai zafi a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Peet |first=Richard |year=2000 |title=Celebrating Thirty Years of Radical Geography |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=951–953 |doi=10.1068/a32202 |s2cid=128738768}}</ref> Duk da haka, Castree (2000) ya nuna cewa yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci da tsattsauran ra'ayi ya ƙunshi alkawura daban-daban.<ref name=":1" /> Ya yi jayayya cewa hasken yanayin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana nuna ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ilimin ƙasa na hagu, sabili da haka yana damuwa game da asarar al'adar "mai tsattsa ra'ayi".<ref name=":1" /> == Jigogi na yau da kullun == A sakamakon juyin juya halin zamani, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ba shi da haɗin kai. &nbsp;Hubbard, Kitchin, Bartley, da Fuller (2002) sun tabbatar da cewa yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yana da bambancin [[Epistemology|ilimin kimiyya]], ilimin halitta, da kuma hanyar, kuma ba shi da ainihin asalin ka'idoji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Duk da haka, Blomley (2006) ya gano jigogi shida na yau da kullun na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, wanda ya haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blomley |first=Nicholas |year=2006 |title=Uncritical critical geography? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-human-geography_2006-02_30_1/page/87 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1191/0309132506ph593pr |s2cid=143963933}}</ref> # '''Ƙaddamar da ka'idar da ƙin kwarewa.&nbsp;'''&nbsp;Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa da gangan suna tura ra'ayoyi na wasu nau'o'i, amma suna fitowa daga maɓuɓɓugar ra'ayi iri-iri, kamar Tattalin arzikin siyasa, gwamnati, [[Feminism|mata]], [[Rashin wariyar launin fata|adawa da wariyar launin fata]], da adawa da mulkin mallaka.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Ƙaddamarwa don bayyana hanyoyin da ke haifar da rashin daidaito&nbsp;'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna neman bayyana iko, gano rashin daidaito, fallasa juriya, da haɓaka 'yanci na siyasa da Canje-canje na zamantakewa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Ƙaddamar da wakilci a matsayin hanyar mamayewa da juriya&nbsp;&nbsp;'''. Wani abu na yau da kullun na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci shine nazarin yadda wakilcin sararin samaniya ke riƙe da iko; ko kuma akasin haka, yadda za'a iya amfani da wakilcin sarari don kalubalanci iko. # '''Bangaskiya mai kyau a cikin ikon ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa sun yi imanin cewa ana iya amfani da ilimi don tsayayya da wakilci mai rinjaye, kuma masana na iya kawar da mulkin da aka fada kuma su taimaka wa 'yantar da waɗanda aka zalunta. Akwai amincewa da ikon ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci don isa ga marasa ilimi, da kuma ikon mutane don kayar da warewa ta hanyar tunani na kai. # '''Ƙaddamar da ayyukan ci gaba'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna so su yi canji ta hanyar praxis. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna da haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da masu gwagwarmaya tare da alkawura ga Adalci na zamantakewa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An yi muhawara sosai game da ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanayin ƙasa da gwagwarmaya.&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Fahimtar sarari a matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci.&nbsp;&nbsp;'''&nbsp;Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna mai da hankali sosai ga yadda za'a iya amfani da shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya da wakilci don samar da zalunci da rashin daidaito. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna ganowa zuwa matakai daban-daban yadda za'a iya amfani da sarari a matsayin mayafi da kayan aiki na iko. == Masu sukar == Akwai zargi da yawa game da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Masana ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da waɗanda suka rungumi sabbin dabarun da aka haɓaka a lokacin juyin juya halin ƙididdiga galibi ana sukar su ne daga masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci. Wadannan masu ilimin ƙasa suna jayayya cewa masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna jayayya daga wurin jahilci game da Yanayin ƙasa.<ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Shahararren yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, da raguwar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, ana jayayya da kasancewa a babban bangare saboda wahalar batun da ke haifar da mutane su "tsalle jirgin ruwa. "<ref name="Fotheringham1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hepple |first=L. |date=1998 |title=Context, Social Construction and Statistics: Regression, Social Science and Human geography |url=https://archive.org/details/environment-and-planning-a_1998-02_30_2/page/225 |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=225–234 |doi=10.1068/a300225 |s2cid=144335512}}</ref>Bugu da ƙari, wasu sun yi imanin cewa masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa suna adawa da kimiyya.<ref name="Fotheringham1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graf |first=W. |date=1998 |title=Why Physical Geographers Whine so Much |journal=The Association of American Geographers' Newsletter |volume=33 |issue=8}}</ref> Yawancin masana ilimin ƙasa sun yarda da sukar farko da masana ilimin ƙasa suka nuna kuma suna jayayya cewa sabbin fasahohi da dabaru sun magance waɗannan suka kuma ba sa aiki. Har ila yau, an sami ɗan gajeren tattaunawa game da alkawuran da aka raba na masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci, tare da 'yan kaɗan kamar Harvey (2000). Tambayar kamar "me ne masu ilimin ƙasa masu sukar", da kuma "a menene ƙarshen" ana buƙatar amsawa. Barnes (2002) ya yi sharhi cewa masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa sun fi kyau wajen samar da bincike mai bayani fiye da bayar da tunanin tsinkaye-utopian don sake daidaita duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |year=2002 |title=Critical notes on economic geography from an aging radical. Or radical notes on economic geography from a critical age |url=https://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/acme/article/view/687 |journal=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=8–14 |issn=1492-9732}}</ref> Wasu masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa suna damuwa da ƙaddamar da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Kodayake masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin 'yan tawaye da baƙi, tunani mai mahimmanci ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yanzu yana cikin zuciyar ilimin ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> Wasu suna ganin kafawa a matsayin sakamakon halitta na ƙarfin nazari da fahimta na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yayin da wasu ke tsoron cewa kafawa ya haifar da haɗin kai. Tambayar ita ce ko yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci har yanzu yana riƙe da jajircewarsa ga canjin siyasa.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ake yin amfani da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a duk faɗin duniya, ya kamata a amince da fahimtar masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci a waje da duniyar Ingilishi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bialasiewicz |first=Luiza |year=2003 |title=The Many Wor(l)ds of Difference and Dissent |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antipode_2003-01_35_1/page/14 |journal=Antipode |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1111/1467-8330.00299 |issn=1467-8330 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A wannan bangaren, Mizuoka et al. (2005) sun ba da bayyani game da aikin ƙasa na Japan tun daga shekarun 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mizuoka |first=Fujio |last2=Mizuuchi |first2=Toshio |last3=Hisatake |first3=Tetsuya |last4=Tsutsumi |first4=Kenji |last5=Fujita |first5=Tetsushi |year=2005 |title=The Critical Heritage of Japanese Geography: Its Tortured Trajectory for Eight Decades |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=453–473 |doi=10.1068/d2204r |s2cid=140725013}}</ref> Bugu da kari, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ya kamata ya samar da kyakkyawar alaƙa tare da malaman da ke da mahimmanci a wasu fannoni. == Dubi kuma == * [[Yanayin kurkuku]] == Bayani == == Manazarta == <references /> == Ƙarin karantawa == * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;"Yankin da ba a tantance shi ba?".  &nbsp;''Ci gaba a cikin Yanayin Dan Adam''.  &nbsp;'''30'''(1): 87–94. doi:.&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1191/0309132506ph593pr}} * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;Yanayin Yanayi: Gabatarwa ga Ra'ayoyi da Ayyuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Gidan Prentice .{{ISBN|9780582294899}} * Castree, Noel&nbsp;(2000).&nbsp;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a3263 "Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'?"].&nbsp;''Environment and Planning A''.&nbsp;'''32'''&nbsp;(6): 955–970.&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1068/a3263}}. * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=oj7xiGby2LAC&q=david+harvey+a+critical+reader ''David Harvey: Mai Karatu Mai Karatu'']. John Wiley & Sons. .&nbsp;{{ISBN|9780470775318}} * Peet, Richard&nbsp;(2000).&nbsp;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a32202 "Murnar Shekaru Talatin na Tsarin Kasa Mai Tsanani"] .&nbsp;''Muhalli da Tsare-tsare A.''&nbsp;'''32'''&nbsp;(6): 951–953.&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1068/a32202}} . * Sidaway, James D.; Lin, Shaun; Chouinard, Vera; Ferretti, Federico; Gibson, Katherine; Kenney-Lazar. Mil; Philo, Chris; van Meeteren, Michiel; Wills, Jane; Wisner, Ben; Barnes, Trevor; Sheppard, Eric (2020). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2325548X.2020.1781463 Dandalin bitar littattafai: Karanta ''Tarihin Sararin Samaniya na Trevor Barnes da Eric Sheppard game da yanayin ƙasa mai tsauri: Arewacin Amurka da kuma bayan haka'' .] Trevor Barnes da Eric Sheppard Wiley (Jerin Littattafai na Antipode), NJ, Amurka; West Sussex, Birtaniya: Wiley. ''Sharhin AAG na Littattafai'', 8(4):236-258. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 23yjkeeg761k7ugnee7crq9a320bpqg Laura Watkinson 0 130225 967252 767180 2026-10-13T17:12:07Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 967252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Laura Watkinson''' ƙwararriyar mai fassara adabi ce 'yar [[Birtaniya]]. Ta yi karatun harsuna a Kwalejin St Anne da ke Oxford, kuma ta sami wasu takardun digiri na biyu tun daga lokacin. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Erlangen-Nuremberg da Jami'ar [[Milano|Milan]]. Watkinson tana fassara daga harsunan Dutch, Italiyanci da Jamusanci zuwa Turanci, tun daga littattafan hotuna na yara da littattafan zane-zane zuwa kimiyya da tarihi. Tun daga 2003 ta zauna a Netherlands, har zuwa 2012 a [[Amsterdam]]. Ta kafa reshen Dutch na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Littattafai da Zane-zane na Yara. <ref>[http://lccn.loc.gov/no2012029337 Library of Congress Authorities cites a 2012 dustjacket]. Retrieved 2015-02-07.</ref> Mawallafan Watkinson sun lashe kyautar Mildred L. Batchelder ta Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka sau uku cikin shekaru huɗu daga 2012 zuwa 2015. Don haka Ƙungiyar Kula da Laburare ga Yara kowace shekara tana karɓar mafi kyawun littafin yara da aka buga a Amurka a fassarar Turanci. Duk ukun littattafan hoto ne da aka fassara daga Dutch. Wani fassarar ta daga Dutch ta zo ta biyu a kyautar 2014. A shekarar 2015 ta lashe kyautar Vondel Translation Prize ta Burtaniya wacce ake yi kowace shekara biyu saboda fassarar Tonke Dragt 's De short voor de koning. == Ayyuka == * Cees Nooteboom - ''Hanyoyi zuwa Berlin'' (MacLehose Press) * Jan van Mersbergen - ''Tomorrow Pamplona'' ( Peirene Press ) * [[Karlijn Stoffels]] - ''Mawaƙin Zuciya'' (Littattafan Arthur A. Levine) '''An ambaci kyaututtukan Batchelder''' Duk littattafai huɗu an buga su ne a Amurka a shekarar da ta gabaci kyautar. Duk an buga su ne a cikin harshen Dutch. * Wanda ya lashe gasar 2012 – Eerdmans Books for Young Readers, wani hoton Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ''Soldier Bear'', wanda Bibi Dumon Tak ya rubuta, wanda Philip Hopman ya zana * 2014 mai nasara - Enchanted Lion Books, ''Mister Orange'', wanda Truus Matti ya rubuta * 2014 girmamawa - Eerdmans Littattafai ga Matasan Masu Karatu, ''Yaƙin Cikin Ganuwa'', wanda Aline Sax ta rubuta, wanda Caryl Strzelecki ta zana * Wanda ya lashe gasar 2015 – Eerdmans Books for Young Readers, ''Mikis and the Jaki'', wanda Bibi Dumon Tak ya rubuta, wanda Philip Hopman ya zana * 2024 girmamawa – Littafin Eerdmans ga Matasan Masu Karatu, ''Daga baya, Lokacin da Na Yi Babban'', wanda Bette Westera ta rubuta, wanda Mattias De Leeuw ya zana. <ref>[http://lccn.loc.gov/no2012029337 Library of Congress Authorities cites a 2012 dustjacket]. Retrieved 2015-02-07.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fp5e6xa3yhhw98wl9g5aujlwzm6ri3l Louis Agassiz 0 132100 967259 917348 2026-10-13T18:00:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz''' FRS (For) FRSE / / ˈæɡəsi / AG -ə AG see ; ; 28 ga [[Mayu]], 1807 - 14 ga [[Disamba]], 1873) ɗan asalin ƙasar Switzerland ne masanin ilmin halittu kuma masanin ƙasa wanda aka san shi a matsayin masanin tarihin halittu na duniya. Ya shafe rayuwarsa ta farko a [[Switzerland]], ya sami digirin digirgir a Erlangen da kuma digirin likitanci a [[München|Munich]] . Bayan ya yi karatu tare da Georges Cuvier da Alexander von Humboldt a Paris, an nada Agassiz farfesa a fannin tarihin halittu a Jami'ar Neuchâtel . Ya yi ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1847 bayan ya ziyarci [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Ya ci gaba da zama farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi da ilimin ƙasa a Harvard, ya jagoranci Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lawrence, sannan ya kafa Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobin Halitta . Agassiz sananne ne wajen tattara bayanai da kuma yin nazari a kansu. Ya bayar da gudummawa ta hukumomi da kimiyya ga ilimin dabbobi, ilimin ƙasa, da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa, ciki har da littattafan bincike masu yawa waɗanda suka kai dubban shafuka. Ya shahara musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga rarrabuwar ichthyology, gami da nau'ikan halittu da suka ɓace kamar megalodon, da kuma nazarin ilimin ƙasa na tarihi, gami da kafa ilimin ƙasa na glaciology . An soki ka'idojinsa kan yadda ake amfani da jinsin mutane, dabbobi da tsire-tsire a matsayin waɗanda ke goyon bayan wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Louis Agassiz a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 1807, a {{Interlanguage link|Môtier|fr|Môtier}}, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Haut-Vully (wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Mont-Vully ), a yankin Fribourg na Switzerland . <ref name="BDA1906p60">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> Shi ɗan Louis Benjamin Rodolphe Agassiz ne da Rose Mayor. Mahaifinsa malamin addinin Furotesta ne, kamar yadda kakanninsa suka kasance tsawon tsararraki shida, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar likita ce kuma ƙwararren masani a cikin ikonta, wanda ya taimaka wa mijinta wajen ilmantar da 'ya'yansu. <ref name="BDA1906p60" /> An yi wa Louis Agassiz karatu a gida <ref name="BDA1906p60" /> har sai da ya yi shekaru huɗu a makarantar sakandare a Bienne, wanda ya shiga a shekarar 1818 kuma ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Lausanne . Agassiz ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Zürich, Heidelberg da Munich . A ƙarshe, ya faɗaɗa iliminsa game da tarihin halitta, musamman na [[Botany|tsirrai]] . A shekara ta 1829, ya sami digirin digirgir na falsafa a Erlangen, sannan a shekara ta 1830 ya sami digirin digirgir na likitanci a Munich. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Ya koma Paris, ya zo ƙarƙashin kulawar Alexander von Humboldt kuma daga baya ya sami taimakon kuɗi. Humboldt da Georges Cuvier sun ƙaddamar da shi kan ayyukansa na ilimin ƙasa da ilmin dabbobi. Ba da daɗewa ba ilimin kimiyya ya zama abin da Agassiz ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref name="AMB" /> == Aikin farko == [[Fayil:Fritz_Züber-Bühler_-_Jean_Louis_Rodolphe_Agassiz_(1807-1873)_-_H175_-_Harvard_Art_Museums.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Fritz Zuber-Buhler, 1844]] A tsakanin 1819 zuwa 1820, masana ilmin halittu na Jamus Johann Baptist von Spix da Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius sun yi balaguro zuwa [[Brazil]] . Sun koma gida Turai da abubuwa da yawa na halitta, ciki har da tarin kifayen ruwa na Brazil, musamman na Kogin Amazon . Spix, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1826, wataƙila saboda wata cuta ta wurare masu zafi, bai rayu tsawon lokaci ba don tantance tarihin waɗannan kifayen, kuma Martius ya zaɓi Agassiz don wannan aikin. Agassiz ya saka kansa cikin aikin da sha'awa wanda zai ci gaba da bayyana sauran ayyukan rayuwarsa. An kammala aikin bayanin kifin Brazil kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1829. Bayan haka, sai aka yi bincike kan tarihin kifin da aka samu a Tafkin Neuchâtel . Da yake faɗaɗa shirye-shiryensa, a shekarar 1830 ya fitar da wani littafi mai suna ''Tarihin Kifin Ruwa Mai Tsami na Tsakiyar Turai'' . Duk da haka, a shekarar 1839, ɓangaren farko na littafin ya bayyana, kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1842. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1832, an naɗa Agassiz farfesa a fannin tarihin halitta a Jami'ar Neuchâtel, akan albashin kimanin dala 400 na Amurka kuma ya ƙi tayin da aka yi masa a Paris saboda jin daɗin karatun sirri da wannan matsayi ya ba shi. <ref name="BDA1906p61">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> Kifin burbushin halittu da ke cikin dutsen da ke kewaye da shi, da kuma duwatsun Glarus da kuma duwatsun dutse na Monte Bolca, sun ja hankalinsa ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin, ba a yi wani abu da ya yi daidai ba a binciken kimiyya. Agassiz tun a farkon shekarar 1829, ya shirya buga wani aiki. Fiye da kowane abu, zai kafa harsashin shahararsa a duniya. An buga littattafai biyar na littafinsa na ''Recherches sur les poissons fossils'' ( ''Bincike kan Kifin Burbushin Halitta'' ) daga 1833 zuwa 1843. An zana su da kyau, musamman ta Joseph Dinkel . <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> A lokacin tattara kayan aiki don wannan aikin, Agassiz ya ziyarci manyan gidajen tarihi a Turai. Lokacin da ya haɗu da Cuvier a Paris, ya sami ƙarfafawa da taimako sosai daga gare shi. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} A shekara ta 1833, ya auri Cecile Braun, 'yar'uwar abokinsa Alexander Braun kuma ya kafa gidansa a Neuchâtel . 'Yan'uwanta ne suka horar da shi kan zane-zanen kimiyya, matarsa ta taimaka wa Agassiz sosai, inda ta zana wasu daga cikin kyawawan faranti na ''burbushin halittu'' da kifaye ''masu ruwa-ruwa'' . <ref name="BDA1906p61">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> [[Fayil:Louis_Aggasiz_and_Benjamin_Peirce.jpg|thumb|Agassiz (zaune) tare da Benjamin Peirce]] Agassiz ya gano cewa binciken da ya yi a fannin halittu yana buƙatar sabon rarrabuwar ichthyological. Burbushin da ya bincika ba kasafai yake nuna alamun kyallen kifaye masu laushi ba, amma maimakon haka, ya ƙunshi galibin haƙora, ɓawon fata, da fin-fin, tare da ƙasusuwan da aka kiyaye su sosai a cikin 'yan lokuta kaɗan. Saboda haka ya ɗauki tsarin rarraba kifi zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu (ganoids, placoids, cycloids, da ctenoids), bisa ga yanayin sikeli da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin fata. Wannan ya yi aiki sosai don inganta tsarin kifin, amma tun daga lokacin aka maye gurbin tsarin Agassiz. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Tare da Louis de Coulon, uba da ɗa, ya kafa ''Societé des Sciences Naturelles'', wanda shi ne sakataren farko, kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar Coulons sun kuma shirya gidan tarihi na wucin gadi na tarihin halitta a gidan maraya. <ref name="BDA1906p61">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> Agassiz yana buƙatar tallafin kuɗi don ci gaba da aikinsa. Ƙungiyar Burtaniya da Earl na Ellesmere, a lokacin Lord Francis Egerton, sun shiga tsakani don taimakawa. An sayi zane-zane na asali guda 1290 da aka yi don aikin ta hannun Earl kuma ya gabatar da su ga Ƙungiyar Geological ta London . A shekara ta 1836, majalisar wannan ƙungiyar ta ba Agassiz lambar yabo ta Wollaston saboda aikinsa kan ilimin burbushin halittu. A shekara ta 1838, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Royal Society . A halin yanzu, dabbobin da ba su da ƙashi sun ja hankalinsa. A shekara ta 1837, ya fitar da "Prodrome" na wani littafi mai taken "Echinodermata " na baya-bayan nan da kuma burbushin halittu, wanda ɓangaren farko ya bayyana a shekara ta 1838; a tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1840, ya buga kundin quart guda biyu kan burbushin halittu na Switzerland; kuma a cikin 1840 zuwa 1845, ya fitar da ''sharhin Études na burbushin halittu na mollusques'' ( ''Nazarin Muhimmi akan Burbushin halittu'' ). {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Kafin ziyarar farko ta Agassiz zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1834, Hugh Miller da sauran masana kimiyyar ƙasa sun bayyana kifin burbushin halittu mai ban mamaki na Tsohon Ja Sandstone na arewa maso gabashin Scotland. An sanar da masana kimiyyar ƙasa nau'ikan ''Pterichthys'', ''Coccosteus'', da sauran nau'ikan halittu a karon farko. Sun kasance masu sha'awar Agassiz sosai kuma sun zama batun wani littafi da ya buga a 1844–1845: ''Monographie des poissons fossiles du Vieux Grès Rouge, ou Système Dévonien (Tsohon Ja Sandstone) des Îles Britanniques et de Russie'' ( ''Monograph on Fossil Kif of the Old Ja Sandstone, ko Devonian System of the British Isles and of Russia'' ). {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} A shekara ta 1838, Frederick William na Uku na Prussia ya kafa Kwalejin Neuchâtel wadda ta samo asali ne daga ƙarfin Louis Agassiz. Matashin malamin da aka ba shi kwarjini na musamman ya sami aiki daga hukumomin Masarautar Neuchâtel tun daga shekarar 1832. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Histoire |url=https://www.unine.ch/luniversite/portrait/histoire/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Université de Neuchâtel |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A farkon aikinsa a Neuchâtel, Agassiz ya kuma yi suna a matsayin mutumin da zai iya gudanar da sashen kimiyya da kyau. A ƙarƙashin kulawarsa, Jami'ar Neuchâtel ba da daɗewa ba ta zama babbar cibiyar binciken kimiyya. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Stettler |first=Peter |date=2019-09-16 |title=Louis Agassiz (1807–1873). Ein Pionier der Gletscherforschung |url=https://www.sac-cas.ch/de/die-alpen/louis-agassiz-1807-1873-ein-pionier-der-gletscherforschung-18040/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Schweizer Alpen-Club SAC |language=de-CH}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1836, Agassiz ya fara sha'awar tsaunin ƙanƙara. A lokacin da [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|tsaunin ƙanƙara]] na Switzerland ke ci gaba da ci gaba, hasashen cewa tsaunin ƙanƙara mai yawa ya bayyana a da'irorin kimiyya. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1837, a cikin jawabinsa a taron shekara-shekara na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halittu ta Switzerland da ke Neuchâtel, wanda ya jagoranta, ya gabatar da wannan sabuwar ka'ida, kodayake ana sa ran za a yi lacca kan kifin burbushin halittu. Don tallafawa ka'idar [[Shekarar kankara|Zamanin Kankara]], ya yi tafiya a [[Alps]] don neman alamun motsin tsaunin ƙanƙara na baya. Binciken da aka gudanar akan Unteraaargletscher tsakanin 1840 da 1845 ya kasance abin birgewa. A wancan lokacin, abokansa sun ƙara Agassizhorn a cikin jerin tsaunukan Switzerland da aka sanya wa suna bayan mutane . <ref name=":8"/> [[Fayil:Louis_Agassiz_H3.jpg|thumb|Hoton John Adams Whipple, ''kimanin'' 1865]] A tsakanin 1842 zuwa 1846, Agassiz ya fitar da ''sunan Zoologicus'' nasa, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin jerin sunayen da aka yi amfani da su a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da ƙungiyoyi. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1843. <ref>Frank Leslie's new family magazine. v. 1 (1857), p. 29</ref> Bayan tafiyarsa zuwa Amurka, jajircewarsa ga yaɗa ilimi a bainar jama'a da kuma kare ilimin mata zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da kimiyya a Amurka. <ref name=":7"/> == Zamanin kankara == [[Fayil:Agassiz,_Louis_–_Nouvelles_études_et_expériences_sur_les_glaciers_actuels,_1847_–_BEIC_12025435.jpg|thumb|''Nouvelles études et expériences sur les glaciers actuels'', 1847]] Agassiz da matarsa sun yi hutun 1836 a ƙaramin ƙauyen Bex, inda ya haɗu da Jean de Charpentier da Ignaz Venetz . [[Shekarar kankara|Ka'idodinsu na dusar ƙanƙara]] da aka sanar kwanan nan sun girgiza duniyar kimiyya, kuma Agassiz ya koma Neuchâtel a matsayin mai sha'awar tuba. <ref name="BDA1906p62">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> A shekara ta 1837, Agassiz ya gabatar da shawarar cewa Duniya ta kasance ƙarƙashin [[Shekarar kankara|zamanin kankara]] . <ref name="evans 1887">E.P. Evans: "The Authorship of the Glacial Theory", ''North American review'' Volume 145, Issue 368, July 1887. Accessed on January 24, 2018. {{JSTOR|25101263}}</ref> Ya gabatar da ka'idar ga ƙungiyar Helvetic cewa tsoffin kankara suna kwarara daga Alps, har ma da manyan kankara sun mamaye filayen da tsaunuka na Turai, Asiya, da Arewacin Amurka kuma sun mamaye duk yankin Arewacin duniya a cikin dogon lokacin kankara. A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish . Kafin wannan shawara, [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], de Saussure, Ignaz Venetz, Jean de Charpentier, Karl Friedrich Schimper, da sauransu sun yi nazarin [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|dusar ƙanƙara]] ta Alps, kuma Goethe, Charpentier, da Schimper <ref name="evans 1887" /> sun ma kammala da cewa tubalan duwatsu masu tsayi da suka watse a kan gangaren da kololuwar tsaunukan Jura an motsa su a can ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun jawo hankalin Agassiz, kuma ya tattauna su da Charpentier da Schimper, waɗanda ya raka su a tafiye-tafiye a jere zuwa Alps. Har ma Agassiz ya gina bukka a kan ɗaya daga cikin Glaciers na Aar kuma na ɗan lokaci ya zama gidansa don bincika tsarin da motsin kankara. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Agassiz ya ziyarci Ingila, kuma tare da William Buckland, masanin kimiyyar halitta na Ingila kaɗai wanda ya raba ra'ayoyinsa, ya yi rangadin Tsibiran Burtaniya don neman abubuwan mamaki na ƙanƙara, kuma ya gamsu cewa ka'idarsa ta zamanin ƙanƙara daidai ce. <ref name="BDA1906p62">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> A shekara ta 1840, Agassiz ya buga wani littafi mai juzu'i biyu, ''Études sur les glaciers'' ("Nazarin Kan Glaciers"). A ciki, ya tattauna motsin glaciers, moraines ɗinsu, da tasirinsu wajen lanƙwasa da kewaye duwatsu da kuma samar da striations da ''roches moutonnées'' da aka gani a cikin shimfidar wurare irin na Alps. Ya yarda da ra'ayin Charpentier da Schimper cewa wasu daga cikin glaciers na tsaunuka sun faɗaɗa a faɗin filayen da kwaruruka na Aar da Rhône, amma ya ci gaba da cewa a baya-bayan nan, Switzerland ta rufe da wani babban kankara da ya samo asali daga manyan tsaunukan Alps kuma ta faɗaɗa a kan kwarin arewa maso yammacin Switzerland zuwa gangaren kudu na Jura. Buga aikin ya ba da sabon kwarin gwiwa ga nazarin abubuwan da suka faru a kan dusar ƙanƙara a duk sassan duniya. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Agassiz, wanda ya saba da dusar ƙanƙara ta baya-bayan nan, da kuma masanin ilimin ƙasa na Ingila William Buckland, sun ziyarci tsaunukan Scotland a shekarar 1840. A can, sun sami hujjoji bayyanannu a wurare daban-daban na ayyukan ƙanƙara. An sanar da gano wannan ga Ƙungiyar Masana Ƙasa ta London a cikin sadarwa a jere. An fahimci cewa yankunan tsaunuka na Ingila, [[Wales]], da Ireland sune cibiyoyin watsa tarkacen ƙanƙara. Agassiz ya lura cewa "manyan zanen ƙanƙara, kamar waɗanda ke wanzuwa a yanzu a [[Greenland]], sun taɓa rufe dukkan ƙasashen da ake samun tsakuwa mara tsari (dutse mai zurfi); cewa wannan tsakuwa gabaɗaya an samar da ita ne ta hanyar haɗa zanen kankara a saman ƙasa, da sauransu." {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} [[Fayil:SAM_PC_0_-_Ice_auger_of_Louis_Agassiz_and_Eduard_Desor.jpg|thumb|An yi amfani da na'urar auna ƙarfe mai girman mutum wanda Agassiz ya yi amfani da ita wajen haƙa zurfin har zuwa mita 7.5 a cikin Unteraaar Glacier don auna zafinsa ( Gidan Tarihi na Swiss Alpine, Bern)]] A shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Agassiz ya yi amfani da ka'idodinsa na glacial a fannin ilimin ƙasa na yankunan zafi na Brazil, ciki har da Amazon. Agassiz ya fara da wani hasashe mai aiki wanda za a iya gwada shi ta hanyar sakamakon aikin filin don a ga ko dai ba a kammala ba, ko kuma a tabbatar da hujja ko kuma a musanta ta. Hasashe da za a iya musantawa a ƙarshe ya fi hasashe da ke da wahalar gwadawa. Agassiz yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ɗalibi kuma mataimakinsa a fannin filin, masanin ilimin ƙasa Charles Hartt wanda daga ƙarshe ya karyata ka'idodin Agassiz game da Amazon bisa ga aikin da yake yi a can. Maimakon shaida ga duk wani tsari na glacial, ya sami laka mai guba daga hanyoyin ruwa na ruwa da na wurare masu zafi, ba na glacial ba, binciken da masana kimiyyar ƙasa suka tabbatar daga baya. Hasashen Agassiz cewa Amazon ya shafi Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) daidai ne, kodayake hanyar da ke haifar da tasirin ba ta da glacial ba. An raba dajin Amazon zuwa manyan tubalan biyu ta hanyar babban savanna a lokacin LGM. == Amurka == Da taimakon tallafin kuɗi daga sarkin Prussia, Agassiz ya ketare Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] a kaka ta 1846 don bincika tarihin halitta da ilimin ƙasa na Arewacin Amurka da kuma gabatar da darasi na laccoci kan "Shirin Halitta kamar yadda aka nuna a Masarautar Dabbobi" ta hanyar gayyata daga John Amory Lowell, a Cibiyar Lowell da ke [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] . Tayin kuɗi da aka gabatar masa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ya sa ya zauna a can, inda ya ci gaba da zama har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} An zaɓe shi memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1846. <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> A shekara ta 1846, Agassiz ya auri Cecilie, wacce ta ci gaba da zama tare da 'ya'yansu uku a Switzerland, ya haɗu da Elizabeth Cabot Cary a wani cin abincin dare. Su biyun sun haɗu da soyayya, kuma lokacin da matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1848, sun yi shirin aure. An yi bikin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1850, a Boston, Massachusetts a King's Chapel . Agassiz ya kawo 'ya'yansa su zauna tare da su, kuma Elizabeth ta renon kuma ta ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da 'ya'yanta na kishiyar mijinta. Ba ta da 'ya'ya nata. Agassiz yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da masanin tsirrai na Harvard Asa Gray duk da rashin jituwar da ke tsakaninsu. Agassiz ya yi imanin cewa an halicci kowace kabila ta ɗan adam daban-daban, amma Gray, mai goyon bayan [[Charles Darwin]], ya yi imani da asalin juyin halitta na dukkan mutane. Bugu da ƙari, Agassiz memba ne na Scientific Lazzaroni, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya waɗanda galibinsu ke son jami'o'in Amurka su yi koyi da tsarin ilimi na jami'o'in Turai masu kama da mulkin kama-karya, amma Gray babban abokin hamayya ne ga wannan rukunin. Shigar Agassiz cikin laccoci na Cibiyar Lowell ya haifar da kafa Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lawrence a Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1847, inda Agassiz ya zama shugabanta. Harvard ya naɗa shi farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi da ilimin ƙasa, kuma ya kafa Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobi a can a shekarar 1859 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektanta na farko har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1873. A lokacin da yake aiki a Harvard, Agassiz ya yi nazarin tasirin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin "Gudunmawa ga Tarihin Halitta na Amurka," ya yi nazari sosai kan ka'idar juyin halitta ta Darwin. Ya yi imanin cewa Allah ya halicci sabuwar rayuwa bayan kowace zamanin kankara kuma alhakin masana halitta ne su fahimci wannan shirin halitta. <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8"/> Ta hanyar kare wannan ra'ayi, ya sami tagomashin masu karatu na Amurka. <ref>Andrea Wulf, ''The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2015, p. 250</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 1857, an ba Agassiz kujera a fannin ilimin halittu a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta, Paris, wanda ya ƙi. Daga baya aka yi masa ado da Gicciyen Tudun Girmamawa . <ref name="BDA1906p63">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> Agassiz ya ci gaba da laccocinsa a Cibiyar Lowell. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya gabatar da laccoci kan "Ichthyology" (1847–1848), "Comparative Embryology" (1848–1849), "Ayyukan Rayuwa a Ƙananan Dabbobi" (1850–1851), "Tarihin Halitta" (1853–1854), "Hanyoyin Nazarin Tarihin Halitta" (1861–1862), "Glaciers and the Ice Period" (1864–1865), "Brazil" (1866–1867), da kuma "Deep Sea Dredging " (1869–1870). A shekara ta 1850, ya auri Elizabeth Cabot Cary, wacce daga baya ta rubuta littattafan gabatarwa game da tarihin halitta da kuma dogon tarihin rayuwar mijinta bayan ya mutu. Agassiz ya yi aiki a matsayin malami wanda ba mazaunin jami'a ba a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] yayin da yake kuma a fannin koyarwa a Harvard. A shekara ta 1852, ya karɓi aikin farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Charlestown, Massachusetts, amma ya yi murabus cikin shekaru biyu. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Tun daga lokacin, karatun kimiyya na Agassiz ya tsaya, amma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya da aka fi sani a duniya. A shekara ta 1857, Agassiz ya kasance mai matuƙar ƙauna har abokinsa Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ya rubuta "Birnin Haihuwar Agassiz na Hamsin" don girmama shi kuma ya karanta shi a wani liyafar cin abinci da ƙungiyar Saturday Club ta yi wa Agassiz a Cambridge . {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Rubuce-rubucen Agassiz da kansa sun ci gaba da kundin littattafai guda huɗu (daga cikin 10 da aka tsara) na ''Tarihin Halitta na Amurka'', waɗanda aka buga daga 1857 zuwa 1862. Ya kuma buga kundin takardu a fanninsa, ''Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae'', a cikin kundin littattafai huɗu tsakanin 1848 da 1854. Saboda rashin lafiya ya same shi a shekarun 1860, Agassiz ya yanke shawarar komawa fagen don hutawa da kuma ci gaba da karatunsa game da kifin Brazil. A watan Afrilun 1865, ya jagoranci Thayer Expedition zuwa Brazil. A can, ya umarci masu daukar hoto biyu, Augusto Stahl da [[Georges Leuzinger]], da su raka wannan balaguron tare da samar da hotunan mutanen 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma bayin Afirka da baƙaƙe. Bayan dawowarsa a watan Agustan 1866, an buga wani labari game da balaguron, ''A Journey in Brazil'', a shekarar 1868. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1871, ya sake yin balaguron watanni takwas na biyu, wanda aka sani da balaguron ''Hassler'' a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kwamanda Philip Carrigan Johnson (ɗan'uwan Eastman Johnson ) kuma ya ziyarci Kudancin Amurka a kudancin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Jirgin ruwan ya bincika Magellan Strait, wanda ya jawo yabo ga [[Charles Darwin]] . <ref>Andrea Wulf, ''The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2015, p. 250</ref> Bayan kafa ƙungiyar farko ta Amurka don hana zalunci ga dabbobi a birnin New York a shekarar 1866, an kira Agassiz da ya taimaka wajen sasanta takaddama game da halayen dabbobi. Ya yi tunanin yadda ake jigilar kunkuru yana haifar musu da wahala, yayin da PT Barnum ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan Agassiz cewa macizai za su ci dabbobi masu rai kawai. Matarsa ta biyu, Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, ta taimaka masa wajen shirya Tafiyarsa ta ''A Journey a Brazil'' . Tare da ɗanta, Alexander Agassiz, ta rubuta ''Seaside Studies in Natural History'' and ''Marine Animals of Massachusetts'' . <ref name="BDA1906p63">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> Elizabeth ta rubuta a Mashigin Teku cewa " ''Hassler'' ta bi hanyarta, ta wuce wani yanayi mara iyaka na tsaunuka da dazuzzuka da ke tashi zuwa cikin yankunan dusar ƙanƙara da kankara masu haske, inda ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara ke kwance inda kowace kogi da crevasse, da kuma yawan ramukan da ke gudana don haɗuwa da ruwan da ke ƙasa, za a iya ƙidaya su yayin da take tururi da su.... Waɗannan makonni ne na farin ciki ga Agassiz. Jirgin ruwan sau da yawa yana ratsa bakin teku sosai har ana iya nazarin ilimin ƙasa daga bene." == Iyali == [[Fayil:Agassiz_Louis_1807-1873.png|left|thumb|Agassiz a tsakiyar shekaru]] Tun daga aurensa na farko da Cecilie Braun, Agassiz ya haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ida da [[Pauline Agassiz Shaw|Pauline]], da kuma ɗa ɗaya, Alexander . A shekara ta 1863, 'yar Agassiz Ida ta auri Henry Lee Higginson, wanda daga baya ya kafa Boston Symphony Orchestra kuma ya kasance mai taimako ga Harvard da sauran makarantu. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1860, 'yar Agassiz, [[Pauline Agassiz Shaw|Pauline,]] ta auri Quincy Adams Shaw (1825–1908), wani attajiri ɗan kasuwa a Boston kuma daga baya mai taimako ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Boston. Daga baya Pauline Agassiz Shaw ta zama fitacciyar mai ilimi, mai rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. <ref>Andrea Wulf, ''The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2015, p. 250</ref> [[Fayil:Jean_Louis_Agassiz_1870.jpg|thumb|Agassiz a shekarar 1870]] A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Agassiz ya yi aiki don kafa makaranta ta dindindin inda za a iya ci gaba da nazarin kimiyyar dabbobi a tsakanin ɗaliban da ke karatunsa. A shekara ta 1873, mai ba da agaji mai zaman kansa John Anderson ya ba Agassiz tsibirin Penikese, a Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (kudancin New Bedford ), kuma ya ba shi dala 50,000 don ya ba shi damar zama makarantar kimiyya ta halitta ta dindindin wadda za ta kasance ta musamman ga nazarin kimiyyar dabbobi ta ruwa. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} Makarantar ta ruguje jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar Agassiz amma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin farkon dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa na Woods Hole da ke kusa. Agassiz yana da tasiri mai zurfi a kan rassan Amurka na fannoni biyu kuma ya koyar da masana kimiyya da yawa na gaba waɗanda za su ci gaba da shahara, ciki har da Alpheus Hyatt, David Starr Jordan, Joel Asaph Allen, Joseph Le Conte, Ernest Ingersoll, William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, Orestes St. John, Nathaniel Shaler, Samuel Hubbard Scudder, Alpheus Packard, da ɗansa Alexander Emanuel Agassiz . Ya yi tasiri mai yawa ga masanin ilmin halittu Charles Doolittle Walcott da masanin kimiyyar halitta Edward S. Morse . Agassiz ya yi suna a matsayin malami mai buƙata. Ana zarginsa da "kulle ɗalibi a cikin ɗaki cike da harsashin kunkuru, ko harsashin lobster, ko harsashin kawa, ba tare da littafi ko kalma da za ta taimake shi ba, kuma ba zai bar shi ya fita ba har sai ya gano duk gaskiyar da abubuwan ke ƙunshe da ita." Biyu daga cikin fitattun ɗaliban Agassiz sun yi cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa: Scudder, a cikin wani ɗan gajeren labarin mujallar ''Every Saturday'', <ref name="Scudder">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}; Originally published in {{Cite journal |last=Scudder |first=Samuel H. |date=April 4, 1874 |title=Look at your fish |journal=Every Saturday |volume=16 |pages=369–370}}</ref> da Shaler, a cikin ''tarihin rayuwarsa'' . Lane Cooper ne ya tattara waɗannan da sauran abubuwan tunawa a shekarar 1917, wanda Ezra Pound ya yi amfani da shi don labarinsa na Agassiz da kifin rana . A farkon shekarun 1840, Agassiz ya sanya wa nau'ikan kifaye guda biyu suna bayan Mary Anning ( ''Acrodus anningiae'' da ''Belenostomus anningiae'' ) da kuma wata bayan kawarta, Elizabeth Philpot . Anning kwararriyar masaniyar ilmin halittu ce da aka sani a duk duniya saboda muhimman abubuwan da aka gano, amma saboda jinsinta, sau da yawa ba a san ta da aikinta ba. Agassiz ya gode wa taimakon da matan suka yi masa wajen nazarin samfuran kifayen da aka gano a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Lyme Regis a shekarar 1834. <ref name="Emling169">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Emling|2009}}</ref> Agassiz ya mutu a Cambridge, Massachusetts, a shekarar 1873 kuma aka binne shi a kan titin Bellwort a Makabartar Dutsen Auburn, <ref name="BDA1906p64">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Johnson|1906}}</ref> daga baya matarsa ta haɗu da shi. Abin tunawarsa wani dutse ne da aka gina daga wani dutse mai duhu a Aar kusa da wurin tsohon {{Interlanguage link|Hôtel des Neuchâtelois|nl|Hôtel des Neuchâtelois}}, ba da nisa da wurin da bukkarsa ta taɓa kasancewa ba. Kabarinsa yana da kariya daga bishiyoyin pine daga tsohon gidansa da ke Switzerland. {{Sfn|Woodward|1911}} == Gado == An sanya wa makarantar firamare ta Cambridge da ke arewacin Jami'ar Harvard suna don girmama shi, kuma unguwar da ke kewaye ta zama sananne a matsayin " Agassiz " sakamakon haka. An canza sunan makarantar zuwa Makarantar Maria L. Baldwin a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, shekarar, 2002, saboda damuwa game da shigar Agassiz cikin wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya da kuma girmama Maria Louise Baldwin, shugabar makarantar 'yar Afirka-Amurka, wacce ta yi aiki daga 1889 zuwa 1922. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> <ref name="thecrimson2002">{{Cite web |title=Committee Renames Local Agassiz School &#124; News &#124; The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/5/22/committee-renames-local-agassiz-school-the/ |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, an ci gaba da kiran unguwar da Agassiz. <ref>Frank Leslie's new family magazine. v. 1 (1857), p. 29</ref> {{Circa|2009}}, mazauna unguwar sun yanke shawarar sake wa majalisar al'ummar unguwar suna zuwa "Al'ummar Agassiz-Baldwin". Sannan, a watan Yulin 2021, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙari na shekaru biyu daga mazauna unguwa, Majalisar Birnin Cambridge ta kaɗa ƙuri'a baki ɗaya don canza sunan zuwa Unguwar Baldwin. Wata makarantar firamare, Makarantar Firamare ta Agassiz da ke Minneapolis, Minnesota, ta wanzu daga 1922 zuwa 1981. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> === Ta'aziyyar ƙasa === [[Fayil:Agassiz.main.sk.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Agassiz, Makabartar Dutsen Auburn, Cambridge, Massachusetts, wani dutse ne daga dutsen da ke kan tsaunukan Aar, kusa da inda ya taɓa zama.]] An sanya wa wani tsohon tafki mai ƙanƙara wanda ya samo asali a tsakiyar Arewacin Amurka, Tafkin Agassiz suna, kamar yadda aka sanya wa Dutsen Agassiz a Palisades na California, Dutsen Agassiz a cikin tsaunukan Uinta na Utah, Dutsen Agassiz a Arizona, Dutsen Agassiz a Massachusetts, da kuma Agassizhorn a cikin Alps na Bernese a ƙasarsa ta Switzerland. Agassiz Glacier a Montana, Agassiz Creek a Glacier National Park, Agassiz Glacier a cikin tsaunukan Saint Elias na Alaska, da Dutsen Agassiz a cikin tsaunukan White na New Hampshire suma suna ɗauke da sunansa. An kuma sanya wa wani rami a Mars, Crater Agassiz, da kuma wani wuri a kan wata suna don girmama shi. An sanya wa Cape Agassiz suna, wani wuri a kan dutse da ke Palmer Land, Antarctica, don girmama shi. An kuma sanya wa wani babban dutse mai bel, 2267 Agassiz suna tare da shi. === Ta'aziyyar halittu === An sanya wa nau'ikan dabbobi da dama suna don girmama shi, ciki har da * Dwarf na Agassiz cichlid ''Apistogramma agassizii'' {{Small|[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1875}} ; * Kifin Agassiz, wanda aka fi sani da kifin gilashi na Agassiz; da kuma kifin zaitun ''Ambassis agassizii'' {{Small|[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1866}} ; * Kifin Kogo na Spring ''Forbesichthys agassizii'' {{Small|([[Frederic Ward Putnam|Putnam]], 1872)}} ; * kifin kifin ''Corydoras agassizii'' {{Small|[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1876}} ; * Rio Skate ''Rioraja agassizii'' {{Small|([[Johannes Peter Müller|J. P. Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841)}} ; * Kifin Kudancin Amurka ''Leporinus agassizii'' <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CHARACIFORMES: Families TARUMANIIDAE, ERYTHRINIDAE, PARODONTIDAE, CYNODONTIDAE, SERRASALMIDAE, HEMIODONTIDAE, ANOSTOMIDAE and CHILODONTIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/characiformes2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109173908/https://etyfish.org/characiformes2/ |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> * Snailfish ''Liparis agassizii'' {{Small|[[Frederic Ward Putnam|Putnam]], 1874}} ; * katantanwa na teku, ''Borsonella agassizii'' {{Small|([[William Healey Dall|Dall]], 1908)}} ; * wani nau'in kaguwa ''Eucratodes agassizii'' {{Small|[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne Edwards]], 1880}} ; * ''Ricker'' {{Small|Ricker, 1943}} ( ƙudan dutse ); * ''Publius agassizi'' {{Small|([[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1871)}} (wani irin ƙwaro ); * ''Xylocrius agassizi'' {{Small|([[John Lawrence LeConte|LeConte]], 1861)}} ( ƙwaro mai tsayi ); * ''Exoprosoparopa agassizii'' {{Small|Loew, 1869}} ( ƙudan zuma ); * ''Chelonia agassizii'' {{Small|[[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1868}} (Kunkuru mai launin kore na Galápagos); <ref name="EDR">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Agassiz, J.L.R.", p. 2).</ref> * ''Philodryas agassizii'' {{Small|([[Giorgio Jan|Jan]], 1863)}} (maciji ɗan Kudancin Amurka); <ref name="EDR" /> kuma mafi shahara, * ''Gopherus agassizii'' {{Small|([[James Graham Cooper|Cooper]], 1863)}} (kunkuru na hamada). <ref name="EDR">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5|<bdi>978-1-4214-0135-5</bdi>]]. ("Agassiz, J.L.R.", p. 2).</ref> * A shekarar 2020, an sanya wa wani sabon nau'in kifin pycnodont (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) mai suna ''[[Agassazilia erfoundina]]'' (Cooper da Martill, 2020) daga ƙungiyar Kem Kem ta ƙasar Morocco suna don girmama Agassiz, wanda ya fara gano ƙungiyar a shekarun 1830. === Kyaututtukan girmamawa === A shekara ta 2005, Sashen Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasashen Turai kan Kimiyyar Cryospheric ya kafa lambar yabo ta Louis Agassiz, wadda aka bai wa mutane domin girmama gudummawar da suka bayar a fannin kimiyya ga nazarin cryosphere a Duniya ko kuma a wani wuri a cikin [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin Rana]] . <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Agassiz ya halarci wani taro na wata-wata mai suna Saturday Club a Parker House, taron marubuta da masana na Boston. Saboda haka, an ambace shi a cikin wani waƙar Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. mai suna " [[wikisource:At the Saturday Club|A Saturday Club]] :"   === Daguerreotypes na Renty da Delia Taylor === [[Fayil:Renty_an_African_slave.jpg|right|thumb|245x245px|Renty Taylor]] A shekara ta 1850, Agassiz ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da daguerreotypes, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin "masu ban tsoro da kuma masu kallon" bayin Renty Taylor da 'yar Taylor, Delia, don ƙara hujjojinsa game da ƙarancin baƙar fata. <ref name=":0" /> Su ne hotunan bayi na farko da aka sani. <ref name="The Day 2019">{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Erica |title=Descendants of racist scientist back Norwich woman in fight over slave images |url=https://www.theday.com/local-news/20190620/descendants-of-racist-scientist-back-norwich-woman-in-fight-over-slave-images |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=theday.com |publisher=The Day}}</ref> <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Agassiz ya bar hotunan zuwa Harvard, kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin rufin gidan tarihin Peabody har zuwa 1976, lokacin da Ellie Reichlin, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar ma'aikaciya, ta sake gano su. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 1977 |title=Faces of Slavery: A Historical Find |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/faces-slavery-historical-find |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=American Heritage magazine}}</ref> Daguerrotypes 15 suna cikin shari'ar da aka yi da "JT Zealy, Mai Daukar Hoto, Columbia," tare da wasu lakabi da aka rubuta da hannu, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen gano su daga baya. <ref name=":1" /> Reichlin ya shafe watanni yana bincike don ƙoƙarin gano mutanen da ke cikin hotunan, amma Jami'ar Harvard ba ta yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓar iyalai ba kuma ta ba da lasisin hotunan don amfani. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Woman who claims descent sues Harvard over refusal to return photos of enslaved man from 1850 |url=http://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/woman-who-claims-descent-sues-harvard-over-refusal-to-return-photos-of-enslaved-man-from/article_aac910c0-4cbf-11e9-826f-bb433eadf065.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=St. Louis American |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Tamara Lanier ta rubuta wa shugaban Harvard wata wasika wadda ta bayyana kanta a matsayin zuriyar Taylors kai tsaye kuma ta nemi jami'ar ta miƙa mata hotunan. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, zuriyar Taylor sun kai ƙarar Harvard don dawo da hotunan da kuma diyya da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> An goyi bayan ƙarar ne daga zuri'ar Agassiz guda 43 masu rai, waɗanda suka rubuta a cikin wata wasiƙar goyon baya, "Domin Harvard ta bai wa Ms. Lanier da iyalinta ƴan daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin [[Farin sarauta|daguerreotypes ɗin]] da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin nuni ga ka'idar da Agassiz ya yi amfani da ita." Dole ne kowa ya tantance "rawar da ya taka wajen haɓaka hujjar kimiyya ta ƙarya don fifikon fararen fata." <ref name="The Day 2019"/> An sanar da sulhun ƙarar a watan Mayu na 2025. Ana sa ran za a mayar da dukkan nau'ikan daguerrotypes na Agassiz-Zealy zuwa gidan tarihi na tarihin Baƙar fata a South Carolina (babu wanda zai je wurin Ms. Lanier da kansa), kuma Harvard za ta biya Ms. Lanier wani kuɗi da ba a bayyana ba saboda damuwarta ta motsin rai. <gallery> Fayil:Renty_an_African_slave.jpg|alt="Papa" Renty Taylor Born Congo, 1775-died on/after 1866. Field hand on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Note a side profile picture can be found at online article "Louis Agassiz Two Faces"]| "Baba" Renty Taylor An haife shi a Congo, 1775-ya mutu a/bayan 1866. Mai kula da filin a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Lura da hoton bayanin martaba na gefe za a iya samu a labarin kan layi "Louis Agassiz Two Faces"] Fayil:Delia1850FrontPortrait.jpg|alt=Delia (Born America); daughter of Renty on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Picture # 1]| Delia (An haife ta a Amurka); 'yar Renty a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 1] Fayil:Slave_Portrait_Agassiz_Zealy_Woman_Side_Bust_2.jpg|alt=Delia daughter of Renty on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Picture # 2]| 'Yar Delia ta Renty a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 2] Fayil:JackGuineaProfileSlavePortrait.jpg|alt=Jack of Guinea, a slave driver on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Picture # 1]| Jack na Guinea, direban bayi a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 1] Fayil:Jack1850FrontZealy.jpg|alt=Jack of Guinea, a slave driver on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Picture # 2]| Jack na Guinea, direban bayi a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 2] Fayil:Drana_(frontal_portrait).jpg|alt=Drana daughter of Jack on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Picture # 1]| 'Yar Jack mai suna Drana a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 1] Fayil:Drana_(profile_view).jpg|alt=Drana daughter of Jack on B.F. Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Picture # 2]| 'Yar Jack mai suna Drana a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 2] Fayil:Slave_Portrait_Agassiz_Zealy_Man_Side_Bust_2.jpg|alt=Fassena a mandingo Carpender on Wade Hampton Plantation, South Carolina[Note a full face picture can be found at <nowiki>https://saa3dm.org/2021/11/16/1850</nowiki>]| Fassena a mandingo Carpender a Wade Hampton Plantation, South Carolina [Lura cewa za a iya samun cikakken hoton fuska a https://saa3dm.org/2021/11/16/1850 ] Fayil:Slave_Portrait_Agassiz_Zealy_Man_Standing_Back.jpg|alt="Jem. A Gullah..B.W. Green Plantation [See American Heritage June 1977 "Faces of Slavery"]| "Jem. A Gullah..BW Green Plantation [Duba Tarihin Amirka a watan Yunin 1977 "Fuskokin Bauta"] Fayil:Slave_Portrait_Agassiz_Zealy_Man_Front_01.jpg Fayil:Slave_Portrait_Agassiz_Zealy_Man_Side_One_Leg.jpg </gallery> == Ra'ayin Al'umma Kan Al'umma Da Wariyar Launin Fata == [[Fayil:Agassiz_in_the_Concrete.jpg|left|thumb|Bayan yakin duniya na 1906 a San Francisco ­ Shugaban [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] David Starr Jordan ya rubuta, "Wani — Angell, wataƙila — cewa ' Agassiz ya yi kyau a zahiri amma ba a cikin siminti ba. ' <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref>]] Agassiz sanannen masanin kimiyyar halitta ne na zamaninsa a Amurka. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Baya ga kasancewarsa masanin kimiyyar halitta, Agassiz ya yi rubutu mai yawa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar da ya shafi al'adu daban-daban bayan ya zo Amurka. Da ya isa Boston a shekarar 1846, Agassiz ya shafe watanni yana fahimtar yankin arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa tare da Samuel George Morton, wani shahararren masanin ilmin halittar dan Adam na Amurka a lokacin wanda ya shahara ta hanyar nazarin burbushin da Lewis da Clark suka dawo da su. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Menand |first=Louis |date=2001 |title=Morton, Agassiz, and the Origins of Scientific Racism in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3134139 |journal=[[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]] |issue=34 |pages=110–113 |doi=10.2307/3134139 |jstor=3134139 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Morton na kashin kansa ya ƙunshi nazarin ƙarfin kwanyar mutum daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Morton ya yi niyyar amfani da craniometry don tabbatar da cewa fararen fata sun fi sauran jinsi a fannin ilmin halitta. Aikinsa " ''Crania Aegyptiaca"'' ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana goyon bayan imanin polygenism cewa an halicci jinsi daban-daban kuma kowannensu yana da nasa halaye na musamman. Morton ya dogara ga wasu masana kimiyya don aika masa da kwanyar tare da bayanai game da inda aka samo su. Morton bai yi la'akari da abubuwan da za su iya shafar ƙarfin kwanyar ba, kamar girman jiki da jinsi, Morton bai yi la'akari da su ba. <ref name=":02"/> Ya yi kira da a yi watsi da lissafin kwanyar Hindu daga ma'aunin kwanyarsa na Caucasian saboda sun rage matsakaicin gabaɗaya. Akasin haka, ya haɗa da ma'aunin kwanyar Peru tare da lissafin 'yan asalin Amurka duk da cewa adadin Peru ya rage matsakaicin maki. Duk da rashin ingantattun hanyoyin Morton, aikinsa da aka buga akan ƙarfin kwanyar a cikin jinsi an ɗauke shi a matsayin mai iko a Amurka da Turai. Morton shine babban tasiri ga imanin Agassiz game da polygenism. <ref name=":02" /> John Amory Lowell ya gayyaci Agassiz ya gabatar da laccoci goma sha biyu a watan Disamba na shekarar 1846 kan batutuwa uku masu taken " ''Shirin Halitta kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Daular Dabbobi'', ''Ilimin Halitta,'' da ''Ilimin Haihuwa Mai Kwatantawa"'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Lakcar Lowell. An halarci waɗannan laccoci sosai tare da mutane har zuwa 5,000 da ke halarta a wasu dare. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> A lokacin waɗannan laccoci ne Agassiz ya sanar a karon farko cewa baƙar fata da fari suna da asali daban-daban amma suna cikin nau'in iri ɗaya. <ref name=":02"/> Agassiz ya maimaita wannan laccar watanni 10 bayan haka ga Charleston Literary Club amma ya canza matsayinsa na asali, yana mai iƙirarin cewa baƙar fata nau'in halitta ne na jiki da na jiki. <ref name=":02" /> Agassiz ya yi imani da cewa mutane ba su fito daga kakanni ɗaya ba. Ya yi imani cewa kamar shuke-shuke da dabbobi, yankuna daban-daban suna da bambancin nau'ikan mutane . Ya ɗauki wannan hasashe a matsayin abin gwaji, kuma ya dace da shaidar da ake da ita. Ya kuma nuna cewa akwai shinge a fili na ƙasa waɗanda ke iya haifar da nau'in halittu. Stephen Jay Gould ya yi ikirarin cewa lura da Agassiz ya samo asali ne daga nuna wariyar launin fata, musamman daga ƙiyayyar da ya nuna a lokacin da ya fara haɗuwa da Baƙar fata Amurkawa a Amurka. Da yake ambaton wasiƙun da Agassiz ya rubuta, Gould ya kwatanta nuna rashin son kai na Agassiz a bainar jama'a da wasiƙunsa na sirri, inda ya bayyana "haɓaka rabin nau'in" a matsayin "zunubi ga yanayi..." Da yake bayyana haɗakar fararen fata da baƙar fata, ya yi gargaɗi, "Mun riga mun yi gwagwarmaya, a ci gabanmu, game da tasirin daidaito na duniya... amma ta yaya za mu kawar da ƙyamar ƙabila mai ƙanƙanta yayin da aka taɓa barin jininta ya kwarara cikin 'ya'yanmu." Akasin haka, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da fifita ra'ayin cewa an yi wa al'umma fiye da ɗaya girma, Agassiz ya ƙi wariyar launin fata kuma ya yi imani da haɗin kai na ruhi na ɗan adam. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan labarin, Agassiz ya roƙi mai karatu ya yi la'akari da tsarin jinsi, yana ambaton "Ba'indiye mai ƙarfin hali, jarumtaka, alfahari, - yadda yake tsaye a gefen ɗan wawa, mai biyayya, mai kwaikwayi, ko kuma a gefen ɗan Mongoliya mai wayo, mai wayo, da tsoro! Shin waɗannan bayanai ba su nuna cewa bambancin launin fata ba sa kan matsayi ɗaya a yanayi ba?" Agassiz bai taɓa goyon bayan bauta ba kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ra'ayinsa game da auren mace fiye da ɗaya ba shi da alaƙa da siyasa. <ref name=":02"/> Duk da haka, ra'ayoyinsa game da auren mace fiye da ɗaya ya ƙarfafa masu goyon bayan [[Rarraba launin fata|auren mace fiye]] da ɗaya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Agassiz, Louis |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/015920/2018-03-23/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=fr}}</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, Agassiz ya yi kira da a 'yantar da bayi a matsayin hanyar hana ɓarna, yana mai jayayya cewa kafa rabuwar launin fata mai tsauri zai hana shugabannin fararen fata marasa ƙwarewa ko marasa ƙarfi daga miƙa wuya ga bautar baƙaƙen bayinsu da kuma haifar da yara masu launin fata daban-daban . <ref name=":3" /> Ba kamar [[Abraham Lincoln]] ba, wanda ya yi hasashen mayar da Baƙaƙen Amurkawa zuwa Afirka, Agassiz ya yi imanin cewa kasancewarsu a Amurka ba za a iya jurewa ba. A cewarsa, 'yantar da bayi ya kamata ya kasance tare da tsauraran dokoki waɗanda ke tabbatar da wariyar launin fata don guje wa " haifuwa " wanda ya gani a matsayin yiwuwar haifar da mutane marasa haihuwa. Kamar sauran masu goyon bayan abin da ake kira wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya, Agassiz ya taka rawa ta farko a cikin haɓaka wariyar launin fata mai tsari. <ref name=":3" /> Zargin wariyar launin fata da wariya da ake yi wa Agassiz ya sa aka sake sanya wa wurare masu muhimmanci suna, makarantu, da sauran cibiyoyi (wadanda suka yi yawa a Massachusetts) wadanda ke dauke da sunansa. Ra'ayoyi game da wadannan matakai sau da yawa suna gauraye, idan aka yi la'akari da tarihin kimiyya da ya bari a wasu fannoni, an dade ana boye wariyar launin fata a cikin bincikensa mai kyau a fannin kimiyyar halitta. A shekarar 2007, masanin tarihi na St. Gallen Hans Fässler ya yi amfani da damar cika shekaru 200 da haihuwar Agassiz don gano mummunan gefen masanin kimiyya kuma ya kafa kwamitin kasa da kasa mai suna " Rushe Louis Agassiz " wanda manufarsa ita ce sake suna ga wurare da aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin kimiyyar Switzerland domin a aika da wata alama a fili game da wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Vuilleumier |first=Marie |date=2019-06-06 |title=Pourquoi Neuchâtel ne veut plus de Louis Agassiz |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/society/figures-controvers%C3%A9es_pourquoi-neuch%C3%A2tel-ne-veut-plus-de-louis-agassiz/45014584 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=fr}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 da 2015, gwamnatin Switzerland ta amince da "tunanin wariyar launin fata", amma ta ƙi sake suna ga ƙololuwar Agassizhorn Rentyhorn, <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":4" /> duk da cewa Carlo Sommaruga ya yi iƙirarin cewa an riga an yi irin wannan sauyi a Switzerland lokacin da, bisa buƙatar Majalisar Dokoki, Majalisar Tarayya ta yanke shawara, a watan Janairun shekarar 1863, <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> ta sake suna ga Kololuwar Mafi Girma a Switzerland " Pointe Dufour " don girmama Janar kuma mai tsara ƙasa na Switzerland Guillaume Henri Dufour . Bayan Yaƙin Sonderbund, ƙasar da Dufour ya sulhunta ta amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya na Switzerland, wanda Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, <ref>Andrea Wulf, ''The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2015, p. 250</ref> ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi wajen kafa ƙasar tarayya a 1848. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Ƙungiyar Alpine ta Swiss ta ƙi soke matsayin Agassiz a matsayin memba na girmamawa, wanda ya samu a shekarar 1865 saboda aikinsa na kimiyya, saboda ƙungiyar ta yi la'akari da cewa cire Louis Agassiz daga jerin tsoffin membobin girmamawa zai zama ɓata tarihi. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Marubuci ɗan Afirka-Amurka [[James Baldwin]] ne ya fara yin nazari kan wariyar launin fata a Switzerland a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1953 zuwa Leukerbad . Ya bayyana shi a matsayin imani "mara hankali" game da fifikon al'adun fararen fata da "kabila," wanda - ba kamar a Amurka ba - bai bayyana ɓangaren tashin hankali ba saboda rashin hulɗa kai tsaye da mutanen da aka bautar ko aka yi wa mulkin mallaka . Tun daga shekarun 1960, masana ilimi da masu bincike sun yi nazari sosai kan kyamar Yahudawa da kuma [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar baƙi]] a Switzerland. <ref>Frank Leslie's new family magazine. v. 1 (1857), p. 29</ref> A watan Yunin 2019, Neuchâtel ta canza sunan Espace Louis-Agassiz, kusa da Faculty of Letters na Jami'ar Neuchâtel, zuwa Espace Tilo-Frey . <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Ita ce mutum ta farko 'yar asalin Afirka da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Ƙasa, a shekarar 1971, shekarar da masu zaɓe na Switzerland suka amince da ba wa mata ' yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a da tsayawa takara a zaɓen raba gardama . <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam [[Jami'ar Stanford|na Stanford]] ya nemi a cire mutum-mutumin Louis Agassiz daga gaban gininsa. Lokacin da wani mutum-mutumi, na Baron David de Pury, ya zama tushen muhawara a Switzerland, hukumomin Neuchâtel sun zaɓi sanya allo kuma suka ƙaddamar da gasar fasaha don ƙirƙirar aikin da ya yi hulɗa da mutum-mutumin da kuma tarihinsa. Wani alkalai na ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pap Ndiaye ya zaɓi sassaken mai zane na Geneva Mathias Pfund mai suna ''Great in the Concrete'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi sakamakon faɗuwar mutum-mutumin Agassiz a shekarar 1906, wanda aka binne kansa a cikin siminti. <ref>{{HDS|15920|author=Hans Barth, Hans Fässler|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago sun sanar da cewa za su cire sunan Agassiz daga makarantar firamare su kuma sake masa suna zuwa ga mai fafutukar kawar da gwamnati kuma mai fafutukar siyasa, [[Harriet Tubman]] . A shekarar 2022, Ƙungiyar Amintattu ta Reservations ta sake wa Agassiz Rock suna zuwa The Monoliths . == Ayyuka == * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4275 Recherches sur les poissons burbushin halittu]'' (1833-1843) * ''Tarihin Kifin Ruwa Mai Daɗi na Tsakiyar Turai'' (1839-1842) * ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100170940 Tsarin glaciers]'' (1840) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1126 Abubuwan da suka shafi burbushin halittu na mollusques]'' (1840-1845) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49761 Zoologicus mai suna]'' (1842-1846) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5752 Monographie des poissons fossiles du Vieux Gres Rouge, ko Systeme Devonien (Tsohon Red Sandstone) des Iles Britanniques et de Russie]'' (1844-1845) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/20707 Littafi Mai Tsarki Zoologiae et Geologiae]'' (1848) * (tare da AA Gould ) [[iarchive:principleszolog02goulgoog|''Ka'idojin Ilimin Dabbobi don Amfani da Makarantu da Kwalejoji'']] (Boston, 1848) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1827 Tafkin Mafi Girma: Halinsa na Jiki, Tsirrai da Dabbobi, idan aka kwatanta da na wasu yankuna da makamantansu]'' (Boston: Gould, Kendall da Lincoln, 1850) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/12644 Gudummawa ga Tarihin Halitta na Amurka]'' (Boston: Little, Brown, da Co., 1857–1862) * ''[[iarchive:geologicalsketc04agasgoog|Zane-zanen Ƙasa]]'' (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1866) * ''[[iarchive:journeyinbrazil00agas3|Tafiya a Brazil]]'' (1868) * ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/21409 De l'espèce et de la classification en zoologie]'' [ ''Essay on classification'' ] (Trans. Felix Vogeli. Paris: Bailière, 1869) * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eczaAAAAMAAJ Zane-zanen Ƙasa (Jeri na Biyu)]'' (Boston: JR Osgood, 1876) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103805/http://www.questia.com/library/book/essay-on-classification-by-louis-agassiz-edward-lurie.jsp ''Muƙala kan Rarrabawa''], ta Louis Agassiz (1962, Cambridge) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ol5k5cku26hdsu1ol6oxopz16kvkup Jayalalithaa 0 132802 967158 955411 2026-10-13T12:49:51Z Nura Bello 24854 967158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{Efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[Numerology#Indian numerology|numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Shashi Tharoor]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2002|title='Scrabble' in real life|date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|title=Chasing The Poll Stars|first=Tusha|last=Mittal|work=Tehelka|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 Fabrairu 1948 - 5 Disamba 2016), wanda aka fi sani da '''Amma''', 'yar wasan Indiya ce, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai ba da agaji wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Minista Tamil Nadu sama da shekaru goma sha huɗu tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 2016 na wa'adi shida. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban minista har zuwa mutuwarta kuma ta zama Babban Ministan mata na farko da ta mutu a ofis a Jamhuriyar Indiya. Ita ce mafi tsawo kuma tsohuwar Babban sakatare na All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Jam'iyyar Dravidian da malaminta da tsohon babban ministan Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) ya kafa. An dauki Jayalalithaa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan siyasa masu tasiri na Indiya bayan samun' yancin kai. Baya ga siyasa, a matsayin mutum na fim, ta lashe lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta jihar Tamil Nadu da kuma lambar yabo ta Filmfare ta Kudu guda uku. Jayalalithaa ta zama sananniya a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Kodayake ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da son rai ba bisa umarnin mahaifiyarta don tallafa wa iyalin, Jayalalithaa ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance a cikin fina-finai 140 tsakanin 1961 da 1980, <ref name="jjte" /> da farko a cikin yarukan Tamil, Telugu da Kannada. Jayalalithaa ta sami yabo saboda yadda ta kasance a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma kwarewarta ta rawa, inda ta sami lakabin "Sarauniyar Fim din Tamil". Daga cikin abokan aikinta na yau da kullun shine M. G. Ramachandran . A shekara ta 1982, lokacin da M. G. Ramachandran ya kasance Babban Minista, Jayalalithaa ya shiga AIADMK, jam'iyyar da ya kafa. Ta tashi a siyasa da sauri; a cikin 'yan shekaru ta zama sakatariyar farfaganda ta AIADMK kuma an zabe ta zuwa Rajya Sabha, babban gidan Majalisar dokokin Indiya. Bayan rasuwar M.G.R. a 1987, Jayalalithaa ta ayyana kanta a matsayin magajinsa na siyasa kuma, bayan ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar da gwauruwar M.G".R. ke jagoranta, V. N. Janaki Ramachandran, ta fito a matsayin shugaban AIADMK. Bayan Zaben 1989, ta zama Shugaba na adawa ga gwamnatin da DMK ke jagoranta karkashin jagorancin M. Karunanidhi, ta bête noire. A shekara ta 1991, Jayalalithaa ya zama Babban Minista a karo na farko kuma shi ne ƙarami a Tamil Nadu. Ta sami suna don hada ikon jihar tsakanin ƙungiyar ma'aikata; majalisarta ta ministoci, waɗanda sau da yawa take kewaye da su, galibi suna da bikin a yanayi. Shirin jariri mai nasara, wanda ya ba uwaye damar ba da jarirai don tallafi, ya fito ne a wannan lokacin. Duk da albashi na hukuma na rupee daya kawai a wata, Jayalalithaa ta shiga cikin nune-nunen jama'a na wadata, wanda ya kai ga bikin aure mai kyau ga ɗanta mai suna V. N. Sudhakaran (ɗan'uwan Sasikala) a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1995. A cikin Zaben 1996, an kusan shafe AIADMK a cikin tashin hankali; Jayalalithaa kanta ta rasa kujerarta. Sabuwar gwamnatin Karunanidhi ta gabatar da shari'o'in cin hanci da rashawa 28 a kanta, kuma dole ne ta kwashe lokaci a kurkuku. Ta farfado da arziki a cikin Babban zaben 1998, yayin da AIADMK ta zama babban bangare na gwamnatin Firayim Minista Atal Bihari Vajpayee ta 1998-99; janyewar goyon bayanta ya rushe shi kuma ya haifar da wani babban zabe bayan shekara guda. AIADMK ta koma mulki a shekara ta 2001, kodayake an hana Jayalalithaa kansa yin takara saboda shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 'yan watanni bayan da ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin babban minista, a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2001, an dakatar da ita daga rike mukamin kuma an tilasta ta ba da kujerar ga mai biyayya O. Panneerselvam . Bayan an wanke ta watanni shida bayan haka, Jayalalithaa ta dawo a matsayin babban minista don kammala wa'adin ta. An san ta da rashin tausayi ga abokan adawar siyasa ciki har da M. Karunanidhi, da yawa daga cikinsu an kama su a cikin hare-haren tsakar dare, gwamnatinta ta zama mara kyau. Wani lokaci (2006-11) a cikin 'yan adawa ya biyo baya, kafin a rantsar da Jayalalithaa a matsayin babban minista a karo na huɗu bayan AIADMK ta mamaye Zaben majalisa na 2011. Gwamnatinta ta sami kulawa saboda babban ajanda na jin dadin jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da kayayyaki masu suna {{Lang|ta|"Amma"}} da yawa kamar su kantin abinci, ruwan kwalliya, gishiri da siminti. Shekaru uku a cikin mulkinta, an yanke mata hukunci a cikin shari'ar da ba ta dace ba, wanda ya sa aka hana ta rike mukamin. Ta dawo a matsayin babban minista bayan an wanke ta a watan Mayu 2015. A cikin zaben majalisar dokokin 2016, ta zama babban ministan Tamil Nadu na farko tun daga M.G.R a 1984 da aka sake zabar ta a ofis. A wannan watan Satumba, ta yi rashin lafiya sosai kuma, bayan kwanaki 75 na asibiti, ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2016 saboda ciwon zuciya kuma ta zama mace ta farko a Indiya da ta mutu a ofis. Jayalalithaa bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba shi da yara.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Babban Kotun Madras ta ayyana dan uwanta, Deepak Jayakumar, da 'yar uwarta, J. Deepa, a matsayin magada ta doka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Masu sukar ta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da 'yan adawa sun zarge ta da inganta al'adar mutum da kuma neman cikakkiyar aminci daga' yan majalisa da ministocin AIADMK.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |date=21 March 2011 |title=The Road To Ammahood |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929101657/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da iyali == An haifi Jayalalithaa a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ga Jayaram da Vedavalli (Sandhya) a cikin iyalin Hindu Tamil Iyengar Brahmin a Melukote, Pandavapura taluk, gundumar Mandya, sannan a Jihar Mysore (yanzu [[Karnataka]]). Tana da ɗan'uwa, Jayakumar . <ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Kakan mahaifinta, Narasimhan Rengachary, yana aiki ne a Masarautar Mysore a matsayin likita kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan kotu ga Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV na Mysore. Kakan mahaifiyarta, Rangasamy Iyengar, ya koma Mysore daga Srirangam don yin aiki tare da Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Yana da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata uku - Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, da Padmavalli . Vedavalli ta auri Jayaram, ɗan Narasimhan Rengachary . Ma'aurata Jayaram da Vedvalli suna da 'ya'ya biyu: ɗa, Jayakumar, da 'yar, Jayalalitha . Mahaifiyarta, danginta, kuma daga baya abokan aiki da abokai sun kira ta ''Ammu''. Tana daga wannan zuriya kamar sanannun mutane kamar K. T. Bhashyam (tsohon ministan Jihar Mysore kuma [[Karnataka]]_Legislative_Council" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council">Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Mysore) da kuma sanannen lauya L. S. Raju, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarihin Jihar Mysore (yanzu Karnataka). Mahaifin Jayalalithaa, Jayaram, lauya ne amma bai taɓa aiki ba kuma ya ɓata yawancin dukiyar iyali. Ya mutu lokacin da Jayalalithaa ke da shekaru biyu. Gwauruwar Vedavalli ta koma gidan mahaifinta a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] a shekarar 1950. <ref name="outlook20110321"/> Vedavalli ya koyi taƙaitaccen rubutu da rubutu don ɗaukar matsayi na malami don taimakawa wajen tallafawa iyali a cikin 1950. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta Ambujavalli ta koma Madras, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin iska. Ta kuma fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai ta amfani da sunan allo Vidyavathy . A kan nacewar Ambujavalli, mahaifiyar Jayalalithaa, Vedavalli, ita ma ta koma Madras kuma ta zauna tare da 'yar'uwarta daga 1952. Vedavalli ya yi aiki a wani kamfani na kasuwanci a Madras kuma ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo daga 1953 a ƙarƙashin sunan allo Sandhya . Jayalalithaa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarta Padmavalli da kakannin mahaifiyarta daga 1950 zuwa 1958 a Mysore . <ref name="outlook20110321" /> Yayinda yake a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Jayalalithaa ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Bishop Cotton, Bangalore . <ref name="TNgov">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Bayan auren kawunta Padmavalli a 1958, Jayalalithaa ta koma Madras don zama tare da mahaifiyarta. Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Matriculation ta Zuciya Mai Tsarki (wanda aka fi sani da Church Park Presentation Convent ko Presentation Church Park Convent). <ref name="Ironlady">{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |title=The Iron Lady of India |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |url-status=dead |journal=The Contemporary Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Ta yi fice a makaranta kuma an ba ta tallafin gwamnati don ci gaba da ilimi.<ref name="TNgov"/> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jihar Zinare don zuwa na farko a matsayi na 10 a jihar Tamil Nadu . Daga nan sai ta shiga [[Chennai]])" id="mwxw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Stella Maris College (Chennai)">Kwalejin Stella Maris, Chennai; duk da haka, ta dakatar da karatunta saboda matsin lamba daga mahaifiyarta kuma ta zama 'yar fim.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=Exploring journey of India's women Chief Ministers: From Sucheta to Atishi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319144659/https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=23 March 2025 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7pgfc9jmqii2df8vw44axeye261gubr 967159 967158 2026-10-13T12:51:13Z Nura Bello 24854 967159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{Efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[Numerology#Indian numerology|numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Shashi Tharoor]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2002|title='Scrabble' in real life|date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|title=Chasing The Poll Stars|first=Tusha|last=Mittal|work=Tehelka|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 Fabrairu 1948 - 5 Disamba 2016), wanda aka fi sani da '''Amma''', 'yar wasan Indiya ce, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai ba da agaji wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Minista Tamil Nadu sama da shekaru goma sha huɗu tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 2016 na wa'adi shida. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban minista har zuwa mutuwarta kuma ta zama Babban Ministan mata na farko da ta mutu a ofis a Jamhuriyar Indiya. Ita ce mafi tsawo kuma tsohuwar Babban sakatare na All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Jam'iyyar Dravidian da malaminta da tsohon babban ministan Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) ya kafa. An dauki Jayalalithaa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan siyasa masu tasiri na Indiya bayan samun' yancin kai. Baya ga siyasa, a matsayin mutum na fim, ta lashe lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta jihar Tamil Nadu da kuma lambar yabo ta Filmfare ta Kudu guda uku. Jayalalithaa ta zama sananniya a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Kodayake ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da son rai ba bisa umarnin mahaifiyarta don tallafa wa iyalin, Jayalalithaa ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance a cikin fina-finai 140 tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1980, <ref name="jjte" /> da farko a cikin yarukan Tamil, Telugu da Kannada. Jayalalithaa ta sami yabo saboda yadda ta kasance a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma kwarewarta ta rawa, inda ta sami lakabin "Sarauniyar Fim din Tamil". Daga cikin abokan aikinta na yau da kullun shine M. G. Ramachandran . A shekara ta 1982, lokacin da M. G. Ramachandran ya kasance Babban Minista, Jayalalithaa ya shiga AIADMK, jam'iyyar da ya kafa. Ta tashi a siyasa da sauri; a cikin 'yan shekaru ta zama sakatariyar farfaganda ta AIADMK kuma an zabe ta zuwa Rajya Sabha, babban gidan Majalisar dokokin Indiya. Bayan rasuwar M.G.R. a 1987, Jayalalithaa ta ayyana kanta a matsayin magajinsa na siyasa kuma, bayan ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar da gwauruwar M.G".R. ke jagoranta, V. N. Janaki Ramachandran, ta fito a matsayin shugaban AIADMK. Bayan Zaben 1989, ta zama Shugaba na adawa ga gwamnatin da DMK ke jagoranta karkashin jagorancin M. Karunanidhi, ta bête noire. A shekara ta 1991, Jayalalithaa ya zama Babban Minista a karo na farko kuma shi ne ƙarami a Tamil Nadu. Ta sami suna don hada ikon jihar tsakanin ƙungiyar ma'aikata; majalisarta ta ministoci, waɗanda sau da yawa take kewaye da su, galibi suna da bikin a yanayi. Shirin jariri mai nasara, wanda ya ba uwaye damar ba da jarirai don tallafi, ya fito ne a wannan lokacin. Duk da albashi na hukuma na rupee daya kawai a wata, Jayalalithaa ta shiga cikin nune-nunen jama'a na wadata, wanda ya kai ga bikin aure mai kyau ga ɗanta mai suna V. N. Sudhakaran (ɗan'uwan Sasikala) a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1995. A cikin Zaben 1996, an kusan shafe AIADMK a cikin tashin hankali; Jayalalithaa kanta ta rasa kujerarta. Sabuwar gwamnatin Karunanidhi ta gabatar da shari'o'in cin hanci da rashawa 28 a kanta, kuma dole ne ta kwashe lokaci a kurkuku. Ta farfado da arziki a cikin Babban zaben 1998, yayin da AIADMK ta zama babban bangare na gwamnatin Firayim Minista Atal Bihari Vajpayee ta 1998-99; janyewar goyon bayanta ya rushe shi kuma ya haifar da wani babban zabe bayan shekara guda. AIADMK ta koma mulki a shekara ta 2001, kodayake an hana Jayalalithaa kansa yin takara saboda shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 'yan watanni bayan da ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin babban minista, a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2001, an dakatar da ita daga rike mukamin kuma an tilasta ta ba da kujerar ga mai biyayya O. Panneerselvam . Bayan an wanke ta watanni shida bayan haka, Jayalalithaa ta dawo a matsayin babban minista don kammala wa'adin ta. An san ta da rashin tausayi ga abokan adawar siyasa ciki har da M. Karunanidhi, da yawa daga cikinsu an kama su a cikin hare-haren tsakar dare, gwamnatinta ta zama mara kyau. Wani lokaci (2006-11) a cikin 'yan adawa ya biyo baya, kafin a rantsar da Jayalalithaa a matsayin babban minista a karo na huɗu bayan AIADMK ta mamaye Zaben majalisa na 2011. Gwamnatinta ta sami kulawa saboda babban ajanda na jin dadin jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da kayayyaki masu suna {{Lang|ta|"Amma"}} da yawa kamar su kantin abinci, ruwan kwalliya, gishiri da siminti. Shekaru uku a cikin mulkinta, an yanke mata hukunci a cikin shari'ar da ba ta dace ba, wanda ya sa aka hana ta rike mukamin. Ta dawo a matsayin babban minista bayan an wanke ta a watan Mayu 2015. A cikin zaben majalisar dokokin 2016, ta zama babban ministan Tamil Nadu na farko tun daga M.G.R a 1984 da aka sake zabar ta a ofis. A wannan watan Satumba, ta yi rashin lafiya sosai kuma, bayan kwanaki 75 na asibiti, ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2016 saboda ciwon zuciya kuma ta zama mace ta farko a Indiya da ta mutu a ofis. Jayalalithaa bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba shi da yara.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Babban Kotun Madras ta ayyana dan uwanta, Deepak Jayakumar, da 'yar uwarta, J. Deepa, a matsayin magada ta doka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Masu sukar ta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da 'yan adawa sun zarge ta da inganta al'adar mutum da kuma neman cikakkiyar aminci daga' yan majalisa da ministocin AIADMK.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |date=21 March 2011 |title=The Road To Ammahood |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929101657/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da iyali == An haifi Jayalalithaa a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ga Jayaram da Vedavalli (Sandhya) a cikin iyalin Hindu Tamil Iyengar Brahmin a Melukote, Pandavapura taluk, gundumar Mandya, sannan a Jihar Mysore (yanzu [[Karnataka]]). Tana da ɗan'uwa, Jayakumar . <ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Kakan mahaifinta, Narasimhan Rengachary, yana aiki ne a Masarautar Mysore a matsayin likita kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan kotu ga Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV na Mysore. Kakan mahaifiyarta, Rangasamy Iyengar, ya koma Mysore daga Srirangam don yin aiki tare da Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Yana da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata uku - Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, da Padmavalli . Vedavalli ta auri Jayaram, ɗan Narasimhan Rengachary . Ma'aurata Jayaram da Vedvalli suna da 'ya'ya biyu: ɗa, Jayakumar, da 'yar, Jayalalitha . Mahaifiyarta, danginta, kuma daga baya abokan aiki da abokai sun kira ta ''Ammu''. Tana daga wannan zuriya kamar sanannun mutane kamar K. T. Bhashyam (tsohon ministan Jihar Mysore kuma [[Karnataka]]_Legislative_Council" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council">Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Mysore) da kuma sanannen lauya L. S. Raju, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarihin Jihar Mysore (yanzu Karnataka). Mahaifin Jayalalithaa, Jayaram, lauya ne amma bai taɓa aiki ba kuma ya ɓata yawancin dukiyar iyali. Ya mutu lokacin da Jayalalithaa ke da shekaru biyu. Gwauruwar Vedavalli ta koma gidan mahaifinta a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] a shekarar 1950. <ref name="outlook20110321"/> Vedavalli ya koyi taƙaitaccen rubutu da rubutu don ɗaukar matsayi na malami don taimakawa wajen tallafawa iyali a cikin 1950. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta Ambujavalli ta koma Madras, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin iska. Ta kuma fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai ta amfani da sunan allo Vidyavathy . A kan nacewar Ambujavalli, mahaifiyar Jayalalithaa, Vedavalli, ita ma ta koma Madras kuma ta zauna tare da 'yar'uwarta daga 1952. Vedavalli ya yi aiki a wani kamfani na kasuwanci a Madras kuma ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo daga 1953 a ƙarƙashin sunan allo Sandhya . Jayalalithaa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarta Padmavalli da kakannin mahaifiyarta daga 1950 zuwa 1958 a Mysore . <ref name="outlook20110321" /> Yayinda yake a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Jayalalithaa ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Bishop Cotton, Bangalore . <ref name="TNgov">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Bayan auren kawunta Padmavalli a 1958, Jayalalithaa ta koma Madras don zama tare da mahaifiyarta. Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Matriculation ta Zuciya Mai Tsarki (wanda aka fi sani da Church Park Presentation Convent ko Presentation Church Park Convent). <ref name="Ironlady">{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |title=The Iron Lady of India |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |url-status=dead |journal=The Contemporary Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Ta yi fice a makaranta kuma an ba ta tallafin gwamnati don ci gaba da ilimi.<ref name="TNgov"/> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jihar Zinare don zuwa na farko a matsayi na 10 a jihar Tamil Nadu . Daga nan sai ta shiga [[Chennai]])" id="mwxw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Stella Maris College (Chennai)">Kwalejin Stella Maris, Chennai; duk da haka, ta dakatar da karatunta saboda matsin lamba daga mahaifiyarta kuma ta zama 'yar fim.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=Exploring journey of India's women Chief Ministers: From Sucheta to Atishi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319144659/https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=23 March 2025 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3lil9s564fx4b5rg9nxkxe3br3eaykk 967160 967159 2026-10-13T12:51:41Z Nura Bello 24854 967160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{Efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[Numerology#Indian numerology|numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Shashi Tharoor]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2002|title='Scrabble' in real life|date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|title=Chasing The Poll Stars|first=Tusha|last=Mittal|work=Tehelka|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 Fabrairu 1948 - 5 Disamba 2016), wanda aka fi sani da '''Amma''', 'yar wasan Indiya ce, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai ba da agaji wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Minista Tamil Nadu sama da shekaru goma sha huɗu tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 2016 na wa'adi shida. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban minista har zuwa mutuwarta kuma ta zama Babban Ministan mata na farko da ta mutu a ofis a Jamhuriyar Indiya. Ita ce mafi tsawo kuma tsohuwar Babban sakatare na All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Jam'iyyar Dravidian da malaminta da tsohon babban ministan Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) ya kafa. An dauki Jayalalithaa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan siyasa masu tasiri na Indiya bayan samun' yancin kai. Baya ga siyasa, a matsayin mutum na fim, ta lashe lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta jihar Tamil Nadu da kuma lambar yabo ta Filmfare ta Kudu guda uku. Jayalalithaa ta zama sananniya a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Kodayake ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da son rai ba bisa umarnin mahaifiyarta don tallafa wa iyalin, Jayalalithaa ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance a cikin fina-finai 140 tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1980, <ref name="jjte" /> da farko a cikin yarukan Tamil, Telugu da Kannada. Jayalalithaa ta sami yabo saboda yadda ta kasance a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma kwarewarta ta rawa, inda ta sami lakabin "Sarauniyar Fim din Tamil". Daga cikin abokan aikinta na yau da kullun shine M. G. Ramachandran . A shekara ta 1982, lokacin da M. G. Ramachandran ya kasance Babban Minista, Jayalalithaa ya shiga AIADMK, jam'iyyar da ya kafa. Ta tashi a siyasa da sauri; a cikin 'yan shekaru ta zama sakatariyar farfaganda ta AIADMK kuma an zabe ta zuwa Rajya Sabha, babban gidan Majalisar dokokin Indiya. Bayan rasuwar M.G.R. a 1987, Jayalalithaa ta ayyana kanta a matsayin magajinsa na siyasa kuma, bayan ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar da gwauruwar M.G".R. ke jagoranta, V. N. Janaki Ramachandran, ta fito a matsayin shugaban AIADMK. Bayan Zaben 1989, ta zama Shugaba na adawa ga gwamnatin da DMK ke jagoranta karkashin jagorancin M. Karunanidhi, ta bête noire. A shekara ta 1991, Jayalalithaa ya zama Babban Minista a karo na farko kuma shi ne ƙarami a Tamil Nadu. Ta sami suna don hada ikon jihar tsakanin ƙungiyar ma'aikata; majalisarta ta ministoci, waɗanda sau da yawa take kewaye da su, galibi suna da bikin a yanayi. Shirin jariri mai nasara, wanda ya ba uwaye damar ba da jarirai don tallafi, ya fito ne a wannan lokacin. Duk da albashi na hukuma na rupee daya kawai a wata, Jayalalithaa ta shiga cikin nune-nunen jama'a na wadata, wanda ya kai ga bikin aure mai kyau ga ɗanta mai suna V. N. Sudhakaran (ɗan'uwan Sasikala) a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1995. A cikin Zaben 1996, an kusan shafe AIADMK a cikin tashin hankali; Jayalalithaa kanta ta rasa kujerarta. Sabuwar gwamnatin Karunanidhi ta gabatar da shari'o'in cin hanci da rashawa 28 a kanta, kuma dole ne ta kwashe lokaci a kurkuku. Ta farfado da arziki a cikin Babban zaben 1998, yayin da AIADMK ta zama babban bangare na gwamnatin Firayim Minista Atal Bihari Vajpayee ta 1998-99; janyewar goyon bayanta ya rushe shi kuma ya haifar da wani babban zabe bayan shekara guda. AIADMK ta koma mulki a shekara ta 2001, kodayake an hana Jayalalithaa kansa yin takara saboda shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 'yan watanni bayan da ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin babban minista, a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2001, an dakatar da ita daga rike mukamin kuma an tilasta ta ba da kujerar ga mai biyayya O. Panneerselvam . Bayan an wanke ta watanni shida bayan haka, Jayalalithaa ta dawo a matsayin babban minista don kammala wa'adin ta. An san ta da rashin tausayi ga abokan adawar siyasa ciki har da M. Karunanidhi, da yawa daga cikinsu an kama su a cikin hare-haren tsakar dare, gwamnatinta ta zama mara kyau. Wani lokaci (2006-11) a cikin 'yan adawa ya biyo baya, kafin a rantsar da Jayalalithaa a matsayin babban minista a karo na huɗu bayan AIADMK ta mamaye Zaben majalisa na 2011. Gwamnatinta ta sami kulawa saboda babban ajanda na jin dadin jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da kayayyaki masu suna {{Lang|ta|"Amma"}} da yawa kamar su kantin abinci, ruwan kwalliya, gishiri da siminti. Shekaru uku a cikin mulkinta, an yanke mata hukunci a cikin shari'ar da ba ta dace ba, wanda ya sa aka hana ta rike mukamin. Ta dawo a matsayin babban minista bayan an wanke ta a watan Mayu 2015. A cikin zaben majalisar dokokin 2016, ta zama babban ministan Tamil Nadu na farko tun daga M.G.R a 1984 da aka sake zabar ta a ofis. A wannan watan Satumba, ta yi rashin lafiya sosai kuma, bayan kwanaki 75 na asibiti, ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2016 saboda ciwon zuciya kuma ta zama mace ta farko a Indiya da ta mutu a ofis. Jayalalithaa bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba shi da yara.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 2020, Babban Kotun Madras ta ayyana dan uwanta, Deepak Jayakumar, da 'yar uwarta, J. Deepa, a matsayin magada ta doka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Masu sukar ta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da 'yan adawa sun zarge ta da inganta al'adar mutum da kuma neman cikakkiyar aminci daga' yan majalisa da ministocin AIADMK.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |date=21 March 2011 |title=The Road To Ammahood |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929101657/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da iyali == An haifi Jayalalithaa a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ga Jayaram da Vedavalli (Sandhya) a cikin iyalin Hindu Tamil Iyengar Brahmin a Melukote, Pandavapura taluk, gundumar Mandya, sannan a Jihar Mysore (yanzu [[Karnataka]]). Tana da ɗan'uwa, Jayakumar . <ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Kakan mahaifinta, Narasimhan Rengachary, yana aiki ne a Masarautar Mysore a matsayin likita kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan kotu ga Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV na Mysore. Kakan mahaifiyarta, Rangasamy Iyengar, ya koma Mysore daga Srirangam don yin aiki tare da Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Yana da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata uku - Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, da Padmavalli . Vedavalli ta auri Jayaram, ɗan Narasimhan Rengachary . Ma'aurata Jayaram da Vedvalli suna da 'ya'ya biyu: ɗa, Jayakumar, da 'yar, Jayalalitha . Mahaifiyarta, danginta, kuma daga baya abokan aiki da abokai sun kira ta ''Ammu''. Tana daga wannan zuriya kamar sanannun mutane kamar K. T. Bhashyam (tsohon ministan Jihar Mysore kuma [[Karnataka]]_Legislative_Council" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council">Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Mysore) da kuma sanannen lauya L. S. Raju, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarihin Jihar Mysore (yanzu Karnataka). Mahaifin Jayalalithaa, Jayaram, lauya ne amma bai taɓa aiki ba kuma ya ɓata yawancin dukiyar iyali. Ya mutu lokacin da Jayalalithaa ke da shekaru biyu. Gwauruwar Vedavalli ta koma gidan mahaifinta a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] a shekarar 1950. <ref name="outlook20110321"/> Vedavalli ya koyi taƙaitaccen rubutu da rubutu don ɗaukar matsayi na malami don taimakawa wajen tallafawa iyali a cikin 1950. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta Ambujavalli ta koma Madras, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin iska. Ta kuma fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai ta amfani da sunan allo Vidyavathy . A kan nacewar Ambujavalli, mahaifiyar Jayalalithaa, Vedavalli, ita ma ta koma Madras kuma ta zauna tare da 'yar'uwarta daga 1952. Vedavalli ya yi aiki a wani kamfani na kasuwanci a Madras kuma ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo daga 1953 a ƙarƙashin sunan allo Sandhya . Jayalalithaa ta kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarta Padmavalli da kakannin mahaifiyarta daga 1950 zuwa 1958 a Mysore . <ref name="outlook20110321" /> Yayinda yake a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Jayalalithaa ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Bishop Cotton, Bangalore . <ref name="TNgov">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Bayan auren kawunta Padmavalli a 1958, Jayalalithaa ta koma Madras don zama tare da mahaifiyarta. Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Matriculation ta Zuciya Mai Tsarki (wanda aka fi sani da Church Park Presentation Convent ko Presentation Church Park Convent). <ref name="Ironlady">{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |title=The Iron Lady of India |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |url-status=dead |journal=The Contemporary Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Ta yi fice a makaranta kuma an ba ta tallafin gwamnati don ci gaba da ilimi.<ref name="TNgov"/> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jihar Zinare don zuwa na farko a matsayi na 10 a jihar Tamil Nadu . Daga nan sai ta shiga [[Chennai]])" id="mwxw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Stella Maris College (Chennai)">Kwalejin Stella Maris, Chennai; duk da haka, ta dakatar da karatunta saboda matsin lamba daga mahaifiyarta kuma ta zama 'yar fim.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=Exploring journey of India's women Chief Ministers: From Sucheta to Atishi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319144659/https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=23 March 2025 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] asee21ctrnztixxc3nzu75r1erv2iu8 David Puth 0 137520 967222 781704 2026-10-13T16:21:54Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 967222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Puth''' Wani babban jami'in harkokin kuɗi ne na [[Amurka]] wanda ya riƙe manyan mukamai a kamfanonin ayyukan kuɗi da dama. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Partners Capital . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thompsett |first=Louis |date=2024-10-15 |title=Ripple launches RLUSD stablecoin with global exchange partners |url=https://fintechmagazine.com/articles/ripple-unveils-rlusd-stablecoin-with-exchange-partners |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=fintechmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na hukumar USD Coin (USDC), Centre daga 2020 har zuwa lokacin da Circle ta karɓe Centre. Tsakanin 1988 da 2007, ya yi aiki a JP Morgan inda ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci a duniya. Puth tsohon memba ne na Kwamitin Musayar Kuɗi na Tarayya ta New York, Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa na Bankin Ingila kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar Masu Shiga Kasuwar Bank of International Settlements inda ya jagoranci gudummawar kasuwar musayar kuɗi ta ƙasashen waje (FX) don haɓaka ƙa'idar ɗabi'a guda ɗaya ta duniya da ta shafi kasuwar FX. Puth memba ne na Kwamitin Musayar Kuɗi na Ƙasashen Waje, wanda Bankin Tarayya na New York ya ɗauki nauyinsa, wanda ya shugabanta daga 1992 zuwa 2002. <ref> name="Trade">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Joel |date=August 15, 2012 |title=CLS Group hires JP Morgan veteran as chief executive |url=https://www.fx-markets.com/risk-management/settlement-risk/2198963/cls-hires-jp-morgan-veteran-as-chief-executive |website=www.fx-markets.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Puth ya yi karatun Kimiyyar Siyasa da Gwamnati a Jami'ar Tufts da ke [[Boston]], inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 1979. == Sana'a == Puth ya yi aiki a JP Morgan daga 1988 zuwa 2007, <ref> name="Trade">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Joel |date=August 15, 2012 |title=CLS Group hires JP Morgan veteran as chief executive |url=https://www.fx-markets.com/risk-management/settlement-risk/2198963/cls-hires-jp-morgan-veteran-as-chief-executive |website=www.fx-markets.com}}</ref> inda ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci na duniya tare da kula da FX na bankin, abubuwan da suka samo asali daga ƙimar riba, kayayyaki da kasuwancin kasuwanni masu tasowa. Ya riƙe manyan mukamai da dama a bankin, ciki har da Shugaban Kuɗi da Kayayyaki na Duniya har zuwa ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2006. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa na JP Morgan Chase. A shekarar 2008, Puth ya shiga State Street a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Zartarwa kuma Shugaban Kasuwannin Duniya inda ya kula da bincike kan tallace-tallace, ciniki da saka hannun jari a fannoni daban-daban na kadarori. Haka kuma ya kasance mai alhakin Currenex, sashin dillalan musayar kuɗi ta lantarki na State Street. Puth ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa (Shugaba) kuma Darakta a CLS Group daga 2012 zuwa 2018. CLS wani tsari ne na musamman na kuɗi wanda ke ba da ayyukan sulhu ga membobinta a kasuwar musayar kuɗi don rage haɗarin sulhu . <ref>{{cite news |last=Abdel-Qader |first=Aziz |date=September 18, 2018 |title=David Puth to Resign as CEO of CLS Group |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/executives/moves/david-puth-to-resign-as-ceo-of-cls-group/ |website=Finance Magnates}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Puth ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar mahalarta kasuwar don tsara Dokar Da'a ta Bankin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Duniya don kasuwar musayar kuɗi ta ƙasashen waje. A wannan matsayin, shi ne ke da alhakin jagorantar mahalarta kasuwar don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ta son rai ga duk mahalarta kasuwar musayar kuɗi ta waje. An buga Dokar kashi biyu, na farko a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2016 da na biyu a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2017. <ref>{{cite news |last=Abdel-Qader |first=Aziz |date=September 18, 2018 |title=David Puth to Resign as CEO of CLS Group |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/executives/moves/david-puth-to-resign-as-ceo-of-cls-group/ |website=Finance Magnates}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Puth a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa (Shugaba) a Cibiyar a shekarar 2020 har sai da Circle (kamfanin) ta karɓe shi a shekarar 2023. == Aikin agaji == Puth memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa kuma yana jagorantar kwamitin bincike da kuɗi na Gidauniyar Robin Hood . Shi ne kuma amintaccen Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani da ke Boston. Haka kuma yana aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na RLUSD, stablecoin da kamfanin fintech Ripple ya ƙirƙira. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thompsett |first=Louis |date=2024-10-15 |title=Ripple launches RLUSD stablecoin with global exchange partners |url=https://fintechmagazine.com/articles/ripple-unveils-rlusd-stablecoin-with-exchange-partners |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=fintechmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qmgau8hrguk3kldl8uuqaxmctjuwjk0 Leslie Barlow 0 139703 967188 828193 2026-10-13T14:17:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Justice_for_George_Mural.jpg|thumb|Zane mai bango da Leslie Barlow ta ƙirƙira a Minneapolis, MN, a shekarar 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin Creatives After Curfew game da kisan George Floyd.]] '''Leslie Barlow''' 'yar Amurka ce mai zane-zane a Minneapolis, Minnesota, wacce ta fi mayar da hankali kan zane-zane da ke tattauna jigogi na al'adu daban-daban, asali, da iyali. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MFA Student Profile: Leslie Barlow |url=https://mcad.edu/features/mfa-student-profile-leslie-barlow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619003924/https://mcad.edu/features/mfa-student-profile-leslie-barlow |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=mcad.edu |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa an fi sanin Barlow da zanen mai, tana kuma aiki da kayan aikin sadarwa iri-iri, ciki har da canja wurin hotuna da zane-zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Leslie Barlow kuma ta girma a Kudancin Minneapolis kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu maso Yamma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MFA Student Profile: Leslie Barlow |url=https://mcad.edu/features/mfa-student-profile-leslie-barlow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619003924/https://mcad.edu/features/mfa-student-profile-leslie-barlow |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=mcad.edu |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200619003924/https://mcad.edu/features/mfa-student-profile-leslie-barlow "MFA Student Profile: Leslie Barlow"]. ''mcad.edu''. Archived from [https://mcad.edu/features/mfa-student-profile-leslie-barlow the original] on 2020-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta sami digirinta na farko a Fasahar Zane-zane ta Studio tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> da kuma ƙaramar digiri a Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Stout a 2011. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta riƙe matsayin ɗalibi mai horo da kuma mai ba da agaji a cibiyar zane-zane ta zamani da ke Minneapolis The Soap Factory. Barlow ta ci gaba da samun digirinta na biyu a fannin zane-zane daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Minneapolis a fannin Zane da Zane a 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Kate |date=2016-11-30 |title=Trailblazers 2016: Leslie Barlow |url=https://growlermag.com/trailblazers-2016-leslie-barlow/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515042938/https://growlermag.com/trailblazers-2016-leslie-barlow/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Growler Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Colbert |first=Harry |date=2019-03-19 |title=Leslie Barlow examines ethnicity in the family dynamic in new collection |url=https://www.insightnews.com/aesthetics/leslie-barlow-examines-ethnicity-in-the-family-dynamic-in-new-collection/article_cc6b96ac-4a7c-11e9-8d26-7f438cc27084.html |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=Insight News |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Minneapolis, Barlow ta yi wani baje kolin ayyukanta, mai taken ''Love,'' kuma an nuna ayyukanta a wurare kamar filin wasa na bankin Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> Barlow tana amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban don ƙirƙirar kayanta, tun daga ayyukan da aka yi da fenti kawai zuwa ga kayan watsa labarai iri-iri waɗanda ke amfani da kayayyaki daban-daban, kamar yadda take "tsara zane da bangarori tare da zane-zanen yadudduka waɗanda ke bayyana ta cikin siffofinta..." <ref name="Regan">{{Cite web |last=Regan |first=Sheila |date=2017-03-10 |title=The Artist Painting Intimate Portraits of Interracial Love |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/leslie-barlow-loving-paintings/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Vice |language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin Barlow ya mayar da hankali kan jigogi na launin fata, jinsi, jima'i, da iyali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> Waɗannan sun bayyana sosai a cikin babban baje kolinta na farko, ''Love'', wanda ke magance tambayoyi da suka shafi duk waɗannan jigogi daban-daban. <ref name="startribune.com">{{Cite web |title=Interracial families are focus of buzzworthy painter's new Minneapolis show |url=http://www.startribune.com/interracial-families-are-focus-of-buzzworthy-painter-s-new-minneapolis-show/414629373/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Star Tribune |archive-date=2019-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515042938/http://www.startribune.com/interracial-families-are-focus-of-buzzworthy-painter-s-new-minneapolis-show/414629373/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zane-zane == An haifi Barlow a cikin gidan da ke da bambancin launin fata daban-daban, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan mutum da labaran da suka shafi asali da al'adu daban-daban. <ref name=":0"/> Aikin Barlow yana cikin tarin dindindin na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Minneapolis ; Gidan Tarihi na Weisman ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Amurka na Minnesota ; Tarin Fasaha na Minnesota Vikings ; da Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Minnesota . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> === ''Mai ƙauna'' === [[Fayil:Liberation_Mural.jpg|thumb|Masu zane-zane Taylan DeJohnette da Maiya Lea Hartman ne suka zana wani zane a bango a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Creatives After Curfew wanda Leslie Barlow, Studio 400, da Public Functionary suka shirya don mayar da martani ga kisan da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi wa Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka.]] An ƙirƙiri wani aiki na Barlow na 2017, ''mai suna Loving,'' don tattauna dangantakar launin fata tsakanin kabilu shekaru 50 bayan shari'ar kotu mai suna Loving v. Virginia, wacce shari'a ce ta Kotun Koli ta Amurka wadda ta haramta wa jihohi hana auren launin fata tsakanin kabilu. Barlow kuma yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar launin fata tsakanin kabilu a gwamnatin Trump. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> <ref name="startribune.com"/> An nuna Barlow's ''Loving'' a wani baje koli a Public Functionary da ke Minneapolis a watan Maris na 2017. <ref name="startribune.com" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> Baje kolin ya ƙunshi hotuna 10 na ma'aurata masu launin fata daban-daban waɗanda ba a cika nuna su a cikin hoton mai ba . <ref name="Regan"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Kate |date=2016-11-30 |title=Trailblazers 2016: Leslie Barlow |url=https://growlermag.com/trailblazers-2016-leslie-barlow/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515042938/https://growlermag.com/trailblazers-2016-leslie-barlow/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Growler Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> An zaɓi Barlow daga cikin wasu mawakan gida 34 don ƙirƙirar zane-zane da Minnesota Vikings suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su don buɗe filin wasa na US Bank, inda Barlow ya ƙirƙiri manyan hotuna 6 na tsoffin 'yan wasan Vikings. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka == Barlow, tare da Ryan Stopera, Mackenzie Owens, da kuma mutane 30 ko fiye da Baƙaƙe da 'Yan Asalin ƙasar da aka zana zane-zane masu launi a kan harkokin kasuwanci da aka gina a cikin Twin Cities a cikin makonnin da aka yi ana rikicin farar hula bayan kisan George Floyd . Ƙungiyar, ƙarƙashin taken #creativesaftercurfew, ta tara kuɗi don fenti da kayayyaki ta hanyar gudummawar mutum ɗaya da tallafin kasuwanci da tallafi kamar Wet Paint, Blick Art Materials, da Graves Foundation. Sun kammala zane-zane a Fallout Arts da ke Minneapolis kuma suna shirin kammala ƙarin a kamfanoni sama da 20 mallakar BIPOC . == Kyaututtuka == * Ɗan Wasan McKnight na 2019 don Masu Zane-zane na gani <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> * 2019 20/20 Springboard Artist Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Barlow, Leslie Barlow ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/140155/ellen-barlow-leslie-barlow |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Mawakan Jerome Hill ta 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Kate |date=2016-11-30 |title=Trailblazers 2016: Leslie Barlow |url=https://growlermag.com/trailblazers-2016-leslie-barlow/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515042938/https://growlermag.com/trailblazers-2016-leslie-barlow/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Growler Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mawaki Mai Tunawa da Bikin Baje Kolin Jihar Minnesota na 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Colbert |first=Harry |date=2019-03-19 |title=Leslie Barlow examines ethnicity in the family dynamic in new collection |url=https://www.insightnews.com/aesthetics/leslie-barlow-examines-ethnicity-in-the-family-dynamic-in-new-collection/article_cc6b96ac-4a7c-11e9-8d26-7f438cc27084.html |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=Insight News |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai == * 2021 - ''Cikin, Tsakanin, da Bayan haka'', [https://new.artsmia.org/exhibition/leslie-barlow-within-between-and-beyond/ Cibiyar Fasaha ta Minneapolis]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Minnesota]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6saebu398ekeky37zzsiot2o18rax68 Darakta Pink 0 141327 967363 910426 2026-10-13T22:12:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362186650|Director Pink]]" 967363 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da Daraktan Pink, shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, [1] mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. [2] Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft Simi da "Abracadabra".[3][4] Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.[5] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft [[Zinoleesky]] |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazara == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1g5spcq29qzden7sgomkjj01oih5jfw 967365 967363 2026-10-13T22:13:37Z Salma Raddah 45959 967365 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Databox}} Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da Daraktan Pink, shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, [1] mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. [2] Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft Simi da "Abracadabra".[3][4] Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.[5] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch 'Lady Koi Koi,' A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft [[Zinoleesky]] |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya == Manazara == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gayamfzcjkiqxgm3av5vhnmfvp1cz9n Lola McEvoy 0 142587 967256 892455 2026-10-13T17:35:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura Marie Keough McEvoy''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1987) 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya wacce ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Darlington tun daga shekarar 2024 . A halin yanzu McEvoy yana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar ci gaban ma'aikata, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Geraldine |date=2024-12-04 |title=Make voters feel richer or lose like the Democrats, Keir Starmer told |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/keir-starmer-democrats-harris-defeat-rxx6nw953 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta dukkan jam'iyyu kan dabarun masana'antu kuma sakataren majalisar dokoki ne na Sakataren Harkokin Al'adu, Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Wasanni . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=List of parliamentary private secretaries |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/list-of-parliamentary-private-secretaries-pps-november-2025 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi McEvoy a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1987. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin jinya ne mai kula da marasa lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2nd Reading in the House of Commons |url=https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/mp/lola-mcevoy/bill/2024-26/terminallyilladultsendoflife |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Parallel Parliament |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a asibitin North Tees, mahaifiyarta kuma malamar makaranta ce a Kwalejin Carmel, Darlington . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Darlington General Election 2024: Q&A with Labour candidate Lola McEvoy |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/24412400.darlington-mp-candidates-q-labours-lola-mcevoy/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=The Northern Echo |language=en}}</ref> McEvoy ta girma ne a titin North Road da ke Darlington kuma ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar yara ta George Dent, makarantar firamare ta St Augustine da kuma kwalejin Carmel. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Alexa |date=2012-11-21 |title=Back from the Obama campaign trail |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/darlington/10061760.back-obama-campaign-trail/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Northern Echo |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-04-19 |title=QE Politics Students Meet Darlington's Labour Candidate |url=https://qeliz.inicioacademies.org.uk/qe-politics-students-meet-darlingtons-labour-candidate/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na shida na Sarauniya Elizabeth kafin ta kammala digiri na biyu na Fasaha (MA) a fannin Jarida ta Multimedia a Jami'ar Newcastle . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lola McEvoy MP |url=https://policymogul.com/stakeholders/16307/lola-mcevoy |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=Policy Mogul}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Contributor: Lola McEvoy |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/lola-mcevoy |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> McEvoy ta fara aikinta a shekarar 2010 tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisar dokoki ga Jenny Chapman, tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Darlington. Ta kuma yi aikin sa kai a yakin neman sake tsayawa takarar Shugaba Barack Obama a shekarar 2012. [1] Aikin McEvoy na farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan fafutukar neman albashi mai kyau, adalci a wurin aiki da kuma inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikata a ƙungiyoyi kamar Gidauniyar Living Wage da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta GMB . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duncan-Duggal |first=Ben |date=2024-07-05 |title=Darlington general election result: meet new MP Lola McEvoy |url=https://labourlist.org/2024/07/darlington-general-election-result-lola-mcevoy/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB}}</ref> A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], McEvoy ta sami alkawurra daga manyan kamfanoni da dama don inganta sharuɗɗan albashin ma'aikata. Ta kuma goyi bayan ƙoƙarin fallasa iyakokin albashin marasa lafiya na doka kuma ta yi kamfen don samun daidaito ga ma'aikatan NHS da ke aiki a ƙasashen waje, wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga zaɓuɓɓuka masu wahala da yawa da ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi ke fuskanta tsakanin lafiya da asarar kuɗin shiga a lokacin rikicin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-21 |title=Carers asked to move into care homes for 'weeks' for no extra pay to tackle coronavirus |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-04-21/itv-news-exclusive-carers-being-asked-to-move-into-care-homes-to-tackle-covid-19-coronavirus |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == [[Fayil:Lola_McEvoy_constituency_office,_Houndgate,_Darlington_(21st_November_2025).jpg|left|thumb|Ofishin mazabar a Darlington]] A babban zaɓen 2017, McEvoy ta tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour na Penrith da The Border, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Rory Stewart da kashi 26.2% na ƙuri'un. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Hollie |date=2024-02-13 |title=Who are Teesside's would-be Labour MPs? |url=https://northeastbylines.co.uk/news/politics/who-are-teessides-would-be-labour-mps/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=North East Bylines |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta samu ƙaruwar kashi 11.8%. Kafin babban zaɓen 2024, an zaɓi McEvoy a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Labour a Darlington . An zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa da kashi 39.2% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa da kuma rinjayen 2,298. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l9vire1tezaf4eu9zl93gqho9rryfhf Edith Heard 0 144342 967400 954613 2026-10-13T23:19:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edith Heard''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) CMG, FRS, MAE <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2013 |title=Professor Edith Heard FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/edith-heard-11603/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133637/https://royalsociety.org/people/edith-heard-11603/ |archive-date=2016-03-05 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=September 25, 2015 }}}}</ref> ita ce mai bincike na Burtaniya da Faransanci a fannin epigenetics wanda ya zama Shugaba na Cibiyar Francis Crick a London, Burtaniya a 2025, bayan da ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) tun daga watan Janairun 2019. Har ila yau Farfesa ce a Collège de France, tana riƙe da Shugaban Epigenetics da Cellular Memory . Daga 2010 zuwa 2018, Heard ya kasance Darakta na Sashen Genetics da Ci gaban Biology a Cibiyar Curie (Paris) , Faransa. An san Heard da karatunta na X-chromosome-inactivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narita |first=M. |last2=Nuñez |first2=S. |last3=Heard |first3=E. |last4=Narita |first4=M. |last5=Lin |first5=A. W. |last6=Hearn |first6=S. A. |last7=Spector |first7=D. L. |last8=Hannon |first8=G. J. |last9=Lowe |first9=S. W. |year=2003 |title=Rb-Mediated Heterochromatin Formation and Silencing of E2F Target Genes during Cellular Senescence |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2003-06-13_113_6/page/703 |journal=Cell |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=703–16 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00401-X |pmid=12809602 |s2cid=762586 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heard |first=E. |last2=Clerc |first2=P. |last3=Avner |first3=P. |year=1997 |title=X-Chromosome Inactivation in Mammals |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |volume=31 |pages=571–610 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.571 |pmid=9442908}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Heard |first=E. |last2=Rougeulle |first2=C. |last3=Arnaud |first3=D. |last4=Avner |first4=P. |last5=Allis |first5=C. D. |last6=Spector |first6=D. L. |year=2001 |title=Methylation of Histone H3 at Lys-9 is an Early Mark on the X Chromosome during X Inactivation |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2001-12-14_107_6/page/727 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=727–738 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00598-0 |pmid=11747809 |s2cid=10124177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimi == Heard ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar halitta (Genetics) daga Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin dalibi na Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge, ta kammala a shekarar 1986. An ba ta PhD daga Kwalejin Imperial ta London don bincike kan fadada kwayar halitta a cikin sel na bera a cikin 1990 yayin da take aiki a Laboratory na Asusun Bincike na Ciwon daji na Imperial a London, Burtaniya. == Ayyuka da bincike == Babban fannonin binciken Heard sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, epigenetics da ilmin halitta na ci gaba, <ref name="mae">{{Cite web |title=Edith Heard |url=http://www.ae-info.org/ae/User/Heard_Edith |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173448/http://www.ae-info.org/ae/User/Heard_Edith |archive-date=2013-11-10 |publisher=The Academy of Europe}}</ref> musamman mai da hankali kan Rashin aiki na X-chromosome, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da daya daga cikin kwafin X chromosomes a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ya zama mara aiki. Ayyukanta a kan wannan tsari sun fara ne a cikin shekarun 1990 a lokacin da ta kammala karatun digiri a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Philip Avner a Cibiyar Pasteur. Bayan ta shiga CNRS, ta ci gaba da aiki a kan X inactivation, tana yin nazarin aiki a kan cibiyar X-inactivation da ke tsara farawa na X inactivated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heard |first=Edith |last2=Mongelard |first2=Fabien |last3=Arnaud |first3=Danielle |last4=Avner |first4=Philip |date=April 1999 |title=Xist Yeast Artificial Chromosome Transgenes Function as X-Inactivation Centers Only in Multicopy Arrays and Not as Single Copies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.4.3156 |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=3156–3166 |doi=10.1128/mcb.19.4.3156 |issn=0270-7306 |pmc=84109 |pmid=10082582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heard |first=E |date=1996-04-01 |title=Transgenic mice carrying an Xist-containing YAC |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=441–450 |doi=10.1093/hmg/5.4.441 |issn=1460-2083 |pmid=8845836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Heard ta shafe shekara guda a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a ƙungiyar David Spector a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory inda ta gano wasu canje-canjen chromatin na farko a cikin tsarin X-inactivation. <ref>{{Cite web |last=EMBL |title=Director General |url=https://embl.org/governance/director-general/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827083708/https://www.embl.org/governance/director-general/ |archive-date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=embl.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Heard |first=E. |last2=Rougeulle |first2=C. |last3=Arnaud |first3=D. |last4=Avner |first4=P. |last5=Allis |first5=C. D. |last6=Spector |first6=D. L. |year=2001 |title=Methylation of Histone H3 at Lys-9 is an Early Mark on the X Chromosome during X Inactivation |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=727–738 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00598-0 |pmid=11747809 |s2cid=10124177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Heard ta kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje nata a Cibiyar Curie a shekara ta 2001. Daga cikin gudummawarta, ƙungiyar ta nuna cewa rashin aiki na X-chromosome ya faru ba sau ɗaya ba, amma sau biyu, yayin ci gaba: na farko a cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin da aka tsara don gina placenta, sannan kuma a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta da aka aika don gina tayin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okamoto |first=I. |date=2004-01-30 |title=Epigenetic Dynamics of Imprinted X Inactivation During Early Mouse Development |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092727 |journal=Science |volume=303 |issue=5658 |pages=644–649 |bibcode=2004Sci...303..644O |doi=10.1126/science.1092727 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=14671313 |s2cid=26326026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heard |first=Edith |year=2013 |title=We can't undo what our parents have given us in terms of our genes' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/23/rational-heroes-edith-heard-epigenetics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225220938/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/23/rational-heroes-edith-heard-epigenetics |archive-date=2016-12-25 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chow |first=J. |last2=Heard |first2=E. |year=2009 |title=X inactivation and the complexities of silencing a sex chromosome |journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=359–366 |doi=10.1016/j.ceb.2009.04.012 |pmid=19477626}}</ref> Heard ya haɓaka dabarun tantanin halitta guda ɗaya waɗanda ke ba da damar nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan sun haifar da daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta gano, wanda ke nuna cewa X-inactivation tsari ne mai matukar ƙarfi a lokacin farkon embryogenesis kuma yana nuna manyan bambance-bambance a cikin dabarun X-inaactivation a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa daban-daban, daga linzamin kwamfuta zuwa mutum. Heard ya kuma yi aikin farko yana nuna cewa ban da gyare-gyaren epigenetic, ƙungiyar chromosome da rarraba nukiliya muhimman 'yan wasa ne a cikin farawa da kiyayewa na X.<ref name="royal">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2013 |title=Professor Edith Heard FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/edith-heard-11603/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133637/https://royalsociety.org/people/edith-heard-11603/ |archive-date=2016-03-05 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=September 25, 2015 }}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okamoto |first=Ikuhiro |last2=Patrat |first2=Catherine |last3=Thépot |first3=Dominique |last4=Peynot |first4=Nathalie |last5=Fauque |first5=Patricia |last6=Daniel |first6=Nathalie |last7=Diabangouaya |first7=Patricia |last8=Wolf |first8=Jean-Philippe |last9=Renard |first9=Jean-Paul |last10=Duranthon |first10=Véronique |last11=Heard |first11=Edith |date=2011-04-06 |title=Eutherian mammals use diverse strategies to initiate X-chromosome inactivation during development |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09872 |journal=Nature |volume=472 |issue=7343 |pages=370–374 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..370O |doi=10.1038/nature09872 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=21471966 |s2cid=121019}}</ref> Godiya ga karatun da suka yi a cibiyar X-inactivation, ƙungiyar Heard ta kuma bayyana kasancewar Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) tare da haɗin gwiwar Job Dekker.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora |first=Elphège P. |last2=Lajoie |first2=Bryan R. |last3=Schulz |first3=Edda G. |last4=Giorgetti |first4=Luca |last5=Okamoto |first5=Ikuhiro |last6=Servant |first6=Nicolas |last7=Piolot |first7=Tristan |last8=van Berkum |first8=Nynke L. |last9=Meisig |first9=Johannes |last10=Sedat |first10=John |last11=Gribnau |first11=Joost |date=2012-04-11 |title=Spatial partitioning of the regulatory landscape of the X-inactivation centre |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11049 |journal=Nature |volume=485 |issue=7398 |pages=381–385 |bibcode=2012Natur.485..381N |doi=10.1038/nature11049 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=3555144 |pmid=22495304 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Heard ta kasance farfesa a Collège de France, tana riƙe da Shugaban Epigenetics da Cellular Memory, kuma daga 2010 zuwa 2018 ta kasance darakta na sashen Genetics da Developmental Biology a Institut Curie a Paris . [1] Ita da dakin gwaje-gwaje sun koma EMBL a shekarar 2019. A cikin 2016, Heard ya shiga cikin kafa shirin Gwamnatin Faransa don tallafawa masana kimiyya da aka rasa ta hanyar yaki ko rikici - Shirin Taimako ga Baƙi na gaggawa na Masana kimiyya a gudun hijira (PAUSE). [2] A watan Yunin 2017, an sanar da nadin Heard a matsayin Darakta Janar na biyar na European Molecular Biology Laboratory, kuma ta hau mulki a watan Janairun 2019. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kimiyya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) tun daga 2021. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mgymxakro5d0ix2v8d34l10lakw99xt Lashrecse 0 147183 967138 841669 2026-10-13T12:36:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Lashrecse Dianna Aird / ˌla. ʃəˈɹis / (née Jones ; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986) ɗan siyasa ne na Amurka ɗan Democrat wanda ya wakilci Gundumar 63 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia daga 2016 zuwa 2022. Gundumar ta haɗa da Gundumar Dinwiddie da birnin Petersburg da kuma wasu sassan gundumomin Chesterfield da Prince George . Aird ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Dokoki na Gabaɗaya, Lafiya, Jin Daɗi da Cibiyoyi, da kuma Kwamitocin Raba Kuɗi. A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe ta don wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia bayan ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da kuma babban zaɓen da ya biyo baya. == Sana'a == An haifi Aird a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lashrecse Aird's Biography |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/156437/lashrecse-aird |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=[[Vote Smart]]}}</ref> A lokacin da take karatun Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, Aird ta haɗu da Rosalyn Dance, wacce ta gayyace ta ta nemi aikin horon aiki tare da ofishinta. Aird ta yi horon aiki da Dance a duk lokacin kwaleji kuma ta yi aiki da Dance a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa bayan kwaleji. Lokacin da Dance ta tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar a shekarar 2015, Aird ta yi takara don cike gurbin kujerarta a Majalisar Wakilai. Ita ce mace mafi ƙaranci da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia . A shekarar 2016, Aird ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Aird Speaks About Representing Virginia at Electoral College Vote |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826185544/https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Kakakin Jam'iyyar Republican William J. Howell ya naɗa Aird a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-16 |title=Aird Appointed to House Appropriations Committee |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826184404/https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aird shine Shugaban Kwamitin Dimokuradiyya na Gundumar Majalisa ta 4, wanda ke kula da kwamitocin Democrat na gida a yankin da ke tsakanin Hampton Roads da Richmond. Aird kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=State Steering Committee |url=https://vademocrats.org/your-party/state-steering-committee/}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Aird a Hukumar Farfaɗo da Yankin Taba ta Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Delegate Aird Appointed to Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826035632/https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta yi aiki tare da shugabannin yankin, 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia don samun dala $25.&nbsp;zuba jarin miliyoyin kuɗi daga Civica Rx don faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar su a Petersburg, Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-05 |title=AMPAC Fine Chemicals to expand Petersburg operation with $25M investment |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826143044/https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Kim Taylor, 'yar kasuwa 'yar Republican, ta sha kaye da kyar a zabenta na gaba . A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 a Virginia . Sanatocin jihar Jennifer Boysko, Ghazala Hashmi, Barbara Favola, Janet Howell, Mamie Locke, da Louise Lucas sun goyi bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Sen. Joe Morrissey slammed by 6 fellow Democrats for 'destructive' behavior |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sen-joe-morrissey-slammed-6-161000884.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da Joe Morrissey mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 40%. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lashrecse Aird ta kayar da Eric Ditri a babban zaɓen majalisar dattawa na gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia . Ta hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2024. == Matsayin siyasa == A shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2005 wadda ta faɗaɗa cancantar samun taimako na wucin gadi ga iyalai mabukata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2005 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2005 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2317 wadda ta kafa tsarin tsaro inda iyaye za su iya neman kasancewar jami'in tsaro yayin musayar 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2317 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2317 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aird ta haɗu da Luke Torian a matsayin babban mai tallafawa kan HB 1250, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta Al'umma ta Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HB 1250 Virginia Community Policing Act; data collection and reporting requirement. House patrons |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1250 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Kafin shekarar 2020, ba a buƙaci ma'aikata a Commonwealth of Virginia su ba wa ma'aikatansu takardu da ke nuna adadin sa'o'in da suka yi aiki ko kuma yadda aka ƙididdige jimillar albashin da aka biya ba. A lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokoki na 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 689 wanda yanzu ya tilasta wa ma'aikata su samar da takardun albashi ga ma'aikatansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB689 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Haka kuma a lokacin zaman 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 757, wanda ke kula da binciken bayanan laifuka ga ma'aikata masu zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB757 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB757&201+sum+HB757 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Aird ta zartar da HB 690 wanda ya soke haramcin ƙara adadin Taimakon Wucin Gadi ga Iyalai Masu Bukata (TANF) da iyali ke samu bayan haihuwar ɗa a lokacin cancantar TANF. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB690 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB690 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Aird ya haɗu da Christopher Collins na Republican a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kamfani a kan HB 2655 wanda ya kafa Shirin Gwaji na Korar Ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2655 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2655 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A lokacin zaman 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan dokar HB 1864 (wanda kuma aka sani da dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Virginia) wadda ta faɗaɗa ma'anar "ma'aikaci" don haɗawa da mutanen da ke ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida aiki. Dokar ta kuma haramta wariya a wurin aiki bisa ga launin fata, addini, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, nakasa, da sauran dalilai. === Ilimi === [[Fayil:Aird_with_children_LR_JHWL2243.jpg|thumb|Aird ta ziyarci wani shiri na bayan makaranta a Petersburg, Virginia a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2021]] Aird ta ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ilimi ta hanyar dokoki da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi ga tsarin makarantu a gundumarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Press Release: Delegate Aird Delivers Remarks at Dinwiddie High School |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826152623/https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Aird ta gabatar da wani gyara a kasafin kudi domin kara kudaden da za a kashe wajen shirin karawa masu fama da matsalar hadari a jihar, wanda zai kara yawan kudaden da jihar ke kashewa ga makarantu masu karancin kudin shiga. A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Jennifer McClellan don sake gabatar da doka don buƙatar jihar ta cika wajibcin samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha ta tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martz |first=Michael |date=25 January 2021 |title=Legislators renew push to fully fund, update standards for public education |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legislators-renew-push-to-fully-fund-update-standards-for-public-education/article_b5333679-45f3-5220-8af8-13c94593cd0a.html |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Bill |title=Lawmakers push colleagues for more money to fix public school disparity: 'Show me something' |url=https://www.progress-index.com/story/news/2021/01/25/va-lawmakers-vea-push-general-assembly-more-equality-funding/4250142001/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Progress Index |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Danica Roem a matsayin mai tallafawa kan kudirin ta na buƙatar dukkan gundumomin makarantu da suka cancanta su shiga cikin Shirin Abinci na Tarayya bayan Makaranta (HB 2135). <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2135 > 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HB2135 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 1930 wadda ta hana yawancin jami'o'in jihohi yin tambaya game da tarihin laifukan mai nema a lokacin tsarin shiga jami'a na farko (wata manufa da aka fi sani da Ban Box ). A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2021, Gwamna Ralph Northam ya shiga Aird don sanya hannu kan kudirin a bikin a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dinwiddie da ke Dinwiddie, Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Gov. Northam signs higher education bill |url=https://www.nbc12.com/2021/06/03/gov-northam-signs-higher-education-bill/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.nbc12.com |language=en}}</ref> === Muhalli === Kamfanin Aird ya yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin HB 1526, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Tsabtace Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > Patrons > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1526 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> An tsara VCEA a fannoni huɗu na manufofi da nufin cimma daidaiton gurɓataccen iskar carbon: rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon, kafa ƙa'idodin albarkatun da suka dace da makamashi, ƙarfafa ƙananan makamashin hasken rana a saman rufin, da kuma haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta makamashi mai tsafta 100%. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=4 Things You Should Know About the Virginia Clean Economy Act on its 1-Year Anniversary |url=https://vcnva.org/virginia-clean-economy-act-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Virginia Conservation Network |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 2741, wanda ya kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi Mai Tsabta ta Virginia kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na gwaji don rarraba lamuni da rangwame don shigar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na makamashin rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2741 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2741 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 1707 don ƙara yawan membobin hukumar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa sabbin membobin "za su zama ƙwararre mai ƙwarewa wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ƙarfafawa da lamuni na ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaicin kuɗi don albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa da aka rarraba kuma ɗayan sabon memba zai zama lauya wanda ke kula da aikin shari'a wanda aka keɓe don ci gaban karkara, samar da wutar lantarki a karkara, da manufofin makamashi." <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1707 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB1707 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> === Lafiyar jama'a === A shekarar 2019, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price don gabatar da wani kuduri "gane matsalar mace-macen mata da jarirai a Amurka." Kudirin ya haɗa da harshe da ke magance tushen mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, ciki har da bayyana cewa mace-macen mata da jarirai "yana ƙara ta'azzara ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar talauci, rashin daidaiton jinsi, shekaru, da nau'ikan wariya da yawa, da kuma abubuwa kamar rashin isassun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da fasaha da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality: Black women far more likely to die giving birth than Caucasians |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=richmondfreepress.com |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519173845/http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aird ta amince da HB 687 wanda ya kafa shirin ba da takardar shaida na jiha ga doulas da kuma faɗaɗa cancantar marasa lafiya da ke neman samun damar ayyukan doula. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB689 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da HJ 538, wani kuduri da ya amince da samun ruwa mai tsafta, mai tsafta, kuma mai araha haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam kuma an kafa shi don tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Virginia da zai je ba tare da samun wannan buƙata mai mahimmanci ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HJ538 > 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HJ538 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Aird mai fafutukar ' [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|yancin haihuwa]] ce kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar Virginia League for Planned Parenthood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership {{!}} The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood {{!}} ConnectVA |url=https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185124/https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Martanin COVID-19 ==== Bayan tattaunawa da masu ba da amsa na farko game da ƙalubalen da suka fuskanta wajen yaƙi da annobar COVID-19, Aird ta amince da dokar HB 1989, wadda ta umarci Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Virginia da ta raba bayanan lafiyar jama'a na ainihin lokaci tare da ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa don taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1989 > 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?211+sum+HB1989 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> === Haƙƙoƙin zaɓe === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4on26qi0m2ov7fb7j1zbweux3j79eym CX614 0 155550 967414 953882 2026-10-13T23:50:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=455090650|IUPAC_name=2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino(2'',1''-3',2')1,3-oxazino(6',5'-5,4)benzo(e)1,4-dioxan-10-one|image=CX614.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=Skeletal formula|width=200|image2=CX614 molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of CX614|width2=215 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 -->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I -->|legal_UK=<!-- Class A -->|legal_US=Investigational New Drug|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|IUPHAR_ligand=7842|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=191744-13-5|ATC_prefix=|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=6451148|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=87V631480W|ChemSpiderID=4953628 <!--Chemical data-->|C=13|H=13|N=1|O=4|smiles=C1CC2N(C1)C(=O)C3=CC4=C(C=C3O2)OCCO4|StdInChI=1S/C13H13NO4/c15-13-8-6-10-11(17-5-4-16-10)7-9(8)18-12-2-1-3-14(12)13/h6-7,12H,1-5H2|StdInChIKey=RQEPVMAYUINZRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N|synonyms=CX-614}} '''CX-614''' magani ne na ampakine wanda Cortex Pharmaceuticals suka kirkira. An bincika shi saboda tasirinsa akan Masu karɓar AMPA.<ref name="pmid10999951">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arai AC, Kessler M, Rogers G, Lynch G |year=2000 |title=Effects of the potent ampakine CX614 on hippocampal and recombinant AMPA receptors: interactions with cyclothiazide and GYKI 52466 |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=802–13 |doi=10.1124/mol.58.4.802 |pmid=10999951 |s2cid=6489143}}</ref> Jiyya ta CX-614 ta yau da kullun tana haifar da karuwa mai sauri a cikin kira na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwaƙwalwa ta BDNF wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan filastik na synaptic <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lauterborn JC, Truong GS, Baudry M, Bi X, Lynch G, Gall CM |date=Oct 2003 |title=Chronic elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by ampakines |journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther |volume=307 |issue=1 |pages=297–305 |doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053694 |pmid=12893840 |s2cid=1235935}}</ref> kuma yana iya samun aikace-aikace a cikin maganin cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar cutar Alzheimer. Acute CX-614 treatments activate local mRNA translation (new protein synthesis) within dendrites<ref name="Jourdi2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jourdi H, Hsu YT, Zhou M, Qin Q, Bi X, Baudry M |date=Jul 2009 |title=POSITIVE AMPA RECEPTOR MODULATION RAPIDLY STIMULATES BDNF RELEASE AND INCREASES DENDRITIC mRNA TRANSLATION |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2009-07-08_29_27/page/8688 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=29 |issue=27 |pages=8688–8697 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6078-08.2009 |pmc=2761758 |pmid=19587275}}</ref> and this is mediated by a fast upregulation of BDNF release. CX-614-dependent release of BDNF rapidly increases translation of proteins that are important for synaptic plasticity such as [[ARC/Arg3.1]] and [[CaMKIIalpha]].<ref name="Jourdi2009" /> An kuma ba da shawarar CX-614 a matsayin magani ga yanayin kamar baƙin ciki da schizophrenia, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jin R, Clark S, Weeks AM, Dudman JT, Gouaux E, Partin KM |date=Sep 2005 |title=Mechanism of positive allosteric modulators acting on AMPA receptors |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=25 |issue=39 |pages=9027–36 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-05.2005 |pmc=6725607 |pmid=16192394}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynch G |date=Feb 2006 |title=Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: ampakines |journal=Curr Opin Pharmacol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=82–8 |doi=10.1016/j.coph.2005.09.005 |pmid=16361116}}</ref> amma yana samar da raguwar mai karɓa bayan gudanarwa mai tsanani, wanda zai iya iyakance yiwuwar amfani mai tsawo. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Jourdi H, Lu X, Yanagihara T |date=Jul 2005 |title=Prolonged Positive Modulation of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors Induces Calpain-Mediated PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 Protein Degradation and AMPA Receptor Down-Regulation in Cultured Hippocampal Slices |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2005-07_314_1/page/16 |journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther |volume=314 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |doi=10.1124/jpet.105.083873 |pmc=1554891 |pmid=15784649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell NA, Fleck MW |date=Apr 2007 |title=Targeting AMPA Receptor Gating Processes with Allosteric Modulators and Mutations |journal=Biophys. J. |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=2392–402 |bibcode=2007BpJ....92.2392M |doi=10.1529/biophysj.106.095091 |pmc=1864835 |pmid=17208968}}</ref> Koyaya, ana iya kauce wa raguwar Masu karɓar AMPA tare da gudanarwa mai tsawo na CX-614 ta hanyar tsarawa da amfani da gajerun hanyoyin magani na lokaci-lokaci, wanda har yanzu zai iya haɓaka matakan furotin na BDNF ba tare da rage matakan masu karɓarAMPA ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lauterborn JC, Pineda E, Chen LY, Ramirez EA, Lynch G, Gall CM |date=Mar 2009 |title=Ampakines cause sustained increases in BDNF signaling at excitatory synapses without changes in AMPA receptor subunit expression |journal=Neuroscience |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=283–295 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.018 |pmc=2746455 |pmid=19141314}}</ref> Abu mai mahimmanci, irin waɗannan gajeren ka'idojin magani na lokaci-lokaci suna kare jijiyoyin jijiyoyi da aka haifar da MPTP da MPP + a cikin al'adun midbrain (mesencephalic) da sassan hippocampal organotypic.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jourdi H, Hamo L, Oka T, Seegan A, Baudry M |date=Apr 2009 |title=BDNF mediates the neuroprotective effects of positive AMPA receptor modulators against MPP<sup>+</sup>-induced toxicity in cultured hippocampal and mesencephalic slices |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=876–885 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.01.015 |pmc=3659791 |pmid=19371576}}</ref> Wadannan sakamakon sun gano tasirin neuroprotective na CX-614 kuma sun nuna cewa ya buɗe hanya don ƙarin gwaji tare da CX-614 a matsayin muhimmiyar sabon magani ga [[Cutar Parkinson]] da [[Cutar Alzheimer]]. An kuma nuna CX-614 don rage tasirin halayyar methamphetamine a cikin beraye, kuma yana iya samun aikace-aikace a cikin maganin cin zarafin motsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hess US, Whalen SP, Sandoval LM, Lynch G, Gall CM |year=2003 |title=Ampakines reduce methamphetamine-driven rotation and activate neocortex in a regionally selective fashion |url=https://archive.org/details/neuroscience_2003_121_2/page/509 |journal=Neuroscience |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=509–21 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00423-8 |pmid=14522010 |s2cid=23287000}}</ref> == Manazarta == inxwb23gi0j279hw8lbh1ri9yn4h52l Gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta 0 155683 967380 953013 2026-10-13T22:28:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwajin [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]]''' ko gwajin ƙwayoyin rigakafi shine auna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar ga maganin rigakafi. Ana amfani da shi saboda ƙwayoyin cuta na iya samun juriya ga wasu maganin rigakafi. Sakamakon gwajin ji na iya ba da damar likitan asibiti ya canza zaɓin maganin rigakafi daga maganin da aka samu, wanda shine lokacin da aka zaɓi maganin rigakafin bisa ga zargin asibiti game da shafin [[wiktionary:susceptible#Adjective|kamuwa da cuta]] da ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun, zuwa maganin da aka ba da umarni, wanda zaɓin maganin maganin rigakafa ya dogara ne akan ilimin kwayoyin da ƙwarewarsa.<ref name="Leekha2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS |date=February 2011 |title=General principles of antimicrobial therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489 |quote=Once microbiology results have helped to identify the etiologic pathogen and/or antimicrobial susceptibility data are available, every attempt should be made to narrow the antibiotic spectrum. This is a critically important component of antibiotic therapy because it can reduce cost and toxicity and prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the community}}</ref> Gwajin hankali yawanci yana faruwa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita, kuma yana amfani da hanyoyin al'adu waɗanda ke fallasa ƙwayoyin cuta ga maganin rigakafi, ko hanyoyin kwayar halitta waɗanda ke gwadawa don ganin idan ƙwayoyin halitta suna da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ba da juriya. Hanyoyin al'adu galibi sun haɗa da auna diamita na yankuna ba tare da ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ba, wanda ake kira yankuna na hanawa, a kusa da takarda da ke dauke da maganin rigakafi a kan kayan al'adun agar waɗanda aka yi amfani da su daidai da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Mafi ƙarancin maida hankali (MIC), wanda shine mafi ƙarancin maganin rigakafi wanda ke hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta, ana iya kimanta shi daga girman yankin hanawa ta amfani da jagororin da aka daidaita.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorgensen |first=James H. |last2=Ferraro |first2=Mary Jane |date=December 2009 |title=Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Review of General Principles and Contemporary Practices |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/647952 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1749-1755 |doi=10.1086/647952 |issn=1058-4838}}</ref> Ana buƙatar gwajin rigakafin rigakafi tun lokacin da aka gano maganin rigakafi na Beta-lactam. Hanyoyin farko sun kasance phenotypic, kuma sun haɗa da al'ada ko narkewa. Etest, wani rigakafi mai dauke da rigakafi, yana samuwa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma hanyoyin kwayar halitta kamar gwajin polymerase (PCR) suna samuwa tun farkon 2000s. Bincike yana ci gaba da inganta hanyoyin yanzu ta hanyar sa su da sauri ko kuma sun fi dacewa, da kuma haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin gwaji, kamar microfluidics. == Amfani da shi == A cikin maganin asibiti, ana ba da maganin rigakafi akai-akai bisa ga alamun mutum da Jagororin kiwon lafiya. Wannan hanyar zaɓin maganin rigakafi ana kiranta maganin rigakafin, <ref name="Leekha2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS |date=February 2011 |title=General principles of antimicrobial therapy |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=156–67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 |pmc=3031442 |pmid=21282489 |quote=Once microbiology results have helped to identify the etiologic pathogen and/or antimicrobial susceptibility data are available, every attempt should be made to narrow the antibiotic spectrum. This is a critically important component of antibiotic therapy because it can reduce cost and toxicity and prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the community}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeekhaTerrellEdson2011">Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS (February 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442 "General principles of antimicrobial therapy"]. ''Mayo Clinic Proceedings''. '''86''' (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>67. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639|10.4065/mcp.2010.0639]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031442 3031442]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21282489 21282489]. <q>Once microbiology results have helped to identify the etiologic pathogen and/or antimicrobial susceptibility data are available, every attempt should be made to narrow the antibiotic spectrum. This is a critically important component of antibiotic therapy because it can reduce cost and toxicity and prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the community</q></cite></ref> kuma ya dogara ne akan ilimin game da abin da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta, da kuma abin da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin rigakafi zasu iya zama masu hankali ko masu tsayayya. The Weighted-Incidence Syndromic Combination Antibiogram (WISCA) ya fadada wannan ta hanyar yin la'akari da abin da ya faru na pathogen na gida game da bayanan kamuwa da cuta don kimanta matakin ciwon cuta don tsarin guda ɗaya ko haɗuwa.<ref name="Bielicki2016">{{Cite journal |last=Bielicki |first=Julia A. |last2=Sharland |first2=Mike |last3=Johnson |first3=Alan P. |last4=Henderson |first4=Katherine L. |last5=Cromwell |first5=David A. |date=2016 |title=Selecting appropriate empirical antibiotic regimens for paediatric bloodstream infections: application of a Bayesian decision model to local and pooled antimicrobial resistance surveillance data |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=794–802 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkv397 |pmid=26626717}}</ref> Misali, ana iya magance kamuwa da cututtukan urinary mai sauƙi tare da trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole.[1] Wannan shi ne saboda Escherichia coli shine mafi yawan kwayar cuta, kuma yana iya zama mai hankali ga wannan Haɗin maganin rigakafi.[1] Koyaya, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya tsayayya da nau'ikan maganin rigakafi da yawa.[1] Wannan juriya na iya zama saboda wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta yana da juriya ga wasu maganin rigakafi, [1] saboda juriya bayan bayyanar da ta gabata ga maganin rigakafin, [2] ko kuma saboda juriya na yiwuwa a watsa shi daga wasu tushe kamar plasmids. Gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta yana ba da bayani game da waɗanne maganin rigakafi ne za su iya cin nasara kuma saboda haka ya kamata a yi amfani da su don magance kamuwa da cuta.[3] Ana kuma gudanaR da gwajin maganin rigakafi a matakin yawan jama'a a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin hanyar tantancewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Molton JS, Tambyah PA, Ang BS, Ling ML, Fisher DA |date=May 2013 |title=The global spread of healthcare-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria: a perspective from Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2013-05-01_56_9/page/1310 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1310–8 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit020 |pmid=23334810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan shine don tantance ƙimar juriya ga maganin rigakafi (alal misali tare da <nowiki><i id="mwbA">Staphylococcus aureus</i></nowiki> mai tsayayya da methicillin), kuma yana iya rinjayar jagororin da matakan kiwon lafiya na jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Ana iya amfani da kayan aiki masu budewa kamar Kunshin AMR don R don daidaitawa da nazarin irin waɗannan bayanan ƙarancin ƙarancin jama'a game da raguwar ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="jss">{{Cite journal |last=Berends |first=Matthijs S. |last2=Luz |first2=Christian F. |last3=Friedrich |first3=Alexander W. |last4=Sinha |first4=Bhanu N. M. |last5=Albers |first5=Casper J. |last6=Glasner |first6=Corinna |date=2022 |title=AMR: An R Package for Working with Antimicrobial Resistance Data |journal=[[Journal of Statistical Software]] |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.18637/jss.v104.i03 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == Da zarar an gano kwayar cuta ta bin al'adun microbiological, ana zaɓar maganin rigakafi don gwajin kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Reller2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ |date=December 2009 |title=Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-12-01_49_11/page/1749 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1749–55 |doi=10.1086/647952 |pmid=19857164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin gwajin kamuwa sun dogara ne akan fallasa ƙwayoyin cuta ga maganin rigakafi da lura da tasirin akan ci gaban ƙwayoyin halitta (gwajin phenotypic), ko gano takamaiman alamun kwayar halitta (gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halitta). <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=van Belkum A, Bachmann TT, Lüdke G, Lisby JG, Kahlmeter G, Mohess A, Becker K, Hays JP, Woodford N, Mitsakakis K, Moran-Gilad J, Vila J, Peter H, Rex JH, Dunne WM |date=January 2019 |title=Developmental roadmap for antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.1038/s41579-018-0098-9 |pmc=7138758 |pmid=30333569 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su na iya zama masu inganci, ma'ana cewa sakamakon yana nuna juriya ko ba ya nan; ko adadi, ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin maida hankali (MIC) don bayyana maida hankali ga maganin rigakafi wanda kwayar cuta ke da hankali.<ref name=":6" /> Akwai dalilai da yawa da zasu iya shafar sakamakon gwajin maganin rigakafi, gami da gazawar kayan aiki, zafin jiki, danshi, da ƙarfin wakili na antimicrobial. Gwajin Kula da inganci (QC) yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da daidaito na sakamakon gwajin.{{Sfn|Mahon|2018}} Kungiyoyi irin su American Type Culture Collection da National Collection of Type Cultures suna samar da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da sanannun nau'ikan juriya waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kula da inganci.{{Sfn|Ford|2019}} === Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su === [[Fayil:McFarland_standards.JPG|alt=Three clear test tubes containing solutions of successively increasing turbidity.|thumb|Daga hagu zuwa dama: 0.5, 1, da 2 McFarland standardsKa'idodin McFarland]] Gwaje-gwaje bisa ga fallasa kwayoyin cuta ga maganin rigakafi yana amfani da faranti na agar ko narkewa a cikin agar ko broth.<ref name="Pulido2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pulido MR, García-Quintanilla M, Martín-Peña R, Cisneros JM, McConnell MJ |date=December 2013 |title=Progress on the development of rapid methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=2710–7 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkt253 |pmid=23818283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zaɓin maganin rigakafi zai dogara da kwayoyin da suka girma, da kuma maganin rigakafin da ke samuwa a cikin gida.<ref name="Reller2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ |date=December 2009 |title=Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1749–55 |doi=10.1086/647952 |pmid=19857164 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJorgensenFerraro2009">Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ (December 2009). [[doi:10.1086/647952|"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''49''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1749–</span>55. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1086/647952|10.1086/647952]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857164 19857164].</cite></ref> Don tabbatar da cewa sakamakon daidai ne, dole ne a daidaita yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka kara zuwa agar ko broth (innoculum). Ana aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar kwatanta turbidity na ƙwayoyin cuta da aka dakatar a cikin saline ko broth zuwa Ka'idodin McFarland - mafita wanda turbidity ya yi daidai da na dakatarwa wanda ke dauke da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta. Da zarar an kai maida hankali mai dacewa (yawanci ma'auni na 0.5 McFarland) wanda za'a iya ƙayyade shi ta hanyar binciken gani ko ta hanyar photometry, ana ƙara [[wiktionary:inoculum|inoculum]] zuwa matsakaicin girma. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hombach |first=Michael |last2=Maurer |first2=Florian P. |last3=Pfiffner |first3=Tamara |last4=Böttger |first4=Erik C. |last5=Furrer |first5=Reinhard |date=2015-12-01 |title=Standardization of Operator-Dependent Variables Affecting Precision and Accuracy of the Disk Diffusion Method for Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=3864–3869 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02351-15 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=4652116 |pmid=26468500 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mahon|2018}}{{Sfn|Mahon|2018}} ==== Littafin ==== Hanyar watsa tattaunawar ta haɗa da zaɓar nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta, sanya shi a kan farantin agar, da lura da ci gaban ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta kusa da diski masu dauke da maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Syal K, Mo M, Yu H, Iriya R, Jing W, Guodong S, Wang S, Grys TE, Haydel SE, Tao N |date=2017 |title=Current and emerging techniques for antibiotic susceptibility tests |journal=Theranostics |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1795–1805 |doi=10.7150/thno.19217 |pmc=5479269 |pmid=28638468}}</ref> Wannan kuma ana kiransa Hanyar Kirby-Bauer, kodayake ana amfani da hanyoyin da aka gyara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/drugresistance/Antimicrobial_Detection/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173222/http://www.who.int/drugresistance/Antimicrobial_Detection/en/ |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |access-date=2020-09-03 |website=WHO |quote=The most common methods utilized are the disk diffusion susceptibility test method (also known as Kirby-Bauer)}}</ref><ref name="Jorgensen2015">{{Cite book|oclc=Landry|url-access=Pfaller|edition=Karen C}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da samfurori na fitsari ko samfurori masu kyau na al'adun jini kai tsaye ga matsakaicin gwajin, ta hanyar wuce matakin farko na ware kwayar halitta.{{Sfn|Ford|2019}} Idan maganin rigakafi ya hana ci gaban microbial, ana ganin zobe mai haske, ko yankin hanawa, a kusa da faifan. Ana rarraba kwayoyin a matsayin masu hankali, matsakaici, ko masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi ta hanyar kwatanta diamita na yankin hanawa zuwa ƙofofin da aka ƙayyade waɗanda ke da alaƙa da MICs. <ref name="Jorgensen2015" />{{Sfn|Mahon|2018}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bxzl6veqkm7cijttth5bl9rua7tb2eh Rashin amfani da opium 0 155851 967426 954331 2026-10-14T00:39:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin Amfani da Opioid''' ( '''OUD''' ) cuta ce ta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi wadda ke da alaƙa da sha'awar opioids, ci gaba da amfani da su duk da lalacewar jiki da/ko ta hankali, ƙaruwar haƙuri yayin amfani da su, da kuma alamun janyewa bayan daina amfani da opioids. Alamomin janyewar opioid sun haɗa da tashin zuciya, ciwon tsoka, gudawa, wahalar barci, tashin hankali, da kuma rashin jin daɗi. <ref name="Sam20152">{{Cite web |last=Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration |date=30 September 2014 |title=Substance Use Disorders |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-use}}</ref> [[Addiction|Jaraba]] da dogaro muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar amfani da opioid. <ref name="Brain disease2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT |date=January 2016 |title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-01-28_374_4/page/363 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=4 |pages=363–371 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480 |pmc=6135257 |pmid=26816013 |quote=Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da tarihin amfani da opioid ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, amfani da opioid a yanzu, ƙuruciya, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, launin fata, cututtukan tabin hankali marasa magani, da muhallin da ke haɓaka amfani da opioid (na zamantakewa, iyali, ƙwararru, da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Webster LR |date=November 2017 |title=Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose |journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=1741–1748 |doi=10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496 |pmid=29049118 |s2cid=19635834 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="San20183">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Santoro TN, Santoro JD |date=December 2018 |title=Racial Bias in the US Opioid Epidemic: A Review of the History of Systemic Bias and Implications for Care |journal=Cureus |volume=10 |issue=12 |doi=10.7759/cureus.3733 |pmc=6384031 |pmid=30800543 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da yawan shan opioid, [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]], [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]], [[hepatitis C]], da matsalolin biyan nauyin zamantakewa ko na sana'a. <ref name="Sam20152" /> Ganewar cutar na iya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodi daga Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka a cikin DSM-5 . <ref name="DSM52" /> Magungunan opioid sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar heroin, morphine, fentanyl, codeine, dihydrocodeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, da [[tramadol]] . <ref name="Sam20152" /> <ref name="ACOG2017">{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy |url=https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Opioid-Use-and-Opioid-Use-Disorder-in-Pregnancy |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=ACOG}}</ref> Ma'auni mai amfani don ƙarfin opioid daban-daban shine morphine milligram daidai (MME). <ref name="pmid36327391">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R |date=November 2022 |title=CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain - United States, 2022 |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=1–95 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1 |pmc=9639433 |pmid=36327391}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar ga likitoci su koma ga MMEs na yau da kullun lokacin rubuta opioids don rage haɗarin amfani da su ba daidai ba da kuma mummunan sakamako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Prescriber's Guide to Medicare Prescription Drug (Part D) Opioid Policies |url=https://www.cms.gov/files/document/mln2886155-prescribers-guide-medicare-prescription-drug-part-d-opioid-policies.pdf}}</ref> Amfani da opioid na dogon lokaci yana faruwa a cikin kusan kashi 4% na mutane bayan amfani da su don rauni ko ciwon da ya shafi tiyata. <ref name="Moh2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mohamadi A, Chan JJ, Lian J, Wright CL, Marin AM, Rodriguez EK, von Keudell A, Nazarian A |date=August 2018 |title=Risk Factors and Pooled Rate of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Trauma or Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-(Regression) Analysis |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=100 |issue=15 |pages=1332–1340 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.17.01239 |pmid=30063596 |s2cid=51891341}}</ref> A Amurka, yawancin masu amfani da heroin suna farawa ta hanyar amfani da magungunan opioid waɗanda aka rubuta waɗanda kuma za a iya siyan su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="NIH2018Risk2">{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Prescription opioid use is a risk factor for heroin use |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/relationship-between-prescription-drug-heroin-abuse/prescription-opioid-use-risk-factor-heroin-use |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=National Institute on Drug Abuse}}</ref> Mutane da ke fama da matsalar amfani da opioid galibi ana yi musu magani da maganin maye gurbin opioid ta amfani da methadone ko buprenorphine . <ref name="www.samhsa.gov">{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Use of Methadone, Buprenorphine, and Extended-release Naltrexone at Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities: 2003–2015 (Update) |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3192/ShortReport-3192.html |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=www.samhsa.gov}}</ref> Irin wannan maganin yana rage haɗarin mutuwa. <ref name="www.samhsa.gov" /> Bugu da ƙari, suna iya amfana daga maganin halayyar fahimta, wasu nau'ikan tallafi daga ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa kamar maganin mutum ɗaya ko na rukuni, shirye-shiryen matakai goma sha biyu, da sauran shirye-shiryen tallafin takwarorinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donovan DM, Ingalsbe MH, Benbow J, Daley DC |date=2013 |title=12-step interventions and mutual support programs for substance use disorders: an overview |journal=Social Work in Public Health |volume=28 |issue=3–4 |pages=313–332 |doi=10.1080/19371918.2013.774663 |pmc=3753023 |pmid=23731422}}</ref> Maganin naltrexone kuma yana iya zama da amfani don hana sake dawowa. <ref name="Sharma_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M |date=July 2016 |title=Opioid Use Disorders |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=473–487 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.002 |pmc=4920977 |pmid=27338968}}</ref> <ref name="Sam2017Tx">{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Treatment for Substance Use Disorders |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/treatment/substance-use-disorders |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312043152/https://www.samhsa.gov/treatment/substance-use-disorders |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}}</ref> Naloxone yana da amfani don magance yawan shan opioid kuma ba wa waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin shan naloxone su tafi gida yana da amfani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone to Laypersons — United States, 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6423a2.htm |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Wannan cuta ta fi kamari fiye da yadda aka fara gani a farko. A shekarar 2020, CDC ta kiyasta cewa kusan mutane miliyan 3 a Amurka suna zaune da OUD kuma sama da mutane 65,000 sun mutu sakamakon shan maganin opioid fiye da kima, wanda sama da 15,000 suka sha maganin heroin fiye da kima. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=30 August 2022 |title=Disease of the Week – Opioid Use Disorder |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dotw/opioid-use-disorder/index.html |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Brief 294. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2016 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db294_table.pdf |access-date=18 May 2018 |website=CDC}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Amurka ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 81,806 sakamakon shan maganin opioid fiye da kima. Kanada ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 32,632 da suka shafi opioid tsakanin Janairu 2016 da Yuni '''2022.''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malden |first=Deborah E. |last2=Hong |first2=Vennis |last3=Lewin |first3=Bruno J. |last4=Ackerson |first4=Bradley K. |last5=Lipsitch |first5=Marc |last6=Lewnard |first6=Joseph A. |last7=Tartof |first7=Sara Y. |date=2022-06-24 |title=Hospitalization and Emergency Department Encounters for COVID-19 After Paxlovid Treatment — California, December 2021–May 2022 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7125e2.htm?s_cid=mm7125e2_w |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=71 |issue=25 |pages=830–833 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7125e2 |issn=0149-2195 |pmid=35737591 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Exploring the intersectionality of characteristics among those who experienced opioid overdoses: A cluster analysis |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023003/article/00001-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300300001-ENG |pmid=36921072}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == === Maye gurbin opioid === Alamomin da alamun maye a cikin opioid sun haɗa da: <ref name="Sam20152">{{Cite web |last=Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration |date=30 September 2014 |title=Substance Use Disorders |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-use}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSubstance_Use_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration2014">Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration (30 September 2014). </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Center for Substance Abuse Treatment |date=2006 |title=[Table], Figure 4-4: Signs and Symptoms of Opioid Intoxication and Withdrawal |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64116/table/A85633/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530010742/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64116/table/A85633/ |archive-date=30 May 2020 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>  <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Alamomi da alamun yawan shan opioid sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: * Ƙwayoyin cuta na iya faruwa. Marasa lafiya da ke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ci gaba da fuskantar yawan shan magungunan opioid. * Rage bugun zuciya * Rage zafin jiki * Rage numfashi * Canjin matakin sani . Mutane na iya zama marasa amsawa ko kuma ba su san komai ba. * Kumburin huhu (tarin ruwa a cikin huhu) * [[Girgiza (hanzari)|Girgiza]] * [[Mutuwa]] [[Fayil:OxyContin_branded_oxycodone_10mg_(number_side).jpg|thumb|Oxycodone 10&nbsp;mg, lamba tana fuskantar sama; murabba'ai a cikin hoton suna wakiltar rabin santimita, don haka ƙwayar tana kusa da 0.75&nbsp;cm a diamita.]] === Janyewa === Janyewar opioid na iya faruwa tare da raguwar opioids kwatsam, ko dakatarwa bayan amfani da shi na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pergolizzi JV, Raffa RB, Rosenblatt MH |date=October 2020 |title=Opioid withdrawal symptoms, a consequence of chronic opioid use and opioid use disorder: Current understanding and approaches to management |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=892–903 |doi=10.1111/jcpt.13114 |pmid=31986228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fara janyewar ya dogara da rabin rayuwar opioid ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarshe. Tare da heroin, wannan yawanci yana faruwa awanni biyar bayan amfani. Tare da methadone, yana iya ɗaukar kwana biyu. <ref name="Rie2009" /> Tsawon lokacin da manyan alamomin ke faruwa ya dogara ne da opioid da ake amfani da shi. Don janyewar heroin, alamun yawanci sun fi yawa a cikin kwana biyu zuwa huɗu kuma suna iya ɗaukar har zuwa makonni biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rahimi-Movaghar A, Gholami J, Amato L, Hoseinie L, Yousefi-Nooraie R, Amin-Esmaeili M |date=June 2018 |title=Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007522.pub2 |pmc=6513031 |pmid=29929212}}</ref> <ref name="Rie2009" /> Ƙananan alamun na iya zama na tsawon lokaci, wanda a wannan yanayin janyewar ana kiransa da ciwon cirewa bayan kamuwa da cuta . <ref name="Rie2009" /><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Maganin janyewar na iya haɗawa da methadone da buprenorphine. Ana iya amfani da magungunan tashin zuciya ko gudawa. == Dalili == Rashin lafiyar amfani da opioid na iya tasowa saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da gazawar tsarin kamar dabarun tallatawa masu yaɗuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connery |first=Lucy |last2=Tomilin |first2=Kailyn |last3=Lynch |first3=Joshua |date=May 2025 |title=The Changing Demographics of the Opioid Epidemic |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/01.EEM.0000000000000031 |journal=Emergency Medicine News |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=14–15 |doi=10.1097/01.EEM.0000000000000031 |issn=1054-0725 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> rubuta magani fiye da kima, da kuma shan magani kai tsaye . <ref name="pmid21514751">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen KW, Banducci AN, Guller L, Macatee RJ, Lavelle A, Daughters SB, Lejuez CW |date=November 2011 |title=An examination of psychiatric comorbidities as a function of gender and substance type within an inpatient substance use treatment program |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=118 |issue=2–3 |pages=92–99 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.003 |pmc=3188332 |pmid=21514751}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizk |first=J. G. |last2=Saini |first2=J. |last3=Kim |first3=K. |last4=Pathan |first4=U. |last5=Qato |first5=D. M. |date=2024 |title=County-level factors associated with a mismatch between opioid overdose mortality and availability of opioid treatment facilities |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=4 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1901863R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0301863 |pmc=10997118 |pmid=38578818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An samo tsarin maki don tantance yuwuwar jarabar opiate a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da ciwon kai na yau da kullun. <ref name="pmid16336480">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Webster LR, Webster RM |year=2005 |title=Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=432–442 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x |pmid=16336480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masu aikin kiwon lafiya sun daɗe suna sane cewa duk da ingantaccen amfani da opioids don sarrafa ciwo, shaidar gwaji da ke tallafawa amfani da opioid na dogon lokaci ba ta da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papaleontiou M, Henderson CR, Turner BJ, Moore AA, Olkhovskaya Y, Amanfo L, Reid MC |date=July 2010 |title=Outcomes associated with opioid use in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1353–1369 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02920.x |pmc=3114446 |pmid=20533971}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noble M, Tregear SJ, Treadwell JR, Schoelles K |date=February 2008 |title=Long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety |journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=214–228 |doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.03.015 |pmid=18178367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martell BA, O'Connor PG, Kerns RD, Becker WC, Morales KH, Kosten TR, Fiellin DA |date=January 2007 |title=Systematic review: opioid treatment for chronic back pain: prevalence, efficacy, and association with addiction |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=116–127 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00006 |pmid=17227935 |s2cid=28969290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore AR, McQuay HJ |date=December 2004 |title=Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pain_2004-12_112_3/page/372 |journal=Pain |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=372–380 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.019 |pmid=15561393 |s2cid=25807828}}</ref> <ref name="Goesling J. 1145">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goesling J, DeJonckheere M, Pierce J, Williams DA, Brummett CM, Hassett AL, Clauw DJ |date=May 2019 |title=Opioid cessation and chronic pain: perspectives of former opioid users |journal=Pain |volume=160 |issue=5 |pages=1131–1145 |doi=10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001493 |pmc=8442035 |pmid=30889052}}</ref> Nazari da yawa kan marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon kai na dogon lokaci sun kasa nuna wani ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin ciwonsu ko ikon yin aiki tare da amfani da opioid na dogon lokaci. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, Jensen AC, DeRonne B, Goldsmith ES, Kroenke K, Bair MJ, Noorbaloochi S |date=March 2018 |title=Effect of Opioid vs Nonopioid Medications on Pain-Related Function in Patients With Chronic Back Pain or Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: The SPACE Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA |volume=319 |issue=9 |pages=872–882 |doi=10.1001/jama.2018.0899 |pmc=5885909 |pmid=29509867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen J, Sjøgren P, Bruera E, Ekholm O, Rasmussen NK |date=November 2006 |title=Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pain_2006-11_125_1-2/page/172 |journal=Pain |volume=125 |issue=1–2 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.009 |pmid=16842922 |s2cid=24858908}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk DC |date=April 2014 |title=Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review |journal=Spine |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=556–563 |doi=10.1097/BRS.0000000000000249 |pmid=24480962 |s2cid=25356400}}</ref> <ref name="Goesling J. 1145" /> Wani bita na wallafe-wallafen 2024 ya nuna cewa munanan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yarinta ( ACEs ) suna da alaƙa sosai da matsalar amfani da opioid a rayuwa daga baya. ACEs sun haɗa da ganin tashin hankali, fuskantar cin zarafi da sakaci, da kuma girma tare da wani ɗan uwa da ke fama da matsalar tabin hankali ko shan muggan kwayoyi. <ref name="sr">{{Cite journal |last=Regmi |first=Sanjaya |last2=Kedia |first2=Satish K. |last3=Ahuja |first3=Nikhil A. |last4=Lee |first4=Guijin |last5=Entwistle |first5=Coree |last6=Dillon |first6=Patrick J. |date=July 2024 |title=Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Opioid Use-Related Behaviors: A Systematic Review |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380231205821 |journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=2046–2064 |doi=10.1177/15248380231205821 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=37920999 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == === Jaraba === [[Addiction|Jaraba]] cuta ce ta kwakwalwa mai tsanani wadda ake siffanta ta da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi duk da mummunan sakamako. <ref name="Brain disease">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT |date=January 2016 |title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=4 |pages=363–371 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480 |pmc=6135257 |pmid=26816013 |quote=Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.}}</ref> <ref name="Cellular basis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=December 2013 |title=Cellular basis of memory for addiction |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler |pmc=3898681 |pmid=24459410 |quote=Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process.}}</ref> <ref name="Nestler Labs Glossary">{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Terms |url=http://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/glossary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510151655/https://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/glossary.html |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=9 February 2015 |website=Mount Sinai School of Medicine |publisher=Department of Neuroscience}}</ref> Jaraba ta ƙunshi yawan motsa jiki na mesocorticolimbic lada na kwakwalwa ( tsarin lada ), wanda yake da mahimmanci don ƙarfafa halaye masu alaƙa da rayuwa da lafiyar haihuwa, kamar neman abinci da jima'i. <ref name="Neuronal Reward and Decision Signal">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |date=July 2015 |title=Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_physiological-reviews_2015-07_95_3/page/853 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |pmc=4491543 |pmid=26109341}}</ref> Wannan tsarin lada yana ƙarfafa koyo da haɗin kai da halayyar da aka tsara bisa manufa. A cikin jaraba, abubuwa suna kunna wannan da'irar fiye da kima, suna haifar da ɗabi'ar tilastawa saboda canje-canje a cikin synapses na kwakwalwa. A yankin mesolimbic na kwakwalwa, Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) yana karɓar sakin dopamine da masu ba da agajin jijiyoyi ke haifarwa. Tsarin lada na kwakwalwa yana da tushe a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa, yana hulɗa tsakanin mesolimbic da prefrontal cortex; waɗannan tsarin suna haɗa kwarin gwiwa, hana damuwa, nutsuwa, da walwala. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gold |first=Mark S |last2=Baron |first2=David |last3=Bowirrat |first3=Abdalla |last4=Blum |first4=Kenneth |date=September 15, 2020 |title=Neurological correlates of brain reward circuitry linked to opioid use disorder (OUD): Do homo sapiens acquire or have a reward deficiency syndrome? |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |volume=418 |issue=117137 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2020.117137 |pmc=7490287 |pmid=32957037}}</ref> Ka'idar ƙarfafawa-hankali ta bambanta tsakanin "so" (wanda dopamine ke jagoranta a cikin da'irar lada) da "so" (wanda ke da alaƙa da cibiyoyin jin daɗin kwakwalwa). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson TE, Berridge KC |date=October 2008 |title=Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1507 |pages=3137–3146 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0093 |pmc=2607325 |pmid=18640920}}</ref> Wannan yana bayanin yuwuwar jarabar abubuwa marasa daɗi da kuma dagewar jarabar opioid duk da haƙuri ga tasirinsu na farin ciki. Shaye-shaye ya wuce gujewa kawai na janyewa, wanda ya haɗa da alamu da damuwa waɗanda ke sake kunna halayen da ke haifar da lada. <ref name="Neuronal Reward and Decision Signal">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |date=July 2015 |title=Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |pmc=4491543 |pmid=26109341}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchultz2015">Schultz W (July 2015). </cite></ref> Ana tsammanin wannan shine muhimmin dalili na cire guba kawai ba ya yin nasara kashi 90% na lokaci. <ref name="Opioid Use Disorder">{{Cite web |title=Opioid Use Disorder |url=https://www.bccsu.ca/opioid-use-disorder/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Medically Supervised Withdrawal (Detoxification) from Opioids |url=https://pcssnow.org/courses/detoxification-from-opioids/ |website=pcssnow.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss RD, Potter JS, Fiellin DA, Byrne M, Connery HS, Dickinson W, Gardin J, Griffin ML, Gourevitch MN, Haller DL, Hasson AL, Huang Z, Jacobs P, Kosinski AS, Lindblad R, McCance-Katz EF, Provost SE, Selzer J, Somoza EC, Sonne SC, Ling W |date=December 2011 |title=Adjunctive counseling during brief and extended buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for prescription opioid dependence: a 2-phase randomized controlled trial |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1238–1246 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.121 |pmc=3470422 |pmid=22065255}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mesocorticolimbic_Circuit.png|thumb|Tsarin Mesocorticolimbic yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jarabar opioid.]] Yawan fitar da sinadarin kwayar halitta ΔFosB a cikin sinadarin kwayar halitta (nucleus accumbens) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban jaraba ga opioids da sauran magungunan jaraba ta hanyar [[Addiction|fahimtar ladan magani]] da kuma haɓaka ɗabi'ar neman magani ta tilastawa. <ref name="Cellular basis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=December 2013 |title=Cellular basis of memory for addiction |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler |pmc=3898681 |pmid=24459410 |quote=Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNestler2013">Nestler EJ (December 2013). </cite></ref> <ref name="Nestler" /> <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" /> <ref name="What the ΔFosB?">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ruffle JK |date=November 2014 |title=Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about? |journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=428–437 |doi=10.3109/00952990.2014.933840 |pmid=25083822 |s2cid=19157711}}</ref> Kamar sauran [[Addiction|magungunan jaraba]], yawan amfani da opioids yana haifar da ƙaruwar bayyanar ΔFosB a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar kwayar halitta. <ref name="Nestler">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robison AJ, Nestler EJ |date=October 2011 |title=Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=623–637 |doi=10.1038/nrn3111 |pmc=3272277 |pmid=21989194}}</ref> <ref name="Natural and drug addictions">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olsen CM |date=December 2011 |title=Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=1109–1122 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 |pmc=3139704 |pmid=21459101}}</ref> <ref name="What the ΔFosB?" /> <ref name="ΔFosB reward">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |year=2012 |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-psychoactive-drugs_january-march-2012_44_1/page/38 |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112 |pmc=4040958 |pmid=22641964}}</ref> Opioids suna shafar [[dopamine]] neurotransmission a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar nucleus ta hanyar hana hanyoyin dopaminergic sakamakon hana hasashen GABA zuwa yankin ventral tegmental (VTA) daga rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), wanda ke daidaita dopamine neurotransmission mara kyau. <ref name="VTA tail">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bourdy R, Barrot M |date=November 2012 |title=A new control center for dopaminergic systems: pulling the VTA by the tail |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2012-11_35_11/page/681 |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=681–690 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.007 |pmid=22824232 |s2cid=43434322}}</ref> <ref name="KEGG Morphine addiction">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=Morphine addiction – Homo sapiens (human) |url=http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05032 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=KEGG |publisher=Kanehisa Laboratories}}</ref> A wata ma'anar, opioids suna hana hasashen daga RMTg zuwa VTA, wanda hakan ke hana hanyoyin dopaminergic da ke fitowa daga VTA zuwa ƙwayoyin halittar nucleus da sauran wurare a cikin kwakwalwa. <ref name="VTA tail" /> <ref name="KEGG Morphine addiction" /> Bambance-bambancen da ke cikin yankunan kwayoyin halitta da ke sanya masu karɓar [[dopamine]] ga kowane mutum na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana wani ɓangare na haɗarin jarabar opioid da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi gabaɗaya. <ref name="Sharma_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M |date=July 2016 |title=Opioid Use Disorders |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=473–487 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.002 |pmc=4920977 |pmid=27338968}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharmaBrunerBarnettFishman2016">Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M (July 2016). </cite></ref> Nazarin D2 Dopamine Receptor, musamman, ya nuna wasu sakamako masu ban sha'awa. Wani takamaiman SNP yana cikin TaqI RFLP (rs1800497). A cikin wani bincike na 2014 da aka yi wa mutane 530 na Han da ke shan heroin daga Shirin Kula da Methadone, waɗanda ke da takamaiman bambancin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna matsakaicin yawan shan heroin da kusan ninki biyu na waɗanda ba su da SNP. <ref name="pmid25242908">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mistry CJ, Bawor M, Desai D, Marsh DC, Samaan Z |date=May 2014 |title=Genetics of Opioid Dependence: A Review of the Genetic Contribution to Opioid Dependence |journal=Current Psychiatry Reviews |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=156–167 |doi=10.2174/1573400510666140320000928 |pmc=4155832 |pmid=25242908}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana taimakawa wajen nuna gudummawar masu karɓar dopamine ga jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi musamman ga cin zarafin opioid. <ref name="pmid25242908" /> Nazarin jijiyoyi ya nuna canje-canje a aiki da tsarin kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND |date=October 2011 |title=Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=652–669 |doi=10.1038/nrn3119 |pmc=3462342 |pmid=22011681}}</ref> Shan opioid na tsawon lokaci kamar heroin na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci a yankin orbitofrontal (OFC), wanda yake da mahimmanci don daidaita halayen da suka shafi lada, martanin motsin rai, da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schoenbaum G, Shaham Y |date=February 2008 |title=The role of orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction: a review of preclinical studies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2008-02-01_63_3/page/256 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=256–262 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.003 |pmc=2246020 |pmid=17719014}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, nazarin jijiyoyi da ilimin halin dan Adam sun nuna rashin daidaituwar da'irori da ke da alaƙa da motsin rai, damuwa da yawan sha'awa. <ref name="Ieong">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ieong HF, Yuan Z |date=1 January 2017 |title=Resting-State Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Findings in Opioid Use Disorder during Abstinence: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=11 |page=169 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00169 |pmc=5382168 |pmid=28428748 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dogaro === Dogon amfani da Opioid na iya faruwa a matsayin dogaro da jiki, dogaro da hankali, ko duka biyun. <ref name="pmid26740398">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=August 2016 |title=Reflections on: "A general role for adaptations in G-Proteins and the cyclic AMP system in mediating the chronic actions of morphine and cocaine on neuronal function" |journal=Brain Research |volume=1645 |pages=71–74 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.039 |pmc=4927417 |pmid=26740398 |quote=Specifically, opiates in several CNS regions including NAc, and cocaine more selectively in NAc induce expression of certain adenylyl cyclase isoforms and PKA subunits via the transcription factor, CREB, and these transcriptional adaptations serve a homeostatic function to oppose drug action. In certain brain regions, such as locus coeruleus, these adaptations mediate aspects of physical opiate dependence and withdrawal, whereas in NAc they mediate reward tolerance and dependence that drives increased drug self-administration.}}</ref> Dogon amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yanayi ne na daidaitawa wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar janyewa bayan daina shan ƙwayoyi akai-akai (misali, shan ƙwayoyi). <ref name="Cellular basis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=December 2013 |title=Cellular basis of memory for addiction |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler |pmc=3898681 |pmid=24459410 |quote=Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNestler2013">Nestler EJ (December 2013). </cite></ref> <ref name="Nestler Labs Glossary">{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Terms |url=http://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/glossary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510151655/https://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/glossary.html |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=9 February 2015 |website=Mount Sinai School of Medicine |publisher=Department of Neuroscience}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190510151655/https://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/glossary.html "Glossary of Terms"]. </cite></ref> Dogon amfani wani ɓangare ne na matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="Brain disease">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT |date=January 2016 |title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=4 |pages=363–371 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480 |pmc=6135257 |pmid=26816013 |quote=Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVolkowKoobMcLellan2016">Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). </cite></ref> Dogon amfani da Opioid na iya bayyana a matsayin dogaro da jiki, dogaro da hankali, ko duka biyun. <ref name="pmid26740398" /> <ref name="Addiction glossary" /> <ref name="Opioid use disorder - DSM-5 criteria" /> An nuna cewa ƙaruwar siginar neurotrophic factor (BDNF) da aka samo daga kwakwalwa a yankin ventral tegmental (VTA) yana daidaita alamun janyewar opioid ta hanyar raguwar insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), protein kinase B (AKT), da kuma maƙasudin injiniya na rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). <ref name="Cellular basis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=December 2013 |title=Cellular basis of memory for addiction |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler |pmc=3898681 |pmid=24459410 |quote=Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNestler2013">Nestler EJ (December 2013). </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vargas-Perez H, Ting-A Kee R, Walton CH, Hansen DM, Razavi R, Clarke L, Bufalino MR, Allison DW, Steffensen SC, van der Kooy D |date=June 2009 |title=Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent-like reward state in naive rats |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5935 |pages=1732–1734 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1732V |doi=10.1126/science.1168501 |pmc=2913611 |pmid=19478142}}</ref> Sakamakon raguwar siginar ta hanyar waɗannan sunadarai, opiates suna haifar da ƙarancin motsin rai na VTA neuronal da raguwa (musamman, girman neuronal soma yana raguwa). <ref name="Cellular basis" /> An nuna cewa lokacin da mutum mai opiate-naive ya fara amfani da opiates a cikin yawan da ke haifar da farin ciki, siginar BDNF tana ƙaruwa a cikin VTA. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D |date=March 2001 |title=GABA(A) receptors in the ventral tegmental area control bidirectional reward signalling between dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neural motivational systems |journal=The European Journal of Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=1009–1015 |doi=10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01458.x |pmid=11264674 |s2cid=46694281}}</ref> Ƙara yawan hanyar watsa siginar adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) ta hanyar furotin mai ɗaurewa na cAMP (CREB), wani abu mai alaƙa da kwayar halitta, a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta wata hanya ce ta dogaro da hankali a tsakanin nau'ikan magunguna da dama na cin zarafi. <ref name="pmid26740398">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=August 2016 |title=Reflections on: "A general role for adaptations in G-Proteins and the cyclic AMP system in mediating the chronic actions of morphine and cocaine on neuronal function" |journal=Brain Research |volume=1645 |pages=71–74 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.039 |pmc=4927417 |pmid=26740398 |quote=Specifically, opiates in several CNS regions including NAc, and cocaine more selectively in NAc induce expression of certain adenylyl cyclase isoforms and PKA subunits via the transcription factor, CREB, and these transcriptional adaptations serve a homeostatic function to oppose drug action. In certain brain regions, such as locus coeruleus, these adaptations mediate aspects of physical opiate dependence and withdrawal, whereas in NAc they mediate reward tolerance and dependence that drives increased drug self-administration.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNestler2016">Nestler EJ (August 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Cellular basis">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ |date=December 2013 |title=Cellular basis of memory for addiction |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler |pmc=3898681 |pmid=24459410 |quote=Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNestler2013">Nestler EJ (December 2013). </cite></ref> Ƙara yawan hanyar da ke cikin locus coeruleus shima wata hanya ce da ke da alhakin wasu fannoni na dogaro da jiki da opioid ke haifarwa. <ref name="pmid26740398" /> <ref name="Cellular basis" /> An ƙirƙiro wani ma'auni don kwatanta lahani da nauyin dogaro da magunguna 20. <ref name="pmid17382831" /> Ma'aunin yana amfani da ƙimar sifili zuwa uku don kimanta dogaro da jiki, dogaro da hankali, da jin daɗi don ƙirƙirar matsakaicin maki don dogaro. <ref name="pmid17382831">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C |date=March 2007 |title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-24-30-2007_369_9566/page/1047 |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9566 |pages=1047–1053 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4 |pmid=17382831 |s2cid=5903121}}</ref> Za a iya ganin sakamakon da aka zaɓa a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa. Heroin da morphine duk sun sami maki mafi girma, a 3.0. <ref name="pmid17382831" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Magani ! Matsakaicin ! Jin daɗi ! Dogaro da Kai a Fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ! Dogaro ta jiki |- | Heroin / Morphine | 3.00 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |- | Koken | 2.39 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.3 |- | Barasa | 1.93 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.6 |- | Benzodiazepines | 1.83 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 |- | [[Shan taba|Taba]] | 2.21 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 1.8 |} === Masu karɓar Opioid === An nuna tushen kwayoyin halitta don ingancin opioids wajen magance ciwo ga wasu bambance-bambancen da suka shafi takamaiman amfani da opioid, amma shaidar bambance-bambancen asibiti a cikin tasirin opioid ba a fayyace ta ba. Akwai kimanin kashi 50% na gudummawar kwayoyin halitta ga matsalar amfani da opioid. <ref name="Dydyk 2022" /> <ref name="pmid23584813">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dick DM, Agrawal A |date=2008 |title=The genetics of alcohol and other drug dependence |journal=Alcohol Research & Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |pmc=3860452 |pmid=23584813}}</ref> Magungunan magunguna na masu karɓar opioid da ligands na ciki sun kasance batun aiki mai zurfi a cikin nazarin haɗin gwiwa. Waɗannan nazarin suna gwadawa sosai don nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, gami da dogaro da opioid, dogaro da cocaine, dogaro da barasa, dogaro da methamphetamine / psychosis, amsawa ga maganin naltrexone, halayen mutum, da sauransu. <ref name="pmid23584813" /> An bayar da rahoton manyan bambance-bambancen da ƙananan bambance-bambance ga kowane kwayar halittar mai karɓa da ligand a cikin jerin lambobi, da kuma yankuna masu tsari. <ref name="pmid23584813">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dick DM, Agrawal A |date=2008 |title=The genetics of alcohol and other drug dependence |journal=Alcohol Research & Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |pmc=3860452 |pmid=23584813}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDickAgrawal2008">Dick DM, Agrawal A (2008). </cite></ref> Bincike kan masu karɓar opioid na ciki ya mayar da hankali kan kwayar halittar OPRM1, wacce ke ɓoye mai karɓar μ-opioid, da kuma kwayoyin halittar OPRK1 da OPRD1, waɗanda ke ɓoye masu karɓar κ da δ, bi da bi. <ref name="pmid23584813" /> Sabbin hanyoyin da ake bi sun canza daga nazarin takamaiman kwayoyin halitta da yankuna don tantance dukkan kwayoyin halittar. Waɗannan nazarin GWAS sun samar da wasu kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa, kodayake da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da sunadaran da ba su da alaƙa a cikin matakai kamar mannewar ƙwayoyin halitta, daidaita rubutun bayanai, tantance tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta, da RNA, DNA, da sarrafa/gyara furotin. <ref name="pmid23872493">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall FS, Drgonova J, Jain S, Uhl GR |date=December 2013 |title=Implications of genome wide association studies for addiction: are our a priori assumptions all wrong? |journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=267–279 |doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.006 |pmc=3797854 |pmid=23872493}}</ref> ==== Kwayoyin halittar masu karɓar opioid marasa ==== Duk da cewa masu karɓar opioid sune aka fi yin nazari a kansu, an gano wasu kwayoyin halitta da dama a cikin OUD. An danganta yawan maimaitawar (CA) da ke kewaye da kwayar preproenkephalin, PENK, da dogaro da opiate. <ref name="pmid20055697">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khokhar JY, Ferguson CS, Zhu AZ, Tyndale RF |date=2010 |title=Pharmacogenetics of drug dependence: role of gene variations in susceptibility and treatment |journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology |volume=50 |pages=39–61 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105826 |pmid=20055697 |s2cid=2158248}}</ref> An sami sakamako iri-iri ga kwayar MCR2, wacce ke rubuta nau'in mai karɓar melanocortin type 2, wanda hakan ke nuna kariya da haɗarin '''jarabar heroin''' . <ref name="pmid20055697" /> Wasu enzymes da ke cikin dangin cytochrome P450 suma suna iya taka rawa wajen dogaro da shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima saboda bambancin raguwar opioids da masu karɓar su. Akwai kuma matsaloli da yawa da ke tattare da haɗa opioids da magungunan rage radadi da magungunan hana farfadiya (duk magunguna gama gari ga marasa lafiya masu fama da ciwon zuciya na dogon lokaci) saboda tasirinsu kan haifar da enzymes na CYP. <ref name="pmid29054049">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Solhaug V, Molden E |date=October 2017 |title=Individual variability in clinical effect and tolerability of opioid analgesics - Importance of drug interactions and pharmacogenetics |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Pain |volume=17 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.09.009 |pmid=29054049}}</ref> Tsarin halittar CYP2D6 musamman na iya taka rawa wajen taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke da magani na musamman don OUD da sauran jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="pmid29054049" /> == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg|thumb|A biyu&nbsp;Yawan [[Kilogram|milligram]] na foda fentanyl, a kan [[fensir]], yana da haɗari ga yawancin mutane. <ref name="onepill">{{Cite web |title=One Pill Can Kill |url=https://www.dea.gov/onepill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115200822/https://www.dea.gov/onepill |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[US Drug Enforcement Administration]]}}</ref>]] Jagororin DSM-5 don gano matsalar amfani da opioid suna buƙatar mutumin yana da babban rauni ko damuwa da ke da alaƙa da amfani da opioid. Don tabbatar da ganewar asali, dole ne a sami sharuɗɗa biyu ko fiye daga cikin 11 a cikin shekara guda: <ref name="DSM52" /> # Ana shan opioids fiye da yadda aka yi niyya # Mutumin ba zai iya rage yawan opioids da ake amfani da su ba # Ana ɓatar da lokaci mai yawa wajen ƙoƙarin samun opioids, amfani da opioids, ko murmurewa daga shan su. # Mutum yana da sha'awar opioids # Wahala wajen cika ayyukan ƙwararru a wurin aiki ko makaranta # Ci gaba da amfani da opioids yana haifar da sakamako na zamantakewa da na mutane. # Rage ayyukan zamantakewa ko nishaɗi # Amfani da opioids duk da kasancewa cikin yanayi mai haɗari na zahiri # Ci gaba da amfani da opioids duk da cewa yana ƙara ta'azzara lafiyar jiki ko ta hankali (misali baƙin ciki, maƙarƙashiya) # Haƙuri # Janyewa Ana iya rarraba tsananin a matsayin mai sauƙi, matsakaici, ko mai tsanani bisa ga adadin sharuɗɗan da ke akwai. <ref name="ACOG2017">{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy |url=https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Opioid-Use-and-Opioid-Use-Disorder-in-Pregnancy |access-date=16 July 2018 |website=ACOG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Opioid-Use-and-Opioid-Use-Disorder-in-Pregnancy "Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy"]. </cite></ref> Ba a ɗaukar sharuɗɗan haƙuri da janyewa a matsayin cikas ga mutanen da ke shan opioids kawai a ƙarƙashin kulawar likita mai dacewa ba. [[Addiction|Shaye-shaye]] da dogaro sassa ne na matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ; jaraba ita ce mafi tsanani. <ref name="Brain disease">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT |date=January 2016 |title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=4 |pages=363–371 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480 |pmc=6135257 |pmid=26816013 |quote=Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVolkowKoobMcLellan2016">Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). </cite></ref> == Rigakafi == Hanyoyin rigakafi don magance matsalar amfani da opioid dole ne a yi la'akari da shawarwarin asibiti don rubuta/fara shan opioids, lokacin da suka dace a asibiti, da kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da maganin opioid. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain {{!}} Drug Overdose {{!}} CDC Injury Center |url=https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/prescribing/guideline.html |access-date=3 November 2018 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Inganta jagororin da ayyukan rubuta opioid na iya taimakawa rage fallasa ga opioids ba dole ba, wanda ke rage haɗarin kamuwa da OUD (cutar amfani da opioid). Masu ba da kiwon lafiya ya kamata su bi ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da shaida don tabbatar da amfani mai aminci da dacewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wakeman |first=Sarah |last2=Larochelle |first2=Marc |last3=Ameli |first3=Omid |date=2020 |title=Comparative Effectiveness of Different Treatment Pathways for Opioid Use Disorder |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e1920622 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20622 |pmc=11143463 |pmid=32022884}}</ref> Wata hanyar hana OUD ita ce ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin shan magungunan opioid da aka rubuta da kuma haramtattun abubuwa kamar fentanyl . Yaƙin neman zaɓe, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a, da shirye-shiryen ilimi na makarantu na iya taimaka wa mutane su yanke shawara mai kyau game da amfani da opioid da kuma gane alamun jaraba da wuri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarty |first=Dennis |last2=Priest |first2=Kelsey C. |last3=Korthuis |first3=P. Todd |date=2018-04-01 |title=Treatment and Prevention of Opioid Use Disorder: Challenges and Opportunities |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=525–541 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526 |issn=0163-7525 |pmc=5880741 |pmid=29272165}}</ref> An gano wata babbar alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin ƙuruciya da kuma cin zarafin opioid daga baya a rayuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa ya kamata a ɗauki babban maki na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin ƙuruciya a matsayin abin da ke haifar da cin zarafin opioid. <ref name="sr">{{Cite journal |last=Regmi |first=Sanjaya |last2=Kedia |first2=Satish K. |last3=Ahuja |first3=Nikhil A. |last4=Lee |first4=Guijin |last5=Entwistle |first5=Coree |last6=Dillon |first6=Patrick J. |date=July 2024 |title=Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Opioid Use-Related Behaviors: A Systematic Review |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380231205821 |journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=2046–2064 |doi=10.1177/15248380231205821 |issn=1524-8380 |pmid=37920999 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRegmiKediaAhujaLee2024">Regmi S, Kedia SK, Ahuja NA, Lee G, Entwistle C, Dillon PJ (July 2024). </cite></ref> Binciken abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin ƙuruciya kafin a rubuta ko aiwatar da hanyoyin da suka shafi opioids na iya rage yuwuwar yin amfani da su ba daidai ba. <ref name="sr" /> === Yawan shan Opioid fiye da kima === Ana amfani da Naloxone don maganin gaggawa na yawan shan ƙwayoyi . Ana iya ba shi ta hanyoyi da yawa (misali, intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), subcutaneous, intrahasal, da shaƙa) kuma yana aiki da sauri ta hanyar kawar da opioids daga masu karɓar opioid da hana kunna waɗannan masu karɓar. <ref name="fda-naloxone">{{Cite web |title=Naloxone for Treatment of Opioid Overdose |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/AnestheticAndAnalgesicDrugProductsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM522690.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023140201/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/AnestheticAndAnalgesicDrugProductsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM522690.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2016 |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar kayan aikin Naloxone ga mutanen da za su iya ganin yawan shan opioid, ga mutanen da ke da manyan magunguna don opioids, waɗanda ke cikin shirye-shiryen shan ƙwayoyi, da waɗanda aka sake su kwanan nan daga kurkuku. <ref name="www.cdc.gov-naloxone">{{Cite web |title=Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone to Laypersons — United States, 2014 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6423a2.htm |access-date=9 March 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Tunda naloxone magani ne mai ceton rai, yankuna da yawa na Amurka sun aiwatar da umarni na dindindin ga jami'an tsaro su ɗauka su kuma bayar da shi idan ana buƙata. <ref name="FDA – law enforcement and naloxone">{{Cite web |date=July 2015 |title=Law enforcement and naloxone utilization in the United States |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/NewsEvents/UCM454810.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508211531/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/NewsEvents/UCM454810.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=2 November 2017 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |publisher=North Carolina Harm Reduction Coalition |pages=1–24}}</ref> <ref name="Naloxone standing orders">{{Cite web |title=Case studies: Standing orders |url=http://naloxoneinfo.org/case-studies/standing-orders |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015820/http://naloxoneinfo.org/case-studies/standing-orders |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=2 November 2017 |website=NaloxoneInfo.org |publisher=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da naloxone don ƙalubalantar matsayin mutum na daina shan opioid kafin fara magani kamar naltrexone, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen magance jarabar opioid. <ref name="pmid27464203-2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schuckit MA |date=July 2016 |title=Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorders |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=375 |issue=4 |pages=357–368 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1604339 |pmid=27464203 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dokokin Samaritan Masu Kyau galibi suna kare masu kallon kallon da ke ba da maganin naloxone. A Amurka, akalla jihohi 40 suna da dokokin Good Samaritan don ƙarfafa masu kallon kallon su ɗauki mataki ba tare da tsoron gurfanarwa ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, jihohi 48 sun ba wa masu harhada magunguna ikon rarraba maganin naloxone ba tare da takardar likita ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Naloxone Opioid Overdose Reversal Medication |url=https://cvshealth.com/thought-leadership/naloxone-opioid-overdose-reversal-medication |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919062029/https://cvshealth.com/thought-leadership/naloxone-opioid-overdose-reversal-medication |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=CVS Health}}</ref> Kisan kai, kashe kai, haɗurra da cututtukan hanta suma dalilai ne da suka shafi mutuwar waɗanda ke fama da OUD. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morin KA, Vojtesek F, Acharya S, Dabous JR, Marsh DC |date=October 2021 |title=Evidence of Increased Age and Sex Standardized Death Rates Among Individuals Who Accessed Opioid Agonist Treatment Before the Era of Synthetic Opioids in Ontario, Canada |journal=Cureus |volume=13 |issue=10 |doi=10.7759/cureus.19051 |pmc=8608679 |pmid=34853762 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hser YI, Hoffman V, Grella CE, Anglin MD |date=May 2001 |title=A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=503–508 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.503 |pmid=11343531}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan dalilan mutuwa ba a lura da su ba saboda ƙarancin bayanai game da takaddun shaidar mutuwa. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horon IL, Singal P, Fowler DR, Sharfstein JM |date=June 2018 |title=Standard Death Certificates Versus Enhanced Surveillance to Identify Heroin Overdose-Related Deaths |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=777–781 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2018.304385 |pmc=5944879 |pmid=29672148}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-macen da suka shafi opioids a matakin mutum ɗaya sun haɗa da abubuwan asibiti kamar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, cututtukan kwakwalwa masu alaƙa da damuwa ta hankali (misali, baƙin ciki), tarihin matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, damuwar tattalin arziki da al'umma (misali, ƙarancin ilimi, rashin aikin yi), da halaye kamar jinsi na maza da matsakaicin shekaru. <ref name="County-level factors associated wit">{{Cite journal |last=Rizk |first=John G. |last2=Saini |first2=Jannat |last3=Kim |first3=Kyungha |last4=Pathan |first4=Uzma |last5=Qato |first5=Danya M. |date=2024 |title=County-level factors associated with a mismatch between opioid overdose mortality and availability of opioid treatment facilities |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=4 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1901863R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0301863 |pmc=10997118 |pmid=38578818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Matsalolin amfani da opioid yawanci suna buƙatar [[Kulawa na dogon lokaci|magani da kulawa na dogon lokaci]] da nufin rage haɗarin mutumin da kuma inganta yanayin jikinsa na dogon lokaci da na tunani. Kulawa ta farko ta ƙunshi amfani da magungunan maye gurbin opioid, musamman methadone, naltrexone, morphine, hydromorphone, buprenorphine / naloxone, da diamorphine, wanda shine mafi ingancin zaɓi na magani na duk magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroin Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addicts – The Swiss Experience |url=https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/371/ille/presentation/ucht-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205192755/https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/371/ille/presentation/ucht-e.htm |archive-date=2018-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=sencanada.ca}}</ref> An hana kula da janyewa kaɗai, saboda alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV da hepatitis C, yawan mace-macen da ake samu ta hanyar shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima, da kuma sake dawowa gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amato L, Davoli M, Minozzi S, Ferroni E, Ali R, Ferri M |date=February 2013 |title=Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2013 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003409.pub4 |pmc=7017622 |pmid=23450540}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=MacArthur GJ, van Velzen E, Palmateer N, Kimber J, Pharris A, Hope V, Taylor A, Roy K, Aspinall E, Goldberg D, Rhodes T, Hedrich D, Salminen M, Hickman M, Hutchinson SJ |date=January 2014 |title=Interventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness |journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=34–52 |doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.07.001 |pmid=23973009}}</ref> Ana ganin wannan hanyar ba ta da tasiri ba tare da shirin canzawa zuwa maganin jaraba na dogon lokaci ba, kamar maganin opioid agonist. <ref name="Opioid Use Disorder">{{Cite web |title=Opioid Use Disorder |url=https://www.bccsu.ca/opioid-use-disorder/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bccsu.ca/opioid-use-disorder/ "Opioid Use Disorder"].</cite></ref> Duk da cewa magani yana rage mace-mace, makonni huɗu na farko bayan fara magani da kuma makonni huɗu bayan daina magani su ne lokutan da suka fi haɗari ga mace-macen da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="BMJ2017Re2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R |date=April 2017 |title=Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=BMJ |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1550 |pmc=5421454 |pmid=28446428}}</ref> Waɗannan lokutan da ke ƙara fuskantar rauni suna da mahimmanci saboda yawancin waɗanda ke cikin magani suna barin shirye-shiryen a waɗannan lokutan. <ref name="BMJ2017Re2" /> Akwai shaida cewa mutanen da ke fama da matsalar amfani da opioid waɗanda suka dogara da magungunan opioid na iya buƙatar wata hanyar kulawa daban da ta waɗanda ke shan heroin. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen S, Tse WC, Larance B |date=September 2022 |title=Opioid agonist treatment for people who are dependent on pharmaceutical opioids |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011117.pub3 |pmc=9443668 |pmid=36063082}}</ref> === Magani === '''Maganin maye gurbin opioid''' ( '''ORT''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''maganin maye gurbin opioid''' ( '''OST''' ), '''Maganin Jiyya don Jaraba (MAT)''', ko '''Magunguna don Rashin Amfani da Opioid''' ( '''MOUD''' ), ya ƙunshi maye gurbin opioid, kamar heroin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2017 |title=Opioid substitution therapy or treatment (OST) |url=https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/content/opioid-substitution-therapy-or-treatment-ost_en |website=Migration and Home Affairs |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Magungunan da aka fi amfani da su don ORT sune methadone da buprenorphine/naloxone ( Suboxone ), waɗanda ake sha a ƙarƙashin kulawar likita. <ref name="NEPOD Report2" /> Yawanci ana fifita Buprenorphine/naloxone fiye da methadone saboda amincinsa, wanda ake ganin ya fi kyau, musamman dangane da haɗarin shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whelan PJ, Remski K |date=January 2012 |title=Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds |journal=Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91934 |pmc=3271614 |pmid=22346191 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da tasirinsa ga zuciya (tsawaita QTc). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martin JA, Campbell A, Killip T, Kotz M, Krantz MJ, Kreek MJ, McCarroll BA, Mehta D, Payte JT, Stimmel B, Taylor T, Haigney MC, Wilford BB |date=October 2011 |title=QT interval screening in methadone maintenance treatment: report of a SAMHSA expert panel |journal=Journal of Addictive Diseases |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=283–306 |doi=10.1080/10550887.2011.610710 |pmc=4078896 |pmid=22026519}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guideline for the Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder |url=https://www.bccsu.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/BC-OUD-Treatment-Guideline_2023-Update.pdf}}</ref> [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka]] (FDA) ta amince da Buprenorphine/naloxone, methadone, da naltrexone don maganin da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar magunguna (MAT). <ref>{{Cite web |title=MAT Medications, Counseling, and Related Conditions |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920152819/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=www.samhsa.gov}}</ref> A Amurka, Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali da Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi (SAMHSA) ta tabbatar da shirye-shiryen maganin opioid (OTPs), inda za a iya ba da methadone a asibitocin methadone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Methadone |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/methadone |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=www.samhsa.gov}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2023, Dokar '''Waiver Limination (MAT Act)''', wacce aka fi sani da "Omnibus Bill", ta cire buƙatar tarayya ga masu samar da lafiya don samun izinin rubuta buprenorphine, a yunƙurin ƙara samun damar yin maganin OUD. <ref name="Waiver Elimination">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Waiver Elimination (MAT Act) |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medications-substance-use-disorders/waiver-elimination-mat-act}}</ref> Ka'idar da ke bayan ORT ita ce dawo da rayuwar da majiyyaci ke yi da kansa. <ref name="www.samhsa.gov-2">{{Cite web |title=Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=www.samhsa.gov}}</ref> ORT tana sauƙaƙa wannan tsari ta hanyar rage alamun janyewar miyagun ƙwayoyi da sha'awar miyagun ƙwayoyi . <ref name="www.samhsa.gov-2" /> A wasu ƙasashe (ba Amurka ko Ostiraliya ba), ƙa'idodi <ref name="NEPOD Report2" /> suna tilasta wa mutanen da ke kan shirye-shiryen ORT waɗanda ke ƙarewa lokacin da aka cimma yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mai kyau. (Mutanen da ke ɗauke da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] ko [[hepatitis C]] galibi ana keɓe su daga wannan buƙata.) A aikace, kashi 40-65% na marasa lafiya suna ci gaba da guje wa ƙarin opioids yayin da suke karɓar maganin maye gurbin opioid kuma kashi 70-95% na iya rage amfani da su sosai. <ref name="NEPOD Report2" /> Matsalolin likita ( maganin da ba su dace ba, kayan aikin allura marasa tsafta ), lafiyar kwakwalwa ( lafiyar kwakwalwa, dangantaka), da shari'a ( kamawa da ɗaurewa ) waɗanda za su iya tasowa daga amfani da opioids ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ana kawar da su ko rage su a lokaci guda. <ref name="NEPOD Report2" /> Clonidine ko lofexidine na iya taimakawa wajen magance alamun janyewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gowing L, Farrell M, Ali R, White JM |date=May 2016 |title=Alpha₂-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002024.pub5 |pmc=7081129 |pmid=27140827}}</ref> Lokacin da ake fara amfani da methadone da kuma lokacin da ake ɗauka nan take bayan an daina shan magungunan biyu, lokaci ne da ke haifar da haɗarin mace-mace, wanda ya kamata a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar dabarun kiwon lafiya da na asibiti. <ref name="BMJ2017Re2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R |date=April 2017 |title=Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=BMJ |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1550 |pmc=5421454 |pmid=28446428}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSordoBarrioBravoIndave2017">Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, et&nbsp;al. (April 2017). </cite></ref> ORT ta tabbatar da cewa ita ce mafi inganci magani don inganta lafiya da yanayin rayuwa na mutanen da ke fuskantar amfani da opiate ko dogaro da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, gami da rage mace-mace <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Michels II, Stöver H, Gerlach R |date=February 2007 |title=Substitution treatment for opioid addicts in Germany |journal=Harm Reduction Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1477-7517-4-5 |pmc=1797169 |pmid=17270059 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="BMJ2017Re2" /> da kuma kuɗaɗen zamantakewa gabaɗaya, kamar asarar tattalin arziki daga laifukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="NEPOD Report2" /> Wani bita kan manufofin asibitocin Burtaniya ya gano cewa jagororin gida suna jinkirta samun magungunan opioid, misali ta hanyar buƙatar gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje don nuna amfani ko shigar da ƙwararrun magunguna kafin a rubuta magani. Jinkirin samun magani na iya ƙara haɗarin mutane na fitar da kansu da wuri ba tare da shawarar likita ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 November 2022 |title=Many hospital policies create barriers to good management of opioid withdrawal |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/many-hospital-policies-create-barriers-to-good-management-of-opioid-withdrawal/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_54639 |s2cid=253608569 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris M, Holland A, Lewer D, Brown M, Eastwood N, Sutton G, Sansom B, Cruickshank G, Bradbury M, Guest I, Scott J |date=April 2022 |title=Barriers to management of opioid withdrawal in hospitals in England: a document analysis of hospital policies on the management of substance dependence |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12916-022-02351-y |pmc=9007696 |pmid=35418095 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], [[Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka]], da UNAIDS sun amince da ORT a matsayin mai tasiri wajen rage allura, rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS, da kuma haɓaka bin ka'idojin maganin hana kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="BMJ2017Re2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R |date=April 2017 |title=Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=BMJ |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1550 |pmc=5421454 |pmid=28446428}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSordoBarrioBravoIndave2017">Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, et&nbsp;al. (April 2017). </cite></ref> Buprenorphine da methadone suna aiki ta hanyar rage sha'awar opioid, rage alamun janyewa, da kuma toshe tasirin opioids ta hanyar jure wa juna, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bonhomme J, Shim RS, Gooden R, Tyus D, Rust G |date=July 2012 |title=Opioid addiction and abuse in primary care practice: a comparison of methadone and buprenorphine as treatment options |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-medical-association_july-august-2012_104_7-8/page/342 |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=104 |issue=7–8 |pages=342–350 |doi=10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30175-9 |pmc=4039205 |pmid=23092049}}</ref> da kuma a yanayin buprenorphine, wani agonist na opioid mai alaƙa da juna, wanda kuma saboda cikar masu karɓar opioid. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Orman JS, Keating GM |date=2009 |title=Buprenorphine/naloxone: a review of its use in the treatment of opioid dependence |journal=Drugs |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=577–607 |doi=10.2165/00003495-200969050-00006 |pmid=19368419 |s2cid=209147406}}</ref> ==== A cikin ciki ==== Mata masu juna biyu da ke fama da matsalar amfani da opioid suma za su iya samun magani da methadone, naltrexone, ko buprenorphine. <ref name="Tran Griffin Stone Vest 2017 pp. 824–839">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tran TH, Griffin BL, Stone RH, Vest KM, Todd TJ |date=July 2017 |title=Methadone, Buprenorphine, and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnant Women |journal=Pharmacotherapy |publisher=Wiley |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=824–839 |doi=10.1002/phar.1958 |pmid=28543191 |s2cid=13772333}}</ref> Buprenorphine da alama yana da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau idan aka kwatanta da methadone don magance matsalar amfani da opioid (OUD) a cikin ciki. Bincike ya nuna cewa buprenorphine yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin haɗarin haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, ƙarin nauyin haihuwa, da kuma babban kewaye kai ba tare da ƙarin lahani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zedler BK, Mann AL, Kim MM, Amick HR, Joyce AR, Murrelle EL, Jones HE |date=December 2016 |title=Buprenorphine compared with methadone to treat pregnant women with opioid use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety in the mother, fetus and child |journal=Addiction |volume=111 |issue=12 |pages=2115–2128 |doi=10.1111/add.13462 |pmc=5129590 |pmid=27223595}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da methadone, yana ci gaba da haifar da ingantaccen nauyin haihuwa da shekarun haihuwa, kodayake ya kamata a fassara waɗannan binciken da taka tsantsan saboda yuwuwar son zuciya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kinsella M, Halliday LO, Shaw M, Capel Y, Nelson SM, Kearns RJ |date=29 July 2022 |title=Buprenorphine Compared with Methadone in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Substance Use & Misuse |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=1400–1416 |doi=10.1080/10826084.2022.2083174 |pmid=35758300 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amfani da Buprenorphine yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin haɗarin sakamako masu illa ga jarirai, tare da irin wannan haɗarin sakamako masu illa ga jarirai kamar methadone. <ref name="Buprenorphine versus Methadone for">{{Cite journal |author-link4=Sonia Hernández-Díaz |vauthors=Suarez EA, Huybrechts KF, Straub L, Hernández-Díaz S, Jones HE, Connery HS, Davis JM, Gray KJ, Lester B, Terplan M, Mogun H, Bateman BT |date=December 2022 |title=Buprenorphine versus Methadone for Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=387 |issue=22 |pages=2033–2044 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2203318 |pmc=9873239 |pmid=36449419}}</ref> Jarirai da aka haifa daga uwaye da aka yi wa magani da buprenorphine galibi suna da nauyin haihuwa mai yawa, ƙarancin alamun janyewa, da kuma ƙarancin yiwuwar haihuwa da wuri. <ref name="Buprenorphine versus Methadone for" /> Sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarancin magani ga ciwon hana haihuwa ga jarirai kuma suna da uwaye waɗanda suka fi iya fara magani da wuri a lokacin daukar ciki, wanda ke haifar da ɗaukar ciki mai tsawo da jarirai masu girma. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer MC, Johnston AM, Crocker AM, Heil SH |date=2015 |title=Methadone and buprenorphine for opioid dependence during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study |journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000092 |pmc=4375023 |pmid=25622120}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] li2ldzsk1ss6m87baooinduxgi87pwz Guba na gubar 0 156044 967288 951533 2026-10-13T20:17:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gubar gubar''', wanda aka fi sani da '''plumbism''' da '''saturnism''', wani nau'in gubar ƙarfe ne da ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar gubar a jikin ɗan adam. <ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Lead poisoning and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018024720/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref> Alamomin gubar gubar na iya haɗawa da ciwon ciki, maƙarƙashiya, ciwon kai, haushi, matsalolin tunawa, rashin haihuwa, suma da kuma ƙara a hannuwa da ƙafafu. <ref name="CDC2013Sym">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Lead Information for Workers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/health.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215410/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/health.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=CDC}}</ref> Gubar gubar tana haifar da kusan kashi 10% na nakasa ta hankali wanda ba a san dalili ba kuma tana iya haifar da matsalolin ɗabi'a. <ref name="WHO2016" /> Wasu daga cikin illolin suna dindindin. <ref name="WHO2016" /> A cikin mawuyacin hali, [[rashin jini]], farfadiya, suma, ko [[mutuwa]] na iya faruwa. <ref name="CDC2013Sym" /> <ref name="WHO2016" /> Fuskantar gubar na iya faruwa ta hanyar iska mai gurbata muhalli, ruwa, ƙura, abinci, ko kayayyakin masarufi. <ref name="WHO2016" /> Gubar gubar na ƙara yawan haɗari ga yara da dabbobin gida domin suna da yuwuwar cin gubar a kaikaice ta hanyar tauna kayan wasa ko wasu abubuwa da aka shafa a fenti mai gubar . <ref name="WHO2016" /> Bugu da ƙari, yara suna shan gubar da yawa daga tushen da aka ci fiye da manya. Fuskantar gubar a wurin aiki shine sanadin gubar gubar da aka saba gani a cikin manya, tare da wasu ayyuka da ke da haɗari. <ref name="Gra2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gracia RC, Snodgrass WR |date=January 2007 |title=Lead toxicity and chelation therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-health-system-pharmacy_2007-01-01_64_1/page/45 |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.2146/ajhp060175 |pmid=17189579}}</ref> Gano cutar yawanci ana yin ta ne ta hanyar auna matakin gubar da ke cikin jini . <ref name="WHO2016" /> Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (US) ta sanya iyaka mafi girma ga gubar da ke cikin jini ga manya a shekara 10&nbsp;μg/dL (10)&nbsp;μg/100 g) kuma ga yara a 3.5&nbsp;μg/dL; <ref name="CDC2021">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=CDC Updates Blood Lead Reference Value for Children |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p1028-blood-lead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922075339/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p1028-blood-lead.html |archive-date=Sep 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> kafin Oktoba 2021 iyaka ta kasance 5&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="CDC2012">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |title=Blood Lead Reference Value {{!}} Lead |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/blood-lead-reference-value.htm |access-date=2021-12-01 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Haka kuma ana iya gano gubar da ta ɗaga ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja ko layuka masu yawa a cikin ƙasusuwan yara kamar yadda aka gani a X-ray . <ref name="Dap2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dapul H, Laraque D |date=August 2014 |title=Lead poisoning in children |journal=Advances in Pediatrics |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=313–33 |doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004 |pmid=25037135}}</ref> Ana iya hana gubar gubar. <ref name="WHO2016" /> Wannan ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin mutum ɗaya kamar cire abubuwan da ke ɗauke da gubar daga gida, <ref name="Need2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman H |year=2004 |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=55 |pages=209–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653 |pmid=14746518}}</ref> ƙoƙarin wurin aiki kamar inganta iska da sa ido, <ref name="CDC2016Prev">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Lead Information for Employers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/prevention.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210747/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/prevention.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=CDC}}</ref> manufofin jihohi da na ƙasa waɗanda ke hana gubar gubar a cikin kayayyaki kamar fenti, fetur, harsasai, nauyin ƙafafu, da nauyin kamun kifi, rage yawan ruwa ko ƙasa da aka yarda da shi, da kuma tsaftace ƙasa mai gurɓata. <ref name="WHO2016" /> <ref name="Dap2014" /> Ilmantar ma'aikata na iya taimakawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Allaouat |first=Sarah |year=2020 |title=Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013097.pub2 |pmc=8095058 |pmid=35819457 |s2cid=226951902}}</ref> Manyan magunguna sune cire tushen gubar da amfani da magunguna waɗanda ke ɗaure gubar don a iya kawar da ita daga jiki, wanda aka sani da maganin chelation . <ref name="Dap2014" /> Ana ba da shawarar maganin chelation ga yara lokacin da matakan jini suka fi 40-45&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="Dap2014" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=What Do Parents Need to Know to Protect Their Children? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009233521/http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=CDC}}</ref> Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da dimercaprol, edetate calcium disodium, da succimer . <ref name="Gra2007" /> A shekarar 2021, an danganta mace-mace miliyan 1.5 a duk duniya sakamakon kamuwa da gubar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lead poisoning |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Yana faruwa ne a mafi yawan [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . <ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Lead poisoning and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018024720/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=WHO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ "Lead poisoning and health"]. ''WHO''. September 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161018024720/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ Archived] from the original on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> An kiyasta cewa yara miliyan 800 ne ke da sinadarin gubar a jini sama da 5 μg/dL a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi, kodayake cikakkun bayanai game da lafiyar jama'a har yanzu ba su isa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Champion |first=Wyatt M. |last2=Khaliq |first2=Mahmooda |last3=Mihelcic |first3=James R. |date=2022-11-08 |title=Advancing Knowledge to Reduce Lead Exposure of Children in Data-Poor Low- and Middle-Income Countries |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00656 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology Letters |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=879–888 |bibcode=2022EnSTL...9..879C |doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00656 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laborers' Health and Safety Fund of North America |date=11 February 2017 |title=Thousands of US Cities Have Worse Lead Problems Than Flint |url=https://www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/february-2017/thousands-of-u-s-cities-have-worse-lead-problems-than-flint/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926145557/https://www.lhsfna.org/index.cfm/lifelines/february-2017/thousands-of-u-s-cities-have-worse-lead-problems-than-flint/ |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> Amurka na iya samun nauyin gubar da ya fi na waɗanda aka gani a lokacin rikicin ruwa na Flint . <ref name="WHO2016" /> Waɗanda ke da talauci suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. [2] Ana kyautata zaton gubar tana haifar da kashi 0.6% na [[Nauyin cuta|nauyin cututtuka]] a duniya. <ref name="Need2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman H |year=2004 |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=55 |pages=209–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653 |pmid=14746518}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNeedleman2004">Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". ''Annual Review of Medicine''. '''55''': <span class="nowrap">209–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653|10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746518 14746518].</cite></ref> Rabin al'ummar Amurka sun fuskanci mummunan tasirin gubar a lokacin ƙuruciya, galibi daga hayakin mota, wanda gurɓataccen gubar ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1970 kuma ya haifar da asarar fahimta sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McFarland |first=Michael J. |last2=Hauer |first2=Matt E. |last3=Reuben |first3=Aaron |date=15 March 2022 |title=Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=11 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11918631M |doi=10.1073/pnas.2118631119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8931364 |pmid=35254913 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duk duniya, sama da kashi 15% na yara an san suna da matakan gubar jini (BLL) sama da 10 μg/dL, wanda a lokacin ne aka nuna cewa an yi amfani da maganin a asibiti sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dissanayake |first=Vinodinee |last2=Erickson |first2=Timothy B. |date=29 Jun 2012 |title=Ball and chain: The global burden of lead poisoning |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/15563650.2012.698018 |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=528–531 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.698018 |pmid=22746385 |url-access=subscription |via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> Mutane sun shafe dubban shekaru suna haƙowa da amfani da gubar. <ref name="Dap2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dapul H, Laraque D |date=August 2014 |title=Lead poisoning in children |journal=Advances in Pediatrics |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=313–33 |doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004 |pmid=25037135}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDapulLaraque2014">Dapul H, Laraque D (August 2014). "Lead poisoning in children". ''Advances in Pediatrics''. '''61''' (1): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>33. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004|10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25037135 25037135].</cite></ref> Bayanin gubar gubar ya kai akalla 200&nbsp;BC, <ref name="Dap2014" /> yayin da ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da gubar ya samo asali ne tun aƙalla ƙarni na 16. <ref name="Need2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman H |year=2004 |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=55 |pages=209–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653 |pmid=14746518}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNeedleman2004">Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". ''Annual Review of Medicine''. '''55''': <span class="nowrap">209–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653|10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746518 14746518].</cite></ref> Damuwa game da ƙarancin yawan fallasa ta fara ne a shekarun 1970, lokacin da aka fahimci cewa saboda yanayin [[Haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta|tarin ƙwayoyin cuta]], babu wata hanyar aminci ta fallasa gubar. <ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Lead poisoning and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018024720/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=WHO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ "Lead poisoning and health"]. ''WHO''. September 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161018024720/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/ Archived] from the original on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Dap2014" /> <ref name="NeedlemanDentineLead">{{Cite journal |last=Needleman |first=Herbert L. |last2=Gunnoe |first2=Charles |last3=Leviton |first3=Alan |last4=Reed |first4=Robert |last5=Peresie |first5=Henry |last6=Maher |first6=Cornelius |last7=Barrett |first7=Peter |date=29 March 1979 |title=Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197903293001301 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=300 |issue=13 |pages=689–695 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197903293001301 |pmid=763299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == A al'ada, an bayyana "gubar gubar" ko "gubar gubar" a matsayin fallasa ga yawan gubar da ke cikin jiki, wanda yawanci ke da alaƙa da mummunan tasirin lafiya. Guba wani tsari ne na alamun da ke faruwa tare da tasirin guba daga matsakaici zuwa babban matakin fallasa; guba wani nau'in illa ne mai faɗi, gami da waɗanda ba su haifar da alamun cutar ba (waɗanda ba sa haifar da alamun cutar). <ref name="Guidotti07-PedClin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guidotti TL, Ragain L |date=April 2007 |title=Protecting children from toxic exposure: three strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2007-04_54_2/page/227 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=227–35, vii |citeseerx=10.1.1.533.907 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002 |pmid=17448358}}</ref> Duk da haka, ƙwararru kan yi amfani da "gubar gubar" da "gubar gubar" a musayar ra'ayi, kuma majiyoyin hukuma ba koyaushe suke iyakance amfani da "gubar gubar" don nufin kawai tasirin gubar ba. <ref name="Guidotti07-PedClin" /> Adadin gubar da ke cikin jini da kyallen takarda, da kuma lokacin da aka fallasa su, suna tantance guba. Gubar gubar na iya zama mai tsanani (daga tsananin fallasa na ɗan gajeren lokaci) ko na yau da kullun (daga yawan fallasa a cikin ƙaramin matakin na tsawon lokaci), amma na ƙarshen ya fi yawa. Ganowa da maganin fallasa gubar ya dogara ne akan matakin gubar jini (adadin gubar da ke cikin jini), wanda aka auna a cikin micrograms na gubar a kowace [[Lita|deciliter]] na jini (μg/dL). Ana iya amfani da matakan gubar fitsari, kodayake ba a saba amfani da su ba. A cikin yanayin fallasa na yau da kullun, gubar galibi tana yin jerin gwanon a cikin mafi girman taro da farko a cikin ƙasusuwa, sannan a cikin koda. Idan mai ba da sabis yana yin gwajin fitar da abubuwa masu tayar da hankali, ko "ƙalubalen chelation", ma'aunin da aka samu daga fitsari maimakon jini zai iya samar da cikakken wakilci na jimlar nauyin gubar ga ƙwararren mai fassara. <ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Jennifer A. |date=2010 |title=Oral Chelation Therapy for Patients with Lead Poisoning |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126141333/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-26 |website=WHO}}</ref> Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi na Amurka da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] sun bayyana cewa matakin gubar jini na 10&nbsp;μg/dL ko sama da haka abin damuwa ne; duk da haka, gubar na iya lalata ci gaba kuma yana da illa ga lafiya koda a ƙananan matakai, kuma babu wani matakin kamuwa da cutar da aka sani mai aminci. <ref name="Rossi09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rossi E |date=May 2008 |title=Low level environmental lead exposure--a continuing challenge |journal=The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=63–70 |pmc=2533151 |pmid=18787644}}</ref> <ref name="Barbosa">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF, Parsons PJ |date=December 2005 |title=A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=1669–74 |bibcode=2005EnvHP.113.1669B |doi=10.1289/ehp.7917 |pmc=1314903 |pmid=16330345}}</ref> Hukumomi kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Amurka sun bayyana gubar gubar a matsayin matakan gubar jini sama da 10&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="Ragan09-JAAPA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ragan P, Turner T |date=July 2009 |title=Working to prevent lead poisoning in children: getting the lead out |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jaapa-journal-american-academy-of-physician-assistants_2009-07_22_7/page/n39 |journal=JAAPA |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=40–5 |doi=10.1097/01720610-200907000-00010 |pmid=19697571 |s2cid=41456653}}</ref> Gubar tana samar da nau'ikan mahadi iri-iri kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin yanayi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Siffofin guba sun bambanta dangane da ko sinadarin sinadarai ne na halitta (wanda ke ɗauke da carbon), ko kuma wanda ba shi da sinadarai . Gubar gubar halitta yanzu ba kasafai take faruwa ba, saboda ƙasashe a faɗin duniya sun daina amfani da mahaɗan gubar halitta a matsayin ƙarin mai . Har yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan mahaɗan a wuraren masana'antu. <ref name="Katzung07-948" /> Mahaɗan gubar halitta, waɗanda ke ratsa fata da hanyoyin numfashi cikin sauƙi, suna shafar tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya galibi. <ref name="Katzung07-948" /> == Alamomi da Alamomi == [[Fayil:Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_(raster).png|thumb|Alamomin gubar gubar.]] Gubar gubar na iya haifar da alamomi da alamu iri-iri waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da mutum da tsawon lokacin da gubar ke ɗauka. <ref name="Karri08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN |date=January 2008 |title=Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines |journal=Current Drug Safety |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=54–9 |doi=10.2174/157488608783333907 |pmc=2538609 |pmid=18690981}}</ref> Alamomin ba su da takamaiman takamaiman kuma suna iya zama marasa ma'ana, kuma wanda ke da matakan gubar da suka yi yawa ba zai iya samun alamun ba. Alamomin yawanci suna tasowa tsakanin makonni zuwa watanni yayin da gubar ke taruwa a jiki yayin kamuwa da cuta na yau da kullun, amma alamun gaggawa daga fallasa na ɗan lokaci mai tsanani suma suna faruwa. Alamomin daga fallasa gubar halitta, wanda wataƙila ya fi guba fiye da gubar da ba ta da sinadarai saboda narkewar lipid, suna faruwa da sauri. Guba ta hanyar mahaɗan gubar halitta yana da alamun galibi a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya, kamar rashin barci, rashin hankali, ƙarancin fahimta, rawar jiki, [[Hallucination|mafarki]], da girgiza. Alamomin na iya bambanta a manya da yara; manyan alamomin da ke cikin manya sune ciwon kai, [[ciwon ciki]], rashin tunawa, gazawar koda, matsalolin haihuwa na maza, da rauni, ciwo, ko kuma jin rauni a gaɓɓai. <ref name="Pearce07-EurNeurol">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearce JM |year=2007 |title=Burton's line in lead poisoning |journal=European Neurology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=118–9 |doi=10.1159/000098100 |pmid=17179719 |s2cid=41427430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin farko na gubar gubar a cikin manya yawanci ba su da takamaiman takamaiman alamu kuma sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, rashin ci, ciwon ciki na lokaci-lokaci, tashin zuciya, gudawa, maƙarƙashiya, da ciwon tsoka . Sauran alamun farko a cikin manya sun haɗa da rashin lafiya, gajiya, raguwar sha'awar jima'i, da matsalolin barci. <ref name="Karri08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN |date=January 2008 |title=Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines |journal=Current Drug Safety |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=54–9 |doi=10.2174/157488608783333907 |pmc=2538609 |pmid=18690981}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKarriSaperKales2008">Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN (January 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538609 "Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines"]. ''Current Drug Safety''. '''3''' (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2174/157488608783333907|10.2174/157488608783333907]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538609 2538609]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690981 18690981].</cite></ref> Ɗanɗanon baki na daban da canje-canje a cikin halayen mutum suma alamu ne na farko. <ref name="Patrick06">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patrick L |date=March 2006 |title=Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |pmid=16597190}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=3 September 2019 |title=Childhood Lead Exposure, Adult Personality, and Later-Life Mental Health |url=https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/video-player/17844517 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=AMA Ed Hub |publisher=JN Learning |quote=This JAMA Medical News video summarizes findings from a recent cohort study reporting an association between childhood lead exposure in Dunedin, New Zealand, and adult personality traits and psychopathology.}}</ref> A cikin manya, alamun na iya bayyana a matakan sama da 40&nbsp;μg/dL, amma mafi yawan lokuta suna faruwa ne kawai sama da 50-60&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="Karri08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN |date=January 2008 |title=Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines |journal=Current Drug Safety |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=54–9 |doi=10.2174/157488608783333907 |pmc=2538609 |pmid=18690981}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKarriSaperKales2008">Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN (January 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538609 "Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines"]. ''Current Drug Safety''. '''3''' (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2174/157488608783333907|10.2174/157488608783333907]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538609 2538609]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690981 18690981].</cite></ref> Alamomin cutar suna fara bayyana a cikin yara gabaɗaya suna kusan shekaru 60&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="Need2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman H |year=2004 |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=55 |pages=209–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653 |pmid=14746518}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNeedleman2004">Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". ''Annual Review of Medicine''. '''55''': <span class="nowrap">209–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653|10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746518 14746518].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, matakan gubar da alamun ke bayyana sun bambanta sosai dangane da halayen da ba a san su ba na kowane mutum. <ref name="Bellinger04-Pedi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellinger DC |date=April 2004 |title=Lead |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2004-04_113_4/page/1016 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1016–22 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.S3.1016 |pmid=15060194}}</ref> A matakan gubar da ke cikin jini tsakanin 25 da 60&nbsp;μg/dL, tasirin tabin hankali kamar jinkirin lokacin amsawa, fushi, da wahalar mai da hankali, da kuma jinkirin isar da jijiyoyi da ciwon kai na iya faruwa. [[Rashin jini]] na iya bayyana a matakan gubar jini sama da 50&nbsp;μg/dL. A cikin manya, ciwon ciki, wanda ya haɗa da paroxysms na ciwo, na iya bayyana a matakan gubar jini sama da 80&nbsp;μg/dL. Alamomin da ke faruwa a cikin manya a matakin gubar jini ya wuce 100&nbsp;μg/dL sun haɗa da faɗuwar wuyan hannu da faɗuwar ƙafa, da kuma alamun cutar encephalopathy (wani yanayi da ke nuna kumburin kwakwalwa ), kamar waɗanda ke tare da ƙaruwar matsin lamba a cikin kwanyar, hayyaci, suma, farfadiya, da [[ciwon kai]] . A cikin yara, alamun cutar encephalopathy kamar ɗabi'a mai ban mamaki, rashin daidaituwa, da rashin kulawa suna faruwa a matakan gubar da suka wuce 70&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="Henretig061314" /> Ga manya da yara, ba kasafai ake samun alamun rashin lafiya ba idan matakan gubar jini suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/dL. <ref name="Kosnett05-825" /> === Guba mai tsanani === A cikin guba mai tsanani, alamun jijiyoyi na yau da kullun sune ciwo, raunin tsoka, jin kasala da tingling, kuma, ba kasafai ba, alamun da ke da alaƙa da [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|kumburin kwakwalwa]] . <ref name="Pearce07-EurNeurol">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearce JM |year=2007 |title=Burton's line in lead poisoning |journal=European Neurology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=118–9 |doi=10.1159/000098100 |pmid=17179719 |s2cid=41427430 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearce2007">Pearce JM (2007). [[doi:10.1159/000098100|"Burton's line in lead poisoning"]]. ''European Neurology''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1159/000098100|10.1159/000098100]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17179719 17179719]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41427430 41427430].</cite></ref> Ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, amai, gudawa, da maƙarƙashiya wasu alamu ne na gaggawa. Tasirin gubar a baki sun haɗa da tauri da ɗanɗanon ƙarfe. <ref name="Brunton07-31" /> Matsalolin hanji, kamar maƙarƙashiya, [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]], rashin ci, ko [[Rashin nauyi|raguwar nauyi]], sun zama ruwan dare a cikin guba mai tsanani. Shan gubar mai yawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na iya haifar da [[Girgiza (hanzari)|girgiza]] (rashin isasshen ruwa a cikin tsarin zagayawa ) saboda asarar ruwa daga hanyar hanji. <ref name="Brunton07-31" /> Hemolysis (fashewar ƙwayoyin jini ja ) saboda guba mai tsanani na iya haifar da [[rashin jini]] da haemoglobin a cikin fitsari . <ref name="Brunton07-31" /> Lalacewar koda na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin fitsari kamar ciwon Fanconi da aka samu da raguwar fitar fitsari . <ref name="Brunton07-31" /> Mutanen da suka tsira daga guba mai tsanani sau da yawa suna nuna alamun guba mai ɗorewa. <ref name="Brunton07-31" /> === Guba ta yau da kullun === Guba ta yau da kullun yawanci tana bayyana tare da alamun da ke shafar tsarin jiki da yawa, amma tana da alaƙa da manyan nau'ikan alamu guda uku: cututtukan ciki, jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, da jijiyoyin jijiyoyi . <ref name="Pearce07-EurNeurol">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearce JM |year=2007 |title=Burton's line in lead poisoning |journal=European Neurology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=118–9 |doi=10.1159/000098100 |pmid=17179719 |s2cid=41427430 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearce2007">Pearce JM (2007). [[doi:10.1159/000098100|"Burton's line in lead poisoning"]]. ''European Neurology''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1159/000098100|10.1159/000098100]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17179719 17179719]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41427430 41427430].</cite></ref> Alamomin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya da jijiyoyin jijiyoyi galibi suna faruwa ne daga fallasa mai yawa, yayin da alamun cututtukan ciki galibi suna faruwa ne sakamakon fallasa na tsawon lokaci. Alamomin fallasa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko hankali na ɗan gajeren lokaci, baƙin ciki, tashin zuciya, ciwon ciki, rashin daidaituwa, da suma da tingling a cikin gaɓoɓi. <ref name="Patrick06">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patrick L |date=March 2006 |title=Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |pmid=16597190}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatrick2006">Patrick L (March 2006). "Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment". ''Alternative Medicine Review''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>22. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16597190 16597190].</cite></ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (December 2017)">tushen lafiya mara tabbas?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Gajiya, matsaloli tare da barci, ciwon kai, gurguwa, magana mara kyau, da kuma rashin jini ana samun su a cikin gubar gubar mai ɗorewa. <ref name="Pearce07-EurNeurol" /> "Launin gubar" na fata tare da launin fata da/ko laushi wani alama ce ta daban. <ref name="El SafouryAbd El Fatah2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=El Safoury OS, El Fatah DS, Ibrahim M |year=2009 |title=Treatment of periocular hyperpigmentation due to lead of kohl (surma) by penicillamine: a single group non-randomized clinical trial |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=361–3 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.57614 |pmc=2807714 |pmid=20101339 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Layin shuɗi tare da ɗanko tare da gefen baki mai launin shuɗi zuwa haƙora, wanda aka sani da layin Burton, wani alama ce ta gubar gubar mai ɗorewa. Yara masu guba na yau da kullun na iya ƙin yin wasa ko kuma suna iya samun matsalolin halayyar hyperkinetic ko tashin hankali. <ref name="Pearce07-EurNeurol" /> Damuwa ta gani na iya faruwa tare da ci gaba da duhun gani sakamakon scotoma na tsakiya, wanda cutar neuritis mai guba ta gani ke haifarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fintak |first=David R. |date=30 January 2007 |title=Wills Eye Resident Case Series |url=http://www.revophth.com/content/d/wills_resident_case_series/i/1297/c/24966/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181927/http://www.revophth.com/content/d/wills_resident_case_series/i/1297/c/24966/ |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === Tasirin da ke kan yara === [[Fayil:Fewer_US_kids_Have_High_Levels_of_Lead.svg|thumb|Yayin da ƙa'idojin kare lafiyar gubar ke ƙara tsauri, ƙananan yara ne ake samun suna da yawan gubar a Amurka.]] Mace mai juna biyu wadda ke da yawan gubar da ke cikin jini tana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da wuri ko kuma ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa. Yara sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da gubar dalma saboda ƙananan jikinsu suna cikin yanayi na girma da ci gaba akai-akai. <ref name="autogenerated2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J |date=July 2002 |title=Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2002-07_110_7/page/721 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=721–8 |bibcode=2002EnvHP.110..721L |doi=10.1289/ehp.02110721 |pmc=1240919 |pmid=12117650}}</ref> Yara ƙanana sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da gubar dalma, domin suna shan gubar da ta ninka ta babba sau 4 zuwa 5 fiye da babba daga wani tushe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lead poisoning and health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yara, musamman yayin da suke koyon rarrafe da tafiya, suna kan ƙasa koyaushe don haka suna da saurin sha da shaƙar ƙurar da ta gurɓata da gubar. <ref name="Woolf07-PedClin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Woolf AD, Goldman R, Bellinger DC |date=April 2007 |title=Update on the clinical management of childhood lead poisoning |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2007-04_54_2/page/271 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=271–94, viii |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2007.01.008 |pmid=17448360}}</ref> Alamomin da suka fi shahara a cikin yara sune rashin ci, ciwon ciki, amai, rage nauyi, maƙarƙashiya, rashin jini, gazawar koda, rashin jin haushi, kasala, nakasa koyo, da matsalolin ɗabi'a. <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Blood Lead Level Testing |url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/demodebris/pages2/lbloodtest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204012907/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/demodebris/pages2/lbloodtest.html |archive-date=2016-02-04 |website=Department of Ecology State of Washington}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana ganin ci gaban halayen yara na yau da kullun, kamar magana da amfani da kalmomi, da nakasa ta hankali ta dindindin. Ko da yake ba a cika ganin haka ba, farce na iya haifar da cutar leukonychia striata idan aka fallasa ta ga yawan gubar da ke cikinta. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2020, wani rahoto daga [[UNICEF]] da Pure Earth ya bayyana cewa gubar gubar na shafar yara a "ma'aunin da ba a san shi ba a da". A cewar rahoton, daya daga cikin yara uku, har zuwa miliyan 800 a duniya, suna da matakin gubar jini a jini sama da microgram 5 a kowace deciliter (μg/dL), wanda shine matakin da aka saba yarda da shi fiye da yadda ake buƙatar ɗaukar mataki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Revealed: A third of world's children poisoned by lead, UNICEF analysis finds |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1069251 |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=UN News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Toxic Truth: Children's Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential |url=https://www.unicef.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/The-toxic-truth-children%E2%80%99s-exposure-to-lead-pollution-2020.pdf |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> === Ta hanyar tsarin gabobi === Gubar tana shafar dukkan sassan jiki, musamman tsarin jijiyoyi, har ma da ƙasusuwa da haƙora, kodan, da kuma tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, [[Tsarin rigakafi|garkuwar jiki]], da kuma tsarin haihuwa . <ref name="White07">{{Cite journal |vauthors=White LD, Cory-Slechta DA, Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M, Rossi-George A, Lasley SM, Qian YC, Basha MR |date=November 2007 |title=New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead |journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology |volume=225 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |bibcode=2007ToxAP.225....1W |doi=10.1016/j.taap.2007.08.001 |pmid=17904601}}</ref> [[Rashin ji]] da [[Rushewar hakori|ruɓewar haƙora]] an danganta su da fallasa gubar, <ref name="Lanphear05EnvironHealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R |date=July 2005 |title=Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2005-07_113_7/page/894 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=7 |pages=894–9 |bibcode=2005EnvHP.113..894L |doi=10.1289/ehp.7688 |pmc=1257652 |pmid=16002379}}</ref> kamar yadda [[Cataract|cutar ido]] ke haifar da. <ref name="Pokras08-Ecohealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pokras MA, Kneeland MR |date=September 2008 |title=Lead poisoning: using transdisciplinary approaches to solve an ancient problem |journal=EcoHealth |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=379–85 |doi=10.1007/s10393-008-0177-x |pmid=19165554 |s2cid=21280606}}</ref> Fuskantar gubar a cikin mahaifa da jarirai yana haifar da ruɓewar haƙora. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brudevold F, Steadman LT |date=June 1956 |title=The distribution of lead in human enamel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dental-research_1956-06_35_3/page/430 |journal=Journal of Dental Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=430–7 |doi=10.1177/00220345560350031401 |pmid=13332147 |s2cid=5453470}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brudevold F, Aasenden R, Srinivasian BN, Bakhos Y |date=October 1977 |title=Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dental-research_1977-10_56_10/page/1165 |journal=Journal of Dental Research |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=1165–71 |doi=10.1177/00220345770560100701 |pmid=272374 |s2cid=37185511}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goyer RA |date=November 1990 |title=Transplacental transport of lead |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=89 |pages=101–5 |doi=10.2307/3430905 |jstor=3430905 |pmc=1567784 |pmid=2088735}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moss ME, Lanphear BP, Auinger P |year=1999 |title=Association of dental caries and blood lead levels |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=24 |pages=2294–8 |doi=10.1001/jama.281.24.2294 |pmid=10386553 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Campbell JR, Moss ME, Raubertas RF |date=November 2000 |title=The association between caries and childhood lead exposure |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=108 |issue=11 |pages=1099–102 |doi=10.2307/3434965 |jstor=3434965 |pmc=1240169 |pmid=11102303}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, Crawford S, Braveman N, Clarkson TW, McKinlay S, Bellinger DC |date=October 2002 |title=Blood lead level and dental caries in school-age children |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=110 |issue=10 |pages=A625-30 |doi=10.1289/ehp.021100625 |pmc=1241049 |pmid=12361944}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Billings RJ, Berkowitz RJ, Watson G |date=April 2004 |title=Teeth |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/Supplement_3/1120.long |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1120–7 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.S3.1120 |pmid=15060208 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Baya ga tasirin ci gaba na musamman ga ƙananan yara, tasirin lafiyar da manya ke fuskanta yayi kama da na yara, kodayake iyakokin gabaɗaya sun fi yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |date=August 20, 2007 |title=Lead Toxicity: Who Is at Risk of Lead Exposure? |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174821/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=7 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |website=Environmental Health and Medicine Education |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |id=Course: WB 1105}}</ref> ==== Koda ==== Lalacewar koda na faruwa ne idan aka fallasa ta ga yawan gubar, kuma shaidu sun nuna cewa ƙananan matakan na iya lalata koda. Tasirin gubar yana haifar da cutar nephropathy kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon Fanconi, wanda aikin bututun kusa na koda ke da rauni. An kuma ruwaito cewa fallasa ta na dogon lokaci a matakan da suka fi ƙasa da waɗanda ke haifar da cutar nephropathy na dogon lokaci yana da guba ga marasa lafiya daga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da cutar koda ta yau da kullun ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin haɗari saboda hauhawar jini ko [[ciwon suga]] . <ref name="Ekong06KidneyInt">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ekong EB, Jaar BG, Weaver VM |date=December 2006 |title=Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence |journal=Kidney International |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=2074–84 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5001809 |pmid=17063179 |s2cid=2043132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gubar gubar tana hana fitar da sinadarin [[Uric acid|urate]] na sharar gida kuma yana haifar da yiwuwar kamuwa da [[Gout|cutar gout]], wanda urate ke taruwa. <ref name="Wright83JReum">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright LF, Saylor RP, Cecere FA |date=August 1984 |title=Occult lead intoxication in patients with gout and kidney disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_1984-08_11_4/page/517 |journal=The Journal of Rheumatology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=517–20 |pmid=6434739}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8035397">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lin JL, Huang PT |date=April 1994 |title=Body lead stores and urate excretion in men with chronic renal disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_1994-04_21_4/page/705 |journal=The Journal of Rheumatology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=705–9 |pmid=8035397}}</ref> <ref name="pmid10914856">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shadick NA, Kim R, Weiss S, Liang MH, Sparrow D, Hu H |date=July 2000 |title=Effect of low level lead exposure on hyperuricemia and gout among middle aged and elderly men: the normative aging study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2000-07_27_7/page/1708 |journal=The Journal of Rheumatology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1708–12 |pmid=10914856}}</ref> An san wannan yanayin da ''gout saturnine'' . ==== Tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ==== Shaida ta nuna cewa fallasa gubar yana da alaƙa da [[hawan jini]], kuma bincike ya kuma gano alaƙa tsakanin fallasa gubar da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] , bambancin bugun zuciya, da kuma mutuwa daga bugun jini, amma wannan shaidar ta fi iyaka. <ref name="Navas-Acien06">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ |date=March 2007 |title=Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease--a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2007-03_115_3/page/472 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=472–82 |bibcode=2007EnvHP.115..472N |doi=10.1289/ehp.9785 |pmc=1849948 |pmid=17431501}}</ref> Mutanen da aka fallasa gubar da yawanta na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar zuciya a ranakun da sinadarin ozone da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suka fi yawa. <ref name="Park09Epidem">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Park SK, O'Neill MS, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Wright RO, Coull B, Nie H, Hu H, Schwartz J |date=January 2008 |title=Air pollution and heart rate variability: effect modification by chronic lead exposure |journal=Epidemiology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e31815c408a |pmc=2671065 |pmid=18091001}}</ref> ==== Tsarin haihuwa ==== Gubar tana shafar tsarin haihuwa na maza da mata. A cikin maza, idan matakin gubar jini ya wuce 40&nbsp;μg/dL, yawan maniyyi yana raguwa kuma canje-canje suna faruwa a cikin yawan maniyyi, motsinsa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Matsayin gubar jini da mace mai juna biyu ke ɗauka na iya haifar da [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]], rashin isasshiyar girma, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, da matsaloli tare da ci gaba a lokacin yarinta. <ref name="Cleveland08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF |date=October 2008 |title=Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nursing_2008-10_108_10/page/n57 |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=40–9; quiz 50 |doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66 |pmid=18827541}}</ref> Gubar na iya ratsa mahaifa zuwa cikin nono, kuma matakan gubar jini a cikin uwaye da jarirai yawanci iri ɗaya ne. Ana iya gubar tayin ''a cikin mahaifa'' idan gubar da ke fitowa daga ƙasusuwan uwa ta motsa ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin metabolism saboda ciki; ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin calcium a cikin ciki na iya taimakawa wajen rage wannan lamari. <ref name="Bellinger05BirthDef">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellinger DC |date=June 2005 |title=Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy |journal=Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=409–20 |doi=10.1002/bdra.20127 |pmid=15880700 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Tsarin jijiyoyi ==== [[Fayil:Decreased_Brain_Volume_from_Lead_Exposure.jpg|alt=Eight MRI views of a brain in black and white, with yellow, orange, and red areas overlaid in spots mainly toward the front.|thumb|Kwakwalwar manya da suka fuskanci gubar a lokacin da suke yara tana nuna raguwar girmansu, musamman a cikin prefrontal cortex, akan MRI . Ana nuna wuraren da aka rasa yawansu da launi a kan samfurin kwakwalwa ta al'ada. <ref name="Cecil08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecil KM, Brubaker CJ, Adler CM, Dietrich KN, Altaye M, Egelhoff JC, Wessel S, Elangovan I, Hornung R, Jarvis K, Lanphear BP |date=May 2008 |title=Decreased brain volume in adults with childhood lead exposure |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=5 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050112 |pmc=2689675 |pmid=18507499 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:An_infographic_explaining_lead_poisoning.jpg|thumb|Bayani mai bayani game da gubar gubar.]] Gubar tana shafar tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe (musamman jijiyoyin motsi ) da kuma tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya . Tasirin tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe ya fi bayyana a cikin manya, kuma tasirin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ya fi bayyana a cikin yara. <ref name="Bellinger04-Pedi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellinger DC |date=April 2004 |title=Lead |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2004-04_113_4/page/1016 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1016–22 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.S3.1016 |pmid=15060194}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBellinger2004">Bellinger DC (April 2004). "Lead". ''Pediatrics''. '''113''' (4 Suppl): <span class="nowrap">1016–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.113.S3.1016|10.1542/peds.113.S3.1016]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15060194 15060194].</cite></ref> Gubar tana sa axons na ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi su lalace kuma su rasa gashin myelin ɗinsu. <ref name="Dart041426" /> Shafar gubar a cikin ƙananan yara yana da alaƙa da nakasa ta ilmantarwa, <ref name="Meyer-IntJHyge">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer PA, McGeehin MA, Falk H |date=August 2003 |title=A global approach to childhood lead poisoning prevention |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236064 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=206 |issue=4–5 |pages=363–9 |bibcode=2003IJHEH.206..363M |doi=10.1078/1438-4639-00232 |pmid=12971691}}</ref> da kuma yara masu yawan gubar a cikin jini sama da 10&nbsp;μg/dL suna cikin haɗarin nakasar ci gaba . Ƙara yawan gubar jini a cikin yara yana da alaƙa da raguwar hankali, tunani mara magana, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci, hankali, karatu da iya lissafi, ƙwarewar motsa jiki mai kyau, daidaita motsin rai, da kuma hulɗar zamantakewa . <ref name="Cleveland08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF |date=October 2008 |title=Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nursing_2008-10_108_10/page/n57 |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=40–9; quiz 50 |doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66 |pmid=18827541}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClevelandMinterCobbScott2008">Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF (October 2008). "Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do". ''The American Journal of Nursing''. '''108''' (10): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>9, quiz 50. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66|10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827541 18827541].</cite></ref> Tasirin gubar akan ƙwarewar fahimtar yara yana faruwa ne a ƙananan matakai. <ref name="Lanphear05EnvironHealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R |date=July 2005 |title=Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2005-07_113_7/page/894 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=7 |pages=894–9 |bibcode=2005EnvHP.113..894L |doi=10.1289/ehp.7688 |pmc=1257652 |pmid=16002379}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLanphearHornungKhouryYolton2005">Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R (July 2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257652 "Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis"]. ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''113''' (7): <span class="nowrap">894–</span>9. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvHP.113..894L 2005EnvHP.113..894L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.7688|10.1289/ehp.7688]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257652 1257652]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002379 16002379].</cite></ref> <ref name="Cleveland08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF |date=October 2008 |title=Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nursing_2008-10_108_10/page/n57 |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=40–9; quiz 50 |doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66 |pmid=18827541}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClevelandMinterCobbScott2008">Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF (October 2008). "Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do". ''The American Journal of Nursing''. '''108''' (10): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>9, quiz 50. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66|10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827541 18827541].</cite></ref> <ref name="Bellinger08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellinger DC |date=April 2008 |title=Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=172–7 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f4f97b |pmid=18332714 |s2cid=22985838}}</ref> Babu wata alama ta ƙanƙanta ga alaƙar amsawa da kashi (ba kamar sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar mercury ba ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN |date=January 1990 |title=The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=322 |issue=2 |pages=83–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199001113220203 |pmid=2294437 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An danganta raguwar aikin ilimi da fallasa gubar koda a matakan gubar jini ƙasa da 5&nbsp;μg/dL. Matakan gubar jini ƙasa da 10&nbsp;An ruwaito cewa μg/dL yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin IQ da matsalolin ɗabi'a kamar tashin hankali, daidai da matakan gubar jini. <ref name="Guidotti07-PedClin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guidotti TL, Ragain L |date=April 2007 |title=Protecting children from toxic exposure: three strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2007-04_54_2/page/227 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=227–35, vii |citeseerx=10.1.1.533.907 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002 |pmid=17448358}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGuidottiRagain2007">Guidotti TL, Ragain L (April 2007). "Protecting children from toxic exposure: three strategies". ''Pediatric Clinics of North America''. '''54''' (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>35, vii. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.533.907 10.1.1.533.907]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002|10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17448358 17448358].</cite></ref> Tsakanin matakan gubar jini na 5 da 35&nbsp;μg/dL, an ruwaito raguwar IQ na maki 2-4 ga kowace ƙaruwar μg/dL a cikin yara. Duk da haka, nazarin da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin fallasar gubar mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da tasirin lafiya ga yara na iya shafar tasirin fallasar gubar mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da kuma ƙiyastawa fiye da kima. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson IH, Wilson SB |year=2016 |title=Confounding and causation in the epidemiology of lead |journal=International Journal of Environmental Health Research |volume=26 |issue=5–6 |pages=467–82 |bibcode=2016IJEHR..26..467W |doi=10.1080/09603123.2016.1161179 |pmid=27009351 |s2cid=39425465}}</ref> Yawan gubar jini a cikin manya yana da alaƙa da raguwar aikin fahimta da kuma alamun tabin hankali kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa. <ref name="Shih07">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shih RA, Hu H, Weisskopf MG, Schwartz BS |date=March 2007 |title=Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: a review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2007-03_115_3/page/483 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=483–92 |bibcode=2007EnvHP.115..483S |doi=10.1289/ehp.9786 |pmc=1849945 |pmid=17431502}}</ref> An gano a cikin babban rukuni na ma'aikatan gubar da ba su da sinadarai a yanzu da kuma tsoffin ma'aikatan gubar da ba su da sinadarai a Koriya cewa yawan gubar jini yana tsakanin 20-50&nbsp;μg/dL sun kasance suna da alaƙa da lahani na fahimtar jijiyoyi. <ref name="Kosnett07EnvironHealthPers">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Schwartz BS, Hu H, Woolf A |date=March 2007 |title=Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=463–71 |bibcode=2007EnvHP.115..463K |doi=10.1289/ehp.9784 |pmc=1849937 |pmid=17431500}}</ref> Ƙara yawan gubar jini daga kimanin 50 zuwa kusan 100&nbsp;μg/dL a cikin manya suna da alaƙa da lalacewar aikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya mai ɗorewa, kuma mai yiwuwa na dindindin. Fuskantar gubar a cikin yara yana da alaƙa da cututtukan tabin hankali kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|matsalar rashin hankali]] da rashin ɗabi'a . <ref name="Bellinger08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bellinger DC |date=April 2008 |title=Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=172–7 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f4f97b |pmid=18332714 |s2cid=22985838}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBellinger2008">Bellinger DC (April 2008). "Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment". ''Current Opinion in Pediatrics''. '''20''' (2): <span class="nowrap">172–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f4f97b|10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f4f97b]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18332714 18332714]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22985838 22985838].</cite></ref> Haɓakar matakan gubar a cikin yara yana da alaƙa da mafi girman maki akan matakan tashin hankali da rashin bin ƙa'ida. <ref name="Need2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman H |year=2004 |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=55 |pages=209–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653 |pmid=14746518}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNeedleman2004">Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". ''Annual Review of Medicine''. '''55''': <span class="nowrap">209–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653|10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746518 14746518].</cite></ref> An kuma gano alaƙa tsakanin fallasa gubar a lokacin haihuwa da lokacin ƙuruciya da laifukan tashin hankali a lokacin girma. <ref name="Cleveland08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF |date=October 2008 |title=Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nursing_2008-10_108_10/page/n57 |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=40–9; quiz 50 |doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66 |pmid=18827541}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClevelandMinterCobbScott2008">Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF (October 2008). "Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do". ''The American Journal of Nursing''. '''108''' (10): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>9, quiz 50. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66|10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827541 18827541].</cite></ref> An kuma gano cewa ƙasashen da ke da mafi girman matakan gubar a iska suna da mafi girman adadin kisan kai, bayan daidaitawa don abubuwan da ke rikitar da su. <ref name="Need2004" /> Wani bincike na watan Mayu na 2000 da mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki Rick Nevin ya yi ya yi hasashen cewa fallasa gubar ya bayyana kashi 65% zuwa 90% na bambancin da ke cikin yawan laifukan tashin hankali a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Links Lead Exposure to Changes in Violent Crime Rates Throughout the 20th century |url=http://www.icfi.com/Markets/Community_Development/doc_files/LeadExposureStudy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230094829/http://www.icfi.com/Markets/Community_Development/doc_files/LeadExposureStudy.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-30 |publisher=ICF International}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nevin R |date=May 2000 |title=How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35324/1/MPRA_paper_35324.pdf |journal=Environmental Research |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |bibcode=2000ER.....83....1N |doi=10.1006/enrs.1999.4045 |pmid=10845777 |s2cid=18983793}}</ref> Wani takarda na 2007 da marubucin ya yi iƙirarin yana nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin gubar a cikin jinin makarantar yara da kuma yanayin yawan laifuka da suka biyo baya a cikin shekaru da yawa a cikin ƙasashe tara. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nevin R |date=July 2007 |title=Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35338/1/MPRA_paper_35338.pdf |journal=Environmental Research |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=315–36 |bibcode=2007ER....104..315N |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008 |pmid=17451672}}</ref> Fuskantar gubar a lokacin ƙuruciya yana ƙara yawan dakatar da makaranta da tsare yara tsakanin yara maza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aizer |first=Anna |last2=Currie |first2=Janet |date=May 2017 |title=Lead and Juvenile Delinquency: New Evidence from Linked Birth, School and Juvenile Detention Records |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w23392.pdf |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 23392 |doi=10.3386/w23392}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa haramcin da Amurka ta yi kan fenti mai gubar a gine-gine a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, da kuma dakatar da amfani da man fetur mai gubar a shekarun 1970 da 1980, ya taimaka wajen raguwar aikata laifuka masu tsanani a Amurka tun farkon shekarun 1990. <ref name="Vedantam" /> == Hanyoyin fallasa ==   Gubar abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a muhalli. <ref name="Ragan09-JAAPA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ragan P, Turner T |date=July 2009 |title=Working to prevent lead poisoning in children: getting the lead out |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jaapa-journal-american-academy-of-physician-assistants_2009-07_22_7/page/n39 |journal=JAAPA |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=40–5 |doi=10.1097/01720610-200907000-00010 |pmid=19697571 |s2cid=41456653}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaganTurner2009">Ragan P, Turner T (July 2009). "Working to prevent lead poisoning in children: getting the lead out". ''JAAPA''. '''22''' (7): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/01720610-200907000-00010|10.1097/01720610-200907000-00010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19697571 19697571]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41456653 41456653].</cite></ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar muhalli sun haɗa da fenti mai tushen gubar da ke lalacewa (misali barewa, guntu, alli, fashewa, danshi ko lalacewa), gyara, gyara ko ayyukan fenti (damuwa ko rushe saman da aka fenti yana haifar da ƙurar gubar mai guba), <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2013 |title=Protect Your Family from Sources of Lead |url=https://www.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family-sources-lead}}</ref> amfani da gubar a masana'antu, kamar yadda ake samu a wuraren sarrafa batirin gubar mai guba ko samar da waya ko bututun gubar, sake amfani da ƙarfe da masana'antar ma'adinai, da ƙona takardar joss . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parkinson s disease in occupational exposure to joss paper, a report of two cases |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233885602}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giang |first=Lam Van |last2=Thanh |first2=Tran |last3=Hien |first3=Truong Thanh |last4=Tan |first4=Lam Van |last5=Thi Bich Phuong |first5=Tran |last6=Huu Loc |first6=Ho |year=2021 |title=Heavy metals emissions from joss paper burning rituals and the air quality around a specific incinerator |journal=Materials Today: Proceedings |volume=38 |pages=2751–2757 |doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.686 |s2cid=226353498 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health risk of aerosols and toxic metals from incense and joss paper burning |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257494079}}</ref> Ana yin batirin ajiya da harsasai da yawa da ake amfani da su a tattalin arziki kowace shekara, a Amurka kamar na 2013. <ref name="Min2013">{{Cite web |title=2013 Minerals Yearbook: LEAD |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lead/myb1-2013-lead.pdf |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> An gano cewa yara da ke zaune kusa da wuraren sarrafa gubar, kamar masu narke gubar, suna da yawan gubar da ba a saba gani ba. <ref name="Sanborn">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanborn MD, Abelsohn A, Campbell M, Weir E |date=May 2002 |title=Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure |journal=CMAJ |volume=166 |issue=10 |pages=1287–92 |pmc=111081 |pmid=12041847}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2009, iyaye sun yi zanga-zanga a China bayan da aka gano gubar gubar a cikin kusan yara 2000 da ke zaune kusa da masu narke zinc da manganese. <ref name="Watts09-Lancet">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watts J |date=September 2009 |title=Lead poisoning cases spark riots in China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_september-12-18-2009_374_9693/page/868 |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9693 |page=868 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61612-3 |pmid=19757511 |s2cid=28603179}}</ref> Fuskantar gubar na iya faruwa ne sakamakon hulɗa da gubar a cikin iska, ƙurar gida, ƙasa, ruwa, da kayayyakin kasuwanci. <ref name="Rossi09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rossi E |date=May 2008 |title=Low level environmental lead exposure--a continuing challenge |journal=The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=63–70 |pmc=2533151 |pmid=18787644}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossi2008">Rossi E (May 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2533151 "Low level environmental lead exposure--a continuing challenge"]. ''The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews''. '''29''' (2): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>70. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2533151 2533151]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18787644 18787644].</cite></ref> Man fetur mai gubar kuma an danganta shi da ƙaruwar gurɓatar gubar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Jack |date=May 1985 |title=Lead Poisoning: A Historical Perspective |url=http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/lead-poisoning-historical-perspective |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208011715/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/lead-poisoning-historical-perspective |archive-date=2016-02-08 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin man fetur mai gubar da yawan laifuka. Gurɓatar gubar da ɗan adam ya yi ta ƙaruwa a cikin iska tsawon shekaru 2000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=More AF, Spaulding NE, Bohleber P, Handley MJ, Hoffmann H, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, Loveluck CP, Sneed SB, McCormick M, Mayewski PA |date=June 2017 |title=Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death |journal=GeoHealth |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=211–219 |bibcode=2017GHeal...1..211M |doi=10.1002/2017GH000064 |pmc=7007106 |pmid=32158988}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=American Geophysical Union |date=May 31, 2017 |title=Human Activity Has Polluted European Air for 2000 Years |url=https://eos.org/scientific-press/human-activity-has-polluted-european-air-for-2000-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627215417/https://eos.org/scientific-press/human-activity-has-polluted-european-air-for-2000-years |archive-date=June 27, 2017 |website=Eos |publisher=Eos Science News}}</ref> Gurɓatar gubar a cikin iska gaba ɗaya ta faru ne saboda ayyukan ɗan adam (haƙar ma'adinai da narkewar narkar da man fetur, da kuma a cikin man fetur). === Bayyanar sana'a === [[Fayil:Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg|alt=A man in a hard hat with a clear face plate leans over a conveyor belt with a metal instrument. He is in a factory setting with heavy machinery in the background.|right|thumb|Ma'aikatan sake amfani da batir suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da gubar. <ref name="Brodkin07-CMAJ">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brodkin E, Copes R, Mattman A, Kennedy J, Kling R, Yassi A |date=January 2007 |title=Lead and mercury exposures: interpretation and action |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=1 |pages=59–63 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.060790 |pmc=1764574 |pmid=17200393}}</ref> Wannan ma'aikacin yana zuba gubar da aka narkar a cikin billets a cikin wurin dawo da batirin gubar mai acid.]] Ga manya, fallasa ga mutane a wurin aiki shine babban abin da ke haifar da gubar gubar. <ref name="Need2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Needleman H |year=2004 |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=55 |pages=209–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653 |pmid=14746518}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNeedleman2004">Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". ''Annual Review of Medicine''. '''55''': <span class="nowrap">209–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653|10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746518 14746518].</cite></ref> Mutane na iya fuskantar matsala lokacin da suke aiki a wuraren da ke samar da nau'ikan samfuran da ke ɗauke da gubar; waɗannan sun haɗa da garkuwar radiation, harsasai, wasu kayan aikin tiyata, ƙirƙirar fina-finan X-ray na hakori kafin a yi amfani da X-ray na dijital (kowane fakitin fim yana da layin gubar don hana radiation shiga), na'urorin sa ido na tayi, famfo, allunan da'ira, injunan jet, da gilashin yumbu. <ref name="Patrick06">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patrick L |date=March 2006 |title=Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |pmid=16597190}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatrick2006">Patrick L (March 2006). "Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment". ''Alternative Medicine Review''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>22. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16597190 16597190].</cite></ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (December 2017)">tushen lafiya ba shi da inganci?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Turns |first=Anna |title=Mapping Our 'Pollution Landscape' |url=https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article5894-mapping-our-pollution-landscape.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.resurgence.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu hakar ma'adinai da masu narkar da gubar, masu gyaran famfo da masu gyara motoci, masu kera gilashi, ma'aikatan gini, masu kera batir da masu sake amfani da su, ma'aikatan filin harba bindiga, da masana'antun filastik suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da gubar. <ref name="Sanborn">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanborn MD, Abelsohn A, Campbell M, Weir E |date=May 2002 |title=Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure |journal=CMAJ |volume=166 |issue=10 |pages=1287–92 |pmc=111081 |pmid=12041847}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSanbornAbelsohnCampbellWeir2002">Sanborn MD, Abelsohn A, Campbell M, Weir E (May 2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC111081 "Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure"]. ''CMAJ''. '''166''' (10): <span class="nowrap">1287–</span>92. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC111081 111081]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12041847 12041847].</cite></ref> Sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da gubar sun haɗa da walda, ƙera roba, bugawa, narkar da [[zinc]] da jan ƙarfe, sarrafa [[Ore|ma'adinai]], ƙone [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]], da samar da fenti da launuka. Haɗa gubar kuma na iya faruwa tare da amfani da bindigogi sosai, ko waɗannan wuraren suna cikin gida ne ko a waje. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laidlaw MA, Filippelli G, Mielke H, Gulson B, Ball AS |date=April 2017 |title=Lead exposure at firing ranges-a review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=16 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017EnvHe..16...34L |doi=10.1186/s12940-017-0246-0 |pmc=5379568 |pmid=28376827 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iyaye waɗanda suka fuskanci gubar a wurin aiki za su iya kawo ƙurar gubar gida a kan tufafi ko fata su fallasa 'ya'yansu. <ref name="Dart041424" /> Haɗa gubar a wurin aiki yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da]] jijiyoyin jini, musamman: [[bugun jini]], da [[hawan jini]] . <ref name="SBU2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-28 |title=Occupational health and safety – chemical exposure |url=https://www.sbu.se/en/publications/sbu-assesses/occupational-health-and-safety--chemical-exposure/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606093333/http://www.sbu.se/en/publications/sbu-assesses/occupational-health-and-safety--chemical-exposure/ |archive-date=2017-06-06 |access-date=2017-06-07 |website=www.sbu.se |publisher=[[Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services]] (SBU)}}</ref> === Abinci === Ana iya samun gubar a cikin abinci lokacin da aka noma abinci a cikin ƙasa mai yawan gubar, gubar da ke tashi daga iska ta gurɓata amfanin gona, dabbobi suna cin gubar a cikin abincinsu, ko kuma gubar ta shiga abincin ko dai daga abin da aka adana ko aka dafa a ciki. Cin fenti da batura shi ma hanya ce ta fallasa dabbobi, wanda daga baya zai iya shafar mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hesami |first=Reza |last2=Salimi |first2=Azam |last3=Ghaderian |first3=Seyed Majid |date=2018-01-10 |title=Lead, zinc, and cadmium uptake, accumulation, and phytoremediation by plants growing around Tang-e Douzan lead–zinc mine, Iran |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=8701–8714 |bibcode=2018ESPR...25.8701H |doi=10.1007/s11356-017-1156-y |issn=0944-1344 |pmid=29322395 |s2cid=3938066}}</ref> Madara da shanu masu gurbata ke samarwa za a iya narkar da ita zuwa ƙaramin yawan gubar sannan a sayar da ita don amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mielke |first=Howard W. |last2=Reagan |first2=Patrick L. |date=February 1998 |title=Soil Is an Important Pathway of Human Lead Exposure |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=106 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=217–229 |doi=10.2307/3433922 |issn=0091-6765 |jstor=3433922 |pmc=1533263 |pmid=9539015}}</ref> === Ruwa === Gubar da ke fitowa daga yanayi ko ƙasa na iya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa da kuma ruwan saman ƙasa. Haka kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin ruwan sha, misali daga famfo da kayan aiki waɗanda aka yi da gubar ko kuma suna da sinadarin gubar. Tunda ruwan acidic yana wargaza gubar a cikin famfo cikin sauƙi, ana iya ƙara sinadarai a cikin ruwan birni don ƙara pH don haka rage lalata [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwan]] jama'a. <ref name="Chisolm04-222" /> Chloramines, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin madadin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na chlorine saboda ƙarancin damuwa game da lafiya, suna ƙara lalata. <ref name="Maas2005" /> A Amurka, kashi 14-20% na jimillar gurɓatar gubar ana danganta su da ruwan sha. <ref name="Maas2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maas RP, Patch SC, Morgan DM, Pandolfo TJ |year=2005 |title=Reducing lead exposure from drinking water: recent history and current status |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health-reports_may-june-2005_120_3/page/316 |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=316–21 |doi=10.1177/003335490512000317 |pmc=1497727 |pmid=16134575}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, wata ƙungiyar 'yan jarida bakwai daga ''The Washington Post'' ta gano babban matakin gubar a cikin ruwan sha a Washington, DC, kuma ta lashe lambar yabo don rahoton bincike kan jerin labarai game da wannan gurɓatawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2005 |title=Alum Wins Investigative Reporting Award with Post Team |url=http://www.journalism.umd.edu/newrel/05newrel/scohen05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912005549/http://www.journalism.umd.edu/newrel/05newrel/scohen05.html |archive-date=September 12, 2006 |access-date=2007-11-07 |publisher=[[University of Maryland College Park|University of Maryland]]}}</ref> A cikin matsalar ruwa a Flint, Michigan, sauyawa zuwa tushen ruwa mafi lalata na birni ya haifar da ƙaruwar matakin gubar a cikin ruwan famfo na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=18 January 2016 |title=Flint's water crisis: 5 things to know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/18/us/flint-michigan-water-crisis-five-things/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123081451/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/18/us/flint-michigan-water-crisis-five-things/index.html |archive-date=23 January 2016 |website=CNN}}</ref> Kamar Flint, Michigan, da Washington, DC, irin wannan yanayi ya shafi jihar Wisconsin, inda aka kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar maye gurbin bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa har zuwa 176,000 da aka yi da gubar da aka sani da layukan sabis na gubar . Birnin Madison, Wisconsin ya magance matsalar kuma ya maye gurbin dukkan layukan sabis na gubar da aka rarraba, amma har yanzu akwai wasu biranen da har yanzu ba su bi sahun ba. Duk da cewa akwai hanyoyin sinadarai da za su iya taimakawa wajen rage adadin gubar da ke cikin ruwan da aka rarraba, mafita ta dindindin ita ce maye gurbin bututun gaba ɗaya. Duk da cewa jihar na iya maye gurbin bututun da ke ƙasa da ƙasa, masu gidaje dole ne su maye gurbin bututun da ke kan kadarorinsu, a matsakaicin farashin dala $3,000. <ref name="wpr.org">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Shawn |date=2017-10-30 |title=Wisconsin Senate Unanimously Passes Bill to Remove Lead Water Pipes |url=https://www.wpr.org/wisconsin-senate-unanimously-passes-bill-remove-lead-water-pipes |website=Wisconsin Public Radio}}</ref> Masana sun ce idan birnin zai maye gurbin bututun su kuma 'yan ƙasa za su ci gaba da ajiye tsoffin bututu a cikin gidajensu, za a sami yuwuwar ƙarin gubar ta narke a cikin ruwan sha. <ref name="wpr.org" /> Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta ba da izini ga EPA ta ware kuɗi don taimakawa jihohi da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuɗin cire layin sabis na gubar a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 50105 na Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Humphreys |first=Elena, H. |last2=Ramseur |first2=Jonathan |date=2022-01-04 |title=Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA): Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46892 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Ruwan sama da aka tattara daga kwararar rufin da ake amfani da shi azaman ruwan sha na iya ƙunsar gubar idan akwai gurɓatattun gubar a kan rufin ko a cikin tankin ajiya. <ref name="Rossi09" /> Ka'idojin Ruwan Sha na Australiya sun ba da izinin matsakaicin 0.01&nbsp;mg/L (10)&nbsp;ppb) gubar a cikin ruwa. <ref name="Rossi09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rossi E |date=May 2008 |title=Low level environmental lead exposure--a continuing challenge |journal=The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=63–70 |pmc=2533151 |pmid=18787644}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossi2008">Rossi E (May 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2533151 "Low level environmental lead exposure--a continuing challenge"]. ''The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews''. '''29''' (2): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>70. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2533151 2533151]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18787644 18787644].</cite></ref> An gano cewa nauyin ƙafafun gubar yana taruwa a kan hanyoyi da manyan jihohi kuma yana ɓacewa a cikin cunkoson ababen hawa, yana shiga cikin kwararar ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Nauyin kamun kifi mai guba yana taruwa a cikin koguna, rafuka, tafkuna, da tafkuna. === Maganin opium === Maganin opium da gubar ta gurbata shi ne tushen guba a Iran da sauran ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan kuma ya bayyana a cikin yawan shan muggan kwayoyi a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya haifar da tabbatar da gubar gubar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Young S, Chen L, Palatnick W, Wong P, Wong J |date=August 2020 |editor-last=Solomon |editor-first=Caren G. |title=Led Astray |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=383 |issue=6 |pages=578–583 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcps1900799 |pmid=32757528 |s2cid=221017132}}</ref> === wiwi === A shekara ta 2007, an gano wani guba mai yawa da ya faru sakamakon gurbataccen wiwi a Leipzig, Jamus, inda aka kwantar da matasa 29 a asibiti da gubar gubar tsawon watanni da dama bayan sun sha wiwi da aka gurbata da ƙananan ƙwayoyin gubar. Wani zato daga 'yan sanda shine cewa gubar, tare da babban nauyinta, an yi amfani da ita don ƙara nauyin wiwi a kan titi da gram ke sayarwa, ta haka ne ke ƙara yawan ribar dillalan. Masu binciken sun kiyasta cewa ribar kowace kilogiram ta ƙaru da har zuwa $1,500 tare da ƙara gubar. Ya zama ruwan dare a rage magunguna da abubuwa masu rahusa don ƙara ribar dillalai ko masu rarrabawa (misali, ana haɗa hodar iblis da sukari, foda talcum, gishirin magnesium, har ma da wasu magunguna). Ana tsammanin cewa mummunan tasirin da ake samu ga yawancin waɗannan magunguna sakamakon ƙarancin masana'anta ne maimakon yawan shan ƙwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lead-Tainted Marijuana Poisons Users |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Drugs/story?id=4622149&page=1 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Busse FP, Fiedler GM, Leichtle A, Hentschel H, Stumvoll M |date=October 2008 |title=Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana in leipzig |journal=Dtsch Ärztebl Int |volume=105 |issue=44 |pages=757–62 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2008.0757 |pmc=2696942 |pmid=19623274}}</ref> Baya ga yin ɓarna, shuke-shuken wiwi suna da ikon shan ƙarfe masu nauyi daga ƙasa. Wannan yana sa su zama masu amfani don gyara wuraren da suka gurɓata. Amma wannan na iya sa wiwi ya zama haɗari ga masu amfani da ke cin sa. An ƙera wasu nau'ikan wiwi musamman don cire gurɓatattun abubuwa daga ƙasa, iska, ko ruwa, wata hanya da aka sani da [[Magani da shuke-shuke|phytoremediation]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cannabis may contain heavy metals and affect consumer health, study finds |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211216150039.htm}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an gano cewa kusan kashi 40% na kayayyakin wiwi da ake sayarwa a shagunan da ba su da lasisi a birnin New York sun ƙunshi ƙarfe masu nauyi (misali, gubar, nickel), magungunan kashe kwari, da ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Unlicensed weed tainted with E. coli, lead and salmonella, study finds |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cannabis-unlicensed-weed-e-coli-lead-and-salmonella-study-finds/ |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> === Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi === [[Fayil:Lead-exposed_rat_hippocampi.jpg|alt=Two black-and-white photos; one shows dark, fairly regular rings on a lighter background, and the other shows irregular, smaller, and not as dark clusters.|right|thumb|Fuskantar gubar tana lalata ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin hippocampus, wani ɓangare na kwakwalwa da ke da hannu a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Hippocampi na beraye da gubar ta fallasa (ƙasa) suna nuna lalacewar tsari kamar ƙwayoyin cuta marasa tsari (IN) da kuma denaturation na myelin (DMS) idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (sama). <ref name="Xu09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xu J, Yan HC, Yang B, Tong LS, Zou YX, Tian Y |date=April 2009 |title=Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats |journal=Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine |volume=8 |doi=10.1186/1477-5751-8-5 |pmc=2674876 |pmid=19374778 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Kwakwalwa ita ce gabar da ta fi saurin kamuwa da gubar. <ref name="Cecil08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecil KM, Brubaker CJ, Adler CM, Dietrich KN, Altaye M, Egelhoff JC, Wessel S, Elangovan I, Hornung R, Jarvis K, Lanphear BP |date=May 2008 |title=Decreased brain volume in adults with childhood lead exposure |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=5 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050112 |pmc=2689675 |pmid=18507499 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCecilBrubakerAdlerDietrich2008">Cecil KM, Brubaker CJ, Adler CM, Dietrich KN, Altaye M, Egelhoff JC, Wessel S, Elangovan I, Hornung R, Jarvis K, Lanphear BP (May 2008). Balmes J (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689675 "Decreased brain volume in adults with childhood lead exposure"]. ''PLOS Medicine''. '''5''' (5) e112. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050112|10.1371/journal.pmed.0050112]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689675 2689675]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18507499 18507499].</cite></ref> Gubar za ta iya ratsa ta cikin ƙwayoyin endothelial a shingen kwakwalwa na jini saboda tana iya maye gurbin ions na calcium kuma famfunan calcium-ATPase za su sha. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lidsky TI, Schneider JS |date=January 2003 |title=Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates |journal=Brain |volume=126 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.1093/brain/awg014 |pmid=12477693 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gubar gubar tana tsoma baki ga ci gaban kwakwalwa da tsarin jijiyoyi na yaro; saboda haka yara suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da gubar gubar fiye da manya. <ref name="Sanders09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB |year=2009 |title=Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=15–45 |bibcode=2009RvEH...24.1.15S |doi=10.1515/REVEH.2009.24.1.15 |pmc=2858639 |pmid=19476290}}</ref> A cikin kwakwalwar yaro mai tasowa, gubar tana tsoma baki ga samuwar synapse a cikin kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa, ci gaban neurochemical (gami da na neurotransmitters), da kuma tsarin tashoshin ion . Yana haifar da asarar murfin myelin na neurons, yana rage adadin neurons, yana tsoma baki ga watsawar jijiyoyi, kuma yana rage girman neurons. Ion-lead ions (Pb2 {{Sup|2+}} ), kamar magnesium ions (Mg2 {{Sup|2+}} ), suna toshe masu karɓar NMDA . Saboda haka, ƙaruwar yawan Pb2 {{Sup|2+}} zai hana ci gaba da ƙarfin aiki na dogon lokaci (LTP), kuma ya haifar da ƙaruwar rashin jin daɗi na dogon lokaci (LTD) akan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a sassan da abin ya shafa na tsarin jijiyoyi . Waɗannan rashin daidaituwa suna haifar da raguwar masu karɓar NMDA kai tsaye, wanda hakan ke haifar da kyakkyawan tsarin amsawa ga LTD. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2000 |title=How Lead Changes the Brain to Impair Learning and Memory, How Lead Changes the Brain to Impair Learning and Memory |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/press_releases/PR_2000/lead_change.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816100857/http://www.jhsph.edu/PublicHealthNews/Press_Releases/PR_2000/lead_change.html |archive-date=2007-08-16 |access-date=2007-08-14 |website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health}}</ref> Ana tsammanin yin niyya ga masu karɓar NMDA shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gubar guba ga ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi . <ref name="Xu09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xu J, Yan HC, Yang B, Tong LS, Zou YX, Tian Y |date=April 2009 |title=Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats |journal=Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine |volume=8 |doi=10.1186/1477-5751-8-5 |pmc=2674876 |pmid=19374778 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFXuYanYangTong2009">Xu J, Yan HC, Yang B, Tong LS, Zou YX, Tian Y (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674876 "Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats"]. ''Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine''. '''8''' 5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/1477-5751-8-5|10.1186/1477-5751-8-5]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674876 2674876]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19374778 19374778].</cite></ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == Ganewar cutar ta haɗa da tantance alamun asibiti da tarihin lafiyar mutum, tare da yin bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya kamuwa da cutar. Masana guba na asibiti, ƙwararrun likitoci a fannin guba, na iya shiga cikin bincike da magani. Babban kayan aiki wajen gano da tantance tsananin gubar gubar shine nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje na matakin gubar jini (BLL). Binciken fim ɗin jini na iya nuna raguwar ƙwayoyin jinin ja (ɗigo a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja da ake iya gani ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa), da kuma canje-canjen da aka saba dangantawa da ƙarancin ƙarfe ( microcytosis da hypochromasia ). Wannan ana iya saninsa da sideroblastic anemia . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lubran MM |date=1980 |title=Lead toxicity and heme biosynthesis |journal=Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=402–13 |pmid=6999974}}</ref> Duk da haka, ana iya ganin raguwar basophilic a cikin yanayi marasa alaƙa, kamar megaloblastic anemia wanda bitamin B12 (cobalamin) da ƙarancin folate ke haifarwa. Sabanin sauran sideroblastic anemias, babu zobe sideroblasts a cikin smear na marrow bargo. == Rigakafi == [[Fayil:Lead_testing.jpg|alt=A box of cigarette-like white cylinders on the left, in the middle a white cylinder with a pink tip, on the right a paper with four circles, two blank and two pink|thumb|Ana samun kayan gwaji a kasuwa don gano gubar. Waɗannan swabs, idan aka goge su a saman, suna yin ja idan akwai gubar.]] Ana iya raba rigakafin gubar gubar zuwa hanyoyin rigakafi na farko, na biyu, da na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-01-31 |title=Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/prevention/index.html |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> === Babban rigakafin === Babban rigakafin gubar gubar yana da nufin magance matsalar kafin wani mummunan sakamako na lafiya ya faru. <ref name="CDC - Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/prevention/index.html#:~:text=Primary%20prevention%20is%20the%20removal,term%20effects%20of%20lead%20exposure. |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar ƙoƙarin kawar da tushen gubar gubar (ko dai ta gwamnati, kamfanoni, ko daidaikun mutane) ko kuma ta hanyar wayar da kan mutane da al'ummomi game da fallasa gubar, tushenta, da tasirinta ga lafiyar da za ta iya taimakawa wajen hana kamuwa da gubar gubar tun farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ettinger |first=Adrienne |last2=Leonard |first2=Monica |last3=Mason |first3=Jacquelyn |date=5 January 2019 |title=CDC's Lead Poisoning Prevention Program: A Long-standing Responsibility and Commitment to Protect Children From Lead Exposure |journal=J Public Health Manag Pract |volume=Jan-Feb |issue=25 |pages=S5–S12 |doi=10.1097/PHH.0000000000000868 |pmc=6320665 |pmid=30507764}}</ref> Akwai kuma matakan rigakafi a matakin ƙasa da na birni. Shawarwarin da kwararrun lafiya suka bayar don rage haɗarin kamuwa da yara sun haɗa da hana amfani da gubar inda ba shi da mahimmanci da kuma ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke iyakance adadin gubar a cikin ƙasa, ruwa, iska, ƙurar gida, da kayayyaki. <ref name="Lanphear05EnvironHealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R |date=July 2005 |title=Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2005-07_113_7/page/894 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=7 |pages=894–9 |bibcode=2005EnvHP.113..894L |doi=10.1289/ehp.7688 |pmc=1257652 |pmid=16002379}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLanphearHornungKhouryYolton2005">Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R (July 2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257652 "Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis"]. ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''113''' (7): <span class="nowrap">894–</span>9. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvHP.113..894L 2005EnvHP.113..894L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.7688|10.1289/ehp.7688]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257652 1257652]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002379 16002379].</cite></ref> Akwai ƙa'idodi don iyakance adadin gubar a cikin fenti; misali, wata doka ta 1978 a Amurka ta takaita gubar a cikin fenti ga gidaje, kayan daki, da kayan wasa zuwa 0.06% ko ƙasa da haka. A watan Oktoba na 2008, Hukumar Kula da Ingancin Inganci ta Amurka (EPA) ta rage matakin gubar da aka yarda da shi da kashi 10 zuwa 0.15 microgram a kowace mita cubic na iska, wanda ya ba jihohi shekaru biyar don bin ƙa'idodin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2008 |title=EPA Sets Tightest Lead Air Emission Standard |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_EPA_Sets_Tightest_Lead_Air_Emission_Standard_In_Three_Decades_26899.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604105256/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_EPA_Sets_Tightest_Lead_Air_Emission_Standard_In_Three_Decades_26899.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |publisher=eFluxMedia}}</ref> [[RoHS|Umarnin Hana Abubuwa Masu Haɗari]] na Tarayyar Turai ya iyakance adadin gubar da sauran abubuwa masu guba a cikin kayan lantarki da na lantarki. A wasu wurare, akwai shirye-shiryen gyara don rage kasancewar gubar lokacin da aka gano tana da yawa, misali, a cikin ruwan sha. <ref name="Payne08">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Payne M |date=July 2008 |title=Lead in drinking water |journal=CMAJ |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=253–4 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071483 |pmc=2474873 |pmid=18663205}}</ref> A matsayin mafita mafi tsauri, gwamnati ta sayi dukkan garuruwan da ke kusa da tsoffin ma'adinan gubar, tare da sake tsugunar da jama'a a wasu wurare, kamar yadda lamarin ya faru da Picher, Oklahoma a 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2009 |title=Treece Journal: Welcome to Our Town. Wish We Weren't Here |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/us/14kansas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813151006/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/us/14kansas.html |archive-date=2013-08-13 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Rigakafi na biyu === Rigakafin gubar gubar na biyu yana neman gano kamuwa da cutar da wuri a cikin mutane da kuma shiga tsakani don hana ci gaba da matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci. <ref name="Lead Exposure in Children: Failure">{{Cite journal |last=Sample |first=Jennifer |date=10 June 2024 |title=Lead Exposure in Children: Failure to Protect the Most Vulnerable |journal=J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=212–214 |doi=10.5863/1551-6776-29.3.212 |pmc=11163901 |pmid=38863859}}</ref> '''Nunawa''' Tantance masu cutar na iya zama wata muhimmiyar hanyar rigakafi ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari mai girma, <ref name="Guidotti07-PedClin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guidotti TL, Ragain L |date=April 2007 |title=Protecting children from toxic exposure: three strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2007-04_54_2/page/227 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=227–35, vii |citeseerx=10.1.1.533.907 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002 |pmid=17448358}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGuidottiRagain2007">Guidotti TL, Ragain L (April 2007). "Protecting children from toxic exposure: three strategies". ''Pediatric Clinics of North America''. '''54''' (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>35, vii. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.533.907 10.1.1.533.907]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002|10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17448358 17448358].</cite></ref> kamar waɗanda ke zaune kusa da masana'antun da ke da alaƙa da gubar. Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Rigakafi ta Amurka (USPSTF) ta bayyana cewa tantance waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar gabaɗaya, ciki har da yara da mata masu juna biyu, ba shi da fa'ida sosai {{As of|2019}} <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW, Wong JB |date=April 2019 |title=Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=15 |pages=1502–1509 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.3326 |pmid=30990556 |s2cid=116860513 |doi-access=free}}</ref>, Kwalejin Likitocin Haihuwa da Mata ta Amurka (ACOG) da Kwalejin Kula da Yara ta Amurka (AAP), duk da haka, sun ba da shawarar yin tambaya game da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da kuma gwada waɗanda ke da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanier AJ, McLaine P, Gilden RC |date=April 2019 |title=Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2730594 |url-status=live |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=15 |pages=1464–1465 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.2594 |pmid=30990534 |s2cid=205099056 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416191924/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2730594 |archive-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> === Rigakafin manyan makarantu === Hanyoyin rigakafi na manyan makarantu sun fi mayar da hankali kan magani, rage alamun cutar, da kuma inganta rayuwar mutanen da suka riga suka kamu da cutar gubar gubar. An bincika waɗannan hanyoyin magani a sashe na gaba. <ref name="Lead Exposure in Children: Failure">{{Cite journal |last=Sample |first=Jennifer |date=10 June 2024 |title=Lead Exposure in Children: Failure to Protect the Most Vulnerable |journal=J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=212–214 |doi=10.5863/1551-6776-29.3.212 |pmc=11163901 |pmid=38863859}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSample2024">Sample J (10 June 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11163901 "Lead Exposure in Children: Failure to Protect the Most Vulnerable"]. ''J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther''. '''29''' (3): <span class="nowrap">212–</span>214. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5863/1551-6776-29.3.212|10.5863/1551-6776-29.3.212]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11163901 11163901]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38863859 38863859].</cite></ref> == Magani == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;" |+Jagororin kula da yara masu hauhawar jini a CDC ! Gilashin jini<br /><br /><br /><br /> matakin (μg/dL) ! Magani |- ! 10–14 | Ilimi,<br /><br /><br /><br /> maimaita nunawa |- ! 15–19 | Maimaita tantancewa, akwati<br /><br /><br /><br /> gudanarwa don rage majiyoyi |- ! 20–44 | Kimantawar likita,<br /><br /><br /><br /> gudanar da shari'o'i |- ! 45–69 | Kimantawar likita,<br /><br /><br /><br /> chelation, gudanar da shari'o'i |- ! >69 | Asibiti, nan take<br /><br /><br /><br /> chelation, gudanar da shari'o'i |} Babban maganin shine cire gubar daga tushen gubar, kuma ga mutanen da ke da yawan gubar a jini ko kuma waɗanda ke da alamun guba, ana iya amfani da maganin chelation . Maganin ƙarancin ƙarfe, calcium, da zinc, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar shan gubar, wani ɓangare ne na maganin gubar gubar. Idan kayan da ke ɗauke da gubar suna nan a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci (kamar yadda X-ray na ciki ya nuna), ana iya amfani da ban ruwa na hanji gaba ɗaya, cathartics, endoscopy, ko ma cirewa ta tiyata don kawar da shi daga hanji da kuma hana ƙarin fallasa. Harsasai da tarkacen da ke ɗauke da gubar suma suna iya haifar da barazanar ƙarin fallasa kuma ana iya buƙatar a cire su ta hanyar tiyata idan suna cikin ko kusa da wuraren da ruwa ya cika ko synovial . Idan akwai cutar gubar, ana iya ba da magungunan hana kumburi don sarrafa farfadiya, kuma jiyya don sarrafa kumburin kwakwalwa sun haɗa da corticosteroids da mannitol . Maganin gubar gubar halitta ya ƙunshi cire sinadarin gubar daga fata, hana ƙarin fallasa, magance farfadiya, da kuma yiwuwar maganin chelation ga mutanen da ke da yawan gubar da ke cikin jini. Manazarta [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] krekpwsmpnv9bcnc5wdtjnz0653mm8h Lisabi: An haifi Gwarzo 0 156235 967191 964186 2026-10-13T15:19:26Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ap5ux0z5de7d0x2wj695ah3f26mgd89 967192 967191 2026-10-13T15:19:51Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! cla Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} l8kt1b23mkmdl41atvl17tbyeyg17lr 967193 967192 2026-10-13T15:20:06Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} bbkhln2h6t23sql26ezd13lxmsryg2n 967195 967193 2026-10-13T15:21:39Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 7da3xz0a0w3epmp2w5z3wyhr05owul9 967197 967195 2026-10-13T15:23:25Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} gz9cmgntxod1tmcx3eqdewl309not1f 967198 967197 2026-10-13T15:24:18Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} eox8qtw0gahdmwh53qf59jjz9d7f0sn 967199 967198 2026-10-13T15:24:55Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} i97dw7hilnnot4gtwoeeyu1dkl6cjsw 967200 967199 2026-10-13T15:25:59Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatesty Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 5h6yol6xyhtgpm4k0qarn58wkzc2w92 967201 967200 2026-10-13T15:26:50Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} m9oxfmygz4sdby71syju2fo9sv1wcrp 967203 967201 2026-10-13T15:47:33Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 967203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lisabi: Labarin fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ozo8kzf5uq4k5ru89lcv7zc80q3y4pa Yawan kitse a cikin jini 0 156435 967429 898153 2026-10-14T00:48:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967429 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Hyperlipidemia | synonym = Hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperlipidaemia<ref>{{cite web | title = Hyperlipidaemia | work = Collins Dictionary of Medicine | date = 2005 | first = Robert M. | last = Youngson | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperlipidaemia }}</ref> | image = Hyperlipidaemia - lipid in EDTA tube.jpg | caption = A 4-ml sample of hyperlipidemic blood in a [[vacutainer]] with [[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid|EDTA]]. The lipids separated into the top fraction after being left to settle for four hours without [[centrifugation]]. | pronounce = | specialty = [[Cardiology]] | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Hypertriglyceridemia]] | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Yawan kitse a cikin jini yana da matakan da ba daidai ba na kowane ko duk lipids (misali kitse, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) ko Lipoproteins a cikin [[jini]].<ref name="DorlandAndAmericanHeritage">{{Cite web |title=Hyperlipidemia |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperlipidemia |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> Kalmar hyperlipidemia tana nufin binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kansa kuma ana amfani dashi azaman kalmar laima da ke rufe kowane ɗayan cututtukan da aka samu ko cututtukani na kwayar halitta waɗanda ke haifar da wannan binciken.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Hyperlipidemia {{!}} Society for Vascular Surgery |url=https://vascular.org/patient-resources/vascular-conditions/hyperlipidemia |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=vascular.org}}</ref> Hyperlipidemia yana wakiltar wani ɓangare na dyslipidemia da kuma superset na [[hypercholesterolemia]]. Hyperlipidemia yawanci ba ta da tsanani kuma tana buƙatar magani mai gudana don sarrafa matakan lipid na jini.<ref name=":8" /> Ana jigilar lipids (ƙwayoyin da ba sa narkewa cikin ruwa) a cikin kapsul furotin . <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Girman wannan kapsul, ko lipoprotein, yana ƙayyade yawansa. <ref name=":7" /> Yawan lipoprotein da nau'in apolipoproteins da ke cikinsa yana ƙayyade makomar ƙwayar da tasirinsa akan metabolism . An raba cututtukan hyperlipidemia zuwa ƙananan nau'ikan farko da na sakandare. Babban hyperlipidemia yawanci yana faruwa ne saboda dalilan kwayoyin halitta (kamar maye gurbi a cikin furotin mai karɓar furotin), yayin da babban hyperlipidemia na biyu ke tasowa saboda wasu dalilai na asali kamar [[ciwon suga]] . Matsalolin lipid da lipoprotein sun zama ruwan dare a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da za a iya gyarawa don [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] saboda tasirinsu ga atherosclerosis . <ref>{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu nau'ikan na iya haifar da [[Ciwon hanta mai tsanani|pancreatitis mai tsanani]] . == Alamomi da Alamomi == Ciwon suga (hyperlipidemia), shi kaɗai, yawanci ba shi da wata alama. Duk da haka, yana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na lafiya ta hanyar tarin lipids, kamar atherosclerosis (jini), [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]], ko [[bugun jini]] (kwakwalwa). <ref name="my.clevelandclinic.org">{{Cite web |title=Hyperlipidemia (High Cholesterol): Levels, Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21656-hyperlipidemia}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin alamun cutar hyperlipidemia sune xanthomas, waɗanda suke da "ƙumburi" masu launin rawaya a hannaye, ƙafafu, ko gangar jiki, ko kuma xanthelasmas, waɗanda suke da tarin kitse mai launin rawaya a fatar ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Xanthoma Information {{!}} Mount Sinai - New York |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/xanthoma#:~:text=Xanthomas%20are%20firm,%20raised%20waxy,or%20fats,%20in%20the%20blood. |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Mount Sinai Health System |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dalilai == Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da hauhawar jini sune ko dai dalilai na gado ko salon rayuwa. Mutanen da ke da yanayin kwayoyin halitta na rage kiba ko tarihin iyali sun fi fuskantar wannan cuta. Duk da haka, halaye marasa kyau na iya haifar da karuwar kiba ta biyu: <ref name="my.clevelandclinic.org" /> Cin abinci mai yawan kitsen trans ko kitse mai cikakken kitse, wanda ke cikin jajayen nama da kiwo, na iya haifar da karuwar kiba ta biyu. Rashin samun isasshen motsa jiki na iya zama abin haɗari. Damuwa da barasa na iya haifar da hauhawar cholesterol. Shan taba yana lalata jijiyoyin jini, yana ba da gudummawa ga atherosclerosis da rage matakan HDL (kyakkyawan cholesterol). <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-05-20 |title=Risk Factors for High Cholesterol |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/risk-factors/index.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Cholesterol |language=en-us}}</ref> Ƙara shekaru kuma yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da hauhawar jini. [[Fayil:Xanthelasma_palpebrarum.jpg|thumb|Xanthelasma]] == Rarrabawa == Ana iya rarraba hyperlipidemia a matsayin ko dai na iyali (wanda kuma ake kira primary <ref name="Chait">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chait A, Brunzell JD |date=June 1990 |title=Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemias) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endocrinology-and-metabolism-clinics-of-north-america_1990-06_19_2/page/259 |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=259–278 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30324-4 |pmid=2192873}}</ref> ) lokacin da aka haifar da takamaiman rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta ko kuma wanda aka samu (wanda kuma ake kira secondary) <ref name="Chait" /> lokacin da aka haifar da wani rashin lafiya wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin metabolism na lipid da lipoprotein a cikin jini. <ref name="Chait" /> Hakanan, hyperlipidemia na iya zama idiopathic, wato, ba tare da wani dalili da aka sani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rozynkowa D, Paluszak J, Borowczyk T, Rakowski W |date=1967 |title=Idiopathic hyperlipidemia; search for a metabolic defect and its familial origin |url= |journal=Pol Med J |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=429–35 |doi= |pmid=6030652}}</ref> Ana kuma rarraba cututtukan hyperlipidemia bisa ga nau'ikan lipids da aka haɓaka, wato [[hypercholesterolemia]], hypertriglyceridemia ko duka biyun a cikin haɗin hyperlipidemia . Matakan da suka haɓaka na Lipoprotein(a) kuma ana iya rarraba su azaman nau'in hyperlipidemia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MedlinePlus page for Lipoprotein #CITENNLM |url=https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lipoprotein-a-blood-test/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Hyperlipidemia_classification.png|thumb|⁶Rarraba yawan kitse a jiki (hyperlipidemia)]] === Iyali (babban ɗalibi) === Ana rarraba yawan kitsen da ke cikin iyali bisa ga rarrabuwar Fredrickson, wanda ya dogara ne akan tsarin lipoproteins akan electrophoresis ko ultracentrifugation . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fredrickson |first=Donald S. |last2=Lees |first2=Robert S. |date=March 1965 |title=Editorial: A System for Phenotyping Hyperlipoproteinemia |journal=Circulation |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=321–327 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.31.3.321 |pmid=14262568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga baya [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta karɓe shi. <ref name="WHO-Fredrickson-1970">{{Cite journal |last=Beaumont |first=JL |last2=Carlson |first2=LA |last3=Cooper |first3=GR |last4=Fejfar |first4=Z |last5=Fredrickson |first5=DS |last6=Strasser |first6=T |date=1970 |title=Classification of hyperlipidaemias and hyperlipoproteinaemias. |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=891–915 |pmc=2427808 |pmid=4930042}}</ref> Ba ya wakiltar HDL kai tsaye, kuma ba ya bambanta tsakanin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban waɗanda za su iya zama alhakin wasu daga cikin waɗannan yanayi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> {| class="sortable wikitable" |+'''Rarraba kitse mai yawa a cikin Fredrickson''' ! colspan="2" | Hyperlipo-<br /><br /><br /><br /> furotinemia ! OMIM ! Ma'ana iri ɗaya ! Lalacewa ! Ƙara yawan lipoprotein ! Manyan alamomin ! Magani ! Bayyanar majina ! Kiyasin yawan jama'a |- ! rowspan="3" | Nau'i na I ! wani | | Ciwon Buerger-Gruetz ko kuma rashin lafiyar iyali (hulɗar hyperchylomicronemia) | Rage yawan lipoprotein lipase (LPL) | rowspan="3" | Chylomicrons | rowspan="3" | [[Ciwon hanta mai tsanani]], ciwon hanta mai tsanani, kumburin fata, xanthomas, ciwon hanta mai tsanani, | rowspan="3" | Kula da abinci mai gina jiki | rowspan="3" | Layer mai kauri mai laushi | rowspan="3" | Ɗaya cikin 1,000,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2007 |title=Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type I |url=http://www.cags.org.ae/FMPro?-DB=ctga.fp5&-Format=ctga%2Fctga_detail.html&-RecID=34563&-Find |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327213629/http://www.cags.org.ae/FMPro?-DB=ctga.fp5&-Format=ctga%2Fctga_detail.html&-RecID=34563&-Find |archive-date=27 March 2012 |website=Centre for Arab Genomic Studies |quote=About 1:1,000,000 people are affected with Hyperlipoproteinemia type I worldwide with a higher prevalence in some regions of Canada.}}</ref> |- ! b | | Rashin sinadarin CII na apoprotein na iyali | An canza ApoC2 |- ! c | | | Mai hana LPL a cikin jini |- ! rowspan="2" | Nau'i na II ! wani | | Ciwon cholesterol na iyali | Rashin masu karɓar LDL | LDL | Xanthelasma, arcus senilis, xanthomas na tendon | Magungunan hana bile acid, [[Statin|statins]], niacin | Share | Ɗaya cikin 500 ga heterozygotes |- ! b | | Haɗaɗɗen yawan kitse a cikin iyali | Rage mai karɓar LDL da ƙaruwar ApoB | LDL da VLDL | | Statins, niacin, fibrate | Turbid | Ɗaya cikin 100 |- ! colspan="2" | Nau'i na III | | Ciwon dysbetalipoproteinemia na iyali | Lalacewa a cikin hadawar Apo E 2 | IDL | xanthomas na tuberoeruptive da palmar xanthomas | Fibrate, statins | Turbid | Ɗaya cikin 10,000 <ref name="fung2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fung M, Hill J, Cook D, Frohlich J |date=June 2011 |title=Case series of type III hyperlipoproteinemia in children |journal=BMJ Case Reports |volume=2011 |pages=bcr0220113895 |doi=10.1136/bcr.02.2011.3895 |pmc=3116222 |pmid=22691586}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | Nau'i na IV | | Iyali mai yawan triglyceridemia | Ƙara yawan samar da VLDL da raguwar kawarwa | VLDL | Zai iya haifar da pancreatitis tare da matakan triglyceride masu yawa | Fibrate, niacin, statins | Turbid | Ɗaya cikin 100 |- ! colspan="2" | Nau'in V | | | Ƙara yawan samar da VLDL da raguwar LPL | VLDL da chylomicrons | | Niacin, fibrate | Layer mai kauri a sama da ƙasa mai duhu | |} [[Fayil:Relative_prevalence_of_familial_hyperlipoproteinemias.png|center|thumb|Yaɗuwar nau'ikan hyperlipoproteinemia na iyali <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Product Bulletin on Crestor® (rosuvastatin) |url=http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home2&CONTENTID=14388&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092340/http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home2&CONTENTID=14388&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |publisher=American Pharmacists Association}}</ref>]] ==== Nau'i na I ==== Nau'in I hyperlipoproteinemia yana faruwa a cikin nau'i daban-daban: * Rashin Lipoprotein lipase (nau'in Ia), saboda ƙarancin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) ko canjin apolipoprotein C2, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar chylomicrons, ƙwayoyin da ke canja wurin kitse daga hanyar narkewar abinci zuwa hanta * Rashin sinadarin CII na apoprotein na iyali (nau'in Ib), <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yamamura T, Sudo H, Ishikawa K, Yamamoto A |date=September 1979 |title=Familial type I hyperlipoproteinemia caused by apolipoprotein C-II deficiency |journal=Atherosclerosis |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=53–65 |doi=10.1016/0021-9150(79)90106-0 |pmid=227429 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> wani yanayi ne da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin sinadarin lipoprotein lipase activator. <ref name="Andrews">{{Cite book|last1=vanc|ref=etal}}</ref> {{Rp|533}} * Chylomicronemia saboda hana lipoprotein lipase (nau'in Ic) da ke yawo a jiki Ciwon hyperlipoproteinemia na nau'i na I yawanci yakan fara ne a lokacin ƙuruciya tare da xanthomata mai fashewa da kuma ciwon ciki. Matsalolin sun haɗa da toshewar jijiyoyin retinal, pancreatitis mai tsanani, steatosis, da organomegaly, da kuma lipemia retinalis. ==== Nau'i na II ==== An ƙara rarraba nau'in hyperlipoproteinemia na II zuwa nau'ikan IIa da IIb, ya danganta ne akan ko ƙaruwar matakin triglyceride ya faru ban da cholesterol na LDL. ===== Nau'i na IIa ===== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Wannan na iya zama na lokaci-lokaci (saboda abubuwan da suka shafi abinci), ko kuma na polygenic, ko kuma na iyali sakamakon maye gurbi ko dai a cikin kwayar halittar mai karɓar LDL akan chromosome 19 (0.2% na yawan jama'a) ko kwayar halittar ApoB (0.2%). Siffar iyali tana da alaƙa da xanthoma tendon, xanthelasma, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da suka fara lalacewa. Yawan wannan cutar shine kusan ɗaya cikin 500 ga heterozygotes, da kuma ɗaya cikin 1,000,000 ga homozygotes. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cuchel |first=M. |last2=Bruckert |first2=E. |last3=Ginsberg |first3=H. N. |last4=Raal |first4=F. J. |last5=Santos |first5=R. D. |last6=Hegele |first6=R. A. |last7=Kuivenhoven |first7=J. A. |last8=Nordestgaard |first8=B. G. |last9=Descamps |first9=O. S. |last10=Steinhagen-Thiessen |first10=E. |last11=Tybjaerg-Hansen |first11=A. |last12=Watts |first12=G. F. |last13=Averna |first13=M. |last14=Boileau |first14=C. |last15=Boren |first15=J. |date=2 August 2014 |title=Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=35 |issue=32 |pages=2146–2157 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehu274 |pmc=4139706 |pmid=25053660}}</ref> HLPIIa cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta da ba kasafai ake samunta ba wacce ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar matakan cholesterol na LDL a cikin jini saboda rashin shan ƙwayoyin LDL (babu masu karɓar Apo B). Duk da haka, wannan cuta ita ce cuta ta biyu da ta fi yawa a cikin nau'ikan hyperlipoproteinemias daban-daban, tare da mutanen da ke da haɓakar heterozygotic na mutum ɗaya a cikin kowane 500 da kuma mutanen da ke da haɓakar homozygotic na mutum ɗaya a cikin kowane miliyan. Waɗannan mutanen na iya gabatar da wasu halaye na zahiri kamar xanthelasmas (adadin kitse mai rawaya a ƙarƙashin fata wanda galibi ke fitowa a ɓangaren hanci na ido), xanthomas na jijiya da tuberous, arcus juvenilis (furannin ido wanda galibi ake siffantawa a cikin tsofaffi), ƙurar jijiya, claudication, da kuma atherosclerosis. Binciken da aka yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje ga waɗannan mutane yana da mahimmanci ga jimlar matakan cholesterol na jini sau biyu zuwa uku fiye da na al'ada, da kuma ƙaruwar cholesterol na LDL, amma ƙimar triglycerides da VLDL ɗinsu suna faɗuwa a cikin daidaitattun yanayi. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Jerry|url-status=Mirzaa|access-date=Pagon}}</ref> Domin kula da mutanen da ke fama da HLPIIa, ana iya buƙatar ɗaukar matakai masu tsauri, musamman idan matakan HDL cholesterol ɗinsu bai kai 30 ba.&nbsp;mg/dL da matakan LDL ɗinsu sun fi 160 girma&nbsp;mg/dL. Abinci mai kyau ga waɗannan mutane yana buƙatar rage yawan kitse zuwa ƙasa da kashi 30% na jimlar adadin kuzari tare da rabon kitse mai monounsaturated: polyunsaturated:saturated na 1:1:1. Ya kamata a rage cholesterol zuwa ƙasa da 300&nbsp;mg/rana, don haka guje wa kayayyakin dabbobi da kuma ƙara yawan shan fiber zuwa fiye da 20 g/rana tare da 6g na zare mai narkewa a rana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harada-Shiba |first=Mariko |last2=Ohta |first2=Takao |last3=Ohtake |first3=Akira |last4=Ogura |first4=Masatsune |last5=Dobashi |first5=Kazushige |last6=Nohara |first6=Atsushi |last7=Yamashita |first7=Shizuya |last8=Yokote |first8=Koutaro |last9=Joint Working Group by Japan Pediatric Society and Japan Atherosclerosis Society for Making Guidance of Pediatric Familial |first9=Hypercholesterolemia |date=June 2018 |title=Guidance for Pediatric Familial Hypercholesterolemia 2017 |journal=Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=539–553 |doi=10.5551/jat.CR002 |pmc=6005224 |pmid=29415907}}</ref> Ya kamata a inganta motsa jiki, domin yana iya ƙara HDL. Gabaɗaya hasashen ga waɗannan mutane yana cikin mafi munin yanayi idan mutanen da ba a kula da su ba waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba za su iya mutuwa kafin su kai shekara 20, amma idan mutum ya nemi abinci mai kyau tare da taimakon likita, mutumin zai iya ganin ƙaruwar yawan xanthomas a kowace shekara goma, kuma ciwon Achilles da atherosclerosis mai sauri za su faru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=High cholesterol - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350806#:~:text=Lifestyle%20and%20home%20remedies,find%20a%20way%20to%20quit. |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> ===== Nau'in IIb ===== Babban matakin VLDL ya faru ne saboda yawan samar da sinadarai masu gina jiki, ciki har da triglycerides, acetyl-CoA, da kuma karuwar hadawar B-100. Hakanan yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon raguwar yawan sinadarin LDL. Yawan jama'a a cikin al'umma shine kashi 10%. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Bradley|url-status=Blackman|access-date=Boyce}}</ref> * Haɗin hyperlipoproteinemia na iyali (FCH) * Rashin sinadarin lipase na Lysosomal acid (wanda aka fi sani da cutar ajiyar Cholesteryl ester ) * Haɗin hyperlipoproteinemia na biyu (yawanci a cikin mahallin ciwon metabolism, wanda shine ma'aunin ganewar asali) ==== Nau'i na III ==== Wannan nau'in yana faruwa ne saboda yawan chylomicrons da IDL (matsakaicin yawan lipoprotein). Wanda kuma aka sani da ''cutar beta mai yawa'' ko ''dysbetalipoproteinemia'', wanda shine sanadin wannan nau'in shine kasancewar nau'in halittar ApoE E2/E2. Yana faruwa ne saboda VLDL mai yawan cholesterol (β-VLDL). An kiyasta yawanta ya kai kusan 1 cikin 10,000. <ref name="fung2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fung M, Hill J, Cook D, Frohlich J |date=June 2011 |title=Case series of type III hyperlipoproteinemia in children |journal=BMJ Case Reports |volume=2011 |pages=bcr0220113895 |doi=10.1136/bcr.02.2011.3895 |pmc=3116222 |pmid=22691586}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFungHillCookFrohlich2011">Fung M, Hill J, Cook D, Frohlich J (June 2011). </cite></ref> Yana da alaƙa da hypercholesterolemia (yawanci 8-12)&nbsp;mmol/L), yawan triglyceride (yawanci 5-20&nbsp;mmol/L), yawan ApoB na yau da kullun, da nau'ikan alamun fata guda biyu (palmar xanthomata ko launin lemu na kurajen fata, da kuma tuberoeruptive xanthomata a gwiwar hannu da gwiwoyi). Ana siffanta shi da farkon fara cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini na gefe. Sauran hyperlipidemia yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin aikin mai karɓar ApoE, wanda yawanci ake buƙata don kawar da ragowar chylomicron da IDL daga zagayawar jini. Lalacewar mai karɓar yana haifar da matakan ragowar chylomicron da IDL su fi yadda aka saba a cikin kwararar jini. Lalacewar mai karɓar sigina maye gurbi ne na autosomal recessive ko polymorphism. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Lars|url-status=Ruzicka|access-date=Kaufmann}}</ref> ==== Nau'i na IV ==== Ciwon hawan jini na iyali (hypertriglyceridemia) wani yanayi ne da ke shafar autosomal wanda ke faruwa a kusan kashi 1% na al'umma. Wannan nau'in ya faru ne saboda yawan sinadarin triglyceride . Sauran matakan lipoprotein yawanci suna cikin kewayon da aka saba amfani da shi ko kuma sun ɗan ƙaru kaɗan. Maganin ya haɗa da kula da abinci, fibrates da niacins. Duk da cewa statins galibi sune maganin farko na hyperlipidemia, fibrates sun fi kyau wajen rage yawan matakan triglyceride kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin na farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oh |first=Robert C. |last2=Trivette |first2=Evan T. |last3=Westerfield |first3=Katie L. |date=15 September 2020 |title=Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: Common Questions and Answers |url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=32931217 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=347–354 |pmid=32931217}}</ref> ==== Nau'in V ==== Nau'in hyperlipoproteinemia na V, wanda kuma aka sani da mixed hyperlipoproteinemia familial ko mixed hyperlipidemia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Definition Search For 'Type 5 Hyperlipidemia |url=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=type+5+hyperlipidemia |access-date=1 November 2013 |publisher=medilexicon}}</ref> yayi kama da nau'in I, amma yana da babban VLDL ban da chylomicrons. Haka kuma yana da alaƙa da rashin haƙuri ga glucose da kuma yawan uricemia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marek |first=Samantha |last2=Linaburg |first2=Taylor |last3=Nguyen |first3=Brian J. |date=August 2023 |title=Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Their Corneal Manifestations |journal=Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=329–341 |doi=10.1016/j.yaoo.2023.02.015}}</ref> A fannin magani, haɗakar kitse mai yawa (ko -aemia) (wanda kuma aka sani da "hyperlipoproteinemia iri-iri") wani nau'i ne da ake yawan samu na hypercholesterolemia (matakan cholesterol masu yawa) wanda ke nuna ƙaruwar yawan LDL da triglyceride, sau da yawa tare da raguwar HDL. <ref name="Elsevier">{{Cite web |title=Hyperlipidemia |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperlipidemia |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> A kan lipoprotein electrophoresis (gwaji da ba a cika yin sa ba yanzu) yana bayyana a matsayin hyperlipoproteinemia nau'in IIB. Ita ce matsalar kitse da aka gada mafi yawa, tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin mutane 200. A zahiri, kusan mutum ɗaya cikin biyar waɗanda ke kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya kafin su kai shekaru 60 suna da wannan matsalar. Matakan triglyceride masu yawa (>5)&nbsp;mmol/L) gabaɗaya suna faruwa ne saboda ƙaruwar lipoprotein mai ƙarancin yawa (VLDL), wani nau'in lipoprotein mai saurin haifar da atherosclerosis. Ana magance dukkan matsalolin biyu da magungunan fibrate, waɗanda ke aiki akan masu karɓar peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), musamman PPARα, don rage samar da free fatty acid. Magungunan statin, musamman magungunan roba (atorvastatin da rosuvastatin) na iya rage matakan LDL ta hanyar ƙara yawan LDL a hanta saboda ƙaruwar bayyanar LDL-receptor. ==== Siffofin iyali marasa rarrabuwa ==== Waɗannan nau'ikan da ba a rarraba su ba suna da matuƙar wuya: * Hyperalphalipoproteinemia * [[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]] === An saya (na biyu) === Ciwon suga da aka samu (wanda kuma ake kira dyslipoproteinemias na biyu) galibi yana kwaikwayon manyan nau'ikan ciwon suga kuma yana iya samun sakamako makamancin haka. <ref name="Chait">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chait A, Brunzell JD |date=June 1990 |title=Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemias) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endocrinology-and-metabolism-clinics-of-north-america_1990-06_19_2/page/259 |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=259–278 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30324-4 |pmid=2192873}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChaitBrunzell1990">Chait A, Brunzell JD (June 1990). </cite></ref> Suna iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar atherosclerosis da wuri ko kuma, idan aka haɗa su da babban matakin triglyceridemia, na iya haifar da pancreatitis da sauran rikitarwa na cutar chylomicronemia . <ref name="Chait" /> Abubuwan da suka fi haifar da ciwon suga da aka samu sune: * [[Ciwon suga]] <ref name="Chait">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chait A, Brunzell JD |date=June 1990 |title=Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemias) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endocrinology-and-metabolism-clinics-of-north-america_1990-06_19_2/page/259 |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=259–278 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30324-4 |pmid=2192873}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChaitBrunzell1990">Chait A, Brunzell JD (June 1990). </cite></ref> * Amfani da magunguna kamar su thiazide diuretics, <ref name="Chait" /> beta blockers, <ref name="Chait" /> da estrogens <ref name="Chait" /> Sauran yanayi da ke haifar da karuwar yawan kitse a jiki sun hada da: * Ciwon thyroid <ref name="Chait">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chait A, Brunzell JD |date=June 1990 |title=Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemias) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endocrinology-and-metabolism-clinics-of-north-america_1990-06_19_2/page/259 |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=259–278 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30324-4 |pmid=2192873}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChaitBrunzell1990">Chait A, Brunzell JD (June 1990). </cite></ref> * Matsalar koda <ref name="Chait" /> * [[Ciwon Nephrotic]] <ref name="Chait" /> * Shan barasa <ref name="Chait" /> * Wasu matsalolin endocrine da ba kasafai ake samu ba <ref name="Chait" /> da kuma [[Rashin jituwa na metabolism|matsalolin metabolism]] <ref name="Chait" /> Maganin matsalar da ke haifar da ita, idan zai yiwu, ko kuma daina shan magungunan da ke haifar da hakan yawanci yakan haifar da ci gaba a cikin yawan kitsen da ke cikin jini. Wani abin da ke haifar da hyperlipidemia, kodayake ba koyaushe ake samunsa a cikin wannan rukunin ba, shine hyperlipidemia bayan cin abinci, wanda yawanci yakan faru bayan cin abinci. <ref name="Elsevier">{{Cite web |title=Hyperlipidemia |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperlipidemia |website=The Free Dictionary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperlipidemia "Hyperlipidemia"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="BioMed Central">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ansar S, Koska J, Reaven PD |date=July 2011 |title=Postprandial hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: focus on incretins |journal=Cardiovascular Diabetology |volume=10 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/1475-2840-10-61 |pmc=3184260 |pmid=21736746 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nunawa da ganewar asali == Ya kamata a duba cholesterol a cikin manya 'yan shekara 20 zuwa sama duk bayan shekaru huɗu zuwa shida. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean |url=https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/what-your-cholesterol-levels-mean |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.goredforwomen.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana gwada matakin cholesterol na lipoproteins mai ƙarancin yawa (LDL), cholesterol mai yawan yawa (HDL), da triglycerides a cikin tsarin kulawa ta farko ta amfani da kwamitin lipid. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cholesterol testing and results: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000386.htm |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Matakan lipoproteins da triglycerides masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen rarraba haɗarin [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ta hanyar samfura/ƙididdiga kamar Framingham Risk Score, ACC/AHA Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator, da/ko Reynolds Risk Scores. Waɗannan samfura/ƙididdiga na iya kuma la'akari da tarihin iyali (cututtukan zuciya da/ko cholesterol mai yawan jini), shekaru, jinsi, Body-Mass-Index, tarihin lafiya (ciwon sukari, cholesterol mai yawan jini, cututtukan zuciya), matakan CRP masu yawan ji, ƙimar calcium na jijiyoyin zuciya, da ma'aunin idon sawu . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopin L, Lowenstein C |date=December 2017 |title=Dyslipidemia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=11 |pages=ITC81–ITC96 |doi=10.7326/AITC201712050 |pmid=29204622}}</ref> Tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini yana ƙara tantance abin da ya kamata a yi don rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya a nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangione |first=Carol M. |last2=Barry |first2=Michael J. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Wanda K. |last4=Cabana |first4=Michael |last5=Chelmow |first5=David |last6=Coker |first6=Tumaini Rucker |last7=Davis |first7=Esa M. |author-link7=Esa Matius Davis |last8=Donahue |first8=Katrina E. |last9=Jaén |first9=Carlos Roberto |last10=Kubik |first10=Martha |last11=Li |first11=Li |last12=Ogedegbe |first12=Gbenga |last13=Pbert |first13=Lori |last14=Ruiz |first14=John M. |last15=Stevermer |first15=James |date=23 August 2022 |title=Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |journal=JAMA |volume=328 |issue=8 |pages=746–753 |doi=10.1001/jama.2022.13044 |pmid=35997723}}</ref> === Jimlar kitse === Jimlar adadin LDL da HDL. Jimlar cholesterol sama da 240&nbsp;mg/dL ba shi da kyau, amma ana tantance hanyar magani ta hanyar rushewar matakan LDL da HDL. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=ATP III Guidelines At-A-Glance Quick Desk Reference |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/atglance.pdf |access-date=November 7, 2019 |website=National Heart, Lungs, and Blood Institute}}</ref> === Kitse ɗin LDL === LDL, wanda aka fi sani da "mummunan cholesterol", yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=vanc}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2017-10-31 |title=LDL and HDL Cholesterol: "Bad" and "Good" Cholesterol |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> LDL cholesterol yana jigilar ƙwayoyin cholesterol a cikin jiki, kuma yana iya taruwa a bangon jijiyoyin jini, yana mai da su tauri da kunkuntar. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=High cholesterol – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800 |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Jiki yana samar da LDL cholesterol ta halitta, amma cin abinci mai yawan kitse mai yawa, trans fats, da cholesterol na iya ƙara matakan LDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cholesterol and Heart Disease |url=https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/risk-factors/cholesterol-and-heart-disease |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.goredforwomen.org |language=en}}</ref> Ƙara matakan LDL suna da alaƙa da ciwon suga, hauhawar jini, hypertriglyceridemia, da atherosclerosis. A cikin faifan lipid mai azumi, LDL ya fi 160&nbsp;mg/dL ba shi da kyau. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopin L, Lowenstein C |date=December 2017 |title=Dyslipidemia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=11 |pages=ITC81–ITC96 |doi=10.7326/AITC201712050 |pmid=29204622}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKopinLowenstein2017">Kopin L, Lowenstein C (December 2017). </cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=ATP III Guidelines At-A-Glance Quick Desk Reference |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/atglance.pdf |access-date=November 7, 2019 |website=National Heart, Lungs, and Blood Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/atglance.pdf "ATP III Guidelines At-A-Glance Quick Desk Reference"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> === Babban kitse na HDL === HDL, wanda aka fi sani da "kyakkyawan cholesterol", yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2017-10-31 |title=LDL and HDL Cholesterol: "Bad" and "Good" Cholesterol |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Cholesterol na HDL yana ɗauke da cholesterol daga wasu sassan jiki zuwa hanta sannan ya cire cholesterol daga jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HDL: The "Good" Cholesterol |url=https://medlineplus.gov/hdlthegoodcholesterol.html |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta ko na halitta, ciki har da shan taba, [[kiba]], rashin aiki, hauhawar triglyceride, [[ciwon suga]], yawan cin abinci mai yawan carbohydrate, illolin magunguna ( beta-blockers, androgenic steroids, corticosteroids, progestogens, thiazide diuretics, retinoic acid derivatives, oral estrogens, da sauransu) da kuma matsalolin kwayoyin halitta (maye gurɓatawa ApoA-I, LCAT, ABC1). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopin L, Lowenstein C |date=December 2017 |title=Dyslipidemia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=11 |pages=ITC81–ITC96 |doi=10.7326/AITC201712050 |pmid=29204622}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKopinLowenstein2017">Kopin L, Lowenstein C (December 2017). </cite></ref> Ana bayyana ƙarancin matakin a matsayin ƙasa da 40&nbsp;mg/dL. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=ATP III Guidelines At-A-Glance Quick Desk Reference |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/atglance.pdf |access-date=November 7, 2019 |website=National Heart, Lungs, and Blood Institute}}</ref> === Kitsen cikin jini === Matakan Triglyceride wani abu ne mai zaman kansa da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da/ko ciwon metabolism . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopin L, Lowenstein C |date=December 2017 |title=Dyslipidemia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=11 |pages=ITC81–ITC96 |doi=10.7326/AITC201712050 |pmid=29204622}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKopinLowenstein2017">Kopin L, Lowenstein C (December 2017). </cite></ref> Cin abinci kafin a yi gwaji na iya haifar da ƙaruwar matakan jini, har zuwa 20%. Matsakaicin al'ada ana bayyana shi ƙasa da 150.&nbsp;mg/dL. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Can triglycerides affect my heart health? |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/art-20048186 |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana girman layin iyaka a matsayin 150 zuwa 199&nbsp;mg/dL. <ref name=":12" /> Babban matakin yana tsakanin 200 da 499&nbsp;mg/dL. <ref name=":12" /> Fiye da 500&nbsp;Ana bayyana mg/dL a matsayin mai matuƙar girma, <ref name=":12" /> kuma yana da alaƙa da cutar pancreatitis kuma yana buƙatar magani na likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pejic RN, Lee DT |date=2006-05-01 |title=Hypertriglyceridemia |journal=Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=310–316 |doi=10.3122/jabfm.19.3.310 |pmid=16672684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Shekarun tantancewa === Kungiyoyin lafiya ba su da wata matsaya kan shekarun da za a fara gwajin cutar hawan jini. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopin L, Lowenstein C |date=December 2017 |title=Dyslipidemia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=11 |pages=ITC81–ITC96 |doi=10.7326/AITC201712050 |pmid=29204622}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKopinLowenstein2017">Kopin L, Lowenstein C (December 2017). </cite></ref> CDC ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin cholesterol sau ɗaya tsakanin shekaru 9 zuwa 11, kuma tsakanin shekaru 17 da 21, da kuma duk bayan shekaru 4 zuwa 6 a lokacin girma. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2018-09-07 |title=Cholesterol Screenings |url=https://www.cdc.gov/features/cholesterol-screenings/index.html |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Likitoci na iya ba da shawarar a yi gwajin cholesterol akai-akai ga mutanen da ke da tarihin bugun zuciya da wuri, cututtukan zuciya, ko kuma idan yaro yana da kiba ko ciwon suga. <ref name=":13" /> USPSTF ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin maza sama da 35 da mata sama da 45. <ref name="pmid27532917">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, Gillman MW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, LeFevre M, Mangione CM, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP, Siu AL |date=August 2016 |title=Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-08-09_316_6/page/625 |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=6 |pages=625–633 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9852 |pmid=27532917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Final Update Summary: Lipid Disorders in Adults (Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia): Screening |url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905133712/https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening |archive-date=2019-09-05 |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=US Preventive Services Task Force}}</ref> NCE-ATP III ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin duk manya sama da 20 domin yana iya haifar da sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa wanda zai iya rage haɗarin wasu cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grundy |first=Scott M. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Then and Now: ATP III vs. IV |url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2014/07/18/16/03/then-and-now-atp-iii-vs-iv |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=American College of Cardiology}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi gwajin ga waɗanda ke da CHD da aka sani ko yanayi masu kama da haɗari (misali [[Ciwon zuciya mai tsanani|Ciwon Zuciya Mai Tsanani]], tarihin bugun zuciya, Stable ko Unstable angina, Hare-haren ischemic na ɗan lokaci, cututtukan jijiyoyin da ke kewaye da asalin atherosclerotic, cututtukan zuciya ko wasu sake fasalin jijiyoyin jini). <ref name=":2" /> === Mitar tantancewa === Manya 'yan shekara 20 zuwa sama ya kamata a duba cholesterol a duk bayan shekaru huɗu zuwa shida, <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean |url=https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/what-your-cholesterol-levels-mean |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.goredforwomen.org |language=en}}</ref> kuma yawancin jagororin tantancewa suna ba da shawarar a yi gwaji a duk bayan shekaru 5. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kopin L, Lowenstein C |date=December 2017 |title=Dyslipidemia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=11 |pages=ITC81–ITC96 |doi=10.7326/AITC201712050 |pmid=29204622}}</ref> USPSTF ta ba da shawarar ƙara yawan mutanen da ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar CHD, wanda za a iya tantancewa ta amfani da maki na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Final Update Summary: Lipid Disorders in Adults (Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia): Screening |url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905133712/https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening |archive-date=2019-09-05 |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=US Preventive Services Task Force}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kula da yawan kitse a jiki (hyperlipidemia) ya haɗa da kula da nauyin jiki na yau da kullun, ƙara yawan motsa jiki, da rage yawan shan carbohydrates masu kyau da sukari mai sauƙi. <ref name="michos">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Michos ED, McEvoy JW, Blumenthal RS |date=October 2019 |editor-last=Jarcho |editor-first=John A. |title=Lipid Management for the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=381 |issue=16 |pages=1557–1567 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1806939 |pmid=31618541 |s2cid=204756336}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da magungunan da likita ya rubuta don magance wasu mutane da ke da manyan abubuwan haɗari, <ref name="michos" /> kamar [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]], LDL cholesterol sama da 190.&nbsp;mg/dL ko ciwon suga. Maganin magani da aka saba amfani da shi shine [[statin]] . <ref name="michos" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Tinsley R. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1951 |title=Principles of Internal Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-medical-journal_1951-01_44_1/page/n140 |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=79 |doi=10.1097/00007611-195101000-00027}}</ref> === Sauya salon rayuwa === Mataki na farko wajen magance matsalar kiba (hyperlipidemia) ya kamata ya zama gyaran salon rayuwa, wanda, idan ba a tabbatar da ingancinsa ba, za a iya amfani da shi tare da kula da lafiya. Wani abinci da aka ƙirƙiro musamman don taimakawa rage matakan cholesterol ana kiransa abincin TLC (abincin rayuwa mai canza abinci). Cibiyar Zuciya, Huhu, da Jini ta Ƙasa ce ta ƙirƙiro wannan a shekarar 1985 kuma ta haɗa motsa jiki, abinci, da kuma kula da nauyi don taimakawa rage matakan cholesterol. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) To Lower Cholesterol {{!}} NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/TLC-Therapeutic-Lifestyle-Changes-Lower-Cholesterol |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Masu hana HMG-CoA reductase === Masu hana HMG-CoA reductase masu gasa, kamar lovastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, da pitavastatin, suna hana haɗa mevalonate, wani kwayar halitta mai kama da cholesterol. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Wannan ajin magani yana da tasiri musamman wajen rage yawan cholesterol na LDL. <ref name=":6" /> Manyan illolin da ke tattare da shi sun haɗa da ƙaruwar transaminases da myopathy . <ref name=":6" /> === Abubuwan da aka samo daga sinadarin fiber acid === Abubuwan da aka samo daga sinadarin Fibric acid, kamar gemfibrozil da fenofibrate, suna aiki ta hanyar ƙara yawan lipolysis a cikin kyallen adipose ta hanyar kunna peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatzung2017">Katzung BG (2017). </cite></ref> Suna rage VLDL - ƙarancin yawan lipoprotein - da LDL a wasu mutane. <ref name=":6" /> Manyan illolin sun haɗa da kuraje, tashin zuciya a cikin GI, myopathy, ko ƙaruwar transaminases. <ref name=":6" /> Ana iya rubuta Fibrates tare da statins don ƙara rage cholesterol idan maganin monotherapy bai yi nasara ba; duk da haka, haɗakar statins da fibrates na iya ƙara yawan myopathy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jacobson |first=Terry A. |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Franklin H. |date=January 2006 |title=Fibrates in combination with statins in the management of dyslipidemia |journal=Journal of Clinical Hypertension |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=35–41; quiz 42–43 |doi=10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.05278.x |pmc=8112375 |pmid=16407687}}</ref> === Niacin === Niacin, ko bitamin <sub>B3</sub> yana da hanyar aiki wadda ba a fahimce ta sosai ba, duk da haka an nuna yana rage LDL cholesterol da triglycerides, da kuma ƙara HDL cholesterol. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatzung2017">Katzung BG (2017). </cite></ref> Sakamakon da ya fi yawa shine fitar da ruwa bayan vasodilation [[Fata|na fata]] . <ref name=":6" /> Wannan tasirin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar prostaglandins kuma ana iya rage shi ta hanyar shan aspirin a lokaci guda. <ref name=":6" /> === Resins ɗin ɗaure bile acid === Resins ɗin da ke ɗaure bile acid, kamar colestipol, cholestyramine, da colesevelam, suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure bile acid, suna ƙara fitar da su. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatzung2017">Katzung BG (2017). </cite></ref> Suna da amfani don rage LDL cholesterol. <ref name=":6" /> Illolin da suka fi yawa sun haɗa da kumburi da gudawa. <ref name=":6" /> === Masu hana shan sterol === Masu hana shan sterol na hanji, kamar ezetimibe, suna aiki ta hanyar rage shan cholesterol a cikin hanyar GI ta hanyar niyya ga NPC1L1, wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a bangon hanji . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da raguwar cholesterol na LDL. <ref name=":6" /> === Masu hana PCSK9 === Masu hana PCSK9 sabon nau'in magani ne, wanda FDA ta amince da shi a shekarar 2015, wanda ke hana enzyme da aka yi da hanta (PCSK9), wanda yawanci ke karya masu karɓar LDL. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=Paul L. |last2=Kennedy |first2=Kevin |last3=Cowherd |first3=Michael |last4=Virani |first4=Salim S. |last5=Masoudi |first5=Frederick A. |last6=Navar |first6=Ann Marie |last7=Yeh |first7=Robert W. |last8=Ho |first8=P. Michael |last9=Maddox |first9=Thomas M. |date=January 2018 |title=Implications of the FDA approval of PCSK9 inhibitors and FOURIER results for contemporary cardiovascular practice: An NCDR Research to Practice (R2P) project |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=195 |pages=151–152 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2017.09.004 |pmc=5961484 |pmid=29224643}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Alyson Kelley-Hedgepeth |date=2020-06-08 |title=Are statins enough? When to consider PCSK9 inhibitors |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/are-statins-enough-when-to-consider-pcsk9-inhibitors-2020060819986 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref> Masu karɓar LDL suna aiki don cire cholesterol daga jini. Don haka, ta hanyar hana enzyme (PCSK9) wanda ke karya masu karɓar LDL, ana samun ƙarin masu karɓar LDL ga ƙananan lipids a cikin jini. Yawanci ana rubuta masu hana PCSK9 a matsayin maganin ƙari ga statins na farko. Illolin na iya haɗawa da alamun mura da ciwo/kumburi a wurin allurar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gürgöze |first=Muhammed T. |last2=Muller-Hansma |first2=Annemarie H.G. |last3=Schreuder |first3=Michelle M. |last4=Galema-Boers |first4=Annette M.H. |last5=Boersma |first5=Eric |last6=Roeters van Lennep |first6=Jeanine E. |date=February 2019 |title=Adverse Events Associated With PCSK 9 Inhibitors: A Real-World Experience |journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=496–504 |doi=10.1002/cpt.1193 |pmc=6704355 |pmid=30053327}}</ref> == Hasashen == === Alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini === Ciwon suga (hyperlipidemia) yana sa mutum ya kamu da cutar atherosclerosis . Ciwon suga (atherosclerosis) shine tarin lipids, cholesterol, calcium, da kuma plaques masu kama da juna a cikin bangon jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Linton MF, Yancey PG, Davies SS, Jerome WG, Linton EF, Song WL, Doran AC, Vickers KC |date=2000 |editor-last=Feingold |editor-first=Kenneth R. |editor2-last=Anawalt |editor2-first=Bradley |editor3-last=Boyce |editor3-first=Alison |editor4-last=Chrousos |editor4-first=George |title=The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343489/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=26844337 |access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Wannan tarin yana takaita jijiyoyin jini kuma yana rage kwararar jini da iskar oxygen zuwa tsokoki na zuciya. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="mayoclinic.org">{{Cite web |title=Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569 |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, tarin kitse na iya taruwa, yana taurarewa da kuma rage jijiyoyin jini har sai gabobin jiki da kyallen jiki ba su sami isasshen jini don yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba. <ref name="mayoclinic.org" /> Idan jijiyoyin jini da ke samar wa zuciya jini suka shafi, mutum na iya samun angina (ciwon kirji). <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=High cholesterol – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800 |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Cikakken toshewar jijiyoyin jini yana haifar da toshewar ƙwayoyin zuciya, wanda aka fi sani da [[ciwon zuciya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bergheanu SC, Bodde MC, Jukema JW |date=April 2017 |title=Pathophysiology and treatment of atherosclerosis : Current view and future perspective on lipoprotein modification treatment |journal=Netherlands Heart Journal |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=231–242 |doi=10.1007/s12471-017-0959-2 |pmc=5355390 |pmid=28194698}}</ref> Tarin kitse a cikin jijiyoyin jini kuma yana iya haifar da [[bugun jini]], idan gudan jini ya toshe kwararar jini zuwa kwakwalwa. <ref name=":9" /> == Rigakafi == [[Daina shan taba|Dakatar da shan taba]], rage shan kitse mai yawa da barasa, rage nauyin jiki da yawa, da kuma cin abinci mai ƙarancin gishiri wanda ke mai da hankali kan 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da hatsi gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa wajen rage cholesterol a cikin jini. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=High cholesterol – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800 |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800 "High cholesterol – Symptoms and causes"]. </cite></ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean |url=https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/what-your-cholesterol-levels-mean |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.goredforwomen.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol/what-your-cholesterol-levels-mean "What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean"]. </cite></ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Can triglycerides affect my heart health? |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/art-20048186 |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/art-20048186 "Can triglycerides affect my heart health?"]. </cite></ref> == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Medical resources|ICD11={{ICD11|5C80}}|ICD10={{ICD10|E|78||e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|272.0}}-{{ICD9|272.4}}|DiseasesDB=6255|MeshID=D006949}}{{Lipidemias}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cbth69igmnarfeiqlnf6wrouh6w4v4n Raunin da aka samu a cikin allura 0 158403 967445 951913 2026-10-14T01:35:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rashin rauni shine shiga cikin fata ta hanyar allurar hypodermic ko wani abu mai kaifi wanda ya kasance cikin hulɗa da jini, nama ko wasu ruwa na jiki kafin fallasawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=The National Surveillance System for Healthcare Workers (NaSH) Summary Report for Blood and Body Fluid Exposure (1995–2007) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/NaSH/NaSH-Report-6-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622021454/https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/NaSH/NaSH-Report-6-2011.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2017 |access-date=10 September 2017 |publisher=CDC}}</ref> Kodayake tasirin cututtukan jiki na raunin allura ba shi da mahimmanci, waɗannan raunin na iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuken jini, suna sanya waɗanda ke fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cuta daga cututtukani masu haifar da cuta, kamar Kwayar cutar hepatitis B (HBV), Kwayar cutar hepatitis C (HCV), da Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV). A cikin kiwon lafiya da saitunan dakin gwaje-gwaje a duniya, akwai nau'ikan cututtukan jini sama da 25 waɗanda za a iya yaduwa ta hanyar raunin allura ga ma'aikata.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Tarigan |first=Lukman H. |last2=Cifuentes |first2=Manuel |last3=Quinn |first3=Margaret |last4=Kriebel |first4=David |date=2015-07-01 |title=Prevention of needle-stick injuries in healthcare facilities: a meta-analysis |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=823–29 |doi=10.1017/ice.2015.50 |issn=1559-6834 |pmid=25765502 |s2cid=20953913}}</ref> Baya ga raunin allura, yaduwar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya faruwa ne sakamakon gurɓatawar membranes, kamar na idanu, tare da jini ko ruwa na jiki, amma raunin allura ya zama fiye da 80% na duk abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Leigh |first=JP |last2=Markis |first2=CA |last3=Iosif |first3=A |last4=Romano |first4=PS |date=2015 |title=California's nurse-to-patient ratio law and occupational injury |journal=International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=477–84 |bibcode=2015IAOEH..88..477L |doi=10.1007/s00420-014-0977-y |pmc=6597253 |pmid=25216822}}</ref> Sauran ayyuka daban-daban suma suna cikin haɗarin raunin allura, gami da tilasta bin doka, ma'aikata, masu zane-zane, masu shirya abinci, da ma'aikatan gona.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Alamgir">{{Cite journal |last=Alamgir |first=H |last2=Yu |first2=S |date=2008 |title=Epidemiology of occupational injury among cleaners in the healthcare sector |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_occupational-medicine_2008-09_58_6/page/393 |journal=Occupational Medicine |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=393–99 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqn028 |pmid=18356143 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙara fahimtar haɗarin aiki na musamman wanda ya haifar da raunin allura, da kuma ci gaba da ingantaccen shiga tsakani don rage haɗarin aiki da za a iya hanawa, ya karfafa tsarin majalisa a Amurka, yana haifar da raguwar raunin allura tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wicker |first=S |last2=Ludwig |first2=A |last3=Gottschalk |first3=R |last4=Rabenau |first4=HF |date=2008 |title=Needlestick injuries among health care workers: Occupational hazard or avoidable hazard? |journal=Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift |volume=120 |issue=15–16 |pages=486–92 |doi=10.1007/s00508-008-1011-8 |pmc=7088025 |pmid=18820853}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=EK |last2=Conaway |first2=M |last3=Parker |first3=G |last4=Perry |first4=J |last5=Jagger |first5=J |date=2013 |title=Issues in Understanding the Impact of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act on Hospital Sharps Injuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology_2013-09_34_9/page/935 |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=935–39 |doi=10.1086/671733 |pmid=23917907 |s2cid=25667952}}</ref> == Tasirin lafiya == Duk da yake raunin allura yana da damar watsa kwayoyin cuta, protozoa, ƙwayoyin cuta da prions, <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=EK |last2=Conaway |first2=M |last3=Parker |first3=G |last4=Perry |first4=J |last5=Jagger |first5=J |date=2013 |title=Issues in Understanding the Impact of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act on Hospital Sharps Injuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology_2013-09_34_9/page/935 |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=935–39 |doi=10.1086/671733 |pmid=23917907 |s2cid=25667952}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPhillipsConawayParkerPerry2013">Phillips, EK; Conaway, M; Parker, G; Perry, J; Jagger, J (2013). "Issues in Understanding the Impact of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act on Hospital Sharps Injuries". ''Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology''. '''34''' (9): <span class="nowrap">935–</span>39. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/671733|10.1086/671733]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23917907 23917907]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25667952 25667952].</cite></ref> haɗarin kamuwa da cutar [[Hepatitis B]], [[Hepatitis C]], da [[Kanjamau|HIV]] shine mafi girma. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Parantainen |first=Annika |last2=Verbeek |first2=Jos H. |last3=Lavoie |first3=Marie-Claude |last4=Pahwa |first4=Manisha |date=2011-01-01 |title=Blunt versus sharp suture needles for preventing percutaneous exposure incidents in surgical staff |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009170.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=7387125 |pmid=22071864}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta cewa a cikin 2000, 66,000 hepatitis B, 16,000 hepatitis C, da 1,000 cututtukan HIV sun haifar da raunin allura.<ref name="Alamgir">{{Cite journal |last=Alamgir |first=H |last2=Yu |first2=S |date=2008 |title=Epidemiology of occupational injury among cleaners in the healthcare sector |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_occupational-medicine_2008-09_58_6/page/393 |journal=Occupational Medicine |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=393–99 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqn028 |pmid=18356143 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlamgirYu2008">Alamgir, H; Yu, S (2008). [[doi:10.1093/occmed/kqn028|"Epidemiology of occupational injury among cleaners in the healthcare sector"]]. ''Occupational Medicine''. '''58''' (6): <span class="nowrap">393–</span>99. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/occmed/kqn028|10.1093/occmed/kqn028]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356143 18356143].</cite></ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Tarigan |first=Lukman H. |last2=Cifuentes |first2=Manuel |last3=Quinn |first3=Margaret |last4=Kriebel |first4=David |date=2015-07-01 |title=Prevention of needle-stick injuries in healthcare facilities: a meta-analysis |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=823–29 |doi=10.1017/ice.2015.50 |issn=1559-6834 |pmid=25765502 |s2cid=20953913}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTariganCifuentesQuinnKriebel2015">Tarigan, Lukman H.; Cifuentes, Manuel; Quinn, Margaret; Kriebel, David (1 July 2015). "Prevention of needle-stick injuries in healthcare facilities: a meta-analysis". ''Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology''. '''36''' (7): <span class="nowrap">823–</span>29. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/ice.2015.50|10.1017/ice.2015.50]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-6834 1559-6834]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25765502 25765502]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20953913 20953913].</cite></ref><ref name=":23" /> A wuraren da ke da ƙimar cututtukan jini a cikin yawan jama'a, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna da saukin kamuwa da waɗannan cututtukani daga raunin allura.<ref name=":23" /> Hepatitis B yana ɗauke da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, tare da kashi 10% na ma'aikatan da aka fallasa a ƙarshe suna nuna Seroconversion kuma kashi 10% suna da alamomi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Office |first=U. S. Government Accountability |date=17 November 2000 |title=Occupational safety: Selected cost and benefit implications of needlestick prevention devices for hospitals |url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-01-60R |url-status=live |publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]] |issue=GAO-01-60R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122623/http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-01-60R |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Mafi yawan allurar rigakafin hepatitis B tsakanin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun rage haɗarin yaduwa; ma'aikatan da ba na kiwon lafiya ba har yanzu suna da ƙananan allurar rigakawa ta HBV sabili da haka haɗari mafi girma. <ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Tarigan |first=Lukman H. |last2=Cifuentes |first2=Manuel |last3=Quinn |first3=Margaret |last4=Kriebel |first4=David |date=2015-07-01 |title=Prevention of needle-stick injuries in healthcare facilities: a meta-analysis |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=823–29 |doi=10.1017/ice.2015.50 |issn=1559-6834 |pmid=25765502 |s2cid=20953913}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTariganCifuentesQuinnKriebel2015">Tarigan, Lukman H.; Cifuentes, Manuel; Quinn, Margaret; Kriebel, David (1 July 2015). "Prevention of needle-stick injuries in healthcare facilities: a meta-analysis". ''Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology''. '''36''' (7): <span class="nowrap">823–</span>29. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/ice.2015.50|10.1017/ice.2015.50]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-6834 1559-6834]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25765502 25765502]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20953913 20953913].</cite></ref><ref name="Rachiotis">{{Cite journal |last=Rachiotis |first=G |last2=Papagiannis |first2=D |last3=Markas |first3=D |last4=Thanasias |first4=E |last5=Dounias |first5=G |last6=Hadjichristodoulou |first6=C |date=2012 |title=Hepatitis B virus infection and waste collection: Prevalence, risk factors, and infection pathway |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=650–55 |doi=10.1002/ajim.22057 |pmid=22544469}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton yaduwar cutar hepatitis C a 1.8%, amma sabbin binciken da suka fi girma sun nuna yaduwar 0.5% kawai. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Makary |first=MA |last2=Al-Attar |first2=A |last3=Holzmueller |first3=CG |last4=Sexton |first4=JB |last5=Syin |first5=D |last6=Gilson |first6=MM |last7=Sulkowski |first7=MS |last8=Pronovost |first8=PJ |date=2007 |title=Needlestick Injuries among surgeons in training |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-06-28_356_26/page/2693 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=26 |pages=2693–99 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa070378 |pmid=17596603 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Elmiyeh |first=B |last2=Whitaker |first2=IS |last3=James |first3=MJ |last4=Chahal |first4=CA |last5=Galea |first5=A |last6=Alshafi |first6=K |date=July 2004 |title=Needle-stick injuries in the National Health Service: a culture of silence |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=326–27 |doi=10.1177/014107680409700705 |pmc=1079524 |pmid=15229257}}</ref> Gabaɗaya haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau bayan bayyanar cututtukan kanjamau a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya shine 0.3%.<ref name=":19" /> Hadarin mutum na kamuwa da jini daga amfani da shi mai tsananin kiwon lafiya ya kara dogara da ƙarin dalilai. Raunin da ke da allurar rami, zurfin shiga, jini mai ganuwa a kan allurar, allurar da ke cikin jijiya mai zurfi ko jijiya, ko na'urar kiwon lafiya da ta gurɓata da jini daga mai rashin lafiya mai tsanani yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar jini.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Needlestick and Sharp-Object Injury Reports |url=http://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/epinet/about_epinet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072142/http://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/epinet/about_epinet.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=EPINet Multihospital Sharps Injury Surveillance Network |publisher=International Healthcare Worker Safety Center}}</ref><ref name="Rachiotis" /> === Tasirin tunani === Sakamakon tunanin mutum na raunin da ke tattare da aikin zai iya haɗawa da damuwa game da kiwon lafiya, damuwa game da bayyanawa ko watsawa ga abokin jima'i, motsin zuciyar da ke da alaƙa da rauni, da baƙin ciki. Wadannan tasirin na iya haifar da halayyar lalacewar kai ko raunin aiki a cikin dangantaka da rayuwar yau da kullun. Wannan ba a rage shi da ilimin game da yaduwar cuta ko rigakafin bayan bayyanar ba. Kodayake wasu mutanen da abin ya shafa sun kara damuwa yayin maimaita gwajin, damuwa da sauran tasirin tunani yawanci suna raguwa bayan gwajin ya cika. 'Yan tsiraru na mutanen da ke fama da raunin allura na iya samun tasirin tunani na dindindin, gami da rikicewar damuwa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Wald |first=J |year=2009 |title=The psychological consequences of occupational blood and body fluid exposure injuries |journal=[[Disability & Rehabilitation]] |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=1963–69 |doi=10.1080/09638280902874147 |pmid=19479544 |s2cid=29903130}}</ref> == Rigakafi == [[Fayil:DrawingBloodUnitedStatesVacutainer.jpg|thumb|Ana fitar da jini tare da Vacutainer. Wani murfin kariya (pink) yana kare allurar bayan an cire ta.]] Rigakafin raunin allura ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da suka fi haɗari. Kungiyar da ta fi haɗari sune likitoci da ma'aikatan tiyata a cikin dakin tiyata waɗanda ke ci gaba da raunin daga allurar sutura da sauran kaifi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tiyata. Akwai hanyoyi guda uku na hadin gwiwa don hana wadannan raunuka masu kaifi. Na farko shine amfani da kayan aikin da aka canza don su kasance da ƙarancin yiwuwar haifar da rauni mai kaifi kamar su allurar tiyata mai kaifi ko taper-point da scalpels masu aminci.[1] An gabatar da haɗin haɗin kai (NCs) a cikin shekarun 1990s don rage haɗarin raunin ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya.[2] Na biyu shine fara amfani da ayyukan aiki masu aminci kamar dabarar hannu-free.[3] Layin na uku na rigakafi shine kara kayan kariya na mutum kamar amfani da nau'i biyu na safofin hannu.[4] Baya ga waɗannan hanyoyin rigakafi, matakan aiwatarwa sun zama dole saboda ba a dauki matakan a duniya ba. Don cimma ingantaccen aiwatarwa, doka, ilimi da horo sun zama dole tsakanin dukkan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ke cikin haɗari.[5] Wani babban rukuni da ke cikin haɗari shine ma'aikatan jinya, amma yawan bayyanar su ya fi ƙasa da na likitoci. Babban haɗarin su ya fito ne daga amfani da zubar da allurar allura. Ana iya aiwatar da irin wannan hanyoyin rigakafi a nan. Akwai na'urorin injiniya masu yawa na tsaro kamar su allurai masu juyawa, garkuwar allurar / sheaths, kayan aikin IV marasa allurar, da ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa akan masu haɗin IV.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=V |date=2017 |title=Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel. |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2017 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd009740.pub3 |pmc=6491125 |pmid=29190036}}</ref> Amfani da karin safofin hannu ba sananne ba ne tsakanin ma'aikatan jinya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rzanayrgx891p0ny5evbg1jzom6393s Difetarsone 0 158419 967388 891219 2026-10-13T22:45:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|IUPAC_name=[4-[2-[(4-arsonophenyl)amino]ethylamino]phenyl] arsonic acid|image=Difetarsone.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=Skeletal formula of difetarsone|width=270px|image2=Difetarsone molecule spacefill.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Space-filling model of the difetarsone molecule <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=3639-19-8|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=AR02|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P51|AD02}}|PubChem=68199|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB13599|ChemSpiderID=61506|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=G4G9J3Q65W|KEGG=D07357 <!--Chemical data-->|C=14|H=18|As=2|N=2|O=6}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Difetarsone</nowiki&gt;">Difetarsone</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Difetarsone.svg|alt=Skeletal formula of difetarsone|class=skin-invert-image|270x270px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Difetarsone_molecule_spacefill.png|alt=Space-filling model of the difetarsone molecule|class=bg-transparent|270x270px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P01AR02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AR02 WHO]</span>) QP51AD02 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51AD02 WHO]</span>&#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">[4-[2-[ (4-arsonophenyl) amino]ethylamino]phenyl] arsonic acid</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3639-19-8 3639-19-8]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68199 68199]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13599 DB13599] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211233555/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13599 |date=2019-12-11 }}</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.61506.html 61506]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/G4G9J3Q65W G4G9J3Q65W]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D07357 D07357]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID30189913 DTXSID30189913][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275254#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.020.788 100.020.788][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275254#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>14</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>18</sub><span title="Arsenic">Kamar yadda</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>6</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">460.149</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |} '''Difetarsone''' wakili ne na rigakafin protozoal. Bincike daban-daban sun nuna cewa yana da tasiri sosai a kan ''Trichuris trichiura'', wanda aka fi sani da whipworm. Kafin amfani da kwayoyi a farkon shekarun 1970, akwai wasu magunguna masu tasiri ga wannan kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leary PM, Jones C, Douglas F, Boyd ST |date=June 1974 |title=Difetarsone in outpatient treatment of Trichuris trichiura infestation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_1974-06_49_6/page/486 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=486–8 |doi=10.1136/adc.49.6.486 |pmc=1648795 |pmid=4851370}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da shi don magance cututtukan Entamoeba histolytica.<ref name="meyler">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Difetarsone sau da yawa yana da ƙananan sakamako masu illa, waɗanda suka haɗa da rashes, ƙishirwa da amai. Har ila yau, ya haifar da angioedema a akalla sanannen shari'a guda ɗaya.<ref name="meyler" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0nyfvju050hmllzhry9qv8t64goe4o4 Cutar Wilson 0 160285 967378 952410 2026-10-13T22:26:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967378 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Wilson's disease | image = Wilson's Disease 4.jpg | image_size = | caption = | synonym = Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration | specialty = [[Gastroenterology]] | symptoms = [[edema|Swelling of the legs]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], personality changes<ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = Age 5 to 35<ref name=NIH2014/> | duration = | causes = Genetic | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], others<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=D. Joanne|last2=Newton|first2=Herbert B.|last3=Rae-Grant|first3=Alexander|title=The 5-minute Neurology Consult|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307238|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sahani|first1=Dushyant V.|last2=Samir|first2=Anthony E.|title=Abdominal Imaging: Expert Radiology Series|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323431613|page=400|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013340/https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Dietary changes, [[chelating agents]], [[zinc supplements]], [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | frequency = ~1 per 30,000<ref name=NIH2014/> | deaths = }} {{Reflist}}'''Cutar Wilson''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''hepatolenticular degeneration''' ) [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] wadda ke nuna yawan tagulla a jiki. Alamomin yawanci suna da alaƙa da [[kwakwalwa]] da hanta . Alamomin da suka shafi hanta sun haɗa da [[amai]], rauni, tarin ruwa a cikin ciki, [[Kumburi|kumburin ƙafafu]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke launin rawaya]], da kuma kaikayi . Alamomin da suka shafi kwakwalwa sun haɗa da rawar jiki, taurin tsoka, wahalar magana, canje-canje a halayen mutum, damuwa, da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin 30,000. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna farawa ne tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 35. <ref name="NIH2014" /> An fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1854 ta ƙwararren masanin cututtuka na Jamus Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya Samuel Wilson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014106/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar furotin na cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ). Wannan furotin yana jigilar jan ƙarfe mai yawa zuwa bile, inda ake fitar da shi a cikin sharar gida. Yanayin yana da autosomal recessive ; domin mutane su kamu da cutar, dole ne su gaji kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza daga iyaye biyu. Gano cutar na iya zama da wahala kuma sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗakar gwaje-gwajen jini, gwaje-gwajen fitsari, da kuma nazarin hanta . Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance dangin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Yawanci ana magance cutar Wilson da canje-canje a abinci da magunguna. Canje-canje a abinci sun haɗa da cin abinci mai ƙarancin jan ƙarfe da rashin amfani da kayan girki na jan ƙarfe. Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da magungunan chelating, kamar trientine da <nowiki><small id="mwUw">D</small></nowiki> -penicillamine, da kuma [[Zinc|ƙarin zinc]] . Matsalolin cutar Wilson na iya haɗawa da gazawar hanta da matsalolin koda . Dashen hanta na iya zama da amfani ga waɗanda wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri a gare su ko kuma idan gazawar hanta ta faru. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Manyan wuraren da jan ƙarfe ke taruwa su ne hanta da kwakwalwa . Saboda haka, cututtukan hanta da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ganewar asali. [1] Mutanen da ke da matsalolin hanta galibi suna zuwa neman kulawar likita da wuri (galibi a lokacin yara ko matasa) fiye da waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko sama da haka. Wasu ana gano su ne kawai saboda an gano danginsu suna da cutar Wilson; da yawa daga cikinsu, idan aka gwada su, sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar alamun cutar amma ba a gano su ba. [2] === Cutar hanta === Cutar hanta na iya bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], [[Shawara|jaundice]], ƙaruwar zubar jini ko ruɗani (saboda cutar hanta ), da kuma hauhawar jini a portal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Na ƙarshe, yanayi wanda matsin lamba a cikin jijiyar portal ya ƙaru sosai, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin esophagus da kuma [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] da ascites . Idan aka yi bincike, ana iya ganin alamun cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun kamar gizo-gizo angiomata (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini, galibi a kan ƙirji). [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]] ya riga ya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] na hanta a yawancin marasa lafiya lokacin da suka fara bayyanar cututtuka. Duk da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cirrhosis suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta (ciwon hanta), wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 5% na dukkan mutane ana gano su ne kawai lokacin da suka kamu da matsalar hanta mai tsanani, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin cutar anemia ta hemolytic (rashin jini saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jinin ja). Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin samar da furotin (wanda aka gano ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar coagulation ) da metabolism ta hanta. Tsarin metabolism na furotin da ya lalace yana haifar da tarin abubuwan sharar gida, kamar ammonia, a cikin jini. Lokacin da waɗannan ke fusata kwakwalwa, marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da cutar hanta - wani mummunan yanayi wanda ke haifar da rudani, suma, farfadiya, kuma, a ƙarshe, kumburin kwakwalwa mai barazana ga rayuwa). <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> === Alamomin tabin hankali === [[Fayil:Wilson's_Disease_5.jpg|thumb|Yarinya mai fama da cutar Wilson]] Kimanin rabin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson suna da alamun jijiyoyi ko tabin hankali. Yawancinsu da farko suna da ɗan lalacewar fahimta da rashin nutsuwa, da kuma canje-canje a cikin hali. Alamomin jijiyoyi na musamman galibi suna biyo baya, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in parkinsonism (ƙarfin bugun lead ko cogwheel, bradykinesia, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a bayan jiki <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ) tare da ko ba tare da rawar jiki ta hannu ba, fuskokin fuska da aka rufe, magana mara kyau, ataxia (rashin daidaituwa), ko dystonia (juya da maimaita motsi na wani ɓangare na jiki). Karyewa da [[migraine]] sun fi yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Ana samun rawar jiki ta musamman da aka bayyana a matsayin "girgizar bugun fikafikai" a cikin mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar Wilson; wannan ba ya nan a lokacin hutawa amma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar sace hannun da kuma lanƙwasa gwiwar hannu zuwa tsakiyar layi. Fahimta na iya shafar cutar Wilson, a cikin rukunoni biyu marasa alaƙa da juna: matsalar lobe na gaba (na iya kasancewa a matsayin rashin himma, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin sha'awa, rashin kulawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa tare da rashin kyakkyawan tsari da yanke shawara) da kuma cutar hauka ta subcortical (na iya kasancewa a matsayin tunani a hankali, rashin tunawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa, ba tare da alamun aphasia, apraxia, ko agnosia ba ). Ana tsammanin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da bayyanar cutar ta tabin hankali. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin tabin hankali da cutar Wilson ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a halaye, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Alamomin tabin hankali galibi ana ganin su tare da alamomin jijiyoyi kuma ba kasafai suke bayyana kansu ba. Waɗannan alamun galibi ba a fayyace su sosai kuma wani lokacin ana iya danganta su da wasu dalilai. Saboda haka, ba kasafai ake gano cutar Wilson ba idan alamun tabin hankali kawai suka bayyana. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Sauran tsarin gabobi === [[Fayil:Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg|thumb|Zoben launin ruwan kasa a gefen iris ( Kayser-Fleischer ring ) abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cutar Wilson, musamman idan akwai alamun jijiyoyi.]] An danganta yanayin lafiya da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson: * '''Idanu:''' Zoben Kayser-Fleischer (zoben KF) na iya bayyana a cikin cornea na idanu, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kan gwajin fitilar da aka yanke, yayin da tarin tagulla ke samar da zobe a kusa da cornea. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar jan ƙarfe a cikin membrane na cornea na Descemet . Waɗannan zoben na iya zama ko dai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, zinare, ko ja, faɗinsu ya kai mm 1 zuwa 3, kuma suna bayyana a cornea limbus. Ba sa faruwa a cikin duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson kuma ana iya ganin su a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cholestasis na yau da kullun. <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2008">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update |journal=Hepatology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=2089–2111 |doi=10.1002/hep.22261 |pmid=18506894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar Wilson kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Cataract|cataracts]] na sunflower da ke nuna launin ruwan kasa ko kore na capsule na gaba da na baya. Babu ɗayansu da ke haifar da asarar gani mai yawa. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Zoben KF yana faruwa a kusan kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka gano (sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi maimakon masu matsalolin hanta). <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2007-01_56_1/page/115 |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}</ref> * '''Koda:''' renal tubular acidosis (Nau'i na 2), rashin daidaituwar sarrafa bicarbonate ta hanyar bututun proximal yana haifar da nephrocalcinosis (tarin calcium a cikin kodan), raunin ƙasusuwa (saboda asarar calcium da phosphate), da kuma wani lokacin aminoaciduria (rashin muhimman [[amino acid]] da ake buƙata don haɗa furotin). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Zuciya:''' ciwon zuciya (rauni na tsokar zuciya) matsala ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cutar Wilson; tana iya haifar da [[gazawar zuciya]] (tarin ruwa saboda raguwar aikin famfo) da kuma bugun zuciya (abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun zuciya mara tsari da/ko kuma mai sauri ko jinkirin bugawa). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Hormones:''' hypoparathyroidism (gazawar glandar parathyroid wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin calcium), panhypopituitarism (wanda ke haifar da raguwar samar da hormones daga glandar pituitary), rashin haihuwa, da kuma sake zubar da ciki . <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> * '''Ƙwayoyin tsoka:''' Ciwon gaɓɓai da kuma rage ƙashi ( osteopenia ko osteoporosis ). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * '''Yatsun Yatsu:''' Farace mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma a hukumance Azure Lunula, ana ganinta a matsayin launin shuɗi wanda ke shuɗewa kusa da shi. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Sunflower_cataract.jpg|Sunflower cataract and thick KF ring of a 40-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Fayil:KF_ring_1.jpg|Diffuse illumination of cornea Fayil:KF_ring_2.jpg|Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane </gallery> == Halittar Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|Cutar Wilson tana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kwayar cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ) tana kan chromosome 13 (13q14.3) kuma ana bayyana ta musamman a cikin hanta, koda, da mahaifa . Kwayar halittar tana da lambar P-type (cation transport enzyme) ATPase wanda ke jigilar jan ƙarfe zuwa bile kuma yana haɗa shi zuwa ceruloplasmin . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson - 60% - suna da homozygous don maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' (kwafi biyu marasa kyau), kuma 30% daga cikinsu suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai mara kyau. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> A cikin har zuwa 7% na lokuta, mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson ba su da maye gurbi da za a iya gano su. <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> Duk da cewa an bayyana fiye da maye gurbi 500 na ''ATP7B'', <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStattermayerZollerWeissSzalay2014">Stattermayer A, Zoller HM, Weiss KH, Szalay F, Bruha R, Houwen R, Stauber RE, Steindl-Munda PE, Hofer H, Stremmel W, Ferenci P (October 2014). [https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx "Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464"]. ''Hepatology''. '''60''': 427A. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139 0270-9139].</cite></ref> ƙaramin adadin waɗannan ne ke haifar da yawancin lokuta na cutar Wilson; wanda maye gurbi da mutum zai yi ya fi dacewa da yawan jama'ar da yake ciki. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, maye gurbi na H1069Q (maye gurbin histidine da glutamine a matsayi na 1069 a cikin furotin) yana nan a cikin kashi 37%–63% na lokuta, yayin da a China wannan maye gurbi ba kasafai ake samunsa ba; R778L ( arginine zuwa leucine a 778) ana samunsa sau da yawa a can. Ba a san komai game da tasirin maye gurbi daban-daban ba, kodayake maye gurbi na H1069Q yana hasashen farkon farawa daga baya da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi, a cewar wasu bincike. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}</ref> Cikakken tushen da aka rubuta a asibiti, WilsonGen, yana ba da rarrabuwar asibiti don bambance-bambancen kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin ACMG & AMP na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |last2=Gaharwar |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Paul |first3=Sangita |last4=Poojary |first4=Mukta |last5=Pandhare |first5=Kavita |last6=Scaria |first6=Vinod |last7=Bk |first7=Binukumar |date=2020-06-03 |title=WilsonGen a comprehensive clinically annotated genomic variant resource for Wilson's Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9037 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9037K |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66099-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7270127 |pmid=32493955}}</ref> Bambancin da aka saba samu a cikin kwayar halittar ''PRNP'' na iya canza yanayin cutar ta hanyar jinkirta shekarun farawa da kuma shafar nau'in alamun da ke tasowa. Wannan kwayar halittar tana samar da furotin prion, wanda ke aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda kuma da alama yana da hannu wajen jigilar jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubenbecher S, Stüve O, Hefter H, Korth C |year=2006 |title=Prion protein gene codon 129 modulates clinical course of neurological Wilson disease |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=549–52 |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000209006.48105.90 |pmid=16543824 |s2cid=37186426}}</ref> Da farko an yi zargin cewa akwai wani muhimmin rawa ga kwayar halittar ''ApoE'', amma ba a iya tabbatar da hakan ba. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ana gadon wannan yanayin ne a cikin tsarin autosomal recessive. Domin a gada shi, dole ne dukkan iyayen mutum su ɗauki kwayar halittar da ta shafa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson ba su da tarihin iyali na wannan yanayin. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta ɗaya tilo da ba ta dace ba ana kiransu masu ɗauke da kwayar halitta (heterozygotes) kuma suna iya samun ƙananan matsaloli, amma marasa mahimmanci a fannin lafiya, na metabolism na jan ƙarfe. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Akwai cututtuka da dama da suka shafi gado waɗanda ke haifar da yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta; cutar Wilson ita ce mafi yawansu. Duk suna iya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] tun suna ƙanana. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jan ƙarfe sune cirrhosis na yara na Indiya (ICC), cirrhosis na yara na Tyrolean, da kuma gubar jan ƙarfe na idiopathic. Waɗannan ukun, ba kamar cutar Wilson ba, ba su da alaƙa da maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' ; misali, an danganta ICC da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ''KRT8'' da ''KRT18'' . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[Fayil:Copper_metabolism.png|thumb|Sha da rarrabawar jan ƙarfe ta al'ada: Cu = jan ƙarfe, CP = ceruloplasmin, kore = ATP7B ɗauke da jan ƙarfe]] Jiki yana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ayyuka da yawa, galibi a matsayin mai haɗa sinadarai ga wasu enzymes kamar ceruloplasmin, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, da tyrosinase . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Tagulla tana shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci . Wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a kan ƙwayoyin ƙaramin hanji, mai jigilar membrane na jan ƙarfe 1 (Ctr1; SLC31A1), yana ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙwayoyin, inda wasu ke ɗaure da metallothionein kuma wani ɓangare ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ATOX1 zuwa wani organelle da aka sani da hanyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi . A nan, saboda ƙaruwar yawan jan ƙarfe, wani enzyme da ake kira ATP7A (protein na Menkes) yana sakin jan ƙarfe zuwa cikin jijiyar portal zuwa hanta. Kwayoyin hanta kuma suna ɗauke da furotin CMT1, kuma metallothionein da ATOX1 suna ɗaure shi a cikin tantanin halitta, amma a nan, ATP7B yana haɗa jan ƙarfe da ceruloplasmin kuma yana sakinsa zuwa cikin jini, da kuma cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da shi zuwa cikin bile. Duk ayyukan ATP7B suna da rauni a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla yana taruwa a cikin kyallen hanta; har yanzu ana fitar da ceruloplasmin, amma a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba shi da jan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira apo-ceruloplasmin) kuma yana raguwa cikin sauri a cikin jini. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Idan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta ya mamaye sunadaran da suka saba ɗaure shi, yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga hanta ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da Fenton chemistry ; wannan lalacewar daga ƙarshe yana haifar da [[Ciwon Hanta|hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]], fibrosis (zubar da kyallen haɗin gwiwa), da [[cirrhosis]] . Hanta kuma tana sakin jan ƙarfe cikin jini wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin. Wannan jan ƙarfe kyauta yana kwarara a cikin jiki, amma musamman a cikin koda, idanu, da kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, yawancin jan ƙarfe yana cikin basal ganglia, musamman a cikin putamen da globus pallidus (wanda aka haɗa tare da lenticular nucleus ); waɗannan yankuna galibi suna shiga cikin daidaita motsi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin neurocognitive kamar sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa da daidaita yanayi. Lalacewar waɗannan yankuna, kuma ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Fenton, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ake gani a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ba a fayyace dalilin da ya sa cutar Wilson ke haifar da hemolysis ba, amma shaidu daban-daban sun nuna cewa babban matakin jan ƙarfe mara lahani (wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin) na iya shafar iskar oxygen na haemoglobin kai tsaye, ko kuma hana enzymes masu samar da makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ko kuma haifar da lalacewar membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg|thumb|Wurin da basal ganglia yake, ɓangaren kwakwalwa da cutar Wilson ta shafa]] Ana iya zargin cutar Wilson bisa ga kowace alama da aka ambata a sama, ko kuma lokacin da aka gano wani dangi na kusa yana da Wilson's. Yawancinsu suna da gwaje-gwajen aikin hanta marasa kyau kamar ƙaruwar aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, da bilirubin . Matakan alkaline phosphatase suna da ƙarancin yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da gazawar hanta mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da Wilson's. <ref name="pmid3758940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B |year=1986 |title=Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=859–63 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840060509 |pmid=3758940 |s2cid=24055787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan lalacewar hanta tana da mahimmanci, albumin na iya raguwa saboda rashin iyawar ƙwayoyin hanta da suka lalace don samar da wannan furotin; haka nan, lokacin prothrombin (gwajin coagulation ) na iya tsawaita saboda hanta ba ta iya samar da sunadarai da aka sani da abubuwan clotting. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Idan aka ga alamun jijiyoyi, ana yin hoton maganadisu na kwakwalwa yawanci; wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi a ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira basal ganglia a cikin saitin T2 . <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> MRI kuma na iya nuna halayyar "fuskar babban panda" . <ref name="Panda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Ray K |date=September 2006 |title=Wilson's disease: an update |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=482–93 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0291 |pmid=16932613 |s2cid=205340375}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana jinkirta ganewar asali, tare da matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon alamun cutar zuwa ga ganewar asali na kimanin shekaru 2, kodayake wannan jinkirin na iya kasancewa daga gane nan take zuwa shekaru 30, wani ɓangare saboda bambancin gabatarwa da buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman da yawa. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Minling |last2=Ren |first2=Linxiang |last3=Zheng |first3=Muxin |last4=Hong |first4=Mingfan |last5=Wei |first5=Zhisheng |date=2022 |title=Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.884840 |issn=1664-2295 |pmc=9294220 |pmid=35865642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san wani gwaji mai inganci game da cutar Wilson ba, amma matakan ceruloplasmin da jan ƙarfe a cikin jini, da kuma adadin jan ƙarfe da aka fitar a cikin fitsari a cikin awanni 24, ana amfani da su tare don samar da hoton adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin jiki. Gwaji mafi daidaito shine gwajin hanta . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> === Ceruloplasmin === [[Fayil:PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg|thumb|Ceruloplasmin]] Matakan ceruloplasmin ba su da yawa sosai (<0.2)&nbsp;g/L) a cikin kashi 80–95% na lokuta. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yana iya kasancewa a matakan al'ada, kodayake, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kumburi mai ci gaba, saboda furotin ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta . Ana kuma samun ƙarancin ceruloplasmin a cikin cutar Menkes da aceruloplasminemia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da, amma sun fi wuya fiye da cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Haɗin alamomin jijiyoyi, alamun ido, da ƙarancin matakin ceruloplasmin ana ɗaukarsa ya isa don gano cutar Wilson. A lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> === Jini da fitsari jan ƙarfe === Tagulla a cikin jini yana da ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama kamar abin mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cutar Wilson cuta ce ta yawan jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, kashi 95% na jan ƙarfe a cikin jini yana ɗauke da ceruloplasmin, wanda galibi yana da ƙasa a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla a cikin fitsari yana ƙaruwa a cikin cutar Wilson kuma ana tattara shi na tsawon awanni 24 a cikin kwalba tare da layin da ba shi da jan ƙarfe. Matakan da suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (1.6)&nbsp;μmol/awa 24) sun tabbatar da cutar Wilson, kuma matakan da suka wuce 40&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (0.6)&nbsp;μmol/24h) suna da matuƙar nuna alama. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan jan ƙarfe na fitsari ba na musamman bane ga cutar Wilson; wani lokacin ana lura da su a cikin cututtukan hepatitis na autoimmune da kuma a cikin cholestasis (duk wata cuta da ke toshe kwararar bile daga hanta zuwa ƙaramin hanji). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A cikin yara, ana iya amfani da gwajin penicillamine mai zuwa: a 500&nbsp;Ana ba da maganin penicillamine mg ta baki, sannan a tattara dukkan fitsari na tsawon awanni 24. Idan fitsarin yini ya ƙunshi fiye da 1600&nbsp;μg (25)&nbsp;μmol) na jan ƙarfe, alama ce mai inganci ta cutar Wilson. Ba a tabbatar da wannan gwajin a cikin manya ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> === Gwajin fitilar Slit-fitila === Ana duba idanun majiyyaci ta amfani da fitilar yankewa don neman zoben Kayser-Fleischer, waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da cutar Wilson kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon tagulla da aka tara a cikin cornea na ciki a cikin membrane na Descemet . <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPandeyJohn2022">Pandey N, John S (21 June 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ "Kayser-Fleischer Ring"]. ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083643 29083643]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na hanta === Da zarar wasu bincike sun nuna cutar Wilson, gwajin da ya fi dacewa shine cire ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin hanta ta hanyar yin gwajin hanta. Ana tantance wannan ta hanyar microscopic don matakin steatosis da cirrhosis, kuma ana amfani da histochemistry da kimanta jan ƙarfe don auna tsananin tarin jan ƙarfe. Mataki na 250&nbsp;μg na jan ƙarfe a kowace gram na busasshen ƙwayar hanta yana tabbatar da cutar Wilson. A wasu lokutan, ana samun ƙarancin matakan jan ƙarfe; a wannan yanayin, haɗakar binciken biopsy tare da duk sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da ganewar asali na Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> A farkon matakan cutar, biopsy yawanci yana nuna steatosis (zubar da kitse), ƙaruwar glycogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma yankunan necrosis (mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta). A cikin mafi ci gaba da cutar, canje-canjen da aka lura suna kama da waɗanda ake gani a cikin cutar hepatitis ta autoimmune, kamar shigar ƙwayoyin kumburi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, da fibrosis (tabon kyallen takarda). A cikin ci gaba da cutar, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis shine babban abin da aka gano. A cikin mummunan gazawar hanta, lalacewar ƙwayoyin hanta da rugujewar tsarin kyallen hanta ana ganin su, yawanci akan asalin canje-canje na cirrhotic. Hanyoyin histochemical don gano jan ƙarfe ba su da daidaito kuma ba su da tabbas, kuma ana ɗaukar su kaɗai a matsayin waɗanda ba su isa ba don kafa ganewar asali. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Gwajin Halittar Halitta === Ana iya yin nazarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'', da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta. Da zarar an tabbatar da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, ana iya duba 'yan uwa don gano cutar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwarin iyali na kwayoyin halitta na asibiti . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Rarraba kwayoyin halitta na yankuna da ke da alaƙa da cutar Wilson yana da mahimmanci a bi, domin wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tsara dabarun tantancewa masu dacewa. Tunda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'' sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi, bincike da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da aka yi a ƙasashe kamar Amurka ko Burtaniya na iya haifar da matsaloli, saboda suna da yawan jama'a masu gauraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferenci |first=Peter |date=2006-06-22 |title=Regional distribution of mutations of the ATP7B gene in patients with Wilson disease: impact on genetic testing |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0202-5 |issn=0340-6717 |pmid=16791614 |s2cid=10124665}}</ref> == Magani == === Abinci mai gina jiki === Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin jan ƙarfe. Abincin da ake guje wa daga yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson sun haɗa da namomin kaza, goro, cakulan, busassun [['ya'yan itace]], hanta, tsaban ridi, man ridi, da kifin shellfish . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Bayan jiyya ta farko ta rage matakan jan ƙarfe, likita zai iya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya cin matsakaicin adadin waɗannan abincin lafiya yayin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Idan ruwan famfo ya fito daga rijiya ko kuma ya ratsa bututun jan ƙarfe, ana ba da shawarar a duba matakin jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> === Magani === Akwai magunguna na likitanci don magance cutar Wilson. Wasu suna ƙara yawan cire jan ƙarfe daga jiki, yayin da wasu kuma suna hana shan jan ƙarfe daga abinci. Gabaɗaya, penicillamine shine magani na farko da ake amfani da shi. Wannan yana ɗaurewa da jan ƙarfe (ta hanyar chelation ) kuma yana haifar da fitar da jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari. Saboda haka, ana iya yin sa ido kan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari don tabbatar da an sha isasshen magani. Penicillamine ba shi da matsala; kusan kashi 20% suna fuskantar sakamako ko rikitarwa na maganin penicillamine, kamar [[lupus]] da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke haifarwa (yana haifar da ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kuraje a fata) ko myasthenia (yanayin jijiya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka). Ga waɗanda suka nuna alamun jijiyoyi, kusan rabin suna fuskantar tabarbarewar alamunsu. Duk da cewa ana lura da wannan lamari a wasu jiyya ga Wilson's, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama don dakatar da penicillamine da fara magani na biyu. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Waɗanda ba sa jure wa penicillamine za a iya fara amfani da trientine hydrochloride, wanda kuma yana da kaddarorin chelating. Wasu suna ba da shawarar trientine a matsayin magani na farko, amma ƙwarewa tare da penicillamine ya fi yawa. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> Wani ƙarin sinadari da aka san yana aiki a cikin cutar Wilson, wanda Wilson Therapeutics ke gudanar da bincike a kansa, shine tetrathiomolybdate . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwaji, <ref name="Roberts2003" /> kodayake wasu bincike sun nuna sakamako mai amfani. <ref name="Ala" /> Da zarar duk sakamakon ya koma daidai, ana iya amfani da [[zinc]] (yawanci a cikin nau'in maganin zinc acetate da ake kira Galzin) maimakon chelators don kiyaye daidaiton matakan jan ƙarfe a jiki. Zinc yana motsa metallothionein, wani furotin a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji wanda ke ɗaure jan ƙarfe kuma yana hana sha da jigilar sa zuwa hanta. Ana ci gaba da maganin zinc sai dai idan alamun sun sake dawowa ko kuma idan fitar jan ƙarfe daga fitsari ya ƙaru. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun maganin da ke da tasiri a baki ba, musamman ma idan akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi masu tsanani, ana buƙatar dimercaprol (mai hana Lewisite na Burtaniya) a wasu lokutan. Ana yin wannan maganin ta hanyar jijiya (a cikin tsoka) duk bayan makonni kaɗan kuma yana da illoli marasa daɗi kamar ciwo. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_qjm_1996-07_89_7/page/553 |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar (misali, waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin iyali ko kuma sakamakon gwajin da ba a saba gani ba) galibi ana yi musu magani, domin tarin jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci a nan gaba. Ko waɗannan mutanen za a fi yi musu magani da penicillamine ko zinc acetate ba a fayyace ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jiyya na jiki da na aiki === [[Gyaran jiki|Maganin motsa jiki]] da kuma aikin yi suna da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta jijiyoyi. Maganin jan ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni shida kafin ya fara aiki, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin na iya taimakawa wajen magance ataxia, dystonia, da girgizar ƙasa, da kuma hana ci gaban kwankwancewa da ka iya tasowa daga dystonia. <ref name="Brewer2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer GJ, Askari FK |year=2005 |title=Wilson's disease: clinical management and therapy |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.013 |pmid=15777568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dashen === Dashen hanta magani ne mai inganci ga cutar Wilson, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu yanayi na musamman saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da aikin. Ana amfani da shi galibi ga mutanen da ke fama da gazawar hanta waɗanda ba su amsa maganin likita ba ko kuma waɗanda ke fama da cutar hanta mai tsanani. Ana guje wa dashen hanta a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali masu tsanani, waɗanda ba a nuna fa'idarsa ba. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hasashen == Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, cutar Wilson tana ƙara ta'azzara kuma daga ƙarshe tana kashe mutane. Matsaloli masu tsanani sun haɗa da cirrhosis na hanta, gazawar koda mai tsanani, da kuma tabin hankali. [[Ciwon daji na hanta]] da kuma cholangiocarcinoma na iya faruwa, amma a ƙasa da sauran cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun, kuma haɗarin yana raguwa sosai idan aka yi magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> Tare da ganowa da magani da wuri, yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya rayuwa ta al'ada kuma suna da tsawon rai kusa da na jama'a. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> Lalacewar hanta da jijiyoyin jiki da ke faruwa kafin magani na iya inganta, amma galibi yana dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition and Facts {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/definition-facts |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Haihuwa yawanci al'ada ce kuma matsalolin ciki ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke da cutar Wilson da ake yi wa magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> == Tarihi == Cutar tana ɗauke da sunan likitan [[Birtaniya]] Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), wani likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya bayyana yanayin, gami da canje-canjen cututtuka a kwakwalwa da hanta, a cikin 1912. <ref name="Wilson1912">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnier Wilson SA |year=1912 |title=Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431640 |journal=Brain |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=295–507 |doi=10.1093/brain/34.4.295}}</ref> Aikin Wilson ya riga ya kasance tun kafin rahotanni daga likitan jijiyoyi na Jamus Karl Westphal (a cikin 1883), wanda ya kira shi "pseudo-sclerosis"; na likitan jijiyoyi na Burtaniya William Gowers (a cikin 1888); <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> na masanin ilimin jijiyoyi na Finland Ernst Alexander Homén (a cikin 1889–1892), wanda ya lura da yanayin gado na cutar; <ref name="Homén1892">{{Cite journal |last=Homén EA |date=1892 |title=Eine eigenthümliche bei drei Geschwistern auftretende typische Krankheit unter der Form einer progressiven Dementia in Verbindung mit ausgedehnten Gefässveränderungen (wohl Lues hereditaria tarda) |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |volume=24 |pages=1–38}}</ref> da kuma na Adolph Strümpell (a cikin 1898), wanda ya lura da cirrhosis na hanta. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertson_WM2000">Robertson WM (February 2000). "Wilson's disease". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>77. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.276|10.1001/archneur.57.2.276]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681092 10681092].</cite></ref> Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi John Nathaniel Cumings ya yi alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta da kwakwalwa a cikin 1948. <ref name="pmid18124738">{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |year=1948 |title=The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=71 |issue=Dec |pages=410–15 |doi=10.1093/brain/71.4.410 |pmid=18124738}}</ref> An lura da faruwar hemolysis a cikin 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre N, Clink HM, Levi AJ, Cumings JN, Sherlock S |date=February 1967 |title=Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1967-02-23_276_8/page/439 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=276 |issue=8 |pages=439–44 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196702232760804 |pmid=6018274}}</ref> A shekarar 1951, Cumings (a Ingila), da kuma likitan kwakwalwa na New Zealand Derek Denny-Brown (suna aiki a Amurka), sun ba da rahoton magani mai inganci na farko a lokaci guda, ta amfani da maganin ƙarfe na British anti-Lewisite . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |date=March 1951 |title=The effects of B.A.L. in hepatolenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1093/brain/74.1.10 |pmid=14830662}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denny-Brown D, Porter H |date=December 1951 |title=The effect of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) on hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1951-12-13_245_24/page/917 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=245 |issue=24 |pages=917–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195112132452401 |pmid=14882450}}</ref> Dole ne a yi allurar wannan maganin, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan farko da ake samu a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, wani fanni da a da ake iya lura da gano shi, amma ba shi da magunguna da za a bayar. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Gilman S |date=September 2002 |title=Denny-Brown, Wilson's disease, and BAL (British antilewisite [2,3-dimercaptopropanol]) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2002-09-24_59_6/page/914 |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=914–16 |doi=10.1212/wnl.59.6.914 |pmid=12297577}}</ref> An gano maganin farko na maganin chelation na baki wanda ke aiki a cutar Wilson, penicillamine, a shekarar 1956 ta likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya John Walshe. <ref name="Walshe1956">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=January 1956 |title=Wilson's disease; new oral therapy |journal=Lancet |volume=270 |issue=6906 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91859-1 |pmid=13279157}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Walshe ya kuma gabatar da trientine, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=March 1982 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease with trientine (triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-03-20_1_8273/page/643 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8273 |pages=643–47 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92201-2 |pmid=6121964 |s2cid=205999334}}</ref> kuma shi ne na farko da ya samar da tetra-thiomolybdate don amfani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harper PL, Walshe JM |date=December 1986 |title=Reversible pancytopenia secondary to treatment with tetrathiomolybdate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_1986-12_64_4/page/851 |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=851–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02250.x |pmid=3801328 |s2cid=11546705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin zinc acetate ya fara bayyana a Netherlands, inda likitoci Schouwink da Hoogenraad suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1961 da kuma a shekarun 1970, bi da bi, kuma Brewer da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Michigan suka ƙara haɓaka shi daga baya. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer GJ |date=January 2000 |title=Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease |url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |url-status=dead |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |bibcode=2000PSEBM.223...39B |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22305.x |doi-broken-date=15 April 2026 |pmid=10632959 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223216/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2008-05-20}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin bincike da dama sun fayyace tushen kwayar halittar cutar Wilson, da kuma alaƙarta da maye gurbi na ''ATP7B'', a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref name="pmid8298639">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=327–37 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..327B |doi=10.1038/ng1293-327 |pmid=8298639 |s2cid=1236890}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8298641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, etal |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=344–50 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..344T |doi=10.1038/ng1293-344 |pmid=8298641 |s2cid=610188}}</ref> == A wasu dabbobi == An bayyana tarin jan ƙarfe da aka gada a cikin Bedlington Terriers, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sternlieb I, Twedt DC, Johnson GF, etal |year=1977 |title=Inherited copper toxicity of the liver in Bedlington terriers |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=70 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00359157770700S305 |pmc=1543595 |pmid=122681}}</ref> inda yawanci yake shafar hanta kawai. A cikin Bedlington Terriers yana faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar ''COMMD1'' (ko ''MURR1'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van De Sluis B, Rothuizen J, Pearson PL, van Oost BA, Wijmenga C |year=2002 |title=Identification of a new copper metabolism gene by positional cloning in a purebred dog population |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.2.165 |pmid=11809725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano waɗannan maye gurbi a cikin karnuka ya sa masu bincike suka binciki kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da suka dace, amma ba a iya gano maye gurbi ''na COMMD1'' a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin tarin jan ƙarfe wanda ba na Wilson ba ne (kamar cirrhosis na yara na Indiya ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller T, van de Sluis B, Zhernakova A, etal |year=2003 |title=The canine copper toxicosis gene MURR1 does not cause non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=164–68 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00356-2 |pmid=12547404}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tagulla a cikin lafiya == Manazarta == {{Commonscat|Wilson's disease}}{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=14152|ICD10={{ICD10|E|83|0|e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|275.1}}|OMIM=277900|MedlinePlus=000785|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2413|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|neuro|570}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2441}}|MeshID=D006527|GeneReviewsNBK=NBK1512|GeneReviewsName=Wilson Disease|Orphanet=905}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}} * Wilson disease at NLM Genetics Home Reference {{Authority control}}{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bad1gj9wsw45m0sv55ocacn24l5n0zd Dynorphin 0 161428 967293 951759 2026-10-13T20:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dynorphins''' ('''Dyn''') are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin. When prodynorphin is cleaved during processing by proprotein convertase 2 (PC2), multiple active [[Peptide|peptides]] are released: dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and α/β-neoendorphin.<ref name="pmid9422738">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Day R, Lazure C, Basak A, Boudreault A, Limperis P, Dong W, Lindberg I |date=January 1998 |title=Prodynorphin processing by proprotein convertase 2. Cleavage at single basic residues and enhanced processing in the presence of carboxypeptidase activity |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=273 |issue=2 |pages=829–836 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.2.829 |pmid=9422738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Depolarization of a neuron containing prodynorphin stimulates PC2 processing, which occurs within synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal.<ref name="pmid16966485">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yakovleva T, Bazov I, Cebers G, Marinova Z, Hara Y, Ahmed A, Vlaskovska M, Johansson B, Hochgeschwender U, Singh IN, Bruce-Keller AJ, Hurd YL, Kaneko T, Terenius L, Ekström TJ, Hauser KF, Pickel VM, Bakalkin G |date=October 2006 |title=Prodynorphin storage and processing in axon terminals and dendrites |journal=[[The FASEB Journal]] |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=2124–2126 |doi=10.1096/fj.06-6174fje |pmid=16966485 |s2cid=2219587 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Occasionally, prodynorphin is not fully processed, leading to the release of big dynorphin, a 32-[[amino acid]] molecule consisting of both dynorphin A and dynorphin B. Dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and big dynorphin all contain a high proportion of basic amino acid residues, in particular lysine and arginine (29.4%, 23.1%, and 31.2% basic residues, respectively), as well as many hydrophobic residues (41.2%, 30.8%, and 34.4% hydrophobic residues, respectively).<ref name="pmid15894804">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marinova Z, Vukojevic V, Surcheva S, Yakovleva T, Cebers G, Pasikova N, Usynin I, Hugonin L, Fang W, Hallberg M, Hirschberg D, Bergman T, Langel U, Hauser KF, Pramanik A, Aldrich JV, Gräslund A, Terenius L, Bakalkin G |date=July 2005 |title=Translocation of dynorphin neuropeptides across the plasma membrane. A putative mechanism of signal transmission |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2005-07-15_280_28/page/26360 |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue=28 |pages=26360–26370 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M412494200 |pmid=15894804 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although dynorphins are found widely distributed in the CNS, they have the highest concentrations in the hypothalamus, medulla, pons, midbrain, and spinal cord.<ref name="Goldstein2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Ghazarossian VE |date=October 1980 |title=Immunoreactive dynorphin in pituitary and brain |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=77 |issue=10 |pages=6207–6710 |bibcode=1980PNAS...77.6207G |doi=10.1073/pnas.77.10.6207 |pmc=350244 |pmid=6108564 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dynorphins are stored in large (80–120&nbsp;nm diameter) dense-core vesicles that are considerably larger than vesicles storing neurotransmitters. These large dense-core vesicles differ from small synaptic vesicles in that a more intense and prolonged stimulus is needed to cause the large vesicles to release their contents into the synaptic cleft. Dense-core vesicle storage is characteristic of opioid peptides storage. The first clues to the functionality of dynorphins came from Goldstein et al.<ref name="Goldstein1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Tachibana S, Lowney LI, Hunkapiller M, Hood L |date=December 1979 |title=Dynorphin-(1-13), an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1979-12_76_12/page/6666 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=76 |issue=12 |pages=6666–6670 |bibcode=1979PNAS...76.6666G |doi=10.1073/pnas.76.12.6666 |pmc=411929 |pmid=230519 |doi-access=free}}</ref> in their work with opioid peptides. The group discovered an endogenous opioid peptide in the porcine pituitary that proved difficult to isolate. By sequencing the first 13 amino acids of the peptide, they created a synthetic version of the peptide with a similar potency to the natural peptide. Goldstein et al.<ref name="Goldstein1" /> applied the synthetic peptide to the guinea ileum longitudinal muscle and found it to be an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide. The peptide was called dynorphin (from the Greek ''dynamis'', meaning power) to describe its potency.<ref name="Goldstein1" /> Dynorphins exert their effects primarily through the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), a G-protein-coupled receptor. Although KOR is the primary receptor for all dynorphins, the peptides do have some affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), δ-opioid receptor (DOR), and the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor.<ref name="Lai2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai J, Luo MC, Chen Q, Ma S, Gardell LR, Ossipov MH, Porreca F |date=December 2006 |title=Dynorphin A activates bradykinin receptors to maintain neuropathic pain |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1534–1540 |doi=10.1038/nn1804 |pmid=17115041 |s2cid=1867322}}</ref> Different dynorphins show different receptor selectivities and potencies at receptors. Big dynorphin and dynorphin A have the same selectivity for human KOR, but dynorphin A is more selective for KOR over MOR and DOR than is big dynorphin. Big dynorphin is more potent at KORs than is dynorphin A. Both big dynorphin and dynorphin A are more potent and more selective than dynorphin B.<ref name="pmid16515546">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merg F, Filliol D, Usynin I, Bazov I, Bark N, Hurd YL, Yakovleva T, Kieffer BL, Bakalkin G |date=April 2006 |title=Big dynorphin as a putative endogenous ligand for the kappa-opioid receptor |journal=Journal of Neurochemistry |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=292–301 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03732.x |pmid=16515546 |s2cid=41599853 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Production == Dynorphin is produced in many different parts of the nervous system, including the hypothalamus, the striatum, the hippocampus and the spinal cord. Gene expression patterns from the Allen Brain Atlases in mouse, macaque and humans can be seen [http://www.brain-map.org/search/index.html?query=pdyn here]. Dynorphin has many different physiological actions, depending upon its site of production.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * For example, dynorphin that is made in magnocellular vasopressin neurons of the supraoptic nucleus is important in the patterning of electrical activity. Dynorphin produced in magnocellular oxytocin neurons is a negative feedback inhibitor of oxytocin secretion.<ref name="BONDY1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=BONDY CA, GAINER H, RUSSELL JT |date=April 1988 |title=Dynorphin A Inhibits and Naloxone Increases the Electrically Stimulated Release of Oxytocin But Not Vasopressin from the Terminals of the Neural Lobe |url=https://archive.org/details/endocrinology_1988-04_122_4/page/1321 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=1321-1327 |doi=10.1210/endo-122-4-1321 |pmid=2894296}}</ref><ref name="Falke1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Falke N |date=May 1988 |title=Dynorphin (1-8) inhibits stimulated release of oxytocin but not vasopressin from isolated neurosecretory endings of the rat neurohypophysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropeptides_may-june-1988_11_4/page/163 |journal=Neuropeptides |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=163–167 |doi=10.1016/0143-4179(88)90070-4 |pmid=2901684}}</ref> * Dynorphin produced in the arcuate nucleus and in orexin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus affects the control of appetite.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Analgesia == Dynorphin has been shown to be a modulator of pain response. Han and Xie found that injecting dynorphin into the subarachnoid space of the rat spinal cord produced dose-dependent analgesia that was measured by tail-flick latency.<ref name="Han1984">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Han JS, Xie CW |date=February 1984 |title=Dynorphin: potent analgesic effect in spinal cord of the rat |journal=Scientia Sinica. Series B, Chemical, Biological, Agricultural, Medical & Earth Sciences |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=169–77 |pmid=6147015}}</ref> Analgesia was partially eliminated by opioid antagonist naloxone.<ref name="Han1984" /> Han and Xie found dynorphin to be 6-10 times more potent than morphine on a per mole basis.<ref name="Han1984"/> In addition, morphine tolerance did not reduce dynorphin-induced analgesia.<ref name="Han1984" /> Ren et al. demonstrated some of the complexities related to dynorphin induced analgesia.<ref name="Ren1985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ren MF, Lu CH, Han JS |year=1985 |title=Dynorphin-A-(1-13) antagonizes morphine analgesia in the brain and potentiates morphine analgesia in the spinal cord |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_peptides_november-december-1985_6_6/page/1015 |journal=Peptides |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1015–20 |doi=10.1016/0196-9781(85)90423-1 |pmid=2871545 |s2cid=36515131}}</ref> The authors found that combining subanalgesic levels of morphine and dynorphin A<sub>1-13</sub>, a version of dynorphin A containing only the first 13 [[Amino acid|amino acids]] of the [[peptide]], in the rat spinal cord had additive effects. However, when dynorphin A<sub>1-13</sub> was injected into the intracerebroventricular (ICV) region of the brain, it had an antagonist effect on morphine-induced analgesia. A study by Lai et al. found that dynorphin might actually stimulate pain.<ref name="Lai2006"/> The group found that it acts on the bradykinin receptors as well as κ-opioid receptor (KOR). The N-terminal tyrosine of dynorphin A is necessary to activate opioid receptors such as KOR, but is unnecessary in binding to bradykinin receptors.<ref name="Lai2006" /> Lai et al. studied the effects of dynorphin A<sub>2-13</sub> that did not contain the N-terminal tyrosine. Based on the results of dynorphin A<sub>2-13</sub>, the authors proposed a mechanism in which dynorphin A activates bradykinin receptors and thus stimulates pain response.<ref name="Lai2006" /> According to this mechanism, dynorphin activates bradykinin receptors, which triggers the release of calcium ions into the cell through voltage-sensitive channels in the cell membrane.<ref name="Lai2006"/> Blocking bradykinin receptors in the lumbar region of the spinal cord reversed persistent pain.<ref name="Lai2006" /> A multiple pathway system might help explain the conflicting effects of dynorphin in the CNS. Svensson et al. provided another possible mechanism by which dynorphin might cause pain in the spinal cord.<ref name="Svensson2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Svensson CI, Hua XY, Powell HC, Lai J, Porreca F, Yaksh TL |date=October 2005 |title=Prostaglandin E2 release evoked by intrathecal dynorphin is dependent on spinal p38 mitogen activated protein kinase |journal=Neuropeptides |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=485–94 |doi=10.1016/j.npep.2005.08.002 |pmid=16176831 |s2cid=27248843}}</ref> The authors found that administration of truncated dynorphin A<sub>2-17</sub>, which does not bind to opioid receptors, causes an increase in phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Activated p38 has been previously linked to the NMDA-evoked prostaglandin release, which causes pain.<ref name="Svensson2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Svensson CI, Hua XY, Protter AA, Powell HC, Yaksh TL |date=June 2003 |title=Spinal p38 MAP kinase is necessary for NMDA-induced spinal PGE(2) release and thermal hyperalgesia |journal=NeuroReport |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1153–7 |doi=10.1097/00001756-200306110-00010 |pmid=12821799 |s2cid=29569020}}</ref> Thus, dynorphin could also induce pain in the spinal cord through a non-opioid p38 pathway. Other studies have identified a role for dynorphin and KOR stimulation in neuropathic pain.<ref name="Xu2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xu M, Petraschka M, McLaughlin JP, Westenbroek RE, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Czyzyk TA, Pintar JE, Terman GW, Chavkin C |date=May 2004 |title=Neuropathic Pain Activates the Endogenous κ Opioid System in Mouse Spinal Cord and Induces Opioid Receptor Tolerance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2004-05-12_24_19/page/4576 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=24 |issue=19 |pages=4576–84 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5552-03.2004 |pmc=2376823 |pmid=15140929 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This same group also showed that the dynorphin-KOR system mediates astrocyte proliferation through the activation of p38 MAPK that was required for the effects of neuropathic pain on analgesic responses.<ref name="Xu 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xu M, Bruchas MR, Ippolito DL, Gendron L, Chavkin C |date=March 2007 |title=Sciatic Nerve Ligation-Induced Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes Is Mediated by κ Opioid Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=2570–81 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3728-06.2007 |pmc=2104780 |pmid=17344394 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taken together, these reports suggest that dynorphin can elicit multiple effects on both KOR, and non-opioid pathways to modulate analgesic responses. == Addiction == Cocaine addiction results from complex molecular changes in the brain following multiple exposures to cocaine.<ref name="Nestler1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK |date=October 1997 |title=Molecular and cellular basis of addiction |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-10-03_278_5335/page/58 |journal=Science |volume=278 |issue=5335 |pages=58–63 |doi=10.1126/science.278.5335.58 |pmid=9311927 |s2cid=7875007}}</ref> Dynorphins have been shown to be an important part of this process. Although a single exposure to cocaine does not affect brain dynorphin levels, repeated exposures to the drug increases dynorphin concentrations in the striatum and substantia nigra in rats.<ref name="Sivam">{{Cite journal |last=Sivam SP |date=September 1989 |title=Cocaine selectively increases striatonigral dynorphin levels by a dopaminergic mechanism |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=250 |issue=3 |pages=818–24 |pmid=2476548}}</ref> One proposed molecular mechanism for increased dynorphin levels involves transcriptional regulation by CREB (3’, 5’-monophosphate response element binding protein). According to the model proposed by Carlezon et al., use of cocaine increases the expression of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA).<ref name="Carlezon1998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlezon WA, Thome J, Olson VG, Lane-Ladd SB, Brodkin ES, Hiroi N, Duman RS, Neve RL, Nestler EJ |date=December 1998 |title=Regulation of cocaine reward by CREB |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-12-18_282_5397/page/2272 |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5397 |pages=2272–5 |bibcode=1998Sci...282.2272C |doi=10.1126/science.282.5397.2272 |pmid=9856954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PKA leads to the activation of CREB, which increases the expression of dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum, brain areas important in addiction.<ref name="Carlezon1998" /> Dynorphin decreases dopamine release by binding to KORs on dopamine nerve terminals.<ref name="Krebs1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krebs MO, Gauchy C, Desban M, Glowinski J, Kemel ML |date=April 1994 |title=Role of dynorphin and GABA in the inhibitory regulation of NMDA-induced dopamine release in striosome- and matrix-enriched areas of the rat striatum |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_1994-04_14_4/page/2435 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2435–43 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02435.1994 |pmc=6577130 |pmid=7908960 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Cocaine === Carlezon et al.<ref name="Carlezon1998"/> performed several experiments to validate this model. They found that, when mice were injected with cocaine, they preferred to be in the place where they were injected (showed stronger place preference) significantly more than control mice (injected with saline) did. However, in mice overexpressing CREB under a constitutive promoter, place aversion was observed.<ref name="Carlezon1998" /> This indicates that increasing CREB reverses the positive effects of cocaine. Northern blot analysis several days after CREB overexpression showed a marked increase in dynorphin mRNA in the nucleus accumbens.<ref name="Carlezon1998" /> Blocking KORs with an antagonist (nor-BNI) blocked the aversive effects caused by CREB overexpression.<ref name="Carlezon1998"/> Thus, cocaine use ultimately appears to lead to an increase in the transcription of prodynorphin mRNA. Dynorphin inhibits [[dopamine]] release, which could account the reinforcing properties of cocaine.<ref name="You1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=You ZB, Herrera-Marschitz M, Terenius L |date=September 1999 |title=Modulation of neurotransmitter release in the basal ganglia of the rat brain by dynorphin peptides |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=290 |issue=3 |pages=1307–15 |pmid=10454508}}</ref> There is also evidence suggesting that increased amounts of dynorphin can protect humans from cocaine addiction. According to research at Rockefeller University, the gene for dynorphin is present in two versions: a “high output” and a “low output” functional variation.<ref name="Clavin">{{Cite web |last=Clavin W |date=14 April 2002 |title=Dynorphin : Nature's own antidote to cocaine ( and pleasure? ) |url=http://dynorphin.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518193745/https://www.dynorphin.com/ |archive-date=18 May 2026 |access-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref> The high output functional variation of the gene contains polymorphisms in the promoter regions that are speculated to cause it to produce more copies of dynorphin mRNA, which would give people carrying this variation a “built-in defense system” against [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|drug addiction]].<ref name="Clavin" /> == Stress and depression == Land et al. first described a mechanism of dysphoria in which corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) provokes dynorphin release.<ref name="Land2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Land BB, Bruchas MR, Lemos JC, Xu M, Melief EJ, Chavkin C |date=January 2008 |title=The Dysphoric Component of Stress Is Encoded by Activation of the Dynorphin κ-Opioid System |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2008-01-09_28_2/page/407 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=407–14 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4458-07.2008 |pmc=2612708 |pmid=18184783 |doi-access=free}}</ref> While control mice displayed aversive behaviors in response to forced swim tests and foot shocks, mice lacking dynorphin did not show any such signs of aversion. They noted that injecting CRF led to aversive behaviors in mice with functional genes for dynorphin even in the absence of stress, but not in those with dynorphin gene deletions. Place aversion was eliminated when the receptor CRF<nowiki><sub id="mwAUY">2</sub></nowiki> was blocked with an antagonist.<ref name="Land2008" /> Together these results led Land et al. to conclude that dysphoric elements of stress occur when CRF<sub>2</sub> stimulates dynorphin release and activates κ-opioid receptor (KOR).<ref name="Land2008"/> The group further postulated that this pathway might be involved in drug seeking behavior. In support of this, it was shown previously that stress can reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior in mice through a CRF mechanism.<ref name="pmid15930388">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang B, Shaham Y, Zitzman D, Azari S, Wise RA, You ZB |date=June 2005 |title=Cocaine experience establishes control of midbrain glutamate and dopamine by corticotropin-releasing factor: a role in stress-induced relapse to drug seeking |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=25 |issue=22 |pages=5389–96 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0955-05.2005 |pmc=6725007 |pmid=15930388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dynorphin has also been shown to influence drug seeking behavior and is required for stress-induced, but not prime-induced, reinstatement of cocaine seeking.<ref name="Beardsley2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beardsley PM, Howard JL, Shelton KL, Carroll FI |date=November 2005 |title=Differential effects of the novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist, JDTic, on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking induced by footshock stressors vs cocaine primes and its antidepressant-like effects in rats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_2005-11_183_1/page/118 |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=183 |issue=1 |pages=118–26 |doi=10.1007/s00213-005-0167-4 |pmid=16184376 |s2cid=31140425}}</ref><ref name="Redila2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Redila VA, Chavkin C |date=September 2008 |title=Stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking is mediated by the kappa opioid system |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=200 |issue=1 |pages=59–70 |doi=10.1007/s00213-008-1122-y |pmc=2680147 |pmid=18575850}}</ref> A downstream element of this pathway was later identified by Bruchas et al.<ref name="Bruchas2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bruchas MR, Land BB, Aita M, Xu M, Barot SK, Li S, Chavkin C |date=October 2007 |title=Stress-Induced p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Mediates κ-Opioid-Dependent Dysphoria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2007-10-24_27_43/page/11614 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=27 |issue=43 |pages=11614–23 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3769-07.2007 |pmc=2481272 |pmid=17959804 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The authors found that KOR activates p38, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, through phosphorylation. Activation of p38 is necessary to produce KOR-dependent behaviors.<ref name="Bruchas2007" /> Because of its role in mediating dysphoria, dynorphin has also been investigated in relation to depression. Newton et al.<ref name="Newton2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Newton SS, Thome J, Wallace TL, Shirayama Y, Schlesinger L, Sakai N, Chen J, Neve R, Nestler EJ, Duman RS |date=December 2002 |title=Inhibition of cAMP response element-binding protein or dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens produces an antidepressant-like effect |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2002-12-15_22_24/page/10883 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=22 |issue=24 |pages=10883–90 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10883.2002 |pmc=6758459 |pmid=12486182}}</ref> studied the effects of CREB and dynorphin on learned helplessness (an animal model for depression) in mice. Overexpression of dominant negative CREB (mCREB) in transgenic mice had an antidepressant effect (in terms of behavior), whereas overexpressing wild-type CREB caused an increase in depression-like symptoms.<ref name="Newton2002" /> As described previously, CREB increases transcription of prodynorphin, which gives rise to different dynorphin subtypes.<ref name="Carlezon1998"/> Newton et al.<ref name="Newton2002" /> supported this mechanism, as the mCREB was colocalized with decreased expression of prodynorphin. Also, direct antagonism of dynorphin caused antidepressant-like effects similar to those seen with mCREB expression.<ref name="Newton2002" /> Thus, the CREB-dynorphin pathway regulates mood as well as cocaine rewards. Shirayama et al.<ref name="Shirayama2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shirayama Y, Ishida H, Iwata M, Hazama GI, Kawahara R, Duman RS |date=September 2004 |title=Stress increases dynorphin immunoreactivity in limbic brain regions and dynorphin antagonism produces antidepressant-like effects |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=1258–68 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02589.x |pmid=15312181 |s2cid=24121205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> used several animal depression models in rats to describe the effects of dynorphins A and B in depression. The authors found that learned helplessness increases the levels of dynorphins A and B in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens and that injecting KOR antagonist nor-BNI induces recovery from learned helplessness. Immobilization stress causes increases in the levels of both dynorphins A and B in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens.<ref name="Shirayama2004" /> Forced swim stress increases the levels of dynorphin A in the hippocampus. Shirayama et al.<ref name="Shirayama2004" /> concluded that both dynorphins A and B were important in stress response. The authors proposed several mechanisms to account for the effects of the KOR antagonist norBNI on learned helplessness. First, increased dynorphin levels block the release of glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in plasticity in the hippocampus, which would inhibit new learning.<ref name="Shirayama2004" /> Blocking dynorphin effects would allow glutamate to be released and restore functional plasticity in the hippocampus, reversing the phenomenon of learned helplessness. In addition, blocking dynorphin would enhance [[dopamine]] signaling and thus reduce depressive symptoms associated with stress.<ref name="Shirayama2004"/> The authors suggest that KOR antagonists might have potential in treating depression in humans. == Appetite and circadian rhythms == Dynorphins are important in maintaining [[homeostasis]] through appetite control and circadian rhythms. Przewlocki et al.<ref name="Prz">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Przewłocki R, Lasón W, Konecka AM, Gramsch C, Herz A, Reid LD |date=January 1983 |title=The opioid peptide dynorphin, circadian rhythms, and starvation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-01-07_219_4580/page/71 |journal=Science |volume=219 |issue=4580 |pages=71–3 |bibcode=1983Sci...219...71P |doi=10.1126/science.6129699 |pmid=6129699}}</ref> found that, during the day, dynorphins are naturally elevated in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NI pituitary) and depressed in the hypothalamus. This pattern is reversed at night.<ref name="Prz" /> In addition, mice deprived of food and water, or of water alone, had increased levels of dynorphin in the hypothalamus during the day.<ref name="Prz" /> Deprivation of water alone also decreased the dynorphin levels in the NI pituitary.<ref name="Prz" /> These findings led Przewlocki et al.<ref name="Prz" /> to conclude that dynorphins are essential in maintaining homeostasis. Dynorphin has been implicated as an appetite stimulant. A number of studies<ref name="Lambert1993">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lambert PD, Wilding JP, al-Dokhayel AA, Bohuon C, Comoy E, Gilbey SG, Bloom SR |date=July 1993 |title=A role for neuropeptide-Y, dynorphin, and noradrenaline in the central control of food intake after food deprivation |journal=Endocrinology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=29–32 |doi=10.1210/endo.133.1.8100519 |pmid=8100519}}</ref> in rats have shown that increasing the dynorphin levels stimulates eating. Opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, can reverse the effects of elevated dynorphin.<ref name="Morley">{{Cite journal |last=Morley LE |year=1995 |title=The Role of Peptides in Appetite Regulation across Species |journal=American Zoologist |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=437–445 |doi=10.1093/icb/35.6.437 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This inhibition is especially strong in obese animals or animals that have access to particularly appealing food.<ref name="Man">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mandenoff A, Fumeron F, Apfelbaum M, Margules DL |date=March 1982 |title=Endogenous opiates and energy balance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1982-03-19_215_4539/page/1536 |journal=Science |volume=215 |issue=4539 |pages=1536–8 |bibcode=1982Sci...215.1536M |doi=10.1126/science.7063865 |pmid=7063865}}</ref> Inui et al.<ref name="pmid1716066">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Inui A, Okita M, Nakajima M, Inoue T, Sakatani N, Oya M, Morioka H, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Baba S |date=September 1991 |title=Neuropeptide regulation of feeding in dogs |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=261 |issue=3 Pt 2 |pages=R588–94 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.3.R588 |pmid=1716066}}</ref> found that administering dynorphin to dogs increased both their food and water intake. Dynorphin plays a role in the eating behavior of hibernating animals. Nizeilski et al.<ref name="pmid2874573">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nizielski SE, Levine AS, Morley JE, Hall KA, Gosnell BA |year=1986 |title=Seasonal variation in opioid modulation of feeding in the 13-lined ground squirrel |journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |doi=10.1016/0031-9384(86)90375-6 |pmid=2874573 |s2cid=46167333}}</ref> examined dynorphin levels in the ground squirrel, which undergoes periods of excessive eating and periods of starvation before winter. They found that dynorphin levels increased during the starvation periods. Berman et al.<ref name="pmid7895045">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berman Y, Devi L, Carr KD |date=November 1994 |title=Effects of chronic food restriction on prodynorphin-derived peptides in rat brain regions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research_1994-11-21_664_1-2/page/49 |journal=Brain Res. |volume=664 |issue=1–2 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1016/0006-8993(94)91952-6 |pmid=7895045 |s2cid=8071343}}</ref> studied the levels of dynorphin during periods of food restriction. The group found that while food did not alter the expression of dynorphin B, it increases dynorphin A levels in several rat brain regions (hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis). Recent research on dynorphin knockout mice did not find differences between knockout and control animals in food intake, but found that fat storage was reduced in male knockout mice.<ref name="Sainsbury2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sainsbury A, Lin S, McNamara K, Slack K, Enriquez R, Lee NJ, Boey D, Smythe GA, Schwarzer C, Baldock P, Karl T, Lin EJ, Couzens M, Herzog H |date=July 2007 |title=Dynorphin knockout reduces fat mass and increases weight loss during fasting in mice |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=1722–35 |doi=10.1210/me.2006-0367 |pmid=17456788 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Fatty acids were oxidized more quickly in knockout animals.<ref name="Sainsbury2007" /> Studies have also shown that ingesting a high-fat diet increases the gene expression of dynorphin in the hypothalamus.<ref name="Leib">{{Cite journal |last=Leibowitz SF |date=August 2007 |title=Overconsumption of dietary fat and alcohol: Mechanisms involving lipids and hypothalamic peptides |journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=513–21 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.018 |pmc=2077813 |pmid=17481672}}</ref> Thus, dynorphin may cause overeating when a high-fat diet is available.<ref name="Leib" /><ref name="MorleyL">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morley JE, Levine AS |date=September 1980 |title=Stress-induced eating is mediated through endogenous opiates |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1980-09-12_209_4462/page/1259 |journal=Science |volume=209 |issue=4462 |pages=1259–61 |bibcode=1980Sci...209.1259M |doi=10.1126/science.6250222 |pmid=6250222}}</ref> Morley & Levine were the first to describe the role of opioid peptides in stress-related eating. In their study, mice had their tails pinched (causes stress), which induced eating. Stress-related eating was reduced by injecting naloxone, an opioid peptide antagonist.<ref name="MorleyL" /> Mandenoff et al.<ref name="Man"/> proposed that, although endogenous opioids are not necessary to maintain body weight and energy expenditure under predictable circumstances, they become activated under stressful conditions. They found that endogenous opioids, such as dynorphin, stimulate appetite and decrease energy expenditure. Taken together, the studies above suggest an important evolutionary mechanism in which more food is eaten, more nutrients are stored, and less energy is expended by an organism during times of stress. == Temperature regulation == In addition to their role in weight control, dynorphins have been found to regulate body temperature. Opioid peptides were first investigated in hyperthermia, where it was found that μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists stimulate this response when injected into the periaqueductal gray (PAG) region of the brain. Xin et al.<ref name="Xin1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xin L, Geller EB, Adler MW |date=April 1997 |title=Body temperature and analgesic effects of selective mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists microdialyzed into rat brain |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=281 |issue=1 |pages=499–507 |pmid=9103537}}</ref> showed that delivery of dynorphin A<sub>1-17</sub> (a KOR agonist) through microdialysis into the PAG region induced hypothermia in rats. The authors found that the severity of hypothermia was proportional to the dose of dynorphin A<sub>1-17</sub> administered. Hypothermia could be prevented by administering KOR antagonist nor-BNI to the rat.<ref name="Xin1997" /> Xin et al.<ref name="Xin1997" /> hypothesized that while MOR agonists mediate hyperthermia, KOR agonists, such as dynorphin, mediate hypothermia. Sharma and Alm<ref name="Sharma2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma HS, Alm P |year=2002 |title=Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors influence dynorphin A (1–17) immunoreactivity in the rat brain following hyperthermia |journal=Amino Acids |volume=23 |issue=1–3 |pages=247–59 |doi=10.1007/s00726-001-0136-0 |pmid=12373545 |s2cid=23780396}}</ref> found that subjecting rats to heat (38˚C) caused dynorphins to be upregulated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and the brain stem. Further, authors found that administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors reduced dynorphin A<sub>1-17</sub> levels in the brain and attenuated symptoms related to heat stress. Sharma and Alm<ref name="Sharma2002" /> concluded that hyperthermia increases dynorphin levels, which may cause damage and promote heat stress reaction. They further hypothesized that nitric oxide was part of this mechanism. Ansonoff et al.<ref name="Ansonoff2006">{{Cite journal |author-link10=Bryan Roth |vauthors=Ansonoff MA, Zhang J, Czyzyk T, Rothman RB, Stewart J, Xu H, Zjwiony J, Siebert DJ, Yang F, Roth BL, Pintar JE |date=August 2006 |title=Antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of Salvinorin A are abolished in a novel strain of kappa-opioid receptor-1 knockout mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2006-08_318_2/page/641 |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=318 |issue=2 |pages=641–8 |doi=10.1124/jpet.106.101998 |pmid=16672569 |s2cid=2827243}}</ref> found that hypothermic effects are mediated through K1 (κ-opioid receptor 1), but not K2. The authors applied a KOR agonist to K1 knockout mice, which eliminated hypothermic response.Thus, K2 does not appear to have a role in the hypothermic mechanism. == Clinical significance == Dynorphin derivatives are generally considered to be of little clinical use because of their very short duration of action.<ref name="Brugos2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brugos B, Arya V, Hochhaus G |year=2004 |title=Stabilized dynorphin derivatives for modulating antinociceptive activity in morphine tolerant rats: effect of different routes of administration |journal=AAPS J |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=68–73 |doi=10.1208/aapsj060436 |pmc=2751232 |pmid=15760101}}</ref> == See also == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 09b47xd7apa5nlbo061ux3ir0fhw7nn Lawrence Babatunde Ayeni 0 161708 967163 884088 2026-10-13T13:11:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967163 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{databox}} '''Lawrence Babatunde Ayeni''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 1961), ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Wakilai, yana wakiltar mazabar [[Atakunmosa ta Gabas]]/[[Atakunmosa ta Yamma|Yammacin Atakunmosa]]/ [[Ilesa ta Gabas|Gabashin Ilesa]]/ [[Ilesa ta Yamma|Yammacin Ilesa]] a [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC), daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2023. == Ƙuruciyarsa da ilimi == An haifi Lawrence a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 1961 a Jihar Osun na Najeriya. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a tsakanin shekarar 2019 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ayeni-lawrence-babatunde |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=285 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.constrack.ng}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] oq50wwvmhp4xqzb155x1b5gmwjboev1 Supervolcano 0 165220 967273 953177 2026-10-13T19:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Supervolcano_World_Map.png|thumb|Taswirar duniya na sanannun tsaunuka na VEI 7 da VEI 8<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#ED1C24|VEI 8 (supervolcanoes)}}<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FF7E00|VEI 7}}]] '''Supervolcano shi ne wani nau’in dutsen mai aman wuta wanda ya taɓa yin fashewa mai kai matakin 8 (VEI 8) a ma’aunin Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), wanda shi ne matakin mafi girma da aka sani a wannan ma’auni.,<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Silva, Shanaka |year=2008 |title=Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2008-08_36_8/page/671 |journal=Geology |volume=36 |issue=8 |page=671 |bibcode=2008Geo....36..671D |doi=10.1130/focus082008.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan abubuwan da fashewar ta fitar ya fi kilomita cubic 1,000 (mil cubic 240).''' [[Fayil:HotspotsSRP_update2013.JPG|thumb|Yanayin hotspot na Yellowstone a tsawon lokaci. Lambobin suna nuna miliyoyin shekaru kafin yanzu.]] [[Fayil:Toba_overview.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tafkin Toba, shafin yanar gizon fashewar VEI 8 c. shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata]] [[Fayil:Long_Valley_Caldera_cross_section.gif|right|thumb|Sashe na ƙetare ta hanyar Long Valley Caldera]] Supervolcanoes suna samuwa ne lokacin da '''magma''' daga cikin '''mantle''' ya tashi zuwa cikin '''ɓawon Duniya (crust)''', amma ya kasa huda ya fito ta cikinsa. Sai matsa lamba ta ci gaba da taruwa a cikin wani babban tafkin magma da ke ƙara girma, har sai ɓawon Duniya ya kasa ɗaukar wannan matsa lamba, sannan ya tsage ko ya fashe.. Wannan na iya faruwa a wuraren da ake kira '''hotspots''' (misali, '''Yellowstone Caldera''') ko kuma a '''wuraren da faranti na tectonic ke nutsewa ƙarƙashin juna (subduction zones)''', kamar '''Toba'''., <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wotzlaw |first=Jörn-Frederik |last2=Bindeman |first2=Ilya N. |last3=Watts |first3=Kathryn E. |last4=Schmitt |first4=Axel K. |last5=Caricchi |first5=Luca |last6=Schaltegger |first6=Urs |date=September 2014 |title=Linking rapid magma reservoir assembly and eruption trigger mechanisms at evolved Yellowstone-type supervolcanoes |journal=Geology |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=807–810 |bibcode=2014Geo....42..807W |doi=10.1130/g35979.1 |issn=1943-2682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budd |first=David A. |last2=Troll |first2=Valentin R. |last3=Deegan |first3=Frances M. |last4=Jolis |first4=Ester M. |last5=Smith |first5=Victoria C. |last6=Whitehouse |first6=Martin J. |last7=Harris |first7=Chris |last8=Freda |first8=Carmela |last9=Hilton |first9=David R. |last10=Halldórsson |first10=Sæmundur A. |last11=Bindeman |first11=Ilya N. |date=25 January 2017 |title=Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017NatSR...740624B |doi=10.1038/srep40624 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5264179 |pmid=28120860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban fashewar dutsen wuta kuma galibi ana danganta shi da manyan larduna masu zafi, wanda zai iya rufe manyan wurare tare da laka da toka na dutsen wuta. Wadannan na iya haifar da [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]] na dogon lokaci (kamar [[Lokacin hunturu na dutsen wuta|haifar da ƙaramin zamanin kankara]]) da kuma barazana ga jinsunan da suka lalace. Rushewar Oruanui na Dutsen Taupō na New Zealand (kimanin shekaru 25,600 da suka gabata) shine fashewar VEI-8 mafi kwanan nan a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=C. J. N. |author-link=Colin J. N. Wilson |year=2001 |title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_2001-12_112_1-4/page/133 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=112 |issue=1–4 |pages=133–174 |bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6}}</ref> == Kalmomin == An fara amfani da kalmar "supervolcano" a cikin mahallin dutsen wuta a cikin 1949.<ref name="supervolcano, n.2">[http://oed.com/view/Entry/311217 ''supervolcano, n.''] Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.</ref><ref name="Byers Jr. 3252">{{cite journal |last=Byers Jr. |first=F. M. |date=May 1949 |title=Review of ''The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon'', by H. Williams |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-geology_1949-05_57_3/page/325 |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=325 |doi=10.1086/625620 |jstor=30058772}}</ref>bayanin kula 1] Asalinsa ya kasance a farkon karni na 20 na muhawara ta kimiyya game da tarihin ilimin ƙasa da siffofin yankin Three Sisters na [[Oregon]] a Amurka. A cikin 1925, Edwin T. Hodge ya ba da shawarar cewa babban dutsen wuta, wanda ya kira Dutsen Multnomah, ya wanzu a wannan yankin. [Littafi na 1]Ya yi imanin cewa tsaunuka da yawa a yankin 'yan uwa mata uku sun kasance ragowar Dutsen Multnomah bayan an lalata shi da yawa ta hanyar fashewar dutsen wuta, kamar Dutsen Mazama.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2000 |title=Supervolcanoes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>[https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061306/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html|date=4 February 2012}}. Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 18 November 2011.</ref>A cikin littafinsa na 1948 The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon, masanin dutsen wuta Howel Williams ya yi watsi da yiwuwar wanzuwar Dutsen Multnomah, amma a cikin 1949 wani masanin dutse, F. M. Byers Jr., ya sake nazarin littafin, kuma a cikin bita, Byers yana nufin Dutsen Mult Nomah a matsayin "babban dutsen wuta". <ref name="supervolcano, n.">[http://oed.com/view/Entry/311217 ''supervolcano, n.''] Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.</ref> <ref name="Byers Jr. 325">{{Cite journal |last=Byers Jr. |first=F. M. |date=May 1949 |title=Review of ''The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon'', by H. Williams |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-geology_1949-05_57_3/page/n86 |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=325 |doi=10.1086/625620 |jstor=30058772}}</ref> Fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan da aka buga bita na Byers, kalmar supervolcano ta shahara da shirin talabijin na kimiyya na [[BBC]] Horizon a cikin 2000, yana nufin fashewar da ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2000 |title=Supervolcanoes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar ''megacaldera'' a wasu lokuta don manyan tsaunuka masu fashewa, kamar Blake River Megacaldera Complex a cikin Abitibi greenstone belt na Ontario da [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=V. |last2=Daigneault |first2=R. |date=January 2009 |title=An Archean megacaldera complex: The Blake River Group, Abitibi greenstone belt |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926808001897 |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=168 |issue=1–2 |pages=66–82 |bibcode=2009PreR..168...66P |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2008.03.009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake babu ƙayyadadden girman fashewa don "supervolcano", akwai aƙalla nau'ikan fashewar dutsen da aka gano a matsayin supervolcanoes: [[Babban lardin wuta|manyan larduna masu cin wuta]] da manyan fashewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=S.E. |date=2010 |title=The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40259/1/c40259.pdf |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=207–229 |bibcode=2010ESRv..102..207B |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001}}</ref> == Manyan larduna masu cin wuta == [[Fayil:Flood_Basalt_Map.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Taswirar manyan larduna masu cike da ambaliyar ruwa a duk duniya]] Manyan larduna masu zafi, kamar su Iceland, Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps, da Ontong Java Plateau, yankuna ne masu yawa na basalts a kan sikelin nahiyar da ya haifar da fashewar ambaliyar basalt. Lokacin da aka halicce su, waɗannan yankuna galibi suna da murabba'in kilomita kuma suna da ƙididdiga a kan tsari na miliyoyin cubic kilomita. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana shimfiɗa lavas sama da shekaru miliyoyin. Suna fitar da iskar gas mai yawa. Yankin Réunion ya samar da Deccan Traps kimanin shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata, daidai da taron lalacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene. &nbsp;Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ita ce [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|Tasirin asteroid]] shine dalilin abin da ya faru, amma aikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na iya haifar da damuwa game da muhalli a kan jinsunan da suka wanzu har zuwa iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keller |first=G |date=2014 |title=Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect? |journal=Geological Society of America Special Papers |volume=505 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1130/2014.2505(03) |isbn=978-0-8137-2505-5}}</ref> Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi la'akari da cewa dutsen wuta a kusa da Deccan Traps na iya karfafawa ta hanyar tasirin Chicxulub, wanda zai kasance kusa da maɓallin antipodal na Traps a wannan lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, babban abin da ya faru na ambaliyar ruwa (Siberian Traps) ya faru kusan shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata kuma ya dace da mafi girman halaka a tarihi, taron halaka na Permian-Triassic, kodayake ba a san ko shi ne kawai ke da alhakin halaka.&nbsp; Irin wannan ruwan ba fashewa ba ne, kodayake maɓuɓɓugar lava na iya faruwa. Yawancin masu ilimin dutsen wuta suna la'akari da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] a matsayin babban lardin da ake samu a halin yanzu. Babban zubar da ruwa na ƙarshe ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1783-84 daga rami na Laki, wanda ke da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|40|km|mi}} (25 tsawo. An kiyasta km3 cu na dutsen basaltic an zuba shi a lokacin fashewar (VEI 4). The Ontong Java Plateau has an area of about {{Convert|2000000|km2|sqmi}}, and the province was at least 50% larger before the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus broke away. == Babban fashewar fashewa == Ana rarraba fashewar dutsen wuta ta amfani da ƙididdigar fashewar wuta. Yana da sikelin logarithmic, kuma karuwar daya a cikin lambar VEI daidai yake da karuwar sau goma a cikin girman kayan fashewa. VEI 7 ko VEI 8 fashewa suna da ƙarfi sosai cewa sau da yawa suna samar da calderas na zagaye maimakon [[Dutsen wuta|cones]] saboda janyewar magma zuwa ƙasa yana haifar da dutsen da ke sama ya rushe cikin ɗakin magma mara amfani a ƙarƙashinsa. === Sanannun manyan fashewa === Dangane da ƙididdigar da ba ta cika ba, an gano aƙalla fashewar VEI 8 60.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=BG |first=Mason |date=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-volcanology_2004-12_66_8/page/735 |journal=Bull Volcanol |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="whitespace:no-wrap" |+Well-known VEI 8 eruptions !Name !Zone !Location ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! data-sort-type="number" |Years ago (approx.) ! data-sort-type="number" |Ejecta bulk volume (approx.) ! class="unsortable" |Reference |- |Los Chocoyos eruption |Atitlán Caldera, Sololá |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] | | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|86,500|75,000–98,000}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,220&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cisneros de León |first=Alejandro |last2=Schindlbeck-Belo |first2=Julie C. |last3=Kutterolf |first3=Steffen |last4=Danišík |first4=Martin |last5=Schmitt |first5=Axel K. |last6=Freundt |first6=Armin |last7=Pérez |first7=Wendy |last8=Harvey |first8=Janet C. |last9=Wang |first9=Kuo-Lung |last10=Lee |first10=Hao-Yang |date=2021 |title=A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jqs.3265 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=169–179 |bibcode=2021JQS....36..169C |doi=10.1002/jqs.3265 |issn=1099-1417}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baudry |first=Alec |last2=Singer |first2=Brad S. |last3=Jicha |first3=Brian |last4=Jilly-Rehak |first4=Christine E. |last5=Vazquez |first5=Jorge A. |last6=Keller |first6=C. Brenhin |date=2024-10-01 |title=A Bayesian age from dispersed plagioclase and zircon dates in the Los Chocoyos ash, Central America |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X24002590 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=643 |bibcode=2024E&PSL.64318826B |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118826 |issn=0012-821X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |[[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|Youngest Toba eruption]] |Toba Caldera, North Sumatra |[[Sumatra]], Indonesia |Produced 439–631 million tons of sulfuric acid. Largest eruption in the last 25 million years. | style="text-align:right;" |74,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|7,600|2,800–13,200&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>}} |<ref name="sci">{{Cite journal |last=Petraglia |first=M. |last2=Korisettar |first2=R. |last3=Boivin |first3=N. |last4=Clarkson |first4=C. |last5=Ditchfield |first5=P. |last6=Jones |first6=S. |last7=Koshy |first7=J. |last8=Lahr |first8=M. M. |last9=Oppenheimer |first9=C. |last10=Pyle |first10=D. |last11=Roberts |first11=R. |last12=Schwenninger |first12=J.-L. |last13=Arnold |first13=L. |last14=White |first14=K. |display-authors=8 |year=2007 |title=Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/era/2117 |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5834 |pages=114–116 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..114P |doi=10.1126/science.1141564 |pmid=17615356 |s2cid=20380351 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Knight, M.D. 1986, p. 10,355">{{Cite journal |last=Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. |year=1986 |title=Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=91 |issue=B10 |pages=10355–10382 |bibcode=1986JGR....9110355K |doi=10.1029/JB091iB10p10355}}</ref><ref name="Ninkovich, D. 1978, pp. 286–298">{{Cite journal |last=Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T. |year=1978 |title=The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool |journal=Bulletin Volcanologique |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=286–298 |bibcode=1978BVol...41..286N |doi=10.1007/BF02597228 |s2cid=128626019}}</ref><ref name="geo.mtu.edu">{{Cite journal |last=Rose, W.I. |last2=Chesner, C.A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geology |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=913–917 |bibcode=1987Geo....15..913R |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0091-7613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617032134/http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Williams, M.A.J. 1982, pp. 139–162">{{Cite journal |last=Williams, M.A.J. |last2=Royce, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1982 |title=Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/palaeogeography-palaeoclimatology-palaeoecology_1982-07_38_3-4/page/139 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |page=139 |bibcode=1982PPP....38..139W |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3}}</ref><ref name="Costa">{{Cite journal |last=Antonio Costa |last2=Victoria C. Smith |last3=Giovanni Macedonio |last4=Naomi E. Matthews |date=2014 |title=The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=2 |page=16 |bibcode=2014FrEaS...2...16C |doi=10.3389/feart.2014.00016 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Jiamei |last2=Abbott |first2=Peter M. |last3=Sigl |first3=Michael |last4=Steffensen |first4=Jørgen P. |last5=Mulvaney |first5=Robert |last6=Severi |first6=Mirko |last7=Svensson |first7=Anders |date=2023 |title=Bipolar ice-core records constrain possible dates and global radiative forcing following the ~74 ka Toba eruption |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=312 |bibcode=2023QSRv..31208162L |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Flat Landing Brook Formation |Tetagouche Group |New Brunswick, Canada |Possibly the largest known supereruption. Existence as a single eruption is controversial, and it could have been a multiple 2,000+ km<sup>3</sup> event that spanned less than a million years | style="text-align:right;" |466,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|7,000|2,000–12,000&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexique du substrat rocheux |url=http://dnr-mrn.gnb.ca/Lexicon/Lexicon/Lexicon_View.aspx?UnitId=137 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=dnr-mrn.gnb.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A mid-Darriwilian super volcano in northern New Brunswick, rapid climate change and the start of the great Ordovician biodiversification event |url=http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212184601/http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=11 November 2023 |pages=118–119}}</ref> |- |Wah Wah Springs Caldera |Indian Peak–Caliente Caldera Complex |[[Utah]], United States |The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex eruptions, preserved as the Wah Wah Springs Tuff; includes pyroclastic flows more than {{Convert|500|m|ft}} thick | style="text-align:right;" |30,600,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|5,700|5,500–5,900&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tingey |first=David G. |last2=Hart |first2=Garret L. |last3=Gromme |first3=Sherman |last4=Deino |first4=Alan L. |last5=Christiansen |first5=Eric H. |last6=Best |first6=Myron G. |date=1 August 2013 |title=The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions |journal=Geosphere |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=864–950 |bibcode=2013Geosp...9..864B |doi=10.1130/GES00902.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="geology.com">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Hobart M. |title=Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption |url=https://geology.com/stories/13/volcanic-explosivity-index/ |website=Geology.com}}</ref> |- |La Garita Caldera |San Juan volcanic field |[[Colorado]], United States |Fish Canyon eruption | style="text-align:right;" |27,800,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,000&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ort |first=Michael |date=22 September 1997 |title=La Garita Caldera |url=http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519165154/http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |access-date=5 August 2010 |publisher=[[Northern Arizona University]]}}</ref><ref name="Lipman">{{Cite journal |last=Lipman |first=Peter W. |date=2 November 2007 |title=Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |url-status=live |series=USGS Investigations Series I-2799 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831221119/http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |archive-date=31 August 2010 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> |- |Grey's Landing Supereruption |Yellowstone hotspot |United States |Deposited the Grey's Landing Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |8,720,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,800&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref name="New">{{Cite journal |last=Knott |first=Thomas |last2=Branney |first2=M. |last3=Reichow |first3=Marc |last4=Finn |first4=David |last5=Tapster |first5=Simon |last6=Coe |first6=Robert |date=June 2020 |title=Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341810855 |journal=Geology |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=934–938 |bibcode=2020Geo....48..934K |doi=10.1130/G47384.1 |access-date=21 June 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |La Pacana |Andes Central Volcanic Zone |Chile |Responsible for the Antana Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |4,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,500&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref name="Lindsay2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsay |first=J. M. |date=1 March 2001 |title=Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=459–486 |bibcode=2001JPet...42..459L |doi=10.1093/petrology/42.3.459 |issn=0022-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Huckleberry Ridge eruption |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Huckleberry Ridge Tuff; consisted of three distinct eruptions separated by years to decades | style="text-align:right;" |2,100,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|2,475|2,450–2,500&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>}} |<ref name="largeeruptions" /><ref name="usgs.gov">{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-supervolcano-what-a-supereruption |publisher=USGS}}</ref> |- |Whakamaru Caldera |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra | style="text-align:right;" |340,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,000&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Froggatt |first=P. C. |last2=Nelson, C. S. |last3=Carter, L. |last4=Griggs, G. |last5=Black, K. P. |date=13 February 1986 |title=An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-02-13_319_6054/page/n75 |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue=6054 |pages=578–582 |bibcode=1986Natur.319..578F |doi=10.1038/319578a0 |s2cid=4332421 |quote=The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km<sup>3</sup> but probably nearer 2,000 km<sup>3</sup>, ...}}</ref> |- |Heise Volcanic Field |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Kilgore Tuff | style="text-align:right;" |4,500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,800&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref name="Morgan">{{Cite journal |last=Lisa A. Morgan |last2=William C. McIntosh |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-society-of-america-bulletin_march-april-2005_117_3-4/page/288 |journal=GSA Bulletin |volume=117 |issue=3–4 |pages=288–306 |bibcode=2005GSAB..117..288M |doi=10.1130/B25519.1 |s2cid=53648675}}</ref> |- |McMullen Supereruption |Yellowstone hotspot |Southern [[Idaho]], United States |McMullen Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |8,990,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,700&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref name="New" /> |- |Heise Volcanic Field |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Blacktail Tuff | style="text-align:right;" |6,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,500&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref name="Morgan" /> |- |Cerro Guacha |Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex |Sur Lípez, Bolivia |Guacha ignimbrite, two smaller eruptions identified | style="text-align:right;" |5,700,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,300&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salisbury |first=M. J. |last2=Jicha |first2=B. R. |last3=de Silva |first3=S. L. |last4=Singer |first4=B. S. |last5=Jimenez |first5=N. C. |last6=Ort |first6=M. H. |date=21 December 2010 |title=40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1481932 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=123 |issue=5–6 |pages=821–840 |bibcode=2011GSAB..123..821S |doi=10.1130/B30280.1}}</ref> |- |Mangakino Caldera |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Kidnappers eruption | style="text-align:right;" |1,080,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,200&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> | |- |Oruanui eruption |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Taupō Volcano (Lake Taupō) | style="text-align:right;" |26,500 | style="text-align:right;" |1,170&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=C. J. N |date=1 December 2001 |title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027301002396 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=133–174 |bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6 |issn=0377-0273 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |Galán |Andes Central Volcanic Zone |Catamarca, Argentina |Consisted of three distinct eruptions, separated by 30-40 thousand years | style="text-align:right;" |2,500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,050&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Suzanne Mahlburg |last2=Coira |first2=Beatriz |last3=Wörner |first3=Gerhard |last4=Kay |first4=Robert W. |last5=Singer |first5=Bradley S. |date=1 December 2011 |title=Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1487–1511 |bibcode=2011BVol...73.1487K |doi=10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7 |issn=1432-0819 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> |- |Lava Creek eruption |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]], United States |Lava Creek Tuff; consisted of two distinct eruptions separated by years | style="text-align:right;" |640,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,000&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> |<ref name="usgs.gov" /><ref name="geology.com" /> |} == Bayyanawar kafofin watsa labarai == * Nova ta nuna wani labari "Mystery of the Megavolcano" a watan Satumbar 2006 yana nazarin irin wannan fashewa a cikin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. * Supervolcano shine taken fim din bala'in talabijin na Burtaniya da Kanada, wanda aka fara fitarwa a shekarar 2005. Yana ba da labarin almara game da wani supereruption a Yellowstone . * A cikin fim din bala'i na shekara ta ''2012'', wani babban fashewar Yellowstone yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bala'in duniya. * Labarin siyasa na <nowiki><i id="mwAj0">Aljanna</i></nowiki> na 2025 ya faru ne bayan fashewar wani dutse mai ban mamaki na [[Antatika|Antarctic]] da kuma megatsunami na gaba, wanda ya sa Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da sauran fitattun mutane su koma wani birni na karkashin kasa a [[Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title='Paradise' Solves Some Mysteries (and Sets More Up) In Episode 7 |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a63936913/paradise-episode-7-twists-explained/ |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Taupo.Volcanic.Zone.North.Island.NZ.JPG|Volcano, lake, and caldera locations in the Taupō Volcanic Zone </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Global catastrophic risk - Hadarin bala'i na duniya * Timeline of volcanism on Earth * Toba catastrophe theory - Babban fashewar dutse shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata a IndonesiaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Volcanic winter - Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin zafi wanda ya haifar da fashewar dutse == Bayani ==   == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Mason, Ben G. |last2=Pyle, David M. |last3=Oppenheimer, Clive |year=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-volcanology_2004-12_66_8/page/735 |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Timmreck |first=C. |last2=Graf, H.-F. |year=2006 |title=The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35–49 |bibcode=2006ACP.....6...35T |doi=10.5194/acp-6-35-2006 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sv1xm0rwamuejs9vegd6nzov67lh2f7 Catherina Becker 0 165539 967374 954343 2026-10-13T22:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Catherina Gwynne Becker''' (née Krüger) farfesa ce ta W3 a fannin Ci gaban Jijiyoyi da Sabunta Jijiyoyi Alexander von Humboldt Farfesa a TU Dresden, <ref name="AvH">{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Alexander-von-Humboldt Professorship |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/explore/newsroom/press-releases/top-international-scientists-to-strengthen-research-work-in-germany |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=AvH press releases |publisher=Alexander von Humboldt Foundation}}</ref> kuma a da ita ce Farfesa a fannin Ci gaban Jijiyoyi da Sabunta Jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Edinburgh.<ref name="Becker Group">{{Cite web |last=Becker |first=Catherina |title=Beckers' group |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/discovery-brain-sciences/our-staff/research-groups/becker-group |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=Discovery Brain Science |publisher=University of Edinburgh}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Catherine Becker a Marburg, Jamus a shekarar 1964. Ta yi karatu a {{Interlanguage link|Kippenberg Gymnasium|de|Kippenberg-Gymnasium}} a [[Bremen]], kafin ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Bremen inda ta sami digiri na MSci a fannin ilmin halittu da kuma digirin digirgir (Dr. rer. nat.) a shekarar 1993, inda ta binciki ci gaban tsarin gani da sake farfaɗowa a cikin kwaɗi da salamanders a ƙarƙashin kulawar Gerhard Roth . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=C. G. |last2=Becker |first2=T. |last3=Roth |first3=G. |date=1993 |title=Distribution of NCAM-180 and polysialic acid in the developing tectum mesencephali of the frog Discoglossus pictus and the salamander Pleurodeles waltl. |url=https://archive.org/details/cell-and-tissue-research_1993-05_272_2/page/289 |journal=Cell and Tissue Research |volume=272 |issue=2 |pages=289–301 |doi=10.1007/BF00302734 |pmid=8513482 |s2cid=21421453}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T. |last2=Becker |first2=C. G. |last3=Niemann |first3=U. |last4=Naujoks-Manteuffel |first4=C. |last5=Gerardy-Schahn |first5=R. |last6=Roth |first6=G. |date=1993 |title=Amphibian-specific regulation of polysialic acid and the neural cell adhesion molecule in development and regeneration of the retinotectal system of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl. |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=336 |issue=4 |pages=532–544 |doi=10.1002/cne.903360406 |pmid=8245224 |s2cid=40389071}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi horo a matsayin mai digirin digirgir a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Switzerland da ke Zürich, wanda wani shiri na dogon lokaci na EMBO ya dauki nauyinsa, Sashen Dev Cell Biol a Jami'ar California, Irvine a Amurka wanda Gidauniyar Bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ta dauki nauyinsa, da Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halittar Jijiyoyin Jini ta Hamburg (ZMNH), Jamus, inda ta dauki matsayin shugabar rukuni a shekarar 2000 kuma ta kammala karatunta na "Habilitation" a fannin Neurobiology a shekarar 2004 wanda DFG Habilitation Fellowship ta dauki nauyinsa. == Sana'a == Becker ya shiga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 2005 a matsayin Babban Malami kuma an naɗa shi shugabar ci gaban jijiyoyi da sake farfaɗo da su a shekarar 2013. Ta kuma kasance Daraktar Horar da Masu Digiri na Biyu a Cibiyar Farfado da Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi har zuwa 2015, sannan ta zama daraktar cibiyar har zuwa 2017. <ref name="Becker Group" /> A shekarar 2021 ta sami matsayin Farfesa na Alexander von Humboldt, inda ta shiga {{Interlanguage link|Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden|de}} <ref name="Becker Group CRTD">{{Cite web |last=Becker |first=Catherina |title=Becker Group CRTD |url=https://tu-dresden.de/cmcb/crtd/forschungsgruppen/crtd-forschungsgruppen/becker |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=CRTD |publisher=TU Dresden}}</ref> a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden . An zaɓe ta a matsayin Darakta a [https://tu-dresden.de/cmcb Cibiyar Injiniyan Kwayoyin Halitta da Kwayoyin Halitta] a shekarar 2024. == Bincike == Binciken Becker ya mayar da hankali kan fahimtar abubuwan da ke jagorantar samar da jijiyoyi da kuma gano hanyoyin gano hanyoyin axonal a cikin CNS yayin haɓakawa da sake farfaɗowa ta amfani da samfurin zebrafish don gano mahimman hanyoyin a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu kashin baya waɗanda ke da tasirin fassara bayyanannu ga raunin CNS da cututtukan neurodegenerative. <ref name="Becker Projects"> {{Cite web |title=Beckers' Projects |url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/search.html |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=Edinburgh Research Explorer |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}} </ref> Ƙungiyar Becker ta kafa kifin zebra a matsayin samfurin sake farfaɗo da kashin baya. <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Thomas |last2=Wullimann |first2=Mario F. |last3=Becker |first3=Catherina G. |last4=Bernhardt |first4=Robert R. |last5=Schachner |first5=Melitta |year=1997 |title=Axonal regrowth after spinal cord transection in adult zebrafish |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=377 |issue=4 |pages=577–595 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970127)377:4<577::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-# |pmid=9007194 |s2cid=196584792}} </ref> Bincikensu ya gano cewa sake farfaɗowar aiki kusan cikakke ne, amma gyaran jiki ba ya sake farfaɗo da hanyar sadarwa ta baya gaba ɗaya, maimakon haka, ana samar da sabbin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi kuma ana sake haɗa su sosai. <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Reimer |first3=M M |date=2008 |title=Motor neuron regeneration in adult zebrafish |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=20 |issue=34 |pages=8510–6 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1189-08.2008 |pmc=6671064 |pmid=18716209 |s2cid=}} </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Reimer |first3=M M |date=2009 |title=Sonic hedgehog is a polarized signal for motor neuron regeneration in adult zebrafish |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2009-12-02_29_48/page/15073 |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=29 |issue=48 |pages=15073–82 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4748-09.2009 |pmc=2841428 |pmid=19955358 |s2cid=}} </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Kuscha |first3=V |date=2012 |title=Plasticity of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonergic systems in the regenerating spinal cord of adult zebrafish |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8246269/Plasticity_of_tyrosine_hydroxylase_and_serotonergic_systems_in_the_regenerating_spinal_cord_of_adult_zebrafish.pdf |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=520 |issue=5 |pages=933–51 |doi=10.1002/cne.22739 |pmid=21830219 |s2cid=1462095}} </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Kuscha |first3=V |date=2012 |title=Lesion-induced generation of interneuron cell types in specific dorsoventral domains in the spinal cord of adult zebrafish |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8246288/Lesion_induced_generation_of_interneuron_cell_types_in_specific_dorsoventral_domains_in_the_spinal_cord_of_adult_zebrafish.pdf |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=520 |issue=16 |pages=3604–16 |doi=10.1002/cne.23115 |pmid=22473852 |s2cid=13184342 |hdl-access=free}} </ref> Sun gano siginar neurotransmitter a matsayin wata hanya da ke haifar da sake farfaɗo da jijiyoyin jini. <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Reimer |first3=M M |date=2013 |title=Dopamine from the brain promotes spinal motor neuron generation during development and adult regeneration |journal=Developmental Cell |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=478–491 |doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.012 |pmid=23707737 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}} </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Barreiro-Iglesias |first3=A |date=2015 |title=Serotonin Promotes Development and Regeneration of Spinal Motor Neurons in Zebrafish |journal=Cell Reports |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=924–932 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.050 |pmc=4635313 |pmid=26565906 |s2cid=}} </ref> Kwanan nan, sun kafa tsarin sake farfaɗo da tsutsotsi inda za a iya gabatar da cire ƙwayoyin halitta masu zaɓi sosai <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Ohnmacht |first3=J |date=2016 |title=Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after mechanical lesion and genetic ablation in larval zebrafish |journal=Development |volume=143 |issue=9 |pages=577–95 |doi=10.1242/dev.129155 |pmc=4986163 |pmid=26965370 |s2cid=11840634}} </ref> kuma za a iya nazarin ƙa'idodin gyara aiki, sake farfaɗo da jijiyoyin jini da sake haɗa su. <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Wehner |first3=D |date=2017 |title=Wnt signaling controls pro-regenerative Collagen XII in functional spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=126 |bibcode=2017NatCo...8..126W |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00143-0 |pmc=5526933 |pmid=28743881 |s2cid=26098327 |doi-access=free}} </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=T |last2=Becker |first2=C.G. |last3=Tsarouchas |first3=T.M. |date=2018 |title=Dynamic control of proinflammatory cytokines Il-1β and Tnf-α by macrophages in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=4670 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.4670T |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07036-w |pmc=6220182 |pmid=30405119 |s2cid=53207557 |doi-access=free}} </ref> Wannan tsarin yana da sauƙin daidaitawa, yana ba da damar yin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta cikin sauri don gyara ƙashin baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keatinge |first=M |last2=Tsarouchas |first2=T.M. |last3=Munir |first3=T |last4=Larraz |first4=J |last5=Gianni |first5=D |last6=Tsai |first6=H |last7=Becker |first7=C.G. |last8=Lyons |first8=D.A. |last9=Becker |first9=T |date=2021 |title=CRISPR gRNA phenotypic screening in zebrafish reveals pro-regenerative genes in spinal cord injury |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=17 |issue=4 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.04.03.023119 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1009515 |pmid=33914736 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Catherine Becker tana cikin kwamitin zartarwa na ƙungiyar [[European Zebrafish Society|Zebrafish Society ta Turai]] EZB eV kuma tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙungiyar International Society for Regenerative Biology ISRB. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board |url=https://www.ezsociety.org/board |website=European Zebrafish Society}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Advisory Board |url=https://internationalsocietyforregenerativebiology.org/advisory-board/ |website=International Society for Regenerative Biology}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7qrj9ot1l9c9axs2a23iex4wjp0pld3 Rashin son kai 0 167979 967300 955750 2026-10-13T21:14:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anti-individualism (wanda aka fi sani da content externalism) wata hanya ce ta Ma'anar harshe a [[Falsafa|falsafar]], <ref name="Mckinsey">{{Cite journal |last=Mckinsey |first=Michael |date=January 1991 |title=Anti-Individualism and Privileged Access |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/MCKAAP.pdf |journal=Analysis |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |doi=10.1093/analys/51.1.9 |jstor=3328625}}</ref> falsafar ilimin halayyar dan adam, <ref name="Macdonald">{{Cite book|last3=Cynthia Macdonald (philosopher)}}</ref> da ilimin harshe. Masu goyon baya da ke jayayya da adawa da mutum a cikin waɗannan yankuna suna da ra'ayi ɗaya cewa abin da ya zama kamar na ciki ga mutum ya dogara da [[Yanayin zamantakewa]], don haka sanin kai, niyya, tunani da Darajar ɗabi'a ana iya ganin su ta hanyar abubuwan da ke waje da mutum. Sanford Goldberg da sauran masu tunani kamar Hilary Putnam da Tyler Burge sun goyi bayan matsayin.<ref name="burge">{{Cite journal |last=Burge |first=Tyler |date=November 2003 |title=Social Anti-Individualism, Objective Reference |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-and-phenomenological-research_2003-11_67_3/page/682 |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=682–690 |doi=10.1111/j.1933-1592.2003.tb00316.x}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tattaunawar ilimi da ke tattauna da adawa da mutum a matsayin matsayi mai ma'ana ya fara ne tare da Tyler Burge na 1988 Individualism and Self-Knowledge <ref name="Burge2">{{Cite journal |last=Burge |first=Tyler |date=November 1988 |title=Individualism and Self-Knowledge |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1007312.files/Week%2013/burge%20individualism.pdf |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |volume=85 |issue=11 |pages=649–663 |doi=10.5840/jphil1988851112 |access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> yana da tasiri sosai. A ciki, Burge ya fara jayayya don iyakantaccen yarjejeniya tare da tsarin Cartesian na sanin kai a matsayin mai iko, amma kuma ya nuna cewa ilimin sanin kai ba koyaushe ba ne cikakke, yana ba da damar keɓancewar tunani ya samo asali daga abubuwan waje na muhalli da kuma yanayin ciki na sanin kai kamar yadda har yanzu ake ganowa: "Wani mutum zai iya sanin abin da abubuwan tunani suke kuma duk da haka bai san mu abubuwan da suka dace ba game da yanayin yanayin yanayinmu ba".<ref name="Burge2" /> Michael McKinsey ya gina a kan wannan a cikin 1991 yana tattauna ra'ayin Burge a cikin takarda Anti-Individualism and Privileged Access [1] yana jayayya cewa babu wata takardar shaidar ga wani yanayi mai zurfi (watau, samun dama) kuma cewa akwai yanayin tunani mai zurfi kamar yadda yanayin mutum na tunani ya rinjayi. Anthony Brueckner sa'an nan kuma ya tambayi yadda McKinsey ya dauka a kan Burge kuma McKinsey ta amsa a cikin Amincewa da Sakamakon Anti-individualism.[2] Yawancin rubutun da aka samu a cikin Hilary Putnam's The Twin Earth Chronicles ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ayyukan farko na ma'ana don tsarin ma'anar ma'anar mutum. == Dubi kuma == * Kasuwanci na waje == Manazarta == 831u5qokopqt3iks6bkfnzml9uc3zdq Dokokin Ƙwallon ƙafar Australia 0 168496 967376 957827 2026-10-13T22:25:34Z Nura Bello 24854 967376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Australian rules football ko Aussie rules, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the AFL: Australian Football (Official title of the code) |url=http://www.afl.com.au/afl-hq/the-afl-explained/about-the-afl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063621/http://www.afl.com.au/afl-hq/the-afl-explained/about-the-afl |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=20 June 2017 |publisher=Australian Football League}}</ref> kuma an san shi kawai da Australian football, '''kwallon kafa''' ko footy a Australia, wasa ne na tuntuɓar da aka buga tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa 18 a filin oval, sau da yawa filin wasan cricket mai canzawa. Ana samun maki ta hanyar kifar da Kwallon oval tsakanin tsakiya na tsakiya (wanda ya cancanci maki shida), ko kuma tsakanin tsakiya da waje (wanda ya dace da maki ɗaya, in ba haka ba an san shi da "baya"). A lokacin wasa na gaba ɗaya, 'yan wasa na iya sanya kansu a ko'ina a filin wasa kuma su yi amfani da kowane ɓangare na jikinsu don motsa kwallon. Hanyoyin farko sune kiɗa, handballing, da gudu tare da kwallon. Akwai dokoki game da yadda za'a iya sarrafa kwallon; alal misali, 'yan wasan da ke gudana tare da kwallon dole ne su yi tsalle-tsalle ko su taɓa shi a ƙasa. Ba a yarda da jefa kwallon ba, kuma dole ne 'yan wasa ba su kama su rike kwallon ba. Wani fasalin wasan shine alama, inda 'yan wasa a ko'ina a filin da suka kama kwallon daga tsalle (tare da takamaiman yanayi) ana ba su kyauta ba tare da cikas ba.[1] Samun kwallon yana cikin jayayya a kowane lokaci sai dai idan aka biya kyauta ko alama. 'Yan wasan na iya magance ta amfani da hannayensu ko amfani da dukkan jikinsu don hana abokan adawar. Haɗarin haɗari na jiki (kamar tura abokin hamayyar a baya), tsoma baki yayin yin alama, da kuma jinkirta wasan da gangan ana hana su tare da kicks kyauta, azabtarwa ta nesa, ko dakatar da wasu wasannin dangane da tsananin keta doka. Wasan yana nuna gasa ta jiki akai-akai, alama mai ban sha'awa, saurin motsi na 'yan wasa da kwallon, da kuma babban ci. Asalin wasanni za a iya gano shi ne wasannin kwallon kafa da aka buga a [[Melbourne]], Victoria, a cikin shekarun 1858, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta wasannin kwallon kwando na makarantar jama'a ta Ingila. Neman bunkasa wasan da ya fi dacewa da manya da yanayin Australiya, Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne ta buga dokokin farko na dokokin kwallon kafa na Australiya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1859. Ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya yana da mafi yawan masu kallo a duk wasanni a Ostiraliya yayin da Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL), wasan kawai cikakkiyar gasa ta ƙwararru, ita ce ƙungiyar wasanni mafi arziki a ƙasar. AFL Grand Final, wanda aka gudanar a kowace shekara a filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne mai karfin 100,000, shine mafi girman taron zakarun kulob din na kowane lambar kwallon kafa. Ana kuma buga wasan a Matsayin mai son a kasashe da yawa kuma a cikin bambance-bambance da yawa. Hukumar AFL ce ke jagorantar dokokinta tare da shawarar Dokokin Kwamitin Wasanni na AFL. == Suna == Ana kiran kwallon kafa na dokokin Australiya da sunaye da yawa, gami da dokokin Aussie da footy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History website |url=http://www.footy.com.au/dags/FAQ1v1-5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219162755/http://www.footy.com.au/dags/FAQ1v1-5.html |archive-date=19 February 2010 |access-date=19 February 2010 |publisher=Footy.com.au}}</ref> A wasu yankuna, inda wasu [[Ƙwallo|lambobin kwallon kafa]] suka fi shahara, ana kiran wasan "AFL", bayan Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya, yayin da ƙungiyar kanta ke amfani da wannan sunan don gasa ta gida a wasu yankuna. == Tarihi == [[File:Tom_wills_statue.jpg|thumb|Siffar da ke kusa da filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne a kusa da shafin wasan kwallon kafa na 1858 tsakanin Melbourne Grammar da [[Kwalejin Scotch, Melbourne|Kwalejin Scotch]]. An nuna Tom Wills yana yanke hukunci a bayan matasa 'yan wasa biyu da ke fafatawa da kwallon. Alamar ta karanta cewa Wills "ya yi fiye da kowane mutum - a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da umpire, marubucin dokoki da mai gabatar da wasan - don haɓaka Dokokin Ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya a cikin shekaru goma na farko".]] An buga nau'ikan kwallon kafa na farko a cikin yankunan Australiya a farkon rabin karni na 19. Idan aka kwatanta da [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] da tseren doki, masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin sun dauki kwallon kafa a matsayin " nishaɗi" kawai, kuma yayin da ba a san komai game da waɗannan wasannin farko ba, shaidar ba ta goyi bayan alaƙa da ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya.{{Sfn|Hess|2008}}A Melbourne, a cikin shekara ta 1858, a cikin wani yunkuri wanda zai taimaka wajen tsara dokokin kwallon kafa na Australiya a cikin shekarun da suka fara, makarantun masu zaman kansu (wanda ake kira "makarantu na jama'a" daidai da nomenclature a Ingila) sun fara shirya wasannin kwallon kafa da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar abubuwan da suka gabata a makarantun jama'a na Ingila.{{Sfn|Pennings|2012}}Wasan farko, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 15 ga Yuni, ya kasance tsakanin Melbourne Grammar da St Kilda Grammar.{{Sfn|Pennings|2012}} A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1858, littafin Bell's Life in Victoria da Sporting Chronicle na Melbourne sun buga wata wasika daga Tom Wills, kyaftin din Kungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victoria, yana kira ga kafa "kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa" tare da "dokar dokoki" don kiyaye 'yan wasan ƙwallaye a lokacin hunturu.{{Sfn|de Moore|2011}}An haife shi a Ostiraliya, Wills ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na rugby yayin da yake dalibi a Rugby School a Ingila, kuma ya koma ƙasarsa a matsayin tauraron dan wasa da kuma ɗan wasan crick. Makonni biyu bayan haka, abokiyar Wills, mai wasan crick Jerry Bryant, ya sanya talla don wasan karkace a Richmond Paddock kusa da Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). {{Sfn|Pennings|2012}}Wannan shi ne na farko na "kickabouts" da yawa da aka gudanar a wannan shekarar da suka hada da membobin Melbourne Cricket Club, gami da Wills, Bryant, W. J. Hammersley da J. B. Thompson. An yi amfani da itatuwa a matsayin masu jefa kwallo kuma wasan yawanci ya dauki dukan rana. Ba tare da yarjejeniyar dokokin ba, wasu 'yan wasan suna jagorantar dokoki da suka koya a tsibirin Burtaniya, "wasu ba tare da dokoki ba".{{Sfn|Blainey|2010}}Wani muhimmin abu a shekara ta 1858 shi ne wasan 40-a-gefe da aka buga a karkashin ka'idojin gwaji tsakanin Melbourne Grammar da [[Kwalejin Scotch, Melbourne|Kwalejin Scotch]], wanda aka gudanar a Richmond Paddock . Wills da malamin John Macadam ne suka yanke hukunci, ya fara ne a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta kuma ya ci gaba a ranakun Asabar biyu da suka biyo baya, ya ƙare a zane tare da kowane bangare yana raga daya. Ana tunawa da shi tare da mutum-mutumi a waje da MCG, kuma makarantun biyu tun daga lokacin sun yi gasa a kowace shekara a gasar cin Kofin Cordner-Eggleston, gasar kwallon kafa mafi tsufa a duniya. Tun daga shekarun 1920, an ba da shawarar cewa dokokin kwallon kafa na Australiya na iya samo asali ne daga wasan Irish na Gaelic. Koyaya, babu wata hujja ta tarihi da ke nuna goyon baya ga tasirin Gaelic, kuma salon wasan da aka raba tsakanin lambobin zamani guda biyu ya bayyana a Ostiraliya tun kafin wasan Irish ya samo asali a cikin irin wannan hanya.{{Sfn|Blainey|2010}}{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}Wata ka'ida, da aka fara gabatar da ita a 1983, ta nuna cewa Wills, bayan ya girma tsakanin Aboriginals a Victoria, na iya ganin ko ya buga wasan kwallon Aboriginal na Marn Grook, kuma ya haɗa wasu fasalulluka a cikin farkon dokokin kwallon kafa na Australiya. Akwai kawai shaidar da ta dace cewa ya san game da wasan, kuma bisa ga binciken mai ba da labari Greg de Moore, Wills "kusan kawai ya rinjayi kwarewarsa a Rugby School".{{Sfn|de Moore|2011}} === Dokoki na farko === Kungiyar Melbourne da ba ta da tsari, wacce Wills ya jagoranci, ta buga wasa da sauran masu sha'awar kwallon kafa a cikin hunturu da bazara na shekara ta 1858.{{Sfn|Pennings|2012}}A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, an kafa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne a hukumance, ta sanya ta daya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a duniya. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, Wills, Hammersley, Thompson da malamin Thomas H. Smith sun hadu a kusa da MCG a Otal din Parade, mallakar Bryant, kuma sun tsara dokoki goma: "Dokokin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Melbourne". Waɗannan su ne dokokin da dokokin Australiya suka samo asali daga ƙwallon ƙafa.{{Sfn|Pennings|2012}}Kungiyar ta yi niyyar ƙirƙirar lambar mai sauƙi da ta dace da wuraren wasa masu wuya a kusa da Melbourne, da kuma kawar da bangarorin da suka fi tsanani na wasannin makarantar Ingila - kamar "hacking" (shin-kicking) a cikin kwallon kafa na Rugby School - don rage haɗarin raunin ga maza masu aiki.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}A wani muhimmin tashi daga kwallon kafa na makarantar jama'a ta Ingila, dokokin Melbourne sun watsar da duk wata doka ta waje.{{Sfn|Coventry|2015}}"Sabon lambar ta kasance martani ne game da wasannin makaranta kamar yadda suka rinjayi su", in ji Mark Pennings.{{Sfn|Pennings|2012}}An rarraba dokoki a ko'ina cikin mulkin mallaka; Thompson musamman ya yi yawa don inganta sabon lambar a matsayinsa na ɗan jarida.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}} === Gasar farko a Victoria === [[File:Australianfootball1866.jpg|thumb|Hoton wasan kwallon kafa a Richmond Paddock, 1866. MCG da ɗakinsa na farko suna bayyane a bango, kamar yadda yake da sakonni na farawa, wanda ya fara da sakonni a baya na yau.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}]] Bayan jagorancin Melbourne, Geelong da Jami'ar Melbourne sun kafa kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a 1859.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}Duk da yake yawancin kungiyoyin Victorian na farko sun shiga cikin wasanni guda ɗaya, yawancin ba su riga sun kafa kungiyoyi don gasa ta yau da kullun ba. Kungiyar Kudancin Yarra ta kirkiro dokokinta.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}Don tabbatar da mafi girman dokokin Melbourne, gasar farko ta kulob din a Ostiraliya, Kofin Gwagwarmayar Caledonian Society (1861-64), ya tsara cewa za a yi amfani da dokokin Melbourne kawai.{{Sfn|Pennings|2012}}Kwamitin Wasannin Wasanni (ASC) ya karfafa wannan dokar, wanda ya gudanar da bambancin Kofin Gwagwarmaya a 1865-66.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}Tare da shigarwa daga wasu kungiyoyi, dokoki sun sami ƙananan gyare-gyare da yawa, suna kafa lambar uniform da aka sani da "dokokin Victoria".{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}A shekara ta 1866, an tsara "mulkin Victorian na farko", tsalle-tsalle, a taron wakilan kulob din da H. C. A. Harrison ya jagoranci, wani majagaba mai tasiri wanda ya fara kwallon kafa a shekara ta 1859 a gayyatar Wills, dan uwansa. {{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}{{Sfn|Coventry|2015}} Wasan a wannan lokacin ya kasance mai karewa da ƙarancin ƙwallon ƙafa, an buga shi ƙasa a cikin rikice-rikice na rugby. Wasan da aka saba yi shi ne al'amarin 20-da-gefe, wanda aka buga tare da kwallon da ke da kusan siffar, kuma ya kasance har sai wata kungiya ta zira kwallaye biyu.{{Sfn|Coventry|2015}}Ba a daidaita siffar filin wasa ba; wasannin sau da yawa suna faruwa a wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, mafi mahimmanci Richmond Paddock (Yarra Park), wanda aka sani da filin kwallon kafa na Melbourne.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2009}}Wills ya yi jayayya cewa filin wasan cricket zai amfana daga 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin hunturu, kuma, tun daga farkon 1859, an ba da izinin ƙwallon ƙwallon a kan MCG.{{Sfn|de Moore|2011}}{{Sfn|Hess|2008}}Koyaya, hukumomin wasan kurket akai-akai sun haramta kwallon kafa a filin su har zuwa shekarun 1870, lokacin da suka ga damar samun riba a kan karuwar shahararren wasan. Kwallon ƙafa a hankali ya saba da filin da ke da siffar oval, kuma yawancin filayen a Victoria sun fadada don karɓar manufa biyu - halin da ake ciki wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.{{Sfn|Hess|2008}} === Yaduwa zuwa wasu yankuna === [[File:Intercolonial_Football_Match_1879.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton wasan kwallon kafa na farko tsakanin Victoria da Kudancin Australia, Gabashin Melbourne Cricket Ground, 1879]] An shirya kwallon kafa a Kudancin Australia a 1860 tare da kafa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Adelaide, kungiyar kwallon kafa mafi tsufa a Australia a wajen Victoria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pill |first=Shane |last2=Frost |first2=Lionel |date=17 January 2016 |title=R.E.N. Twopeny and the Establishment of Australian Football in Adelaide |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=797–812 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2016.1173033 |s2cid=147807924}}</ref> Ya kirkiro nasa dokoki, kuma, tare da sauran kungiyoyin da ke [[Adelaide]], sun buga lambobin da yawa har zuwa 1876, lokacin da suka karɓi mafi yawan dokokin Victoria, tare da majagaba na kwallon kafa na Kudancin Australia Charles Kingston yana lura da kamanceceniyarsu da "tsoffin dokokin Adelaide".{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2010}}Hakazalika, kungiyoyin Tasmanian sun yi jayayya game da dokoki daban-daban har sai sun karɓi ɗan gyare-gyare na wasan Victorian a shekara ta 1879.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2010}}Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SAFA), hukumar farko ta wasanni, an kafa ta ne a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1877, tare da kafa dokoki na Victorian a matsayin lambar da aka fi so a wannan mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2010}}Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Victoria (VFA) ta kafa a watan da ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=School of Historical Studies |first=Department of History |title=Victorian Football Association - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online |url=https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01557b.htm |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.emelbourne.net.au |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[File:Carlton_Footballer_George_Coulthard.jpg|thumb|George Coulthard, daya daga cikin 'yan wasa na farko da suka sami shahararren Australiya]] Kungiyoyi sun fara yawon shakatawa a cikin yankuna a ƙarshen shekarun 1870, kuma a cikin 1879 wasan farko na mulkin mallaka ya faru a Melbourne tsakanin Victoria da Kudancin Australia.{{Sfn|Blainey|2010}}A shekara ta 1883, wakilai da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Kudancin Australia, Tasmania, Victoria da Queensland sun hadu don daidaita lambar a duk faɗin Australia.{{Sfn|Hibbins|Ruddell|2010}}Sabbin dokoki kamar rike kwallon sun haifar da "zamanin zinariya" na kwallon kafa mai sauri, mai tsawo da kuma alamar alama a cikin shekarun 1880, lokacin da ya ga 'yan wasa kamar George Coulthard sun sami matsayi, da kuma hauhawar ƙwarewa, musamman a Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya, inda lambar ta kama a lokacin jerin zinariya.{{Sfn|Pennings|2013}}Hakazalika, lokacin da New Zealand ta fuskanci tseren zinariya, wasan ya zo tare da saurin kwararar ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai na Australiya. Yanzu an san shi da dokokin Australiya ko dokokin Australasian, wasan ya zama lambar kwallon kafa ta farko don bunkasa roko na masu kallo, yana jan hankalin masu halartar rikodin duniya don kallon wasanni da samun suna a matsayin "wasan mutane".{{Sfn|Blainey|2010}}{{Sfn|Pennings|2013}} Dokokin kwallon kafa na Australiya sun kai Queensland da New South Wales tun farkon 1866; wasan ya sami rinjaye a cikin tsohon, [1] kuma a cikin ƙarshen, yankuna da yawa sun kasance sansanonin dokokin Australiya, kamar Riverina.{{Sfn|de Moore|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|2021}} Koyaya, a ƙarshen shekarun 1880, Kwallon ƙafa na rugby ya zama babban lambar a cikin yankuna biyu, da kuma New Zealand. Wannan canjin ya kasance ne saboda yaduwar rugby tare da ƙaura na Burtaniya, gasa ta yanki da rashin manyan hukumomin kula da gida. A game da [[Sydney]], ƙin samun damar shiga filin, tasirin shugabannin jami'o'i daga Burtaniya waɗanda suka fi son rugby, da kuma asarar 'yan wasa zuwa wasu lambobin sun hana ci gaban wasan. === Fitowar VFL === A shekara ta 1896, wakilai daga kungiyoyi shida na VFA masu arziki - Carlton, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, Melbourne da Kudancin Melbourne - sun hadu don tattauna yadda aka kafa gasar ƙwararru.{{Sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012}}Daga baya Collingwood da St Kilda suka shiga, kungiyoyin sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Victoria (VFL), wacce ta gudanar da kakar wasa ta farko a shekara ta 1897. Shahararren VFL ya karu da sauri yayin da ya yi sababbin abubuwa da yawa, kamar kafa tsarin karshe, rage ƙungiyoyi daga 'yan wasa 20 zuwa 18, da kuma gabatar da baya a matsayin ci.{{Sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012}}Richmond da Jami'ar sun shiga VFL a cikin 1908, kuma a shekara ta 1925, tare da kara Hawthorn, Footscray da Arewacin Melbourne, ya zama babbar ƙungiyar a cikin ƙasar kuma zai ɗauki matsayi na farko a fannoni da yawa na wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.aflinternational.com/australian-football/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260531201603/https://www.aflinternational.com/australian-football/history/ |archive-date=31 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=AFL International |language=en-AU}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Interstate da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Duniya === [[File:Australasian_Football_Jubilee_Carnival_(1858-1908)-Official_Programme.jpeg|thumb|An gudanar da gasar farko ta kasa a cikin 1908 kuma ta haɗa da New Zealand .]] Lokacin da ke kusa da Tarayyar mulkin mallaka na Australiya a cikin 1901 ya ga dokokin Australiya sun sami farfadowa a New South Wales, New Zealand da Queensland. A cikin 1903, an kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya ta Queensland da Kungiyar Kwando ta Australiya, kuma a New Zealand, yayin da yake motsawa zuwa zama mulkin mallaka, an kuma kafa wasannin a cikin manyan biranen. Wannan sabuntawa ya taimaka wajen karfafa kafa Majalisar kwallon kafa ta Australasia, wanda a cikin 1908 a Melbourne ya shirya gasar farko ta kasa, Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival, tare da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kowace jiha da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 1908 |title=A False Dawn |url=http://www.australianfootball.com/articles/view/A%2Bfalse%2Bdawn%2B-%2B1908%2BMelbourne%2BCarnival%253A%2BNew%2BZealand%2Bv%2BNew%2BSouth%2BWales/57 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714133922/http://australianfootball.com/articles/view/A+false+dawn+-+1908+Melbourne+Carnival%253A+New+Zealand+v+New+South+Wales/57 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=19 February 2010 |publisher=AustralianFootball.com}}</ref> An kuma kafa wasan da wuri a cikin sabbin yankuna. A cikin sabon babban birnin kasar [[Kanberra|Canberra]] duka ƙwallon ƙafa da rugby sun fara farawa, amma bayan wasannin farko a 1911, ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Australiya a cikin Babban Birnin Australiya ya zama babban wasanni. A shekara ta 1981 an yi watsi da shi sosai kuma da sauri ya koma baya da sauran lambobin kwallon kafa. Kwallon ƙafa na Australiya a yankin Arewa ya fara jim kadan bayan barkewar yaƙin a 1916 tare da wasan farko a Darwin. Wasan ya ci gaba da zama shahararren wasanni a cikin Yankin kuma ya gina mafi girman shiga wasanni a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFL Canberra |url=https://play.afl/nswact/aflcanberra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260531201730/https://play.afl/nswact/aflcanberra |archive-date=31 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Play AFL |language=en}}</ref> [[File:An_appeal_from_the_Dardanelles.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton daukar ma'aikata na farko na Ostiraliya, wanda aka buga a 1915, ya yi tambaya game da jajircewar jama'a ga kwallon kafa na Ostiralia maimakon [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yaƙin]].]] [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] da Yaƙin Duniya ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan dokokin ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya da kuma wasanni na Australiya gabaɗaya. Duk da yake 'yan wasan Australiya ne suka buga wasannin karkace a wurare masu nisa a duniya, wasan ya rasa yawancin manyan' yan wasan zuwa sabis na lokacin yaƙi. Wasu kungiyoyi da gasa ba su taɓa warkewa ba. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1915, an gwada lambar haɗin gwiwar dokokin kwallon kafa da rugby na Australiya, babbar lambar kwallon kafa a New South Wales da Queensland, ba tare da nasara ba. A Queensland, ƙungiyar jihar ta shiga hutu a lokacin yakin. Jami'ar kulob din VFL ta bar gasar kuma ta shiga hutu saboda mummunan rauni. Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Yammacin Australia (WAFL) ta rasa kungiyoyi biyu kuma an dakatar da SANFL na shekara guda a 1916 saboda asarar kulob din. Wasan Ranar Anzac, wasan shekara-shekara tsakanin Essendon da Collingwood a Ranar Anzaak, misali ne na yadda ake ci gaba da tunawa da yakin a cikin al'ummar kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=30 years of Anzac Day: How the Bombers-Magpies tradition was born |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/1306162/30-years-of-anzac-day-how-the-collingwood-magpies-essendon-bombers-tradition-was-born |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260531201601/https://www.afl.com.au/news/1306162/30-years-of-anzac-day-how-the-collingwood-magpies-essendon-bombers-tradition-was-born |archive-date=31 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Matsayin Majalisar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Australia (ANFC) da farko shine don gudanar da wasan a matakin kasa da kuma sauƙaƙe wakilan jihohi da gasar kulob din. A shekara ta 1968, ANFC ta farfado da gasar zakarun Australia, gasar da aka fara gudanarwa a shekara ta 1888 tsakanin firaministan VFA da SAFA. Kodayake a wasu lokuta ana gayyatar kungiyoyi daga wasu jihohi, wasan karshe kusan koyaushe yana tsakanin firaministan daga wasannin jihohi biyu mafi karfi na lokacin - Kudancin Australia da Victoria - tare da Adelaide ta karbi bakuncin mafi yawan wasannin bisa buƙatar SAFA / SANFL. Wasan karshe ya faru ne a shekara ta 1976, tare da Arewacin Adelaide kasancewa mai nasara na karshe wanda ba na Victoria ba a shekarar 1972. Tsakanin 1976 da 1987, ANFC, kuma daga baya Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFC) ta gudanar da jerin dare, wanda ya gayyaci kungiyoyi da wakilan kungiyoyi daga ko'ina cikin kasar don shiga gasar da aka yi daidai da lokutan firaministan, wanda har yanzu bangarorin Victoria suka mamaye. Ganin rashin gasar ƙasa da ƙasa, an ɗauki wasannin wakilan jihohi da matuƙar muhimmanci. Saboda hazakar farautar 'yan wasa na VFL daga wasu jihohi, Victoria ta mamaye wasannin tsakanin jihohi tsawon kashi uku cikin huɗu na ƙarni. Dokokin Jihar Asalin, waɗanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1977, sun tanadar da cewa maimakon wakiltar jihar da ƙungiyar da suka karɓe ta, 'yan wasa za su koma su buga wa jihar da aka fara ɗaukar su aiki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Wannan ya karya ikon Victoria na lashe gasar jihohi nan take kuma Yammacin Ostiraliya da Kudancin Ostiraliya sun fara cin nasara a wasanninsu da Victoria.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} New South Wales da Tasmania sun ci nasara ba zato ba tsammani a gida a kan Victoria a shekarar 1990. === Zuwa ga ƙungiyar ƙasa === [[File:Ron_Barassi_sculpture_crop.jpg|thumb|Hall of Fame Legend [[Ron Barassi]] ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara game da gasar kulob din kasa.]] Kalmar "Barassi Line", mai suna bayan tauraron VFL [[Ron Barassi]], masanin [[Ian Turner (mai fafutukar siyasa na Australiya)|Ian Turner]] ne ya kirkiro ta a cikin 1978 don bayyana "ƙuntataccen shingen ƙasa" wanda ke raba sassan rugby na New South Wales da Queensland daga sauran ƙasar, inda Australian ya mallaki kwallon kafa. Ya zama ma'anar magana don fadada dokokin kwallon kafa na Australiya da kuma kafa gasar kwallon kafa ta kasa. Hanyar da aka buga wasan ta canza sosai saboda sabbin dabarun kocin, tare da fitar da yawancin salon kicking na wasan da karuwar amfani da kwallon hannu; yayin da talabijin ya rinjayi gabatarwa.<ref>WICKS, B. M. Whatever Happened to Australian Rules? Hobart, Tasmania, Libra Books. 1980, First Edition. ({{ISBN|0-909619-06-9}})</ref> [[File:The_teams_line_up_for_the_national_anthem,_2005_AFL_Grand_Final.jpg|left|thumb|West Coast Eagles da Sydney Swans sun yi layi don taken ƙasa a 2005 AFL Grand Final .]] A shekara ta 1982, a cikin wani yunkuri wanda ya sanar da manyan canje-canje a cikin wasanni, daya daga cikin kungiyoyin VFL na asali, South Melbourne, ya koma Sydney kuma ya zama sananne da Sydney Swans. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, saboda rashin kudi na yawancin kungiyoyin Victoria, da kuma irin wannan halin da ake ciki a Yammacin Australia a cikin wasanni, VFL ta bi gasar kasa. Ƙarin kungiyoyi biyu da ba na Victoria ba, West Coast da Brisbane, sun shiga gasar a shekarar 1987 inda suka samar da fiye da dala miliyan 8 a cikin kudaden shiga na lasisi ga kungiyoyin Victoria da kuma kara yawan kudaden shiga da suka taimaka wa kungiyoyin Victoria su tsira.{{Sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012}}&nbsp;A farkon shekarunsu, kungiyoyin Sydney da Brisbane sun yi gwagwarmaya a ciki da waje saboda kudaden shiga na talabijin da suka samar ta hanyar wasa a ranar Lahadi sun tafi VFL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The expansion of the VFL |url=https://www.afl.com.au/about-afl/history/expansion |access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=Australian Football League}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don kare wadannan kudaden shiga VFL ta ba da takardun shaida masu mahimmanci da taimakon kudi don ci gaba da fadada kungiyoyin. VFL ta canza sunanta zuwa Australian Football League (AFL) don kakar 1990, kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kungiyoyi uku da ba na Victoria ba sun sami shiga: Adelaide (1991), Fremantle (1995) da kuma SANFL's Port Adelaide (1997), kulob din da ya riga ya kasance a waje da Victoria don shiga gasar.{{Sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012}}A cikin 2011 da 2012, bi da bi, an kara sabbin kungiyoyi biyu wadanda ba na Victoria ba a gasar: Gold Coast da Greater Western Sydney . {{Sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012}}AFL, a halin yanzu tare da kungiyoyi 18 masu mambobi, ita ce gasar wasanni kuma mafi iko. Bayan fitowar AFL, an sake komawa rukunin jihohi zuwa matsayi na biyu. VFA ta haɗu da tsohuwar gasar VFL a cikin 1998, ta ɗauki sunan VFL. Yanayin Asalin kuma ya ragu da muhimmancinsa, musamman bayan karuwar yawan janyewar 'yan wasa. AFL ta mayar da hankali ga jerin Dokokin Kasa da Kasa na shekara-shekara da Ireland a cikin 1998 kafin ta soke Jihar Asalin a shekara mai zuwa. Ƙungiyoyin jihohi da yankuna har yanzu suna fafatawa da wasannin jihohi, kamar yadda 'yan wasan mata na AFL ke yi. A cikin shekarun 2010, AFL ta nuna ƙarin ƙoƙari na fadada cikin kasuwanni a waje da yankunan gargajiya na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya ta hanyar karɓar bakuncin wasannin gida da waje a New Zealand, sannan China ta biyo baya. Bayan da aka yi nasara da yawa tun farkon shekarun 1990 don ƙungiyar AFL ta Tasmania, Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tasmania ta sami lasisin AFL na 19 a 2023, kuma an saita ta don yin gasa a shekara ta 2028. == Dokokin wasan == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === 'Yan wasa da kayan aiki === [[File:Akec_Makur_Chuot_26.01.20.jpg|thumb|Kayan tufafi ya kunshi Guernsey, gajeren wando, takalma da takalma.]] A cikin daidaitattun wasa, ƙungiyar na iya kunshe da ko'ina tsakanin 'yan wasa 14 zuwa 18 waɗanda za a iya ba da izini a filin wasa a kowane lokaci. Kowace ƙungiya na iya samun 'yan wasa huɗu na musayar (tsare) waɗanda za a iya musayar su ga waɗanda ke filin a kowane lokaci yayin wasan, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Teams and Players |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=21 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Laws of Australian Football 2022 |publisher=AFL}}</ref> kodayake wasu ƙungiyoyi a yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a na iya amfani da' yan wasa 12. Bugu da kari, wasu wasannin, musamman ciki har da AFL, suna da kowace kungiya ta sanya ƙarin ɗan wasa ɗaya a matsayin mai maye gurbin wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don yin musayar 'yan wasa guda ɗaya na dindindin yayin wasan don ko dai dalilai na kiwon lafiya ko na dabarun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Michael |date=21 December 2022 |title=No vests: AFL reveals details of revamped sub rule |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/872015/no-vests-afl-reveals-details-of-revamped-sub-rule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://www.afl.com.au/news/872015/no-vests-afl-reveals-details-of-revamped-sub-rule |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya musayar 'yan wasa a filin wasa tare da waɗanda ke kan benci a kowane lokaci. Dole ne su wuce ta hanyar "Yankin musayar".<ref name="Interchange">{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Interchange |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=25 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Laws of Australian Football 2022 |publisher=AFL}}</ref> A cikin taron mai kunnawa ya kasa wucewa ta wannan yanki daidai, ko kuma idan an sami 'yan wasa da yawa daga wata kungiya a ƙasa a lokaci guda, za a ba da kyauta ga abokin adawar.<ref name="Interchange" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Counting of Players |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=23 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Laws of Australian Football 2022 |publisher=AFL}}</ref> Duk da yake babu kayan aiki na yau da kullun, kayan aikin asali na ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya sun ƙunshi guernsey, gajeren wando, takalma da takalma na ƙwallaye (ko da yake ana amfani da takalma masu ƙwarewa waɗanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa don punting da ƙufofin ƙarfe an haramta su a hukumance ), tare da ƙarin kayan ado kamar su kai da safofin hannu kuma an ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clubs and Uniforms |url=https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/AFL%20Regulations%20effective%209%20May%202019.pdf#page=25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183616/https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/AFL%20Regulations%20effective%209%20May%202019.pdf#page=25 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Australian Football League Regulations |publisher=AFL}}</ref> 'Yan wasan na iya sa wasu kayan kariya, kamar kwalkwali ko masu tsaron hannu, idan masu kula da su sun amince da su.<ref name="ProtectiveEquip">{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Protective Equipment |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=30 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Laws of Australian Football 2022 |publisher=AFL}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar Masu tsaron baki sosai ga duk 'yan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of helmets & mouthguards in Australian Football |url=https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/Respect%20and%20Responsibility/Role_of_helmets_and_mouthgaurds.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403011436/https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/Respect%20and%20Responsibility/Role_of_helmets_and_mouthgaurds.pdf |archive-date=Apr 3, 2024 |website=AFL.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Gordon S. |date=2006-07-31 |title=Mouthguards Insure Against Injury |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/536963/mouthguards-insure-against-injury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403011437/https://www.afl.com.au/news/536963/mouthguards-insure-against-injury |archive-date=Apr 3, 2024 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Ba a ba 'yan wasa damar sa kayan ado, ko wasu kayan da umpire na filin ya ɗauka ko dai yana da haɗari ko ƙara haɗarin rauni ga wasu' yan wasa.<ref name="ProtectiveEquip" /> === Kwallon === [[File:Sherrin_footy.jpg|thumb|kwallon kafa na Sherrin Kangaroo Brand. Sherrin ita ce kwallon wasan hukuma na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Partners |url=https://www.afl.com.au/about-afl/partners/corporate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://www.afl.com.au/about-afl/partners/corporate |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref>]] Ana buga kwallon kafa na dokokin Australiya tare da kwallon ellipsoid, tsakanin 72 da 73 in) dogon kewayon, da 54.5 da 55.5 in) a gajeren kewayon.<ref name="BallLaw">{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – The Football |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=21 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Laws of Australian Football 2022 |publisher=AFL}}</ref> Don gasa ta mata, ana amfani da ƙaramin girman kwallon na 69 da 53 in).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Size Chart |url=https://www.sherrin.com.au/size-chart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143303/https://www.sherrin.com.au/size-chart |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Sherrin |language=en}}</ref> Dole ne a kumbura kwallon zuwa matsin lamba na 69 kilopascals (10.0 fam a kowace murabba'in inci). <ref name="BallLaw" /> Babu wata doka da aka ayyana game da abin da dole ne a yi kwallon daga, amma Sherrin ne ke samar da ƙwallon da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da fata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.sherrin.com.au/faq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143304/https://www.sherrin.com.au/faq |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Sherrin |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake babu daidaitattun launi na kwallon, ja da rawaya sun fi kowa kuma launuka ne kawai aka yi amfani da su a matakin AFL. Ana amfani da rawaya don wasannin da suka fara bayan karfe 3 na yamma ko a cikin filin wasa mai rufewa, saboda mafi girman ganuwarsa, da kuma taimakawa sake dubawa.<ref name="BallLaw" />&nbsp; === Filin === [[File:AFL_stadium.svg|thumb|Kyakkyawan filin wasan kwallon kafa na AustraliyaAustraliya ta mallaki filin wasan kwallon kafa]] Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan kwallon kafa ba waɗanda ake buga su a filayen rectangular, filayen wasan kwallon kafa na Australiya suna da siffar oval, kuma suna tsakanin mita 135 da 185 (148 da 202 yd) tsawo da mita 110 da 155 (120 da 170 yd) fadi.<ref name="PlaySurface">{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Playing Surface |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=18 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=AFL}}</ref> A kowane ƙarshen filin, ana gina saiti biyu na sakonni a cikin layi madaidaiciya don nuna wuraren da aka zira kwallaye a filin, kowannensu yana da nau'ikan sakonni guda biyu, wanda ake kira sakonni na raga da sakonni na baya bi da bi. An sanya wuraren burin farko, suna da mita 6.4 (7.0 yd) ban da juna, tare da sanya wani matsayi na baya da ƙarin mita 6.4 zuwa gefen kowane matsayi. Sunan layin filin tsakanin matsayi biyu an san shi da layin Goal . <ref name="PlaySurface" /> A kusa da kewayon filin, ana zana fararen layi biyu tsakanin saitin bayan post a cikin siffar bakan gizo, suna nuna filin wasa.<ref name="PlaySurface" /> Sauran alamun filin sun hada da: <ref name="PlaySurface" /> * Wani bakan da aka zana mita 50 (55 yd) daga kowanne ƙarshen filin wasa, wanda aka sani da bakan mita hamsin. * Yankin mita 50 da 50 ( 55 yd) wanda ke tsakiyar filin wasa, wanda aka sani da tsakiya na tsakiya. * Da'irar mita 10 da 10 ( 11 yd) da ke tsakiyar filin wasa, wanda aka sani da da'irar tsakiya * Rectangle da aka zana a kowane ƙarshen ƙasa, yana auna mita 9 (9.8 yd) daga kowane matsayi na raga. Wannan an san shi da murabba'in burin. Ana amfani da arcs na 50m, tsakiya na tsakiya, tsakiya da tsakiya na raga a farkon kowane kwata ko bayan kowane burin. Kowace ƙungiya tana da izinin iyakar 'yan wasa shida a kowane bakan 50m, tare da ɗaya a cikin murabba'in burin da' yan wasa huɗu a cikin murfin tsakiya tare da ɗaya cikin tsakiya. Idan an karya wannan, ana ba da kyauta kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STARTING POSITIONS |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328080926/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=39 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=AFL}}</ref> === Tsawon wasan === Wasan yana da tsawon minti 80, ya kasu kashi huɗu wanda ya kunshi minti 20 na wasa, tare da dakatar da agogo don tsayawa a wasa kamar ƙuri'a, ko kuma a ra'ayin umpire, misali don mummunan rauni.<ref name="Timing">{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Match Timing |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=31 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=AFL}}</ref> Kungiyoyin na iya zaɓar yin amfani da gajeren lokaci na wasa a ra'ayinsu, kamar AFLW ta amfani da minti 17 a kowace kwata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFLW Rules |url=https://www.afl.com.au/aflw/about-AFLW/rules |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143302/https://www.afl.com.au/aflw/about-AFLW/rules |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au/aflw |language=en}}</ref> Ga kowane wasa da aka ba shi, ana nada masu kula da lokaci guda biyu don yin aiki da tsawon lokaci. Masu kula da lokaci suna yin rikodin duk kididdigar da ta dace don wasan, kamar jimlar tsawon kwata da kuma ci gaba da kowace kungiya. Bugu da ƙari ana buƙatar masu kula da lokaci su yi sauti kafin kuma a ƙarshen kowane kwata har sai masu yanke hukunci sun amince da su. Don dakatar da sake farawa da agogo, ana buƙatar masu yanke hukunci a filin don yin sigina ga masu kula da lokaci don nuna lokacin da ya kamata a dakatar da agogo ko sake farawa.<ref name="Timing" /> Tsakanin kowane kwata, ana lura da hutu don ba da damar 'yan wasa lokacin hutawa. Ana lura da hutu biyu na minti shida tsakanin kashi na farko da na biyu, da na uku da na huɗu. Ana lura da hutu mai tsawo na minti 20 tsakanin kwata na biyu da na uku, wanda aka fi sani da ''rabin lokaci''.<ref name="Timing" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2020 |title=Time to cut half-time breaks? AFL makes the call |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/368722/time-to-cut-half-time-breaks-afl-makes-the-call |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143308/https://www.afl.com.au/news/368722/time-to-cut-half-time-breaks-afl-makes-the-call |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref> === Matsayi === [[File:AFL_umpires.jpg|thumb|Masu shari'a]] Kowane wasa yana aiki ne da akalla jami'an wasanni biyar, wanda aka sani da umpire.<ref name="Umpiring">{{Cite web |title=Pre-Match Provisions – Umpires |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=27 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au |publisher=AFL}}</ref> Wadannan jami'an wasan an sanya su cikin rukuni uku bisa ga matsayinsu da alhakinsu, tare da bambancin mafi ƙarancin adadin Umpires da ake buƙata dangane da matsayi: * Mai yanke hukunci a filin wasa: An sanya masu yanke hukunci a cikin filin wasa da ke cikin Lines na Ƙasashen, kuma su ne manyan jami'an wasan.<ref name="Umpiring" /> Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin umpire ɗaya na filin don gudanar da wasan, kodayake al'ada ce a yi amfani da ƙarin don rage buƙatun jiki ga kowane umpire, da inganta ingancin hukuma.<ref name="Umpiring" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=AFL confirms four field umpires for 2023 season |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/878267/afl-confirms-four-field-umpires-for-2023-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311194749/https://www.afl.com.au/news/878267/afl-confirms-four-field-umpires-for-2023-season |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref> * Masu yanke hukunci na iyaka: An sanya masu yanke hukunci na iyakoki tare da layin iyakoki guda biyu a kowane bangare na filin. Ayyukansu na farko sun haɗa da ƙayyade lokacin da aka ɗauka kwallon kafa a waje da filin wasa, da kuma jefa kwallon kafa cikin wasa lokacin da aka ba da umarni. Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun biyu don wasan.<ref name="Umpiring" /> * Goal arbiters: Goal arbitres suna sanya a ko'ina cikin ƙarshen ƙasa, tare da ɗaya da aka tsaya a ko'in saiti na matsayi a filin. Ayyukansu na farko sun haɗa da yin hukunci game da abin da 'yan wasa suka yi, nuna alamomi, da yin rikodin abubuwan da kowace kungiya ta yi yayin wasan. Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin ƙwallon ƙafa biyu don wasan.<ref name="Umpiring" /> A matakin AFL, ana amfani da tsarin bita na bidiyo. Sai kawai masu yanke hukunci ne aka ba da izinin neman bita, kuma kawai za a iya sake dubawa da harbe-harbe masu yuwuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Score Review Powerpoint |url=https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/AFL-Score-Review.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328112518/https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/AFL-Score-Review.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=afl.com.au |language=en}}</ref> ===Kwarewar wasa=== ====Motsin ƙwallo==== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = center | total_width = 340 | image1 = Tayla Harris 19.03.17 (2).jpg | width1 = 1620 | height1 = 2393 | alt1 = | caption1 = Shura | image2 = Jake Bartholomaeus handballing.1.jpg | width2 = 777 | height2 = 1166 | alt2 = | caption2 = Watsa ƙwallo da hannu }} Ana iya tura ƙwallon ƙafa gaba ta hanyoyi kaɗan ne kawai kamar yadda Dokokin Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Ostireliya da AFL ta wallafa suka tanada. Ana iya tura ƙwallon ta kowace hanya ta hanyar shura ko kuma da dunƙulallen hannu (wanda ake kira [[handball (Australian rules football)|watsa ƙwallo da hannu]] ko handpass)—wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin hanyar da ta dace ta sakin ƙwallo.<ref name="Definitions">{{cite web |title=Definitions, Interpretations and Variation |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=12 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Idan ɗan wasa ya kasa sakin ƙwallon ta ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi biyu, za a ba ƙungiyar abokiyar hamayya [[Free kick (Australian rules football)|free kick]].<ref name="FreeKickOther">{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Free Kicks (Other) |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=56 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=56 |url-status=live }}</ref> Idan babu wani ɗan wasa da ke riƙe da ƙwallon a lokacin, ana iya motsa ta ta wasu hanyoyi da doka ta yarda da su, kamar bugun ta da hannu.<ref name="Definitions" /> Yayin da ɗan wasa ke riƙe da ƙwallon, yana iya gudu da ita, amma dole ne ya [[Running bounce|buga ƙwallon ƙasa ko taɓa ta]] aƙalla sau ɗaya a duk {{convert|15|m|yd}}.<ref name="FreeKickOther" /> ====Kame ɗan wasa==== [[File:Christian Petracca tackling Zaine Cordy.jpg|thumb|left|Kame ɗan wasa]] Kame ɗan wasa wata dabara ce da ƴan wasa ke amfani da ita domin tilasta wa ɗan wasan abokiyar hamayya ya saki ƙwallon yayin da yake riƙe da ita. Idan ɗan wasa ya kasa sakin ƙwallon bayan an kama shi ta hanyar da doka ta yarda da ita, za a iya hukunta shi da laifin ''[[holding the ball]]'', sai dai idan alkalin wasa ya ga cewa ɗan wasan bai samu damar sakin ƙwallon a baya ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Holding the Ball |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=52 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ana iya kama ɗan wasan da ke riƙe da ƙwallon ne kawai tsakanin kafadu da gwiwoyi, daga gaba ko gefe.<ref name="Definitions" /> Idan ɗan wasa ya yi karo da abokin hamayya da ƙarfi a baya yayin ƙoƙarin kama shi, za a hukunta ɗan wasan da [[push in the back]]. Idan aka kama ɗan wasan da ke riƙe da ƙwallon a ƙasa da gwiwoyi (wanda ake kira ''low tackle'' ko ''trip'') ko sama da kafadu (''high tackle''), ƙungiyar da ke riƙe da ƙwallon za ta samu free kick.<ref name="Prohibited">{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Prohibited Contact |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=50 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kamewa da alkalin wasa ya ɗauka a matsayin mai haɗari, da kuma kamewa daga gaba yayin da kan ɗan wasan abokiyar hamayya yake kan ƙwallon, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin hulɗar da aka hana, kuma za a bayar da free kick a kan ɗan wasan da ya aikata laifin.<ref name="Prohibited" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Rough Conduct |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=53 |website=afl.com.au |publisher=AFL |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=53 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haka kuma, ƴan wasa na iya yin wata dabara da ake kira [[shepherding (Australian rules football)|shepherding]] yayin da ƙwallon take tsakanin {{convert|5|m|yd}} da ɗan wasan abokiyar hamayya. Shepherding ya ƙunshi amfani da jikin ɗan wasa wajen tura, yin karo ko kuma toshe ɗan wasan abokiyar hamayya, muddin ba shi ne ke riƙe da ƙwallon ba.<ref name="Definitions" /> ====Karɓar ƙwallo==== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = center | total_width = 340 | image1 = Ben Warren marking.1.jpg | width1 = 861 | height1 = 1292 | alt1 = | caption1 = Ɗan wasa yana karɓar ƙwallo a ƙirji | image2 = Howe mark over McDonald.2.jpg | width2 = 1710 | height2 = 2570 | alt2 = | caption2 = Ɗan wasa yana tsalle domin karɓar [[spectacular mark|ƙwallo cikin ban mamaki]] }} Idan ɗan wasa ya karɓi ƙwallon da ta yi tafiyar sama da {{convert|15|m|yd}} daga shurar wani ɗan wasa, ta hanyar kama ta a cikin filin wasa, ana ɗaukar hakan a matsayin ''[[mark (Australian rules football)|mark]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Marking |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=41 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=41 |url-status=live }}</ref> Domin a ba da mark, dole ne a tabbatar cewa ɗan wasan ya mallaki ƙwallon sosai kuma ya karɓe ta kafin wani ya taɓa ta, kafin ta taɓa ƙasa, ko kuma idan ana fafatawa, kafin abokin hamayya ya hana shi karɓar ta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|title=Laws of Australian Football 2024|publisher=Australian Football League|year=2024|accessdate=13 November 2024|page=51|archive-date=13 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113010335/https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Bayan an yi mark, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan abokiyar hamayya na iya zaɓar tsayawa a wurin da aka karɓi ƙwallon, wanda ake kira "the mark". Bayan an yi mark, ana kafa wani ƙaramin yanki mai kariya a filin, wanda ya kai {{convert|10|m|yd}} zuwa kowane gefe daga "the mark" da kuma daga ɗan wasan da ya karɓi ƙwallon, tare da wata ƙaramar hanya mai kariya tsakanin "the mark" da ɗan wasan. An yarda ɗan wasan abokiyar hamayya ya yi tsalle, amma ba a yarda ya motsa daga matsayinsa a "the mark" ba. Duk wani motsi zai haifar da hukuncin nisa (mita 50 a AFL).<ref name="MarkDisposal">{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Disposal After Mark |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=58 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=58 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ɗan wasan da aka ba mark na iya zaɓar ko dai ya saki ƙwallon ta hanyar wucewa da ita daga "the mark" ko kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin sakin ta ta wata hanya dabam, a wannan yanayin alkalin wasa na filin zai kira "play on"—umarnin baki na ci gaba da wasa.<ref name="MarkDisposal" /><ref name="Definitions" /> Haka kuma ana iya kiran "play on" idan alkalin wasa ya ga cewa ɗan wasan da aka ba mark yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da kima wajen sakin ƙwallon.<ref name="MarkDisposal" /> Da zarar ɗan wasan ya saki ƙwallon, ko kuma aka kira "play on", wasa na yau da kullum zai ci gaba.<ref name="MarkDisposal" /> ====Rucking==== [[File:Tim English and Levi Casboult ruck contest.4.jpg|thumb|upright|Fafatawar ruck]] Rucking ita ce kawai ƙwarewar wasa ta musamman, kuma ɗan wasan ruck ne ke yin ta. Ruck shi ne sunan da ake ba wa zaɓaɓɓun ƴan wasa daga kowace ƙungiya waɗanda alkalin wasa ke jefa ƙwallon zuwa gare su domin fara wasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|title=Laws of Australian Football 2024|publisher=Australian Football League|year=2024|accessdate=13 November 2024|page=38}}</ref> Ruck da aka zaɓa kawai ne zai iya fafatawa a ball-ups da throw-ins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|title=Laws of Australian Football 2024|publisher=Australian Football League|year=2024|accessdate=13 November 2024|page=40|archive-date=13 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113010335/https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Su ne kaɗai 'yan wasan da aka yarda su shiga cikin da'irar mita 10 a lokacin centre bounce. A aikace, wannan matsayi yana kama da matsayin [[Center (basketball)|center a wasan kwallon kwando]], saboda haka ƴan wasan ruck galibi su ne mafi tsayin ƴan wasa a ƙungiya. Ba a yarda a ɗaga abokan wasa sama ba<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|title=Laws of Australian Football 2024|publisher=Australian Football League|year=2024|accessdate=13 November 2024|page=58|archive-date=13 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113010335/https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football-Mobile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> saboda haka ruck zai iya tsalle ne kawai domin isa ga ƙwallon. Idan ruck bai mallaki ƙwallon ba, dole ne ya bugi ko ya ture ta da hannu, abin da ake kira ''hit-out''. Idan an yi hit-out yadda ya kamata har ƙwallon ta isa ga abokin wasa, ana kiran hakan ''hit-out to advantage''.<ref>[https://www.afl.com.au/news/144837/stats-glossary-every-stat-explained/ "Stats glossary: Every stat explained"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222234941/https://www.afl.com.au/news/144837/stats-glossary-every-stat-explained/ |date=22 December 2025 }}, afl.com.au, 28 December 2017.</ref> ===Laifi da rashin bin ƙa'ida=== Idan ɗan wasa ya karya wata doka, ana ba ƙungiyar abokiyar hamayya free kick daga wurin da aka aikata laifin, ko kuma daga wurin da ƙwallon take a lokacin—duk wurin da ya fi kusa da yankin zura ƙwallon ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Free Kicks |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=49 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=49 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamar yadda yake faruwa idan an yi mark, ana kiran wannan wurin "the mark", kuma kariyar da ta shafi wannan wuri tana nan.<ref name="MarkDisposal" /> Idan ɗan wasa ya yi wani hali da bai dace da wasa ba bayan an ba ƙungiyar abokiyar hamayya free kick ko kuma an ba ta mark, alkalin wasa na iya bayar da hukuncin mita 50 maimakon haka. Idan aka bayar da wannan hukunci, alkalin wasan filin zai matsar da "the mark" ƙarin {{convert|50|m|yd}} zuwa gaba a filin ko zuwa layin zura ƙwallo, duk wanda ya fi kusa. Ana iya ƙara bayar da wasu hukuncin mita 50 idan halin ya ci gaba bayan hukuncin farko.<ref>{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Fifty Metre Penalties |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=56 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=56 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dokokin wasan sun bai wa alkalai damar fitar da ƴan wasa daga wasa saboda manyan laifukan wasa, amma wannan doka ba ta aiki a AFL, kuma galibi ana amfani da ita ne kawai a wasannin ƙananan matakai.<ref>{{cite news |title=The AFL says it has no plans for a 'red card' rule — but Tom Stewart's hit on Dion Prestia has put the spotlight back on the debate |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-29/tom-stewarts-high-hit-dion-prestia-reignited-afls-red-card-talk/101186070 |newspaper=ABC News |date=28 June 2022 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150357/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-29/tom-stewarts-high-hit-dion-prestia-reignited-afls-red-card-talk/101186070 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Zura ƙwallo=== [[File:AFL-Goalposts.jpg|thumb|Dogayen sanduna biyu da ke tsakiyar su ne sandunan zura ƙwallo, yayin da gajerun sanduna biyu na gefe su ne sandunan behind.]] Akwai nau'ikan zura ƙwallo guda biyu a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ostireliya: ''goal'' da ''behind''. ''Goal'' yana da maki shida, kuma ana zura shi ne lokacin da aka shura ƙwallon daga ƙungiyar da ke kai hari ta wuce tsakanin sandunan goal kuma ta ketare layin goal a kowane tsayi. Ƙwallon na iya taɓa ƙasa, amma dole ne babu ɗan wasa daga kowace ƙungiya ko sandar goal da ya taɓa ta kafin ta ketare layin goal.<ref name="Scoring">{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Scoring |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=43 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=43 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Behind'' yana da maki ɗaya, kuma ana samunsa idan:<ref name="Scoring" /> * Ƙwallon ta wuce tsakanin sandar goal da sandar behind a kowane tsayi. * Ƙwallon ta bugi sandar goal. * Wani ɗan wasa ya aika da ƙwallon ta ketare layin goal ko behind ta hanyar taɓa ta da wani ɓangare na jikinsa ban da ƙafa ko ƙasan ƙafa. Haka kuma ana ba ƙungiya behind idan ƙwallon ta taɓa wani ɓangare na jikin ɗan wasan abokiyar hamayya, har da ƙafa, kafin ta ketare layin goal ko behind.<ref name="Scoring" /> Ana ba da free kick a kan duk ɗan wasan da aka ga ya yi rushing behind da gangan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/breaking-news/afl-rules-on-deliberate-rushed-behinds/story-e6frf33c-1111118325150|title=AFL rules on deliberate rushed behinds|access-date=27 February 2011|archive-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005223345/http://web.archive.org/web/20121005223345/http://www.foxsports.com.au/breaking-news/afl-rules-on-deliberate-rushed-behinds/story-e6frf33c-1111118325150|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/all-clear-for-rushed-behind-rule/story-e6frf9jf-1225700531493|title=All clear for rushed behind rule<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=Herald Sun}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ta samu maki mafi yawa a ƙarshen wasa ce ke yin nasara. Idan maki sun yi daidai a ƙarshen wasa, to wasan ya ƙare kunnen doki; ana amfani da ƙarin lokaci ne kawai a wasannin karshe a wasu gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws of Australian Football – Introduction |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=10 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What happens if the Grand Final is a draw? The AFL explains |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/521166/what-happens-if-the-grand-final-is-a-draw-the-afl-explains |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en |date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304141518/https://www.afl.com.au/news/521166/what-happens-if-the-grand-final-is-a-draw-the-afl-explains |url-status=live }}</ref> A matsayin misali na yadda ake rubuta sakamakon wasa, a ɗauki wasa tsakanin Sydney da Geelong, inda Sydney ce ƙungiyar gida. Sydney ta ci goals 17 da behinds 5, wanda ya yi daidai da maki 107. Geelong ta ci goals 10 da behinds 17, wanda ya yi daidai da maki 77. Sydney ta lashe wasan da tazarar maki 30. Ana rubuta irin wannan sakamako kamar haka: :"Sydney 17.5 (107) ta doke Geelong 10.17 (77)". Kuma ana karanta shi kamar haka: :"Sydney, goma sha bakwai-biyar, ɗari da bakwai, ta doke Geelong, goma-bakwai, saba'in da bakwai". Haka kuma ana iya cewa: :"Sydney ta doke Geelong da maki 30". Yawanci ana fara rubuta sunan ƙungiyar gida, sannan a rubuta sunan ƙungiyar baƙo. Ana rubuta wasan da ya ƙare kunnen doki kamar haka: :"Greater Western Sydney 10.8 (68) ta yi kunnen doki da Geelong 10.8 (68)".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2017/092120170701.html|title=Greater Western Sydney v Geelong|publisher=AFL Tables|date=1 July 2017|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135328/https://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2017/092120170701.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ƙungiyoyin kula da wasa da gasa== [[File:Docklands Stadium, Melbourne, southwest view 20230219 1.jpg|thumb|AFL ce ke da filin wasa na [[Docklands Stadium]] da kuma hedikwatarta a Melbourne.]] Babban lokacin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa yana daga watan Maris zuwa Agusta (farkon kaka zuwa ƙarshen hunturu a Ostireliya), yayin da ake gudanar da wasannin ƙarshe a watan Satumba da Oktoba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mm.afl.com.au/afl_archive/cp2/c2/webi/article/304261bn.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320220310/http://mm.afl.com.au/afl_archive/cp2/c2/webi/article/304261bn.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2007|title=Schedule – By Round|date=20 March 2007}}</ref> A yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi, wani lokaci ana buga wasan a lokacin [[wet season|damina]] (Oktoba zuwa Maris).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfootynews.com/article.php/20061130160918957|title=Bombers soaring on the Tiwi Islands|website=World Footy News|last1=Finlayson|first1=Sean|date=30 November 2006|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713204633/http://www.worldfootynews.com/article.php/20061130160918957|url-status=live}}</ref> Hukumar [[Australian Sports Commission]] ta amince da AFL a matsayin ƙungiyar wasanni ta ƙasa mai kula da ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ais.org.au/austrules/index.asp|title=Australian Institute of Sport – Australian football|publisher=Australian Institute of Sport|access-date=19 February 2010|archive-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724192200/http://web.archive.org/web/20080724192200/http://www.ais.org.au/austrules/index.asp|url-status=live }}</ref> Haka kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi bakwai na jihohi da yankuna a Ostireliya, kuma dukkaninsu suna da alaƙa da AFL.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inquiry into Country Football |url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/rrc/footy/cf_report.pdf#page=71 |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040316/https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/rrc/footy/cf_report.pdf#page=71 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin jihohi suna gudanar da gasar ƙungiyoyin da ke ɗauke da ƙwararru da ƙwararrun matakin tsaka-tsaki a kowace shekara, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna kula da fiye da gasa guda ɗaya. Ƙungiyoyi da gasannin ƙananan matakai ko na masu son wasa a yankuna galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin jihohinsu.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEAGUES & ASSOCIATIONS |url=https://aflvic.com.au/leagues-associations/ |website=AFL Victoria |access-date=11 April 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411084815/https://aflvic.com.au/leagues-associations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, AFL ta zama ''de facto'' ƙungiyar kula da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya a duniya, bayan da ta matsa a rufe [[International Australian Football Council]]. Haka kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da ita da dama waɗanda ke kula da [[List of Australian rules football leagues outside Australia|ƙungiyoyin masu son wasa da gasa a faɗin duniya]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.afl.com.au/Development/International/tabid/10238/Default.aspx |title=International – Official Website of the Australian Football League |website=Australian Football League |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=29 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529031821/http://web.archive.org/web/20100529031821/http://www.afl.com.au/development/international/tabid/10238/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyin Ostireliya, manufar ita ce lashe gasar zakarun ƙasa (wanda kuma ake kira "flag"), wanda yawanci ake tantance shi ta jerin wasannin ƙarshe. Ƙungiyoyin da suka kasance a kan manyan matsayi a teburin gasar bayan kakar wasannin gida da na waje suna fafatawa a jerin wasannin ƙarshe na "semi-knockout", wanda ya ƙare da wasa guda na [[AFL Grand Final|Grand Final]] domin tantance zakara. Ƙungiyoyi huɗu zuwa takwas ne yawanci suke fafatawa a jerin wasannin ƙarshe, ta hanyar amfani da [[AFL final eight system]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Football League Regulations |url=https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/AFL%20Regulations%20effective%209%20May%202019.pdf#page=19 |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183616/https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/AFL%20Regulations%20effective%209%20May%202019.pdf#page=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ko wani salo na [[McIntyre system]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Adelaide Footy League – Rules & Regulations |url=https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=36414188#page=29 |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105023/https://websites.mygameday.app/get_file.cgi?id=36414188#page=29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explaining the Final Six |url=https://www.vafa.com.au/explaining-the-final-six/ |website=VAFA |access-date=6 April 2021 |language=en-AU |date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104033/https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104033/https://www.vafa.com.au/explaining-the-final-six/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ta ƙare a matsayi na farko a teburin gasar bayan kakar wasannin gida da na waje ana kiranta "[[minor premier]]", amma wannan yawanci ba shi da wata muhimmiyar fa'ida kai tsaye, ban da samun kyakkyawan jadawalin wasannin ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cellini |first1=Aiden |title=Chris Scott's wish granted as AFL "recognises the minor premier" in combined AFL, AFLW McClelland Trophy {{!}} Sporting News Australia |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/afl/news/afl-2023-aflw-mcclelland-trophy/erdcxwpqgamdfvf3lq8esedr |website=www.sportingnews.com |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en-au |date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210749/https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210749/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/afl/news/afl-2023-aflw-mcclelland-trophy/erdcxwpqgamdfvf3lq8esedr |url-status=live }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin gasannin birane suna da rukuni-rukuni masu matakai daban-daban, inda ake [[promotion and relegation|ɗaga]] zakaran rukuni na ƙasa zuwa rukuni mafi girma, sannan a [[promotion and relegation|saukar]] da ƙungiyar da ta ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe a rukuni mafi girma zuwa ƙasa a ƙarshen kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules of the Victorian Amateur Football Association |url=https://www.vafa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/VAFA-Rules-23.3.2015.pdf#page=2 |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713093857/https://www.vafa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/VAFA-Rules-23.3.2015.pdf#page=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Mata da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya== [[File:Women AFL Match.jpg|thumb|Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata tsakanin [[Bond University]] da [[Burleigh Heads, Queensland|Burleigh Heads]] a [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Queensland]] Babban sha'awar da mata ke nunawa ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani abu na musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya.{{sfn|Mewett|Toffoletti|2008|p=2}} Haka yake a ƙarni na 19, kamar yadda yake a zamanin yanzu, mata sun kasance kusan rabin adadin masu kallon wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya—adadi mafi girma sosai fiye da, misali, kiyasin kashi 10 cikin 100 na mata da ke cikin masu kallon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Birtaniya.{{sfn|Hess|2008|p=66}} An danganta wannan a wani ɓangare da halin [[Egalitarianism|daidaito]] na farkon shekarun wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya a wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, inda mata za su iya cuɗanya da mutane cikin 'yanci tare da tallafa wa wasan ta hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref>Browne, Ashley (2008). "For Women, Too". In Weston, James. ''The Australian Game of Football: Since 1858''. Geoff Slattery Publishing. pp. 253–259. {{ISBN|978-0-9803466-6-4}}.</ref> Dangane da shiga wasa, akwai wasu bayanai daga ƙarni na 19 da ke nuna cewa mata sun taɓa buga wannan wasa, amma sai a shekarun 1910 ne aka kafa ƙungiyoyin mata da gasannin mata na farko da aka tsara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Match Provisions – Free Kicks |url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=49 |website=afl.com.au |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303143306/https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf#page=49 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Hess|Lenkic|2016|pp=1–6}} Gasannin mata na jihohi sun bayyana a shekarun 1980,{{sfn|Pippos|2017|p=191}} sannan a shekarar 2013 AFL ta sanar da shirinta na kafa gasar mata ta ƙasa mai matakin ƙwararru da ƙwararru na tsaka-tsaki.<ref>[[Samantha Lane|Lane, Samantha]] (27 March 2013). [http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/afl-sees-the-light-on-womens-footy-20130326-2gsd1.html "AFL sees the light on women's footy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823035633/http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/afl-sees-the-light-on-womens-footy-20130326-2gsd1.html |date=23 August 2014 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</ref> Yayin da sha'awar kallo da shiga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata ke ƙaruwa, AFL ta kawo shekarar fara gasar da ake kira [[AFL Women's]] (AFLW) zuwa 2017.<ref>Halloran, Jessica (29 January 2017). [https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/how-afl-womens-league-will-level-the-playing-field/news-story/0a9ab8e7ff5b154bc6eb41f4902ee38e "Will the AFL Women's League level the playing field?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105025/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/how-afl-womens-league-will-level-the-playing-field/news-story/0a9ab8e7ff5b154bc6eb41f4902ee38e?nk=3f9756af9fc22b2b78674ebd468edf65-1632480625 |date=24 September 2021 }}, ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</ref> Ƙungiyoyin AFL guda takwas sun samu lasisin kafa ƙungiyoyin mata a kakar gasar ta farko ta [[2017 AFL Women's season|2017]].<ref>Mark, David (17 June 2016). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-15/afl-provides-pathway-for-young-women-to-pursue-sporting-careers/7513338 "AFL women's competition provides a pathway for young women into professional sport"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401102138/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-15/afl-provides-pathway-for-young-women-to-pursue-sporting-careers/7513338 |date=1 April 2018 }}, ABC. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</ref> Ya zuwa [[AFL Women's season seven|2022]], dukkan ƙungiyoyi 18 sun kafa ƙungiyar AFLW,<ref>[https://www.espn.com.au/afl/story/_/id/32005569/aflw-expanding-18-teams-2022-2023 "New clubs revealed: AFLW expanding to 18 teams from 2022-2023"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720095647/https://www.espn.com.au/afl/story/_/id/32005569/aflw-expanding-18-teams-2022-2023 |date=20 July 2025 }}, ESPN. Retrieved 13 August 2025.</ref> kuma za a samu ƙungiyoyi 19 bayan shigar Tasmania cikin gasar a shekarar 2028. ==Sauye-sauye da wasannin da ke da alaƙa== An samo wasanni masu alaƙa da dama daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya, musamman ta hanyar sauya dokokin hulɗa tsakanin 'yan wasa domin ƙara yawan masu shiga wasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Auskick]] (wanda yara masu shekaru tsakanin 5 zuwa 12 ke bugawa), [[kick-to-kick]] (da nau'o'insa na [[Kick-to-kick#End-to-end footy|end-to-end footy]] da [[Kick-to-kick#Marks up.2C King of the pack and Points Up.2C Jack in the Pack|marks up]]), [[rec footy]], [[9-a-side footy]], [[masters Australian football]], gasar watsa ƙwallo da hannu da kuma gasar mafi tsayin shura. 'Yan wasa a wajen Ostireliya wani lokaci suna buga wasannin da ke da alaƙa da wannan wasa waɗanda aka daidaita da filayen da ake da su, kamar [[metro footy]] (wanda ake bugawa a filayen gridiron) da [[Samoa rules]] (wanda ake bugawa a filayen rugby). Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan da ake amfani da shi tun 2018 shi ne [[AFLX]], wani gajerarren salo na wasan da 'yan wasa bakwai ke wakiltar kowace ƙungiya, kuma ana buga shi a filin da girman filin ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref name="AFLX1">{{cite web|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2017-11-17/aflx-revealed-who-your-club-plays-and-when|title=AFLX revealed: Who your club plays|date=17 November 2017|work=AFL.com.au|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117104844/http://www.afl.com.au/news/2017-11-17/aflx-revealed-who-your-club-plays-and-when|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Wasan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa=== Kamanceceniya tsakanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya da wasan [[Gaelic football|ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic]] na Ireland ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar wani [[hybrid sport|wasan haɗaka]] da ake kira [[international rules football]]. An buga wasannin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na farko a Ireland a shekarar 1967 yayin [[Australian Football World Tour]]. Tun daga wannan lokaci, an gwada wasu nau'ikan dokokin haɗaka, sannan a shekarar 1984 aka fara [[International Rules Series]] tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da aka zaɓa daga gasannin jihohin Ostireliya (daga baya AFL) da [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA). Gasar ta zama taron shekara-shekara a shekarar 1998, amma aka dakatar da ita ba tare da ƙayyadadden lokacin dawowa ba a shekarar 2007 bayan GAA ta janye saboda tsananin salon wasan Ostireliya mai ƙarfi da tashin hankali.<ref>Haxton, Nance (3 January 2007). [http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1821003.htm "Sounds of Summer: International Rules Series"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731183225/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1821003.htm |date=31 July 2016 }}. ''PM'', [[ABC Radio National]]. Retrieved 1 May 2016.</ref> An sake fara gasar a Ostireliya a shekarar 2008 da sababbin dokoki domin kare ɗan wasan da ke riƙe da ƙwallon. ==Yaɗuwar wasan a duniya== [[File:Linkbelt1999-Finalspiel.jpg|thumb|Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ostireliya a [[Linkbelt Oval]] a [[Australian rules football in Nauru|Nauru]], inda wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya yake matsayin [[national sport|wasan ƙasa]]]] A lokacin mulkin mallaka, wani lokaci ana kiran wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya da ''Australasian rules'', saboda shahararsa a [[Australian rules football in New Zealand|New Zealand]]. An buga wasan a wajen Australasia tun a shekarar 1888, lokacin da 'yan Australiya da ke karatu a [[Edinburgh University]] da [[London University]] suka kafa ƙungiyoyi kuma suka fafata a London.{{sfn|Williamson|2003|pp=138–140}} A wannan shekarar ne aka samu ƙarin yaɗuwar wasan a duniya, lokacin da [[1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia|ƙungiyar rugby ta Birtaniya ta farko da ta zagaya Kudancin Duniya]] ta buga wasannin dokokin ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya a Ostireliya da New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smale |first1=Simon |title=When the Lions first came to Australia, over half their games were Aussie Rules |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-12/british-and-irish-lions-played-victorian-rules-football/105291494 |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 July 2025 |language=en-AU |archive-date=11 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711203609/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-12/british-and-irish-lions-played-victorian-rules-football/105291494 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, wasan ya bazu tare da [[Australian diaspora|mutanen Ostireliya da suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje]] zuwa [[Australian rules football in South Africa|Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Australian rules football in the United States|Amurka]] da sauran sassan ƙasashen da ake amfani da Ingilishi, amma wannan yaɗuwar ta ragu sosai a lokacin da bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, wanda ya kuma haifar da dakatar da wasan na tsawon shekaru da dama a New Zealand. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wasan ya sake samun bunƙasa a yankin Pacific, musamman a [[Australian rules football in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] da [[Australian rules football in Nauru|Nauru]], inda yanzu yake matsayin [[national sport|wasan ƙasa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afl.com.au/tabid/208/default.aspx?newsid=64399 |title=Team Profile: Nauru Chiefs |first=Chelsea |last=Roffey |author-link=Chelsea Roffey |publisher=Afl.com.au |date=30 July 2008 |access-date=19 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125142626/http://afl.com.au/tabid/208/default.aspx?newsid=64399 |archive-date=25 January 2009}}</ref> A yau, ana buga wasan a matakin masu son wasa a ƙasashe [[Countries playing Australian rules football|daban-daban]] na duniya. Ƙasashe 23 sun shiga [[Australian Football International Cup]], wanda aka gudanar duk bayan shekaru uku a Ostireliya daga 2002 zuwa 2017. An sake fara gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 2024 tare da gasa uku na yankuna: [[AFL Transatlantic Cup|Transatlantic Cup]], [[AFL Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] da [[AFL Pacific Cup|Pacific Cup]].<ref>[https://www.afl.com.au/international International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818093309/https://www.afl.com.au/international |date=18 August 2025 }}, AFL. Retrieved 13 August 2025.</ref> Ƙasashe tara kuma sun shiga [[AFL Europe Championship]]. A shekarar 2013, yawan masu shiga a cikin ƙasashe 21 da ke cikin AFL Europe ya wuce 'yan wasa 5,000, mafi yawansu 'yan asalin Turai ne maimakon 'yan Australiya da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/media/press-releases/the-prince-of-wales-becomes-patron-of-afl-europe |title=The Prince of Wales becomes Patron of AFL Europe |date=25 October 2013 |publisher=princeofwales.gov.uk |access-date=3 November 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104183003/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/media/press-releases/the-prince-of-wales-becomes-patron-of-afl-europe |url-status=live }}</ref> Haka kuma wasan yana ƙara samun karɓuwa a Indiya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rith Basu|first1=Ayan Paul|title=Soccer city gets a taste of Aussie football|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151102/jsp/calcutta/story_50958.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106202859/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151102/jsp/calcutta/story_50958.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|date=2 November 2015}}</ref> Fiye da ƙasashe 20 suna da alaƙa ko yarjejeniyar aiki tare da AFL.<ref>[http://www.afl.com.au/GameDevelopment/International/tabid/285/Default.aspx AFL International Development] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121141159/http://www.afl.com.au/GameDevelopment/International/tabid/285/Default.aspx |date=21 November 2008 }}</ref> Yawancin ƙungiyoyin da gasannin masu son wasa na ƙasa da ƙasa na yanzu suna Arewacin Amurka, [[Australian rules football in Europe|Turai]] da [[Australian rules football in Asia|Asiya]], yayin da mafi dadewa daga cikinsu galibi suka samo asali ne a shekarun 1980. A wannan shekaru goma, wasan ya samu ɗimbin magoya baya a Amurka lokacin da aka fara watsa wasannin a tashar [[ESPN]] da ke tasowa a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Delaney|first1=Tim|last2=Madigan|first2=Tim|title=The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900786441692|publisher=McFarland|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900786441692/page/284 284]–285|isbn=978-0786453153}}</ref> Ƙarin sha'awar duniya ya samu taimako daga [[Australian rules football exhibition matches|wasannin baje kolin]], [[players who have converted from one football code to another|sauyin 'yan wasa daga wani nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wani]], da kuma [[multiculturalism in Australia|yanayin al'adu daban-daban na Ostireliya]]. 'Yan wasa da yawa na [[List of overseas-born AFL players|VFL/AFL an haife su ne a ƙasashen waje]], kuma adadin 'yan wasan da ake ɗauka ta hanyoyi daban-daban yana ƙaruwa. Wani sanannen misali shi ne [[Irish experiment]], wanda tun daga shekarun 1980 ya sa 'yan wasan [[Gaelic football]] da yawa barin [[Gaelic Athletic Association|GAA]] na masu son wasa domin su buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya a matsayin ƙwararru. Wannan ya bazu har zuwa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata, inda akwai 'yan wasan Ireland 39 a jerin [[AFL Women's|AFLW]] na [[2025 AFL Women's season|kakar 2025]].<ref>[https://www.afl.com.au/aflw/news/1315928/irish-aflw-stars-set-to-be-impacted-by-tight-turnaround "Irish AFLW stars set to be impacted by tight turnaround"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720011307/https://www.afl.com.au/aflw/news/1315928/irish-aflw-stars-set-to-be-impacted-by-tight-turnaround |date=20 July 2025 }}, AFL. Retrieved 13 August 2025</ref> Ko da yake wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostireliya ba wasan Olympics ba ne, an nuna shi a [[Australian football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|MCG]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[1956 Summer Olympics]], wanda aka gudanar a Melbourne. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Brisbane ta karɓi bakuncin [[1982 Commonwealth Games]], an gudanar da wasan baje koli tsakanin Richmond da Carlton a [[The Gabba|Gabba]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenberg |first1=Tony |title=When the Tigers won Games gold |url=https://www.richmondfc.com.au/news/269610/when-the-tigers-won-games-gold |website=RichmondFC.com.au |publisher=Richmond Football Club |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731163644/https://www.richmondfc.com.au/news/269610/when-the-tigers-won-games-gold |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tasirin al'adu da shahara== [[File:Yuendumu Gold 23.jpg|thumb|left|Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya ya shahara tsakanin al'ummomin 'yan asalin Ostareliya.]] Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya ya jawo sha'awar 'yan Ostareliya fiye da kowanne irin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sweeneyresearch.com.au/newsPDF/news_pdf_16.pdf |title=Sweeney Sport report for 2006–07 |access-date= 31 March 2021|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080527210104/http://www.sweeneyresearch.com.au/newsPDF/news_pdf_16.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> A kakar AFL ta shekarar 2024, matsakaicin yawan masu kallo a kowane wasa ya kai 38,344, abin da ya sanya AFL ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wasannin wasanni da aka fi samun masu kallo a Ostareliya da ma duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=AFL and NRL Break All-Time Attendance Records in 2024 |url=https://ministryofsport.com/afl-and-nrl-break-all-time-attendance-records-in-2024/ |work=Ministry of Sport |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=18 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418162702/https://ministryofsport.com/afl-and-nrl-break-all-time-attendance-records-in-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A wannan shekarar kuma, bayanai sun nuna cewa mutane 1,319,687, wato mutum 1 cikin 20 na 'yan Ostareliya, mambobi ne na ƙungiyar AFL.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jovanovski |first=Jack |date= |title=Vic powerhouse defends title; new No. 2 leapfrogs Eagles: 2024 AFL membership ladder revealed |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl-member-numbers-ladder-2024-club-membership-by-team-club-records-which-club-has-the-most-members-alltime-record-broken-collingwood-magpies-carlton-blues-west-coast-eagles-latest-news/news-story/3d39abb09b01db190be1b2a215552468 |work=Fox Footy |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Shafin wasannin da aka fi ziyarta a Ostareliya a shekarar 2023 shi ne na AFL, wanda ya samu ziyara biliyan 1.89 gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=AFL tops the chart as Australia's most visited sports website; Fox Sports, Sportsbet, NBA, TAB in top 5 |url=https://www.mi-3.com.au/19-01-2024/afl-tops-chart-australias-most-visited-sports-website-fox-sports-sportsbet-nba-tab-top-5 |work=Mi3 |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604183932/https://www.mi-3.com.au/19-01-2024/afl-tops-chart-australias-most-visited-sports-website-fox-sports-sportsbet-nba-tab-top-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kimanin kashi 40% na 'yan Ostareliya masu shekaru 14 ko fiye suna kallon wasannin AFL a talabijin, ko dai lokaci-lokaci ko kuma akai-akai.<ref name=roytv>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=18 March 2025 |title=AFL stretches lead over NRL in TV viewership despite NRL's rise |url=https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/9842-afl-vs-nrl-2023-24 |work=Roy Morgan |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=13 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513194634/https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/9842-afl-vs-nrl-2023-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gasar AFL ta shekarar 2024 ita ce watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na kyauta da aka fi kallo a Ostareliya a waccan shekarar, inda mutane miliyan 4 suka kalli watsa shirye-shiryen Seven a gidajensu;<ref>{{cite news |last=Snape |first=Jack |date=29 December 2024 |title=Which sport won 2024? Australian audiences feast on free-to-air despite streaming boom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/29/australia-sport-tv-ratings-2024-afl-nrl-olympics |work=The Guardian |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> yayin da jimillar masu kallon talabijin ta kai aƙalla 7,569,000.<ref name=roytv/> Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ta AFL ta yanzu da Seven da Foxtel ta kai darajar dala biliyan 4.5 na Ostareliya, wadda ita ce mafi girma da aka taɓa samu a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mark |first=David |date=6 September 2022 |title=AFL announces 'unprecedented' $4.5 billion broadcast deal with Seven, Foxtel |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-06/afl-confirms-unprecedented-4-5-billion-television-broadcast-deal/101410752 |work=ABC News |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Dangane da yawan masu shiga wasan, akwai aƙalla 'yan wasa 581,000 da aka yi wa rajista a Ostareliya a shekarar 2024. Wannan adadi ya haɗa da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na al'umma a matakan yara, matasa da manya, da kuma shirye-shirye kamar [[Footy 9s]].<ref name=ministry/> Daga cikin yaran Ostareliya masu shekaru 0–14, wannan wasa shi ne na biyar mafi yawan shahara, bayan iyo, ƙwallon ƙafa, kwallon kwando da wasan motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=Clearinghouse for sport: Ausplay National Sport and Activity Physical Participation Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.clearinghouseforsport.gov.au/research/ausplay/results#data_tables_br_july_2023_june_2024 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=Australian Sports Commission |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211094859/https://www.clearinghouseforsport.gov.au/research/ausplay/results#data_tables_br_july_2023_june_2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata suna da kaso 20% na dukkan rajistar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na al'umma.<ref name=ministry>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=AFL Breaks Participation Record, Reflecting Strong Grassroots Growth |url=https://ministryofsport.com/afl-breaks-participation-record-reflecting-strong-grassroots-growth/ |work=Ministry of Sport |location= |publisher= |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604183913/https://ministryofsport.com/afl-breaks-participation-record-reflecting-strong-grassroots-growth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AFL Report 2024">{{cite web| url = https://www.afl.com.au/annual-reports/2024| title = AFL Annual Reports| access-date = 23 April 2025| archive-date = 29 March 2025| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250329191634/https://www.afl.com.au/annual-reports/2024| url-status = live}}</ref> ===A cikin fasaha da al'adun jama'a=== [[File:Tandy Fleiter Cazaly.jpg|thumb|upright|Haɗin 'yan wasan South Melbourne na shekarun 1920 a matsayin masu ɗaga ƙwallo, daga hagu zuwa dama: Mark Tandy, Fred Fleiter da Roy Cazaly. Fleiter ne ya ƙirƙiri kalmar "Up there, Cazaly!" a matsayin alamar kiran Cazaly ya yi tsalle domin samun ƙwallon. Daga baya kalmar ta shiga cikin harshen yau da kullum a matsayin kalmar ƙarfafawa, kuma sojojin Ostareliya sun yi amfani da ita a matsayin taken yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Har yanzu ana san kalmar sosai ta hanyar waƙar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ostareliya da Mike Brady ya fitar a shekarar 1979 mai suna [[Up There Cazaly]].]] Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya ya zaburar da ayyukan marubuta da mawaƙa da dama, ciki har da C. J. Dennis, Helen Garner, Peter Goldsworthy da Kerry Greenwood.<ref name="double">{{Citation|author=Alomes, Stephen |year=2007 |title=The Lie of the Ground: Aesthetics and Australian Football |journal=Double Dialogues |publisher=[[Deakin University]] |issue=8 |issn=1447-9591 |url=http://www.doubledialogues.com/archive/issue_eight/alomes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602204039/http://www.doubledialogues.com/archive/issue_eight/alomes.html |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Heath |first=Nicola |date=3 December 2024 |title=New Helen Garner book The Season uses football to create a tender portrait of youthful masculinity |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-03/helen-garner-new-book-the-season-review/104673484 |work=ABC News |location= |publisher=ABC |access-date=3 April 2025 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516025008/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-03/helen-garner-new-book-the-season-review/104673484 |url-status=live }}</ref> Masana tarihi Manning Clarke da Geoffrey Blainey sun rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da wannan wasa. [[Glossary of Australian rules football|Kalmomin salon magana da ake amfani da su a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya]] sun yi tasiri sosai a kan [[Australian English|Turancin Ostareliya]], inda wasu kalmomi suka samu sabbin ma'anoni a wajen harkokin wasanni; misali, "[[wikt:guernsey#Noun|get a guernsey]]" na nufin samun karɓuwa ko amincewa, yayin da "[[wikt:shirt-front|shirt-fronting]]" mutum ke nufin tunkarar mutum ko fuskantar sa da ƙarfi.<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/shirtfronting "Shirtfronting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327110815/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/shirtfronting |date=27 March 2023 }}, Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</ref> [[File:Nicky Winmar statue.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mutum-mutumin ɗan asalin Ostareliya kuma ɗan cikin Hall of Fame, Nicky Winmar, yana nuna fatarsa a shekarar 1993 a matsayin zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata; an kafa mutum-mutumin a wajen Perth Stadium a shekarar 2019.]] A shekarar 1889, mai zanen hotuna na [[Heidelberg School|salon impressionism na Ostareliya]], Arthur Streeton, ya zana wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ''[[en plein air]]'' a lokacin [[9 by 5 Impression Exhibition]], inda ya ba ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa suna ''The National Game''.<ref>Clark, Jane (1985). ''Golden Summers: Heidelberg and Beyond'', pp. 112–117</ref> Zane-zanen Sidney Nolan (''[[Footballer (painting)|Footballer]]'', 1946) da John Brack (''[[Three of the Players]]'', 1953) sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya a matsayin muhimmin batu ga masu zanen zamani,<ref>McAullife, Chris (1995). "Eyes on the Ball: Images of Australian Rules Football", ''[[Art & Australia]]'' (Vol 32 No 4), pp. 490–500</ref> yayin da masu fasahar zane na [[contemporary Indigenous Australian art|'yan asalin Ostareliya]] da dama suka yi nazarin wasan, sau da yawa suna haɗa shi da tatsuniyoyi da al'adun yankunansu.<ref>Heathcote, Christopher (August 2009). "Bush Football: The Kunoth Family", ''Art Monthly'' (Issue 222).</ref><ref>Angel, Anita (23 November 2009). [http://www.cdu.edu.au/advancement/artcollection/lookingatart_dec.html "Looking at Art"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230557/http://www.cdu.edu.au/advancement/artcollection/lookingatart_dec.html |date=23 May 2014 }}, [[Charles Darwin University]] Art Collection & Art Gallery. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</ref> Vincent Namatjira ya lashe [[Archibald Prize]] na shekarar 2020 saboda zanen hoton Adam Goodes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sprague |first=Quentin |date=1 February 2021 |title=The paintbrush is a weapon: Vincent Namatjira |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2021/february/1612098000/quentin-sprague/paintbrush-weapon-vincent-namatjira |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=[[The Monthly]] |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103010907/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2021/february/1612098000/quentin-sprague/paintbrush-weapon-vincent-namatjira |url-status=live }}</ref> A fannin zane-zanen barkwanci, fastocin WEG na gasar cin kofin VFL/AFL da aka fara samarwa a shekarar 1954 sun samu matsayi na musamman a tsakanin masoyan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ostareliya.<ref>Rielly, Stephen (30 December 2008). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/cartoonist-spoke-to-afl-tribe/story-e6frg7mx-1111118433741 "Cartoonist William Ellis Green spoke to AFL tribe"], ''The Australian''. Retrieved 5 December 2013.</ref> Ana samun [[List of Australian rules football statues|mutum-mutuman wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya]] a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar, wasu daga cikinsu an gina su ne bisa shahararrun hotuna, ciki har da tsallen Haydn Bunton Sr., gudun Jack Dyer da kuma Nicky Winmar yana ɗaga rigarsa.<ref>Green, Warwick (16 September 2018). [https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/from-photo-to-statue-winmar-s-stance-still-powerful-20180916-p5043f.html "From photo to statue: Winmar's stance still powerful"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170750/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/from-photo-to-statue-winmar-s-stance-still-powerful-20180916-p5043f.html |date=31 March 2022 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> A shekarun 1980, wasu gungun masu gine-ginen [[postmodern]] da ke Melbourne sun fara saka alamomin da suka shafi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya a cikin gine-ginensu, misali [[RMIT Building 8|Building 8]] na Edmond da Corrigan.<ref>Reinmuth, Gerard (2019). "Reflection on Wars Past". In ''Sydney vs Melbourne''. UTS Architecture, p. 54. {{isbn|978-3-16-148410-0}}.</ref><ref>Van Schaik, Leon (1996). In ''Building 8: 10 Essays''. Schwarz Transition, pp. 48–53. {{isbn|978-1-863-95314-6}}.</ref> Wasannin rawa da suka samo asali daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ballet na Robert Helpmann na shekarar 1964 mai suna ''[[The Display]]'', wanda shi ne aikinsa na farko kuma mafi shahara da ya yi wa [[The Australian Ballet]].<ref>Douglas, Tim (30 August 2012). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/ballets-former-glories-show-footys-left-its-mark/story-e6frg8n6-1226461140091 "Ballet's former glories show footy's left its mark"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121130512/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/ballets-former-glories-show-footys-left-its-mark/story-e6frg8n6-1226461140091 |date=21 January 2015 }}, ''The Australian''. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</ref> Wasan ya kuma zaburar da fitattun wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''[[And the Big Men Fly]]'' (1963) na Alan Hopgood da ''[[The Club (play)|The Club]]'' (1977) na David Williamson, wanda aka [[The Club (1980 film)|mayar da shi fim a shekarar 1980]], wanda Bruce Beresford ya jagoranta. Waƙar Mike Brady ta shekarar 1979 mai suna "[[Up There Cazaly]]" ana ɗaukarta a matsayin waƙar taken ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ostareliya, kuma ana samun ambaton wasan a cikin ayyukan shahararrun mawaƙa, daga mawaƙi kuma marubucin waƙoƙi Paul Kelly zuwa ƙungiyar alternative rock TISM.<ref>Worrell, Shane (3 April 2010). [http://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/news/local/sport/general/modern-footy-not-in-tune/1793202.aspx?storypage=2 "Modern footy not in tune"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105026/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/708100/modern-footy-not-in-tune/ |date=24 September 2021 }}, ''[[Bendigo Advertiser]]''. Retrieved 5 December 2013.</ref> Wasu kuma, kamar Kevin Parker na Tame Impala, sun rubuta waƙoƙi domin ƙungiyar AFL da suke so.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newstead |first=Al |date=24 May 2021 |title=Tame Impala's Kevin Parker writes new song for Fremantle Dockers |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/tame-impala-kevin-parker-new-afl-song-for-fremantle-dockers/13356372 |work=Triple J |location= |publisher=ABC |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604183913/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/tame-impala-kevin-parker-new-afl-song-for-fremantle-dockers/13356372 |url-status=live }}</ref> An fitar da wasannin bidiyo da dama na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin na Ostareliya, musamman jerin wasannin [[AFL (video game series)|AFL]]. ==Zauren Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa na Ostareliya== A bikin cika shekaru ɗari na VFL/AFL a shekarar 1996, an kafa Zauren Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa na Ostareliya. A wannan shekarar, an shigar da manyan mutane 136 daga gasa daban-daban cikin zauren. Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa zauren, a kowace shekara wani kwamiti yana zaɓar ƙaramin rukuni na 'yan wasa da yake ganin sun cancanci wannan babbar karramawa, wanda ya sa adadin waɗanda aka shigar cikin zauren ya haura 300 a shekarar 2024. Baya ga Zauren Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa, ana zaɓar wasu mambobi domin ba su matsayi na musamman na ''[[Australian Football Hall of Fame#Legends|Legend]]''. Saboda ƙa'idar da ta takaita yawan 'yan wasan da za su samu matsayin Legend zuwa kashi 10% na jimillar waɗanda aka shigar cikin Zauren Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa, a shekarar 2024 akwai 'yan wasa 32 ne kawai da suke da wannan matsayi a zauren.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFL – News, Fixtures, Scores & Results |url=https://www.afl.com.au/hall-of-fame/legends |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=afl.com.au |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529023016/https://www.afl.com.au/hall-of-fame/legends |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Hawks great Jason Dunstall joins Hall of Fame Legends |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/1110065/hawthorn-hawks-champion-jason-dunstall-elevated-to-legend-status-in-australian-football-hall-of-fame |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=afl.com.au |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502170604/https://www.afl.com.au/news/1110065/hawthorn-hawks-champion-jason-dunstall-elevated-to-legend-status-in-australian-football-hall-of-fame |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Jason Dunstall's epic resume complete after elevation to Legend status in Australian Football Hall of Fame |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl-2024-jason-dunstall-elevated-to-legend-status-in-the-australian-football-hall-of-fame-latest-news/news-story/66e5b534a7a4ef279dd1d0ce30bd0c1e |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Fox Sports |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} n4srh0uk415cea6vdfad8rsr7zkjml1 Tasiri 0 169080 967385 958769 2026-10-13T22:35:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Inganci''' shine ikon yin aiki zuwa ga wani mataki mai gamsarwa ko kuma wanda ake tsammani. Kalmar ta fito ne daga tushe ɗaya da ''inganci'', kuma sau da yawa ana amfani da ita a ma'ana ɗaya, kodayake a [[Ilimin Magunguna|fannin ilimin kimiyyar magunguna]] yanzu sau da yawa ana samun bambanci tsakanin inganci da inganci . Ana amfani da kalmar ''inganci'' a [[Ilimin Magunguna|fannin ilimin harhada magunguna]] da [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]] don komawa ga mafi girman martanin da za a iya samu daga [[Magani|maganin harhada magunguna]] a wuraren bincike, <ref name="HolfordSheiner">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Holford NH, Sheiner LB |year=1981 |title=Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=429–53 |doi=10.2165/00003088-198106060-00002 |pmid=7032803 |s2cid=9337877 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da kuma damar samun isasshen tasirin magani ko canji mai amfani a wuraren asibiti. == Ilimin Harkar Magunguna == A fannin ilimin likitanci, inganci ( E ) shine matsakaicin martanin da za a iya samu daga wani magani da aka yi amfani da shi ko aka yi masa allura, misali, ƙaramin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="HolfordSheiner" /> Ayyukan ciki kalma ce ta haɗin gwiwa don ingancin magani idan aka kwatanta da magani mai mafi girman inganci da aka lura. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neubig RR, Spedding M, Kenakin T, Christopoulos A |date=December 2003 |title=International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification. XXXVIII. Update on terms and symbols in quantitative pharmacology |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=597–606 |doi=10.1124/pr.55.4.4 |pmid=14657418 |s2cid=1729572}}</ref> Kalma ce ta bayyanawa kawai wadda ba ta da wani fassarar da ta dace ko kuma ba ta da wani amfani. Domin magani ya yi tasiri, yana buƙatar ɗaurewa da abin da ake so, sannan ya shafi aikin wannan abin da ake so. Ana kiran abin da ake nufi da magani a matsayin mai karɓar sinadari, amma gabaɗaya yana iya zama duk wani wuri mai saurin kamuwa da sinadarai a kowace ƙwayar da aka samu a jiki. Za a iya auna yanayin irin wannan ɗaurewa ta hanyar kwatanta yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta, maganin da mai karɓar sa, ke hulɗa sosai: wannan ana kiransa da alaƙa . Inganci, a gefe guda, ma'auni ne na aikin magani da zarar an ɗaure shi. Matsakaicin martani, E max, zai ragu idan ingancinsa ya yi ƙasa sosai. An yi ta tattaunawa kan ma'anar inganci. <ref name="Colquhoun98">{{Cite journal |last=Colquhoun |first=D. |date=November 1998 |title=Binding, gating, affinity and efficacy: the interpretation of structure-activity relationships for agonists and of the effects of mutating receptors |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-pharmacology_1998-11_125_5/page/924 |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=924–947 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0702164 |issn=0007-1188 |pmc=1565672 |pmid=9846630}}</ref> Hanya ɗaya tilo da aka samu cikakken ma'aunin inganci ita ce ta hanyar nazarin tashar ion guda ɗaya na tashoshin ion masu gated ligand. Har yanzu ba zai yiwu a yi haka ga masu karɓar furotin na G ba. Dangane da mai karɓar glycine da mai karɓar acetylcholine na nicotinic (nau'in tsoka), Sivilotti ''et al'' . sun gabatar da cewa buɗe tashar ion ya ƙunshi matakai biyu bayan an ɗaure agonist. Da farko dai canjin siffar siffa zuwa siffar da ta fi girma (amma har yanzu a rufe), sai kuma canjin siffar daga rufewa zuwa buɗewa. <ref name="vb2004">{{Cite journal |last=Burzomato |first=Valeria |last2=Beato |first2=Marco |last3=Groot-Kormelink |first3=Paul J. |last4=Colquhoun |first4=David |last5=Sivilotti |first5=Lucia G. |date=2004-12-01 |title=Single-channel behavior of heteromeric alpha1beta glycine receptors: an attempt to detect a conformational change before the channel opens |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=24 |issue=48 |pages=10924–10940 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3424-04.2004 |issn=1529-2401 |pmc=6730200 |pmid=15574743}}</ref> <ref name="lcs2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lape R, Colquhoun D, Sivilotti L |year=2008 |title=On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-08-07_454_7205/page/722 |journal=Nature |volume=454 |issue=7205 |pages=722–728 |bibcode=2008Natur.454..722L |doi=10.1038/nature07139 |pmc=2629928 |pmid=18633353}}</ref> An gano cewa wani ɓangare na damuwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ƙarfi a matakin farko, kuma matakan buɗewa da rufewa iri ɗaya ne ga duka masu ɗaukar nauyin jiki gaba ɗaya da kuma waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin jiki gaba ɗaya. Sine da abokan aikinsa (2009) sun tabbatar da hakan kuma sun faɗaɗa shi. <ref name="sine2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mukhtasimova N, Lee WY, Wang HL, Sine SM |year=2009 |title=On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-05-21_459_7245/page/451 |journal=Nature |volume=459 |issue=7245 |pages=451–454 |doi=10.1038/nature07923 |pmc=2712348 |pmid=19339970}}</ref> Ma'anar wannan aikin <ref name="lcs2008" /> shine cewa dole ne a ayyana inganci ta hanyar aƙalla daidaitattun daidaito guda biyu (ko, gabaɗaya, ta hanyar daidaitattun ƙimar guda huɗu). Haɗin tasirin kusanci da inganci yana ƙayyade yadda magani zai samar da tasirin halitta, wani abu da aka sani da ƙarfi . == Magani == A fannin magani, inganci shine ikon yin canji mai amfani (ko tasirin magani ) na wani magani (misali magani, na'urar likitanci, hanyar tiyata, ko kuma hanyar kula [[Lafiyar jama'a|da lafiyar jama'a]] ). Tabbatar da ingancin shiga tsakani galibi ana yin sa ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin shiga tsakani da ake da su, waɗanda za a kwatanta su da su. Musamman ma, inganci yana nufin "ko magani yana nuna fa'idar lafiya fiye da placebo ko wani magani idan aka gwada shi a cikin yanayi mai kyau, kamar gwajin asibiti mai ƙarfi." Waɗannan nazarin sun mayar da hankali kan wani babban siga da za a nuna a kididdigar bambanci tsakanin placebo da ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani. Ana kiran kwatancen wannan nau'in gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar 'bayani', yayin da ake amfani da gwaje-gwajen 'pragmatic' don tabbatar da ''ingancin'' shiga tsakani dangane da sigogi marasa takamaiman.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2016}} Inganci yana nufin "yadda maganin ke aiki a cikin yanayi na gaske", kuma "sau da yawa yana ƙasa da inganci saboda hulɗa da wasu magunguna ko yanayin lafiyar majiyyaci, isasshen adadin ko tsawon lokacin amfani wanda likita bai rubuta ba ko wanda mara lafiya ya biyo baya, ko amfani da shi don yanayin da ba a yiwa alama ba wanda ba a gwada shi ba." == Noma == A fannin noma da gandun daji, ana amfani da inganci wajen bayyana ko [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|maganin kwari]] yana da tasiri wajen shawo kan kwari ko cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Efficacy Evaluations and Guidelines |url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticides-registration/efficacy-guides/index.htm |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=www.hse.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180815/https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticides-registration/efficacy-guides/index.htm |archive-date=7 December 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tauhidi == === Littafi Mai Tsarki === A cikin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Tauhidin Furotesta]] (musamman a cikin Lutheran amma kuma a cikin koyarwar Calvinist ) ''inganci'' siffa ce ta Nassi . Ingancin Nassosi yana nufin cewa an haɗa shi da ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki da kuma tare da shi, ba wai kawai yana buƙatar ba, har ma yana haifar da karɓar koyarwarsa <ref>{{Bibleverse||Romans|1:16|50}}, {{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|2:13|50}}</ref> kuma wannan koyarwar tana haifar da bangaskiya da biyayya . Inganci yana ƙara nufin cewa Littafi Mai Tsarki ba harafi ne da ya mutu ba, a'a, ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki yana cikinsa <ref>{{Bibleverse||Romans|1:16|50}}, {{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|1:5|50}}</ref> <ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|119:105|50}}, {{Bibleverse|2|Peter|1:19|50}}</ref> <ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Timothy|1:16-17|31}},{{Bibleverse||Ephesians|3:3-4|50}}</ref> kuma cewa Littafi Mai Tsarki bai tilasta kawai yarda da koyarwarsa ta ilimi ba, yana dogara ne akan hujja mai ma'ana, amma yana ƙirƙirar yarjejeniya mai rai ta bangaskiya . <ref>{{Bibleverse||John|6:63|31}}, {{Bibleverse||Revelation|1:3|31}}, {{Bibleverse||Ephesians|3:3-4|31}}</ref> <ref>{{Bibleverse||John|7:17|31}}</ref> Rubutun Smalcald ya tabbatar da cewa, "a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi Kalmar da aka faɗa, ta waje, dole ne mu tabbata cewa Allah ba ya ba da Ruhunsa ko alheri ga kowa, sai ta hanyar ko ta Kalmar da ta gabata." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smalcald Articles, part 8, "Of Confession" |url=http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731111923/http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> Tsarin Yarjejeniyar ya koyar da cewa lokacin da mutane suka ƙi kiran Ruhu Mai Tsarki, ba sakamakon Kalmar ba ce ta rage inganci. Madadin haka, raina hanyoyin alheri sakamakon " mummunan nufin mutum, wanda ke ƙin ko ɓata hanyoyin da kayan aikin Ruhu Mai Tsarki, wanda Allah ya ba shi ta hanyar kira, kuma yana tsayayya da Ruhu Mai Tsarki, wanda yake son ya zama mai aiki, kuma yana aiki ta wurin Kalmar ..." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solid Declaration, article xii, "Election", par. 41 |url=http://www.bookofconcord.org/sd-election.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719172205/http://bookofconcord.org/sd-election.php |archive-date=2017-07-19 |access-date=2009-10-08}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Matsakaicin tasirin magani * Inganci (bambanci) * Placebo (asalin kalmar fasaha) * Ƙarfi (maganin magani) * Gwajin asibiti mai amfani * Ingancin kai * Ingancin allurar riga-kafi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qe9l8s4jew9sp8ilgoskpgl3enfyol0 Tasirin ɗan adam akan sake zagayowar nitrogen 0 169195 967391 951649 2026-10-13T22:54:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Tasirin ɗan adam akan sake zagayowar nitrogen''' ya bambanta. Aikin noma da masana'antu nitrogen N shigarwa ga muhalli a halin yanzu ya wuce shigarwa daga N na halitta.<ref name="gallo2003">{{Cite journal |last=Galloway |first=J. N. |last2=Aber |first2=J. D. |last3=Erisman |first3=J. N. W. |last4=Seitzinger |first4=S. P. |last5=Howarth |first5=R. W. |last6=Cowling |first6=E. B. |last7=Cosby |first7=B. J. |year=2003 |title=The Nitrogen Cascade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2003-04_53_4/page/341 |journal=BioScience |volume=53 |issue=4 |page=341 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=3356400 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ya fi dacewa da yaduwar amfani da taki na roba da aka samar ta hanyar tsarin Haber-Bosch, da fadada konewar man fetur bayan [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]]. A sakamakon abubuwan da aka samo asali daga mutum, an canza sake zagayowar nitrogen na duniya sosai a cikin karni da ya gabata, wanda ya haifar da karuwar nitrogen da rushewar tsarin halittu na halitta. Yankin 2 nitrous oxide na yanayi na duniya N<sub>2</sub> sun karu daga darajar masana'antu na ~ 270 nmol / mol zuwa ~ 319 nmol /mol a cikin 2005, yanayin da ya shafi cewa N2O duka iskar gas ne da kuma abu mai lalata ozone ODS. Ayyukan ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na hayakin N<sub>2</sub> 35% na jimlar hayakin N <sub>2</sub> na duniya, tare da kusan 20% wanda ya samo asali ne daga tushen aikin gona kamar amfani da taki, sarrafa turare, da kiwon kifi.<ref name="alley" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tian |first=Hanqin |last2=Pan |first2=Naiqing |last3=Thompson |first3=Rona L. |last4=Canadell |first4=Josep G. |last5=Suntharalingam |first5=Parvadha |last6=Regnier |first6=Pierre |last7=Davidson |first7=Eric A. |last8=Prather |first8=Michael |last9=Ciais |first9=Philippe |last10=Muntean |first10=Marilena |last11=Pan |first11=Shufen |last12=Winiwarter |first12=Wilfried |last13=Zaehle |first13=Sönke |last14=Zhou |first14=Feng |last15=Jackson |first15=Robert B. |date=2024-06-11 |title=Global nitrous oxide budget (1980–2020) |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2543/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=English |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2543–2604 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2543T |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024 |issn=1866-3508 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarin kashi 12% na hayaki ya samo asali ne daga wasu ayyukan ɗan adam ciki har da konewar man fetur, matakai na masana'antu, maganin sharar gida da ruwa mai guba, da ƙonewar biomass.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan labarin an yi niyya ne don ba da taƙaitaccen bita game da tarihin shigarwar N ta ɗan adam, rahoton tasirin shigarwar nitrogen akan zaɓaɓɓun yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa, da kuma 'yan wasa na duniya a cikin hayakin N == Tarihin shigarwar nitrogen na ɗan adam == Kimanin kashi 78% na yanayin duniya shine N gas (N<sub>2</sub>), wanda shine mahaɗin inert kuma ba a samuwa ga yawancin kwayoyin ba. Don a yi amfani da shi a mafi yawan matakai na halitta, dole ne a canza N<sub>2</sub> zuwa 3" href="./Reactive_nitrogen" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Reactive nitrogen">nitrogen mai amsawa (Nr), wanda ya haɗa da siffofin da aka rage NH<sub>3</sub> da NH<sub>4</sub>+, siffofin da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta NO, NO<sub><sub>2</sub></sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, N2O, da NO3<sup>−</sup>), da kuma mahadi na kwayoyin halitta (urea, amines, da sunadarai. <ref name="gallo2003" /> N<sub>2</sub> yana da haɗin sau uku mai ƙarfi, don haka ana buƙatar adadi mai yawa na makamashi <sub>2</sub> kcal mol-1 don canza N2 zuwa Nr.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Kafin matakai na masana'antu, kawai tushen irin wannan makamashi shine hasken rana da fitar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Yin amfani da adadi mai yawa na makamashi da enzyme 3" href="./Nitrogenase" id="mwYQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase, wasu [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da cyanobacteria suna canza yanayi N<sub>2</sub> zuwa NH3, tsari da aka sani da ƙayyadadden nitrogen (BNF). Hanyar ɗan adam zuwa BNF ita ce tsarin 3" href="./Haber-Bosch" id="mwaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Haber-Bosch">Haber-Bosch, wanda H<sub>2</sub> ke amsawa tare da yanayi N<sub>2</sub> a yanayin zafi da matsin lamba don samar da NH3. A ƙarshe, N<sub>2</sub> an canza shi zuwa NO ta hanyar makamashi daga [[Lightning|walƙiya]], wanda ba a kula da shi ba a cikin yanayin halittu na yanzu, ko kuma ta hanyar konewar man fetur.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Har zuwa 1850, BNF na halitta, BNF da aka haifar da noma misali, shuka amfanin gona, da kuma kwayoyin halitta sune kawai tushen N don samar da noma. Kusan farkon karni, an girbe Nr daga guano da sodium nitrate kuma an fitar da su daga tsibirin Pacific da hamada ta Kudancin Amurka.<ref name="smil" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ana amfani da matakai na masana'antu na farko, duk da cewa ba su da inganci, don samar da NH<sub>3</sub>.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Saboda kokarin Fritz Haber da Carl Bosch, tsarin Haber-Bosch ya zama babbar tushen taki na nitrogenous bayan shekarun 1950, kuma ya maye gurbin BNF a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da NH<sub>3</sub>.<ref name="smil" /> Daga 1890 zuwa 1990, anthropogenically halitta Nr ya karu kusan ninki tara.<ref name="gallo2003" /> A wannan lokacin, yawan mutane ya ninka fiye da sau uku, wani bangare saboda karuwar samar da abinci. Tun lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], wani ƙarin tushen shigarwar N na ɗan adam shine ƙonewar man fetur, wanda ake amfani da shi don sakin makamashi misali, don samar da motoci. Yayin da ake ƙone 2" href="./Fossil_fuel" id="mwmQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fossil fuel">man fetur, yanayin zafi da matsin lamba suna samar da makamashi don samar da NO daga N2 oxidation.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka cire man fetur kuma aka ƙone shi, burbushin N na iya zama mai amsawa watau, fitar da NO<sub>x</sub>. <ref name="gallo2003" /> A cikin shekarun 1970s masana kimiyya sun fara gane cewa N shigarwa suna tarawa a cikin muhalli kuma suna shafar yanayin halittu.<ref name="gallo2003" /> == Tasirin shigarwar ɗan adam akan sake zagayowar nitrogen == Tsakanin 1600 da 1990, halittar nitrogen Nr na duniya ya karu kusan kashi 50%.<ref name="gallocowl">{{Cite journal |last=Galloway |first=James N. |last2=Cowling |first2=Ellis B. |year=2002 |title=Reactive Nitrogen and the World: 200 Years of Change |url=https://archive.org/details/ambio_2002-03_31_2/page/64 |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=64–71 |bibcode=2002Ambio..31...64G |doi=10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.64 |pmid=12078011 |s2cid=8104525}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an bayar da rahoton fitar da hayaki na nau'in Nr ya karu da 250% kuma zubar da shi ga yanayin ruwa da na ƙasa ya karu da 200%.<ref name="gallocowl" /> Bugu da ƙari, an bayar da rahoton karuwar ninki huɗu na inorganic nitrate da koguna suka ɗauka daga yankunan cikin gida zuwa ruwan bakin teku.<ref name="gallocowl" /> Nitrogen wani abu ne mai mahimmanci mai iyakancewa a cikin tsarin da yawa, gami da gandun daji, wuraren da ke da ruwa, da yanayin halittu na bakin teku da na ruwa; sabili da haka, wannan canji a cikin hayaki da rarraba Nr ya haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu da na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vitousek |first=P. |last2=Howarth |first2=R. |year=1991 |title=Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biogeochemistry_1991_13_2/page/87 |journal=Biogeochemistry |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=87 |bibcode=1991Biogc..13...87V |doi=10.1007/BF00002772 |s2cid=93106377}}</ref><ref name="raba">{{Cite journal |last=Rabalais |first=Nancy N. |author-link=Nancy Rabalais |year=2002 |title=Nitrogen in Aquatic Ecosystems |url=https://archive.org/details/ambio_2002-03_31_2/page/102 |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=102–12 |doi=10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0102:NIAE]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=12077998}}</ref> === Yanayi === N abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi galibi sun haɗa da o<sub>x</sub> na N (NO<sub>x</sub>), ammoniya (NH<sub>3</sub>), da nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>) daga yanayin ruwa da na ƙasa, da NOx daga man fetur da konewar biomass. <ref name="gallo2003" /> A cikin agroecosystems, aikace-aikacen taki ya kara yawan 2" href="./Nitrification" id="mw1Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nitrification">nitrification na microbial aerobic tsari wanda microorganisms ke shayar da ammonium NH<sub>4</sub>+ zuwa nitrate [NO<sub>3</sub>]) da kuma denitrification anaerobic tsari inda microorganisms suka rage NO<sub>3</sub><sup><sup>−</sup></sup> zuwa iskar nitrogen ta yanayi N2. Dukkanin matakai na halitta suna ɓoye nitric oxide NO da nitrous oxide N<sub>2</sub> zuwa yanayi. Abin damuwa shine N<sub>2</sub>, wanda ke da matsakaicin rayuwar yanayi na shekaru 114-1<sub>2</sub>, kuma yana da sau 300 fiye da CO2 a matsayin iskar gas.<ref name="Schles" /> NO<sub>x</sub> da aka samar ta hanyar masana'antu, motoci da taki na noma da NH<sub>3</sub> da aka fitar daga ƙasa watau, a matsayin ƙarin kayan nitrification <ref name="Schles" /> kuma ana jigilar ayyukan dabbobi zuwa tsarin halittu na iska, yana rinjayar N cycling da asarar abinci mai gina jiki. An ambaci manyan tasirin NO<sub>x</sub> da NH<sub>3</sub> hayaki guda shida: 1) raguwar ganuwar yanayi saboda ammonium aerosols (kyakkyawan kwayoyin halitta [PM]); 2 hauhawar yawan ozone; 3) ozone da PM suna shafar lafiyar ɗan adam (misali [[Cutar huhu|cututtukan numfashi]], [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]); 4) karuwa a cikin [[Matsi na radiation|tilasta radiative]] da [[Canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi na duniya]]; 5) raguwar aikin gona saboda zubar da ozone; da kuma 6) acidization na yanayin halittu.<ref name="gallo2003" /><ref name="houdijk">{{Cite journal |last=Houdijk |first=A. L. F. M. |last2=Verbeek |first2=P. J. M. |last3=Dijk |first3=H. F. G. |last4=Roelofs |first4=J. G. M. |year=1993 |title=Distribution and decline of endangered herbaceous heathland species in relation to the chemical composition of the soil |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-and-soil_1993-01_148_1/page/137 |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=137–143 |bibcode=1993PlSoi.148..137H |doi=10.1007/BF02185393 |s2cid=22600629}}</ref> === Yanayin Rayuwa === <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Tsarin halittu na ƙasa da na ruwa suna karɓar shigarwar Nr daga yanayi ta hanyar rigar da bushewa.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Ana iya ajiye nau'in Nr na yanayi a cikin yanayin halittu a cikin hazo (misali, NO<sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub>+, mahaɗan N na kwayoyin halitta), a matsayin iskar gas (misali., NH<sub>3</sub> da gas nitric acid [HNO<sub>3</sub>]), ko kuma a matsayin aerosols (misali , ammonium nitrate [NH<sub>4</sub>]). <ref name="gallo2003" /> Tsarin halittu na ruwa yana karɓar ƙarin nitrogen daga runoff na ƙasa da shigarwar [[Kogi|kogin]].<ref name="raba" /> Ƙarin N na iya sanya ƙasa, rafi, da tabkuna da kuma canza gandun daji da kuma ciyawa. A cikin yanayin halittu na ciyawa, N shigarwa sun samar da karuwar farko a cikin yawan aiki sannan raguwa yayin da aka wuce ƙofofi masu mahimmanci.<ref name="gallo2003" /> An kuma nuna tasirin nitrogen a kan [[bambancin halittu]], cycling na carbon, da canje-canje a cikin nau'in jinsuna. A yankunan da suka ci gaba sosai na bakin teku da tsarin bakin teku, koguna suna ba da kai tsaye (misali, runoff na ƙasa) da kuma kai tsaye (alal misali, gurɓataccen ruwa) Nuts daga agroecosystems.<ref name="raba" /> Ƙarin N shigarwa na iya haifar da acidization na ruwa mai laushi da [[eutrophication]] na ruwan teku. ==== Tsarin halittu na duniya ==== ===== Tasirin aiki da sake zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki ===== Yawancin ci gaban ƙasa a cikin tsarin matsakaici yana iyakance ta N; sabili da haka, N shigarwa (watau, ta hanyar sakawa da taki) na iya ƙara N samuwa, wanda na ɗan lokaci yana ƙara N ɗaukar, shuka da ci gaban microbial, da N tarawa a cikin biomass na shuka da kwayoyin ƙasa. Haɗakar da adadi mai yawa na N a cikin kwayoyin halitta yana rage C:N rabo, ƙara ma'adinai N saki (NH<sub>4</sub> +) yayin lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na heterotrophic (watau, ammonification). <ref name="aber92">{{Cite journal |last=Aber |first=J. D. |year=1992 |title=Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1992_7_7/page/220 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=220–224 |bibcode=1992TEcoE...7..220A |doi=10.1016/0169-5347(92)90048-G |pmid=21236013}}</ref> Yayin da ammonification ke ƙaruwa, haka kuma nitrification na ma'adinai N. Saboda microbial nitrification da denitrification suna "leaky", ana sa ran N ya kara yawan iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matson |first=P |last2=Lohse |first2=KA |last3=Hall |first3=SJ |year=2002 |title=The globalization of nitrogen deposition: Consequences for terrestrial ecosystems |url=https://archive.org/details/ambio_2002-03_31_2/page/113 |journal=Ambio |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=113–9 |doi=10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0113:tgondc]2.0.co;2 |jstor=4315223 |pmid=12077999}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tare da karuwar NH<sub>4</sub>+ tarawa a cikin ƙasa, hanyoyin nitrification suna fitar da ions na hydrogen, wanda ke sanya ƙamshi a ƙasa. NO<sub>3</sub>, samfurin nitrification, yana da motsi sosai kuma ana iya cire shi daga ƙasa, tare da ma'adanai masu caji kamar calcium da magnesium. A cikin ƙasa mai ƙamshi, ions na aluminum da aka tattara na iya kaiwa ga maida hankali mai guba, wanda ke shafar yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa. Tushen Anthropogenic na N gabaɗaya ya kai gandun daji ta hanyar sauka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aber |first=John D. |last2=Goodale |first2=Christine L. |author-link2=Christine Goodale |last3=Ollinger |first3=Scott V. |last4=Smith |first4=Marie-Louise |last5=Magill |first5=Alison H. |last6=Martin |first6=Mary E. |last7=Hallett |first7=Richard A. |last8=Stoddard |first8=John L. |year=2003 |title=Is Nitrogen Deposition Altering the Nitrogen Status of Northeastern Forests? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2003-04_53_4/page/375 |journal=BioScience |volume=53 |issue=4 |page=375 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0375:INDATN]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=1314369 |s2cid=54037020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani damuwa mai yuwuwa na karuwar N saboda ayyukan ɗan adam shine canza yanayin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin yanayin gandun daji. Bincike da yawa sun nuna tasirin kirki da mara kyau na N na yanayi akan yawan gandun daji da ajiyar carbon. Ƙara N sau da yawa ana saurin dakatar da shi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma tasirin ragowar N da ke akwai ya dogara da ikon al'ummar shuka don ɗaukar N.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nadelhoffer |first=K. J. |last2=Downs |first2=M. R. |last3=Fry |first3=B. |year=1999 |title=Sinks For15N-Enriched Additions to an Oak Forest and a Red Pine Plantation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-applications_1999-02_9_1/page/72 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=9 |pages=72–86 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0072:SFNEAT]2.0.CO;2}}</ref><ref name="bauer">{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=G. A. |last2=Bazzaz |first2=F. A. |last3=Minocha |first3=R. |last4=Long |first4=S. |last5=Magill |first5=A. |last6=Aber |first6=J. |last7=Berntson |first7=G. M. |year=2004 |title=Effects of chronic N additions on tissue chemistry, photosynthetic capacity, and carbon sequestration potential of a red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stand in the NE United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_2004-07-12_196_1/page/173 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=173–186 |bibcode=2004ForEM.196..173B |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.032}}</ref> A cikin tsarin da ke da babban ɗaukar, N yana shiga cikin tsire-tsire na tsire-shuke, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen yawan amfanin gona (NPP) kuma mai yiwuwa ya kara yawan ƙwaƙwalwar carbon ta hanyar ƙarfin photosynthetic. Koyaya, martani na yanayin halittu ga ƙarin N ya dogara da abubuwan da suka shafi shafin da suka hada da yanayi, tarihin amfani da ƙasa, da adadin ƙarin N. Misali, a Arewa maso gabashin Amurka, tsayin daka da ke karɓar abubuwan shigarwa na N na yau da kullun sun nuna damar da za ta fi dacewa don riƙe N da haɓaka yawan amfanin farko na shekara-shekara (ANPP) fiye da tsayin conifer.<ref name="magill">{{Cite journal |last=Magill |first=A. H. |last2=Aber |first2=J. D. |last3=Currie |first3=W. S. |last4=Nadelhoffer |first4=K. J. |last5=Martin |first5=M. E. |last6=McDowell |first6=W. H. |last7=Melillo |first7=J. M. |last8=Steudler |first8=P. |year=2004 |title=Ecosystem response to 15 years of chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_2004-07-12_196_1/page/n16 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=7–28 |bibcode=2004ForEM.196....7M |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.033}}</ref> Da zarar shigarwar N ta wuce buƙatun tsarin, N na iya ɓacewa ta hanyar leaching da iskar gas. Lokacin da ake samu N ya wuce yanayin halittu (satar, ciyayi, ƙasa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, da dai sauransu) damar ɗaukar nauyi, N saturation yana faruwa kuma wuce N ya ɓace zuwa ruwa, ruwa na ƙasa, da yanayi.<ref name="bauer" /><ref name="magill" /> N saturation na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na abinci mai gina jiki (misali, asarar calcium saboda nitrate leaching) da yiwuwar raguwar gandun daji.<ref name="aber92" /> Nazarin shekaru 15 na ƙarin N na yau da kullun a shirin Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) ya bayyana tasirin da yawa na karuwar nitrogen a kan sake zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin gandun daji. Ya gano cewa ƙari na N na yau da kullun ya haifar da asarar leaching mafi girma, karuwar mutuwar pine, da kuma dakatar da tarawar biomass.<ref name="magill" /> Wani binciken ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin N na yau da kullun ya haifar da tarawa na N wanda ba na photosynthetic ba kuma daga baya ya rage ƙarfin photosynthetics, wanda ake zaton yana haifar da matsanancin damuwa da mutuwa.<ref name="bauer" /> Wadannan binciken sun musanta ra'ayoyin da suka gabata cewa karuwar N zai kara NPP da kuma karɓar carbon. ===== Tasirin nau'ikan shuke-shuke ===== Yawancin al'ummomin shuke-shuke sun samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki; sabili da haka, ƙara N shigarwa na iya canza ma'amala ta rayuwa da abiotic, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin abun da ke cikin al'umma. Nazarin ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki da yawa sun nuna cewa karuwar N shigarwa yana haifar da rinjaye na nau'in shuke-shuke masu saurin girma, tare da raguwar da ke tattare da wadatar jinsuna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laura Foster Huenneke |last2=Steven P. Hamburg |last3=Roger Koide |last4=Harold A. Mooney |last5=Peter M. Vitousek |year=1990 |title=Effects of Soil Resources on Plant Invasion and Community Structure in Californian Serpentine Grassland |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecology_1990-04_71_2/page/478 |journal=Ecology |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=478–491 |bibcode=1990Ecol...71..478H |doi=10.2307/1940302 |jstor=1940302}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tilman |first=D. |year=1997 |title=Community Invasibility, Recruitment Limitation, and Grassland Biodiversity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecology_1997-01_78_1/page/81 |journal=Ecology |volume=78 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0081:CIRLAG]2.0.CO;2}}</ref><ref name="wiltil">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=S. D. |last2=Tilman |first2=D. |year=2002 |title=Quadratic Variation in Old-Field Species Richness Along Gradients of Disturbance and Nitrogen |url=https://archive.org/details/ecology_2002-02_83_2/page/492 |journal=Ecology |volume=83 |issue=2 |page=492 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0492:QVIOFS]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Nau'in da ke girma da sauri suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da nitrogen, kuma za su taru da nau'in shuke-shuke masu saurin girma ta hanyar toshe damar samun hasken rana tare da mafi girman su a sama da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wamelink |first=G.W.W. |last2=van Dobben |first2=H.F. |last3=Mol-Dijkstra |first3=J.P. |last4=Schouwenberg |first4=E.P.A.G. |last5=Kros |first5=J. |last6=de Vries |first6=W. |last7=Berendse |first7=F. |date=September 2009 |title=Effect of nitrogen deposition reduction on biodiversity and carbon sequestration |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_2009-09-25_258_8/page/1774 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=258 |issue=8 |pages=1774–1779 |bibcode=2009ForEM.258.1774W |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2008.10.024}}</ref> Sauran binciken sun gano cewa martani na biyu na tsarin ga wadatar N, gami da ƙarancin ƙasa da canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin mycorrhizal sun ba da damar nau'o'in da ke jure damuwa don tsayayya da nau'o-in da ke da hankali.<ref name="houdijk" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egerton-Warburton |first=L. M. |last2=Allen |first2=E. B. |year=2000 |title=Shifts in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Communities Along an Anthropogenic Nitrogen Deposition Gradient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-applications_2000-04_10_2/page/484 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=484 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0484:SIAMCA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Bishiyoyi da ke da ƙungiyoyin mycorrhizal na arbuscular suna iya amfana daga karuwar nitrogen na ƙasa, saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ba su iya rushe nitrogen na ƙasa ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quinn Thomas |first=R. |last2=Canham |first2=Charles D. |last3=Weathers |first3=Kathleen C. |last4=Goodale |first4=Christine L. |author-link4=Christine Goodale |date=22 December 2009 |title=Increased tree carbon storage in response to nitrogen deposition in the US |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=En |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1038/ngeo721 |issn=1752-0908}}</ref> Sauran binciken biyu sun sami shaidar cewa karuwar N ya haifar da raguwa a cikin nau'o'in nau'o-nau'i daban-daban. Yankunan zafi suna da halaye na ƙasa mai talauci, wanda ya ware ciyawa mai buƙata; duk da haka, tare da karuwar N da ƙarancin ƙasa, mamayewar ciyawa sun maye gurbin ƙasa mai laushi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aerts, Rien |last2=Berendse, Frank |date=August 1988 |title=The effect of increased nutrient availability on vegetation dynamics in wet heathlands |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00047389 |journal=Vegetatio |volume=76 |issue=1–2 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.1007/BF00047389 |issn=0042-3106 |s2cid=34882407 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bobbink |first=R. |last2=Heil |first2=G. W. |last3=Raessen |first3=M. B. |year=1992 |title=Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in heathland ecosystems |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-pollution_1992_75_1/page/29 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |bibcode=1992EPoll..75...29B |doi=10.1016/0269-7491(92)90053-D |pmid=15092046}}</ref> A cikin binciken gwaji na baya-bayan nan na N taki da rikici (watau, noma) a cikin tsohuwar filin, an gano cewa wadatar jinsuna ta ragu tare da karuwar N, ba tare da la'akari da matakin rikici ba. Gwaje-gwaje na gasa sun nuna cewa masu rinjaye na gasa sun cire ƙananan nau'o'in gasa tsakanin abubuwan rikice-rikice. Tare da karuwar N shigarwa, gasar ta sauya daga ƙasa zuwa sama (watau, zuwa gasa don haske), kuma ƙimar mulkin mallaka ta ragu sosai. Wadannan canje-canje na ciki na iya shafar al'umma sosai ta hanyar canza ma'auni na cinikayya tsakanin jinsuna.<ref name="wiltil" /> A cikin tsarin da ke da tushe, haɗin kai na yanki na iya faruwa ta hanyar cinikayya a cikin gasa da ikon mulkin mallaka da aka ba da isasshen rikice-rikice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hastings |first=A. |year=1980 |title=Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space |url=https://archive.org/details/theoretical-population-biology_1980-12_18_3/page/363 |journal=Theoretical Population Biology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=363–373 |bibcode=1980TPBio..18..363H |doi=10.1016/0040-5809(80)90059-3}}</ref> Wato, tare da matsayi na gasa da ikon mulkin mallaka, tsire-tsire na iya kasancewa tare a sararin samaniya da lokaci yayin da rikici ke cire manyan masu fafatawa daga patches, yana ba da damar kafa manyan masu mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, kamar yadda Wilson da Tilman suka nuna, ƙaruwar abubuwan gina jiki na iya hana cinikayya, wanda ke haifar da warewar gasa na waɗannan manyan masu mulkin mallaka / matalauta masu fafatawa.<ref name="wiltil" /> ==== Tsarin halittu na ruwa ==== Tsarin halittu na ruwa kuma suna nuna martani daban-daban ga wadatar nitrogen. NO<sub>3</sub> loading daga N saturated, duniya ecosystems na iya haifar da acidisation na downstream ruwa tsarin da kuma [[eutrophication]] na downstream marine tsarin. [[Gurbacewar ruwa mai dadi da acid|Rashin ruwa mai laushi]] na iya haifar da guba na aluminum da mutuwar nau'in kifi masu saurin pH. Saboda tsarin ruwa gabaɗaya yana da iyakacin nitrogen, [[Gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki|yawan N shigarwa]] na iya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwa saboda fure mai guba, karancin iskar oxygen, asarar mazaunin, raguwa a cikin [[bambancin halittu]], da asarar kamun kifi.<ref name="raba" /> ===== Acidification na ruwa mai laushi ===== Za'a iya canza yanayin N a cikin shimfidar wurare na ƙasa ta hanyar matakai na microbial na ƙasa zuwa nitrogen da ke samuwa na halitta, wanda zai iya haifar da acid na ruwa, da [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. NO<sub>3</sub> da NH<sub>4</sub>+ shigarwa daga tsarin ƙasa da yanayi na iya yin acidization ga tsarin ruwa mai laushi lokacin da akwai ƙaramin ƙarfin buffering saboda acidization na ƙasa.<ref name="raba" /> N gurɓata a Turai, Arewa maso gabashin Amurka, da Asiya damuwa ce ta yanzu game da ruwan sha. Nazarin acid na tafkin a yankin gwaji na tafkin (ELA) a arewa maso yammacin Ontario a bayyane ya nuna mummunan tasirin karuwar acidity a kan nau'in kifi na asali: ɗaukar ma'adanai na tafkin tafkin (Salvelinus namaycush) da ci gaban da ya ragu sosai saboda kawar da nau'in dabbarta a lokacin acidization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=K. H. |last2=Chalanchuk |first2=S. M. |last3=Allan |first3=D. J. |year=2000 |title=Recovery of fish populations in Lake 223 from experimental acidification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-fisheries-and-aquatic-sciences_2000-01_57_1/page/192 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=192–204 |bibcode=2000CJFAS..57..192M |doi=10.1139/f99-186}}</ref> Nitrogen mai amsawa daga aikin gona, kiwon dabbobi, taki, tsarin septic, da sauran tushe sun haɓaka nitrate a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na yawancin ƙasashe masu masana'antu. Nitrate concentrations a cikin 1,000 Norwegian tabkuna ya ninka sau biyu a kasa da shekaru goma. Koguna a arewa maso gabashin Amurka da mafi yawan Turai sun karu da ninki goma zuwa goma sha biyar a cikin karni na baya. Nitrogen mai saurin amsawa na iya gurɓata ruwan sha ta hanyar gudana cikin rafi, tabkuna, koguna, da ruwan kasa. A cikin Amurka kadai, kusan kashi 20% na tushen ruwa na ƙasa sun wuce iyakar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na nitrate a cikin ruwan sha. Wadannan manyan maida hankali na iya haifar da "blue baby disease" inda ions na nitrate ke raunana ikon jini na ɗaukar iskar oxygen. Nazarin ya kuma danganta babban taro na nitrates zuwa batutuwan haihuwa da kuma yiwuwar wasu cututtukan daji, kamar su kumburi da ciwon daji na ovarian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fields |first=Scott |date=July 2004 |title=Global Nitrogen: Cycling out of Control |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=112 |issue=10 |pages=A556–A563 |bibcode=2004EnvHP.112.a556F |doi=10.1289/ehp.112-a556 |pmc=1247398 |pmid=15238298}}</ref> ===== Eutrophication na tsarin ruwa ===== Birane, sare daji, da ayyukan noma galibi suna ba da gudummawa ga turɓaya da abubuwan gina jiki ga ruwan bakin teku ta hanyar koguna.<ref name="raba" /> Ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsarin ruwa sun nuna karuwar ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin yawan aiki da amfanin kifi, da kuma tasirin lalacewar [[eutrophication]] na dogon lokaci. Sau uku na NO<sub>3</sub> a cikin Kogin Mississippi a cikin rabin karshe na karni na 20 an danganta shi da karuwar amfanin kifi a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da Delta na Mississippi; <ref name="raba" /> duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki sun samar da hypoxia na yanayi (mahimmancin iskar oxygen ƙasa da 2-3 MG L-1, "yanki masu mutuwa") a cikin Tekun Mexico. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grimes |first=Churchill B. |year=2001 |title=Fishery Production and the Mississippi River Discharge |url=https://archive.org/details/fisheries_2001-08_26_8/page/n16 |journal=Fisheries |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=17–26 |bibcode=2001Fish...26g..17G |doi=10.1577/1548-8446(2001)026<0017:FPATMR>2.0.CO;2}}</ref><ref name="gallo2003" /> &nbsp;A cikin tsarin estuarine da na bakin teku, babban kayan abinci yana ƙara samar da farko (misali, phytoplankton, ciyawa na teku, macroalgae), wanda ke ƙara turbidity tare da raguwar haske a cikin ruwa a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. Sakamakon haka, tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da ke cikin ruwa suna raguwa, wanda ke rage rikitarwa da kuma samar da iskar oxygen. Karin farko (watau, phytoplankton, macroalgae, da dai sauransu) samarwa yana haifar da kwararar carbon zuwa ruwa na kasa lokacin da kwayoyin halitta suka lalace (watau samar da farko) suna nutsewa kuma kwayoyin cuta na aerobic suna cinyewa a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. A sakamakon haka, amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwan kasa ya fi yaduwar iskar oxygen daga ruwan sama. Bugu da ƙari, wasu furanni na algae da ake kira furanni na cutar algal (HABs) suna samar da guba waɗanda zasu iya aiki a matsayin mahaɗan neuromuscular ko ɓarna. Wadannan algal fure na iya zama masu cutarwa ga sauran rayuwar ruwa da kuma mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skulberg |first=Olav M. |author-link=Olav M. Skulberg |last2=Codd |first2=Geoffrey A. |last3=Carmichael |first3=Wayne W. |date=1984-01-01 |title=Toxic Blue-Green Algal Blooms in Europe: A Growing Problem |journal=Ambio |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=244–247 |jstor=4313034}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=V.H. |last2=Tilman |first2=G.D. |last3=Nekola |first3=J.C. |year=1999 |title=Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-pollution_1999_100_1-3/page/n197 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=100 |issue=1–3 |pages=179–196 |bibcode=1999EPoll.100..179S |doi=10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00091-3 |pmid=15093117 |s2cid=969039}}</ref> == Haɗin kai == Sakamakon tsarin da ke sama ga abubuwan da ke cikin nitrogen (Nr) kusan dukkanin ana nazarin su daban; duk da haka, bincike yana nuna cewa matsalolin loading nitrogen suna da alaƙa da hanyoyi da yawa da ke jigilar abubuwan gina jiki a fadin iyakokin tsarin.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Wannan canja wurin tsari tsakanin yanayin halittu ana kiransa nitrogen cascade.<ref name="gallocowl" /> ([http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050802102955/http://www.unep.org/GEO/yearbook/yb2003/089.htm duba hoto daga Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]). A lokacin cascade, wasu tsarin suna tara Nr, wanda ke haifar da jinkirin lokaci a cikin cascade da inganta tasirin Nr akan yanayin da yake tarawa. Daga ƙarshe, abubuwan da aka samo daga Nr an tara su ko kuma an lalata su; duk da haka, an sami ci gaba kaɗan wajen tantance muhimmancin dangi na Nr tarawa da denitrification, wanda ya kasance galibi saboda rashin haɗin kai tsakanin fannonin kimiyya.<ref name="gallo2003" /><ref name="davseit">{{Cite journal |last=Davidson |first=E. A. |last2=Seitzinger |first2=S. |year=2006 |title=The Enigma of Progress in Denitrification Research |url=https://archive.org/details/ecological-applications_2006-12_16_6/page/2057 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2057–2063 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2057:TEOPID]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=17205889}}</ref> Most Nr applied to global agroecosystems cascades through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems until it is converted to N<sub>2</sub>, primarily through denitrification.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Although terrestrial denitrification produces gaseous intermediates (nitric oxide [NO] and nitrous oxide [N<sub>2</sub>O]), the last step—microbial production of N<sub>2</sub>— is critical because atmospheric N<sub>2</sub> is a sink for Nr.<ref name="davseit" /> Many studies have clearly demonstrated that managed buffer strips and wetlands can remove significant amounts of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) from agricultural systems through denitrification.<ref name="Jackson2006">{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=R. D. |last2=Allen-Diaz |first2=B. |last3=Oates |first3=L. G. |last4=Tate |first4=K. W. |year=2006 |title=Spring-water Nitrate Increased with Removal of Livestock Grazing in a California Oak Savanna |journal=Ecosystems |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=254 |bibcode=2006Ecosy...9..254J |doi=10.1007/s10021-005-0166-7 |s2cid=24450808}}</ref> Such management may help attenuate the undesirable cascading effects and eliminate environmental Nr accumulation.<ref name="gallo2003" /> Ayyukan ɗan adam sun mamaye zagaye na duniya da na yanki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galloway |first=J. N. |last2=Dentener |first2=F. J. |last3=Capone |first3=D. G. |last4=Boyer |first4=E. W. |last5=Howarth |first5=R. W. |last6=Seitzinger |first6=S. P. |last7=Asner |first7=G. P. |last8=Cleveland |first8=C. C. |last9=Green |first9=P. A. |last10=Holland |first10=E. A. |last11=Karl |first11=D. M. |last12=Michaels |first12=A. F. |last13=Porter |first13=J. H. |last14=Townsend |first14=A. R. |last15=Vöosmarty |first15=C. J. |year=2004 |title=Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://ibl.colorado.edu/galloway_2004.pdf |journal=Biogeochemistry |volume=70 |issue=2 |page=153 |bibcode=2004Biogc..70..153G |doi=10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0 |jstor=4151466 |s2cid=98109580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051111092632/http://ibl.colorado.edu/galloway_2004.pdf |archive-date=2005-11-11}}</ref> N shigarwa sun nuna mummunan sakamako ga duka masu gina jiki da bambancin jinsunan asali a cikin tsarin ƙasa da na ruwa. A zahiri, saboda tasirin dogon lokaci akan shafukan yanar gizo na abinci, ana ɗaukar shigarwar Nr a matsayin babbar matsalar gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin tsarin ruwa.<ref name="raba" /> A cikin yanayin halittu na ƙasa da na ruwa, martani ga wadatar N ya bambanta; duk da haka, jigon da ke faruwa gaba ɗaya shine mahimmancin ƙofofi (misali, nitrogen saturation) a cikin tsarin riƙe abinci mai gina jiki. Don sarrafa N cascade, dole ne a haɗa kai da horo na kimiyya da ci gaba da aiki akan Nr ajiya da ƙimar denitrification.<ref name="davseit" /> == Rashin Ruwa na Duniya == Ya zuwa <sub>2</sub>, manyan kasashe biyar a cikin hayakin N2O na ɗan adam sune China (16.7%), Indiya (10.9%), Amurka (5.7%), Brazil (5.3%), da Rasha (4.6%). <ref name=":0" /> Duk da yake EU, Japan, da Koriya sun sami nasarar rage fitar da N<sub>2</sub> na ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kuma China ta sami raguwar fitar da N <sub>2</sub> saboda ingantaccen amfani da nitrogen, fitar da duniya daga aikace-aikacen taki kai tsaye da man fetur sun kasance masu ɗorewa ko kaɗan.<ref name=":0" /> A yankuna kamar Kudancin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, hayaki daga hanyoyin da ba na noma ba yayi kama da ko ma ya wuce hayaki na noma.<ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r7yfy241rabl5ophnmm08fx0kg3trb1 Héctor P. García 0 171727 967360 966665 2026-10-13T22:01:56Z Nura Bello 24854 967360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Héctor Pérez García (Janairu 17, 1914 - Yuli 26, 1996) ya kasance likitan Mexico-Amurka, likita, tsohon soja na yakin duniya na biyu, mai ba da shawara kan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar GI Forum (AGIF) ta Amurka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A sakamakon shahararren kasa da ya samu ta hanyar aikinsa a madadin Amurkawa na Hispanic, ya taimaka wajen nada Vicente T. Ximenes, dan Amurka na Mexico da memba na yarjejeniyar AGIF, zuwa Hukumar Daidaitaccen Aiki a shekarar 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Hector P. Garcia Middle School, San Antonio, TX 78255 |url=http://www.nisd.net/garcia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206233245/http://www.nisd.net/garcia/ |archive-date=2012-12-06}}</ref> An nada García a matsayin mataimakin wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 1967; an nada shi a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka a shekarar 1968; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci, babbar daraja ta farar hula, a shekarar 1984; kuma [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya sanya masa suna zuwa Order of St. Gregory the Great a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 1998, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Aztec Eagle, babbar lambar yabo ta Mexico ga baƙi, a wani bikin a Corpus Christi . <ref name="auto" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi García a garin Llera, Tamaulipas, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], ga José García da Faustina Pérez García, duka malamai ne na makaranta. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />Iyalinsa sun tsere daga tashin hankali na Juyin Juya Halin Mexico a 1917, suna ƙaura zuwa Mercedes, Texas bisa doka. Ba a san takardun shaidar mahaifinsa ba a wannan sabuwar ƙasa, don haka ya shiga kasuwancin kayan bushe. Iyaye biyu sun ba da ƙauna da girmamawa ga ilimi ga dukan yaransu kuma suna sa ran dukansu su zama likitoci. García da 'yan uwansa biyar - José Antonio García, Clotilde Pérez García, Cuitláhuac Pérez García. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> A cikin 1929, García ya shiga cikin Citizens' Military Training Corps (CMTC), reshe na zaman lafiya na Sojojin Amurka don matasa. Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1932. A wannan shekarar, ya sami kwamiti daga CMTC tare da matsayi daidai da mataimakin na biyu a cikin sojan Amurka. Ya fara halartar Kwalejin Junior ta Edinburg, zuwa daga inda ya yi tafiyar kilomita 30 (48) kowace rana. Mahaifinsa ya biya kudi a cikin inshorar rayuwarsa don tallafawa ilimin saurayi García. A shekara ta 1932, García ya shiga Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]]. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan biyar na ajin sa. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Texas Medical Branch, inda ya sami digirin digirinsa a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1940. Ya kammala zama a [[Omaha, Nebraska]])">Asibitin St. Joseph a Jami'ar Creighton da ke Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1942. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=The Early Years of Dr. Hector P. Garcia |url=http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205061246/http://www.justiceformypeople.org/drhector.html |archive-date=2002-12-05 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=KEDT}}</ref> == Ayyukan Soja == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1942, an kira Hector P. García zuwa aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka, yayin da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> An sanya Garcia a matsayin kwamandan kamfani na sojan ƙasa kuma daga baya ya umarci kamfani na injiniyoyin yaƙi kafin a canja shi zuwa rundunar likitoci.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> Hector P. Garcia ya kasance a Turai, kuma daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa matsayi na manyan.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> An ba shi lambar yabo ta Bronze Star, lambar yabo ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Turai tare da taurari shida na tagulla, da lambar yabo ta yakin duniya na biyu.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> Yayinda yake a Italiya, ya sadu kuma ya ƙaunaci Wanda Fusillo na Naples, wanda ya auri a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> == Rayuwa bayan yaƙin == A shekara ta 1945, tare da yakin ya ƙare, Dokta García ya koma Kudancin Texas tare da matarsa Wanda, ya zauna a Corpus Christi . <ref name=":0" />An haifi ɗansu na farko, Daisy Wanda, a shekara ta 1946.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />An kafa League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) a cikin birni shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta tsoffin sojan Hispanic don kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin Hispanic-Amurka. García ya bude aikin likita mai zaman kansa tare da ɗan'uwansa José Antonio; sun kula da duk marasa lafiya ba tare da la'akari da ikon su biya ba.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1947, an zabi García a matsayin shugaban reshen gida na LULAC . A cikin wannan shekarar, an kwantar da shi a asibiti tare da cutar nephritis mai haɗari.<ref name=":0" /> Yayinda yake murmurewa, ya fahimci wariyar launin fata a cikin gundumar makarantar yankin. Jihohin Kudancin sun kafa tsarin binary, rarraba mutane a matsayin baki ko fari da rarraba wuraren jama'a ta hanyar launin fata. A wannan lokacin, García ya ƙara yin niyya don magance nuna bambanci da rashin daidaito da ke shafar Amurkawa na Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> == Kafa AGIF == Bayan an sallame shi daga asibiti, Héctor P. García ya fara taimakawa tsoffin sojan Amurka na Mexico tare da shigar da'awar tare da Hukumar Tsohon Sojan Amurka (VA), wanda sau da yawa yana jinkirin amsa bukatun su.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1948, García ya shirya wani taro don magance damuwa tsakanin waɗannan tsoffin sojoji, wanda ya haifar da kafa American GI Forum (AGIF). <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyar ta fadada a ko'ina cikin Texas kuma ta zama babban mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a da daidaito ga tsoffin sojan Amurka na Mexico.<ref name=":1" /> AGIF ta jaddada cewa mambobinta 'yan asalin Amurka ne da ke da cikakken haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki kuma sun yi aiki don kalubalanci nuna bambanci da ke shafar wannan al'umma.<ref name=":0" /> == Felix Z. Longoria Jr. == Felix Z. Longoria Jr., sojan Amurka na Mexico, an kashe shi a Philippines a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a shekarar 1945. <ref name=":0" /> An mayar da jikinsa zuwa Texas a shekarar 1949. An hana gwauruwarsa yin amfani da ɗakin sujada na jana'izar a Three Rivers, Texas, bayan darektan jana'izar ya bayyana cewa "fararen ba za su so shi ba".<ref name=":3" /> Héctor P. García da American GI Forum (AGIF) sun shiga tsakani kuma sun nemi taimako daga Sanata na Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Longoria Affair: A Flashpoint for Latino Civil Rights |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/longoria-affair-flashpoint-latino-civil-rights |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> Johnson ya shirya a binne Longoria a Kabari na Arlington, wanda ya sa ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da aka binne a can.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=American Latino Theme Study: Military (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/latinothememilitary.htm |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Román |first=Iván |date=2020-10-09 |title=When a Fallen Mexican American War Hero Was Denied a Wake, a Civil Rights Push Began |url=https://www.history.com/articles/mexican-american-rights-longoria-lyndon-johnson-hector-garcia |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shari'ar ta sami kulawa ta kasa kuma ta nuna nuna bambanci ga Amurkawa na Mexico a Amurka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref>Har ila yau, ya kara girman AGIF a matsayin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name=":2" /> == AGIF a cikin siyasar Amurka == Taron GI na Amurka (AGIF) ya taimaka wa Amurkawa na Mexico su shiga siyasa ta hanyar shirya kokarin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da kuma harajin zabe a ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Our First Poll Tax Drive": The American G.I. Forum Fights Disenfranchisement of Mexican Americans in Texas |url=https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=historymatters.gmu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316202259/https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582/ |archive-date=2026-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>Kungiyar ta tara kudade don taimakawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan harajin zabe ba kuma sun ba da shawarar samun daidaito ga jefa kuri'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-29 |title=American G.I. Forum Address Will Provide Insight on Life of Civil Rights Leader {{!}} Media and Public Relations {{!}} Baylor University |url=https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2009/american-gi-forum-address-will-provide-insight-life-civil-rights-leader |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=news.web.baylor.edu |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta yi kamfen a kan Shirin Bracero, wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan ƙaura a lokacin shekarun yaƙi kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan nuna bambanci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Texas |first=American GI Forum of South |title=American GI Forum of South Texas |url=https://agifsotexas.org/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=American GI Forum of South Texas |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya kawo García cikin hulɗa tare da 'yan siyasa na ƙasa kamar Hubert Humphrey, Arthur Goldberg, da George McGovern. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ja hankalin mutane game da talauci da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Texas, waɗanda aka nuna a cikin wata kasida da mujallar Look ta buga wanda ya ba da rahoton yawan cututtuka a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> García ya kuma yi aiki don kawo hankalin kasa ga yanayin makarantu ga yara a Kudancin Texas. A cikin 1950, ya rubuta wa Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Texas yana nuna damuwa game da tsabtace muhalli da neman dubawa don hana cututtuka da barkewar cuta. Ya kuma yi adawa da rarrabewa a makaranta da nuna bambanci a cikin aji. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane sun yi tsayayya da aikin García kuma sun nuna ƙiyayya ga Gidan GI na Amurka. Wata wasika mai adawa ta yi barazanar García, ta kwatanta shi da Joseph Stalin kuma ta ce ya kamata 'yan Texas su "duba zuwa Mexico". A shekara ta 1953, AGIF ta buga nata binciken, What Price Wetbacks, wanda ke magance batutuwan da suka shafi aikin gona a Kudancin Texas. Kungiyar ta gayyaci Sanata na Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson don yin magana a taron ta na jihar.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> A shekara ta 1954, lauyoyi da AGIF da League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) suka goyi bayan sun yi jayayya kuma sun ci Hernandez v. Texas a Kotun Koli ta Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> Hukuncin ya soke hukuncin kisan kai na mai shigar da kara a kan dalilin cewa ba a yi masa shari'a ba ta hanyar juri na takwarorinsa, kamar yadda bayanan kotu suka nuna cewa babu wani mutum da ke da sunayen Mutanen Espanya da ya yi aiki a cikin juriya a cikin gundumar na tsawon shekaru 25. A cikin Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa wariyar launin fata a makarantun jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> Bayan wannan shawarar, LULAC da AGIF sun bi ƙalubalen shari'a a Texas don inganta haɗin makarantu ga ɗaliban Amurka na Mexico.<ref name=":4" /> Wadannan kokarin sun hada da shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli ta Texas da ke kalubalantar ayyukan gundumomin makaranta a Driscoll, Carrizo Springs, da Kingsville.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org">{{Cite web |title=Héctor P. García - Humanities Texas |url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/hector-p-garcia}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, Dokta García ya zama mai kula da Kamfen na Viva Kennedy, wanda aka shirya don tallafawa zaben John F. Kennedy a matsayin shugaban kasa. <ref name=":0" /> An yaba wa García da taimakawa wajen tattara masu jefa kuri'a na Hispanic a lokacin zaben.<ref name=":0" /> Tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama na AGIF, duk da haka, ba shine babban abin da gwamnatin Kennedy ta mayar da hankali ba. A shekara ta 1962, an nada García a matsayin wakilin Amurka a tattaunawar yarjejeniyar tsaro tare da Tarayyar West Indies, yana nuna daya daga cikin lokuta na farko da wani Ba'amurke na Mexico ya wakilci shugaban Amurka a matsayin hukuma.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan an kashe Kennedy, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Lyndon B. Johnson ya zama shugaban kasa. Daga baya ya nada García a matsayin Wakilin Shugaban kasa, tare da matsayin Jakadan Musamman, zuwa bikin rantsar da Raúl Leoni a Venezuela.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1966, ta hanyar kokarin AGIF da sauran kungiyoyi, majalisar dokoki ta jihar ta kada kuri'a don soke harajin zabe na Texas, wanda ya kasance shingen jefa kuri'a ga mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, taron ya shirya tafiya a kan babban birnin jihar Texas don nuna rashin amincewa da karancin albashi na ma'aikatan gona na Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1967, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya nada Dr. García a matsayin mataimakin wakilin, tare da matsayin jakada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[9] An ba shi aikin inganta dangantakar Amurka da kasashe na Latin Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Mutanen Espanya, ya zama wakilin Amurka na farko da ya yi magana a gaban jiki a cikin wani harshe ban da Turanci.<ref name=":0" /> Farawa a 1968, Dokta García da sauran mambobin AGIF sun fara tafiya tare da iyalai na sojoji da suka fadi zuwa filin jirgin sama don karɓar ragowar mambobin sabis da suka dawo daga Yaƙin Vietnam. <ref name=":5" /> Sau da yawa ya gabatar da yabo a jana'izar waɗannan sojoji.<ref name=":5" /> A cikin wannan shekarar, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya nada García a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1972, an kama García a lokacin zanga-zangar da aka yi game da wariyar launin fata a gundumar makarantar Corpus Christi.<ref name=":5" /> Ya tuntubi Shugaba Jimmy Carter sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1987, ya shiga cikin kokarin adawa da kamfen don sanya Turanci a matsayin harshen hukuma na Amurka. <ref name=":5" /> Ayyukansa na ƙarshe ya mayar da hankali kan inganta yanayin rayuwa a cikin yankuna tare da kwarin Rio Grande a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. <ref name=":5" /> == Mutuwa == García ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1996, a Corpus Christi, Texas, yana da shekaru 82. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Hector Garcia - Physician, Civil Rights & Facts |url=https://www.biography.com/activists/hector-garcia |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Biography |language=en-US}}</ref> An binne shi a Seaside Memorial Park . Shugaba Bill Clinton ya gabatar da yabo don girmama shi.<ref name=":5" /> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == Dokta García ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga gwamnatoci daban-daban da sauran kungiyoyi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Sun hada da: * Medal na Tauraron tagulla na Sojojin Amurka, Medal na Yakin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Turai tare da taurari shida na tagulla, da Medal na Nasara na Yaƙin Duniya na II, 1942-1946 * ''Medalla al Mérito'' na AGIF, 1952, don aikinsa tare da tsoffin sojan Mexico-Amurka * Mai tsarawa na kasa da kuma Mai shirya kulob din "Viva Kennedy", 1960 * Wakilin Shugaba John F. Kennedy kuma memba na Wakilin Amurka da ke sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar game da Yarjejeniyar Yankin Tsaro tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar West Indies, 1961 * An nada shi a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa tare da matsayin Jakadan Musamman ga rantsar da Dokta Raul Leoni, Shugaban Venezuela, 1964 * Tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Hubert H. Humphrey da Wakilin Amurka don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tlatelolco a Birnin Mexico, 1967 * Condecoracion na Jamhuriyar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], Orden Vasco Nunez de Balboa, tare da matsayin kwamandan, 1965 * Gundumar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka ta 8 ta girmama shi da wata alama don nuna godiya ga hidimar da ya yi wa wanda ya mutu a yaƙi, 1967 * Kyautar jin kai daga reshen Corpus Christi na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi, 1969 * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka daga Ofishin 'Yancin Bil'adama na Kasa, 1980 * Medal na 'Yanci na Shugaban kasa, 1984 * ''Daraja Al Merito Medalla Cura Jose Maria Morelos da Pavon A.D.P.E.'', Mexico City, Mexico * Kyautar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Hukumar Kula da Al'umma ta Corpus Christi, 1987 * Kyautar Kungiyar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Hispanic, 1988 * Kyautar Tarihin Hispanic ta Gidauniyar Tarihin Hispanic a cikin Jagora, 1989 * Kyautar Jarumi ta Hispanic ta Kasa ta Midwest / Arewa maso Gabas, 1989 * Ya sami lambar yabo ta "Distinguished Alumnus Award" daga Jami'ar Texas Tsohon Dalibai Association, 1989 * Dokta Garcia ya sanya Jami'ar Jihar Corpus Christi a matsayin ma'aikatar da za ta adana takardunsa a Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na Laburaren, 1990 * Kyautar MAPA don fitaccen sabis ga Hispanics daga Kungiyar Likitocin Amurka ta Mexico, 1990 * Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Rayuwa ta Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Kasa, 1990 * Tsarin doki na Paparoma Gregory Mai Girma daga Paparoma John Paul II, 1990 * Jami'ar Jihar Corpus Christi ta farko ta girmamawa ta Dokta na Humane Letters, 1991 * An keɓe Dr. Hector P. Garcia Plaza da Statue a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M-Corpus Christi, 1996 * Makarantar Firamare ta Hector P. Garcia, Grand Prairie, Texas, ta buɗe, 1997 * Makarantar Firamare ta Hector P. Garcia, Haikali, Texas, ta buɗe, 1998 * An sanya hoton Dr. García a kan jerin $ 75 I Bond na Amurka don girmama manyan Amurkawa, 1999 * Hector Garcia Place wani ɗan gajeren titi ne mai suna Dr. García, wanda ke cikin garin Pueblo, Colorado <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Service, Awards, and Honors |url=http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030408050132/http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector5.html |archive-date=2003-04-08 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=KEDT}}</ref> * Makarantar Hector P. Garcia ta Tsakiya, [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], ta buɗe a 2007 * An bude Babban Makarantar Hector P. Garcia, MD High School a [[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, Illinois]], a cikin 2008 * Hanyar Jihar Texas ta 286 an sanya ta suna Hanyar Tunawa da Dokta Hector P. Garcia a watan Afrilu, 2008 * An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Dr. Hector P. Garcia kuma an keɓe ta a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a watan Oktoba, 2009 * An keɓe jikin tagulla na Dokta Héctor P. García a ɗakin karatu na Dokta Hector P. Garcia, Mercedes, Texas, a cikin Janairu, 2012 * An bayyana alamar Tarihin Texas a ɗakin karatu na Dr. Hector P. Garcia, Mercedes, Texas, a cikin 2013 * Bikin cika shekaru 100 na Dokta Hector P. Garcia da aka yi a Corpus Christi, Texas, Janairu 17, 2014 * Alamar Tarihin Texas da aka bayyana a asibitin tunawa da Christus Spohn, Corpus Christi, Texas, Fabrairu, 2014 * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Iyali ta Dokta Hector P. Garcia ta amince da Kwamishinonin Nueces County da Gundumar Asibiti don buɗewa a cikin 2016 * Dokta Hector P. Garcia Drive a cikin Rancho Vista subdivision, Corpus Christi, Texas, wanda Braselton Homes ya bayyana, Janairu 13, 2015 * Points of Light Monument Organization ya nuna mai karɓa na gaba zai zama Dr. Héctor P. García, Janairu 15, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Points of Light Monument in Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.drhectorpgarciafoundation.org/points_of_light_monument_in_washington_d_c |publisher=Dr. Hector P. Garcia Memorial Foundation}}</ref> == Kyauta == A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin shugabannin farko na 'yancin farar hula na Hispanic, ayyukan García sun nuna yawancin gwagwarmayar Chicano Movement. A matsayinsa na sanannen mutum na kasa da na kasa, an ji tasirin rayuwarsa a kowane mataki na al'umma, daga yankunan matalauta da ya yi yaƙi don ingantawa, zuwa manyan matakan gwamnati. Ƙarshen shekarun 1950 sun rabu da otal-otal na Texan, gidajen silima, da gidajen cin abinci. An cire ɗakunan kyawawan halaye da wuraren aski a cikin shekarun 1960, tare da makabarta da wuraren wanka ba a buɗe su ga Amurkawa na Mexico ba har zuwa shekarun 1970. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, a cikin 1950, [[Edna Ferber]] wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer ya yi hira da García don samun ma'anar kwarewar Amurka ta Mexico a Texas. Daga baya ta rubuta littafin Giant na 1952, inda ta kafa wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin aikin a hira da ita. Daga baya aka juya littafin zuwa fim na 1956 tare da James Dean, [[Elizabeth Taylor]], Rock Hudson, da Dennis Hopper. A shekara ta 1985, an kirkiro Dr. Héctor Pérez García Endowed Chair a Jami'ar Yale. A shekara ta 1988, an sake sunan babban reshe na ofishin gidan waya na Corpus Christi don girmama shi. A shekara ta 1996, an keɓe wani mutum-mutumi mai tsawon mita 2.7 a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M-Corpus Christi . A cikin 1999, an sanya hotonsa a kan jerin $ 75 I Bond na Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka don girmama manyan Amurkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Individual - What Paper I Savings Bonds Look Like |url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |website=treasurydirect.gov |access-date=2026-09-15 |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144048/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, gidan Talabijin na jama'a KEDT a Corpus Christi, Texas, ya samar da wani shirin fim game da shi mai taken "Justice for my People: The Dr. Hector P. Garcia Story". An watsa shirin a cikin ƙasa a kan [[PBS]]. A karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta 495, wanda gwamnan Texas ya sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2009, jihar Texas ta kafa ranar Laraba ta uku ta kowace Satumba a matsayin "Dr. Hector P. Garcia Texas State Recognition Day". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da H.CON. RES.222, yana fahimtar jagorancin da gudummawar tarihi na Dokta Héctor García ga al'ummar Hispanic da kuma kokarinsa na musamman na yaki da nuna bambancin launin fata da kabilanci a Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fqvxjod6xu6mr2i04lfmqopsw5syg3x 967361 967360 2026-10-13T22:08:19Z Nura Bello 24854 967361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Héctor Pérez García (Janairu 17, 1914 - Yuli 26, 1996) ya kasance likitan Mexico-Amurka, likita, tsohon soja na yakin duniya na biyu, mai ba da shawara kan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar GI Forum (AGIF) ta Amurka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A sakamakon shahararren kasa da ya samu ta hanyar aikinsa a madadin Amurkawa na Hispanic, ya taimaka wajen nada Vicente T. Ximenes, dan Amurka na Mexico da memba na yarjejeniyar AGIF, zuwa Hukumar Daidaitaccen Aiki a shekarar 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Hector P. Garcia Middle School, San Antonio, TX 78255 |url=http://www.nisd.net/garcia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206233245/http://www.nisd.net/garcia/ |archive-date=2012-12-06}}</ref> An nada García a matsayin mataimakin wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 1967; an nada shi a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka a shekarar 1968; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci, babbar daraja ta farar hula, a shekarar 1984; kuma [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya sanya masa suna zuwa Order of St. Gregory the Great a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 1998, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Aztec Eagle, babbar lambar yabo ta Mexico ga baƙi, a wani bikin a Corpus Christi . <ref name="auto" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi García a garin Llera, Tamaulipas, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], ga José García da Faustina Pérez García, duka malamai ne na makaranta. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />Iyalinsa sun tsere daga tashin hankali na Juyin Juya Halin Mexico a 1917, suna ƙaura zuwa Mercedes, Texas bisa doka. Ba a san takardun shaidar mahaifinsa ba a wannan sabuwar ƙasa, don haka ya shiga kasuwancin kayan bushe. Iyaye biyu sun ba da ƙauna da girmamawa ga ilimi ga dukan yaransu kuma suna sa ran dukansu su zama likitoci. García da 'yan uwansa biyar - José Antonio García, Clotilde Pérez García, Cuitláhuac Pérez García. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> A cikin 1929, García ya shiga cikin Citizens' Military Training Corps (CMTC), reshe na zaman lafiya na Sojojin Amurka don matasa. Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1932. A wannan shekarar, ya sami kwamiti daga CMTC tare da matsayi daidai da mataimakin na biyu a cikin sojan Amurka. Ya fara halartar Kwalejin Junior ta Edinburg, zuwa daga inda ya yi tafiyar kilomita 30 (48) kowace rana. Mahaifinsa ya biya kudi a cikin inshorar rayuwarsa don tallafawa ilimin saurayi García. A shekara ta 1932, García ya shiga Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]]. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan biyar na ajin sa. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Texas Medical Branch, inda ya sami digirin digirinsa a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1940. Ya kammala zama a [[Omaha, Nebraska]])">Asibitin St. Joseph a Jami'ar Creighton da ke Omaha, Nebraska, a shekarar 1942. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=The Early Years of Dr. Hector P. Garcia |url=http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205061246/http://www.justiceformypeople.org/drhector.html |archive-date=2002-12-05 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=KEDT}}</ref> == Ayyukan Soja == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1942, an kira Hector P. García zuwa aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka, yayin da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> An sanya Garcia a matsayin kwamandan kamfani na sojan ƙasa kuma daga baya ya umarci kamfani na injiniyoyin yaƙi kafin a canja shi zuwa rundunar likitoci.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> Hector P. Garcia ya kasance a Turai, kuma daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa matsayi na manyan.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> An ba shi lambar yabo ta Bronze Star, lambar yabo ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Turai tare da taurari shida na tagulla, da lambar yabo ta yakin duniya na biyu.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> Yayinda yake a Italiya, ya sadu kuma ya ƙaunaci Wanda Fusillo na Naples, wanda ya auri a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> == Rayuwa bayan yaƙin == A shekara ta 1945, tare da yakin ya ƙare, Dokta García ya koma Kudancin Texas tare da matarsa Wanda, ya zauna a Corpus Christi . <ref name=":0" />An haifi ɗansu na farko, Daisy Wanda, a shekara ta 1946.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />An kafa League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) a cikin birni shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta tsoffin sojan Hispanic don kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin Hispanic-Amurka. García ya bude aikin likita mai zaman kansa tare da ɗan'uwansa José Antonio; sun kula da duk marasa lafiya ba tare da la'akari da ikon su biya ba.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1947, an zabi García a matsayin shugaban reshen gida na LULAC . A cikin wannan shekarar, an kwantar da shi a asibiti tare da cutar nephritis mai haɗari.<ref name=":0" /> Yayinda yake murmurewa, ya fahimci wariyar launin fata a cikin gundumar makarantar yankin. Jihohin Kudancin sun kafa tsarin binary, rarraba mutane a matsayin baki ko fari da rarraba wuraren jama'a ta hanyar launin fata. A wannan lokacin, García ya ƙara yin niyya don magance nuna bambanci da rashin daidaito da ke shafar Amurkawa na Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> == Kafa AGIF == Bayan an sallame shi daga asibiti, Héctor P. García ya fara taimakawa tsoffin sojan Amurka na Mexico tare da shigar da'awar tare da Hukumar Tsohon Sojan Amurka (VA), wanda sau da yawa yana jinkirin amsa bukatun su.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1948, García ya shirya wani taro don magance damuwa tsakanin waɗannan tsoffin sojoji, wanda ya haifar da kafa American GI Forum (AGIF). <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyar ta fadada a ko'ina cikin Texas kuma ta zama babban mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a da daidaito ga tsoffin sojan Amurka na Mexico.<ref name=":1" /> AGIF ta jaddada cewa mambobinta 'yan asalin Amurka ne da ke da cikakken haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki kuma sun yi aiki don kalubalanci nuna bambanci da ke shafar wannan al'umma.<ref name=":0" /> == Felix Z. Longoria Jr. == Felix Z. Longoria Jr., sojan Amurka na Mexico, an kashe shi a Philippines a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a shekarar 1945. <ref name=":0" /> An mayar da jikinsa zuwa Texas a shekarar 1949. An hana gwauruwarsa yin amfani da ɗakin sujada na jana'izar a Three Rivers, Texas, bayan darektan jana'izar ya bayyana cewa "fararen ba za su so shi ba".<ref name=":3" /> Héctor P. García da American GI Forum (AGIF) sun shiga tsakani kuma sun nemi taimako daga Sanata na Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Longoria Affair: A Flashpoint for Latino Civil Rights |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/longoria-affair-flashpoint-latino-civil-rights |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> Johnson ya shirya a binne Longoria a Kabari na Arlington, wanda ya sa ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da aka binne a can.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=American Latino Theme Study: Military (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/latinothememilitary.htm |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Román |first=Iván |date=2020-10-09 |title=When a Fallen Mexican American War Hero Was Denied a Wake, a Civil Rights Push Began |url=https://www.history.com/articles/mexican-american-rights-longoria-lyndon-johnson-hector-garcia |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shari'ar ta sami kulawa ta kasa kuma ta nuna bambanci ga Amurkawa na Mexico a Amurka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref>Har ila yau, ya kara girman AGIF a matsayin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name=":2" /> == AGIF a cikin siyasar Amurka == Taron GI na Amurka (AGIF) ya taimaka wa Amurkawa na Mexico su shiga siyasa ta hanyar shirya kokarin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da kuma harajin zabe a ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Our First Poll Tax Drive": The American G.I. Forum Fights Disenfranchisement of Mexican Americans in Texas |url=https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=historymatters.gmu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316202259/https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582/ |archive-date=2026-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>Kungiyar ta tara kudade don taimakawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan harajin zabe ba kuma sun ba da shawarar samun daidaito ga jefa kuri'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-29 |title=American G.I. Forum Address Will Provide Insight on Life of Civil Rights Leader {{!}} Media and Public Relations {{!}} Baylor University |url=https://news.web.baylor.edu/news/story/2009/american-gi-forum-address-will-provide-insight-life-civil-rights-leader |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=news.web.baylor.edu |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta yi kamfen a kan Shirin Bracero, wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan ƙaura a lokacin shekarun yaƙi kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan nuna bambanci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Texas |first=American GI Forum of South |title=American GI Forum of South Texas |url=https://agifsotexas.org/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=American GI Forum of South Texas |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya kawo García cikin hulɗa tare da 'yan siyasa na ƙasa kamar Hubert Humphrey, Arthur Goldberg, da George McGovern. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ja hankalin mutane game da talauci da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Texas, waɗanda aka nuna a cikin wata kasida da mujallar Look ta buga wanda ya ba da rahoton yawan cututtuka a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> García ya kuma yi aiki don kawo hankalin kasa ga yanayin makarantu ga yara a Kudancin Texas. A cikin 1950, ya rubuta wa Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Texas yana nuna damuwa game da tsabtace muhalli da neman dubawa don hana cututtuka da barkewar cuta. Ya kuma yi adawa da rarrabewa a makaranta da nuna bambanci a cikin aji. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane sun yi tsayayya da aikin García kuma sun nuna ƙiyayya ga Gidan GI na Amurka. Wata wasika mai adawa ta yi barazanar García, ta kwatanta shi da Joseph Stalin kuma ta ce ya kamata 'yan Texas su "duba zuwa Mexico". A shekara ta 1953, AGIF ta buga nata binciken, What Price Wetbacks, wanda ke magance batutuwan da suka shafi aikin gona a Kudancin Texas. Kungiyar ta gayyaci Sanata na Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson don yin magana a taron ta na jihar.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" /> A shekara ta 1954, lauyoyi da AGIF da League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) suka goyi bayan sun yi jayayya kuma sun ci Hernandez v. Texas a Kotun Koli ta Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> Hukuncin ya soke hukuncin kisan kai na mai shigar da kara a kan dalilin cewa ba a yi masa shari'a ba ta hanyar juri na takwarorinsa, kamar yadda bayanan kotu suka nuna cewa babu wani mutum da ke da sunayen Mutanen Espanya da ya yi aiki a cikin juriya a cikin gundumar na tsawon shekaru 25. A cikin Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa wariyar launin fata a makarantun jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> Bayan wannan shawarar, LULAC da AGIF sun bi ƙalubalen shari'a a Texas don inganta haɗin makarantu ga ɗaliban Amurka na Mexico.<ref name=":4" /> Wadannan kokarin sun hada da shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli ta Texas da ke kalubalantar ayyukan gundumomin makaranta a Driscoll, Carrizo Springs, da Kingsville.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org">{{Cite web |title=Héctor P. García - Humanities Texas |url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/hector-p-garcia}}</ref> A shekara ta 1960, Dokta García ya zama mai kula da Kamfen na Viva Kennedy, wanda aka shirya don tallafawa zaben John F. Kennedy a matsayin shugaban kasa. <ref name=":0" /> An yaba wa García da taimakawa wajen tattara masu jefa kuri'a na Hispanic a lokacin zaben.<ref name=":0" /> Tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama na AGIF, duk da haka, ba shine babban abin da gwamnatin Kennedy ta mayar da hankali ba. A shekara ta 1962, an nada García a matsayin wakilin Amurka a tattaunawar yarjejeniyar tsaro tare da Tarayyar West Indies, yana nuna daya daga cikin lokuta na farko da wani Ba'amurke na Mexico ya wakilci shugaban Amurka a matsayin hukuma.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan an kashe Kennedy, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Lyndon B. Johnson ya zama shugaban kasa. Daga baya ya nada García a matsayin Wakilin Shugaban kasa, tare da matsayin Jakadan Musamman, zuwa bikin rantsar da Raúl Leoni a Venezuela.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1966, ta hanyar kokarin AGIF da sauran kungiyoyi, majalisar dokoki ta jihar ta kada kuri'a don soke harajin zabe na Texas, wanda ya kasance shingen jefa kuri'a ga mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, taron ya shirya tafiya a kan babban birnin jihar Texas don nuna rashin amincewa da karancin albashi na ma'aikatan gona na Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1967, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya nada Dr. García a matsayin mataimakin wakilin, tare da matsayin jakada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[9] An ba shi aikin inganta dangantakar Amurka da kasashe na Latin Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The Legacy of Dr. Hector P. García: Physician, Advocate, and Civil Rights Leader |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garcia-hector-perez |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Mutanen Espanya, ya zama wakilin Amurka na farko da ya yi magana a gaban jiki a cikin wani harshe ban da Turanci.<ref name=":0" /> Farawa a 1968, Dokta García da sauran mambobin AGIF sun fara tafiya tare da iyalai na sojoji da suka fadi zuwa filin jirgin sama don karɓar ragowar mambobin sabis da suka dawo daga Yaƙin Vietnam. <ref name=":5" /> Sau da yawa ya gabatar da yabo a jana'izar waɗannan sojoji.<ref name=":5" /> A cikin wannan shekarar, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya nada García a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1972, an kama García a lokacin zanga-zangar da aka yi game da wariyar launin fata a gundumar makarantar Corpus Christi.<ref name=":5" /> Ya tuntubi Shugaba Jimmy Carter sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1987, ya shiga cikin kokarin adawa da kamfen don sanya Turanci a matsayin harshen hukuma na Amurka. <ref name=":5" /> Ayyukansa na ƙarshe ya mayar da hankali kan inganta yanayin rayuwa a cikin yankuna tare da kwarin Rio Grande a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. <ref name=":5" /> == Mutuwa == García ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1996, a Corpus Christi, Texas, yana da shekaru 82. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Hector Garcia - Physician, Civil Rights & Facts |url=https://www.biography.com/activists/hector-garcia |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Biography |language=en-US}}</ref> An binne shi a Seaside Memorial Park . Shugaba Bill Clinton ya gabatar da yabo don girmama shi.<ref name=":5" /> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == Dokta García ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga gwamnatoci daban-daban da sauran kungiyoyi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Sun hada da: * Medal na Tauraron tagulla na Sojojin Amurka, Medal na Yakin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Turai tare da taurari shida na tagulla, da Medal na Nasara na Yaƙin Duniya na II, 1942-1946 * ''Medalla al Mérito'' na AGIF, 1952, don aikinsa tare da tsoffin sojan Mexico-Amurka * Mai tsarawa na kasa da kuma Mai shirya kulob din "Viva Kennedy", 1960 * Wakilin Shugaba John F. Kennedy kuma memba na Wakilin Amurka da ke sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar game da Yarjejeniyar Yankin Tsaro tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar West Indies, 1961 * An nada shi a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa tare da matsayin Jakadan Musamman ga rantsar da Dokta Raul Leoni, Shugaban Venezuela, 1964 * Tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Hubert H. Humphrey da Wakilin Amurka don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tlatelolco a Birnin Mexico, 1967 * Condecoracion na Jamhuriyar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], Orden Vasco Nunez de Balboa, tare da matsayin kwamandan, 1965 * Gundumar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka ta 8 ta girmama shi da wata alama don nuna godiya ga hidimar da ya yi wa wanda ya mutu a yaƙi, 1967 * Kyautar jin kai daga reshen Corpus Christi na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi, 1969 * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka daga Ofishin 'Yancin Bil'adama na Kasa, 1980 * Medal na 'Yanci na Shugaban kasa, 1984 * ''Daraja Al Merito Medalla Cura Jose Maria Morelos da Pavon A.D.P.E.'', Mexico City, Mexico * Kyautar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Hukumar Kula da Al'umma ta Corpus Christi, 1987 * Kyautar Kungiyar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Hispanic, 1988 * Kyautar Tarihin Hispanic ta Gidauniyar Tarihin Hispanic a cikin Jagora, 1989 * Kyautar Jarumi ta Hispanic ta Kasa ta Midwest / Arewa maso Gabas, 1989 * Ya sami lambar yabo ta "Distinguished Alumnus Award" daga Jami'ar Texas Tsohon Dalibai Association, 1989 * Dokta Garcia ya sanya Jami'ar Jihar Corpus Christi a matsayin ma'aikatar da za ta adana takardunsa a Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na Laburaren, 1990 * Kyautar MAPA don fitaccen sabis ga Hispanics daga Kungiyar Likitocin Amurka ta Mexico, 1990 * Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Rayuwa ta Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Kasa, 1990 * Tsarin doki na Paparoma Gregory Mai Girma daga Paparoma John Paul II, 1990 * Jami'ar Jihar Corpus Christi ta farko ta girmamawa ta Dokta na Humane Letters, 1991 * An keɓe Dr. Hector P. Garcia Plaza da Statue a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M-Corpus Christi, 1996 * Makarantar Firamare ta Hector P. Garcia, Grand Prairie, Texas, ta buɗe, 1997 * Makarantar Firamare ta Hector P. Garcia, Haikali, Texas, ta buɗe, 1998 * An sanya hoton Dr. García a kan jerin $ 75 I Bond na Amurka don girmama manyan Amurkawa, 1999 * Hector Garcia Place wani ɗan gajeren titi ne mai suna Dr. García, wanda ke cikin garin Pueblo, Colorado <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Service, Awards, and Honors |url=http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030408050132/http://justiceformypeople.org/drhector5.html |archive-date=2003-04-08 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=KEDT}}</ref> * Makarantar Hector P. Garcia ta Tsakiya, [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], ta buɗe a 2007 * An bude Babban Makarantar Hector P. Garcia, MD High School a [[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, Illinois]], a cikin 2008 * Hanyar Jihar Texas ta 286 an sanya ta suna Hanyar Tunawa da Dokta Hector P. Garcia a watan Afrilu, 2008 * An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Dr. Hector P. Garcia kuma an keɓe ta a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a watan Oktoba, 2009 * An keɓe jikin tagulla na Dokta Héctor P. García a ɗakin karatu na Dokta Hector P. Garcia, Mercedes, Texas, a cikin Janairu, 2012 * An bayyana alamar Tarihin Texas a ɗakin karatu na Dr. Hector P. Garcia, Mercedes, Texas, a cikin 2013 * Bikin cika shekaru 100 na Dokta Hector P. Garcia da aka yi a Corpus Christi, Texas, Janairu 17, 2014 * Alamar Tarihin Texas da aka bayyana a asibitin tunawa da Christus Spohn, Corpus Christi, Texas, Fabrairu, 2014 * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Iyali ta Dokta Hector P. Garcia ta amince da Kwamishinonin Nueces County da Gundumar Asibiti don buɗewa a cikin 2016 * Dokta Hector P. Garcia Drive a cikin Rancho Vista subdivision, Corpus Christi, Texas, wanda Braselton Homes ya bayyana, Janairu 13, 2015 * Points of Light Monument Organization ya nuna mai karɓa na gaba zai zama Dr. Héctor P. García, Janairu 15, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Points of Light Monument in Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.drhectorpgarciafoundation.org/points_of_light_monument_in_washington_d_c |publisher=Dr. Hector P. Garcia Memorial Foundation}}</ref> == Kyauta == A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin shugabannin farko na 'yancin farar hula na Hispanic, ayyukan García sun nuna yawancin gwagwarmayar Chicano Movement. A matsayinsa na sanannen mutum na kasa da na kasa, an ji tasirin rayuwarsa a kowane mataki na al'umma, daga yankunan matalauta da ya yi yaƙi don ingantawa, zuwa manyan matakan gwamnati. Ƙarshen shekarun 1950 sun rabu da otal-otal na Texan, gidajen silima, da gidajen cin abinci. An cire ɗakunan kyawawan halaye da wuraren aski a cikin shekarun 1960, tare da makabarta da wuraren wanka ba a buɗe su ga Amurkawa na Mexico ba har zuwa shekarun 1970. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, a cikin 1950, [[Edna Ferber]] wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer ya yi hira da García don samun ma'anar kwarewar Amurka ta Mexico a Texas. Daga baya ta rubuta littafin Giant na 1952, inda ta kafa wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin aikin a hira da ita. Daga baya aka juya littafin zuwa fim na 1956 tare da James Dean, [[Elizabeth Taylor]], Rock Hudson, da Dennis Hopper. A shekara ta 1985, an kirkiro Dr. Héctor Pérez García Endowed Chair a Jami'ar Yale. A shekara ta 1988, an sake sunan babban reshe na ofishin gidan waya na Corpus Christi don girmama shi. A shekara ta 1996, an keɓe wani mutum-mutumi mai tsawon mita 2.7 a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M-Corpus Christi . A cikin 1999, an sanya hotonsa a kan jerin $ 75 I Bond na Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka don girmama manyan Amurkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Individual - What Paper I Savings Bonds Look Like |url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |website=treasurydirect.gov |access-date=2026-09-15 |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144048/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, gidan Talabijin na jama'a KEDT a Corpus Christi, Texas, ya samar da wani shirin fim game da shi mai taken "Justice for my People: The Dr. Hector P. Garcia Story". An watsa shirin a cikin ƙasa a kan [[PBS]]. A karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta 495, wanda gwamnan Texas ya sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2009, jihar Texas ta kafa ranar Laraba ta uku ta kowace Satumba a matsayin "Dr. Hector P. Garcia Texas State Recognition Day". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da H.CON. RES.222, yana fahimtar jagorancin da gudummawar tarihi na Dokta Héctor García ga al'ummar Hispanic da kuma kokarinsa na musamman na yaki da nuna bambancin launin fata da kabilanci a Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dbnwijuruap0xoyxx5tl9a0oeoiw34g Lyceum Schöndeln 0 172502 967266 940343 2026-10-13T18:58:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lyceum Schöndeln''' makarantar sakandare ce a Roermond, [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Yana haɗa havo, atheneum da kuma ''dakin motsa jiki'' kuma ya haɗa da ƙwarewa a fannin fasaha ( ''cultuurprofielschool'' ) da kuma kimiyyar da ta dace ( ''technasium'' ). An kafa makarantar a cikin 2007 daga haɗin gwiwar ''Stedelijk Lyceum'' da ''Bisschoppelijk College Schöndeln'' . == Tarihi == === Bisschoppelijk College Schöndeln === Kwalejin Bisschoppelijk (Kwalejin Episcopal), makarantar sakandare [[Cocin katolika|ta Katolika]], an buɗe ta a tsakiyar Roermond a shekarar 1851; domin faɗaɗa ta, an ƙaura zuwa wani sabon gini a yankin Schöndeln a shekarar 1961. A shekarar 1964, an ba makarantar izinin gina [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]], wadda da farko ta jawo hankalin ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Netherlands, amma daga baya girmanta ya ragu kuma aka rufe ta a shekarar 1993. == Cibiyar Lyceum ta Stedelijk == Rijks Hogere Burgerschool (Makarantar Sakandare ta Kasa) ta buɗe a cikin 1864, kuma a tsakiyar Roermond. A shekarar 1980, an mayar da shi wani sabon gini a gefen gabas na birnin, kuma aka canza masa suna zuwa Stedelijk Lyceum (Gundumar Lyceum). === Haɗawa don samar da Lyceum Schöndeln === A shekara ta 2007, an haɗa makarantun biyu don samar da Lyceum Schöndeln, wanda ke cikin tsoffin gine-ginen Kwalejin Bisschoppelijk Schöndeln. Yana ba da hanyar shiga havo da jami'a ( ''vwo'' : ''Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs'' ) waƙoƙi, wanda ya ƙunshi atheneum da ''gymnasium'' ; sabuwar makaranta, Mavo Roermond, tana ba da ilimin ƙananan sakandare ko na tsakiyar makaranta ( ''mavo'' : ''Middelbaar algemeen voortgezet onderwijs'' ) a cikin tsoffin gine-gine na Stedelijk Lyceum, da wata sabuwar makaranta, Niekée, ''vmbo'' ce kuma ta mamaye sabon gini. Tare da sashen Yaren mutanen Holland a matsayin Harshe na Biyu, makarantun tare sun samar da Kwalejin Mundium, wacce Stichting Onderwijs Midden-Limburg ke gudanarwa. <ref name="Bulletin">Bea Ros, [http://www.cultuurplein.nl/sites/default/files/bulletin65_schoolportret.pdf "Cultuur hoeft niet leuk te zijn": Portret Lyceum Schöndeln]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}, ''Bulletin Cultuur & School'' 65 (2011), pp. 12&#x2013;15 {{In lang|nl}} (pdf)</ref> Wata makarantar sakandare ta Roermond, ''Bisschoppelijk College Broekhin'', ta ci gaba da wanzuwa. <ref>[http://www.roermond.nl/4/Inwoner/Familie-jeugd-en-gezin/Onderwijs/Voortgezet-onderwijs-in-Roermond.html Voortgezet onderwijs in Roermond] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, gemeente Roermond {{In lang|nl}}, retrieved 23 November 2013.</ref> Lyceum Schöndeln ya kasance makarantar cultuurprofielschool da fasaha tun 2009. {{As of|2011}} , akwai ɗalibai 1060 da malamai 80 (daidaituwa ta cikakken lokaci 66). <ref name="Bulletin" /> == Gine-gine == Makarantar tana da gine-gine da dama. Yawancin azuzuwan suna cikin babban ginin, haka nan kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kafofin watsa labarai, gidajen cin abinci, dakunan motsa jiki da ɗakin ma'aikata, amma an kuma daidaita wasu gine-gine don samar da sararin aji don biyan buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. An fara amfani da tsohon ɗakin kwanan dalibai a matsayin wurin aji sannan aka rushe shi aka maye gurbinsa da wani ƙarin ɗaki. An daidaita tsohon cocin zuwa wani "dakunan gwaje-gwajen halittu" wanda ke ɗauke da bioblock. An daɗe ana amfani da gidan mai kula da gidan a matsayin jagora da kuma wurin taro, amma yanzu an rushe shi kuma an maye gurbinsa da gine-ginen aji na wucin gadi. == Ayyukan waje na makaranta == Ana gudanar da ayyuka da dama na musamman a duk lokacin makaranta, ciki har da tafiye-tafiye, bukukuwan carnival, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma maraicen kiɗa, bikin fina-finai, gasar muhawara, wasan kwaikwayo na kofi, da kuma rawar makaranta. Dalibai kuma za su iya shiga cikin Technische Toneel Commissie (Hukumar fasahar wasan kwaikwayo), Organisatie & PodiumActivititen (ayyukan ƙungiya da filin wasa), majalisar ɗalibai, da band. Akwai kuma wata jaridar makaranta, LenS, wacce aka fara a shekarar 2009. == Manazarta == 3calcp9nzs6yfadtop847dc5awajps2 Lochgoilhead 0 172902 967254 941599 2026-10-13T17:18:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lochgoilhead''' ƙauye ne a Argyll da Bute, Scotland. Yana cikin [[Loch Lomond da Gidan shakatawa na Trossachs|Loch Lomond da Trossachs National Park]]. Yana tsaye a kan Loch Goil. == Wuri == Ƙauyen yana kewaye da Corbetts da yawa a cikin Alps na Arrochar, ciki har da Benn Donich, The Brack da Cnoc Coinnich, kuma hanyoyin ruwan yankin sune Kogin Goil da Ruwan Donich. [[File:Distant_view_of_Lochgoilhead.jpg|left|thumb| Ra'ayi mai nisa na Lochgoilhead]] An shafe sama da shekaru 10,000 ana zaune a yankin, inda asalin sunan yankin shine 'Kil nam brathairan' daga kalmar Gaelic zuwa 'Cocin 'yan'uwa'. Akwai ragowar Neolithic a yankin, ciki har da alamun kofi da ke kusa da wurin da aka adana masara sosai. Yankin yana da alaƙa da tarihin Clan Campbell, waɗanda suka kori Lamonts daga yankin a ƙarni na sha huɗu. Lochgoilhead ya kasance muhimmin tasha a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin [[Glasgow]] da Inverary, domin matafiya za su isa da jirgin ruwa su ci gaba da tafiya ta bas zuwa St Catherine's, inda za su hau jirgin ruwa na biyu don tsallaka Loch Fyne. Lochgoilhead yana cikin Cowal Peninsula kuma hanyar shiga ƙauyen tana iya zuwa ta A83 tare da kashe 'Hutu kuma ku yi Godiya', ko kuma A815 daga Dunoon . Duk hanyoyi biyu hanya ɗaya ce. Lokacin tafiya daga [[Glasgow]], {{Convert|50|mi}} zuwa kudu maso gabas, kimanin mintuna 90 ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochgoilhead page on National Park Website |url=http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/living/lochgoil/menu-id-202.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124055224/http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/living/lochgoil/menu-id-202.html |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> Kauyen yana da yawan jama'a kusan 400, inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gidajen gidajen haya ne na hutu ko kuma gidaje na biyu. Wani babban ƙauyen hutu, Drimsynie Estate Holiday Village, kusan ya ninka yawan jama'ar Lochgoilhead a lokacin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on Drimsynie Estate |url=https://www.argyllholidays.com/parks/drimsynie-estate-holiday-village |access-date=10 November 2014}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aikin yi a yankin yana da alaƙa da [[noma]], [[Gandun -Daji|dazuzzuka]] da [[Yawon bude ido|yawon buɗe ido]], inda yawan rashin aikin yi ya kai kusan matsakaicin ƙasa. Adadin ayyukan yi na kai ya ninka matsakaicin Scotland sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochgoilhead information on National Park Website |url=http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/living/lochgoil/menu-id-202.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124055224/http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/living/lochgoil/menu-id-202.html |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> Ƙauyen yana da Ofishin Wasiƙa/Shago da kuma ƙaramin babban kanti na Costcutter. Akwai coci, zauren ƙauye wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin tarurruka da dama na al'umma, makarantar firamare da kuma tiyatar likita. Ana samun abubuwan sha, abinci da masauki a Goil Inn da kuma Shore House. Akwai masauki da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa kamar wurin motsa jiki, wurin ninkaya da gidajen cin abinci a Drimsynie Estate Holiday Village. Yankin yana da alaƙa da ayyukan waje da yawa, ciki har da ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ayyukan ƙasa na Scouts Scotland wanda Scout Adventures ke gudanarwa da Cibiyar Waje ta Ardroy. Akwai shahararrun tafiye-tafiye na gida da yawa, ciki har da Donich Circular da sassan Cowal Way (ana iya ganin ra'ayin Lochgoilhead akan shafin farko na gidan yanar gizon Cowal Way). Yankin yana da wadata sosai a cikin namun daji; ƙwanƙwasa ja, pine marten, otters, ja barewa da badgers sun zama ruwan dare, haka kuma akwai hatimi da porpoises a cikin loch da [[Mikiya|gaggafa]] da buzzards a kan tuddai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donich Website - Local Wildlife |url=http://www.donich.co.uk/marten-and-the-birds/ |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110184653/http://www.donich.co.uk/marten-and-the-birds/ |archive-date=10 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donich Website - Pine Martens |url=http://www.donich.co.uk/some-more-wildlife/ |website=Donich Website - Deer |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110190045/http://www.donich.co.uk/some-more-wildlife/ |archive-date=2014-11-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A da , kyanwa na daji sun zama ruwan dare a yankin amma yanzu sun ƙare a yankin. Akwai littattafai da dama game da tarihin yankin, ciki har da 'Loch Goil – A slice out of paradise' (sunan ya fito ne daga shahararren mai hawa dutse WH Murray), 'Loch Goil – yana waiwaye baya' na Iain Smart da Rod/Tricia Philips, da kuma 'The Lochgoil and Lochlong Steamboat Company' na Iain Smart. Akwai gidan yanar gizo na al'umma kuma jaridar gida mai suna 'The Wee Goil' ana bugawa duk wata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochgoilhead Community Website |url=http://www.lochgoilhead.info/}}</ref> An ɗauki wasu sassan fim ɗin ''From Russia with Love'' a cikin gida, kuma Sean Connery ya zauna a Goil Inn (wanda a lokacin shine Lochgoilhead Hotel). ''<nowiki/>'Yan asalin ƙasar da ba su da natsuwa'' kuma suna nuna abubuwan da ke faruwa kusa da Lochgoilhead. == Lochgoilhead Hum == Mazauna ƙauyen ne suka fara bayar da rahoton ƙarar ƙarancin mita (LFN) a ƙarshen shekarar 2015. Ba a tabbatar da tushen hayaniya ba duk da tsawon watanni da aka shafe ana bincike da kuma kokarin da aka yi, wanda hakan ya sa ƙauyen ya sami matsayi a cikin World Hum Database. An yi rikodin irin wannan rahotannin hayaniya a cikin wannan rumbun bayanai daga Garelochhead da kuma wajen Helensburgh - kusa da cibiyar MOD da ke Faslane. Rahotannin sauti da aka ɗauka ta amfani da kayan aiki na musamman (Octave na 3) a Lochgoilhead sun auna hayaniyar decibel mai yawa, ƙarancin mita a wurare uku: * Tsarin Hayaniya na MOD - Wannan kewayon ana gudanar da shi ne a madadin MOD ta QinetiQ, kuma ya haɗa da dakin gwaje-gwajen iyo da ke tsakiyar loch, tsakanin The Lodge da Drimsynie Hotel. Har zuwa kwanan nan, ana gudanar da dakin gwaje-gwaje ne kawai a lokacin gwaji, amma har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2015 an sanya sabbin kayan aiki masu yawa kuma yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da dakin gwaje-gwajen har abada. Yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na MOD a kan loch ya karu sosai a cikin shekarar da ta gabata - a zahiri an hango/hoto jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa a kan loch kwanan nan. Rahotannin sauti da aka ɗauka a bakin teku kusa da dakin gwaje-gwaje lokacin da ake amfani da shi sun nuna cewa LFN na da ƙarfin 50&nbsp;dB. * Gonar Corrow - Wannan gonar tana ɗauke da Ofishin Gidaje na Otal ɗin Drimsynie da Babban Ofishin Gine-gine na Drimsynie. Haka kuma gona ce mai aiki, tana amfani da sabbin kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki waɗanda ke aiki kusan koyaushe kuma suna samar da wutar lantarki ta LFN har zuwa 60&nbsp;dB. * Ayyukan Gyaran Ruwan Shara - Wannan masana'antar, wacce ScottishWater ke gudanarwa, tana gefen ƙauyen inda take fitar da ruwa zuwa Kogin Donich. Lokacin da famfunan injina/turbines ke aiki, ƙarfin LFN na har zuwa 60&nbsp;An yi rikodin dB. == Zazzabin Lochgoilhead == An sami barkewar cutar legionellosis wadda ba ta da huhu sakamakon cutar Legionella micdadei a shekarar 1988, wadda aka fi sani da cutar Lochgoilhead fever (kamar [[Zazzabin Pontiac|cutar Pontiac fever]] ), wadda aka gano tushenta a wani otal/wurin shakatawa na gida. An sake samun wasu ƙananan barkewar cutar guda biyu tun daga lokacin - wanda ya fi faruwa a shekarar 2006, wanda ya shafi mazaunin gida ɗaya da baƙi biyu - bayan sun yi amfani da kayan aikin a otal/wurin shakatawa ɗaya. == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" class="center"> Fayil:Lochgoilhead._across_to_the_outward_bound_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_70975.jpg|alt=Lochgoilhead. across to the outward bound centre| Lochgoilhead. a ƙetare zuwa tsakiyar waje da aka haɗa File:Entrance_to_Lochgoilhead_Arboretum,_Argyll_Forest_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25209.jpg|alt=Entrance to Lochgoilhead Arboretum, Argyll Forest Park| Shiga zuwa Lochgoilhead Arboretum, Argyll Forest Park File:Lochgoilhead.jpg| Lochgoilhead </gallery> == Manazarta == rzltesq1p2ofic7kqbbfn4l8wgue19t Luella St. Clair Moss 0 173002 967263 963203 2026-10-13T18:34:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Luella Wilcox St. Clair Moss''' (25 ga Yuni, 1865 &#x2013; 18 ga Agusta, 1947) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai ra'ayin kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara zama shugaban jami'a a Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Luella Henrietta Wilcox a Virden, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1865, ita ce ta shida cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Julia F. McLynn da Seymour B. Wilcox. Seymour Wilcox yana cikin harkar hatsi da ciyawa kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin sheriff a shekarar 1868. Moss ta yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Virden kuma mai kula da karatun digiri na uku a ajinta. <ref name="Ashman">{{Cite web |last=Ashman |first=Patricia |title=Luella St. Clair Moss (1865-1947) |url=https://missouriencyclopedia.org/people/moss-luella-st-clair |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Missouri Encyclopedia |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri}}</ref> A shekarar 1885, bayan shekara guda na karatu, ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Hamilton, wata kwalejin mata a Lexington, Kentucky da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) . Bayan ta sami takardar shaidar malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 17, ta ci gaba da zama a kwalejin don gyara mujallar adabi ta kwaleji, The Hamilton College Monthly. A shekarar 1886 ta auri Franklin P. St. Clair, manajan kasuwanci kuma malami a fannin Latin da lissafi a Hamilton. St. Clair ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Bethany (West Virginia) inda yawancin kwalejojin Lexington, ciki har da shugaban Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki John William McGarvey, suma suka kammala karatunsu. [[File:Hamilton_Female_College.jpg|right|thumb]] A shekarar 1888, St. Clairs sun bar Lexington, kuma sun zauna na ɗan gajeren lokaci a West Virginia, Pennsylvania, da Illinois. [1] Kimanin shekaru huɗu suna zaune a Colorado. Da farko sun ƙaura zuwa Montrose, Colorado don Franklin ya sha ruwan rijiyar artesian da aka haƙa a tsakiyar gari. An haifi ɗansu tilo, Annilee, a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1888. A cewar kundin adireshin birnin Pueblo na shekarar 1889, Franklin da ƙanensa William sun zauna tare; kuma, duk da cewa ba a lissafa ta a matsayin wacce ke zaune tare da su ba, Luella wataƙila tana koyar da makaranta a kusa da yankin karkara. == Jagorancin ilimi == Sun ƙaura zuwa Columbia, Missouri a lokacin bazara na 1893 inda aka yi hira da Franklin da Luella don neman matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista, wata makaranta da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) . William S. St. Clair ya zo tare da su daga Colorado kuma an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin malamin falsafa da addini. Franklin ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1893, kuma amintattun Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista a wancan lokacin, kamar yadda aka tsara a baya, sun naɗa Luella St. Clair a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a Amurka da aka naɗa a matsayin shugabar jami'a. Manufarta ita ce ta mayar da kwalejinta " Mai Ra'ayin Yamma" kuma ta dage cewa ɗaliban su yi amfani da hula da rigar ilimi a matsayin kayan aiki na hukuma maimakon hular gargajiya ta Kwalejin Kirista. <ref name="Batterson" /> Lafiyarta ta yi tsanani kuma a shekarar 1897 ta miƙa shugabancin ga ƙawarta Emma Frederick Moore (1893–1920). Moore ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Wellesley kuma matar Dr. William Thomas Moore na Kentucky wacce kwanan nan ta karɓi matsayin shugaban sabuwar Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Missouri. <ref name="Friends">{{Cite web |title=Friends, Special Sesquicentennial Issue: The gates of change, 1851-2001 |url=http://www.columbiacollegealumni.org/~/media/Files/Alumni%20Relations/GatesofChange.pdf |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia College Alumni}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya tare da 'yar uwarta Maxine a Turai, ta dawo Columbia ta warke. Ta karɓi shugabancin tare da kawarta, Emma Moore. St. Clair ta zama memba na kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1899 ta ƙungiyar Tuesday Club wadda ta ɗauki nauyin inganta rayuwar jama'a kamar haɓaka ɗakin karatu na jama'a na birnin. <ref name="Ashman" /> Ba zato ba tsammani 'yarta Annilee ta mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar rheumatism a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1900. <ref>{{Cite web |title=College Traditions |url=https://my.ccis.edu/about-the-ccaa/college-traditions? |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia College Alumni Relations}}</ref> === Kwalejin Mata ta Hamilton a Kentucky === [[File:Luella_Wilcox_St._Clair.jpg|thumb| Da aminci, Luella Wilcox St. Clair]] A shekarar 1903, shugaban Jami'ar Kentucky, Burris Jenkins, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da Kwalejin Bethany (West Virginia), ya ɗauki Luella St. Clair aiki a matsayin sabuwar shugabar Kwalejin Mata ta Hamilton da ke Lexington, Kentucky . Duk da cewa membobin Cocin Kirista na yankin (Almajiran Almasihu) ne suka mallaki makarantar, Jami'ar Kentucky (daga baya Jami'ar Transylvania ) a shekarar 1878 ta sayi hannun jari a makarantar, inda ta mallaki cikakken iko a shekarar 1903. Wannan sauyi a shugabanci ya tilasta wa shugaban Hamilton na yanzu, Barton C. Hagerman, mijin Mary Campbell wadda jikanyar wanda ya kafa Cocin Almajirai ta kori. Hagerman ta fara sabuwar makaranta ga mata, mai suna Campbell-Hagerman College, kuma kwalejin mata mai zaman kanta da ke da alaƙa da Almajiran Almasihu [https://web.archive.org/web/20230902045942/https://www.thehagerman.com/the-historic-hagerman , tubalan huɗu kacal] . An kafa cocin St. Clairs a Lexington a ƙarshen watan Yuni tun lokacin da Luella St. Clair ta kasance mai jawabi a lokacin Majalisar Mata a Lexington Chautauqua . Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Daidaito ta Kentucky ta shirya kwanaki goma na ayyukan da suka mayar da hankali kan rawar da mata ke takawa a sabon ƙarni, kuma sun ƙunshi masu rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a na ƙasa da masu fafutukar zaman lafiya kamar Reverend Anna Howard Shaw da Dr. Sophonisba Breckinridge, ban da shugabannin jihar a fannin ilimin mata. A wannan kaka, St. Clair ta yi jawabin bude taron majalisar mata ta Kirista (CWBM) a birnin Paris, Kentucky, kuma Burris Jenkins ya yi jawabin rufe taron. Shugabar CWBM, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Kentucky kuma mata a kulob, Ida Withers Harrison, ta gayyace ta zuwa yin jawabi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hume |first=Mary |last2=Walton-Hanley |first2=Jennifer |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Ida Withers Harrison, 1851-1927, Lexington suffragist |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/2289/discussions/1579470/ida-withers-harrison-1851-1927-lexington |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=H-Kentucky |publisher=H-Net.org}}</ref> An gayyaci St. Clair don sake yin jawabi a Majalisar Mata ta biyu da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Daidaito ta Kentucky ta shirya a lokacin bazara na 1904. Jenkins ta goyi bayan ƙoƙarin St. Clair mai girma kuma Kwalejin ta girma da wani adadi mai yawa: ƙaruwar kashi 47% na yawan ɗalibai a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa da sabbin malamai na kiɗa, fasaha da kuma sabbin manhajojin kimiyyar cikin gida da aka tsara - yayin da a lokaci guda ake gabatar da wasanni kamar ƙwallon kwando da wasan hockey. Jagorancin St. Clair ya yi tasiri ga makarantar har a shekarar 1916, shekaru da dama bayan ta tafi, da yawa daga cikin ɗaliban Hamilton da ma'aikatan da aka ɗauka aiki a lokacin mulkin St. Clair a matsayin shugaba, sun yi tattaki a babban faretin zaɓe na jihar. A kaka na shekarar 1909, St. Clair ta koma Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista a matsayin shugaba kuma ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa ta. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1911, ta auri bazawara Warren Woodson Moss, MD (1852–1920), shugaban sashen malaman likitanci a Jami'ar Missouri da kuma likitan likitancin ciki a Asibitin Parker Memorial. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=11 November 1903 |title=Parker Memorial Hospital |url=https://muarchives.missouri.edu/historic/buildings/parker/files/1903_Bulletin.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the University of Missouri |volume=IV |issue=11 |page=3 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> Ta sake zama bazawara lokacin da Dr. Moss ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1920. Daga nan ta yi ritaya a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista. == Aikin siyasa == A shekarar 1912 da kafa Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Columbia, St. Clair Moss ta ɗauki wani muhimmin mataki a bainar jama'a wajen tallafawa mata wajen zaɓe. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba, sanin cewa wannan aiki ne mai wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Long |first=Christina |date=20 September 2020 |title='She Got the Vote' exhibit tells Columbia's story of suffrage |url=https://www.voxmagazine.com/news/womens-suffrage-columbia/article_00205202-f9f0-11ea-a63a-4f130fb2bfce.html |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Vox Magazine}}</ref> Mazan masu zaɓe a Missouri sun ƙi zaɓen mata a jihar a shekarar 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Clare |date=15 September 2019 |title=History of local movement for women's vote told in new exhibit |url=https://www.columbiatribune.com/news/20190915/history-of-local-movement-for-womens-vote-told-in-new-exhibit |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia Daily Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416030024/https://www.columbiatribune.com/news/20190915/history-of-local-movement-for-womens-vote-told-in-new-exhibit |archive-date=16 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yaba mata a lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar mata masu zaɓe a Missouri a shekarar 1919. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Columbia Equal Suffrage Association and League of Women Voters Records, 1912-1923 |url=https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/columbia/c2936 |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia Manuscript Collections |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri}}</ref> A shekarar 1922 ta zama mace ta farko a Hukumar Ilimi ta Columbia. <ref name="Ashman" /> A wannan shekarar ne St. Clair Moss ya lashe zaben 'yan takarar gundumar Takwas ga Majalisar Wakilan Amurka bisa tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat. Ta sha kaye sosai a babban zaɓen da aka gudanar a hannun jam'iyyar Republican mai mulki da kashi 45.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A shekarar 1930, St. Clair Moss ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) . <ref name="Ashman" /> [[File:Luella_St._Clair_Moss_1937.jpg|thumb| Luella St. Clair Moss, LL. D.]] == Mutuwa == Luella St. Clair Moss ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1947, kuma an binne ta a Columbia, Missouri . == Daraja == A shekarar 1937, Kwalejin Culver-Stockton, wacce ke da alaƙa da Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) da kuma cibiyar ilimi ta farko da aka yi hayar ta a yammacin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]], ta ba wa St. Clair Moss lambar girmamawa ta LL. D. An kuma gayyace ta don zama memba a Delta Kappa Gamma, wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru ga mata masu ilimi. <ref name="Ashman" /> An saka sunan Luella St. Clair Moss a kan wani allo da aka yi wa ado da girmamawa ga matan Missouri waɗanda suka taimaka wajen share fagen samun "cikakkiyar 'yancin kai a Missouri." An ajiye allon a bene na farko na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Missouri a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na Zauren Tarihi - a gefen gabas na ginin kusa da babban birnin rotunda. == Duba kuma == * Kwalejin Columbia (Missouri) * Jerin masu rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a a Missouri * Jadawalin lokacin zaɓen mata a Missouri == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite web |last=Ashman |first=Patricia |title=Luella St. Clair Moss (1865-1947) |url=https://missouriencyclopedia.org/people/moss-luella-st-clair |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Missouri Encyclopedia |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri}} *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Daines |first=Mary K. |date=July 1988 |title=The Congressional Campaign of Luella St. Clair Moss |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_missouri-historical-review_1988-07_82_4/page/386 |journal=Missouri Historical Review |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=386–407}} *   * {{Cite web |title=Friends, Special Sesquicentennial Issue: The gates of change, 1851-2001 |url=http://www.columbiacollegealumni.org/~/media/Files/Alumni%20Relations/GatesofChange.pdf |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia College Alumni |publisher=Columbia College Alumni Relations}} *   *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9jrv61hg51vez30vk8rf9gbcxn9wirb Lena Dunham 0 173852 967181 944398 2026-10-13T13:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} "Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}'''Lena Dunham''' (/ˈliːnə ˈdʌnəm/; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1986) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, darekta, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma furodusa. Ita ce mahalicci, marubuciya, kuma tauraruwar jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na HBO Girls (2012-2017), wanda ta sami gabatarwa da yawa na Emmy Award da kuma Golden Globe Awards biyu.<ref name="ATAS-Emmys-Bio2">{{Cite web |title=Lena Dunham – Bio |url=http://www.emmys.com/bios/lena-dunham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060338/http://www.emmys.com/bios/lena-dunham |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] / [[Emmy Award]]}}</ref><ref name="HFPA-GoldenGlobes-Bio2">{{Cite web |title=Winners & Nominees: Lena Dunham |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/lena-dunham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119190648/http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/lena-dunham |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] / [[Golden Globe Award]]}}</ref> Dunham kuma ta ba da umarni da dama a cikin ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Daraktoci Guild of America don Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa - Comedy Series . Ta fara aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, jagorantar, da kuma fitowa a cikin fim dinta mai zaman kanta mai suna Tiny Furniture (2010), wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay . Tun daga lokacin ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarnin fina-finai na 2022 ''Sharp Stick'' da Catherine Called Birdy . A cikin 2025, ta kirkiro jerin Netflix Too Much tare da Megan Stalter . A cikin 2013, an haɗa Dunham a cikin jerin Time 100 na shekara-shekara na mutanen da suka fi tasiri a duniya. A cikin 2014, Dunham ta fitar da littafinta na farko, Not That Kind of Girl: A Young Woman Tells You What She's "Learned". A cikin 2015, tare da mai gabatar da ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' Jenni Konner, Dunham ta kirkiro littafin Lenny Letter, wata jarida ta mata a kan layi. Littafin ya gudana na tsawon shekaru uku kafin a dakatar da shi a ƙarshen 2018.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=October 18, 2018 |title=Lena Dunham and Jenni Konner's Lenny Letter Website to Shut Down (Reports) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lena-dunham-jenni-konner-lenny-letter-website-shut-down-1153430 |access-date=October 18, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Littafin tarihinta na biyu, Famesick, an sake shi a cikin 2026 kuma ya hau kan jerin masu sayarwa na New York Times. Dunham ya bayyana a takaice a fina-finai kamar Supporting Characters da This Is 40 (duka 2012), da kuma Happy Christmas (2014). Ta bayyana Maryamu a cikin fim din 2016 My Entire High School Sinking Into the Sea, wanda aka fara a bikin fina-finai na Toronto. A talabijin, ban da Girls, ta taka rawar baƙo a cikin Scandal da The ''[[The Simpsons|Simpsons]]'' (duka 2015). A cikin 2017, ta nuna Valerie Solanas a cikin American Horror Story: Cult . Ayyukan Dunham, da kuma bayyanarta a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da kuma tambayoyin, sun jawo hankalin babbar gardama, yabo, zargi, da kuma binciken kafofin watsa labarai a duk lokacin da take aiki. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Dunham ne a Birnin New York . <ref name="Argotist-2012">{{Cite web |title=Lena Dunham. Editor, Dead Horse Review |url=http://www.argotistonline.co.uk/Lena%20Dunham.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126162209/http://www.argotistonline.co.uk/Lena%20Dunham.htm |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |access-date=October 14, 2012 |website=The Argotist Online}}</ref> Mahaifinta, Carroll Dunham, mai zane ne, wanda ba ya yarda da Allah ba ne na yawancin asalin Presbyterian na Ingila kuma zuriyar Stephanus van Cortlandt (1643-1700), magajin gari na farko na Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunham Mahony |first=Gratia |title=From Deacon John to Lena Dunham – Selected Dunhams in one line of Descent |url=http://www.dunham-singletary.org/mw/images/8/89/Newsletter-Vol_XIII-2.pdf |website=dunham-singletary.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Blood |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/watch/episodes/in-the-blood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129135032/https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/watch/episodes/in-the-blood |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Dunham, Laurie Simmons, mai zane-zane ce kuma mai daukar hoto daga Long Island . Ita memba ce ta The Pictures Generation, wacce aka sani da amfani da 'yan tsana da kayan gidan 'yan tsana a cikin hotunan da take da su na wuraren da ke ciki.<ref name="NewYorker-TinyFurniture-2010">{{Cite magazine|url-status=38–45}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta Bayahude ce tare da dangi daga [[Poland]]. Dunham ta bayyana kanta a matsayin jin "a al'adun Yahudawa, kodayake wannan shine mafi girman abin da mace Bayahude za ta ce".<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2012 |title='Girls' writer lays bare women's insecurities |url=http://jewishjournal.com/mobile_20111212/103436/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009055321/http://www.jewishjournal.com/the_ticket/item/girls_writer_lays_bare_womens_insecurities_20120425 |archive-date=October 9, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2012 |website=Jewish Journal}}</ref>Waƙoƙin Ibrananci na zamani na Yehuda Amichai sun taimaka mata ta haɗu da [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2017 |title=Lena Dunham says she connected to Judaism through Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai |url=https://www.jta.org/2017/10/01/news-opinion/united-states/lena-dunham-says-she-connected-to-judaism-through-israeli-poet-yehuda-amichai |access-date=July 2, 2018 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> Dunham ta halarci Seminary na Abokai kafin ta sauya a aji na bakwai zuwa [[Brooklyn]])" id="mwsA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saint Ann's School (Brooklyn)">Makarantar Saint Ann a Brooklyn, inda ta sadu da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Tiny Furniture da kuma 'yar wasan mata Jemima Kirke.<ref name="NewYorker-TinyFurniture-2010" /><ref name="Vogue-JemimaKirke-2014">{{Cite web |last=Sykes, Plum |author-link=Plum Sykes |date=January 15, 2014 |title=Child's Play: Lena Dunham and Jemima Kirke's First Appearance in Vogue |url=http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/childs-play-lena-dunham-and-jemima-kirkes-first-appearance-in-vogue/#1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322131809/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/childs-play-lena-dunham-and-jemima-kirkes-first-appearance-in-vogue/#1 |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |access-date=March 22, 2014 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> Yayinda yake matashi, Dunham ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Scholastic Art and Writing Award . Ta halarci The New School na shekara guda kafin ta koma Kwalejin Oberlin, <ref name="NewYorker-TinyFurniture-2010" /> inda ta kammala a 2008 tare da digiri a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lena Dunham is Entitled... / Oberlin Alumni Magazine / Spring 2014 |url=http://oberlin.edu/alummag/spring2014/lenadunham.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028202411/http://oberlin.edu/alummag/spring2014/lenadunham.html |archive-date=October 28, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |website=oberlin.edu}}</ref> A lokacin rani a kwaleji, Dunham ta yi tafiya zuwa Poland don sake haɗuwa da asalinta na Yahudawa. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, Cyrus, wanda ya bayyana a fim na farko na Dunham, Creative Nonfiction, kuma ya fito a fim dinta na biyu, Tiny Furniture . <ref name="NewYorker-TinyFurniture-2010" /> An haifi 'yan uwan ne a Brooklyn kuma sun yi bazara a Salisbury, Connecticut. == Ayyuka == === 2000s: Kwalejin Oberlin da ayyukan farko === Yayinda yake dalibi a Kwalejin Oberlin, Dunham ya samar da gajerun fina-finai masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma ya ɗora su zuwa [[YouTube]]. Yawancin fina-finai na farko sun shafi jigogi na haskaka jima'i kuma an samar da su a cikin salon fim din mumblecore, salon tattaunawa mai nauyi wanda matasa ke magana game da dangantakarsu ta mutum. A shekara ta 2006, ta samar da Pressure, inda wata yarinya da abokai biyu ke magana game da fuskantar orgasm a karo na farko, wanda ke sa halin Dunham ya ji ''Matsi'' lamba don yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=criterioncollection |date=April 14, 2012 |title=Pressure – An Early Short by Lena Dunham |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRZhZiA5q9o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130104222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRZhZiA5q9o |archive-date=November 30, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref> "Ban je makarantar fim ba", in ji Dunham. "Maimakon haka na tafi makarantar zane-zane mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma na sanya kansa tsarin karatu na ƙirƙirar ƙananan zane-zanen bidiyo, taƙaitaccen tunani akan abubuwan ban dariya, da kuma buga su a Intanet. " [[File:Rob_Wynne,_Cake_Cake,_with_Lidia_Bastianich,_Brooks_Headley_of_Del_Posto,_Tabboo!_and_the_Delusional_Downtown_Divas.jpg|alt=|thumb|Dunham a kan saitin jerin yanar gizo na Delusional Downtown Divas (2009) ]] Wani fim na farko, mai taken The Fountain, wanda ya nuna ta a cikin bikinis tana goge hakora a cikin ''Maɓuɓɓugar'' jama'a a Kwalejin Oberlin, ya bazu a YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lena Dunham's Fountain – Wikimapia |url=http://wikimapia.org/32694288/Lena-Dunham-s-Fountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214214215/http://wikimapia.org/32694288/Lena-Dunham-s-Fountain |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |website=wikimapia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2014 |title='Girls' creator Lena Dunham returns to Oberlin |url=http://www.chroniclet.com/news/2014/02/09/Girls-creator-Lena-Dunham-returns-to-Oberlin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220161724/http://www.chroniclet.com/news/2014/02/09/Girls-creator-Lena-Dunham-returns-to-Oberlin.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |website=chroniclet.com}}</ref> "Ƙaunar da take yi na cire tufafi ba tare da kunya ba ta haifar da fashewar zargi daga masu kallo, "in ji The New Yorker's Rebecca Mead . <ref name="NewYorker-TinyFurniture-2010" /> Dunham ya firgita da tashin hankali kuma ya yanke shawarar cire bidiyon: {{Blockquote|There were just pages of [[YouTube]] comments about how fat I was, or how not fat I was," Dunham said. "I didn't want you to Google me and the first thing you see is a debate about whether my breasts are misshapen."<ref name="NewYorker-TinyFurniture-2010" />}} An saki Pressures (2006), Open the Door (2007), Hooker on Campus (2007), da The Fountain (2007) a matsayin karin DVD tare da Tiny Furniture . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiny Furniture Blu-ray – Lena Dunham |url=http://www.dvdbeaver.com/film3/blu-ray_reviews56/tiny_furniture_blu-ray.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905195717/http://www.dvdbeaver.com/film3/blu-ray_reviews56/tiny_furniture_blu-ray.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |website=dvdbeaver.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Dunham ta fito a cikin jerin yanar gizo guda goma na Nerve.com mai taken Tight Shots, wanda Virginia Heffernan na The New York Times Magazine ya bayyana a matsayin "a daffy serial game da yara da ke ƙoƙarin yin fim kuma su kasance masu fasaha da kuma haɗuwa da tarin jima'i".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tight Shots Archives – Nerve |url=http://www.nerve.com/tight-shots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220142925/http://www.nerve.com/tight-shots |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=nerve.com}}</ref>[ing] A shekara ta 2009, Dunham ya kirkiro jerin yanar gizo na Index Magazine, Delusional Downtown Divas, wanda ya yi wa yanayin fasahar New York City ba'a. Ba a biya kuɗin samarwa ba, don haka Dunham da abokanta "sun kwashe kuɗin su daga kula da yara da masu taimakawa fasaha kuma sun ranta wasu kayan kyamara".Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2009, Dunham ta fara Creative Nonfiction - wasan kwaikwayo inda ta taka rawar Ella, ɗalibar kwaleji da ke gwagwarmaya don kammala rubutun - a Kudancin Kudu maso Yammacin Festival a Austin, Texas. Da farko bikin ya ki amincewa da ita a shekarar da ta gabata; ta sake shirya kuma ta sake gabatar da fim din. === 2010-11: Ci gaba tare da Tiny Furniture''Ƙananan Kayan Gida'' === Nasarar Tiny Furniture ta ba Dunham yarjejeniyar rubutun makafi a HBO. Cibiyar sadarwa ta kafa Dunham tare da tsohuwar mai nunawa Jennifer Konner . Konner ta gaya wa Vulture's Jada Yuan cewa ta shiga cikin Dunham saboda ta kasance mai sha'awar Tiny Furniture: Tauraron Dunham kuma ya tashi lokacin da David Carr ya bayyana ta a cikin The New York Times; daga baya aka yaba masa da gabatar da ita ga Judd Apatow . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pride-Wilt |first=Anne |title=The Oberlin Review: Lena Dunham Dispenses Life Advice in Finney Convocation |url=https://oberlinreview.org/4788/arts/lena-dunham-dispenses-life-advice-in-finney-convocation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223074608/http://oberlinreview.org/4788/arts/lena-dunham-dispenses-life-advice-in-finney-convocation/ |archive-date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |website=oberlinreview.org}}</ref> Apatow ya kalli Tiny Furniture, kuma ya yi mamakin Dunham ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din. "Na aika mata da imel kuma gaya mata cewa na yi tunanin yana da kyau", ga Apatow ya gaya wa The Hollywood Reporter. "Ya zama cewa tana tsakiyar tattaunawar yarjejeniya don haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo ga HBO kuma abokin aikinta shine Jenni Konner, wanda na yi aiki tare da shi a kan Undeclared da kuma wasu ayyukan. Sun tambaye ni idan ina so in kasance wani ɓangare na shi, kuma na yi farin ciki da tsalle. " [[File:Lena_Dunham_TFF_2012_Shankbone_3.JPG|thumb|Dunham a farkon gabatarwar ''Bayanan Taimako'' a Bikin Fim na Tribeca na 2012]] Shirye-shiryen talabijin na Dunham, Girls, HBO ce ta ba da haske a farkon 2011. An nuna abubuwa uku zuwa martani mai kyau a bikin Kudu maso Yamma na 2012 . Jerin ya biyo bayan Hannah Horvath (wanda Dunham ya nuna), marubuciya mai shekaru 20 da ke gwagwarmaya don samun nasara a Birnin New York. Wasu daga cikin gwagwarmayar da ke fuskantar halin Dunham Hannah - gami da yankewa kudi daga iyayenta, zama marubuci da yin yanke shawara mara kyau - abubuwan da suka faru na Dunham ne. Dunham ya ce ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' suna nuna wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a da ba a nuna su a cikin jerin HBO na 1998 ''Jima'i da Birni'' . "Gossip Girl tana matashiya tana duk da shi a kan Upper East Side da Jima'i kuma City mata ne waɗanda gano aiki da abokai kuma yanzu suna so su ƙusa da rayuwar iyali. Akwai wannan sararin 'tsakanin-tsakanin' wanda ba a magance shi ba, in ji ta. [had] Direban jirgin ya yi nuni da gangan ''Jima'i da Birni'', yayin da masu samarwa ke so su bayyana cewa ƙarfin motsawa a bayan ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' shine cewa tsoffin jerin HBO ne suka yi wahayi zuwa gare haruffa kuma suka koma New York don bin mafarkinsu.<ref name="tca" /> Dunham kanta ta ce tana "girmamawa da wannan nuna kamar kowane yarinya na ƙarni".[s]<ref name="tca" /> An fara kakar wasa ta farko a HBO a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2012, kuma ta sami yabo mai mahimmanci. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta yaba da jerin, ta rubuta cewa "Mata na iya zama ƙin ƙarni na dubban shekaru ga ''Jima'i da Birni'', amma kakar farko a wasu lokuta tana da basira mai tsanani kuma tana da ban dariya kamar Louie a FX ko Curb Your Enthusiasm a HBO. "James Poniewozik daga Time yana da babban yabo ga jerin, yana kiransa "marasa kyau, mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai laushi da wadata, sau da yawa mai ban dariya". Duk da yabo, jerin sun kuma haifar da zargi game da rashin wakilcin launin fata da kuma yawan tsirara na Dunham. Lokacin farko ya sami Dunham lambar yabo ta Emmy guda hudu saboda rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo, rubuce-rubuce, da kuma jagorantar jerin, da kuma lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda biyu don Mafi kyawun jerin Talabijin - Musical ko Comedy da Mafi kyawun Actress - Television Series Musical ko comedy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=q on cbc |date=October 1, 2014 |title=Lena Dunham is "Not That Kind of Girl" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABc0cg5YuHE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214043156/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABc0cg5YuHE |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=December 18, 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=criterioncollection |date=June 27, 2012 |title=Nora Ephron and Lena Dunham in Conversation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNPqCaxLE8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629032001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNPqCaxLE8 |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2013, Dunham ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Directors Guild of America don Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa - Comedy Series don aikinta a kan Girls . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2013 |title=Lena Dunham ('Girls') makes DGA history as first female to win Best TV Comedy Director |url=http://www.goldderby.com/news/3961/lena-dunham-%28%27girls%27%29-makes-dga-history-as-first-female-to-win-best-tv-comedy-director.html |access-date=May 13, 2013 |publisher=Goldderby.com}}</ref> An sabunta ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' don kakar wasa ta biyu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, kafin kakar wasa ta farko ta gama watsawa. Wasan karshe na farko ya jawo hankalin masu kallo sama da miliyan daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2012 |title=Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood', 'Falling Skies', 'Real Housewives of NJ', 'Keeping up with the Kardashians' + NASCAR & More |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/sdsdskdh279882992z1/sunday-cable-ratings-true-blood-break-falling-skies-real-housewives-of-nj-keeping-up-with-the-kardashians-nascar-more/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316024018/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/sdsdskdh279882992z1/sunday-cable-ratings-true-blood-break-falling-skies-real-housewives-of-nj-keeping-up-with-the-kardashians-nascar-more/ |archive-date=March 16, 2018 |access-date=March 15, 2018 |website=TV By The Numbers |language=en}}</ref> Lokaci na biyu na Girls ya ci gaba da samun yabo mai mahimmanci. David Wiegland na San Francisco Chronicle ya ce: "Dukan taurari na matasan birane masu saurin gaske, masu burin gaske, masu ƙuduri da rashin tsaro a cikin ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' suna sake daidaitawa a cikin sabon kakar, amma a kowane lokaci a cikin abubuwan da aka aika wa masu sukar don sake dubawa kuna jin cewa duk wani abu ne na wucin gadi". Verne Gay na Newsday ya ce: "Mafi tsayi, mafi basira, mafi wadata, cikakke kuma ya yi aiki".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verne, Gay |date=January 9, 2013 |title='Girls' review: Returning, more maturely |url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/girls-review-returning-more-maturely-g48579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002202521/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/girls-review-returning-more-maturely-1.4426583 |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |website=Newsday}}</ref> Ken Tucker na Entertainment Weekly ya ji cewa "Kamar yadda yake da idanu masu haske da wutsiya kamar yadda yake a farkon kakar, ''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' na iya zama masu tsayi, masu ban dariya, da haɗari". Lokaci na biyu ya gudana a HBO daga Janairu 2013 zuwa Maris 2013, tare da sabuntawa na uku da na huɗu. Lokaci na uku na Girls ya fara ne a watan Janairun 2014 tare da masu kallo sama da miliyan daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Real Housewives of Atlanta' Wins Night, 'True Detective', 'Ax Men', 'Shameless' & More |url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/sdsdskdh279882992z1/sunday-cable-ratings-real-housewives-of-atlanta-wins-night-true-detective-ax-men-shameless-more/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219020545/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/sdsdskdh279882992z1/sunday-cable-ratings-real-housewives-of-atlanta-wins-night-true-detective-ax-men-shameless-more/ |archive-date=February 19, 2017 |access-date=November 26, 2018 |website=TV By The Numbers |language=en}}</ref> A watan da ya biyo baya, Dunham ta dauki bakuncin wani labari na Asabar Night Live tare da baƙon kiɗa The National . [[File:Avy_Kaufman_and_Lena_Dunham_(24694743339).jpg|left|thumb|Dunham tare da Avy Kaufman a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2016Bikin Fim na Sundance na 2016]] A watan Satumbar 2015, Dunham ya bayyana cewa kakar wasa ta shida ta Girls na iya zama ta ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2015 |title=Lena Dunham on Girls season 6 |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/29/lena-dunham-girls-season-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006210938/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/29/lena-dunham-girls-season-6 |archive-date=October 6, 2015 |website=Entertainment Weekly's EW.com}}</ref> HBO daga baya ta tabbatar da wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HBO: Girls: News |url=http://www.hbo.com/girls/news/girls-final-season-to-air-in-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113223247/http://www.hbo.com/girls/news/girls-final-season-to-air-in-2017.html |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |access-date=January 14, 2016 |website=HBO}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, Dunham ta bayyana a fim din mahaifiyarta, My Art, wanda aka fara bugawa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Venice na 73 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cascone |first=Sarah |date=May 20, 2014 |title=Laurie Simmons Casts Daughter Lena Dunham in New Film |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/laurie-simmons-casts-daughter-lena-dunham-in-new-film-23194 |access-date=May 8, 2016 |website=Artnet.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Art |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/73rd-festival/line-up/off-sel/cinema-nel-giardino/my-art.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031205/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/73rd-festival/line-up/off-sel/cinema-nel-giardino/my-art.html |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |access-date=December 23, 2016 |website=Venice Film Festival}}</ref> Ta kuma bayyana Maryamu a cikin My Entire High School Sinking Into the Sea, fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Matasa na Amurka na 2016 wanda Dash Shaw ya jagoranta. An zaba shi don a nuna shi a cikin sashin Vanguard a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2016. <ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2016 |title=My Entire High School Sinking Into the Sea |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/my-entire-high-school-sinking-into-the-sea/ |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=TIFF}}</ref> Dunham ya kuma yi fim don fim din Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising, amma an yanke su daga fim din karshe. A cikin 2017, Dunham ta nuna Valerie Solanas, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata kuma marubucin ''SCUM Manifesto'' wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Andy Warhol a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, a cikin American Horror Story: Cult . An kammala kakar wasa ta shida da ta karshe a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2017, inda ya bar jimlar aukuwa 62 a cikin jerin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Puente |first=Marie |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Lena Dunham's 'Girls' renewed for sixth and final season |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2016/01/06/girls-to-end-after-season-6-hbo-says/78366442/ |access-date=January 7, 2016 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pederson |first=Erik |date=November 17, 2016 |title=HBO Sets Premiere Dates For 'Girls,' 'Last Week Tonight' & New Comedy 'Crashing' |url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/hbo-premiere-dates-girls-last-week-tonight-john-oliver-crashing-1201856417/ |access-date=November 17, 2016 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Littafin na biyu, Camping, da sauran ayyukan === A watan Fabrairun 2018, A Casual Romance Productions ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta samar da Camping, wani sakewa na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya na wannan sunan ga HBO, tare da Jennifer Garner a cikin jagora da Dunham da Konner a matsayin masu nunawa da marubuta. A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018, jerin sun gudanar da wani kwamitin a taron 'yan jarida na shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Masu sukar Talabijin wanda ke nuna babban furodusa Jenni Konner da kuma dan wasan jefa Jennifer Garner . Kashegari, an saki trailer na jerin. An sadu da sansanin tare da amsa mara kyau daga masu sukar a lokacin da aka fara shi. A shafin yanar gizon Rotten Tomatoes, kakar wasa ta farko tana da ƙimar amincewa ta 28%, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 5.1 daga cikin 10 bisa ga sake dubawa 32. Shafin yanar gizon ya kasance: "Lokacin farko na sansanin ya sa ya zama da wahala a tantance ko wanene masu zaman kansu marasa farin ciki: waɗanda ke kan allo ko waɗanda ke kallon shi. "Metacritic, wanda ke amfani da matsakaicin matsakaici, ya ba kakar wasa ta 49 daga cikin 100 bisa ga masu sukar 26, yana nuna "haɗe-haɗe ko matsakaicin sake dubawa". A watan Agustan 2018, an sanar da cewa Dunham zai bayyana a fim din Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, wanda Quentin Tarantino ya jagoranta, wanda aka saki a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=August 22, 2018 |title=Lena Dunham, Austin Butler, Maya Hawke, Lorenza Izzo Board Quentin Tarantino's 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/lena-dunham-austin-butler-maya-hawke-lorenza-izzo-quentin-tarantino-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-1202450671/ |access-date=August 22, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Dunham ya nuna rawar Catherine "Gypsy" Share. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, daidai da cikar kwangilar hadin gwiwar HBO, Dunham da Konner sun rabu a matsayin abokan haɗin gwiwa kuma sun rushe kamfanin samar da su. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, an hayar Dunham don rubuta rubutun fim din da ba a san shi ba wanda ya danganta da littafin tunawa A Hope More Powerful Than the Sea: One Refugee's Incredible Story of Love, Loss, and Survival, ta Melissa Fleming, game da labarin gaskiya na Doaa Al Zamel, wanda ya tsere zuwa Turai kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan da suka tsira daga cikin jirgin ruwa na' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=October 29, 2018 |title=Lena Dunham to Adapt Refugee Survival Story for Steven Spielberg, J. J. Abrams (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/lena-dunham-steven-spielberg-abrams-hope-more-powerful-than-the-sea-1202992793/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Wasu masu rubutun sun ji cewa, maimakon Dunham, ya kamata a hayar wata mace ta Siriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Backlash over Lena Dunham script for Syrian refugee film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/oct/30/lena-dunham-syrian-refugee-film-backlash |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Marubuciya Melissa Fleming ya goyi bayan zaɓin Dunham a matsayin marubucin rubutun. A mayar da martani ga annobar coronavirus ta 2020, a watan Maris na 2020 Dunham ta sanar da cewa za ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna, Verified Strangers, a matsayin martani ga warewar jama'a. Ta kara da cewa aikin martani ne don taimakawa kanta da masu karatu a lokacin damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lena Dunham Is Publishing a Romance Novel One Chapter at a Time |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/books/lena-dunham-is-publishing-a-romance-novel-one-chapter-at-a-time/ar-BB11Arpj |access-date=March 24, 2020 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Jerin ya fara ne daga baya a wannan watan a shafin yanar gizon ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunham |first=Lena |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Lena Dunham's "Verified Strangers": Chapter One |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/lena-dunham-novel-verified-strangers |access-date=April 13, 2020 |website=Vogue |language=en}}</ref> Dunham ya ba da umarni kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa a farkon shirin HBO's Industry . <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 14, 2019 |title=Lena Dunham To Direct & Exec Produce HBO Banking Drama 'Industry' From 'His Dark Materials' Producer Bad Wolf |url=https://deadline.com/2019/06/hbo-industry-lena-dunham-1202632571/ |access-date=August 15, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta bayyana a cikin The Stand In wanda Jamie Babbit ya jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |date=December 18, 2020 |title='The Stand In': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/the-stand-in-film-review |access-date=February 13, 2021 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Dunham yana da karamin rawa a cikin Music, wanda [[Sia]] ta jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kocan |first=Liz |date=February 13, 2021 |title=New Movies On Demand: 'Music,' 'Barb and Star Go To Vista Del Mar' + More |url=https://decider.com/2021/02/12/new-on-vod-music-barb-and-star-go-to-vista-del-mar-the-croods-2/ |access-date=February 13, 2021 |website=Decider}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa a kan Generation, wasan kwaikwayo na HBO Max . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 5, 2019 |title=HBO Max Orders Lena Dunham-Produced 'Generation' To Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/hbo-max-orders-lena-dunham-produced-generation-to-series-1202801586/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A cikin 2022, fim na biyu na Dunham, ''Sharp Stick'', tare da Kristine Froseth, Dunham, da Jon Bernthal, an sake shi zuwa sake dubawa. Ta kuma ba da umarni, ta rubuta, kuma ta samar da fim dinta na uku, Catherine Called Birdy, wani karbuwa na Littafin yara na wannan sunan ta Karen Cushman don Fina-finai na Working Title . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatchatourian |first=Maane |date=October 11, 2014 |title=Lena Dunham Adapting YA Novel 'Catherine, Called Birdy' Into Movie |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/lena-dunham-adapting-ya-novel-catherine-called-birdy-into-movie-1201327594/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Lena Dunham Launches New Production Company |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/lena-dunham-launches-new-production-company-1233470 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Fim din ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2022. An sake shi a cikin iyakantaccen saki a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2022, ta Amazon Studios, kafin yawo a kan Prime Video a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2022. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, [[Netflix]] ta ba da sanarwar cewa Too Much, sabon jerin da aka kirkira, aka rubuta, kuma Dunham ya ba da umarni, zai shiga samarwa a shekara mai zuwa a Ingila.<ref name="tm">{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=Elliot |title=Netflix Announces New Romantic Comedy Series 'Too Much' From Award-Winning Writer, Director, Producer and Actor Lena Dunham |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-announces-new-romantic-comedy-series-too-much-from-award-winning |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=Netflix}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi game da rikici tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu == Dunham, wacce ke da kakannin Yahudawa a gefen mahaifiyarta, ta nuna ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da [[Isra'ila]] da rikice-rikicen soja. Ta fara tafiya zuwa Isra'ila a shekara ta 2010 don nuna fim dinta Tiny Furniture a bikin fina-finai na Urushalima kuma a shekarar 2012 ta ziyarci yankunan Isra'ila da Palasdinawa, ta ziyarci Gabashin Urushalima, Dutsen Zaitun, da Tekun Gishiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Philip |date=2012-12-07 |title=For Lena Dunham, Palestine is invisible |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2012/12/for-lena-dunham-palestine-is-invisible/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jordan |first=Eliana |date=2025-07-08 |title=Just how Jewish is Lena Dunham? |url=https://www.thejc.com/life/how-jewish-is-lena-dunham-xdax5hk9 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=The Jewish Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Bayan Hare-haren 7 ga Oktoba, Dunham ya yi Allah wadai da adawa da Yahudawa (kazalika da Islamophobia, [[wariyar launin fata]], da transphobia) a matsayin ƙungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a duniya don lalata 'yan tsiraru. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, ta dauki bakuncin nuna fim din The Voice of Hind Rajab game da kisan gillar da Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka yi a shekarar 2024 na Hind Rajab, wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru shida, a yankin Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullally |first=William |title=How Hollywood actors are helping Palestinian films find audiences |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2026/01/09/hollywood-palestine-hind-rajab-golden-globes-oscars/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Gajeren fim === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2006 |''Kasuwanci'' |Georgia |Har ila yau marubuci da darektan |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''Mai kallo'' |Murya | |- |''Itacen Iyali'' |Lena | |} === Fim mai ban sha'awa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Daraktan !Marubuci !Mai gabatarwa !Edita |- |2009 |''Rubuce-rubuce''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}} |- |2010 |''Ƙananan Kayan Gida''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}} |- |2012 |''Babu Wanda Yake Tafiya''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}} |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Sharp Stick''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} |- |''Catherine An kira Birdy''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} |- |2024 |''Dukiya''| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} |- |2026 |''Jima'i Mai Kyau''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} |} '''Matsayi na wasan kwaikwayo''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2007 |''Una & Jacques'' | |Takaitaccen bidiyo |- |2009 |''Gidan Iblis'' |Mai aiki na 911 |Murya |- |2009 |''Rubuce-rubuce'' |Ita | |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Gabi a kan Rufin a watan Yuli'' |Colby | |- |''Ƙananan Kayan Gida'' |Aura | |- |2011 |''Masu kula da gidan abinci'' |Barista | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Bayanan Taimako'' |Alexa | |- |''Wannan 40 ne'' |Katin | |- |2014 |''Kirsimeti Mai Farin Ciki'' |Carson | |- |2015 |''Sama'' |Billie | |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Makwabta 2: Sorority Rising'' |[[Joan of Arc|Joan na Arc]] |Yanayin da aka yanke <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gettell |first=Oliver |date=April 4, 2016 |title=Lena Dunham's Joan of Arc cameo cut from Neighbors 2 |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/04/neighbors-2-lena-dunham-joan-arc-scene-cut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408122823/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/04/neighbors-2-lena-dunham-joan-arc-scene-cut |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2016 |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> |- |''Ayyukanta'' |Meryl | |- |''Dukan makarantar sakandare ta nutse cikin teku'' |Maryamu |Murya |- |2019 |''Da zarar A Lokaci a Hollywood'' |"Gypsy" | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Tsaya a ciki'' |Lisa | |- |''Honeydew'' |Delilah |Cameo |- |2021 |''Waƙoƙi'' |Mai gudanarwa a waya tare da Zu | |- |2022 |''Sharp Stick'' |Heather | |- |2023 |''Judy Blume Har abada'' |Shi da kansa |Hotuna |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Dukiya'' |Ruut | |- |''Ina fatan Ka Yi Kyakkyawan'' |Ms. Lyons | |- |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Daraktan !Marubuci !Mai gabatarwa !Mahalicci !Bayani |- |2007 |''Kyakkyawan Shots''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}} |Har ila yau edita |- |2009 |''Divas na Downtown na yaudara''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} | |- |2012–2017 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2018 |''Yin sansani''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2020 |''Masana'antu''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{No}} |Fim din "Induction" |- |2021 |''Zamani''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{No}} |Fim din "Gays da rikice-rikice" |- |2025 |''Da yawa da yawa''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes}} |<ref name="tm" /> |} '''Matsayi na wasan kwaikwayo''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2007 |''Kyakkyawan Shots'' | |Babban rawar da take takawa |- |2009 |''Divas na Downtown na yaudara'' |Oona |Babban rawar da take takawa |- |2011 |''Mildred Pierce'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya |Abubuwa 2 |- |2012–2017 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata'' |Hannah Horvath |Babban rawar da take takawa |- |2014–2016 |''Lokaci na Kasuwanci'' |Betty Grof |Murya, abubuwa 3 |- |2014 |''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' |Mai karɓar bakuncin |Fim: "Lena Dunham/The National" |- |2015 |''Abin kunya'' |Susanne Thomas |Fim: "Yana da kyau a yi kusanci" |- |2015 |''Kwanaki 7 a Jahannama'' |Lanny Denver |Fim din talabijin |- |2015 |''[[The Simpsons|Simpsons]]'' |Candace / Hannah Horvath |Murya, episode: "Kowane Mutum Mafarki" |- |2017 |''Mutumin Tafiya'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "48 Hours in Tenerife" |- |2017 |''Labarin Tsoro na Amurka: Addini'' |Valerie Solanas |Fim: "Valerie Solanas ya mutu saboda zunubanku: Scumbag" |- |2025 |''Da yawa da yawa'' |Nora ta Kudu |Abubuwa 5 <ref name="tm" /> |- |TBA |''Yana da Ƙarfi Girma'' | |Jerin da ke zuwa |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Mai zane !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2014 |''Ina so in sami sauki'' |Gidan da ke rufe baki | |Daraktan |- |2015 |<nowiki><i id="mwBuM">Rashin jinin (Remix) </i></nowiki> |[[Taylor Swift]] |Lucky Fiori | |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwBuw">Kada ku karɓi Kuɗi</i></nowiki> |Gidan da ke rufe baki | |Daraktan |- |2025 |<nowiki><i id="mwBvU">TOO MUCH x London Bridge</i></nowiki> |Farashin | |Godiya ta Musamman |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" |Shekara !Haɗin kai !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="4" |2012 | rowspan="8" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko |Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Comedy | rowspan="13" |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata''|| {{Nom}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2012 |title=64th Emmy Award Nominations: The Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2012/tv/news/64th-emmy-award-nominations-the-complete-list-1118056789/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo (Episode: "Ta yi") <small> (Fitowa: "Ta yi") </small>|| {{Nom}} |- |Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Jerin Comedy (Episode: "Pilot") <small> (Fitowa: "Moyin jirgin sama") </small>|| {{Nom}} |- |Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa don Jerin Comedy (Episode: "Ta yi") <small> (Fitowa: "Ta yi") </small>|| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Comedy|| {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2013 |title=2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations |url=https://deadline.com/2013/07/emmy-awards-nominations-2013-full-list-nominees-543455/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo (Episode: "Bad Friend") <small> (Fitowa: "Aboki mara kyau") </small>|| {{Nom}} |- |Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa don Jerin Comedy (Episode: "On All Fours") <small> (Fitowa: "A Dukkanin Hudu") </small>|| {{Nom}} |- |2014 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo (Episode: "Beach House") <small> (Fim: "Beach House") </small>|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Emmy Awards: Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/emmy-awards-2014-complete-winners-725969/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- |2013 |Kyautar BAFTA |Shirin Kasa da Kasa Mafi Kyawu|| {{Won}} | |- |2012 |Kyautar Daraktoci Guild of America |Babban Daraktan - Jerin Comedy|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2013 |title=DGA Awards: Ben Affleck Named Best Director for 'Argo' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/dga-awards-ben-affleck-named-417646/ |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- |2012 | rowspan="3" |Kyautar Golden Globe | rowspan="3" |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin - Musical ko Comedy|| {{Won}} | |- |2013|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2014 |title=Golden Globes: Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/golden-globes-2014-winners-list-2-670159/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- |2014|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2015 |title=2015 Golden Globe Awards: Winners List |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/11/showbiz/feat-2015-golden-globes-winners-list/index.html |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2010 | rowspan="3" |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta |Mafi Kyawun Farko | rowspan="2" |''Ƙananan Kayan Gida''|| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2011 |title=Winners Announced For 2011 Film Independent Spirit Awards |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/winners-announced-for-2011-film-independent-spirit-awards/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko|| {{Won}} |- |2022 |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Catherine An kira Birdy''|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title='Everything Everywhere' Dominates Spirit Awards With 7 Prizes, Including Best Feature (Full Winners List) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/awards/2023-independent-spirit-awards-winners-list-1235542069/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |} == Bayanan littattafai == '''Littattafai''' *   *   *   *   '''Rubuce-rubuce da rahoto''' * {{Cite journal |date=April 28, 2010 |title=Funny Girl: Sarah Silverman |url=http://www.papermag.com/funny-girl-1425688679.html |journal=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite journal |date=June 28, 2012 |title=Seeing Nora Everywhere |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/seeing-nora-everywhere |journal=The New Yorker}} * {{Cite journal |date=August 13, 2012 |title=First Love |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/08/13/first-love-3 |journal=The New Yorker}} * {{Cite journal |date=March 25, 2013 |title=A Box of Puppies |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/03/25/a-box-of-puppies |journal=The New Yorker}} * {{Cite journal |date=November 4, 2013 |title=Deliverance |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/11/04/deliverance-3 <!--|access-date=October 13, 2017--> |department=Take Out |journal=The New Yorker |volume=89 |issue=35 |pages=78}} * {{Cite journal |date=September 1, 2014 |title=Difficult girl : growing up with help |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/01/difficult-girl <!--|access-date=July 25, 2019--> |department=Personal History |journal=The New Yorker |volume=90 |issue=25 |pages=24–28}} * {{Cite journal |date=March 30, 2015 |title=Dog or Jewish Boyfriend? A Quiz |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/30/dog-or-jewish-boyfriend-a-quiz |journal=The New Yorker}} * {{Cite journal |date=July 10, 2015 |title=The Bride in Her Head |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-bride-in-her-head |journal=The New Yorker}} * {{Cite journal |date=September 5, 2018 |title=The Enduring Spell of 'The Outsiders' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/t-magazine/outsiders-book-hinton-lena-dunham.html |journal=The New York Times Style Magazine}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Kwalejin Oberlin da Conservatory == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Heti |first=Sheila |last2=Simonini |first2=Ross |date=2013 |title=Judy Blume and Lena Dunham in Conversation |url=http://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/judy-blume-in-conversation-with-lena-dunham |journal=[[The Believer (magazine)|The Believer]] |location=San Francisco, Calif |publisher=Believer Books, a Division of [[McSweeney's]] |oclc=879574140 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=San Filippo |first=Maria |date=Spring 2016 |title="Art Porn Provocauteurs": Queer Feminist Performances of Embodiment in the Work of Catherine Breillat and Lena Dunham |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/the_velvet_light_trap/v077/77.filippo.html |journal=[[The Velvet Light Trap]] |location=Madison, WI and Austin, TX |publisher=University of Wisconsin at Madison and The University of Texas at Austin |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=28–49 |doi=10.7560/VLT7703 |issn=0149-1830 |oclc=5985111614 |s2cid=191929973 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 5, 2016 |ref=none}} * {{IMDb name|2501633}} * Lena DunhamaTumatir da ya lalace * [http://www.makers.com/lena-dunham Lena Dunham] An ɗora shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2017, a a Makers: Mata da ke yin Amurka''Masu yin: Mata da suka Yi Amurka'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cixsn8ih3f2407xj9tzhj75vcbdmnmt Takardun tarihi a cikin harshen Hausa 0 173987 967473 964243 2026-10-14T09:57:19Z Camille Lefebvre 27252 /* Kalmomin asali */ 967473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Takardun tarihi a cikin harshen Hausa''' sun tattaro dukkan takardu da aka samar a baya a cikin al'ummomin [[Harshen Hausa|da ke jin Hausa]] kuma aka adana su a rubuce, ko dai ta amfani da [[Baƙaƙen larabci|haruffan Larabci]], wanda daga nan za a kira da kalmar [[ajami]], ko kuma ta amfani da haruffan Latin, ko kuma boko. Takardar ta ƙunshi nassoshi a cikin ajami hausa da aka adana mafi tsufa da aka sani zuwa yanzu a ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Faransa kuma ya kasance tun daga shekara 1752 ko shekara 1763, yayin da aka tattara ƙamus na farko a cikin haruffan boko a cikin wannan harshe a [[Kwapanhagan|Kwapanhagen]] a shekara 1772 kuma aka buga shi a [[Jamus]] a shekara 1792. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takardu na tarihi a cikin harshen Hausa an rubuta su daɡa baki kuma suna cikin jerin adabin baka na [[harshen Hausa]], yayin da wasu kuma suna cikin jerin [[Rubutaccen adabi|rubutaccen ''adabi'']] waɗanda ke da alaƙa da [[ilimin Musulunci]]. Sha'awar da wannan harshe ya jawo wa masana, masanan harsunan da da kuma na yanzu, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, a zahiri harshe ne na Afirka wanda aka yi bincike mafi yawa a kansa a ƙarni na gaba, don haka aka adana majiyoyi masu yawa. == Al'adar baki da rubutu a cikin harshen Hausa == Harshen Hausa harshe ne na danɡin [[yarukan Chadi]] wanda, a farkonn ƙarni na 21, ya ƙunshi mutane kusa da miliyan 94.5 ke magana da shi, galibi a [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], amma kuma a [[Kamaru]], [[Sudan]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Gabon]] da [[Burkina Faso]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hausa |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hau/ |access-date=18 mai 2026 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}.</ref> . A cikin [[Hausawa|al'ummomin da ke jin harshen Hausa]], harshe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yau da kullum, kuma a cikin wannan mahallin, ana samar da rubuce-rubuce da yawa na baka, a cewar Karin Barber. Ana kiyaye waɗannan ta hanyar haddace abubuwa da ake kira al'adar baka. Ana yin amfani da [[Singing|waƙoƙi]], labarai, [[karin magana]] da wasannin harshe wajen tsara ayyukan yau da kullum, duk nau'ikan magana da ake haddacewa kuma suna shiga wajen yaɗuwar al'adun baka na Hausawa da dukkan sassan al'umma ke rabawa . Wannan magana ta ƙunshi nau'ikan adabi da dama da aka tsara, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu an yi musu fassara, [[waƙa]], yabo, [[kirari]], [[karin magana]] da sauran nau'ikan adabi, kamar [[tatsuniyoyi]] ''da'' labaru . [[Fayil:Lettre_autographe_d'al-Hajj_Ahmadu.jpg|thumb| Wasiƙa da al-Hajj Ahmadu ya rubuta da hannunsa a cikin Hausa Ajami, wadda aka adana a cikin rumbun tarihi Rudolf Prietze, a ɗakin karatu na jihar [[Hamburg]] .]] Harshen Hausa ya zama kuma batun rubuce-rubucen al'adu. A ƙarni na 18 da kuma na 19, duk da cewa [[Larabci]] shine harshen rubutu da aka fi so, masana daga [[Sahel|tsakiyar Sahel]] su ma wani lokaci suna rubutu da ajami hausa, takardun yau da kullum, kamar [[Wasika|wasiƙa]], littattafan lissafi, amma kuma rubuce-rubucen addini - tafsirin Alqur'ani ( ''[[Tauhidi|tawhid]]'' ), [[waƙa]] ( ''wa'azi'' ), hadisai ( ''[[hadisi]]'' ), tarihin rayuwar [[Annabi]] ( ''sira'' ), tarihin da ya shafi [[Jihadin na Fulani|jihadin]] [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] , . Waɗannan nau'ika sun sami karbuwa ne daga wani [[Malamai a cikin Islama|malami]] na Musulunci, wanda aka horar kuma aka koyar a manyan cibiyoyin ilmantarwa a kasar Hausa ta ƙarni na 18 da na 19 : [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Zinder]] kuma daɡa baya [[Lokoja]], Bida da [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] . A cikin al'adun adabi na Hausa, babu wani bambanci bayyananne tsakanin nau'ikan rubutu na musamman da na baki na musamman, ana amfani da su daga baki zuwa rubutu a cikin aikin adabi da kuma a cikin kafofin watsa [[labarai]] na [[sadarwa]] . Ko da yake ana iya adana waƙa a rubuce, an rubuta ta ne da farko don a karanta ta kuma wataƙila an rubuta ta ne kawai don ta zama goyon baya ga ƙwaƙwalwar mai rerawa<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M.B. Duffill |date=1986 |title=Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3171536.pdf |journal=History in Africa |language=anglais |volume=13 |page=35-88}}.</ref>. Graham Furniss, ƙwararre a fannin adabin Hausa, ya nuna cewa waƙa na iya ƙunsar karin magana kuma labari na iya ƙunsar sassa na waƙar musulunci, nau'ikan ba a daidaita su ba amma an daidaita su bisa ga masu sauraro, mahallin da kuma yanayin saƙon da za a isar<ref name=":4" />. Hakazalika, dangane da harshe da kuma hanyar da ake amfani da ita, ma'anar saƙon na iya canzawa sosai. :<blockquote>A wannan mahallin, mutum ɗaya yana ba da labarin iri ɗaya daban-daban dangane da harshen da yake amfani da shi; wani malami yana rubutu da Larabci bisa ga maganganun Musulunci, yana tambaya game da halatta wani aiki ko yi, kuma a cikin ''Hausa'' Ajami a cikin salon [[Epic Poetry|almara]], sau da yawa tare da barkwanci .</blockquote>Duk da haka, ba a kiyaye kayayyakin wannan al'ada daidai gwargwado ba, kuma akwai babban bambanci, ba sosai tsakanin al'adar baki da ta rubutu ba, amma tsakanin [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adar jama'a]] da al'adar ilimi, wadda aka tsara a cikin al'adar Musulunci. Saboda haka, a cikin dukkan tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka adana har zuwa yau a yankin, babu wata alama ta ayyukan magana ta yau da kullun . Rubuce-rubucen da aka kiyaye a matsayin fifiko sune waɗanda suka shafi ilimi mai daraja, [[Tafsiri|tafsirin Alƙur'ani]], [[nahawu]], da [[Fiƙihu|kuma fikihu]], waɗanda galibi ake rubuta su da [[Larabci]] . Wannan rashin daidaiton kiyayewa yana haifar da son zuciya na takardu waɗanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga fahimtarmu game da tarihin waɗannan al'ummomi : don haka tarihin masarautar [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] ya zo mana ne kawai ta hanyar corpora galibi a cikin [[Larabci]], wanda birane, masu ilimi da kuma galibin maza suka samar <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ari Awagana, Femi Kolapo, Camille Lefebvre et Benedetta Rossi |date=2024 |title=On the tracks of Thomas Cole John |url=https://langarchiv.hypotheses.org/ |website=https://langarchiv.hypotheses.org/ |language=anglais}}.</ref> . == Takardun da aka adana mafi tsufa == [[Fayil:Maqāmāt_al-Ḥarīrī_-_Ecrit_en_ajami_haoussa.jpg|thumb| Rubutu a cikin Hausa ajami, wanda Nikolay Dobronravin ya gano a cikin rubutun ''Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī'' wanda BNF ta adana, a birnin Paris. An rubuta rubutun a shekarar 1752 ko 1763.]] Takardu ƙalilan ne kawai a cikin ajami hausa tun kafin ƙarshen XVIII na 18 an gano ko an kiyaye XVIII . An samo takardar da aka fi sani da ita zuwa yanzu a shekarar 2019 ta masanin ilimin falsafa na Rasha Nikolay Dobronravin a cikin tarin Laburaren Ƙasa na Faransa, a cikin rubutun Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī (a cikin), wataƙila an kwafi shi a shekarar 1166 ta [[Hijira]] (1752 ta zamanin Kirista ), ko kuma 1177 ta Hijira (1763 ta zamanin Kirista), ya danganta da hanyoyi daban-daban na karanta rubutun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dmitry Bondarev |date=21 mars 2019 |title=he Revelation: The earliest known use of ʿajamī as a label |url=https://ajami.hypotheses.org/635 |access-date=28 juin 2026 |website=A-label: African Languages Between the Lines |language=en}}.</ref> . An tattara tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da aka adana a rubutun Latin a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a shekarar 1772. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1772, wani jakada daga gwamnatin Tripoli, karkashin jagorancin jami'in diflomasiyyar Tripolitan kuma dan siyasa Abd-al-Rahman Aga, ya isa Denmark, kuma an nemi matafiyi kuma masanin kimiyya Carsten Niebhur ya taimaka wa mai fassara na hukuma, {{Interlanguage link|Andreas Æreboe}} wanda ba shi da isasshen ilimin Larabci. Carsten Niebhur da Abd-al-Rahman Aga sun haɗu a wani haɗin gwiwa na ilimi wanda ya haifar da buga jerin kasidu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ƙunshi jerin ƙamus na farko na Hausa da aka taɓa rubutawa da haruffan Latin . [[Fayil:Premier_vocabulaire_haoussa_publié_en_Europe_en_1792.png|center|thumb| An fara buga ƙamus na Hausa a rubutun Latin a Turai a shekarar 1792.]] == Juyin juya halin da ake ciki game da jihadin Usman Dan Fodio == Bayan [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihadin Usman dan Fodio]] da kuma kafa [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] a shekarar 1804, harshen Hausa ya zama babban harshen masarautar, ba wai kawai na arewacin [[Najeriya]] da yankin kudancin Nijar ba, har ma da dukkan al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka a manyan biranen kasuwanci na ketare hamada kamar Ghadames, [[Tripoli]] da [[Tunis]] . Kafa [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] da kuma kwace iko daga hannun wani fitaccen masanin gyara, wanda ke cikin 'yan'uwantakar [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Qadiriya|na Qadiriyya]], ya nuna wani sauyi a cikin nau'ikan furucin ilimi a cikin harshen Hausa . [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadin Usman Dan Fodio]] yana da burin kawo sauyi kuma magoya bayansa suna shiga ayyukan mishan , musamman a harsunan yankin don isa ga mafi yawan mutane, duka a cikin [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] (harshen Fulani) da kuma a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] <ref name=":3" /> . Waƙoƙin addini sun zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin [[jihadi]], domin ana ganinsa a matsayin wata hanya mai tasiri ta taɓa lamiri . Kamar yadda ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman ɗan Fodio]], Abdullahi ɗan Fodio, ya bayyana a cikin bayaninsa na jihadi <ref name=":7" /> :<blockquote>Don haka muka tashi tsaye tare da Sheikh [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|ʊsman dan Fodiyo]], muna taimaka masa a cikin aikinsa na addini. Ya yi tafiya don wannan dalili daga Gabas zuwa Yamma, yana kiran mutane zuwa ga addinin Allah ta hanyar wa'azinsa da Qasidas a Ajami [Hausa da Fulfulde] da kuma lalata al'adu da suka saba wa dokokin Musulunci .</blockquote>'Ya'yan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], musamman 'ya'yansa maza Isa, al-Hasan da [[Muhammadu Bello|Mohammed Bello]], da kuma 'yarsa [[Nana Asma'u|Asma]], wacce aka fi sani da [[Nana Asma'u|Naana Asmaa'u]], sun ƙara ƙarfafa amfani da harshen Hausa . Isa ya rubuta, cikin harshen Hausa, wani rubutu mai suna hagiography don girmama mahaifinsa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mervyn Hiskett |date=1971 |title=Son of the Shehu's miracles: a Hausa hagiography from Sokoto |journal=African Language Studies |language=anglais |volume=12 |page=71-107}}.</ref>, kuma ya fassara wakokinsa daga Larabci da Fulfulde. [[Nana Asma'u|Naana Asmaa'u,]] a nata ɓangaren, ta rubuta waƙoƙi cikin harshen Hausa, waƙoƙin yabo ga 'yan uwanta, addu'o'i ga [[Muhammad|Annabi]], da kuma ''Waƙar Yawo'', ''Wakar gewaye'', wani labari mai inganci da ke ba da labarin rayuwar mahaifinta da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe daban-daban da aka yi a lokacin jihadi . A cikin takaddamar da ke tsakaninsu, masana harsuna Nikolay Dobronravine da John Edward Philips sun yi muhawara kan girman ayyukan al'adu na rubutu a {{Interlanguage link|ajami haoussa}} a ƙarni na XIX a yankin Sahel . Nikolay Dobronravine ya nuna cewa duk da muhimmancin da Hausa ke da shi a musayar yawu a [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] da ma wasu sassan kasar, rubutu a harshen Hausa ''na Ajami'' ya kasance a cikin tsirarun mutane a cikin da'irar masu ilimi na masarautar <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolaï Dobronravine |last2=John Edward Philips |date=2004 |title=Hausa ajami literature and script : colonial innovations and post-colonial myths in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25653414.pdf |journal=Sudanic Africa |language=anglais |volume=15 |page=85-110}}.</ref> . An fi rubuta wakoki da Larabci da Fulfulde, kuma Dobronravine ya yi hasashen cewa ƙarfafa harshen Hausa a matsayin ''harshen da ya dace da al'ada'' ya sa masana su ƙara rubutu da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] domin kiyaye harshen <ref name=":6" /> . Haɓaka iko na wani fitaccen mutum da ke kare al'adar Musulunci ta gargajiya wani lokacin yana karo da nau'ikan al'adun gargajiya na Hausawa da suka riga suka wanzu. Don haka, masu jihadi na Sakkwato sun soki ayyukan yabo, ''kirari'' da ''roko'', waɗanda suka yi Allah wadai da yabon da aka yi wa mutane marasa addini da kuma abubuwan da aka yi magana a kansu a cikin waɗannan waƙoƙin , <ref>{{Cite journal |last=M.G. Smith |date=1957 |title=The Social Functions and Meanings of Hausa Praise Singing |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1156364.pdf |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |language=anglais |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=26-45}}.</ref> . A [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]], wasannin kwaikwayo na mata a bainar jama'a sun zama ruwan dare, inda ake ƙarfafa ayyukan keɓewa mata a cikin gidaje ta hanyar [[jihadi]] . Komawar mata zuwa ga [[Keɓantawa|harkokin sirri]] bai hana su ci gaba da watsa al'adun baki, karin magana, tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙi na duniya ba, amma an watsa wannan yaɗuwar galibi ga yara ko wasu mata . A wajen masarautar Sokoto, nau'ikan ayyukan mata na jama'a sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, musamman a [[Yankin Maradi|Maradi]] da [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbara Cooper |date=1994 |title=Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1994_35_1/page/61 |journal=Journal of African History |language=anglais |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=61-78}}.</ref> . Daga cikin takardun da aka rubuta da hannu da aka samar a XIX na 19 karni a ''ajami'' haoussa kuma an adana shi a cikin ɗakunan karatu na Sahel, nau'ikan [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya na hausa]] ba sa bayyana. [[Larabci]] ya ci gaba da kasancewa harshen musayar ra'ayi tsakanin diflomasiyya da addini, amma kuma yaren rubuta [[tarihi]] . Saboda haka, a cikin XIX na 19 , karni, rubuce-rubucen tarihi kalilan ne aka rubuta a cikin ''[[ajami]]'' hausa bisa ga shirin malaman Musulunci, domin ba a dauki hausa a matsayin yaren da ya dace don isar da wannan nau'in bayanai <ref name=":6" /> . Duk da haka, an rubuta labaran tarihi a wancan lokacin, da kuma rubuce-rubuce da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙin Hausa na baka, amma an rubuta su ne bisa buƙatar Turawa, waɗanda suka fara zama masu wa'azi da masana harsuna sannan kuma jami'an mulkin mallaka, waɗanda ke da sha'awar nazarin harshen Hausa <ref name=":6" /> . == Tarin harsuna Baƙar fata-Turai » == Duk da cewa ba a rubuta ayyukan yau da kullun na baki a [[Sahel|tsakiyar Sahel]] a XIX na 19 ba, sun ci gaba da tsara rayuwar yau da kullun ta mutane. Saboda haka, a rabin ƙarni na biyu, sun jawo hankalin Turawa masu wa'azi, masana harsuna, da masu bincike waɗanda ke yin bayanin harsunan da ba na Turai ba, musamman ma a XIX na 19. ƙarni, harsunan Afirka . Hausa, saboda matsayinta a matsayin harshen da ya dace da al'ada, ita ce ginshiƙin wannan motsi . A mafi yawan lokuta, ana aika waɗannan waƙoƙin da aka rubuta ta baki ga masu tattarawa na Turai a yankunan da ke nesa da Sahel kanta. Galibi a manyan biranen kasuwanci da ke kewaye da Bahar Rum, kamar [[Tunis]] da [[Tripoli]], a biranen da ke kan [[Aikin Hajji|hanyar]] zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]], kamar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]], da kuma yankunan da mutanen da ke jin Hausawa ke zaune a cikin bauta, kamar [[Brazil]], ko kuma a cikin al'ummomin bayin da aka 'yanta a [[Saliyo]], Turawa sun haɗu da mutanen da za su iya isar da iliminsu game da Hausa . Saboda haka, ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen farko a cikin Hausa, wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi da karin magana, an tattara shi ta hannun Father Andrada a Brazil a shekarar 1819, daga mutanen da aka kama aka kuma bauta musu a Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=José Bonifacio Adrada y Silva |date=1826 |title=Haussah Vocabulary |journal=Journal des Voyages |volume=32}}.</ref> . [[Fayil:Magana_Hausa.jpg|thumb| Muƙalar littafin ''Magana Hausa'' .]] An buga sakamakon waɗannan tarin a cikin mujallun kimiyya ko littattafan Turai, inda aka fi rubuta rubutun Hausa zuwa haruffan Latin . Ba a cika samunsa da sigar ''[[Ajami]]'' Hausa ba, wani lokacin kuma ana fassara shi zuwa harshen Turai, galibi Ingilishi da Jamusanci. An yi nufin kayan da aka tattara su zama misalai ga mutanen da ke son koyon harshen kuma galibi ana buga su a cikin sigar asali <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camille Lefebvre |date=2010 |title=Ce que l'itinéraire nous dit du voyage. Listes d’itinéraire, voyage et imaginaire spatial au Soudan central au {{S-|XIX}} |url=https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/835 |journal=Afriques |volume=2}}.</ref> . Duk da cewa masu wallafa waɗannan rubuce-rubucen wani lokacin suna ba da bayanai game da mutanen da suka ba su wannan kayan, amma har yanzu yanayin gabaɗaya yana kan hanyar da ba za a iya ganin su ba. An bayyana su a matsayin masu ba da labari kawai, waɗannan mutane galibi malamai ne '','' ''malamai'' da kuma masana waɗanda suka yi tafiye-tafiye kuma suka mallaki al'adun baki masu wadata, waɗanda aka samu a lokacin tafiye-tafiyensu ko lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, har ma da al'adun Musulunci na ilimi, waɗanda aka kafa a tsakiyar Sahel da kuma ƙasashen waje . Domin daidaita wannan rashin ganuwa, masu bincike Ari Awagana da Camille Lefebvre sun yi kira da a sake gano ɓangaren Afirka na waɗannan tarin. "'Yan Afirka-Turai", ta hanyar yin nazari a mataki ɗaya kan rawar da masanin Afirka da kuma mai tattarawa na Turai ke takawa . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarin waƙoƙin Afro-Turai sanannu ne, kamar ''tarin Magana Hausa ,'' tarin [[karin magana]], tatsuniyoyi, labaran tarihi da na labari da kuma wasiƙu, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin aikin adabin Hausa da harsuna. Wannan tarin ya samo asali ne sakamakon haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Reverend [[James Schön|James Frederick Schön]], wani mai wa'azin Jamus wanda ke aiki a ƙungiyar mishan ta coci, da kuma shahararren matafiyi [[Dorugu]], wani saurayi da aka kama tun yana ƙarami a lokacin hare-haren bayi na shekarun 1840 wanda, bayan ya shiga hidimar matafiyi [[Heinrich Barth]], ya yi tafiya a Turai tsawon shekaru da yawa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julia Winckler |date=2009 |title=Regards croisés: James Henry Dorugu's Nineteenth-Century European Travel Account |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/journeys/10/2/jy100201.xml |journal=Journeys |volume=10 |issue=2}}.</ref> . [[Dorugu]] ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa ga Schön, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka fi sani da wannan nau'in a Hausa, da kuma tarin rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi al'adun gargajiya na Hausa . [[Fayil:Capture_d’écran_2024-06-24_131643.png|left|thumb| An karbo daga wakar Mahsra῾u mā'I al-khabar li waridin 'awradahu bi al-naẓar (Gibrill 2015.)]] Wani sanannen tarin littattafai kuma shine aikin da al-Hajj Umaru, wani malamin Hausa daga Kano ya tattara, wanda masanin harsunan Jamus Adolf Gottlob Krause ya fara tattarawa, wanda Umaru ya koyar da Hausa, daga baya kuma wani mai wa'azin Jamus Adam Mischlich ya koyar da shi. Aikin al-Hajj Umaru ya kasu kashi-kashi a cikin rukunoni daban-daban na rubuce-rubuce, ciki har da wakokin siyasa da na tarihi, waƙoƙin addini, waƙoƙin yabo, da sauransu, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin Larabci da Hausa ''Ajami'' . Rubuce-rubucensa na waka wani lokaci suna ba da labarin abubuwan tarihi da ya faru a zamaninsa, kamar waƙar ''Mashra῾u mā'i al-Khabar'', wataƙila an rubuta ta a ƙarshen XIX19 . karni, inda ya ba da labarin tashin hankalin da aka yi a lokacin mulkin mallaka . Sauran tarin littattafai ba a san su sosai ba, kamar waɗanda suka samo asali daga haɗin gwiwar masanin harsunan da ba su da sha'awar rubutu Rudolf Prietze da wasu masana da marubutan Hausa. Na farko ya fito ne daga haɗin gwiwarsa a Tunis a shekarar 1902 tare da marubucin al-Hajj Ahmadu, wanda ya haifar da buga jerin rubuce-rubucen adabi a cikin harshen Hausa. Tarin na biyu ya samo asali ne daga taron da aka yi a Alkahira a shekarar 1904 tsakanin Rudolf Prietze da masanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] [[Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein|al-Hajj Musa Ibn Hissein]] . Haɗin gwiwarsu ta ilimi, wadda ta ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma, ta ba wa [[Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein|al-Hajj Musa]] damar isar da ɗaruruwan waƙoƙi, karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, da labaran tarihi ga Prietze, cikin harsunan Hausa da [[Kanuri]] . Duk waɗannan labaran, waɗanda Rudolf Prietze ya buga a matsayin labaran ilimi tsakanin 1916 da 1926, an rubuta su ne ga Prietze kuma an rubuta su zuwa haruffan Latin kuma an rubuta su da ajami haoussa (a cikin) ta al-Hajj Musa da kansa . Saboda haka, a yau suna da sauƙin samu a gare mu ta hanyoyi biyu. [[Fayil:Rudolf_Prietze,_“Lieder_des_Haussavolkes”,_Mitteilungen_des_Seminars_für_Orientalische_Sprachen_an_der_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität_zu_Berlin,_vol._30,_1927,_p._36-37.jpg|center|thumb| Al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein ne ya tattara kuma ya watsa shi a wata kasida ta Rudolf Prietze, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1927 a cikin ''Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische'' ''Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin'' .]] == Ɗan Afirka na farko mai tattarawa kuma ƙwararre a fannin harshen Hausa == A XIX na 19 A ƙarni na 1980, yawancin tarin rubutun Hausa da aka samar da haruffan Latin an yi su ne da alaƙa da roƙon Turawa da kuma masu tattarawa na Turai, ban da tarin da Thomas Cole John ya tattara. Ɗan 'Yan Liberated Africans Yanci, wato bayi biyu da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Marine ta 'yanta bayan [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|an soke]] cinikin bayi na Atlantic kuma suka zauna a [[Freetown]] a [[Saliyo]], Thomas Cole John ya sami horo a Kwalejin Fourrah Bay kuma ya zama mai wa'azi na Cocin Missionary Society . A lokacin da yake aiki a birnin [[Lokoja]] na Najeriya, ya tattara takardu a cikin harshen Hausa waɗanda daga baya [[James Schön|James F.]] [[James Schön|Schön]] a cikin ayyukansa da dama, ciki har da ''Magana Hausa'' <ref name=":8" /> . == Takardu a cikin harshen Hausa da aka buga a na ƙarni 19 da ƙarni 20 da yawa == === Kalmomin asali === * {{Cite journal |last=Carsten Niebuhr (da Abd al-Rahman Aga) |date=1790 |title=Das Innere von Afrika |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10614697?q=%28neue+deutsches+museum%22%29&page=290,291 |journal=Neues Deutsches Museum |language=de, ha, kr |volume=octobre 1790 |page=963–1003}} * (en + ha) James Frederick Schön, Vocabulary of the Hausa Language, London, Church Missionary House, 1843, 190 p. * (en + ha) Balfour Baikie, Abubuwan da Aka Lura Kan Harsunan Háusa da Fulfúlde, London, An Buga don yaɗawa na sirri, 1861 ( karantawa akan layi ) . Buga rubuce-rubuce da jerin kalmomi a cikin Fulfulde da Hausa a cikin haruffan Latin. * (ha + en) James Frederick Schön (avec Dorugu, Thomas Cole John, Adolf Gottlob Krause), Magána Hausa/Hausa Speech: Native Literature, or Proverbs, Tales, Fables and Historical Fragments in the Hausa Language to which is Added a Translation in English, Londres, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885 (lire en ligne). * (fr + ha) Maurice Delafosse, Manuel de langue haoussa ou Chrestomathie haoussa, précédé d’un abrégé de grammaire et suivi d’un vocabulaire, Paris, J. Maisonneuve, 1901. Édition de textes et fables en haoussa, sans traduction, dont certaines sont extraites de ''Magana Hausa.'' * (de + ha) Adam Mischlich, Lehrbuch der hausanischen Sprache, Berlin, G. Dietrich Reimer, 1902. (Contenant une grammaire des exercices, des textes et un vocabulaire allemand/haousa, quelques page en ajami). * (ha + en) George Merrick, Hausa Proverbs, Londres, Paul Kegan, Trench, Trübner & Co, 1905 (lire en ligne) Édition de 431 proverbes, plusieurs énigmes et expressions communes en haoussa, transcrits en caractères latins et traduits en anglais. * (de + ha) Adam Mischlich, Wörterbuch der Hausasprache, Berlin, G. Reimer, 1906. (Dictionnaire haoussa/allemand). * {{Cite journal |last=Adam Mischlich (avec al-Hajj Umaru) |date=1907 |title=Über Sitten und Gebräuche in Hausa [1ère partie] |url=https://digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de/recherche/detail?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=31279&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=169&tx_dlf_navigation%5Baction%5D=main&tx_dlf_navigation%5Bcontroller%5D=Navigation&cHash=cde6adb3656b2bfbfd66b7a1c0182836 |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=155-181}}. * (ha) Hermann Gundert Harris, Hausa Stories and Riddles, with Notes on the Language, etc., and A Concise Hausa Dictionary, Weston-super-Mare, Mendip Press, 1908 (lire en ligne). Recueil de texte en haoussa collecté à Tunis auprès de différents interlocuteurs sans traduction. * {{Cite journal |last=Adam Mischlich (avec al-Hajj Umaru) |date=1908 |title=Über Sitten und Gebräuche in Hausa [2e partie]. |url=https://digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de/recherche/detail?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=22146&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=17&tx_dlf_navigation%5Baction%5D=main&tx_dlf_navigation%5Bcontroller%5D=Navigation&cHash=0f4049b383749335fb536533361e5b10 |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars fürOrientalische Sprachen zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=1-81}}. * (de + ha) Adam Mischlich, Lehrbuch der Hausa-sprache, Berlin, Reimer, 1911 (lire en ligne). (Réédition de l'ouvrage de 1902, contient alphabet et nombre et proverbes en ''ajami'', en caractère latin et en traduction allemande, textes en ''ajami'', sans transcription latine, ni traduction). * (en + ha) Roland S. Fletcher, Hausa sayings and folk-lore : with a vocabulary of new words, Londres, Oxford University Press, 1912, 173 p. (lire en ligne). * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1924 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. In Gesprächen geschildert von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=27 |page=1-36}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1925 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. Fortsetzung. Nach dem Diktat un den Erlaüterungen von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano heraus gegeben von Dr Rudolf Prietze |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=28 |page=175-246}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Der Besuch des deutschen Kaisers 1898 in Jerusalem : Nach dem von einem Augenzeugen, dem Haussa-Pilger Achmed, aufgeschriebenen und erläuterten Bericht |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=29 |page=99-134}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Die Mädchen von Gaia. Ein mittelafrikanisches Sittenbild aus den Mitteilungen Ḥāž Ahmed wiedergegeben von R. Prietze |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand,haoussa |volume=29 |page=135-190}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Adam Mischlich (avec al-Hajj Umaru) |date=1943 |title=Religiöse und Weltliche Gesänge der Mohammedaner aus dem Sudan |journal=Studien zur Auslandskunde: Afrika |language=de, ha |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=129–198}}. == Takardu a cikin rubutun Latin da ''Ajami'' na Hausa, XIX na 19 Kuma 20th ƙarni da yawa == * (ha + en) Charles Henry Robinson, Samfuran Adabin Hausa, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1896 ( karanta a yanar gizo ) . Waƙa a cikin Hausa, tare da fassarar Turanci. An buga ainihin rubutun Ajami Hausa a cikin fakitin rubutu. * (ha + en) Lionel Evelyn Oswald Charlton, Littafin Karatun Hausa; Ya ƙunshi Tarin Rubuce-rubucen da aka sake bugawa a cikin Fakis daga Rubutun Asalin, An Shirya don Amfani da Masu Farawa da Ɗalibai Masu Ci gaba, London, F. Frowde, 1908 ( karanta a yanar gizo ) . Tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka fassara zuwa Turanci. An buga ainihin rubutun da aka rubuta a Ajami Hausa a ƙarshen littafin. * (ha + en) Sutherland R. Rattray, Al'adun Hausa na Tarihi, Karin Magana, Da sauransu, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913 ( karanta a intanet ) . Buga tarin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da Rattray ya tattara daga ''Malam'' Shehu, wanda ya haɗu da shi a Yegi, Ghana, kuma wanda da kansa ya tattara ɗaruruwan shafuka da aka rubuta da hannu a lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma. An buga rubutun a cikin ''Ajami'' Hausa da kuma rubutun Latin. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1916 |title=Lieder fahrender Haussa-Schüler |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/Y3YVOARU672JYYSSQHXTKOTQG26CZVOY |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=19 |page=1-115}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1916 |title=Haussa-Sänger mit Übersetzung und Erklärung |url=https://archive.org/details/nachrichten1916akaduoft/page/n5/mode/2up |journal=Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse |language=de, ha |volume=4 |page=552-604}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1917 |title=Gesungene Predigten eines fahrenden Haussalehrers |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WX6VHD2XHPMTFXVE43JNAY7ZIGS75ML6 |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=20 |page=1-60}} . * (de + ha) Rudolf Prietze (tare da al-Hajj Ibn Hissein), « Landwirtschaftliche Haussa-Lieder ", a cikin Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum 60. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern, Stuttgart, Strecker & Schröder, 1917 ( karanta online ), p. 167-189 . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1918 |title=Haussa-Preislieder auf Parias. Gesammelt und erklärt von Rudolf Prietze |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/ENZDTZTU3J2H4O2567D3PV4VMBI24DJM |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=21 |page=1-53}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1927 |title=Lieder des Haussavolkes |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=30 |page=5-172}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1924 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. In Gesprächen geschildert von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=27 |page=1-36}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1925 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. Fortsetzung. Nach dem Diktat un den Erlaüterungen von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano heraus gegeben von Dr Rudolf Prietze |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=ha, de |volume=28 |page=175-246}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Der Besuch des deutschen Kaisers 1898 in Jerusalem : Nach dem von einem Augenzeugen, dem Haussa-Pilger Achmed, aufgeschriebenen und erläuterten Bericht |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=29 |page=99-134}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Die Mädchen von Gaia. Ein mittelafrikanisches Sittenbild aus den Mitteilungen Ḥāž Ahmed wiedergegeben von R. Prietze |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand,haoussa |volume=29 |page=135-190}} . == Sake buga rubutu na zamani == * (ha + en) Neil Skinner, Karatun Hausa: Zaɓaɓɓun littattafai daga Tatsuniyoyi na Edgar, Madison, Jami'ar Wisconsin Press, 1968. Rubuce-rubuce daga tarin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da Frank Edgar ya buga tsakanin 1910 da 1913. * {{Cite journal |last=Mark B. Duffill |date=1986 |title=Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History |url=https://www.jstor.org/tc/accept?origin=%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F3171536.pdf&is_image=False |format=pdf |journal=History in Africa |language=en, ha |volume=13 |page=35-88}} == Sake bugun rubutu na zamani cikin Ajami Hausa == * (ha + en) Jean Boyd, Beverly B. Mack, Tarin Ayyukan Nana Asma'u, 'Yar Usman 'dan Fodiyo (1793-1864), East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 1997. Bugun zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan Nana Asma'u cikin harshen Hausa cikin haruffan Larabci da Latin, tare da fassarar Turanci. * (ha + en) Mervyn Hiskett, Ma’aikatar Shehu Usuman dan Fodio kamar yadda Malam Isa ya fassara zuwa Hausa, London, Department of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1977. Buga wakar Usman dan Fodio, wanda aka rubuta da Larabci kuma dansa ya fassara shi zuwa ''Hausa'' ajami, fassarar turanci a cikin littafin. * (ha + en) Stanisław Piłaszewicz, Rubuce-rubucen Hausa a cikin Ajami na Alhaji Umaru daga tarin A. Mischlich / H. Sölken, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2000. Bugun rubuce-rubuce goma sha ɗaya cikin harshen Hausa, Ajami, da rubutun Latin, tara daga cikinsu al-Hajj Umaru ne ya rubuta su kuma suna cikin rukuni shida da Piłaszewicz ya gano. Waƙoƙin siyasa da na tarihi, waƙoƙin addini, yabon waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin godiya, waƙoƙin yabo, da samfuran waƙoƙi da zayyana waɗanda al'adar Larabci ta zamanin da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare su. A cikin rubutunsa, ''Mashara῾u mā'i al-Khabar'', wataƙila an rubuta shi a ƙarshen XIX na 19. karni na 19, al-Hajj Umaru ya ba da labarin nasarar mulkin mallaka ko kuma ya ba da ''labarin'' jihadin Sekou Amadou a farkon XIX na 19. An ainihin rubutun ''Ajami'' Hausa a ƙarshen littafin. == Tarin rubuce-rubucen hannu a ''Ajami'' Hausa == === Najeriya === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin kiyayewa ! Tsarin tarawa ! Lokaci ! Harsunan Rubutu ! Hanyoyin haɗi |- | Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Jos, '''Jos''' | * Rubuce-rubuce 1,500, waɗanda malamai daga Zariya, Kano, Sokoto, Katsina da Bauchi suka rubuta XVI 16th da kuma 20th ƙarni . An sami rubuce-rubuce da aka rubuta a cikin Ajami Hausa da Fulfulde a cikin wannan tarin. | ƙarni XVI 16 XX 20 ƙarni | Larabci, Ajami, Hausa, Fulfulde | [https://humanities.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/content_migration/humanities_uct_ac_za/1009/files/Salisu%2520Bala.pdf Duba akan layi] |- | Gidan Arewa, Jami'ar Ahmad Bello, '''Zariya''' | * Bayanan hotuna 207 na rubuce-rubuce * Haruffa 527 da aka rubuta da hannu * Tun daga shekarar 2009, kimanin rubuce-rubuce 3000 da suka fito daga Adamawa, Katsina da Filato | | Larabci, Ajami Hausa, Ajami Fulfude | [https://africacommons.net/artifacts/2672691/arewa-house/3695759 Duba akan layi] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | Taskar Labarai ta Ƙasa ta Kaduna, '''Kaduna''' | * Fayil in Ajami Hausa (NA), O/AR2/56. Containing documents titled: ''Tarihin Barno'' / ''Labarin asalin Pabir na Buja / Asalin sarauta Barno / Labarin yakin sarikin Duguri Dan Fada da Angasawa'' etc. | | Hausa Ajami | |} {| class="wikitable" !Wurin kiyayewa ! Tsarin tarawa ! Lokaci ! Harsunan Rubutu ! Hanyoyin haɗi |- | Sashen Larabci da Rubutun Ajami (MARA) na Cibiyar Bincike kan Kimiyyar Dan Adam na Jami'ar Abdou Moumouni, '''Yamai.''' | * Tarin rubuce-rubucen Boubou Hama na asali guda 428, ciki har da guda 16 a cikin Ajami, Hausa, da Fulfulde. * Daga cikin rubuce-rubuce 5,000 da ke cikin tarin yanzu, kimanin 400 suna cikin Ajami (Fulani, Hausa da Songhai-Zarma) | | Larabci, Ajami Hausa, Ajami Fulfude | An buga kundin adireshi : ''Ḥ asan Mawāy,'' ''Ayman Fuʾād Sayyid, Fihris al-maẖṭ ūṭ āt al-islāmiyya al-mawǧūda bi-Ma'had al-abḥ āṯ fi ʿUlūm al-insaniyyat, al- Nīảr,'' London li-l-turāṯ al-islamī, 2004-2005, 4 juzu'i. Ga wasu daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucen, gidan yanar gizon [https://waamd.lib.berkeley.edu/home Manuscript na Yammacin Afirka] wanda Bruce S. Hall da Charles C. Stewart. |- | Chetima Mamadou Library, '''Zinder''' | * Adabin addini da na sihiri a cikin Larabci (tafsir, hadisi, nahawun Larabci, waƙoƙin yabo ga Annabi da waƙoƙin Sufaye) * Mamadou Chétima (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1922) da ɗansa Aboubacar Chétima sun karɓi wasiƙu 400. * Takardu masu aiki da suka shafi ayyukan qadi Mamadou Chétima * Kimanin takardu ɗari da suka shafi kimiyyar asiri da sihiri | ƙarni XVII 17 XX 20 ƙarni | Larabci, ajami Hausa, ajami fulfude, tsohon kanembu | [https://langarchiv.hypotheses.org/ Duba akan layi] |} {| class="wikitable" !Wurin kiyayewa ! Tsarin tarawa ! Lokaci ! Harsunan Rubutu ! Hanyoyin haɗi |- | Tarin Laburaren Herskovits, Jami'ar Northwestern, '''Evanston''' | * Laburaren ya ƙunshi takardu sama da 5000 da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka. Rubuce-rubucen sun wakilci kashi 60% na abubuwan da ke cikin tarin kuma sun fito ne daga Najeriya (Kano), Ghana, Senegal da Mali. Rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta a Ajami Hausa suna wakiltar kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na tarin 'Umar Falke, amma kuma suna nan a cikin sauran tarin ɗakin karatu (tarin John Paden, tarin John Hunwick da tarin Jami'ar Ghana) | ƙarni XIX 19 XX 20 ƙarni | Larabci, Ajami Hausa, Ajami Fulfude | [https://libguides.northwestern.edu/arabic-manuscripts Duba akan layi] |- | Laburaren Jami'ar Boston | * Laburaren Afirka na Ajami wani shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na tattara takardu na ɗakin karatu a yanar gizo a ajami, wanda Jami'ar Boston da Cibiyar Bincike ta Yammacin Afirka (WARC) da kuma shirin Tarihin Tarihin Dake Fuskantar Barazana na Burtaniya suka haɓaka tare. | ƙarni XIX 19 XX 20 ƙarni | Hausa Ajami | [https://open.bu.edu/collections/26818882-8fc7-4dfd-b366-c37fc8297d18 Duba akan layi] |} === Ƙarin Rubutu === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Asusun Kuɗi ! Gefe ! Yanayin rubutun ! Harshe ! Soyayya ! Folios ! Asali ! Hanyoyi/Nassoshi |- | ? | ? | Manuscript in Ajami Hausa producer in Wurno, Nigeria by Malam Haliru Mahammad Wurno (John E. Philips) | | | | Marubuci = Khidr b. Muhammad wanda aka fi sani da ''Malam'' Haliru | [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/history-manuscript-in-hausa-ajami-from-wurno-nigeria-by-malam-haliru-mahammad-wurno1/C2422F0C80AB7CDA6B13164ECEB9744D Duba akan layi] |- | SOAS, Landan | MS 98013 | ''Tarihin Babatu da Samori da sauransu'' ''[Labarin Shamuri]'' | Hausa Ajami | A kusan shekara ta 1914 | 180 | Ghana | [https://books.openedition.org/pressesinalco/30178#ftn4 Duba akan layi] |- | Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin | IE TCD MS 2258 | Cakudar rubutun da aka jingina ga Usman Dan Fodio, Abdillahi bin Fodiyo, Muhammad Bello, da sauransu. | Larabci da Hausa Ajami | A farkon XIX na 19 ƙarni | 391 | Kano | [https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/concern/works/dn39x726h?locale=en Duba akan layi] |- | Laburaren Ƙasa na Faransa, Paris | Hoto ko C 7 | ''Tarihin sarakunan Damaġaran'' | Larabci da sunaye a cikin Ajami Hausa | | | | |} ==== Bayani ==== Gabaɗaya, rubuce-rubucen Larabci da yawa da aka samar a Yammacin Afirka kuma waɗanda ke cikin tarin Turai sun ƙunshi, a gefensu ba a cikin babban jikin rubutun ba, bayanan da ke cikin ''ajami'', waɗanda wani lokacin ba a rubuta su a cikin kundin littattafai ba. Duk da cewa ci gaban manhajar OCR ta harshen Larabci yana bunƙasa, har yanzu ba ta san ''nau'ikan rubutun ajami'' daban-daban ba, wanda ke jinkirta gano gajerun sassa da kuma gajerun sassa a cikin harsunan Afirka a cikin rubuce-rubucen Musulunci <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephanie Marius |last2=Alfa Mamadou Diallo Lelouma |date=2024 |title=À propos d’un fonds de manuscrits islamiques conservés au Musée du quai Branly |journal=La Revue de la BNU |volume=30}}</ref> . == Bayanan kula da nassoshi == <references responsive="1"></references> == Littattafan tarihi == * (en) Umaru B. Ahmed (dir.), The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze : Being the Complete Collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German Originals and the English Versions, Zaria, Ahmadu Bello Univ. Press, 2013. * Ari Awagana et Camille Lefebvre, L’oeuvre en kanouri d’al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein, un savant du Borno (Niger-Nigéria), Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2025, 500 p. * Elara Bertho, « Mallam Abu, chroniqueur haoussa des empires africains et de la conquête coloniale », dans Nathalie Kouamé et al., Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Paris, Presses de l’Inalco, 2020 * (en) Hamid Bobboyi, « Ajami literature and the study of the Sokoto caliphate », dans Shamil Jeppie et Souleymane Bachir Diagne, The Meanings of Timbuktu, HSRC, 2008. * {{Cite journal |last=Dmitry Bondarev |date=2019 |title=The Revelation: The earliest known use of ʿajamī as a label |journal=A-label: African Languages Between the Lines |language=en}}. * {{Cite journal |last=José Bonifacio Adrada y Silva |date=1826 |title=Haussah Vocabulary |journal=Journal des Voyages |volume=32}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Barbara Cooper |date=1994 |title=Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1994_35_1/page/61 |journal=Journal of African History |language=anglais |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=61-78}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Nikolaï Dobronravine |last2=John Edward Philips |date=2004 |title=Hausa ajami literature and script : colonial innovations and post-colonial myths in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25653414.pdf |journal=Sudanic Africa |language=anglais |volume=15 |page=85-110}} * {{Cite journal |last=M.B. Duffill |date=1986 |title=Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=13 |page=35-88}}. * (en) Graham Furniss, Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa, Londres, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, 338 p. * (en) Muhammed Al-Munir Gibrill, A Structural-Functional Analysis of the Poetics of Arabic Qasidah : An Ethnolinguistic Study of three Qasidas on colonial conquest of Africa by Hal-Hajj 'Umar B. Abi Bakr B. 'Uthman Krachi (1858-1934), Indiana University, thèse, 2015 (lire en ligne). * {{Cite journal |last=Mervyn Hiskett |date=1971 |title=Son of the Shehu's miracles: a Hausa hagiography from Sokoto |journal=African Language Studies |language=en |volume=12 |page=71-107}}. * (en) Mervyn Hiskett, The Sword of the Truth. The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio, New York, Oxford University Press, 1973. * John Hunwick, The writings of Central Sudanic Africa, 2, Leiden/New York, Brill, 1995. * {{Cite journal |last=Camille Lefebvre |date=2010 |title=Ce que l'itinéraire nous dit du voyage. Listes d’itinéraire, voyage et imaginaire spatial au Soudan central au {{S-|XIX}} |url=https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/835 |journal=Afriques |volume=2}}. * (en) Camille Lefebvre, « The Life of a Text : Carsten Niebuhr and Abd al-Raḥmān Aġa Das innere von Afrika », dans Benedetta Rossi et Toby Green, Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past, Leyde, Brill, 2018, p. 379-385. * Camille Lefebvre, « 1856 Dorugu, un voyageur haoussa en Europe », dans Romain Bertrand,, L’Exploration du monde, Une autre histoire des Grandes Découvertes, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2019, p. 389-393 (ISBN 978-2021406252, lire en ligne). * Camille Lefebvre, Des pays au crépuscule. Le moment de l'occupation coloniale (Sahara-Sahel), Paris, Fayard, 2021, 352 p. * (en) Berverly Mack, Muslim Women Sing. Hausa Popular Song, Bloomington/Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2004, p. 7. * {{Cite journal |last=Stephanie Marius et Alfa Mamadou Diallo Lelouma |date=2024 |title=À propos d’un fonds de manuscrits islamiques conservés au Musée du quai Branly |journal=La Revue de la BNU |volume=30}}. * (en) Stanislas Piłaszewicz, Hausa Prose Writings in Ajami by Alhaji Umaru from A. Mischlich/H. Sölken's Collection, Dietrich Verlag, 2000. * Mahaman Sabo Moutari, Les emprunts arabes en hausa dans l’œuvre poétique de Nana Asma’u (1792-1864) : étude linguistique et statistique (thèse de doctorat), Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 2018. * {{Cite journal |last=M.G. Smith |date=1957 |title=The Social Functions and Meanings of Hausa Praise Singing |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1156364.pdf |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |language=anglais |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=26-45}}. * Cécile Van den Avenne, « Colonialisme », dans Josiane Boutet, James Costa, Dictionnaire de sociolinguistique, Paris, Maison des sciences de l'Homme, 2021, 348 p. * {{Cite journal |last=Julia Winckler |date=2009 |title=Regards croisés: James Henry Dorugu's Nineteenth-Century European Travel Account |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/journeys/10/2/jy100201.xml |journal=Journeys |volume=10 |issue=2}}. == Labarai masu alaƙa == * [[Harshen Hausa|Hausawa]] * Carsten Niebuhr * Abd al-Rahman Aga * [[James Schön|James Frederick Schön]] * [[Dorugu]] * Thomas Cole John * [[Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein|al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein]] * al-Hajj Ahmadu [[Rukuni:Hausa]] e0fvkzru042i6k8bxu0omkdhbs6s49s Lucrecia Martel 0 174094 967262 963196 2026-10-13T18:18:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucrecia Martel''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1966) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Argentina, marubuciya, kuma furodusa wacce fina-fakka na ta saba zuwa Cannes, Venice, Berlin, Toronto, da sauran bukukuwan fina-falla na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{IMDb name|0551506}}</ref> Masanin fina-finai Paul Julian Smith ya rubuta a shekarar 2015 cewa ita ce "mai yiwuwa mafi kyawun marubucin a cikin fina-fallafen fasahar Mutanen Espanya a waje da Latin Amurka" kuma cewa "ƙwarewar kasa da kasa da kuma abubuwan da ke buƙata sun ba ta suna mai wuya a cikin bikin fina-falance na duniya".<ref name="PJS">{{Cite book|edition=Julián Daniel}}</ref> Hakazalika, masanin fina-finai Haden Guest ya kira ta "ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-fakkaatu masu basira a fina-fukkuna na duniya na zamani", kuma masanin fina'a [[:es:David Oubiña|David Oubiña]] ya kira aikinta "cikakke mai ban mamaki". <ref name="DO">{{Cite web |last=Oubiña |first=David |author-link=:es:David Oubiña |date=26 January 2015 |title=''La Ciénaga'': What's Outside the Frame |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3444-la-cienaga-what-s-outside-the-frame |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=[[The Criterion Collection]]}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, ''Vogue'' ta kira ta "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a duniya a yanzu". Fim dinta na farko na shekara ta 2001, La ''Ciénaga'' (The Swamp), game da dangi mai zaman kansa wanda ke ciyar da lokacin rani a cikin gidan hutu mai lalacewa a lardin Salta, Argentina, an yaba da shi sosai a duniya bayan an sake shi ''Ruwa'' ya gabatar da sabuwar murya mai mahimmanci ga fim din Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=19 October 2001 |title=La Cienaga Movie Review & Film Summary (2001) |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/la-cienaga-2001 |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |publisher=Ebert Digital LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Cienaga (2001) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/la_cienaga/ |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]}}</ref> David Oubiña ya kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarori" na New Argentine Cinema, wani yunkuri na fina-finai na zamani wanda ya fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s don mayar da martani ga shekarun da suka gabata na rikice-rikicen siyasa da tattalin arziki a kasar. Fim din, Oubiña ya rubuta, "wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa game da wani lokaci mai matukar damuwa a cikin tarihin kasar na baya-bayan nan. "<ref name="DO" /> Hotuna uku na Martel sun sami karin yabo na kasa da kasa: wasan kwaikwayo na matasa The Holy Girl (La niña santa) (2004), mai ban tsoro na tunanin mutum The Headless Woman (La mujer sin cabeza) (2008), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na ''Zama'' Zama (2017). == Rayuwa ta farko == Na biyu cikin yara bakwai, an haifi Martel kuma ya girma a Salta. Mahaifinta Ferdi ya mallaki kuma yana gudanar da shagon fenti, yayin da mahaifiyarta Bochi ta keɓe kanta ga iyalin. Iyayenta sun hadu a jami'a (inda Ferdi ya yi karatun kimiyya kuma Bochi ya yi karatun falsafar) kuma sun yi aure yana da shekaru 24. Daga ƙarshe sun bar ayyukansu kuma suka zauna a Salta. A makarantar firamare, kawun Martel ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa sha'awar tatsuniyoyi, Girkanci, da yarukan Latin. A aji na biyar, ta sa ido kan samun shiga cikin ƙwararrun, makarantar sakandare ta "Katolic" Bachillerato Humanista Moderno, saboda ita ce kawai makarantar a Salta da ke ba da azuzuwan a cikin tsoffin harsuna. Iyayenta sun yi tsayayya da makarantar saboda al'adunsu na elitist wanda suka ji ya karfafa bambance-bambance na aji, amma, saboda [[:es:Categoría:Alumnado del Bachillerato Humanista Moderno de Salta|Shahararrun tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar]] da sha'awar Martel, ba su hana ta daga bin ta ba. A ƙarshe, Martel ya wuce jarrabawar shiga kuma ya shiga makarantar a aji na shida. Tun da ta fito ne daga dangin "tsakiyar matsakaici", kamar yadda ta bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2008 tare da BOMB Magazine, Martel ta ji kamar baƙo a makarantar. Ta ce takwarorinta sun halarci makarantar saboda iyalansu suna sa ran su, yayin da ta halarta ne kawai don ta iya karatun Helenanci da Latin. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2018 tare da mujallar ''Gatopardo'', mahaifiyarta ta ce a makarantar Martel daliba ce mai daraja "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai ƙalubale" wacce ta yi fice a kimiyya. A gidanta, Martel ta ce "akwai zurfin sadaukarwa ga ba da labari".Mahaifinta, mahaifiyarta, da kakarta Nicolasa sun kasance "masu ba da labari masu kyau" kuma za su gaya mata da 'yan uwanta shida "labaran da yawa" don su shiru a gado yayin da manya suka yi barci na rana. Ta yi sha'awar yadda kakarta ta yi amfani da sauti daban-daban, sautuna, da kuma wuraren da aka zaɓa a hankali don kafa "yanayi" a cikin labaran ta masu ban tsoro. "Yar yaro", in ji Martel, "kuma har ma a yau, koyaushe ina sha'awar hanyar ba kawai labaru da ba da labari ba, har ma da tattaunawa da kuma yadda mutane ke tsayawa da barin sarari don wani ya shiga tsakani. Duk hanyoyin da, musamman idan kai yaro ne, ana jin daɗi da kuma ana jagorantar ka kawai da kalmomi kawai".Ta ce sha'awarta da wannan "duniya ta tattaunawa" a cikin labarun baki shine abin da ya kara sha'awar ta ga labarun fina-finai da kuma jaddada sauti a cikin fina-fakka. Martel ta fara amfani da kyamarar bidiyo lokacin da take "shekara 15 ko 16", in ji ta, bayan mahaifinta ya sayi daya don adana abubuwan tunawa da babban danginsu. "Babban saka hannun jari a gare mu, "ta ce game da kyamarar, babu wanda ke cikin iyali da ya yi amfani da ita sai ita. "Na fara yin rikodin tattaunawa da abubuwa na yau da kullun: kayan iyali, "in ji ta. "Iyalina sun saba da shi saboda koyaushe ina yin fim... Akwai shekaru biyu ko uku a rayuwarmu ta iyali inda ban bayyana a cikin bidiyo ko hotuna ba, saboda koyaushe ina bayan kyamara. Binciken wani abu ne da ya burge ni, amma ba ya zama kamar a gare ni sai makata za ta iya danganta da hakan. "<ref name="LM">{{Cite book|edition=Diego}}</ref> Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 17, ta bi mahaifinta zuwa Buenos Aires kuma ta halarci baje kolin fina-finai na ''Camila'' (1984), fim din da María Luisa Bemberg ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni kuma Lita Stantic ta samar game da labarin soyayya na gaske da bala'i tsakanin firist da budurwa na babban al'umma na Buenos Aires. Da yake sha'awar mata masu kirkirar fim din da kuma nasarar da aka samu, Martel ta ce a sakamakon kallon ta "yi tunanin fim din aikin mace ne", "rashin jituwa", kamar yadda ta bayyana shi, wanda "ya kasance tare da " na tsawon shekaru.[her] == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare, Martel ta yi niyyar karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Balseiro, amma "ta fara samun shakku" kuma a maimakon haka ta shiga cikin tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Salta ta Kasa, da kuma karatun injiniyan sinadarai da ilimin dabbobi a Tucumán, lardin da ke kusa. "Suna fama da rashin tabbas" kuma tana ƙoƙarin yanke shawarar "abin da za a yi nazari ko yi da rayuwarta", <ref name="LM" /> ta kiwon aladu a wannan shekarar, ma - kiwo, kiwo, da sayar da su - har ma ta yi la'akari da yin hakan rayuwarta ta gaba. [ing][her] Koyaya, tallace-tallace mara kyau na aladu biyu kawai a kowane wata ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai zama zaɓi na aiki ba a gare ta. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar makaranta, Martel ya yi tafiya zuwa Buenos Aires don nazarin talla a Jami'ar Katolika. Shirin ya haɗu da kerawa da fasaha, don haka ita da iyalinta sun yi tunanin zai iya aiki a gare ta. Kodayake Martel ta ce ta rasa bangaskiyar Katolika a lokacin da take da shekaru 15, a jami'a ta ba da gudummawa tare da Catholic Action kuma ta yi magana game da zubar da ciki. Da yake ba ta jin daɗi ba, sai ta yanke shawarar nisanta kanta daga bangaskiya kuma ta bar makarantar don bin sabon shirin digiri na kimiyyar sadarwa a Jami'ar Buenos Aires. Ta bayyana shirin a matsayin "wani shiri na musamman na bayan sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya da aka yi don horar da 'yan jarida da masu sharhi kan kafofin watsa labarai. Tabbas, wani yanki ne na al'adun Argentina wanda shekarun mulkin kama-karya suka shafi shi sosai. Akwai furofesoshi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke dawowa daga gudun hijira a lokacin, mutanen da ke da hanyoyin tunani na hagu. Lokaci ne mai kyau ga shirin saboda babu wanda ya san ainihin abin da wannan aikin ya kawo".Ta kammala dukkan bukatun digiri, in ji ta, amma "ba ta yi wani aiki ba don karɓar digiri na [ainihin]". Koyaya, ta yi imanin cewa lokacinta a makaranta "ya taimaka mata sosai".[her] Ba ta son yin watsi da sha'awarta a cikin fasaha da kirkirar abubuwa, yayin da a Jami'ar Buenos Aires ta shiga cikin darasi na raye-raye na dare a [[:es:Instituto de arte cinematográfico de Avellaneda|Cibiyar Fim ta Avellaneda (IDAC)]] da ke kusa da kilomita 5.5, wanda Martel ya bayyana cewa muhimmiyar tafiye-tafiye ce a lokacin. "Wani abu na ruhun kimiyya a cikin ni ya kasance, "ta ce game da shawarar da ta yanke na yin rajista a makarantar, "kuma ina son yadda wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance mai fasaha sosai, daidai, da sarrafawa". A makarantar, ta fara saduwa da mutanen da ke karatun fim kuma ta fara samar da gajeren fina-finai. Yayinda take IDAC, ta yanke shawarar yin jarrabawar shiga makarantar fina-finai ta Argentina a lokacin - Makarantar Nazarin Fim da Fim ta Kasa (ENERC). Tun da mutane sama da 1,000 sun yi rajista don jarrabawar kuma akwai wuraren zama 30 kawai a makarantar, ana buƙatar masu neman su ɗauki "babban karatun cancanta", wanda Martel ta ce ta shafe watanni tana shirya don. Bayan ta "ƙasa shiga", makarantar ta rufe saboda rashin kuɗi. "Lokacin da makarantar ta fara, "ta ce, "matsalar tattalin arziki ta riga ta yi tsanani sosai cewa babu farfesa ko kayan aiki. Ba mu da darussan. Abinda kawai za a iya yin karatu da kansa, don kallon fina-finai da kuma nazarin su. Na kalli Pink Floyd: The Wall sau 23, muna nazarin fim din. Za mu kalli fim sau da yawa don koyon yadda aka shirya shi. Ina koyon ta hanyoyi da yawa - shiga cikin gajerun fina-fukan da abokai ke yi, taimakawa da samarwa ko daukar hoto, wani abu kawai don ci gaba da koyo.Martel ta ci gaba a cikin tambayoyin cewa ta kasance mai koyar da kanta.<ref name="ND" /><ref name="AMB">{{Cite book|edition=Cheryl}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Yayinda yake halartar [[:es:Instituto de arte cinematográfico de Avellaneda|IDAC]], Martel ya ba da umarnin gajeren fina-finai mai suna El 56 ("The 56") a cikin 1988 da Piso 24 ("24th Floor") a cikin 1989. A matsayinta na dalibi a [[:es:Escuela Nacional de Experimentación y Realización Cinematográfica|ENERC]], Martel ya ba da umarnin No te la llevarás, maldito ("Ba za ku same ta ba, Bastard", 1989), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro mai kishi wanda ke tunanin kashe saurayin mahaifiyarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Won't Get Her, Bastard (1989) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/you-wont-get-her-bastard/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No te la llevarás, maldito (C) (1989) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film780001.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> Masanin fina-finai Deborah Martin ya rubuta cewa a cikin fim din, "akwai bincike game da ikon rushewa na yara wanda zai zama muhimmiyar fasalin aikin [Martel] na baya, yayin da jin daɗin kisan kai na yaro ga masoyin mahaifiyarsa ya cika a cikin mafarki da yake rayuwa ta hanyar zane-zanensa. " Wani ɗan gajeren fim ɗin da Martel ya shirya a matsayin dalibi shine La otra ("The Other", 1990), wani shirin fim game da wani mutum wanda ke magana game da farin ciki da baƙin ciki na rayuwarsa a matsayin mai canza tufafi yayin da yake ado kamar mace don raira waƙoƙin tangos a wani kulob din dare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La otra (1990) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/la-otra-1990/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, Martel ya ba da umarnin Besos rojos ("Red Kisses", 1991), wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda ya dogara da shari'ar 'yan sanda ta ainihi tsakanin masoya uku da aka kama a cikin triangle na soyayya. Martel ta ce "lokacin da fara tunanin cewa [aiki a cikin] fim ba zai yiwu ba, cewa lokaci ya yi da [ta' don samun aiki (ainihin) " ta shiga gasar rubutun jama'a da Hukumar Fim ta Kasa ta Argentina (INCAA) ta shirya, babban kyautar da kasafin kudin ta samar da gajeren fim.[she][her]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historias Breves 2017 |url=http://www.incaa.gov.ar/concursos/cerrados/historias-breves-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034255/http://www.incaa.gov.ar/concursos/cerrados/historias-breves-2017 |archive-date=August 24, 2018 |access-date=23 August 2018 |website=[[National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts|Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales (INCAA)]] |language=es}}</ref> Martel ta lashe gasar kuma, a sakamakon haka, ta sami damar samar da fim dinta mai suna Rey muerto ("Mutu Sarki", 1995), wani tashin hankali na yamma game da wata mace da ta tsere wa mijinta mai cin zarafi, mai shaye-shaye tare da 'ya'yanta uku a wani karamin gari da ake kira Rey Muerto a lardin Salta. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a bikin fina-finai na Havana na 1995. An nuna Rey muerto a Argentina a matsayin wani ɓangare na fim mai girma da ake kira Historias breves ("Short Stories", 1995). Martel ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din "ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin ƙasar" kuma ya zo ne bayan duk daraktocin sauran gajerun fina-finai masu cin nasara a cikin rubutun sun haɗu tare kuma sun ziyarci hedikwatar INCAA a Buenos Aires akai-akai don neman masu shirya gasar su fara dukkan gajerun fim din a matsayin jerin fina-fallace a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Martel ta ce ita da 'yan uwanta masu shirya fina-finai "sun zauna na sa'o'i har sai [masu shirya gasar] za su hadu da mu. Mun yi jayayya cewa ɓata kudade ne na jihar idan ba su nuna fina-fakkaatan da aka gama ba".A sakamakon haka, an nuna fina-finai a kan allon sadaukarwa na da'irar jama'a ta kasa da INCAA ke gudanarwa.<ref name="PJS" /> Martel ya ce gabatarwa na Historias ya kasance "mai nasara sosai" kuma ya jawo masu kallo 10,000. "Ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga mutane, "ta ce, don nazarin yin fim da fara yin gajeren lokaci. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin ruhaniya. Abin sha'awa, yawancin daraktocin da suka fara ayyukansu a lokacin - '95 ko '96 - har yanzu suna yin fina-finai a yau. Wannan taron ya kaddamar da aikin daraktoci da yawa, da kuma sha'awar matasa da yawa a fim".Masanin fina-finai Haden Guest ya ce ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Sabon Cinema na Argentina kuma "a zahiri ne inda [motsi] ya fara". Martel ya ce "godiya ga Rey ya mutu, fara samun aiki a talabijin".[she]Daga 1995 zuwa 1999 ta ba da umarnin shirin yara na Magazine For Fai, wanda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara suka yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magazine For Fai (Serie de TV) (1995) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film660201.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> A cikin wata hira ta 2013 tare da ABC Color, Martel ya ce wasan kwaikwayon "ya zama al'ada ga yara.... Ba a san shi da kasuwanci ba, amma akwai matasa da yawa da suka gan shi. Yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo yanzu taurari ne na fina-finai na Argentina".Ta kuma yi shirye-shirye guda biyu don talabijin: Encarnación Ezcurra (1998), game da matar da ake kira dan siyasa da jami'in soja na Argentina Juan Manuel de Rosas, da Las dependencias (The Outbuildings) (1999), sake gina rayuwar shahararren marubucin ɗan gajeren labari na Argentina Silvina Ocampo, wanda ya samo asali daga shaidar bayin Ocampo da abokai. <ref name="IFFR">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Lucrecia Martel |url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/lucrecia-martel |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] (IFFR) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214456/https://iffr.com/en/persons/lucrecia-martel |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Salta trilogy === A cikin 1999, rubutun Martel na fim dinta na farko La ''Ciénaga'' ya lashe kyautar Sundance Institute / NHK, wanda ke girmamawa da tallafawa masu shirya fina-finai masu zaman kansu "waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'adun gani na duniya da inganta musayar al'adu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is "Sundance Institute/NHK Award"? |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/sun-asia/sundance/about/index_e.html |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[NHK|NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)]]}}</ref> Kotun ta ba da shawarar cewa ta sake rubuta rubutun don bin tsarin gargajiya a kusa da daya ko biyu, amma Martel ya zaɓi maimakon ya riƙe yanayin rubutun. Don jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara na fim din, Martel ta gudanar da sauraro 2,400, 1,600 daga cikinsu ta yi rikodin bidiyo a cikin garage kusa da gidanta a Salta . <ref name="LM" /> A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓi Martel don fitowar ta uku ta shirin Cinéfondation mai zane-zane na Cannes Film Festival, wanda aka tsara don yin wahayi da tallafawa matasa masu shirya fina-finai na duniya da ke aiki a fim na farko ko na biyu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Martel ta zauna a Paris na watanni huɗu da rabi, ta halarci forums kuma ta yi aiki tare da masu sana'a na masana'antar fina-finai wajen bunkasa fim dinta na biyu, The Holy Girl, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="LMCFF">{{Cite web |title=Lucrecia MARTEL |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/lucrecia-martel |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Residence > Presentation |url=http://www.cinefondation.com/en/generalinformation |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618071336/http://www.cinefondation.com/en/generalinformation |archive-date=June 18, 2017 |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Cinéfondation]] – [[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Residence > The Programme |url=http://www.cinefondation.com/en/residenceprogram |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214509/http://www.cinefondation.com/en/residenceprogram |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Cinéfondation]] – [[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]}}</ref> Tare da The Headless Woman, fina-finai uku na farko na Martel sun hada da abin da ''Gatopardo'' ya kira "a trilogy sadaukar da mata da Salta," rubuta, "An rubuta rubutun uku, an yi fina-fallace uku a Salta, kuma, a cikin duka, wani abu da ba a tsammani ya canza ilimin sararin samaniya na iyali. Haruffa suna ganin rayuwar da suka yi makami, amma, kodayake wani mummunan abu ya sauka a kansu, ba su amsa ba. A cikin La ''Ciénaga'', hatsari ne na gida cewa mahaifiyar yarinya mai girma tana rufewa a cikin rayuwarta mai girma mai girma, yarinya mai suna zaune a makarantar. "Matsayin fim na Martel game da ''Ruwa'' a lardin Salta, Argentina, "in ji masanin fim din Paul A. Schroeder Rodríguez, "ya binciki canjin da ba cikakke ba na ƙasar zuwa dimokuradiyya daga hangen nesa na mata masu karfi, masu basira, da kuma zamantakewar jama'a waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idodin shugabanci ba: na farko a lokacin ƙuruciya a La ''Ciénaga'' (The Swamp, 2001), sannan a lokacin farkawar jima'i a La niña santa (The Holy Girl, 2004); kuma a ƙarshe a cikin balaga, a cikin La mujer sin cabeza, a cikin Mace, The Headless "...Ayyukan Martel suna da kyau sosai ga takamaiman rhythms da dabi'u na lardin tsakiya na Argentina, duniya wacce ta sami daidaito na tattalin arziki da kuma fatarar ɗabi'a ta hanyar labaran da ke taka leda a kan jin tausayi na masu kallo ta hanyar sauyawa tsakanin ra'ayoyi masu kyau da marasa kyau game da halayenta. " ==== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ==== Mujallar Filmmaker ta rubuta, "[Martel's] debut feature La ''Ciénaga'' ya fara a Sundance, ya lashe Alfred Bauer Award a Berlin, kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa a duk inda ya buga. Martel's 2004 follow-up, The Holy Girl, game da jima'i da addini sha'awar 'yan mata biyu na Argentina, ya fara a Cannes kuma ya karfafa sunan Martel a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyau emerging talent a duniya. " Masanin fina-finai Paul Julian Smith ya rubuta cewa kodayake "Martel dole ne ta dogara da ƙananan kamfanoni, galibi na Turai, masu samarwa" don tallafawa fina-ffinai, "ƙuntatawa na masana'antu da gudana na kasa da kasa ba su lalata halayyar fasaha ba...[Halin fim dinta mai tsanani ya nuna ta tare da wasu Marubutan na kasa da aka fi so a zagaye na bikin". <ref name="PJS" />[her] La ''Ciénaga'' ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ciénaga (2001) Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240419/awards |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> kuma an zabi ''Yarinyar Mai Tsarki'' da Mace marar Gida don Palme d'Or a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2004 da 2008, bi da bi. A cikin binciken da aka yi wa fitattun masu sukar fina-finai 35, malamai da masana'antu da ke zaune a Birnin New York, dukkan fina-fallace guda uku sun kasance cikin fina-fakkaatan goma na Latin Amurka na shekaru goma, tare da La ''Ciénaga'' da ke da matsayi na farko, suna doke sanannun (kuma mafi sauƙin isa) ayyukan maza uku na Mexico na Alejandro González Iñárritu, [[Alfonso Cuarón]], da Guillermo del Toro.<ref name="PJS" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ten Best Latin American Films of the Decade |url=http://www.cinematropical.com/programming.php?pid=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206031105/http://www.cinematropical.com/programming.php?pid=3 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |access-date=7 December 2009}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, The Headless Woman ya kasance # 89 a cikin fina-finai 100 mafi girma na BBC na karni na 21, wanda aka bincika daga masu sukar fina-fakkaatu 177 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=The 21st Century's 100 greatest films |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]]}}</ref> ==== Kula da ilimi ==== [[File:Master_class_Lucrecia_Martel_-_33_Festival_Internacional_de_cine_de_Mar_del_Plata_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Lucrecia Martel ta Masterclass a 33 Festival Internacional, 2018]] Ayyukan Martel sun kuma ja hankalin masu ilimi da yawa. Masana da yawa sun rubuta da yawa game da sukar fina-finai game da jinsi da jima'i, da kuma nunawa mai ban tsoro game da aji, kabilanci, ƙasa, da mulkin mallaka. Masanin fina-finai Deborah Shaw ya yi jayayya cewa trilogy "ya gabatar da jikin mutum na Argentina, asalin mata na bourgeois" kuma "ya binciki ƙananan siyasa na jinsi, jima'i da wuri, maimakon labaran ƙasa na zalunci da 'yanci na rukuni".<ref name="DSID">{{Cite book|edition=Deborah}}</ref> Paul A. Schroeder Rodríguez ya bayyana fina-finai a matsayin "Oedipal tare da fansa" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa "kowane fim an kafa shi azaman dialectic tsakanin batun mata mai sha'awa da gaskiyar shugabanci". Masanin fina-finai Deborah Martin ya rubuta littafi mai tsawo game da aikin Martel, wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2016, inda ta yi jayayya cewa fina-fakka na Martel "yana nuna yiwuwar fashewa da tserewa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na fina-fallace na haramtacciyar sha'awar 'yan mata masu tawaye.... Duk da gaskiyar cewa waɗannan fina-ffinai suna nuna dalla-dalla tsarin zalunci na zamantakewa da siyasa, suna aiki a matsayin abin da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba kuma karfi da yawa wanda zai iya shawo kan waɗannan tsarin. A cikin 2024 Jami'ar Edinburgh Press ta buga ReFocus: Films of Lucrecia Martel, kallon hadin gwiwa ga ayyukan Martel, gami da gajeren fina-finai da tasirin su akan masu sauraro da nazarin fim. ''ReFocus'' jerin littattafai ne da Edinburgh University Press ta buga wanda ke fadada kan daraktoci daban-daban da ayyukansu. A cikin wannan rukuni, ana tattauna fina-finai huɗu na Martel tare da fina-fukkuna kamar ''Muta'', Pescados, da Nueva Argirópolis . A cikin gabatarwa ta ''Natalia Christofoletti Barrenha'', ''Julia Kretje'', da ''Paul R. Merchant'', suna magana game da Martel da yadda ayyukanta suka shafi mutane da yawa, kuma cewa "Baya ga irin waɗannan sanannun maganganun sha'awa, fina-finai na Martel sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci, kyaututtuka masu daraja da kuma mahimman hankali na ilimi, duka a cikin asalin ƙasar Argentina da kuma tsakanin malaman fim ɗin da suka saita don samar da wasu mahimman abubuwan da suka gabata". === Ayyukan bayan-trilogy === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an ruwaito Martel kamar yadda aka shirya don jagorantar gyaran fim na The Eternaut, shahararren fim din kimiyya na Argentina wanda Héctor Germán Oesterheld da Francisco Solano López suka kirkira a shekara ta 1957 game da dusar ƙanƙara mai guba da mamayewar baƙi na Buenos Aires. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Martel ya ce game da aikin ga BOMB Magazine: "Na aika da ra'ayina game da yadda za a daidaita shi da mai gabatarwa, kuma yana da sha'awar. Na kuma san cewa mambobin iyalin Oesterheld suna son shi".A cewar masanin fina-finai Deborah Martin, Martel yana daidaita shi a matsayin "tunani game da iko da zamantakewar jama'a a Buenos Aires".A shekara ta 2009, duk da haka, an bar aikin, bayan an yi aiki mai mahimmanci a ciki, saboda bambance-bambance na ra'ayi tare da mai samarwa. Martel ta 2010 ta ɗan gajeren fim Nueva Agirópolis ("Sabon Argirópolis") a kwatanci yana wakiltar juriya ta 'yan asalin ƙasar ga kamawa da tambayoyi da jihar Argentina ta yi da kuma bambancin al'adu da ba za a iya gujewa ba wanda ya biyo baya tsakanin ƙasashe biyu duk da wannan juriya. <ref name="ERCV">{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Eduardo |last2=Vallina |first2=Carlos |date=May 2012 |title=[en primera persona] Lucrecia Martel |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/35270/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 |format=PDF |journal=Tram[p]as de la Comunicación y la Cultura |language=es |issue=70 |issn=2314-274X |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142452/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/35270/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya ɗauki sunansa daga littafin ''Argiropolis'' na 1850, wanda tsohon [[Shugaban Ƙasar Argentina|Shugaban kasa]] Argentina kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Domingo Faustino Sarmiento ya rubuta, wanda Argirópólis shine sunan babban birnin ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya tsakanin Argentina, Uruguay, da Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinna |first=Pablo |title=Argirópolis, la capital soñada por Sarmiento para unir Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay |url=https://www.vix.com/es/mundo/182625/argiropolis-la-capital-sonada-por-sarmiento-para-unir-argentina-uruguay-y-paraguay |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Batanga Media|VIX]] |language=es}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Argentina ce ta ba da umarnin gajeren fim din a matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan Bicentennial kuma an nuna shi a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani bangare na fim din 25 miradas, 200 minutes ("25 Looks, 200 Minutes", 2010), kallon tarihin Argentina daga ra'ayi na daraktocin fina-finai 25. <ref name="DMJLACS">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Deborah |date=1 September 2016 |title=Lucrecia Martel's ''Nueva Argirópolis'': Rivers, Rumours and Resistance |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1493022/ |journal=Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=449–465 |doi=10.1080/13569325.2016.1167018 |s2cid=157236618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nueva Argirópolis (C) (2010) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film546350.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=25 miradas, 200 minutos (2010) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film500920.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, gajeren fim din Martel ''Muta'' ("Mutate") ya fara ne a wani taron gayyata kawai a Beverly Hills wanda taurari kamar [[Emma Roberts]], [[Hailee Steinfeld]], Ashley Tisdale, Cat Deeley, Diane Kruger, Jeremy Renner, da [[Marilyn Manson]] suka halarta. Miu Miu, kamfanin kayan ado na Italiya mallakar Prada, ne ya ba da izini, fim din shine kashi na biyu na jerin fina-finai na mata na kamfanin, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun fina-fukkuna da aka samar tare da manyan daraktocin mata na duniya. Martel ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta shi, fim din ya nuna wani jirgin fatalwa na zamani wanda ba shi da fuska, halittu mata masu kama da kwari suna ƙoƙarin kawar da kansu daga mutumin da ke ƙoƙarin shiga cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muta (2011) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1993373/ |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cozarinsky |first=Edgardo |author-link=Edgardo Cozarinsky |title=''Muta''. 2011. Directed by Lucrecia Martel. ''La Noche (The Night)''. 2016. Directed by Edgardo Castro |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/4443 |website=[[Museum of Modern Art|The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]]}}</ref> A cikin gajeren fim dinta Leguas ("Leagues", 2015), Martel ta binciki batun warewar ilimi a cikin al'ummomin asalin Argentina. An sanya masa suna bayan ma'auni na archaic, fim din ya nuna yadda ilimi, kodayake kayan aikin zamantakewa, zai iya haifar da rarrabuwa da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leagues (2015) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/leagues/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref> An rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin El aula vacía ("The Empty Classroom", 2015), inda daraktoci goma sha ɗaya da suka lashe lambar yabo suka bincika dalilan da suka sa kusan ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Latin Amurka biyu ba su kammala makarantar sakandare ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2018 |title=Leguas |url=https://homemcr.org/film/leguas/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[HOME (Manchester)|HOME]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827173950/https://homemcr.org/film/leguas/ |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El aula vacía (2015) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film333591.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan === Fim na huɗu na Martel ''Zama'' ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Venice a watan Agusta 2017. Wani gyare-gyare na littafin Antonio di Benedetto na 1956 mai suna, ya ba da labarin mummunan labarin Don Diego de Zama, wani ma'aikacin mulkin mallaka na Spain wanda ke zaune a Asunción, Paraguay wanda ke jiran, a banza, don manyansa su ba da izinin komawa gida ga matarsa da iyalinsa. Ya kasance hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashe takwas: Argentina, Brazil, Spain, Mexico, Faransa, Amurka, Netherlands, da Portugal, tare da taurari kamar Pedro Almodóvar, Gael García Bernal, da Danny Glover daga cikin jerin sunayen masu samarwa. Ya ci gaba da nunawa a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto da kuma bikin fina-fukaki na New York kuma ya sami yabo mai yawa daga masu sukar. Ga ''Gatopardo'', Mónica Yemayel ta rubuta "Kamar sauran haruffa na Lucrecia Martel, yanzu kawai a ƙarshen karni na 18, Diego de Zama ba zai iya ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsa ba; an bar makomarsa a hannun wasu. Asalin da ya ɗora kansa kuma wasu suka ɗora masa shi ne kurkuku".[[:es:Rolling Stone (Argentina)|Rolling Stone na Argentina]] ya rubuta "[''Zama''] ba kasusuwa ce mai sauƙi ba don fashewa. Martel ta ba da mafi kyawunta, mafi yawan abubuwan da ba a iya fahimta ba, mafi yawan abin ban mamaki har yanzu".Jaridar Burtaniya ''The Guardian'' ta rubuta "Ina fatan Martel ba za ta jira ƙarin shekaru tara ba kafin ta yi fim dinta na gaba. Tana da kyau sosai a matsayin darektan da za a zauna a gefe na dogon lokaci kuma ''Zama'' na iya zama ainihin aikinta na hagu; hoton da yake da tsufa, mai sha'awa da baƙo, tare da saman barazana da iska ta zazzabin cizon sauro.An zaɓi fim ɗin don wakiltar Argentina a cikin Oscar da Goya Awards, wanda ƙarshen ya sami gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Mutanen Espanya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, Martel ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta ba da jerin tarurruka game da aikin fim dinta ga ɗalibai, ma'aikata, da al'ummar jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title='The greatest director in the world right now' begins residency at Centre for Film and Screen |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-greatest-director-in-the-world-right-now-begins-residency-at-centre-for-film-and-screen |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, Marvel Studios ta kusanci Martel don jagorantar ''Black Widow'', amma ta ki saboda tana so ta iya jagorantar ayyukanta. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Martel ya jagoranci mawaƙin Icelandic Björk a ''Cornucopia'', wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a The Shed, cibiyar zane-zane a Manhattan. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, an yi bikin Martel a matsayin baƙo na girmamawa a Visions du Réel, bikin fim na kasa da kasa a Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucrecia Martel, Guest of Honour 2023 |url=https://www.visionsdureel.ch/en/program/guest-of-honour/lucrecia-martel/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Visions du Réel |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin taron, Martel ta yi magana game da shirin da take yi na ''Chocobar'', wanda ke nazarin haƙƙin ƙasar asali da kuma gadon mulkin mallaka a Argentina. Da yake kwatanta aikinta na farko a cikin wadanda ba na almara ba, Martel ya bayyana, "Ina koyo kamar yadda nake yi, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yake ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Lise |date=2023-04-27 |title=Lucrecia Martel Discusses Hybrid Project 'Chocobar,' About Real-Life Murder of Indigenous Leader Javier Chocobar |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/lucrecia-martel-visions-du-reel-1235596282/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Martel ya ba da umarnin fim din Our Land na 2025, game da kisan gillar shugaban 'yan asalin Javier Chocobar da kuma gadon mulkin mallaka a Latin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Aprile |first=Marianela |date=2026-07-05 |title=In Nuestra Tierra, Collective Identity Is Built in Struggle |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/07/documentary-martel-nuestra-tierra-indigenous-peoples |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Lise |date=2023-04-27 |title=Lucrecia Martel Discusses Hybrid Project ‘Chocobar,’ About Real-Life Murder of Indigenous Leader Javier Chocobar |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/lucrecia-martel-visions-du-reel-1235596282/ |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Martel ya ambaci María Luisa Bemberg, Ingmar Bergman, da Pedro Almodóvar a matsayin tasiri. Ta kasance memba na 2006 Cannes Film Festival Feature Films Jury, tare da Wong Kar-wai, [[Helena Bonham Carter]], da Samuel L. Jackson . <ref name="LMCFF" /> A watan Fabrairun 2016, yayin da yake gyara ''Zama'', an gano Martel da ciwon daji na mahaifa. Ta bayyana cewa rashin lafiyarta ta haifar da jinkiri a cikin fim din bayan samarwa amma a ƙarshe ta haifar da kammalawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, IndieWire ta ba da rahoton cewa ta kasance cikin raguwa tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 2016. <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |last=Kohn |first=Eric |date=21 November 2017 |title=How Pedro Almódovar Pushed Argentina's Greatest Filmmaker to Make Her Best Movie Ever |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/11/lucrecia-martel-zama-interview-pedro-almodovar-1201899907/ |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> Martel 'yar luwaɗi ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anarte |first=Enrique |date=24 February 2020 |title=El cine LGBTI argentino cautiva en Berlín y el resto de Europa |url=https://www.dw.com/es/el-cine-lgbti-argentino-cautiva-en-berlín-y-el-resto-de-europa/a-52509912 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |language=es}}</ref> Ta fito ga iyalinta kafin farkon fim din La ''Ciénaga'' na 2001 saboda ta damu game da yadda suka yi game da luwadi da aka nuna a fim din. Mahaifiyarta ta amsa da kyau kuma ta ce ta san shi tun lokacin da Martel ke da shekaru bakwai. Martel tana cikin dangantaka da mawaƙa Julieta Laso, tsohuwar jagorar mawaƙa ta Fernández Fierro Orchestra . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauer |first=Cat |date=August 29, 2019 |title=All About Mujeres (Women) - Variety Bash at Hotel Daniel - 76th Venice Film Festival |url=https://venetiancat.blogspot.com/2019/08/all-about-mueres-women-variety-bash-at.html |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Venetian Cat}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2018, tana zaune a unguwar Buenos Aires ta Villa Crespo . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Hotuna masu ban sha'awa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken Turanci !Taken asali !Bayani |- !2001 | colspan="2" |''Ciyawa'' | |- !2004 |''Yarinyar Mai Tsarki'' |''Yarinya mai tsarki'' | |- !2008 |''Mace marar kai'' |''Matar da ba ta da kai'' | |- !2017 | colspan="2" |''Zama'' | |- !2025 |''Ƙasarmu'' |''Ƙasarmu'' |Hotuna |} === Gajeren fina-finai === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken Turanci ! scope="col" |Taken asali ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''56'' |''A shekara ta 56''| {{N/a}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |1989 |''bene na 24'' |''Fasali 24''| {{N/a}} |- |''Ba za ku same ta ba, Bastard'' |''Kada ka ɗauke ta, an la'anta shi''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Sauran'' |''Sauran''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Red Kisses'' |''Red Kisses''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''Sarki Matattu'' |''[[:es:Rey Muerto (cortometraje)|Sarki da ya mutu]]'' |Wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin 1995 Historias breves (Short Stories). |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Birnin da ke Fitarwa'' |''Birnin da ke gudu''| {{N/a}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2010 |''Sabon Argirópolis'' |''Sabuwar Argirópolis'' |Wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin 2010 25 miradas, minti 200 (25 Looks, 200 Minutes). |- |''Kifi'' |''Kifi''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Canja wuri'' |''Muta''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |2015 |''Ruwa'' |''Rashin lafiya'' |Wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin tarihin El aula vacía (The Empty Classroom). |- ! scope="row" |2019 |''AI'' |''AI'' |Trailer na bikin don Viennale |- ! scope="row" |2021 |''Tashar Arewa'' |''Tashar Arewa''| rowspan="2" {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |2022 |''Mace'' |''Mai ba da abinci'' |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken |- ! scope="row" |1995–1999 |''[[:es:Magazine For Fai|Mujallar Ga Fai]]'' |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Jiki Ezcurra'' |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Abubuwan da ke dogara da su'' (The Outbuildings) |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Fim din ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |1995 |Bikin Fim na Havana |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim (Coral) | rowspan="1" |''[[:es:Rey Muerto (cortometraje)|Sarki da ya mutu]]''| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |1999 |Bikin Fim na Sundance |Kyautar NHK | rowspan="8" |''Ciénaga''| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |2001 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin |Bear na Zinariya| {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Alfred Bauer| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Havana |Fim mafi kyau (Grand Coral - Kyauta ta farko) | {{Won}} | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Latin Amurka na Toulouse |Babban Kyauta| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Bincike ta Masu sukar Faransa| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2002 |Kyautar Fim ta MTV Latin Amurka |Fim din da aka fi so - Argentina| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2004 |Bikin Fim na Cannes |Itacen dabino na zinariya | rowspan="3" |''Yarinyar Mai Tsarki''| {{Nom}} |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lucrecia MARTEL - Festival de Cannes 2023 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/lucrecia-martel |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.festival-cannes.com |language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2005 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Reykjavík |Golden Puffin| {{Nom}} | |- |Bayyanawa ta Musamman| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2008 |Bikin Fim na Cannes |Itacen dabino na zinariya |''Mace marar kai''| {{Nom}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2017 | rowspan="3" |Bikin Fim na Havana |Fim mafi kyau (Grand Coral) | rowspan="6" |''Zama''| {{Nom}} | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar FIPRESCI| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Turai na Seville |Golden Giraldillo| {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Juri ta Musamman| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2018 |Kyautar Goya |Mafi kyawun Fim na Iberoamerica| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2020 |Bikin Locarno |Fim bayan Gobe |''Chocobar''| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2025 |BFI Fim na London |Fim mafi kyau |''Alamomi''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shafer |first=Ellise |date=2025-10-19 |title=London Film Festival Awards: Lucrecia Martel's 'Landmarks' Wins Best Film |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/london-film-festival-awards-lucrecia-martel-landmarks-best-film-1236556421/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin daraktocin fina-finai da talabijin na mata * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na lesbian * Jerin fina-finai masu alaƙa da LGBT da mata suka shirya == Masu == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gq3yvogtqqj7q54po2ij4l4tqgf09oj Lynn Hershman Leeson 0 174114 967267 963217 2026-10-13T19:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lynn Hershman Leeson''' (née '''Lynn Lester Hershman'''; <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bravo |first=Tony |date=April 6, 2022 |title=At 80, S.F. artist celebrated by industry that once shunned her |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/at-80-artist-lynn-hershman-leeson-is-more-relevant-than-ever |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Datebook {{!}} San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1941) 'yar fim ce kuma Mai shirya fim-finai ta Amurka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://art21.org/artist/lynn-hershman-leeson/ |access-date=2019-09-08 |website=art21.org}}</ref> Ayyukanta tare da fasaha da kuma ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai ana yaba da su tare da taimakawa wajen halatta siffofin fasahar dijital. Abubuwan da take so sun haɗa da mata, tseren, sa ido, da hankali na wucin gadi da sata ta hanyar algorithms da bin diddigin bayanai.e An bayyana Hershman Leeson a matsayin "sabon majagaba na kafofin watsa labarai" don haɗa fasahar da ke tasowa a cikin aikinta kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane biyar da masanin tarihin fasaha Patrick Frank ya bincika a cikin littafinsa na 2024 Art of the 1980s: As If the Digital Mattered . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lynn Hershman a shekara ta 1941 a [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] . <ref name=":3" /> Mahaifinta, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] daga [[Montréal|Montreal]], masanin magani ne, kuma mahaifiyarta masanin ilimin halitta ce.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman (biography) |url=https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=168 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.fondation-langlois.org}}</ref> Ta ba da rahoton fuskantar [[cin zarafin jiki]] da [[Cin zarafin yara|cin zarafin jima'i]] a lokacin yarinta.<ref name="fifty">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=28 March 2017 |title=A New Future from the Passed: Lynn Hershman Leeson Comes into Her Own After 50 Years of Prophetic Work |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/a-new-future-from-the-passed-lynn-hershman-leeson-comes-into-her-own-after-50-years-of-prophetic-work-8028/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=ARTnews}}</ref> A shekara ta 1963, Hershman ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin Ilimi, Gudanar da Gidan Tarihi da Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Case Western Reserve da ke Cleveland . <ref name="auto" /> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta koma California da niyyar karatun zane da shiga aikin dalibai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ta bar Berkeley kafin ta yi rajista don azuzuwan.<ref name="fifty" /> Daga baya ta kammala digiri na Master of Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto" /> Ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin rubutun Hershman ya haɗa da sukar fasaha a ƙarƙashin sunaye uku: Prudence Juris, Herbert Goode da Gay Abandon . <ref name="auto" /> Ta sami digiri na Ph.D na girmamawa daga Cibiyar Pratt a 2023. <ref name="pratt">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Commencement 2023 to Be Held on May 17 at Radio City Music Hall |url=https://www.pratt.edu/news/commencement-2023-to-be-held-on-may-17-at-radio-city-music-hall/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Pratt Institute}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Hershman Leeson sun shafi ainihi, cinikin kayayyaki, sirri a zamanin sa ido, hulɗa da mutane da injuna, mata, tashin hankali, hankali na wucin gadi da sata ta hanyar algorithms da bin diddigin bayanai, da kuma alaƙar tsakanin duniyoyi na ainihi da na kama-da-wane. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga fasahar shigarwa da al'adar wasan kwaikwayo, tare da jaddada hulɗa. Ayyukanta suna bincika fasaha a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da kimiyya. Hershman Leeson ita ce mai zane na farko da ta ƙaddamar da wani abu mai ma'amala ta amfani da Videodisc, mai gabatarwa ga DVD (''Lorna'', 1983-84), da kuma mai zane na mbụ da ya haɗa da allon taɓawa a cikin aikinta (Deep Contact, 1984-1989). Tsayar da fasahar robotic ta hanyar sadarwa (The Difference Engine # 3, 1995-1998) misali ne na halinta na fadada zane-zanen ta fiye da al'adun gargajiya na fasaha. Ayyukan Hershman Leeson suna nunawa a cikin tarin jama'a na Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Gidan Tarihin William Lehmbruck, ZKM (Zentrum fur Kunst und Medientechnologie), Gidan Tarihi na Los Angeles County, National Gallery of Canada, di Rosa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2010 |title=The Collection |url=http://www.dirosaart.org/about/the-collection/ |access-date=2016-11-03 |website=dirosaart.org}}</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker da Gidan Tariha na Jami'ar, Berkeley, ban da tarin masu zaman kansu na Donald M. Hess da Arturo Schwarz, da sauransu da yawa. Kwamitin sun haɗa da ayyukan Tate Modern, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, de Young Museum, Daniel Langlois da [[Jami'ar Stanford]], da Charles Schwab.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://www.lynnhershman.com/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Lynn Hershman Leeson |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 1993 zuwa 2004, Hershman Leeson ta koyar a cikin shirin Art Studio a Jami'ar California, Davis, inda a halin yanzu farfesa ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/lynn-hershman-leeson-0 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=UC Davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609192849/https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/lynn-hershman-leeson-0 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An nada ta shugabar sashen fina-finai na Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="sfai">{{Cite web |title=SFAI Proudly Welcomes Lynn Hershman Leeson as New Head of Its Film Department |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/111509/sfai-proudly-welcomes-lynn-hershman-leeson-as-new-head-of-its-film-department/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=e-flux}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa A. D. White a Babban [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta kasance 2013-2014 Dorothy H. Hirshon "Director in Residence" a Sabon Makarantar.<ref name="Cornell">{{Cite journal |title=lynn hershman leeson archive |journal=Cornell Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art |publisher=Cornell University Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Film Screening and Q&A |url=http://events.newschool.edu/event/lynn_hershman_film_screening_and_qa#.UosAOY2E6IA |access-date=19 November 2013 |website=The New School}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Ayyukan Hershman Leeson na baya sun jawo sha'awa daga jigogi a cikin fiction kimiyya da tarurruka na jikin mutum da jima'i. Bayan fama da cututtukan zuciya yayin da take da ciki a shekarar 1965, Leeson, ta kirkiro ta Breathing Machine, wanda ya kunshi kayan kwalliya na fuskarta tare da dyes da assemblages da kuma rikodin wahalar numfashi a lokacin rashin lafiya. Rubuce-rubucen ya haɗa da muryar da ke tambayar mai kallo jerin tambayoyin sirri da marasa jin daɗi.<ref name="fifty" /> Yankin ta na 1968 Breathing Machine II ya ƙunshi fuskar wax tare da wig da butterflies da ke cikin itace da plexiglass, yana nuna bambancin rayuwa da tarko a cikin jikin mace. An tsara ta da abubuwan da ta samu, ayyukan farko na Leeson sun kasance na siyasa a cikin yanayi kuma an nuna su a matsayin binciken da ya fi dacewa da matsayin mata da jinsi.<ref name="guard">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Origins of the Species (Part 2) review – always alert to the future |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/31/lynn-hershman-leeson-review-modern-art-oxford-origins-of-the-species-part-2 |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> === Abinda ke da girman kai === Daga shekara ta 1974 har zuwa shekara ta 1978, Hershman Leeson 'ya haɓaka' wani mutum mai suna "Roberta Breitmore".Ya kunshi ba kawai sauya kai ta jiki ba ta hanyar kayan shafawa, tufafi, da gemu, amma cikakkiyar halayyar da ta wanzu a tsawon lokaci kuma za'a iya tabbatar da wanzuwarsa a duniya ta hanyar shaidar jiki, kamar lasisin direba, katin kiredit, da wasiƙu daga likitan kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breitmore, Roberta (Lynn Hershman Leeson) |url=http://fictive.arts.uci.edu/roberta_breitmore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110030405/http://fictive.arts.uci.edu/roberta_breitmore |archive-date=2013-11-10 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=fictive.arts.uci.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ƙarin shaidar wanzuwar Roberta sun haɗa da samfurin jini, tallace-tallace na jarida, da kuma X-ray na hakora.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Selected works from the exhibition: Selected works from the exhibition {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/slideshows/18/296 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Roberta kuma ta shiga cikin abubuwan da suka shahara a lokacin, ta shiga cikin Erhard Seminars Training (EST) da kuma shiga cikin shirin abinci na Weight Watchers.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name=":5" /> Ta hanyar takardun ta game da wanzuwar Roberta kawai ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, Hershman Leeson ta bincika iyakokin tsakanin gaskiyar da aka gina ainihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellamy |first=Dodie |date=2022-06-01 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/lynn-hershman-leeson-4-250014/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|journal=Annalisa|url-status=Schmitz}}</ref> Misalan sun haɗa da ''Shafin Harshen Jiki na Roberta'', wanda Hershman Leeson ya rubuta harshen jikin Roberta a matsayin hali mai kama da hysteria na mata.<ref name=":6" /> Wani ƙarin misali shine Roberta's Construction Chart 1, inda Hershman Leeson ya kafa ginin Roberta a kan tallace-tallace na mujallar koyarwa wanda ya sanar da mata yadda za su kyautata kansu.<ref name=":6" /> Daga baya aka dauki wasan kwaikwayon zuwa karin tsawo lokacin da Hershman Leeson ya gabatar da wasu 'Robertas' guda uku, ta hanyar hayar wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo don aiwatar da halinta. Wadannan 'clones' na Roberta sun ɗauki irin wannan kallo da tufafi, sun shiga wasu wasikun Roberta kuma sun ci gaba da wasu kwanakin Roberta (Hershman Leeson). Hershman Leeson ya nemi wadannan 'clones' na Roberta don tabbatar da cewa ta (dukansu Hershman leeson da Roberta) abubuwan da ba su da kyau a matsayin mace ba ne kawai ga ita ba; sauran 'yan wasan da ke wasa da Roberta sun ƙare da abubuwan da ba daidai ba, suna nuna alamun mata da suka fuskanta a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun a lokacin. Zuwa karshen, 'asalin' Roberta ta janye daga halinta ta bar 'clones' uku don ci gaba da aikinta, har sai sun yi ritaya a wasan kwaikwayon a Palazzo dei Diamanti a Ferrara, Italiya a 1978, yayin fitar da aljanu a kabarin Lucrezia Borgia. Abin da ya rage shine kayan tarihi na zahiri na kowane rayuwa: takardu da kayan mutum kamar takardun shari'a da na likita da kuma littafin rubutu. Tsakanin 1995 da 2000, Roberta ta canza zuwa CybeRoberta, wani zane-zane mai ma'amala a yanar gizo. ''CybeRoberta'' ita ce ta biyu daga cikin 'yan tsana biyu na telerobotic daga jerin Hershman Leeson The ''Dollie Clones'', na farko shine Tillie, The Telerobotic Doll - mai suna bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tilda Swinton, wanda ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Concepting Ada, fim ɗin da Hershman leeson ya ba da umarni. ''CybeRoberta'' yar tsana ce da aka yi da al'ada tare da kyamarori da aka haɗa a cikin idanunta, tare da ido ɗaya yana gudana a kai tsaye, a cikin abinci na bidiyo mai launi, yayin da ɗayan ke ɗaukar hotuna 320-by-200 na baki da fari waɗanda ake ɗorawa akan layi kowane sakan 30.<ref name=":6" /> Baƙi na mutum na iya loda hotuna, kazalika da danna "eyecon" a shafin yanar gizon yar tsana don juya kan yar tsana 180 digiri, yana ba shi damar bincika yankin da ke kewaye.<ref name="auto1" /> Lokacin da aka nuna ''CybeRoberta'' da Tillie tare, suna kuma satar bidiyon juna.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="auto1" /> A shekara ta 2006 Roberta Breitmore ta zama hali a Second Life . Bayan Jami'ar Stanford ta sami tarihinta, Leeson ta yi aiki tare da Henry Lowood (Stanford Humanities Lab) don canza sassan tarihin zuwa wani abu ga jama'a da yawa. Sun yi aiki don sakewa da sakewa duka Roberta Breitmore da Otal din Dante a cikin sararin samaniya.<ref name="Hacking the Codes of Self Representation, LEA Magazine">{{Cite journal |last=Aceti |first=Lanfranco |date=2011-08-06 |title=Hacking the Codes of Self-representation LEA Magazine Article |url=http://www.leoalmanac.org/hacking-the-codes-of-self-representation-lea-magazine-article/ |publisher=Leoalmanac.org |access-date=2014-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072444/http://www.leoalmanac.org/hacking-the-codes-of-self-representation-lea-magazine-article/ |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === ''Lorna'' (1983) === An bayyana shi a matsayin aikin zane-zane na laser na farko, <ref name=":2" /> aikin Hershman Leeson na 1983 ''Lorna'' ya ba da labarin wata mace mai tsananin damuwa wacce ba ta taɓa barin ɗakinta ɗaya ba. Yayin da Lorna ke kallon labarai da tallace-tallace, tana kallon labarai da tallan, sai ta ji tsoro, tana tsoron barin ƙaramin ɗakinta. An gayyaci masu kallo don 'yantar da Lorna daga tsoronta, ta amfani da raka'a masu sarrafa nesa, kuma suna da zaɓi na jagorantar rayuwarta cikin makirci da yawa da kuma ƙarewar.<ref name="lorna">{{Cite web |date=2011-02-23 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson – Lorna |url=http://www.lynnhershman.com/lorna/ |access-date=2014-04-04 |publisher=Lynnhershman.com}}</ref> Makircin yana da bambance-bambance da yawa waɗanda za a iya gani a baya, gaba, a ƙarawa ko raguwa, kuma daga ra'ayoyi da yawa. Babu matsayi a cikin tsari na yanke shawara. Kuma ana yin gumakan sau da yawa daga sassan jiki masu yankewa da rarraba kamar baki, ko ido.<ref name="lorna" /> === Gidan Ɗaya (1990-1993) === Daga 1990 zuwa 1993, Lynn Hershman Leeson ta samar da wani aikin da ake kira Room of One's Own . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/about/feminist_art_base/lynn-hershman-leeson |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ce aikin ya samo asali ne daga fim din Thomas Edison, na'urar da ake nuna fim a kan madauki kuma an ba mutum damar kallon shi ta hanyar rami.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Room of One's Own |url=https://www.lynnhershman.com/project/room-of-ones-own/ |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=Lynn Hershman Leeson |language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin, Room of One's Own, yana bawa mai kallo damar yin kallo a cikin akwati ta hanyar ƙaramin na'urar periscopic kuma ya ga gado, tarho, kujera, talabijin, da wasu tufafi a ƙasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman : Room of One's Own |url=https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=169 |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=www.fondation-langlois.org}}</ref> A bayan ƙaramin ɗaki, wata mace ta bayyana a allon kuma a can ne ta tambayi waɗannan abubuwa: "Mene ne kake yi a nan? Da fatan za ka duba wani wuri!".<ref name=":0" /> Akwai kusan sassan 17 kuma dangane da inda mai kallo ke mai da hankali, bidiyo daban-daban yana wasa a bangon baya.<ref name=":0" /> A duk lokacin da aka samu, mai kallo ya zama mai kallo, mutum wanda ke samun gamsuwa ta jima'i ta hanyar kallon mutum marar sani ko dai ya cire tufafi, ya tsirara ko ya shiga cikin ayyukan jima'i, amma duk wani jin daɗi da aka samu ya yi saurin takaici a hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshe, ana nuna tunanin mai kallo a cikin ƙaramin talabijin a bayan dakin.<ref name=":0" /> === ''Jami'in Ruby'' === Hershman Leeson ta kirkiro shafin yanar gizon "Agent Ruby" a matsayin aboki ga fim dinta na 2002 ''Teknolust.'' . <ref name=":2" /> Wakilin Ruby ya yi amfani da hankali na wucin gadi don gudanar da tattaunawa tare da masu amfani da kan layi. Wadannan tattaunawar sun tsara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Agent Ruby, ilimi, da kuma yanayin. A cikin 2013 SFMOMA ta gabatar da Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files, <ref name=":2" /> gabatarwar dijital da analog wanda ya sake fassara tattaunawar da aka samo daga tarihin fayilolin rubutu na tsawon shekaru goma na tattaunawar Agent Ruby tare da masu amfani da kan layi don yin tunani game da fasaha, jigogi masu maimaitawa, da kuma alamu na shiga masu sauraro. <ref name="Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files">{{Cite web |title=Exhibitions + Events &#124; Calendar &#124; Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files |url=http://www.sfmoma.org/exhib_events/exhibitions/512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071419/http://www.sfmoma.org/exhib_events/exhibitions/512 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-04-04 |publisher=SFMOMA}}</ref> == Fim da shirye-shirye == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Lynn Hershman Leeson ta ba da umarnin fina-finai 26, ciki har da fina-fukkuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-16 |title=Film |url=https://www.lynnhershman.com/film/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Lynn Hershman Leeson |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Leeson: <ref name="Hacking the Codes of Self Representation, LEA Magazine" /><blockquote>Fim din duk game da asarar da fasaha ne. Ada Lovelace ta kirkiro harshen kwamfuta, amma ba a taɓa ba da kyauta ba kuma an share shi daga tarihi. Teknolust game da clones na fasaha na wucin gadi ne: bots da ke tserewa cikin gaskiyar kuma suna hulɗa da rayuwar ɗan adam, a zahiri haɗin kai tsakanin rayuwar fasaha da rayuwar ɗan Adam, da kuma yadda biyun zasu iya yin aure. Al'adun ban mamaki kuma game da rashin fahimta ne, inda kafofin watsa labarai suka kirkiro wani hali na almara wanda suke zargin wannan laifi, maimakon ainihin mutum. Dukkanin wadannan ayyukan suna game da share ainihi da kuma yadda fasaha ke karawa da shi kuma ke kirkirar shi. Kuma yadda za ku iya kayar da hakan.</blockquote>Wani shirin fim na 1990, ''Desire Inc.'' yana nuna jerin tallace-tallace na talabijin mai ban sha'awa wanda wata mace mai ban shaʼawa ta nemi masu kallo su kira ta. Hotuna shida na Hershman Leeson - Strange Culture, ''Teknolust'', Conceiving Ada, !''!''Women Art Revolution, Tania Libre, da The Electronic Diaries - sun kasance wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance, bikin fina-fukki na kasa da kasa na Toronto da bikin fina-fi na kasa da duniya na Berlin, da sauransu, kuma sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa. Fitar da Hershman ya yi a shekara ta 2011, !''!''Women Art Revolution, wani fim ne mai tsawo game da Yunkurin fasaha na mata a Amurka, wanda Zeitgest Films ya rarraba. Masu zane-zane da aka yi hira da su don fim din sun hada da Judy Chicago, Guerilla Girls, Miranda Yuli, Mike Kelley, Joyce Kozloff, Howardena Pindell, Yvonne Rainer, Faith Ringgold, Martha Rosler, Carolee Schneemann, Cecilia Vicuña, da sauransu da yawa, gami da mai zane kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=© Stanford |last2=Stanford |last3=California 94305 |date=2016-08-25 |title=Artist, Curator & Critic Interviews |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu Jami'ar Stanford ce ke gudanar da fim din a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar su, kuma ana iya samun damar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon jami'ar da ke ba da labarin aikin. <blockquote>Ma'anar canza kai ba sabon abu ba ne. Marubutan suna kare kansu ta wannan hanyar tsawon ƙarni. Mary Shelley ta yi hakan. Tabbas Laura ta ci gaba da wannan aikin kuma ina tsammanin yana da basira sosai kuma ban tsammanin ya cancanci irin la'akari da ta samu ba. Idan na yi abu na Roberta shekaru goma bayan haka, da na fuskanci irin waɗannan matsalolin.</blockquote>A cikin 2017, Leeson ta saki Tania Libre, wanda ya ƙunshi zaman magani tsakanin mai zane-zane da mai fafutuka Tanya Bruguera da Dokta Frank M. Ochberg da ke kewaye da batutuwan sa ido na siyasa, rauni da ya gabata da kuma sakamakon ɗaurin kurkuku a Havana bayan da ta yi kira ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thill |first=Vanessa |date=2017-05-22 |title=The Trauma of Political Engagement: Lynn Hershman Leeson's Tania Libre |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/the-trauma-of-political-engagement-lynn-hershman-leesons-tania-libre-59734/ |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan baya == Wani bita na 2007 a Whitworth Art Gallery a Manchester, Autonomous Agents, ya nuna cikakken aikin mai zane - daga jerin ''Roberta Breitmore'' (1974-78) zuwa bidiyo daga shekarun 1980 da shigarwar mu'amala da ke amfani da Intanet da software na fasaha na wucin gadi. Ayyukanta na farko da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo da daukar hoto an kuma nuna su a cikin baje kolin yawon shakatawa na yanzu ''WACK! '' Art and the Feminist Revolution, wanda Gidan Tarihi na zamani na Los Angeles ya shirya. The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson: Secret Agents, Private I, an buga shi ne ta [[Jami'ar California Press]] a shekara ta 2005 a lokacin wani bita a Henry Gallery a Seattle. A cikin 2014 Gidan Tarihi na ZKM na zamani a Karlsruhe, Jamus ya gudanar da "Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar", wani bita na aiki. Gidan kayan gargajiya na ZKM ya bayyana retrospective kamar yadda ya "yi nasarar retrospection na farko wanda ba kawai ya tabbatar da bayyani na duk matakai masu kirkirar aiki a cikin aikin Leeson ba har ma da abubuwan da aka samar kwanan nan na wannan mai zane-zane. "<ref name="The ZKM Museum of Contemporary Art">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Civic Radar |url=https://zkm.de/en/event/2014/12/lynn-hershman-leeson-civic-radar}}</ref>Duk da yake yana kunshe da aikin Hershman a cikin shekaru, a matsayin nune-nunen, "Civic Radar" yana nuna sha'awar Hershman ga fasaha, yana kallon hankali na wucin gadi da gyaran kwayar halitta. A cikin 2017, "Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar," Hershman ta retrospective daga ZKM an shirya shi a Cibiyar Yerba Buena don Arts a San Francisco, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar, February 10–May 21, 2017 |url=https://www.ybca.org/whats-on/civic-radar |access-date=2018-03-23 |website=www.ybca.org}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Sabon Gidan Tarihi a Birnin New York ya dauki bakuncin baje kolin gidan kayan gargajiya na farko a New York na aikin Hershman Leeson, mai taken Twisted . Sabon Gidan Tarihi ya bayyana nune-nunen kamar yadda ya kawo "zaɓin aikin Hershman Leeson a cikin zane, zane-zane, bidiyo, da daukar hoto, tare da ayyukan mu'amala da na yanar gizo, suna mai da hankali kan jigogi na canji, ginin ainihi, da juyin halitta na cyborg. Filling the New Museum's Second Floor gallery, wannan gabatarwa [ya haɗa da] wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukan mai zane-zane na Breathing Machine (1965-68) da zaɓaɓɓuka daga daruruwan zane-zane da yawa" na farko.<ref name="auto1" />Nunin ya kuma haɗa da ayyukan daga jerin ''Roberta Breitmore'' (1973-78), bidiyonta Seduction of a ''Cyborg'' (1994) da zaɓuɓɓuka daga jerin Water Women (1976-yanzu), Phantom Limb (1985-88), Cyborg-1996-2006), Infinity Engine (2014-yanzu), da sauran ayyukan.<ref name="auto1" /> Margot Norton, Allen da Lola Goldring Curator ne suka shirya baje kolin, kuma an haɗa shi da cikakken kundin da aka kwatanta tare da gudummawar Karen Archey da Martine Syms, da kuma hira da Lynn Hershman Leeson wanda Margot Norton ta gudanar.<ref name="auto1" /> == Nuni == === Nuni na kai tsaye === * 2001, Media & Identity, Sweeney Art Gallery, Jami'ar California, Riverside, Riversade, California * 2005, ''Hershmanlandia'', Henry Art Gallery, Jami'ar Washington, Seattle, Washington <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hershmanlandia: The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson - Henry Art Gallery |url=https://henryart.org/exhibitions/hershmanlandia-the-art-and-films-of-lynn-hershman-leeson |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=henryart.org}}</ref> * 2008, ''Babu Jiki na Musamman'', Gidan Tarihi na De Young, San Francisco, California * 2008, ''Gidan Tarihi mai Ruwa (1975-1978): Lynn Hershman Leeson'', New Langton Arts, San Francisco, California * 2012, Ni a matsayin Roberta, Gidan Tarihi na zamani a Kraków, Krakow, Poland * 2012, ''Lokaci mai jan hankali'', Retrospective, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen, Jamus * 2012, W.A.R. Bayani na takardu, Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain * 2012, W.A.R. Bayani na takardu, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden * 2013, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson: Wakilin Ruby Files'', San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMoMa), San Francisco, California <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/32880/lynn-hershman-leeson-the-agent-ruby-files/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2014, Pop Departures, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington * 2014, ''Tsaya Tsayayya da Yaƙi'', Gidan Tarihi na Lehmbruck, Duisburg, Jamus * 2014, ''Vertigo na Gaskiya'', [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]], Berlin, Jamus * 2014, ''Yadda za a ɓace'', Aanant & Zoo, Berlin, Jamus <ref name="Birds Eye View">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-29 |title=Immediate Kinship: Laura Albert on Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=http://birds-eye-view.co.uk/2016/08/03/laura-albert-on-lynn-hershman-leeson-and-author-the-jt-leroy-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122153518/http://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/2016/08/03/laura-albert-on-lynn-hershman-leeson-and-author-the-jt-leroy-story/ |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |website=Birds Eye View}}</ref><ref name="KubaParis Interview">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-03 |title=Interview: Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=http://kubaparis.com/interview-lynn-hershman-leeson/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214180154/http://kubaparis.com/interview-lynn-hershman-leeson/ |archive-date=2019-02-14 |access-date=2014-10-14 |website=KubaParis}}</ref><ref name="ArtNews">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson, Aanat & Zoo, Berlin |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51a6747de4b06440a162a5eb/t/54245b42e4b08dcc3b7ea279/1411668802589/RI%20INT%27l%20Reviews%20Nov%202014_Leeson.pdf |website=ArtNews Review}}</ref><ref name="Art in Berlin">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-02 |title=Spiel mit dem Feuer von Dr. Inge Pett |url=http://www.art-in-berlin.de/incbmeld.php?id=3328 |website=Art in Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="KubaParis">{{Cite web |last=Ansaldo |first=Carmen |date=2014-07-29 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson – How to Disappear, Ausstellung Aanant & Zoo |url=http://kubaparis.com/lynn-hershman-leeson-how-to-disappear/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215634/http://kubaparis.com/lynn-hershman-leeson-how-to-disappear/ |archive-date=2014-10-19 |access-date=2014-10-14 |website=KubaParis}}</ref><ref name="ArtSlant Berlin">{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Guy |year=2014 |title=Tracing the Invisible on the Cutting Edge |url=http://www.artslant.com/ber/articles/show/40261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174238/http://www.artslant.com/ber/articles/show/40261 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |website=ArtSlant Berlin}}</ref><ref name="Monopol">{{Cite web |last=Hinrichsen |first=Jens |date=2014-07-31 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson in Berlin Gegen den Datenstro |url=http://www.monopol-magazin.de/artikel/20108812/-Lynn-Hershman-Leeson-bei-Aanant-Zoo-Berlin-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803025450/http://www.monopol-magazin.de/artikel/20108812/-Lynn-Hershman-Leeson-bei-Aanant-Zoo-Berlin-.html |archive-date=2014-08-03 |access-date=2014-10-14 |website=Monopol |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Der Tagesspiegel">{{Cite web |last=Hinrichsen |first=Jens |date=2014-08-09 |title=Kreuzung mit Computer |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/lynn-hershman-leeson-bei-aanant-und-zoo-kreuzung-mit-computer/10310400.html |website=Der Tagesspiegel |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Berliner Zeitung">{{Cite web |last=Berner |first=Irmgard |date=2014-08-12 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Über das Verschwinden |url=http://mobil.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur/lynn-hershman-leeson-ueber-das-verschwinden,23785224,28103410.html |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> * 2014-2015, ''Civic Radar. '' Lynn Hershman Leeson - The Retrospective, ZKM Cibiyar Fasaha da Media Karlsruhe, Karlsruha, Jamus * 2015, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson: Asalin jinsuna (Sashe na 2) '', Modern Art Oxford, Oxford, Ingila, Ingila * 2016, Masana'antar Ruwa - Lynn Hershman Leeson, Masana'antu na Karni na 21, Gidan Tarihi na Lehmbruck, Duisburg, Jamus * 2016, Cyborgs da Self-Promotion, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio <ref name="auto2" /> * 2016, Lynn Hershman Leeson: Jikin jiki, Armory Gallery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia <ref name="auto2" /> * 2016, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson'', Ruth C. Horton Gallery, Moss Arts Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia <ref name="auto2" /> * 2017, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar'', Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, California <ref name="auto2" /> * 2017-2018, ''VertiGhost'', Gidan kayan gargajiya na Legion of Honor, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts na San Francisco, San Francisco, California <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: ''VertiGhost'' |url=https://legionofhonor.famsf.org/exhibitions/lynn-hershman-leeson-vertighost |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=Legion of Honor museum}}</ref> * 2018, Lynn Hershman Leeson: Littafin Manufa don Automatons, Bionic Beings da Cyborgs, 1962-1982, Anglim Gilbert Gallery, San Francisco, California * 2019, ''Mutum na farko da yawa'', Cibiyar Fasaha ta Biyu ta Mayu Al'ummar Madrid, Madrid, Spain <ref name="auto2" /> * 2019, ''Lorna'', Gidauniyar Thoma, Santa Fe, New Mexico <ref name="auto2" /> * 2021, Lynn Hershman Leeson: Twisted, New Museum, New York City, New York * 2024, Anti-Aging, Bridget Donahue, Birnin New York, New York <ref name="donahue">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Anti-Aging |url=https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/exhibitions/lynn-hershman-leeson-anti-aging/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Bridget Donahue}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Nuni na rukuni === * 2013-2014, Sabon Samun a cikin Hotuna, Gidan Tarihi na zamani (MoMa), Birnin New York, New York * 2013-2014, ''Masu adawa da Makomar'', Cibiyar Yerba Buena don Fasaha, San Francisco, California <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dissident Futures |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/32064/dissident-futures/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * [Hasiya] gallery, Birnin New York, New York * 2014, Mata: Ganin da Kasancewa, Scott Nichols Gallery, San Francisco, California . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-04 |title=Women: Seeing and Being Seen |url=https://wsimag.com/art/10954-women-seeing-and-being-seen |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Wall Street International |language=en}}</ref> * 2019-2020, Manual Override, The Shed, Birnin New York, New York <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manual Override |url=https://www.theshed.org/program/63-manual-override?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIkKuW7Jzq5QIVUIFaBR3l2wMpEAAYASAAEgIxg_D_BwE&sourceNumber=1334 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=The Shed}}</ref> == Gudummawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2023, Leeson ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga Creative Capital The Mill Valley Film Festival, The Contemporary Jewish Museum (San Francisco). An girmama Leeson tare da tallafi daga Creative Capital, The National Endowment for the Arts, Nathan Cummings Foundation, Siemens International Media Arts Award, Prix Ars Electronica, da Alfred P Sloan Foundation Prize for Writing and Directing. A shekara ta 2009 ta kasance mai karɓar kyautar John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow Profile |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/16524-lynn-hershman-leeson |access-date=19 November 2013 |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081643/http://www.gf.org/fellows/16524-lynn-hershman-leeson |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2009, ta sami lambar yabo ta SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award |journal=Leonardo |volume=42 |issue=4 |page=296 |doi=10.1162/leon.2009.42.4.296}}</ref> Gidan Tarihin Digital a Berlin ya amince da aikinta tare da lambar yabo ta d.velop dijital (ddaa) don Lifetime Achievement a fagen New Media a cikin 2010. An haɗa aikinta kwanan nan a cikin Arthur da Marilouise Kroker's Top Ten don fitowar Janairu 2013 na Artforum . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visual Arts Faculty featured in Artforum's Top Ten List |url=http://visarts.ucsd.edu/news/visual-arts-faculty-featured-artforums-top-ten-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091143/http://visarts.ucsd.edu/news/visual-arts-faculty-featured-artforums-top-ten-list |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kroker |first=Arthur and Marilouise |date=January 2013 |title=Top Ten |url=http://artforum.com/inprint/issue=201301 |journal=Artforum |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> A cikin 2014, IFP Pixel Market Prize ya tafi The Infinity Engine tare da Tilda Swinton, wanda Leeson ya jagoranta tare da haɗin gwiwar mai gabatarwa Lisa Cortes, wanda ya haɗa da Kyautar Kwalejin da Sundance Film Festival wanda ya lashe fim Precious . Infinity Engine shigarwa ce, fim da gidan yanar gizon mu'amala ta kan layi. Kyautar ta kunshi wata shida a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai da gayyatar shiga cikin shirin No Borders na shekara mai zuwa.<ref name="ScreenDaily">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-10 |title=Screen Daily |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/ken-loach-project-wins-top-pttp-prize/5078506.article#}}</ref><ref name="Power to the Pixel">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-10 |title=Power to the Pixel |url=http://powertothepixel.com/news/uncategorized/flickering-flame-takes-arte-international-pixel-market-prize-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018221628/http://powertothepixel.com/news/uncategorized/flickering-flame-takes-arte-international-pixel-market-prize-2014 |archive-date=2014-10-18}}</ref> An kuma nuna Leeson a cikin eNews na mata "Shugabannin 21 na karni na 21" na musamman a cikin 2014 don rawar da ta taka wajen karfafa matasan mata masu fasaha don karfafa muryoyin su na fasaha. Shirin ta !W.AR ta wayar da kan jama'a game da gaskiyar cewa duniyar fasaha yanki ne mai rinjaye na maza kuma tana bincika ayyukan da yawa masu tasiri na mata masu zane-zane a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Rita |date=January 2014 |title=Women's eNews Announces 21 Leaders for 21st Century 2014 |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/140101/womens-enews-announces-21-leaders-21st-century-2014 |access-date=2014-02-05 |website=womensenews.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, Gidan karatu na [[Jami'ar Stanford]] ya sami tarihin aiki na Hershman Leeson.<ref name="Stanford Archive">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson Papers Finding Aid |url=http://findingaids.stanford.edu/xtf/view?docId=ead/mss/m1452.xml;query=;brand=default |access-date=19 November 2013 |website=Stanford Libraries}}</ref> Stanford kuma ta sami tarin tambayoyin da aka tattara don shirin Hershman Leeson na 2010 !!Juyin Juya Halin Mata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=!W.A.R.: Voices of a Movement |url=http://lib.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution |access-date=19 November 2013 |website=Stanford Libraries |publisher=Stanford University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913092816/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2018, The Women's Caucus for Art ya ba Hershman Leeson lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award, a Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |title=WCA Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php |access-date=2018-03-24 |website=Nationalwca.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223927/http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php |archive-date=2018-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lynn Hershman Leeson an ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman daga juriya saboda shiga cikin 59th International Art Exhibition na La Biennale di Venezia - The Milk of Dreams . An gabatar da kyautar tare da wannan dalili: "don yin la'akari da damuwar cybernetic da ke gudana ta hanyar nune-nunen a hanya mai haske da ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da lokutan hangen nesa na aikinta na farko wanda ya hango tasirin fasaha a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun". <ref name=":4" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hershman Leeson yana zaune ne a [[San Francisco]], [[California]] . A shekara ta 1991, ta auri George Leeson, ta kara sunansa na karshe ga nata; wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na baya har yanzu ana gabatar da su a ƙarƙashin sunan Lynn Hershman . 'Yar Hershman Leeson, Dawn L. Hershman, likitan kanjamau ne wanda ke binciken ciwon nono a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamlin |first=Jesse |date=December 3, 2005 |title=Artist probes appearances in video, drawings, sculpture ... and, yes, robots |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Artist-probes-appearances-in-video-drawings-2591506.php |access-date=January 2, 2021 |publisher=SFGate}}</ref> Hershman Leeson yana da jikoki biyu, Noa da Eli.<ref name="dawn">{{Cite web |last=Benyon |first=Brielle |date=April 2022 |title=Bringing Creativity to Science: Dawn L. Hershman Is a Giant of Cancer Care |url=https://www.onclive.com/view/bringing-creativity-to-science-dawn-l-hershman-is-a-giant-of-cancer-care |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=OncLive}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fnol0dv0qfuwbd7hsn4s5prn3kak2zs Lepechinia rossii 0 174191 967183 945618 2026-10-13T14:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref name=tnc/>|genus=Lepechinia|species=rossii|authority=S.Boyd & Mistretta}} '''''Lepechinia rossii''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba a cikin dangin na'a-na'a wanda aka fi sani da '''Ross' pitcher sage''' . Yana da yawa a yankin Transverse Ranges na [[California]] a gefen arewa na Babban Yankin Los Angeles . An fara bayyana wannan nau'in a kimiyya ne kawai a shekarar 2006. <ref name="boyd">{{Cite journal |last=Boyd |first=Steve |last2=Mistretta |first2=Orlando |date=January 2006 |title=LEPECHINIA ROSSII (LAMIACEAE), A NARROW ENDEMIC FROM THE WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3120/0024-9637%282006%2953%5B77%3ALRLANE%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Madroño |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[77:LRLANE]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0024-9637}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == An san wannan shukar sau huɗu, biyu a tsaunukan Topatopa na gundumar Ventura kusa da Fillmore, da kuma biyu a tsaunukan Sierra Pelona gabas da tafkin Castaic a gundumar Los Angeles . Wurin da ya gabata ya kai kimanin {{Convert|3|km|mi}}, kuma wurin na ƙarshe bai ƙunshi fiye da tsire-tsire 1000 ba. <ref name="tnc" /> Wurin zama na chaparral na yankin California da kuma yankin dazuzzuka . <ref name="boyd" /> == Bayani == ''Lepechinia rossii'' wata shuka ce ko kuma wata itaciya mai ganye mai gashi da kuma siffar gland. Ganyen suna da hakora ko kuma gashin da aka yi wa ado da siffar oval, waɗanda tsawonsu ya kai santimita 13. Inflorescences ɗin furanni ne masu buɗewa waɗanda ke da manyan rassan bishiyoyi masu kama da ganye a tushe. Furannin suna da siffar kararrawa mai launin ja ko shunayya da kuma fari ko shunayya mai siffar kararrawa. == Kiyayewa == Barazana ga wannan nau'in da ba kasafai ake samu ba sun haɗa da motocin da ke tafiya a kan hanya, ayyukan kula da layin wutar lantarki, haƙo mai da bincike, nau'ikan shuke-shuke da aka gabatar kamar ciyawar brome, da canje-canje a tsarin kashe gobara a kudancin California inda ake noma shi. <ref name="boyd" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|33em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=81648 Jepson Manual Jiyya: ''Lepechinia rossii''] * [http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/3182.html California Asalin Shuka Society Rare Shuka Profile na ''Lepechinia rossii''] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q6527339}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 94htxpd7x61odeonvjop817gqwbyml8 Lupinus antoninus 0 174278 967265 945841 2026-10-13T18:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=G1|status_system=TNC|genus=Lupinus|species=antoninus|authority=[[Alice Eastwood|Eastw.]]}} '''''Lupinus antoninus''''' wani nau'in lupine ne mai wahalar samu wanda aka fi sani da '''Anthony Peak lupine''' . Yana da yaɗuwa a arewacin [[California]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Lupinus antoninus'' Eastw. |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=LUAN5 |access-date=November 3, 2013 |website=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] |publisher=Plants Profile}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda aka san shi daga wurare huɗu kacal a cikin North Coast Ranges, ciki har da kusa da Anthony Peak . <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Lupinus antoninus'', Anthony Peak lupine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/profiles/critically_imperiled/lupinus_antoninus/index.shtml |access-date=November 3, 2013 |publisher=[[United States Forest Service|USFS]]}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Lupinus antoninus'' yana girma a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunuka sau da yawa a tsakanin fireberries . Wannan ganye ne mai gashi, mai tsayi da dawwama, wanda ke girma {{Convert|20|-|50|cm}} tsayi. Kowace ganyen dabino an yi ta ne da ganye 6 ko 7 kowanne {{Convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm}} dogon lokaci. Ana shafa ganyen da gashi mai launin toka ko azurfa. Inflorescences ɗin ya kai {{Convert|20|cm}} tsayi, yana ɗauke da furanni da yawa kowanne tsawon santimita ɗaya kawai. Furen yana da fari mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske a kan tutarsa. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da gashin [[Legum|legume]] mai siliki har zuwa {{Convert|3.5|cm}} mai tsayi wanda ke ɗauke da ƴan tsaba masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin ruwan kasa. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4034 Jepson Manual Jiyya: ''Lupinus antoninus''] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Lupinus+antoninus ''Lupinus antonus'' Hotunan Hotuna] == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Isely, D. |year=1998 |title=Native & naturalized Leg. of the USA |publisher=[[Brigham Young University]]}} * {{Cite journal |year=1986 |title=List Based Record |publisher=[[United States Soil Conservation Service|USSCS]]}} {{Clear}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q4117738}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hteggdyslt2sww6s4sfi3xnjqtejkjk Lori Douglas 0 174581 967258 946667 2026-10-13T17:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967258 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''A. Lori Douglas''' ita ce Mataimakin Babban Alkalin Kotun Sarauniya ta Manitoba (Sashen Iyali). A halin yanzu tana ba da laccoci da kuma yin dokar iyali na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="giese">{{Cite web |last=Giese |first=Rachel |date=2016-07-21 |title=Indecent Exposure |url=http://reallifemag.com/indecent-exposure/ |access-date=2017-08-25 |publisher=Real Life}}</ref> == Ilimi == Douglas ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Winnipeg a 1978 da kuma digiri na farko na shari'a daga Jami'an Manitoba a 1982. An shigar da ita cikin Law Society of Manitoba a shekarar 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2005 |title=Manitoba Judicial Appointments Announced |url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/news-nouv/ja-nj/2005/doc_31520.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905185106/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/news-nouv/ja-nj/2005/doc_31520.html |archive-date=September 5, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=[[Department of Justice (Canada)|Department of Justice]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan shari'a == Douglas ta kasance abokin tarayya tare da kamfanin Thompson Dorfman Sweatman, inda ta fara aiki da Dokar iyali. Ta kasance farfesa a Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Manitoba da kuma Bar Admission Course . == Ayyukan shari'a == A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2005, an nada Douglas a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Sarauniya (Sashen Iyali). A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada ta Mataimakin Babban Alkalin Kotun Sarauniya (Sashen Iyali), wanda ya maye gurbin Alkalin Gerry Mercier . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2009 |title=PM Announces Manitoba Judicial Appointment |url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2581 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302120641/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2581 |archive-date=March 2, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=[[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Office of the Prime Minister]]}}</ref> === Karin da murabus === A watan Yulin 2010, mazaunin Winnipeg Alexander Chapman ya gabatar da korafi tare da Majalisar Shari'a ta Kanada game da Lori Douglas da mijinta, Jack King . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pritchard |first=Dean |date=2014-04-29 |title=Jack King, lawyer at centre of sex scandal, has died |url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2014/04/29/jack-king-has-died |access-date=2014-12-17 |publisher=[[Winnipeg Sun]]}}</ref> Wannan korafin ya yi zargin cewa Sarki, lauya ne na kamfanin Thompson Dorfman Sweatman, ya ɗora hotunan tsirara na matarsa zuwa shafin yanar gizo na batsa a shekara ta 2003 don yin ba'a ga abokan ciniki kamar Chapman.<ref name="complaint">{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2010 |title=Nude photos of judge contained in complaint |url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.900235 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> A yin haka Chapman ya karya yarjejeniyar sirri da aka yi da Sarki a shekara ta 2003. Wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2016, wacce ta bayyana hotunan a matsayin batsa na fansa, ta yi zargin cewa manufarsa ita ce ta kunyata alƙali a wani shari'ar da ta kasance abokin aiki na Douglas.<ref name="giese" /> Douglas, wanda ya koyi game da hotuna kuma ya gafarta wa Sarki a shekara ta 2003, bai san cewa akwai kwafin da suka tsira ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puxley |first=Chinta |date=2014-11-04 |title=Lori Douglas loses bid t end disciplinary hearing in nude photos case |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lori-douglas-loses-bid-to-end-disciplinary-hearing-in-nude-photos-case-1.2823365 |access-date=2014-12-17 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Douglas ya ce "Ban taɓa ganin hotunan ba kuma ban taɓa so in gan su ba".<ref name="giese" /> Binciken da ya biyo baya ya sami goyon baya daga shugaban dokar farar hula a Jami'ar Ottawa wanda ya ce "Idan hotunanku tsirara sun ƙare a shafin yanar gizo, yana da matukar wahala a ce kuna da amincin zama alƙali".<ref name="complaint" />Koyaya, wani labarin a cikin Mujallar Lauyan Kanada ya soki matakin, yana kiransa " zargi wanda aka azabtar a matsayin binciken shari'a na gaskiya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbarali |first=Jasmine |last2=Hnatiw |first2=Gillian |date=2014-11-17 |title=Victim-blaming couched as legitimate judicial inquiry |url=http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/5360/Victim-blaming-couched-as-legitimate-judicial-inquiry.html |access-date=2014-12-17 |website=Canadian Lawyer Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203060903/http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/5360/Victim-blaming-couched-as-legitimate-judicial-inquiry.html |archive-date=2014-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2010, Douglas ta nemi a "yantar da ita na ɗan lokaci daga ayyukanta a matsayin mai shari'a mai zaman kansa" yayin da "ta kasance a matsayinta a matsayin gudanarwa".[ing] A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, Majalisar Shari'a ta Kanada ta yanke shawarar cewa batun korafe-korafen da aka yi wa Douglas ya cancanci ci gaba da bincike kuma ya tura shi ga kwamitin bita. Binciken Majalisar Shari'a ta Kanada ya sha wahala daga jerin jinkiri da ƙalubalen shari'a kafin a ƙarshe ya kammala a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2014, lokacin da Douglas ya amince da yin ritaya da wuri don dawo da shari'ar da aka dakatar da ita a hukumance. Douglas ya yi ritaya a hukumance a ranar 21 ga Maris 2015.<ref name="Winnipeg Sun" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-05 |title=New judge replaces Lori Douglas |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/new-judge-replaces-lori-douglas-after-nude-photo-investigation-dropped-1.3061692 |access-date=2015-09-25 |publisher=CBC}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tpyofbiplgucznqjberpqrsski3jwbv Loch Shiel 0 174862 967234 947527 2026-10-13T16:46:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Loch Shiel''' wani [[Loch|wuri]] ne <ref name="britlakes">{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel |url=https://uklakes.ceh.ac.uk/detail.html?wbid=21925 |access-date=21 June 2026 |website=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |publisher=Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER)}}</ref> na ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke da {{Convert|20|km|mi}} yammacin Fort William a Lochaber, Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittings |first=Bruce |last2=Munro |first2=David |title=Loch Shiel |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2184.html |access-date=21 June 2026 |website=The Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society}}</ref> A{{Convert|17+1/2|mi|km|0}} tsayi <ref name="survey">{{Cite journal |year=1910 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=John |editor2-last=Pullar |editor2-first=Laurence |title=Lochs of the Shiel Basin |url=https://archive.org/stream/bathymetricalsur02murrrich/bathymetricalsur02murrrich_djvu.txt |journal=Bathymetrical Survey of the Scottish Fresh-water Lochs |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh, Challenger Office}}</ref> shine loch na 4 mafi tsayi a Scotland, kuma shine mafi tsawo da ya riƙe kwararar ruwa ta halitta ba tare da wani tsari na matakin ruwansa ba, <ref name="qualities" /> shine 120&nbsp;m (393)&nbsp;ft) zurfi. <ref name="survey" /> Yanayinsa yana canzawa sosai a tsawonsa, yana da zurfi kuma an kewaye shi da duwatsu a arewa maso gabas kuma ba shi da zurfi wanda [[Bog|fadama]] da makiyaya masu laushi suka kewaye shi a kudu maso yamma, daga nan ne ƙarshensa ya kai 4.&nbsp;kilomita Kogin Shiel yana magudawa zuwa teku a Loch Moidart kusa da Castle Tioram . <ref name="qualities">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=The special qualities of the National Scenic Areas |url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/Publication%202010%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20374%20-%20The%20Special%20Qualities%20of%20the%20National%20Scenic%20Areas.pdf |access-date=2018-05-01 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> Tsaunukan da ke kewaye suna da kyau amma ba kasafai ake hawa ba domin babu wanda ya kai {{Convert|3,000|ft|m}} ana buƙata don matsayin Munro . Yawancin tuddai an lasafta su azaman Corbetts, ciki har da [[Beinn Resipol]], [[Sgùrr Ghiubhsachain]] da Sgorr Craobh a' Chaorainn a gefen kudancin loch; da [[Beinn Odhar Bheag]] a bangaren arewa. <ref>R. Milne & H. Brown. The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. 2002. Published by the Scottish Mountaineering Trust. {{ISBN|0 907521 71 1}}.</ref> Yankin yana da dazuzzuka sosai idan aka kwatanta da yankunan tsaunuka da dama da suka fuskanci matsalar kiwo fiye da kima . Kallon wurin da ake kira loch yana kallon kudu daga abin tunawa da Glenfinnan, wanda ke nuna gefen tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka tare da ƙofofin da babu komai a cikinsu waɗanda ke tashi daga wani wuri mai kama da fjord, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hotunan tsaunukan Scotland. <ref name="qualities" /> Loch Shiel bai kai 10 ba&nbsp;mita sama da matakin teku, kuma an samar da shi a ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe lokacin da ma'adanan [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙara]] suka toshe abin da a da ake kira [[Loch|loch na teku]] . == Yanayi da kiyayewa == Loch Shiel yanki ne na musamman na kariya (SPA) saboda mahimmancinsa ga kiwo masu nutsewa masu duhu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel SPA |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8539 |access-date=5 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> kuma yankin da ke kewaye da loch ɗin an kuma sanya shi a matsayin SPA saboda kasancewar gaggafa masu launin zinare . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moidart and Ardgour SPA |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10115 |access-date=5 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Sauran nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke zaune a kusa da Loch sun haɗa da gaggafa masu farin wutsiya, masu nutsewa a wuya, falcons na peregrine, Eurasian sparrowhawks, kestrels na yau da kullun, ungulu da hen harrier . Akwai nau'ikan agwagwa da dama, ciki har da ƙananan grebes, goosanders, mergansers masu ja, [[Kwakkwa|mallards]], goldeneyes da kuma agwagwa masu tufted . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel Cruises: Wildlife on the Loch |url=http://www.highlandcruises.co.uk/naturalhistory.htm |access-date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Loch Shiel Cruises}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kifin da ke cikin Loch sun haɗa da salmon, [[Tsuntsun teku|kifin teku]] da kuma kifin ruwan kasa . Hukumar Kula da Fisheries ta Lochaber ce ke kula da haƙƙin kamun kifi, wadda ke ba da izinin kamun kifi daga Acharacle da ke kudu maso yammacin Loch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel |url=http://www.fishlochaber.co.uk/content/fisheries/11-loch-shiel/ |access-date=2 May 2018 |publisher=Lochaber Fisheries Trust}}</ref> Akwai yankunan [[dajin Caledonia]] da suka rage a tsibirin loch kamar Eilean Camas da Eilean Ghleann Fhoinainn, da kuma Meall na h-Airigh a arewacin ƙarshen loch. <ref name="qualities" /> Akwai kuma yankunan dazuzzukan itacen oak da alder (duba dajin ruwan sama na Celtic ) a bakin tekun loch waɗanda [[NatureScot]] ta ware su a matsayin Yankin Musamman na Kariya, waɗanda suka lura cewa kiwo da nau'ikan halittu masu yawa barazana ce ga yankin. Gabar tekun Loch kuma gida ne ga yawan tsuntsayen dawa . <ref name="SAC">{{Cite web |title=Site Details for Loch Moidart and Loch Shiel Woods SAC |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8300 |access-date=5 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Claish Moss, wanda ke kudu da loch, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan wani yanki mai tsayi a Burtaniya. Wannan dajin ya bunƙasa a cikin shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata, inda aka adana ƙwayoyin pollen da peat ya samar da tarihin rayuwar shuke-shuken dajin tun lokacin da dajin ya fara samuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claish Moss Nature Reserve |url=https://www.nature.scot/enjoying-outdoors/naturescot-nature-reserves/claish-moss-nature-reserve |access-date=5 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> An sanya wannan dajin a matsayin SAC, kuma a da wurin ajiyar namun daji ne na ƙasa, amma an soke shi a shekarar 2011 saboda rashin isa ga baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish National Heritage |url=http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B907229.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014131520/http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B907229.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref> Loch ɗin ya ba wa '''Loch Shiel National Scenic Area''' suna, ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan yankuna 40 a Scotland, waɗanda aka ayyana su don gano wuraren da ke da kyawawan wurare da kuma tabbatar da kariya ta hanyar tsarin tsare-tsare ta hanyar takaita wasu nau'ikan ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Scenic Areas |url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/national-scenic-areas |access-date=5 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Loch Shiel NSA ya ƙunshi 13,045&nbsp;ha, <ref name="area">{{Cite web |date=2010-12-20 |title=National Scenic Areas - Maps |url=http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Heritage/Areas/maps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140337/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Heritage/Areas/maps |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2018-04-26 |publisher=SNH}}</ref> kuma ya miƙe zuwa saman tuddai a kowane gefen loch ɗin, da kuma tuddai da ke kewaye da Glen Hurich da kuma abin tunawa a Glenfinnan . <ref name="NSA-map">{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel National Scenic Area |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/9138 |access-date=5 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani babban cocin zamanin da ya lalace da aka samu a babban [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]], Eilean Fhianain, an keɓe shi ne ga St. Finan, kuma yana iya tsayawa a wurin da aka gina wani ɗaki da ake kyautata zaton waliyyin ne ya gina a tsibirin a ƙarni na bakwai. Ana kyautata zaton Alan MacRuaridh, wani shugaban kabilar Ranald ne ya gina wannan cocin; dangin sun yi amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin binnewa har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na sha shida. Ana ci gaba da amfani da tsibirin don binne mutane, kuma wani abin tarihi ne na Tsoho da aka tsara . Acharacle, a kudancin Loch, shine wurin da aka yi yaƙin 1140 inda Somerled ya kayar da Norse don kafa [[daular]] Ubangijin Tsibirai . A waɗannan lokutan, wurin shakatawa yana da mahimmanci a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta cikin tsaunuka, domin ɗan gajeren kogin Shiel yana da sauƙin tafiya a zamanin da, duk da haka, ba ya sake tafiya yayin da zurfin ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙafa ɗaya. A zamanin daular Loch ta samar da iyaka tsakanin lardunan ko sarakunan Moidart a yamma, Ardgour a gabas, da kuma Sunart a kudu. Tioram Castle a tsibirin Eilean Tioram a cikin Loch Moidart, yana nan don sarrafa damar shiga Loch Shiel, don haka zuwa Lochaber da Great Glen, daga teku. <ref name="HS">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Castle Tioram: An account of its cultural significance |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/tioram-statement-of-cultural-significance.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113245/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/tioram-statement-of-cultural-significance.doc |archive-date=2012-10-25 |access-date=2018-04-30 |publisher=[[Historic Scotland]]}}</ref> Gidan ya bayyana a asali ya kasance babban kagara na Clann Ruaidhrí . <ref>Tabraham, C (2005) [1997]. Scotland's Castles. London: BT Batsford. {{ISBN|0 7134 8943 X}}. pp. 29, 111.</ref> A bisa ga al'adar zamani ta farko, wadda ''Tarihin Sleat'' na ƙarni na sha bakwai ya kiyaye, Áine Nic Ruaidhrí ne ya gina gidan sarautar (fl. 1318 &#x2013; 50), kuma tabbas ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin zama na zuriyar Clann Raghnaill na ƙarshen tsawon ƙarni. Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, mawaƙi kuma malamin Gaelic na Scotland na Bonnie Prince Charlie, an haife shi kuma ya girma a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/oran/orain/sgriobhaiche/alasdair_mac_mhaighstir_alasdair/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511135004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/oran/orain/sgriobhaiche/alasdair_mac_mhaighstir_alasdair/ |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018 |publisher=BBC ALBA – Bliadhna nan Òran}}</ref> A farkon hawan Jacobite na 1745, yariman ya sauka a Loch nan Uamh kuma aka yi masa kwale-kwale tsawon Loch Shiel domin ya ɗaga matsayinsa a Glenfinnan . <ref name="qualities" /> Bayan shan kashi na tasowa a Culloden da dama daga cikin fitattun 'yan Yakubu, ciki har da Cameron na Lochiel, sun ɓoye a ƙaramin tsibirin Eilean Mhic Dhomnuill Dhuibh a Loch Shiel. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel, Eilean Mhic Dhomnuill Dhuibh |url=http://canmore.org.uk/site/241214 |access-date=2018-05-01 |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref> A shekara ta 1842, a lokacin da aka yi wa Highland Clearances gyaran gonaki lokacin da aka share masu haya daga gonakin don samar da hanyar kiwon tumaki, matan Loch Shiel sun kori masu haya daga wurin korar. Da alama matan suna ɗauke da ƙugiya masu yankewa da kuma adon da aka cika da duwatsu. == Sufuri == Kafin gina hanyar A861, titin ya kasance babban hanyar sufuri a yankin, yana haɗa al'ummomin da ke ƙarshen kudu na titin zuwa layin dogo na West Highland da ke Glenfinnan. Kamfanin [[David MacBrayne]] 's ne ke gudanar da aikin jigilar wasiku da fasinjoji tsakanin 1953 da 1967, wanda hakan ya dakatar da ginin sabuwar hanyar da ke tsakanin Lochailort da Kinlochmoidart. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel Cruises: A brief history of boating on Loch Shiel |url=http://www.highlandcruises.co.uk/boatinghistory.htm |access-date=2018-05-01 |publisher=Loch Shiel Cruises |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426034703/http://highlandcruises.co.uk/boatinghistory.htm |archive-date=2018-04-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Layin jirgin ƙasa na West Highland da titin A830 duk sun ratsa ƙarshen arewacin Loch Shiel a Glenfinnan, yayin da titin A861 kuma yana tafiya kusa da gefen hanya na tsawon kimanin sa'o'i 4.&nbsp;km a ƙarshen kudu. Babu hanyoyin jama'a da ke tafiya a duk tsawon loch ɗin: hanyar gandun daji tana tafiya a gefen kudu tsakanin Polloch da Glenfinnan, yayin da babu hanyoyi ko hanyoyi a gefen arewa. <ref name="qualities" /> Ana samun jiragen ruwa a kan loch daga Glenfinnan, Acharacle da Polloch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Shiel Cruises: Timetable |url=http://www.highlandcruises.co.uk/timetable.htm |access-date=2018-05-01 |publisher=Loch Shiel Cruises |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501230552/http://www.highlandcruises.co.uk/timetable.htm |archive-date=2018-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Loch_Shiel_-_Glenfinnan_bay_(Scotland).jpg File:Glenfinnan_bay.jpg|alt=Glenfinnan bay| bakin tekun Glenfinnan File:Loch_Shiel_2.jpg|alt=View from the top of the Glenfinnan Monument| Duba daga saman Glenfinnan Monument File:Loch_Shield_Panorama.jpg|alt=Loch Shiel Panorama, June 2010| Loch Shiel Panorama, Yuni 2010 File:Loch_Sheil_April_2006.jpg|alt=Photo taken at the shore of Loch Sheil behind the monument of the Unknown Highlander, April 2006| An ɗauki hoto a bakin tekun Loch Sheil a bayan abin tunawa da Highlander da ba a sani ba, Afrilu 2006 </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jmcbs65i2ew3pd5taez0ye35eaeosu4 Lochan Saorach 0 175573 967248 956418 2026-10-13T17:06:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lochan Saorach''' ko '''Lochan Dùn Saoraich''' <ref name="OS2">{{Cite web |title=Perth and Clackmannan Sheet XCI.NW, Surveyed: 1898, Published: 1901 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17&lat=56.4125&lon=-4.5111&layers=6&b=1 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006094833/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17&lat=56.4125&lon=-4.5111&layers=6&b=1 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (NN451272) ƙaramin loch ne da ke cikin Glen Dochart ( Scottish Gaelic ), a ƙarƙashin Dun Saorach, Perthshire, [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|Scottish Highlands]], Scotland. [[Glen]] ya tashi daga Crianlarich zuwa gabas zuwa Killin tare da Kogin Dochart yana ratsa ta. <ref name="OSP">{{Cite web |title=OS Six-inch 1st edition, 1843-1882 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16&lat=56.4123&lon=-4.5126&layers=5&b=1 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006094833/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16&lat=56.4123&lon=-4.5126&layers=5&b=1 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lochan na Saorach yana da siffar halitta, siffarsa kusan siffar oval ce, yana a gefen Kogin Dochart daga tsohuwar gonar Auchessan kuma an san shi da cewa a wani lokaci yana da tsibiri mai iyo a kan ruwansa kamar yadda aka rubuta a shekarar 1769 ban da tsibiri na yau da kullun. <ref name="OSP" /> == Tarihi == [[File:Blanchemer_lake_and_floating_island_1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Tafkin Blanchemer, Faransa - Tsibiri mai iyo]] A shekarar 1769, wani masanin kifin teku Thomas Pennant, yayin da yake rangadin farko a Scotland, ya rubuta cewa " ''...a gaban gonar Achessan (sic), akwai tafki, wanda aka san shi da tsibiri mai iyo, tsawonsa ya kai ƙafa hamsin da ɗaya, kuma faɗinsa ya kai ashirin da tara, wanda ke jujjuya wurarensa da iska. Yana da ƙarfin da zai iya ɗaukar balaguron da ba shi da niyya, shanun da za su yi mamakin cin abinci a kan wannan ƙasa mai motsi, waɗanda aka yaudare su da kamannin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Ba za ta iya alfahari da ɗaukar bishiyoyi masu duhu na waɗanda ke kan ruwan Cutilian a samansa ba, amma, kamar Lydian Calamina, ana iya harba su daga gefen tafkin da sanduna, kuma suna iya nuna yalwar ciyawa mai kauri, wasu ƙananan bishiyoyin willow, da ƙaramin itacen birch.'' " Ya ci gaba da rubutawa a matsayin alamar ƙafa cewa " ''Kauri na wannan tsibiri yana da inci ashirin da biyar. Wataƙila, kamar yadda Mr.Gahn ya tabbatar da cewa lamarin sauran tsibiran masu iyo ne, wannan wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga tushen Schoenus mariscus, da Scirpus caespitosus, waɗanda aka canza su zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙara Carex caespitosus.'' " Schoenus mariscus yanzu ana kiransa swamp sawgrass ( ''Cladium mariscus'' ), ''Scirpus caespitosus'' yanzu ciyawa ce ( ''Trichophorum cespitosum'' ) kuma ''Carex caespitosus'' shine ''Carex cespitosa'' . An yi rikodin gonar Auchessan tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 18 kuma har yanzu ana mamaye ta. <ref name="OSr">{{Cite web |title=Roy Military Survey of Scotland, 1747-1755 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=15&lat=56.4162&lon=-4.5265&layers=3&b=1 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006094833/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=15&lat=56.4162&lon=-4.5265&layers=3&b=1 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tsibiran da ke iyo == Tsibiran da ke iyo ana kuma kiransu da tussocks, floatons, <ref name="FD">{{Cite web |title=The Free Dictionary |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Floaton |access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> ko suds kuma sun ƙunshi shuke-shuken da aka fallasa waɗanda ke tsiro a kan tushen tsirrai da sauran kayan halitta. A shekara ta 1745, Herman Moll ya rubuta a taswirar Loch Lomond cewa ya shahara da tsibirinsa mai iyo. <ref name="HM">{{Cite web |title=The Shire of Lenox [i.e. Lennox] or Dunbarton / by H. Moll. |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/0000029 |access-date=28 September 2018}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mai zane George Washington Wilson (1823 - 1893) ya ɗauki hoton ragowar wani tsibiri mai iyo a cikin mashigar Luss a wani lokaci da ba a sani ba. <ref name="GWW">{{Cite web |title=George Washington Wilson |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/65778/remains-floating-island-luss-straits-loch-lomond |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> Richard Franck, wani soja ɗan Cromwellian, an ajiye shi a Loch Ness a ƙarni na 17 kuma ya rubuta cewa " ''Shahararren Lough-Ness, an yi ta tattaunawa sosai game da tsibirin da ake tsammani yana iyo; domin a nan ne, idan a ko'ina a Scotland. Kuma ba wani abu ba ne illa gonar halitta ta segs da bullrush, waɗanda masana'antar halitta ta haɗa su kuma ta haɗa su, kuma iska mai ƙarfi ke tafiya a kowane gefe, tana shawagi daga wani ɓangare na Lough zuwa wani, a saman zurfin wannan ƙaramin Bahar Rum.'' " <ref name="RF">{{Cite web |date=2013-06-09 |title=AD 1658 : The Floating Island of Loch Ness |url=http://lochnessmystery.blogspot.com/2013/06/ad-1658-floating-island-of-loch-ness.html |access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> An gabatar da tsibiran da ke iyo a ruwa a matsayin dalilin ganin Dodanni na Loch Ness . <ref name="RF" /> == Lochan == Lochan yanzu yana cikin wani lambun bishiyoyi na daji, tare da tsibiri ɗaya da har yanzu yana nan, amma tsibirin da ke iyo ba ya wanzu. <ref name="OS2" /> == Manazarta == m2jt5pgy22p4awvfspwovk3gmqudic5 Loch Nan Clar 0 175809 967230 959069 2026-10-13T16:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Nan Clar''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne da ke Sutherland a [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|yankin Majalisar Highland]] a arewacin kasar [[Scotland]]. Tana kusa da babban titin B871, kuma babu wani matsuguni kai tsaye a kan tafkin duk da cewa ƙauyukan Gearnsary da Garvault suna kusa sosai. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Detailed maps & routes to explore the great outdoors {{!}} OS Maps |url=https://explore.osmaps.com/en/browser-not-supported?platform=unknown |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=explore.osmaps.com}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@58.289019,-4.1263674,14z |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da wurin a matsayin wurin ajiyar ruwa da kuma ɗaya daga cikin wuraren kamun kifi na salmon a [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland.]]<ref name="scottish-places.info">{{Cite web |title=Loch nan Clar from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2280.html |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=www.scottish-places.info |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Filin yana da nisan mil 1.5 (2.4 mil)&nbsp;km) duk da cewa yana kusa da Loch Badanloch kai tsaye tare da tsibirin Rhuba Mor shine kawai abin da ya raba su. Yana kuma kusa da Loch Rimsdale kuma wani ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne ya raba su. Loch Badanloch ne kawai ke fitar da ruwan Loch, amma idan aka yi la'akari da shigowar ruwan, akwai ƙananan koguna da yawa ban da Loch Rimsdale. Akwai Allt Caol, Feith Ghur da Allt Innse-Chomhraig duk wanda ke kawo ruwa daga [[Ben Graim Mor]], dutse mafi girma kusa da tafkin. Allt na Cailbe Mor yana kwarara cikin tafkin yana kawo ruwa daga Garbh Allt wanda ke kawo ruwa daga [[Threestone Hill]] da Beinne a' Mhadiadh haka kuma daga ƙoramar da ke kewaye da Allt a' Chreimh wanda har ya kai [[Lochan Sgeireach]] zuwa arewa mai nisa. Akwai kuma Allt na Cailbe Beag. Dangane da tuddai da tsaunuka, akwai Ben Graim Mor mafi girma a yankin, kuma akwai Sron an Eareannach, Cnoc na h-Uidhe da Cnoc Uidh a' Chlarain zuwa arewa da kudu dama kusa da loch. Akwai kuma wurin ajiyar yanayi na Naver Forest kai tsaye a arewacin Loch Nan Clar. <ref name="scottish-places.info" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> == Samun dama == Jirgin B871 da kuma ƙaramin tarin hanyoyin karkara suna ratsa kudancin Loch. Ɗaya yana tafiya zuwa Loch Choire ta hanyar Gearnsary. Ƙananan hanyoyi suna haɗa babban ɗayan zuwa bankunan Lochan an Alltan Fhearna ɗayan kuma ya wuce kudu zuwa Loch na Gaineime. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wata hanya da ke bi ta kudu daga B871 zuwa yamma, wadda ita ce kawai hanyar shiga kai tsaye zuwa ga loch. Akwai kuma hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa kusa idan aka yi la'akari da wurin da Loch Badanloch ke zaune a ciki a matsayin tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinbrace, duk da haka ba wai kawai yana da nisan mil 7 ba, har ma jiragen ƙasa 8 ne kawai ke yin hidima a kowace rana. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scotrail |first=North Highlands Timetable |title=Scotrail North highlands timetable |url=https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20084_north_highlands.pdf |access-date=2026-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106094309/https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20084_north_highlands.pdf |archive-date=2023-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Wannan wurin shakatawa da kuma wuraren shakatawa na Loch Rimsdale da Loch Badanloch duk wurare ne masu kyau na yawon bude ido idan aka yi la'akari da yankin da ke kewaye da su. Loch Nan Clar yana da masauki guda biyu a kusa da shi, Sheppard's Cottage da Garvault. <ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=Garvault |title=GET AWAY FROM IT ALL…. |url=https://garvaulthouse.uk/fishing |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=Garvault House |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamun kifi da hawan dutse duk dalilai ne na yawon bude ido, kamar kusan duk sauran wurare a yankin, kifi shine mafi yawan kama kifi, duk da haka, ana iya samun kifi salmon a nan da kuma a Kogin Helmsdale . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trout Fishing {{!}} Badanloch Estates |url=http://www.badanlochestates.co.uk/fishing-trout |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=www.badanlochestates.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929175438/http://www.badanlochestates.co.uk/fishing-trout |archive-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing {{!}} Badanloch Estates |url=http://www.badanlochestates.co.uk/fishing |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=www.badanlochestates.co.uk}}</ref> Jiragen ƙasa da yawa suna kan hanyar hawa dutse a yankin, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna bin hanyoyin da aka ambata a baya, wasu kuma suna tafiya a wurare marasa komai a fadin tsaunuka kusa da wurin. == Ilimin kayan tarihi == An sami kayan aikin dutse a kan "wuyan yashi" a wani yanki na bakin tekun loch wanda tun daga lokacin ruwa ya sake dawo da shi, yana tsakanin gabar tekun loch na yanzu da Rubha Mor ma'ana an taɓa haɗa su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Badanloch {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/6142/loch-badanloch |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Haƙar ma'adinai == Akwai ƙananan ramukan hakar ma'adinai da dama a kusa da Loch Nan Clar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2652945.html |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 9z2jfbf7wwzdrjh6mkkskr5xbn46rx0 Loch Naver 0 175810 967231 950387 2026-10-13T16:37:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Naver'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=John Fleming |title=Loch Nabhair |url=https://www.ambaile.org.uk/gd/search/?searchQuery=loch+nabhair |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Am Baile |language=gd}}</ref> wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne da ke cikin gundumar Farr da ke Sutherland a yankin majalisar [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]] na arewacin Scotland . Yana kan babban titin B873 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=B873, a scenic narrow road along Loch Naver |url=https://www.dangerousroads.org/europe/scotland/4980-b873.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.dangerousroads.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> A kan wurin shakatawar akwai kuma ƙauyukan Kilbreck, Redhackaistellll da Dailmallhart. Bugu da ƙari, Alltnaharra da Achanaes suna kusa. <ref name=":0" /> Kamun kifi ya shahara sosai a Loch Naver da [[Strathnaver|Kogin Naver]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NC500 Fishing - Best Salmon Rivers and Lochs in North Sutherland |url=http://www.nc500fishing.com/north-sutherland-salmon-fishing.asp |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.nc500fishing.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702042100/http://www.nc500fishing.com/north-sutherland-salmon-fishing.asp |archive-date=2022-07-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing for Salmon on the Naver, Syre Estate, Sutherland in Scotland |url=https://naverfishingsyre.co.uk/salmon-fishing |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Naver Fishing Syre}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lochs and Rivers |url=https://altnaharra.com/fishing/lochs-and-rivers/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Altnaharra Hotel |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsawon kogin Loch kusan kilomita 10 ne amma faɗinsa ya danganta da wurin da yake, Loch Naver ya miƙe daga Gabas zuwa Yamma kuma ruwa yana gudana gabas daga [[River Mudale|Kogin Mudale]] da [[Loch Staonsaid]] zuwa [[Strathnaver|Kogin Naver]] da Loch Hope . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Naver {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/5585/loch-naver |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> === Gudummawar shigowa da fitarwa === Babban kwararar ruwan Loch Naver shine [[River Mudale|Kogin Mudale]] da [[River Vagastie|Kogin Vagastie]] yayin da babban kwararar ruwan shine [[Strathnaver|Kogin Naver]] . Sauran kwararar ruwa sun haɗa da: * Grummore Burn <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grummore, depopulated township, Loch Naver (SM2209) |url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM2209 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=portal.historicenvironment.scot}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MHG12636 - Grummore, depopulated township, Loch Naver - Highland Historic Environment Record |url=https://her.highland.gov.uk/Monument/MHG12636 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=her.highland.gov.uk}}</ref> * Allt Gruama Beag * Allt a' Choire Bhuidhe * Allt a' Chnoic Leith * Allt Ach' a' Chuil <ref>{{Cite web |title=Way: Allt Ach'a' Chuil (240980294) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/240980294 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> * Allt Ruigh na Sealbhaig <ref>{{Cite web |title=Allt Ruigh Na Sealbhaig {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/75103/allt-ruigh-na-sealbhaig |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> * Allt Creagach <ref>{{Cite web |title=Allt Creagach {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/75106/allt-creagach |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MHG12639 - Allt Creagach - Highland Historic Environment Record |url=https://her.highland.gov.uk/Monument/MHG12639 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=her.highland.gov.uk}}</ref> * Kilbreck Burn <ref>{{Cite web |title=MHG13275 - Cup Marked Stone, Klibreck Burn - HBSMR WEB and API reference site |url=https://hbsmr-web.esdm.co.uk/Monument/MHG13275 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=hbsmr-web.esdm.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nostalgic memories of Klibreck Burn's local history |url=https://www.francisfrith.com/klibreck-burn/memories |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.francisfrith.com}}</ref> == kamun kifi == Kamun kifi ya zama ruwan dare ba kawai a Loch Naver ba har ma a [[Strathnaver|Kogin Naver]], domin wuri ne mai kyau don kama kifi. Ana kiran yankin [[Strathnaver|Stathnaver]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wuraren kamun kifi a ƙasar. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salmon, Trout, Loch and River Fishing, Scotland |url=https://www.sportinglets.co.uk/fishing/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen da ke son zama a yankin suna da zaɓi da akwai wurin shakatawa na karafa a Loch da kuma masauki a Alltnaharra da Syre. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luxury Hotel in Altnaharra, Sutherland {{!}} Althaharra Hotel |url=https://altnaharra.com/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Altnaharra Hotel |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> cfvz5fipmpvscotpgqb8rju3izkf1m3 Loch Nevis 0 175816 967232 950407 2026-10-13T16:39:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Loch_Nevis_from_Màm_Uchd_-_geograph.org.uk_-_14687.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Loch_Nevisand_surroundings_map_1947.jpg|thumb| 1947]] '''Loch Nevis''' wani [[Loch|yanki ne na teku]] a Lochaber a gabar tekun yammacin [[Scotland]] . Tana gudana daga cikin ƙasa daga Sautin Sleat, kuma a arewa tana da iyaka da yankin [[Knoydart]], a kudu kuma tana da iyaka da [[North Morar|Arewacin Morar]] (yankin arewacin Loch Morar, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙauyen Morar ). Jiragen ruwa guda biyu suna ratsa Loch Nevis. Ɗaya, ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na fasinja, yana haɗa garin Mallaig da ƙauyen Inverie da ke kan Knoydart da kuma ƙauyen Tarbet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Knoydart Ferry Service |url=http://www.knoydart-ferry.co.uk/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417092812/http://www.knoydart-ferry.co.uk/index.html |archive-date=17 April 2001 |access-date=19 September 2009 |publisher=Bruce Watt Cruises}}</ref> Ɗayan kuma, Knoydart Seabridge, wani jirgin ruwa ne da ke jigilar motoci da fasinjoji da kayan aiki a kowace rana, yana tafiya kai tsaye tsakanin Mallaig da Inverie. Jirgin ruwan da [[Caledonian MacBrayne]] ke sarrafawa zuwa Ƙananan Tsibirai daga Mallaig an sanya masa suna ne bayan loch, MV <nowiki><i id="mwKQ">Lochnevis</i></nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MV ''Lochnevis'' |url=http://www.calmac.co.uk/mv_loch_nevis.html |access-date=19 September 2009 |publisher=[[Caledonian MacBrayne]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720152325/http://www.calmac.co.uk/mv_loch_nevis.html |archive-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Loch Nevis tana ɗauke da gonakin kifi da dama, kuma a watan Mayu na shekarar 1998 ita ce wurin da aka fara samun barkewar cutar salmon mai saurin yaɗuwa a Scotland. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} 19v1h3vl6kw3to4z3i5iyy8fjrz31mu Loch na h-Oidhche 0 175819 967247 950418 2026-10-13T17:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch na h-Oidhche''' (Loch of the Night) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Am Faclair Beag |url=http://www.faclair.com/?txtSearch=oidhche |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=Am Faclair Beag}}</ref> <ref name="fishing">{{Cite web |title=Fishing in the Gairloch area: Loch na h-Oidhche |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422307 |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=Gairloch Fishing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922075604/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422307 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wani wuri ne mai tsaftataccen ruwa da ke tsakanin Loch Torridon da Loch Maree a cikin dajin Flowerdale, Wester Ross, [[Scotland]] . Yana da kimanin {{Convert|4.5|mi|km}} arewacin ƙaramin ƙauyen [[Torridon]] da {{Convert|8|mi|km}} kudu maso gabashin Gairloch. Siffar loch ɗin tana da tsayi kuma tana tafiya daga arewa zuwa arewa zuwa kudu zuwa kudu. Yana malala ta hanyar rafi mai rabe-rabe da ƙananan lochs da dama zuwa Loch Maree da Loch Gairloch . Yankin da ke kewaye da shi dutse ne mai tsaunuka tare da [[Beinn an Eoin (Torridon)|Beinn an Eoin]] a gabas da [[Baosbheinn]] a yamma. An yi binciken wurin a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1902 ta hannun TN Johnston da John Hewitt, daga baya kuma aka yi masa taswirar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochs a' Bhealaich, a' Ghobhainn & na h-Oidhche (Vol. 5, Plate 19) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422307 |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=National Library of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922075604/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422307 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray da Laurence Pullar ''na Ruwan Ruwa na Ruwan Ruwa na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' An san cewa kifi mai launin ruwan kasa na daji yana zaune a cikin Loch. <ref name="fishing" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 4ujka6n1syainzxoyv4rn6fu3okvpt2 Loch Eriboll 0 175822 967213 950422 2026-10-13T16:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Eriboll''' ɗan {{Convert|16|km|mi}} ne [[Loch|doguwar teku]] a bakin tekun arewa na [[Scotland]], wanda aka yi amfani da shi tsawon ƙarni a matsayin wurin ajiye ruwa mai zurfi domin yana da aminci daga tekuna masu yawan guguwa na Cape Wrath da Pentland Firth. Ana iya samun ragowar [[zamanin Tagulla]] a yankin, gami da wani yanki mai faɗi da kuma wani gidan tayoyi da aka kiyaye sosai a gefen tudu a saman gabar yamma. An haɓaka ƙaramin masana'antar lemun tsami a nan a ƙarni na 19 kuma Ard Neakie, wani babban kanti a gabashin gabar tekun Loch, yana da manyan murhun lemun tsami guda huɗu da aka ƙera a kusan shekarar 1870. Kafin a fara gina hanyar bakin teku a kusa da loch a shekarar 1890, jirgin ruwan Heilam ya tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portnancon a gabar yamma zuwa Ard Neakie. Ard Neakie da Portnancon duka tashoshin kamun kifi ne. <ref name="lime" /> [[File:Loch_Eriboll_2002.jpg|right|thumb| Gidan gona a Loch Eriboll]] A kusa da gabar tekun akwai garuruwan Eriboll, Laid, Heilam, Portnancon da {{Not a typo|Rispond}}. Eilean Hoan yana arewa, bakin tekun ƙarshen loch kuma akwai ƙananan tsibiran da ke kusa da su ciki har da A' Ghoil-sgeir, An Cruachan, An Dubh-sgeir, Eilean Clùimhrig, da Pocan Smoo. A yau daji ne da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, a yankin da ruwan sama ke da yawa kuma mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a a Burtaniya. == Amfani da jiragen ruwa == Rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kasance tana yawan ziyartar wurin shakatawa, musamman a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Akwai duwatsu da matuƙan jirgin ruwa suka shirya a cikin sunayen jiragen ruwansu, ciki har da {{HMS|Hood|51|6}} da <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Amethyst</i></nowiki>, a gefen tudu a saman ƙauyen Laid. Sojojin [[Birtaniya]] da ke aiki a nan a lokacin yaƙin sun yi masa lakabi da "Kulle 'orrible" saboda yanayi mara kyau da ake yawan samu. An yi amfani da Eilean Choraidh, babban tsibiri a yankin Loch, a matsayin wakilcin jirgin ruwan yaƙin Jamus ''Tirpitz'' don yin atisayen bama-bamai ta sama ta Fleet Air Arm kafin nasarar Operation Tungsten a watan Afrilun 1944. Jiragen ruwan Jamus guda 33 da suka tsira, misali U-532 da U-295, sun mika wuya a hukumance a nan a shekarar 1945, wanda ya kawo karshen Yaƙin Tekun Atlantika . An rarraba wani yanki da aka yi hayar a bakin teku da kuma wurin shakatawa a matsayin ''ƙaramin yanki na horo'' ta hanyar ƙungiyar Horar da Sojoji, <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2009 |title=Defence Training Estate Training Areas and Ranges (map) |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6553E496-F00E-4317-A58A-3B6CCB7E3379/0/dte_map_uk.pdf |access-date=15 November 2011 |website=Defence Training Estate |publisher=Ministry of Defence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206085227/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6553E496-F00E-4317-A58A-3B6CCB7E3379/0/dte_map_uk.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> galibi ana amfani da shi don horar da tsuntsayen ruwa da na musamman na tsawon makonni uku a kowace shekara. <ref name="aquaculture-plan">{{Cite journal |date=August 2000 |title=Loch Eriboll Aquaculture Framework Plan |url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CB074AD-09D5-4D79-AE64-B76C233CB1CF/0/eriboll_aug2000_full_doc.pdf |journal=The Planning and Development Service, the Highland Council |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234729/http://www.highland.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CB074AD-09D5-4D79-AE64-B76C233CB1CF/0/eriboll_aug2000_full_doc.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, an yi amfani da jirgin ruwan yaƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Exercise Joint Warrior, manyan wasannin yaƙi da aka gudanar a Burtaniya, wanda ya haɗa da jirgin ruwan yaƙi na HMS <nowiki><i id="mwXg">Bulwark</i></nowiki> na baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Bulwark takes over as UK flagship |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/BulwarkTakesOverAsUkFlagship.htm |access-date=14 November 2011 |website=Defence News |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> wanda yanzu aka sayar wa sojojin ruwan Brazil. == kamun kifi == Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Hukumar Kamun Kifi ta Scotland ya ba da haske game da yanayin kamun kifi daga Eriboll Rispond da Smoo a shekarun kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Kama kifi yawanci ya ƙunshi herrings, haddocks da lobsters. An bayyana babban sakamakon shekarar 1898 kamar yadda Talmine ya bayyana: "Masunta 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke da crofts ba sa gurfanar da kamun kifi akai-akai. Masu maganin Gabashin Tekun ne suka yi maganin a Loch Eriboll, waɗanda suka ɗauki jiragen ruwa da yawa don gurfanar da kamun kifi a cikin watannin Mayu da Yuni. 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba sa shiga cikin wannan kamun kifi sosai." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=1898 |title=17th Report |journal=Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland |location=Edinburgh |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |page=65-66}}</ref> == Manazarta == bvtd9lfo5w43b0g90e7cn9lhesnknzk Loch Sunart 0 175839 967237 950464 2026-10-13T16:50:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Sunart''' (Scott Gaelic: '''{{Lang|gd|Loch Shuaineart}}''' ) wani [[Loch|yanki ne na teku a]] gabar tekun yamma na [[Scotland]]. Yankin Loch Sunart yana arewa da gundumar Sunart ta [[Ardnamurchan]], kuma a kudu da gundumar Morvern. A nisan {{Convert|31|km|mi}} tsayi, ita ce mafi tsayin dokin teku a yankin karamar hukumar [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]]. Mafi girman zurfin wurin shakatawar shine {{Convert|124|m}}, gabashin Càrna da kuma kusa da ƙofar shiga Loch Teacuis. Sauran tsibiran da ke cikin loch sun hada da Oronsay, bakin teku na Càrna, Risga, wanda ke tsakanin manyan tsibiran biyu, da Eilean Mòr, wanda ke kan ƙarshen loch ɗin daidai da [[Beinn Resipol]] . [[File:Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg|thumb|Jawo Cocin Karfe zuwa Loch Sunart {{Sfn|Ritchie|1985}}]] [[File:Dramatic_Scenery_at_Loch_Sunart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1659920.jpg|right|thumb]] An yi hayar wani ɓangare mai yawa na yankin don [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|kiwon kamun kifi]], tare da kiwon kifi, wanda asali na [[salmon]] ne kawai amma yanzu an ɗan bambanta shi, an kafa shi a cikin shekarun 1980. Wani tatsuniyar gida ta yi iƙirarin cewa rashin tsuntsayen swan mazauna Loch Sunart ya samo asali ne sakamakon soyayyar da ta ƙare tsakanin wani shugaban Celtic da wata yarinya 'yar yankin. Lokacin da mahaifiyarsa, wacce ta ƙi aure, ta mayar da ita kamar swan don hana soyayyarsu, saurayin ya kashe swan ɗin da gangan yayin da yake farauta. Da ya ji labarin ainihin asalin swan ɗin, sai ya kashe kansa ya shiga swan ɗin da ke ƙasan ƙoƙon, wanda ake zargin swans sun guje shi tun daga lokacin. Wani ɓangare na bakin tekun Loch shine Eilean a' Mhuirich, wani tsibiri mai ruwa, wani ɓangare na bakin tekun Ardnastang, kimanin mil ɗaya a gefen A891 daga Strontian . Wanda kuma aka sani da Tsibirin Cumwhelpington, tatsuniyar gida ta ce idan ruwan teku ya kama ka a tsibirin, za ka buƙaci ka ɓuya daga hankaka, waɗanda a zahiri su ne Baobhan Sith - wata aljana ta mata mai mugunta a cikin tatsuniyar Scottish Highlands. A lokacin da aka ruguje gidan mai gidan ya ƙi izinin gina coci a gonarsa. Mafitar Graham Speirs ita ce gina cocin ƙarfe mai iyo. Bayan jinkiri, an kammala wannan aikin kuma aka fara aiki daga ranar Laraba 8 ga Yuli 1846. A sakamakon ɗan wahalar da jama'a suka sha, an zaɓi wurin da za a gina shi a ƙarƙashin garin Ardnastang, a bakin tekun Eilean a'Mhuirich, kusan.{{Convert|1+1/4|mi|0}} yamma da Strontian. Da ƙarfe uku na yammacin ranar Juma'a, an tsare ta lafiya kimanin {{Convert|150|yd}} a ƙasashen waje. Cocin da ke shirin yin ibada a bainar jama'a an fitar da jama'ar a safiyar Lahadi tsakanin sa'o'i goma zuwa sha biyu. Babban tutar shuɗi ta tashi daga cocin tana ɗauke da manyan haruffa da aka rubuta "An Eaglais Shaor". {{Sfn|Ritchie|1985}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Graham M |date=Spring 2021 |title=A Survey of Corrugated-iron Churches in Scotland |url=https://slhf.org/sites/default/files/documents/SLHF_108_-_Graham_M_Clark_Article_-_LR.pdf |journal=Scottish Local History Forum |issue=108 |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, an ayyana yankin gaba ɗaya (fadin {{Convert|4900|ha|acre}} ) a matsayin Yankin Kare Muhalli na Ruwa (NCMPA), don kare wasu abubuwa da suka haɗa da gadajen wuta da kuma yawan mutanen ''Leptometra Celtica'' . <ref name="snh">{{Cite web |title=Loch Sunart MPA(NC) |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10417 |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Gadojin serpulid suma suna nan, haka nan akwai halittu kamar soso, kifin starfish da brittlestars . <ref name="summary">{{Cite web |title=Loch Sunart Marine Protected Area Site Summary |url=https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/10417/documents/48 |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=Scottish Government}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta ware MPA a matsayin yanki mai kariya [[Yankin kariya|daga Nau'i na IV]] . <ref name="planet">{{Cite web |title=Loch Sunart in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/loch-sunart-nature-conservation-marine-protected-area |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=Protected Planet}}</ref> A cikin MPA, an haramta amfani da kayan kamun kifi gabaɗaya, kodayake an yarda da yin croeling a wasu sassan loch. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2015 |title=Scottish Statutory Instrument 2015 No. 435: The Inshore Fishing (Prohibition of Fishing and Fishing Methods) (Scotland) Order 2015 |url=https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/10417/documents/47 |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer#United Kingdom|Queen’s Printer for Scotland]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Loch ɗin kuma yana cikin wani babban yanki mai girman {{Convert|74100|ha|acre}} NCMPA, mai suna Loch Sunart zuwa Sautin Jura, wanda ya haɗu da Sautin Mull, Firth na Lorne da Sautin Jura . An tsara wannan MPA ne don kare yawan masu tsere kan kankara da kuma siffofin ƙasa na yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura MPA(NC) |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10418 |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4104aa8v4eyopc3ghik40oj0cyd8hub Loch Tarff 0 175841 967238 950471 2026-10-13T16:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Tarff''' ƙaramin wuri [[Loch|ne]] mai ruwa mai tsafta{{Convert|1.25|km|mi}} gabar kudu maso gabashin Loch Ness a cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]]. == Labarin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa == Loch ɗin yana cikin tsaunukan da ke hawa daga gabashin gabar tekun Loch Ness kuma yana da tsayin {{Convert|292|metres|feet}} ASL. Tana da fadin fili na kimanin {{Convert|50|ha|acre}} tare da babban mashigar ruwa zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma ƙaramin mashigar ruwa zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ana samun ruwa a yankin ruwan ta hanyar ƙananan koguna da dama, waɗanda yawancinsu ke shiga gabar arewa maso gabashin ƙasar daga gangaren kudancin Beinn a' Bhacaidh. Akwai tsibirai da dama a cikin yankin Loch, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu, Eilean Bàn, yana kusa da gabar arewa maso gabashinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Tarff, Highland (PH32 4BZ) |url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/loch-tarff-highland |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Ordnance Survey}}</ref> Shaidun ƙasa sun nuna cewa an kafa wurin shakatawa a [[Shekarar kankara|zamanin ƙanƙara]] na ƙarshe kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce, kuma sakamakon dusar ƙanƙara ce da ta yi ta yawo a cikin ƙasa. Dutsen da ke kewaye yana da kama da na metamorphic, galibi schists ne, kodayake akwai kuma conglomerates na sedimentary da aka samar daga metamorphic da igneous strata a cikin fault scarp wanda ya ƙunshi [[Babban Glen|Great Glen]] . Ana iya samun laka mai ƙazanta a kudancin loch a kusa da gabar kudu ta Loch Ness. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Geological View of Loch Ness and Area |url=http://www.nessie.co.uk/htm/about_loch_ness/nessgeo.html |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Legend of Nessie}}</ref> == Samun dama == Ta hanyar mota, wurin shakatawa yana kusan{{Convert|6|km|mi}} mil Fort Augustus, kuma ana iya isa gare shi ta hanyar titin B862, wanda ke gudana a gefen gabashin loch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directions Fort Augustus to Loch Tarff |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Fort+Augustus/Loch+Tarff,+Fort+Augustus+IV2+6UP/@57.1460152,-4.6459079,14z/am=t/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x488f210df41b3beb:0x12170f9721af3cd0!2m2!1d-4.6805166!2d57.1448064!1m5!1m1!1s0x488f22e2bedb69c3:0x488f22e2c7f7967e!2m2!1d-4.606506!2d57.1529851!3e0 |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> Ga masu tafiya a ƙasa, wurin shakatawa yana kan titin South Loch Ness Trail, kimanin sa'o'i ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu ta hanyar hawa mai tsayin {{Convert|280|metres|feet}} tare da tsaka-tsaki biyu daga gabar kudu ta Loch Ness a Fort Augustus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OS Maps Route Planner |url=https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/57.15089,-4.59219,15 |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Ordnance Survey}}</ref> == Bayyana a kafofin watsa labarai == An yi amfani da bidiyon loch ɗin a cikin fim ɗin ''Local Hero'' na 1983 (a wurin da ke bin zomo da hazo; motar babban jarumin, an tsayar da motar Ford Cortina a kan hanya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland: the Movie Location Guide |url=http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/lhtaff.html |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Doug Hill}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ɗauko wurin ne daga jirgin B862 yana kallon yamma kuma ana iya ganin wasu daga cikin tsibiran Loch a bango. == Manazarta == l75t8mlvre8cw19aqfnyyjp3q4ou0bq Loch Torridon 0 175854 967239 956417 2026-10-13T16:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Torridon''' wani [[Loch|yanki ne na teku]] a gabar tekun yamma na [[Scotland]] a cikin [[Tuddan Yankin Arewa maso Yamma|tsaunukan Arewa maso Yamma]]. An ƙirƙiri wurin shakatawa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙara]] kuma jimilla yana da nisan mil 15 (25 miles)&nbsp;km) tsayi. Yana da sassa biyu: Upper Loch Torridon zuwa ƙasa, gabas da Rubha na h-Airde Ghlaise, a lokacin ya shiga Loch Sheildaig; kuma babban sashin yamma na Loch Torridon daidai. Loch a' Chracaich da Loch Beag ƙananan mashigai ne a gefen kudu na wajen Loch, wanda ke haɗuwa da Inner Sound tsakanin kan iyakokin Rubha na Fearna a kudu da Red Point a arewa. <ref name="OS">{{Cite web |title=Get-a-map |url=http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?map |access-date=22 August 2010 |publisher=[[Ordnance Survey]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629151322/http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?map |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunan ''Thoirbhearta'' yana da tushe iri ɗaya da ''Tarbert'' kuma yana nuna wurin da ake jan jiragen ruwa a kan ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iain Mac an Tàilleir |title=Placenames |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/gaelic/pdfs/placenamesP-Z.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529185220/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/gaelic/pdfs/placenamesP-Z.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-29 |access-date=2007-07-23 |publisher=Pàrlamaid na h-Alba}}</ref> Tsibiran da ke cikin wurin sun haɗa da: * a cikin Loch Shieldaig: [[Eilean an Inbhire Bhàin]], [[Eilean Dùghaill]] da Shieldaig Island . * a cikin Upper Loch Torridon: [[Eilean à Chaoil]], [[Eilean Cnapach]], duka biyun suna tidal. * a waje Loch Torridon: [[Eilean Mòr, Loch Torridon|Eilean Mòr]], [[Eilean Tioram, Loch Torridon|Eilean Tioram]], [[Sgeir Ghlas]], [[Sgeir na Trian]] . <ref name="OS" /> Kamfanin [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] ne ya mallaki tsibirin Shieldaig tun daga shekarar 1970. Yana da siffar Scots Pine, wanda wataƙila an shuka shi daga tsaba da aka ɗauko daga [[Strathspey, Scotland|Speyside]] a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shieldaig |url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/shieldaig/shieldaig/index.html |access-date=22 August 2010 |publisher=Undiscovered Scotland}}</ref> == Ƙauyukan da ke kewaye == [[File:Scotland_Loch_Torridon.jpg|thumb| An gan Loch Torridon daga ƙauyen Torridon]] Ƙauyen [[Torridon]] yana kan titin Loch kuma yana kewaye da [[Torridon|tsaunukan Torridon]] masu ban mamaki. A arewa akwai kauyukan Redpoint, Diabaig, Wester Alligin da Alligin Shuas. A kudu akwai Shieldaig. == Tuddai == [[File:View_from_An_Ruadh-stac_summit.jpg|right|thumb| Duban arewa maso yamma daga taron [[Ruadh-stac|An Ruadh-stac]] yana ɗauka a [[Beinn Damh]], Upper Loch Torridon da [[Beinn Alligin]] .]] Loch yana kewaye da tsaunuka daban-daban zuwa arewa, ciki har da [[Liathach]], [[Beinn Alligin]] da [[Beinn Eighe]], dukansu sun fi {{Convert|3000|ft|m}} a tsayi. Dutsen Torridon yana nuna kyawawan wurare na tsaunuka. Duwatsun da aka yi su ana kiransu da Torridonian sandstone, wasu daga cikinsu an yi musu ado da farin Cambrian quartzite . Suna cikin tsoffin duwatsu a Birtaniya, kuma suna kan tsofaffin duwatsu, wato Lewisian gneiss. == kamun kifi == [[File:Lochtorridonclipper.jpg|right|thumb| ''Loch Torridon'', injin yanke katako na 1881]] [[File:Lochtorridonsailplan.jpg|right|thumb| Tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa ''Loch Torridon'', 1881]] Loch Torridon muhimmin wurin kamun kifi ne na jatan lande da kuma kifin da aka yi da harsashi kuma gida ne ga gonakin salmon da yawa da kuma noman mussel na masana'antu. Ana kamun kifi da creels da aka yi da herring ko jatan lande, waɗanda aka sanya su a kan layukan creels har zuwa 120 sannan a bar su a kan teku na tsawon akalla kwana ɗaya. Yawancin kama ana fitar da su zuwa [[Ispaniya|Spain]], amma ana sayar da wasu a cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MacIver Shellfish |url=http://www.maciver-shellfish.co.uk/ |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506100541/http://maciver-shellfish.co.uk/ |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Majalisar Kula da Kamun Kifi ta Marine ta dakatar da takardar shaidar cin abincin teku mai dorewa ga Loch Torridon langoustines a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2011, saboda karuwar matsin lamba a yankin da jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi na creel-fishing suka haifar wadanda ba su yi rijista da ka'idar aikin kamun kifi ta son rai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2011 |title=MSC Certification Suspended for Loch Torridon Langoustine |url=http://www.msc.org/newsroom/news/msc-certification-suspended-for-loch-torridon-langoustine |access-date=26 January 2011 |website=Certified Sustainable Seafood |publisher=Marine Stewardship Council}}</ref> Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Hukumar Kamun Kifi ta Scotland ya ba da haske game da yanayin kamun kifi daga Loch Torridon a shekarun kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. An yi kamun kifi a cikin loch da kuma a cikin ruwan da ke tsakanin Skye da babban yankin ƙasar. Kama-kama ya ƙunshi herrings da lobsters. == Ilimin kayan tarihi == == Manazarta == gdvmw34te3sbi09yu9ke0crysjzzyee Loch a' Ghobhainn 0 175862 967243 958744 2026-10-13T16:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch a' Ghobhainn''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke cikin ƙasa da kudu maso yammacin ƙauyen Shieldaig a cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] . Loch ɗin yana da siffar ellipse wadda ba ta daidaita ba, kuma tana da siffar {{Convert|3.1|km|mi}} a kewaye. . Yana da kimanin {{Convert|0.75|mi|km}} tsayi, yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|12.5|ft|m}} kuma yana da {{Convert|28|ft|m}} a cikin mafi zurfinsa. An yi binciken wurin a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1902 ta hannun TN Johnston da John Hewitt, daga baya kuma aka yi masa taswirar <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lochs a' Bhealaich, a' Ghobhainn & na h-Oidhche (Vol. 5, Plate 19), Bathymetrical Survey, 1897-1909 |url=http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/map.cfm?sid=74422307 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]] |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701183828/http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/map.cfm?sid=74422307 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwan Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Ruwa Mai Daɗi na kasar Scotland daga shekaran 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == nt8uue641ohq5ms90wlqdrrv9a9r4um Loch Hope 0 175867 967214 950556 2026-10-13T16:12:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Hope''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne mai ruwa-ruwa mai kyau a cikin gundumar Durness da ke Sutherland a [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|yankin Highland Council]] a arewacin Scotland. Tana fuskantar arewa zuwa kudu, kuma tana da tsawon kilomita 10, kuma a matsakaici faɗinta ya kai kilomita 1. Titin A838 ya ratsa ƙarshen arewa a ƙaramin ƙauyen Hope. Loch wani lokaci ne da ake samun masu yawon bude ido a yankin da ke kewaye da shi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Loch Hope, Highland - area information, map, walks and more |url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/loch-hope-highland/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Ordnance Survey Get Outside |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Detailed maps & routes to explore the great outdoors {{!}} OS Maps |url=https://explore.osmaps.com/en/browser-not-supported?platform=unknown |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=explore.osmaps.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@58.4182938,-4.7171513,12z |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Fitowar ruwansa, Kogin Hope, ya zama ruwan sama nan da nan a ƙarƙashin wurin da Hope ya mamaye. Duk da haka, yawancin masu yawon bude ido suna wucewa ta yankin (galibi ba tare da tsayawa ba) saboda A838 wani ɓangare ne na sanannen hanyar [[Tekun Arewa 500|North Coast 500]] . == Yanayin ƙasa == === Koguna === Ruwa daga wurin shakatawar shine mil 1.25 (2)&nbsp;km) Kogin Hope, wanda ya isa teku a ƙofar shiga [[Loch Eriboll]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=River Hope from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst15953.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.scottish-places.info |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kogin Strathmore ne ke shigowa. Wannan kogin yana da faɗi da faɗi na magudanar ruwa, tare da tarin magudanar ruwa da rafuka na ɗan lokaci da rafuka a cikin wannan yanki mai tsaunuka. <ref name=":0" /> === Duwatsu === Dutsen da ya fi shahara a yankin shine [[Ben Hope]], wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 928 kuma shine mafi tsayi a Munro, kusa da ƙarshen kudu na Loch. == Matsugunan zama == Mazauna yankin kaɗan ne kuma ƙanana ne. === Fata === Hope ita ce kawai wurin da aka fi sani a kan wannan wuri, kuma an sanya mata suna ne saboda shi. Tana nan a arewacin kogin Loch, a saman Kogin Hope. Akwai wuraren tarihi guda bakwai a cikin mazaunin da kuma wasu da'irori biyu na bukkoki a arewacin ƙauyen. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Map {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/search/result?SITECOUNTRY=0&view=map |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Gefen kogin da ke kewaye da shi cike yake da duwatsu masu faɗi, kuma mazaunin yana da ƙaramin yawan jama'a na dindindin amma shi ne mafi girma daga cikin ƙananan ƙauyukan da ke da yawan jama'a a kan loch. Akwai ƙaramin shinge a cikin mazaunin da kuma hanyoyi da yawa a ɗayan gefen kogin zuwa Hope; akwai gidan jirgin ruwa a gefen kogi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Loch Hope {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/4913/loch-hope |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Wurin Hope Lodge ==== Hope Lodge, wanda aka gina a matsayin wurin daukar hoto, shine otal mafi tsada a Scotland tun daga watan Yunin 2026. Kamfanin Wildland Ltd ne ke da shi kuma yake gudanar da shi. An tsara Hope Lodge a shekarar 1878 ta hannun William Fowler don Duke na Sutherland kuma gini ne da aka jera a cikin rukunin B. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Jamie |title=Plans approved for first phase of world-class shooting lodge and spa |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands-islands/1225763/plans-approved-for-first-phase-of-world-class-shooting-lodge-and-spa-in-north-west-sutherland/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Press and Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Wasu wurare === Wuraren da ke ƙasa ba su da wani abin lura. Misali, Braesgill gini ne guda ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin grid reference 475571. ==== Lochside ==== Kamar yawancin wurare a Scotland waɗanda ba a zata ba, Lochside yana gefen Loch Hope. Tana gabashin loch ɗin a kan ƙaramin rafi wanda yake Allt na Raipe kuma a cikin Lochside akwai garken tumaki . Akwai wuraren tarihi guda biyu a Lochside. Banda hanyar da ke kewaye da Loch, akwai ƙananan hanyoyi kaɗan kawai a kusa da wurin. <ref name=":4" /> Akwai wasu gidaje a cikin Lochside. <ref name=":1" /> ==== Braesgill ==== Braesgill, wani ƙaramin gida ne da ke tsakiyar Loch, wani wurin noma ne da ke gefen Loch Hope. An sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin da yake a kai wanda ke kwarara zuwa Loch Hope, yana da wuraren tarihi guda uku, ciki har da da'irar bukka mai sauƙi. <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Braesgill {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/4900/braesgill |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> An saka Braesgill a cikin jerin sunayen Ordnance Survey tun daga 1871 a cikin Sutherland Juzu'i na 12 kodayake yanzu ya daina bayyana a taswirarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OS1/33/12/28 {{!}} ScotlandsPlaces |url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/sutherland-os-name-books-1871-1875/sutherland-volume-12/28 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182726/https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/sutherland-os-name-books-1871-1875/sutherland-volume-12/28 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Place names {{!}} ScotlandsPlaces |url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/sutherland-os-name-books-1871-1875?page=125&display=placenames |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Merkan ==== Merkan wani yanki ne da aka rasa galibi a kudancin Braesgill, kuma an sanya masa suna ne saboda kogin da yake a kai, amma kuma wani ƙaramin tsaunin da ke kusa da shi mai suna iri ɗaya. Taswirorin Binciken Ordnance sun nuna shi tun daga shekarar 1878. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OS1/33/12/78 {{!}} ScotlandsPlaces |url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/sutherland-os-name-books-1871-1875/sutherland-volume-12/78 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana yamma da titin gefen hanya kuma wata ƙaramar hanyar da aka sassaka ta haɗa ragowar gini da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Merkan {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/357210/merkan |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Yana da madadin suna, Meirgeach. ==== Muiseal ==== Muiseal wani ƙaramin gona ne, kusa da kudancin Loch. Yana da jerin abubuwa a Openstreetmap da OS kuma an yi masa lakabi da ƙauye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Node: Muiseal (1774025966) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/1774025966 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Ya fi shahara fiye da yawancin sauran matsugunan. Abin mamaki, Muiseal ba ta da wuraren tarihi, amma biyu suna kudu da ita. Muiseal wuri ne da ake amfani da shi wajen gano hanyoyi da tsaunuka da yawa a yankin, kuma rafin Allt An Muiseal yana ratsa ta cikinsa, yana ba shi suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walk Route Map h129 Ben Hope from Muiseal, Strath More |url=https://www.go4awalk.com/walks/walk-search/walk.php?walk=h129 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.go4awalk.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geograph:: The path up Ben Hope from Muiseal © David Purchase cc-by-sa/2.0 |url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4556914 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.geograph.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Tana da nisan mita 11 sama da matakin teku, akwai wurin ajiye motoci a ciki don samar da wasu hanyoyin da ke yankin, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana zuwa [[Ben Hope]] . Akwai wata ƙaramar hanya da ke kaiwa ga kogin Strathmore, a ɗayan gefen kogin kuma akwai wani wuri mai suna Luib Bhan. A ƙarshe akwai gine-gine biyu masu rufin gida a cikin Muiseal. <ref name=":3" /> ==== Arnaboll ==== Arnaboll gona ce da aka yi watsi da ita a ɗayan gefen Loch Hope, wadda aka sanya wa suna bayan kogi da tudu mai suna iri ɗaya. Ya ƙunshi ginin da ba shi da matsala da kuma da'irar Hut ta tarihi. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Geological Society of London - Arnaboll |url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/GeositesArnaboll |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.geolsoc.org.uk}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani wuri guda na kayan tarihi a cikin Arnaboll. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnaboll {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/4898/arnaboll |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Alltnacaillich ==== Alltnacaillich yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare kaɗan da ke kusa da wurin da za a sami jerin taswirar Google. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alltnacaillich · Lairg IV27 4UL, UK |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Alltnacaillich,+Lairg+IV27+4UL,+UK/@58.3710321,-4.6456745,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x4890214feb837d1d:0x3cc8c285d59f538c!8m2!3d58.3710275!4d-4.6369171 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Alltnacaillich · Lairg IV27 4UL, UK |language=en}}</ref> Ƙauye ne da ke zaune a ko'ina a [[Strathmore River|Kogin Strathmore]] . A kudu da Muiseal. <ref name=":3" /> Akwai wuraren tarihi guda 7 a cikin Alltnacaillich. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alltnacaillich {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/4890/alltnacaillich |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Akwai wani yanki na tsakiyar yankin, gidaje da hanyoyin da ba sa nan, duk wannan yana saman kogin Allt na Caillich inda aka sanya wa kogin suna ba tare da asalinsa ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin suna kaiwa ga kololuwa da duwatsu, amma yawancinsu suna tafiya yamma zuwa Strathmore inda akwai hanyoyin haɗi zuwa wuraren tarihi na tarihi, wurin zama, [[Maƙabarta|makabarta]] da wurin ajiyar yanayi. Alltnacaillich kuma gida ne ga gada a kan Strathmore da kuma tudun da ya ƙone, kuma kusa da shi akwai Don Dornaigil . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> Duk da cewa akwai mazauna, babu wani nau'in otal ko masauki a Alltnacaillich. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotels Alltnacaillich |url=https://hotelandplace.com/hotels/alltnacaillich?spmchkbj=spmprvbj54po |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Hotelandplace.com |language=en}}</ref> Ƙauyen yana da tushen asali domin yana nufin ƙonewar matar da aka ambata a sama, wanda a zahiri shine sunan kogin da aka ambata a sama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alltnacaillich |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/alltnacaillich/ |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.ainmean-aite.scot}}</ref> ==== Gidan Moine ==== Gidan Moine ko Gidan Moin yana gabashin Loch. Tana da wuraren tarihi guda uku a yankin kuma tana kusa da gabar wani loch, Loch Nam Meur Liath wanda a kanta yana kusa da wani babban loch, Loch Maovalley wanda ke kwarara zuwa Loch Hope. Ya ƙunshi gini ɗaya da ya lalace da kuma wasu hanyoyi biyu. An gina shi ne a matsayin wurin mafaka ga mutanen da ke tafiya a kan hanyar da aka kusan ginawa a fadin yankin, yanzu A838 kuma ya rasa rufinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moin House {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/5411/moin-house |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Gidan kuma yana da zama na dindindin kuma saboda mahimmancinsa wajen taimaka wa matafiya, ya zama wuri mai alama a taswirori daban-daban. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Moine House |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/moine-house |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moine Ho · Lairg IV27 4UJ, UK |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Moine+Ho,+Lairg+IV27+4UJ,+UK/@58.5018057,-4.5498202,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x489017d855558e4b:0x4e53189684d84739!8m2!3d58.5034707!4d-4.5438766 |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=Moine Ho · Lairg IV27 4UJ, UK |language=en}}</ref> Moine yana nufin Gaelic ga Moss kuma gidan yana da iyalai da yawa masu daraja waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna da mutane har 8. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moine House |url=http://cmy.iay.org.uk/moinehouse/moine.htm |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=cmy.iay.org.uk}}</ref> Wurin tarihi na yanzu yana da wurin ajiye motoci ga baƙi. <ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e35apf1hmnv6by8l2j0dr6ir1inffed Loch Veyatie 0 175871 967240 950568 2026-10-13T16:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Veyatie'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stac Pollaidh agus Cùl Beag |url=https://www.ambaile.org.uk/gd/asset/29061 |website=Am Baile |language=gd}}</ref> babban [[Loch|wurin shakatawa]] ne mai ruwa a arewa maso yammacin [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897–1909 |url=http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/chart/2096 |access-date=25 November 2017 |website=Maps |publisher=The national library of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518190212/http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/chart/2096 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="britlakes">{{Cite web |title=Loch Veyatie |url=https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/apps/lakes/detail.html#wbid=10719 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |publisher=Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER)}}</ref> Yana ɗaukar kimanin awa 6&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma daga [[Matsugunni|matsugunin]] Elphin, kuma yana tsakanin [[Suilven]] ({{Lang|gd|Sùlabheinn}}) da kuma [[Cùl Mòr]]. Loch ɗin yana cikin wani yanki da aka sani da ''Assynt-Coigach National Scenic Area'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Assynt-Coigach National Scenic Area |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/9119 |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan yankuna 40 a Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Scenic Areas |url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/national-scenic-areas |access-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> == Iyakar Gunduma == Iyakar da ke tsakanin Ross-shire da Sutherland (sabili da haka tsakanin parishes na Lochbroom da Assynt ) tana da tsawon loch ɗin. == Kamun kifi == An san shi da kifi mai kama kifi (har da ferox ) da kuma charr, kuma sanannen wurin da masunta ke zuwa. [[Kwararar ruwa|Guguwar da ke fitowa]] daga wurin kiwon kifi [[Salmon|na salmon]] a ƙarshen gabashin Loch tana jawo manyan kifaye, ciki har da, ba a saba gani ba, zuwa babban [[Kogi|kogin]] da ke ciyar da shi, [[Abhainn Mhòr]] . Wurin madatsar ruwan Cam Loch yana nan kai tsaye a 1&nbsp;km zuwa arewa maso gabas, kuma yana bin wannan yanayin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Uidh Fheàrna, wata hanyar ruwa mai tafiya a hankali da ke kaiwa [[Fionn Loch]], wadda [[River Kirkaig|Kogin Kirkaig]] ke malalawa, ta kai ga magudanar ruwa mai tsawon mita 20 na Kirkaig kafin ta shiga Loch Kirkaig . == Jirgin ruwa mai filafilai == Jirgin ruwan Loch-class {{HMS|Loch Veyatie|K658|6}}An sanya wa {{HMS|Loch Veyatie|K658|6}} suna bayan Loch. == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="125px" caption="Hotunan Veyatie da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi"> File:Bay_below_Creagan_Mòr,_Loch_Veyatie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1331310.jpg|alt=Bay below Creagan Mòr, Loch Veyatie. This sheltered bay was most welcome by a group of anglers on a rather windy day. At the inner end of the bay is the small beach| Gabar teku da ke ƙasa da Creagan Mòr, Loch Veyatie. Wannan bakin teku mai kariya ya sami karbuwa sosai daga gungun masunta a rana mai iska. A ƙarshen bakin teku akwai ƙaramin bakin teku. File:Cul_Mor_from_a_boat_on_Loch_Veyatie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1754959.jpg|alt=Cùl Mòr from a boat on Loch Veyatie| Cùl Mòr daga jirgin ruwa akan Loch Veyatie File:Far_eastern_end_of_Uidh_Fhearna_looking_eastback_down_the_side_of_Loch_Veyatie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_828728.jpg|alt=Far eastern end of Uidh Fhearna looking eastback down the side of Loch Veyatie The 'shore' of the loch here was fairly flat before narrowing down towards Uidh Fheàrna| Ƙarshen Gabas mai nisa na Uidh Fhearna yana kallon gabas zuwa gefen Loch Veyatie 'Gaba' na loch a nan yana da kyau sosai kafin ya gangara zuwa Uidh Fheàrna. File:Island,_Loch_Veyatie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1331317.jpg|alt=Unnamed micro island on Loch Veyatie| Tsibirin da ba a san sunansa ba a Loch Veyatie File:Loch_shallows_-_geograph.org.uk_-_829787.jpg|alt=Loch shallows| Loch masu zurfi File:Loch_Veyatie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_988620.jpg|alt=View of Loch Veyatie with Cùl Mòr in the distance. Note the manmade dock.| Duban Loch Veyatie tare da Cùl Mòr a nesa. Kula da tashar jirgin ruwa da mutum ya yi. File:Loch_Veyatie,_north_shore_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330867.jpg|alt=Loch Veyatie, north shore. Less appealing than the beach a few hundred metres to the east.| Loch Veyatie, bakin teku na arewa. Ba shi da kyau kamar bakin teku mai 'yan mita ɗari kaɗan a gabas. </gallery> == Manazarta == oxe2v16rbpfjwwvll3uh9lunxqao8zi Loch Meiklie 0 175883 967227 950600 2026-10-13T16:30:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Meiklie''' wani [[Loch|wuri ne]] [[Ruwan Daɗi|mai tsaftataccen ruwa]] a Inverness-shire, Scotland, {{Convert|6.4|km|mi}} yammacin Drumnadrochit. Loch ɗin yana kan Kogin Enrick, wanda kimanin kilomita 9.5 ke gangarowa zuwa [[Loch Ness]] . Sunan loch ɗin na iya samo asali ne daga 'yan Scotland ''meikle'', ma'ana "babba" ko "babba". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Meikle |url=https://www.ambaile.org.uk/asset/22747/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Am Baile |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, kamar yadda yawancin toponyms a yankin suka samo asali ne daga Scottish Gaelic, wannan da alama ba zai yiwu ba. Wani bayani daban ya danganta sunan loch da Loch Meig a cikin Easter Ross, yana nuna gurɓataccen tushen ''minc'' na Old Gaelic, ma'ana "zubawa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contin Parish Place Names ⋆ Ross and Cromarty Heritage |url=https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/mid-ross-communities/place-names-of-contin-parish/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Ross and Cromarty Heritage |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113215626/https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/mid-ross-communities/place-names-of-contin-parish/ |archive-date=2024-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin Tsohon Asusun Kididdiga na [[Glen Urquhart|Urquhart]], wanda aka rubuta a shekarar 1798, ya bayyana wurin a matsayin "kyakkyawan fili na ruwa", wanda aka kewaye shi da "filayen da aka noma sosai" da "gidaje masu kyau", wanda ya samar da "wurin zama mai kyau da soyayya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Accounts of Scotland |url=https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/static/statacc/dist/viewer/osa-vol20-Parish_record_for_Urquhart_in_the_county_of_Inverness_in_volume_20_of_account_1/osa-vol20-p297-parish-inverness-urquhart?search=urquhart |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=stataccscot.edina.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113120146/https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/static/statacc/dist/viewer/osa-vol20-Parish_record_for_Urquhart_in_the_county_of_Inverness_in_volume_20_of_account_1/osa-vol20-p297-parish-inverness-urquhart?search=urquhart |archive-date=2024-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dakunan hutu da dama suna kan gabar kudu maso gabashin Loch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochletter Lodges |url=https://www.lochletter.com/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en}}</ref> Wata majami'ar Episcopal da aka keɓe ga St Ninian ta kasance a gabar arewa ta Loch tun daga shekarun 1850. Alexander Ross ne ya tsara cocin, kuma Bishop Robert Eden ya keɓe shi a shekarar 1853. Cocin ya ƙunshi zane-zanen Celtic da yawa da rubuce-rubucen Scottish Gaelic. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=History – St Ninian's Episcopal Church Glenurquhart |url=https://www.stniniansglenurquhart.org.uk/history/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1876, marubuci William McKay ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ziyarci wani babban dutse a kan titin, wanda ake iya isa ta hanyar hanyar da ke lanƙwasa. Duk da haka, lokacin da Odo Blundell (wani malamin addinin Benedictine kuma masanin tarihi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary: Rev. Frederick Odo BLundell, O.S.B., F.S.A.(Scot.) |url=https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/94-9-Obituaries.pdf |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> ) ya ziyarci a shekarar 1913, bai sami irin wannan tsibirin ba. Bugu da ƙari, daga tattaunawa da mutanen yankin da suka yi kamun kifi tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin, babu wanda zai iya tuna "wani abu na musamman a cikin ruwa" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Meiklie |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/12347/loch-meiklie |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == c5o0c6kr9zuk6vme18ix2rldf85ksb5 Loch Assynt 0 175968 967207 950830 2026-10-13T15:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Assynt'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assynt - Asainn |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/?id=40537 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]] |quote=L. Asainn [for Loch Assynt]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Asainte, faisg air Loch an Inbhir |trans-title=Loch Assynt, near Loch Inver |url=https://www.ambaile.org.uk/gd/asset/35577 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Am Baile |language=gd}}</ref> wani [[Loch|yanki ne]] [[Ruwan Daɗi|mai tsaftataccen ruwa]] a Sutherland, Scotland, {{Convert|8|km|mi}} arewa maso gabas na Lochinver. Yana cikin wani wuri mai ban mamaki tsakanin tsaunukan [[Canisp]], [[Quinag]] da {{Interlanguage link|Beinn Uidhe|cy}}, yana karɓar fitowar daga Loch Awe, {{Interlanguage link|Loch Maol a' Choire|gd}}, da Loch Leitir Easaidh . Yana kwarara zuwa teku a Loch Inver, ta hanyar Kogin Inver. Yanayin loch gabaɗaya yana tsakanin yamma da arewa maso yamma da gabas da kudu maso gabas, yayin da ƙarshen yamma ya karkata sosai a Lochassynt Lodge zuwa kudu maso yamma. Lambun yana da {{Convert|9.65|km|mi}} tsayi, kuma kusan {{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} a cikin mafi girman faɗi. Jimillar fadin wurin ya kai kimanin {{Convert|800|ha|acre|-1}} kuma [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ta kai {{Convert|111|km2|sqmi|0}} . Jimlar girman loch ɗin kusan {{Convert|250|e6m3|e9ft3|0}} ne kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine {{Convert|86|m|ft|0}} . Akwai kyakkyawan kamun kifi ga kifi mai kama kifi, kifi mai kama kifi, da kuma [[Salmon|kifi mai kama kifi mai kama kifi]] . Gidan sarauta na Ardvreck, wanda a da yake ƙarƙashin ikon MacLeods da Mackenzies, ya mamaye wani babban gini a gefen arewa, yammacin Inchnadamph . Tsawan saman loch ɗin sama da matakin teku ya bambanta dangane da matakin ruwan sama amma an auna shi a matsayin {{Convert|65.55|m|ft}} . <gallery> File:Loch_Assynt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_62817.jpg|alt=The western end of Loch Assynt with Quinag in the distance| Ƙarshen yamma na Loch Assynt tare da [[Quinag]] a nesa File:Loch_Assynt_from_Cnoc_an_Lochain_Fheoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546799.jpg|alt=Loch Assynt from Cnoc an Lochain Fheòir| Loch Assynt daga Cnoc an Lochain Fheòir File:2011_Schotland_Ardvreck_Castle_2-06-2011_17-53-21.png|alt=Ardvreck Castle| Gidan sarauta na Ardvreck </gallery> == Mace Mai Kyau ta Assynt == [[Fayil:Faroese_stamp_580_the_seal_woman.jpg|alt=A Faroese stamp depicting the capture of a seal woman.|thumb| Tambarin Faroese wanda ke nuna kama wata mace mai hatimi]] An yi ta rada a tsakanin mazauna Inchnadamph, <ref>{{Cite web |title=inchnadamph - Google Maps |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&pq=inchnadamph+&cp=11&gs_id=7o&xhr=t&client=firefox-a&hs=0nH&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1440&bih=725&bs=1&q=inchnadamph&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x488fd33b0aecbde9:0x3e1c2bb1425e93a0,Inchnadamph,+Highland&gl=uk&ei=tLyjT9WbB8rP0QXl1_TJCA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDgQ8gEwAQ |website=google.co.uk}}</ref> yankin da ke kewaye da gidan sarauta, tatsuniyar ta ba da labarin 'yar MacLeod da ta ɓace, Eimhir, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The meaning of name Eimhir and origin Scottish |url=http://www.first-names-meanings.com/names/name-EIMHIR.html |website=first-names-meanings.com |access-date=2026-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225163522/http://www.first-names-meanings.com/names/name-EIMHIR.html |archive-date=2020-02-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da kuma ci gaba da kasancewarta a Loch Assynt. Maimakon su yi tsalle su mutu, sun yi imanin cewa Eimhir ta faɗa cikin kogo na wurin kuma, ta ɓoye daga shaidan da aka yi mata alƙawarin yi mata, ta gina sabon gida a ƙarƙashin ruwan, ta zama 'yar'uwar Assynt' mai ban tsoro. Mazauna yankin kuma suna amfani da wannan tatsuniya don yin la'akari da canje-canjen yanayi a yanayin ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan loch ya tashi sama da yadda yake a da, tatsuniya ta ce waɗannan hawayen Eimhir ne da ke makokin mutuwarta a ƙasar. Wasu ma sun yi iƙirarin ganinta tana kuka a kan duwatsu, yanzu jikinta ya koma rabi mace, rabi dabbar teku. Wasu suna adawa da siffarta, maimakon haka suna kiranta Selkie, wata siffa ta Nordic ta teku, wacce dole ne ta fara zubar da hawaye a cikin ruwa domin ta sake bayyana ga idon ɗan adam. Tatsuniya kuma ta yi bayani game da ilimin ƙasa na Inchnadamph. Clootie, cikin fushi da rashin cika alkawarin aure, ta kira duwatsun sararin samaniya daga Chaos don ta lalata masarautar Inchnadamph da MacLeod. Ana tsammanin wannan tatsuniya tana da alaƙa da binciken kimiyya da ke nuna cewa arewa maso yammacin Scotland ta fuskanci wani abu daga sararin samaniya kimanin shekaru biliyan 1.2 da suka wuce. Masana ilimin ƙasa daga jami'ar Aberdeen sun bayyana lamarin; "[babban] tasiri zai iya narke duwatsu ya kuma haifar da wani babban gajimare na tururi wanda ya warwatse abubuwa a kan babban yanki na yankin da ke kewaye da Ullapool. An binne wannan ramin da sauri da dutse mai yashi wanda ya taimaka wajen adana shaidar." An kira waɗannan tatsuniyoyi don bayar da wasu bayanai na tatsuniyoyi game da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa na Inchnadamph. Wani sigar labarin wata yarinya 'yar Assynt ta shafi ƙirƙirar bel ɗin Moine Thrust . Wasu sun yi imanin cewa fushin Clootie ya haifar da wani ƙara mai ƙarfi daga tsakiyar duniya, wanda ya haifar da tura zuwa yammacin farantin Turai, wanda masana ilimin ƙasa suka fahimci cewa shine bel ɗin Moine Thrust. == Manazarta == obs14dfxpfnmo1hcd3bcqlxi0vvft9z Loch Osgaig 0 176012 967233 950991 2026-10-13T16:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Osgaig''' ƙaramin [[Loch|wuri]] ne mai nisa da ruwa mai zurfi, wanda aka mayar da shi kan arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas, wanda ke da nisan mil 1 kudu da Enard Bay da kuma mil 2 arewa maso gabas da Achiltibuie <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittings |first=Bruce |last2=Munro |first2=David |title=Loch Osgaig |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2309.htmll |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=The Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma nan da nan arewa maso yamma da Loch Bad a' Ghaill.<ref name="bathy">{{Cite book}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Tana cikin yankin Coigach a Lochbroom, Wester Ross.<ref name="britlakes">{{Cite web |title=Loch Osgaig |url=https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/apps/lakes/detail.html?wbid=11189 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |publisher=Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER)}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" style="text-align:left"> File:Upturned_boat_and_rocky_pier_on_Loch_Osgaig.jpg|alt=Upturned boat on Loch Osgaig. Looking at the right is the twin peaks of Sgorr Tuath and Sgorr Deas. In the middle is the foreground peak of Stac Pollaidh to the left and Cùl Beag behind. To the left is the peak of Cùl Mòr| Jirgin ruwan da aka juye akan Loch Osgaig. Duba dama shine kololuwar tagwayen Sgorr Tuath da Sgorr Deas. A tsakiya akwai kololuwar gaban [[Stac Pollaidh]] zuwa hagu da [[Cùl Beag]] a baya. A hagu shine kololuwar [[Cùl Mòr]] File:Outflow_from_Loch_Osgaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2449855.jpg|alt=Outflow from Loch Osgaig| Fitowa daga Loch Osgaig File:Native_Woodland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3006166.jpg|alt=Woodland in the eastern shore of Loch Osgaig| Dajin da ke gabashin Loch Osgaig File:Island_on_Loch_Osgaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3006196.jpg|alt=Island on the south-eastern shore of Loch Osgaig| Tsibiri a bakin kudu maso gabashin Loch Osgaig </gallery> == Manazarta == dqsrta22ueu0acgh1qmp4y4wkspljdk Lochan na h-Earba 0 176035 967251 951068 2026-10-13T17:09:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Sunan '''Lochan na h-Earba''' guda ɗaya ana amfani da shi ne ga lochs guda biyu a sama (da kuma kudu) Loch Laggan a [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]], [[Scotland]], kusa da iyakar tarihi tsakanin Lochaber da Badenoch . Ana tsammanin cewa lochs biyu sun taɓa samar da loch ɗaya, amma sun rabu da tarin alluvial daga Moy Burn ( Scottish Gaelic ), wanda yanzu ya haɗu da ɗan gajeren hanyar ruwa da ke haɗa lochs biyu. Taswirorin Binciken Ordnance na yankin suna nuna suna ɗaya da aka buga a duka lochs ɗin. Suna zaune a wani ƙaramin dutse mai tsayi da ke gudana kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas, kuma kusan yana layi ɗaya da Loch Laggan, inda tsaunukan Binnein Shuas suka raba su. Munros na Geal Charn da [[Creag Pitridh]] sune mafi tsayin tsaunukan da ke kudu maso gabas. Lochs ɗin suna kan Ardverikie Estate . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Property Page:Ardverikie Estate |url=http://www.whoownsscotland.org.uk/property.php?p=1194 |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=Who Owns Scotland}}</ref> An yi amfani da su a matsayin wurin da ake shirya fina-finai da talabijin da dama, waɗanda aka fi gani akai-akai a cikin shirin BBC Monarch of the Glen, wanda aka fi ɗaukar hotunansa a yankin Laggan da kewaye. An kuma ɗauki hotunan Mrs Brown da Outlander a nan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochan na h-Earba, Badenoch |url=http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/lochan.html |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=Scotland the Movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812150128/http://scotlandthemovie.com/movies/lochan.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi cikakken bincike kan dukkan lochs ɗin ta hanyar ''Binciken Bathymetrical na Fresh-Water Lochs na Scotland'' a shekarar 1902. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland'': Alphabetical listing by river basin, then loch name |url=https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/basin_order.html |access-date=10 August 2020 |publisher=[[National Library of Scotland]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517173529/https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/basin_order.html |archive-date=17 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin Ajiya na Earba == Aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 1.8 GW / 40 GWh wanda aka yi amfani da famfo ya sami amincewar tsare-tsare a shekarar 2025, inda Earba ta zama ma'ajiyar ruwa ta ƙasa, yayin da Loch Leamhain ta zama ma'ajiyar ruwa mafi girma a {{Convert|650|m|ft}} tsayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynas |first=Matthew |date=31 March 2025 |title=Largest ever UK pumped hydro scheme granted consent |url=https://www.ess-news.com/2025/03/31/largest-ever-uk-pumped-hydro-scheme-granted-consent/ |website=Energy Storage}}</ref> == Yammacin Loch == Tsawon kogin West Loch yana da tsayin {{Convert|1151.7|ft|m|0}}, kuma tsawonsa {{Convert|1.75|mi|km|1}} ne a tsawon. Tana da fadin {{Convert|263|acre|hectare}}, kuma tana dauke da {{Convert|408,000,000|cuft|m3}} na ruwa. Tana da zurfin da ya kai {{Convert|81|ft|m|0}}, da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|35.5|ft|m|0}} . Ana cinsa da ƙananan ƙonewa da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine waɗanda suka sauko daga Beinn a' Chlachair . == Loch na gabas == [[File:View_along_the_eastern_Lochan_na_h-Earba.jpg|thumb| Dubawa a gefen gabas daga ƙarshen kudu maso yammacin birnin.]] Ana ciyar da yankin gabas ta hanyar kwararar ruwa daga yammacin loch, wanda aka haɗa shi da wani ɗan gajeren magudanar ruwa. Tana ƙasa da yammacin loch kaɗan, tare da tsayin {{Convert|1142.3|ft|m|0}} . Ita ce ƙarama daga cikin waɗannan lochs guda biyu, tana da {{Convert|2|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da faɗin fili na {{Convert|146|acre|hectare}}, kuma yana ɗauke da {{Convert|191,000,000|cuft|m3}} na ruwa. Tana da zurfin da ya kai {{Convert|69|ft|m}}, da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|31|ft|m|0}} . == Manazarta == mbmdv9dgfk6e7c3z29lcjp6eyysv8jt Loch Badanloch 0 176036 967209 951070 2026-10-13T15:57:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Badanloch''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne da ke Sutherland a [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|yankin Majalisar Highland]] a arewacin Scotland. Wurin da ke kan tafkin shine Bandanloch Lodge. Ƙauyen Gearnsary yana kusa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@58.2612005,-4.1929366,15z |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Loch Badanloch, Highland - area information, map, walks and more |url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/loch-badanloch-highland/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=OS GetOutside |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ana amfani da wurin kamun kifi na Highland salmon a matsayin wurin ajiyar kifi da kuma wurin kiwon kifi [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|na Highland]] salmon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Badanloch from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2275.html |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=www.scottish-places.info |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin yana da mil 1.5 (2.4 a fadin kuma yana kusa da Loch Nan Clar tare da tsibirin Rubha Mor da ke raba su. Ginin Bandanloch Lodge yana kan tafkin. Garvault wani karamin masauki ne da ke arewacin tafkin. Kogin Helmsdale yana gudana ta hanyar Loch Achnamoine zuwa Tekun Arewa. Gudun ruwa ne daga Loch nan Clar da Kogin Uidh a' Chlarain, wanda ke kawo ruwa daga Loch na Gaineime da ke kusa. Yawancin ƙananan koguna suna gudana cikin Loch Badanloch kamar su Badanloch ƙonewa, Allt na Meinne, Allt a' Mhuillin, Caochan Ruadh, Allt nam Meann da sauransu da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Loch Nan Clar .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Detailed maps & routes to explore the great outdoors {{!}} OS Maps |url=https://explore.osmaps.com/en/browser-not-supported?platform=unknown |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=explore.osmaps.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Kololuwa da yawa masu suna suna da tasiri ga sararin samaniya, wasu daga cikinsu suna da suna a matsayin duwatsu. A bakin tekun loch sun hada da Cnoc Uidh a' Chlarain da tsaunin Bandanloch a cikin dajin Badanloch, tushen Burn Badanloch. Meall an t-Socaich shine koloji mafi tsayi a kusa kuma mafi tsayin Creag an t-Socaich yana zaune kusa da bankunan Loch na Gaineimhe. Dutsen mafi kusa shine Creag an Alltan Fhearna kuma kawai kudu shine rukuni uku na Creag Liath, Creag an Lochain da kuma mafi tsayi, Cnoc an Liath-Bhaid Mhoir. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latitude and Longitude Finder on Map Get Coordinates |url=https://www.latlong.net/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=www.latlong.net}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}} == Sufuri == Layin jirgin ƙasa B871 da kuma ƙaramin tarin hanyoyin karkara suna ratsa kudancin Loch. Ɗaya yana gudu zuwa Loch Choire ta hanyar Gearnsary. Ƙananan hanyoyi suna haɗa babban ɗayan zuwa bankunan Lochan an Alltan Fhearna ɗayan kuma ya wuce kudu zuwa Loch na Gaineime. Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinbrace mafi kusa ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=North Highlands timetable |first=Scotrail |title=Scotrail North highlands timetable |url=https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20084_north_highlands.pdf |access-date=2026-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106094309/https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20084_north_highlands.pdf |archive-date=2023-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Wannan loch da maƙwabtan Loch Rimsdale da Loch Nan Clar wuraren yawon buɗe ido ne. Loch Bandanloch yana da masauki guda biyu a kusa, Sheppard's Cottage da Garvault. <ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=Garvault |title=GET AWAY FROM IT ALL…. |url=https://garvaulthouse.uk/fishing |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Garvault House |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamun kifi da hawan dutse suna fafatawa da sauran wurare. Kifin kifi (trout) shine mafi yawan kama kifi, yayin da ake samun kifin salmon a can da kuma a Kogin Helmsdale . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trout Fishing {{!}} Badanloch Estates |url=http://www.badanlochestates.co.uk/fishing-trout |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=www.badanlochestates.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929175438/http://www.badanlochestates.co.uk/fishing-trout |archive-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing {{!}} Badanloch Estates |url=http://www.badanlochestates.co.uk/fishing |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=www.badanlochestates.co.uk}}</ref> Jiragen ƙasa da yawa suna kan hanyar hawa dutse. <ref name=":1" />{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}} == Babban masaukin baki (badanloch lodge) == Bandanloch masauki ne da mazauna wurin na dindindin. Gidan zama na Sheppard's Cottage yana nan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@58.2713056,-4.0479723,3a,75y,57h,90t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sr0OJ42i_dXWAY26P5OSlXw!2e0!6shttps://streetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com/v1/thumbnail?panoid=r0OJ42i_dXWAY26P5OSlXw&cb_client=maps_sv.tactile.gps&w=203&h=100&yaw=38.998817&pitch=0&thumbfov=100!7i13312!8i6656 |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}} == Ilimin kayan tarihi == An sami kayan aikin duwatsu masu daraja a kan wani yanki na bakin teku na Loch wanda ruwa ya sake kwatowa. Yana tsakanin gabar tekun da ke yanzu da Rubha Mor, yana haɗa su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Badanloch {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/6142/loch-badanloch |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Badanloch {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/6142/loch-badanloch?display=collection&GROUPCATEGORY=7 |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeology Notes {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/event/650179 |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == l1k7iayejfpc9rusmykjay4e1ll1p4g Loch Laggan 0 176037 967218 951072 2026-10-13T16:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Laggan''' wani [[Loch|wuri]] ne mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda yake kusa da wurin.{{Convert|6+1/2|mi|km}} yamma da Dalwhinnie a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] . Loch ɗin yana da siffar da ba ta dace ba, yana gudana kusan arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma yana da kusan {{Convert|7|mi|km}} a tsawon. Yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|68|ft|m}} kuma yana {{Convert|174|ft|m}} a cikin mafi zurfinsa. Gabashin yankin Loch yana da mafi girman bakin teku mai ruwa-ruwa a Burtaniya. Tun daga shekarar 1934, Loch Laggan ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta Lochaber. A ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na loch akwai ƙauyen Kinloch Laggan . An yi binciken wurin a ranakun 2 da 3 ga Yuni 1902 ta Sir John Murray, TRN Johnston, James Parsons da James Murray kuma daga baya aka sanya musu jadawalin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Laggan and Lochan na H-Earba (Vol. 4, Plate 85), Bathymetrical Survey, 1897-1909 |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/744222422 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Binciken Ruwa na Ruwan Dare na Scotland 1897-1909''. Hanyar A86 daga [[Babbar gadar Spean|gadar Spean]] zuwa Kingussie ta biyo bayan gabar arewa ta loch. Kogin Patack yana kwarara zuwa kan titin Loch da ke ƙasa da gadar hanya a Kinloch Laggan. Iyakar [[Gidan shakatawa na Cairngorms|Cairngorms National Park]] ta kewaye kan titin Loch. Wani ɗan gajeren yanki na Kogin Spean ya haɗa wurin da aka gina da magudanar ruwa da ke ƙasa, kuma wannan kogin ya ci gaba da yamma a ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwa ta Laggan . Sauran manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu babu kowa a cikin loch, Allt Labhrach wanda ke zubar da Lochan na h-Earba wanda ke kudu maso gabas na Loch Laggan da Allt Coire Ardair wanda ke hawa ƙarƙashin Creag Meagaidh . Ragowar wani tsibiri yana tsakiyar wurin shakatawa kusa da Ardverikie . Loch Bogle ya fito a cikin shahararren shirin BBC ''Monarch of the Glen.'' == Al'adar da ta shahara == [[File:Sir_Edwin_Landseer_(1803-73)_-_Queen_Victoria_at_Loch_Laggan_-_RCIN_403119_-_Royal_Collection.jpg|thumb| ''Sarauniya Victoria a Loch Laggan'' ta Edwin Landseer, 1847]] An nuna Loch Laggan (galibi gidan sarautarsa) a cikin jerin littattafan ''Temeraire'', ana amfani da shi azaman tushe don kiwon dodanni, saboda tushen zafi na ƙasa. An ɗauki wasu abubuwan da suka faru na ''Monarch of the Glen'' a bakin tekun Loch. A lokacin bazara na 2019, ana yin fim ɗin ''No Time to Die'' a [[Gidan shakatawa na Cairngorms|Cairngorms National Park]] da kuma kusa da shi. An kuma ɗauki wasu hotuna a Ardverikie House Estate da kuma gefen Loch Laggan. An ba da sunan ƙungiyar Loch ga '''ƙungiyar The Laggan''', ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Scotland, waɗanda suka yi aiki a shekarun 1960 da 70 waɗanda suka fitar da jerin waƙoƙi kuma suka yi wasa a ƙasashen duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Arthur Johnstone |url=https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/hall-of-fame/arthur-johnstone/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Folk Groups - The Laggan |url=http://www.nigelgatherer.com/perf/group1/laggn.html}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Kinloch_Laggan_end_of_Loch_Laggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20850.jpg File:Loch_Laggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_322376.jpg File:Loch_Laggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330085.jpg File:Sandy_Beach_at_Loch_Laggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_493003.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == d9f8p40bj5zez1rzfvbmb9juh4a453r Loch Lundie 0 176039 967223 951076 2026-10-13T16:22:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Lundie''' ƙaramin wuri [[Loch|ne]] mai ruwa mai kyau a [[Glen Garry]], kimanin {{Convert|1.5|mi|km}} arewa maso yamma da Invergarry a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]]. Loch ɗin ba shi da tsari iri ɗaya, kuma kewayensa ya kai {{Convert|0.9|km|mi}}. Yana da kimanin {{Convert|0.75|mi|km}} tsayi, yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|40|ft|m}} kuma yana da {{Convert|54|ft|m}} a cikin mafi zurfinsa. An yi binciken wurin a shekarar 1903 ta hannun Sir John Murray da James Murray<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lochs Lundie & a' Bhainne (Vol. 4, Plate 96 - Mylar sheet 21) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422253 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]] |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812094546/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422253 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Binciken Ruwa na Ruwan Daji na Ruwan Daji na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == 2csgaas2ba8rnywdpklin0jcn10e5yp Loch Kishorn 0 176040 967217 951078 2026-10-13T16:17:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Kishorn''' wani [[Loch|yanki ne na teku a tsaunukan]] [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|arewa]] maso yamma na [[Scotland]]. '''Kishorn''' suna ne na gama gari da ake amfani da shi wajen nufin rukunin gidajen zama da ke kusa da wurin. == Tsarin ƙasa == Loch Kishorn reshe ne na arewacin Loch Carron, kimanin {{Convert|1.5|km|mi|0}} faɗi da {{Convert|4|km|mi|0}} tsayi, tare da matsakaicin zurfin da aka rubuta na kimanin {{Convert|92|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Place |url=http://www.kishornonline.co.uk/the-place.html |access-date=2018-09-05 |publisher=Kishorn Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175842/http://www.kishornonline.co.uk/the-place.html |archive-date=2018-09-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana ciyar da shi a bakin kogin {{Lang|gd|Abhainn Cumhag a' Ghlinne}} da kuma Kogin Kishorn wanda ke gudana daga arewa kuma yana shiga ta cikin wani ƙaramin bakin teku. A arewa da yamma na yankin Loch akwai yankin Applecross ; a gabas akwai wani yanki mai faɗi wanda ya raba shi da babban Loch Carron. Ana nuna bakin kogin da Tsibirin Garra, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Tsibirin Kishorn. Akwai ƙananan matsugunai da dama da ke kusa da wurin shakatawar: Sanachan, Tornapress, Courthill, Achintraid, Ardarroch da Rhunasoul. Abu ne da aka saba kiran waɗannan matsugunan da ke da yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya da Kishorn. Ana samun wani cocin Katolika na Episcopal a Courthill tsakanin Sanachan da Tornapress. Hanyar A896 ta ratsa Sanachan, kuma wata ƙaramar hanya ta nufi sauran ƙauyuka. Ardarroch yana gefen gabas, kusa da wani ƙaramin rairayin bakin teku mai sheƙi . Mazauni na gaba, Achintradeid, yana kan titin Loch. Ya ƙunshi jerin gidaje masu launin fari, waɗanda aka gina su da farko don ɗaukar ma'aikatan da aka kora daga gidajensu a Highland Clearances . Rhunasoul ita ce matsugunin ƙarshe da ke cike da jama'a a ƙarshen ƙaramin titin. An lura da Achintraid da Rhunasoul don ɗimbin ra'ayoyi na Tekun Applecross, tare da Corbetts na [[Sgùrr a' Chaorachain (Corbett)|Sgùrr a' Chaorachain]] da [[Beinn Bhàn (Applecross)|Beinn Bhàn]] da wucewar Bealach na Bà sun shahara musamman. Gabashin Kishorn ƙananan Marilyn biyu ne: [[An Sgùrr (Lochcarron)|An Sgurr]] da [[Bad a' Chreamha]] . Tornapress ita ce inda mahadar Bealach na Bà take. == Yadi na Kishorn == [[File:Across_loch_kishorn.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Duba daga Achintraid a fadin Loch Kishorn. Kishorn Yard yana kan gaɓar teku mai nisa.]] Kishorn Yard wani wurin ƙera mai ne a Loch Kishorn don [[Tsarin mai|tashoshin mai]] da sauran wuraren aiki a ƙasashen waje, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa da wuraren aiki na busassun jiragen ruwa. A halin yanzu kamfanoni biyu ne ke mallakar sa tare, Ferguson Transport da Leiths. <ref name="kp-over">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Kishorn Port and Dry Dock |url=https://www.kishornport.co.uk/about/overview/ |access-date=2018-09-05 |publisher=Kishorn Port Ltd}}</ref> [[Howard Doris]] ne ya mallaki filin tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1987. A shekarar 1975, an fara aiki a farfajiyar gini da tashar jiragen ruwa don samar da dandamalin mai a arewacin loch. Wannan ya kasance a ƙarshen titin {{Convert|2|mi|km|0}} da aka gina don samar da hanyar shiga cikin kwanaki 12 kacal, kuma zuwa shekarar 1977 sama da mutane 3,000 suna aiki a nan, suna zaune a masauki na wucin gadi a wurin da kuma a cikin jiragen ruwa biyu da aka makale a cikin loch: tsoffin jiragen ruwa Rangatira da ''Odysseus'' . Loch Kishorn yana da zurfin fili har zuwa {{Convert|80|m|ft}}, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Facilities & Features |url=https://www.kishornport.co.uk/ |access-date=2018-09-05 |publisher=Kishorn Online}}</ref> kuma farfajiyar ta dace sosai don gina dandamalin siminti na Ninian Central Platform mai nauyin tan 600,000, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1978. Ana samar da kayan ta hanyar teku kuma idan an kammala dandamalin, ana buƙatar jan ƙarfe bakwai don ja shi zuwa matsayinsa na aiki a Tekun Arewa. Dandalin Tsakiya na Ninian ya riƙe rikodin a matsayin babban abu mai motsi da ɗan adam ya taɓa ƙirƙira har zuwa 1989 lokacin da dandamalin Gullfaks C mai nauyin tan miliyan 1.5 ya ɗauki rikodin. [[File:Ninian_Platform.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| An kusa kammala dandalin ajiya na Ninian.]] Ganin yadda aka yi ta cece-kuce game da shawarar da aka gabatar a baya na gina fili a Drumbuie, wani sharaɗi na izinin tsara wurin shi ne a ɗauki wurin a matsayin tsibiri: an ƙirƙiri ƙauye mai zaman kansa don ma'aikata 2,000, kuma duk kayan jigilar kaya za su isa ta teku, maimakon ta hanya. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar kaya daga jirgin ƙasa zuwa teku a Stromeferry, akan layin Kyle na Lochalsh . Waɗannan yanayi, duk da cewa sun ɗan sassauta kaɗan kafin ƙarshen rayuwar farfajiyar, suna da tasirin da aka yi niyya na rashin sauya yankin da ke kewaye sosai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}} Zuwa shekarar 1980, ginin ya fara canzawa a kokarin gujewa koma bayan da ake samu a fannin haƙo mai da kuma samar da mai, kuma a lokacin ana gina babban bene na Phillips Maureen, amma kwanakinsa sun kusa karewa. Mutane dubu biyu har yanzu suna aiki a shekarar 1984, amma fatara (ta hanyar kamfanin John Howard na musamman kan kwangilolin Gabas ta Tsakiya) a shekarar 1986 ta biyo bayan rufewa a shekarar 1987 da kuma share yawancin gine-ginen da ke wurin. Wani tasiri mai ɗorewa shine Howard Doris Trust. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ta samar da kudade masu yawa ga Cibiyar Howard Doris da ke kusa da Lochcarron, wacce ke kula da tsofaffi. A shekarar 1992, an yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta busasshiyar hanya wajen gina matattarar gadar mai nauyin tan 2,300 don gadar Skye wadda ta haɗa Kyle na Lochalsh da Tsibirin Skye . 120 ɗin&nbsp;m quayside, wanda aka raba zuwa ƙofar Gabas da ƙofar Yamma, Ferguson Transport & Shipping a halin yanzu yana amfani da shi azaman tashar jiragen ruwa don samar da kayayyakin kiwon kifi, kayayyakin gandun daji, katako mai zagaye, gishirin hanya da taki. A shekara ta 2006, Leiths (Scotland) Ltd ta fara aikin haƙa ma'adanai a wurin, inda ta samar da siminti don tubalan da aka riga aka yi amfani da su don Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Raasay. Leiths da Ferguson Transport sun ƙirƙiri wani sabon kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, Kishorn Port Limited don haɓaka sake gina Yard da busasshen tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin cibiyar masana'antu ga masana'antar maido da wutar lantarki ta teku. A watan Janairun 2017, an sanar da cewa an ba Kishorn Port Ltd £500,000 don gwadawa da kuma gyara ƙofofin busassun jiragen ruwa. Ba a motsa ƙofar gabas ba tun shekarar 1992 lokacin da aka gina katangar gadar Skye a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta busasshiya. Ba a motsa ƙofar yamma ba tun lokacin da Maureen Articulated Loading Column ("ALC") ta bar tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1982. An riga an fitar da bututun ruwa na busasshiyar tashar jiragen ruwa gaba daya kuma an duba shi yanzu da ƙofofin suka koma wurinsu kuma an rufe su gaba daya. An ɗauki kusan mako guda na famfo na awanni 24 kafin a fitar da dukkan ruwan, kimanin {{Convert|7|e6impgal|ML}} .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} A watan Agusta na 2026, faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta busasshiyar ƙasa ta ci gaba. == Kwamandojin Kishorn == Gordon Menzies na ƙungiyar mawakan gargajiya [[Gaberlunzie (band)|Gaberlunzie]] ya rubuta wata waƙa mai suna "The Kishorn Commandos", wadda ƙungiyar mawakan ta rera waƙar ita ce: : ''Mu ne sojojin Kishorn Commandos a Wester Ross'' : ''Ba mu taɓa samun mai son kai ba, ba mu taɓa samun shugaba ba'' : ''Amma za mu gina babbar hanyar mai da kuka taɓa ci karo da ita'' : ''Ku tuna mu ne Kwamandojin Kishorn'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0acpau1dc436fratv2ugs7hn8mhmuke Loch Kirkaig 0 176044 967216 951088 2026-10-13T16:15:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Kirkaig''' ƙaramin wurin ruwa ne na teku, wanda ke yankin da kuma cocin Assynt a kudu maso yammacin Sutherland, a gabar tekun yamma na [[Scotland]] da kuma [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]]. Loch Kirkaig yana da nisan mil 1.25 kudu da Loch Inver. Garin Inverkirkaig da ke warwatse yana kan babban gefen teku, kusa da bakin teku mai duwatsu, a kan bakin teku mai zagaye, wanda ba a san sunansa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Kirkaig, Loch |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst4270.html |access-date=22 November 2017 |website=The Editors of The Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society}}</ref> Sunan Kirgaig ya fito ne daga tsohuwar Norse, ''Kirkju-vik'' ma'ana bakin teku na coci, wataƙila yana nuna cewa a zamanin Viking, akwai coci, tare da ƙauye a cikin bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inverkirkaig |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/lochinver/inverkirkaig/index.html |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=Undiscovered Scotland |publisher=Undiscovered Scotland}}</ref> == Matsugunan zama == Inverkirkaig yana kan titin teku, yana kewaye da wani ƙaramin yashi da bakin teku mai duwatsu. Babban mazaunin yankin shine ƙauyen Lochinver a Assynt, wanda ke da lamba 2.&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da bakin teku, tare da hanyar bakin teku da ba a san sunanta ba. == Yanayin ƙasa == Loch Kirkaig yana da iyaka da [[Kirkaig point|wurin Kirkaig]] a arewa, da kuma [[Ribha na Brèige point|Ribha na Brèige]]. Kogin Kirkaig yana ciyar da Loch [[River Kirkaig|Kirkaig]], wanda ke zubar da ruwan [[Fionn Loch]], Loch Veyatie, Cam Loch [[Loch á Chapuil]], da kuma a kaikaice [[Loch nan Ràc]], Loch Borralan da Loch Urigill . Tafiya a kudu maso gabas ta hanyar Kogin Kirkaig ta cikin wani daji mai dausayi, shine abin mamaki na halitta da kuma wurin jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido, magudanar ruwa ta Kirkaig mai tsawon mita 20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirkaig Falls |url=http://www.discoverassynt.co.uk/viewdetails.php?id=55&rf=cat_152 |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=Discover Assynt |publisher=Assynt Tourism Group}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙaramin tsibirin Sgeir Mhòr yana kusa da gabar tekun kudancin bakin teku. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Paddling_up_Loch_Kirkaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1188884.jpg|alt=Paddling up Loch Kirkaig Returning to Inverkirkaig in two double sea kayaks, passing close along the north shore of Loch Kirkaig. Suilven lies inland brooding under an overcast sky just starting to clear after a windy morning| Ina tafiya a kan Loch Kirkaig Ina komawa Inverkirkaig cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu na teku, ina wucewa kusa da gabar arewa ta Loch Kirkaig. Suilven yana cikin teku yana tunani a ƙarƙashin sararin samaniya mai duhu, kawai ya fara haske bayan safiyar da iska ta yi ƙarfi. File:River_Kirkaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759491.jpg|alt=River Kirkaig where the river flows out of Fionn Loch with the imposing peak and most distinctive mountain of Suilven at 731 m, visible in the distance. It can't be seen from the bay, due to undergrowth and small undulating hills.| Kogin Kirkaig inda kogin ke kwarara daga [[Fionn Loch]] tare da babban kololuwar dutse kuma mafi ban mamaki na [[Suilven]] mai tsawon mita 731, wanda ake iya gani a nesa. Ba za a iya ganinsa daga bakin teku ba, saboda ƙananan tuddai masu tsayi. File:River_Kirkaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_232634.jpg|alt=River Kirkaig. For a short distance after it leaves Fionn Loch the river meanders before garthering speed and tumbling down the Falls of Kirkaig. Caisteal Laith the highest summit of Suilven dominates the scene.| Kogin Kirkaig. Na ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan ya bar Fionn Loch, kogin ya yi ta juyawa kafin ya yi sauri ya faɗi a kan magudanar ruwa ta Kirkaig. Caisteal Laith, mafi tsayin tsaunin Suilven ya mamaye wurin. File:Inverkirkaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1380249.jpg|alt=Inverkirkaig On the shore of Loch Kirkaig with pebbly beach.| Inverkirkaig A bakin tekun Loch Kirkaig mai duwatsu. File:The_start_of_the_River_Kirkaig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_663841.jpg|alt=The start of the River Kirkaig The outflow from Fionn Loch where the River Kirkaig commences. Suilven can be seen in the distance.| Farkon Kogin Kirkaig Magudanar ruwa daga Fionn Loch inda Kogin Kirkaig ya fara. Ana iya ganin Suilven daga nesa. File:Fionn_Loch_and_Suilven_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3018.jpg|alt=Fionn Loch and Suilven. The path by the River Kirkaig leads to the shore of the Fionn Loch, where boats wait for anglers. The distinctive bulk of Suilven dominates the view.| Fionn Loch da Suilven. Hanya da ke kusa da Kogin Kirkaig tana kaiwa ga gabar Fionn Loch, inda jiragen ruwa ke jiran masunta. Babban yankin Suilven ya mamaye wurin. File:Soyea_Island_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1188875.jpg|alt=Soyea Island off Loch Inver is seen here in a view from a sea kayak passing Kirkaig Point.| Tsibirin Soyea da ke gefen Loch Inver yana nan a cikin wani kayak na teku da ke wucewa ta Kirkaig Point. </gallery> == Manazarta == 2fxsli536981zp28eht5zbzvfphx4z9 Loch Leitir Easaidh 0 176046 967221 951091 2026-10-13T16:21:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967221 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Loch Leitir Easaidh |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Loch_Leitir_Easaidh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_120951.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Loch Leitir Easaidh at dusk</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[File:Sutherland_UK_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Loch Leitir Easaidh is located in Sutherland]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:51.02%;left:17.363%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Loch Leitir Easaidh]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Loch Leitir Easaidh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Sutherland</div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Location | class="infobox-data region" |<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loch_Leitir_Easaidh&params=58.189724_N_5.118133_W_region:GB_scale:25000 NC16802657]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loch_Leitir_Easaidh&params=58.18980026_N_5.11801710_W_region:GB_type:waterbody <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">58°11′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°07′05″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">58.18980026°N 5.11801710°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">58.18980026; -5.11801710</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:16}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loch_Leitir_Easaidh&params=58.18980026_N_5.11801710_W_region:GB_type:waterbody <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">58°11′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°07′05″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">58.18980026°N 5.11801710°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">58.18980026; -5.11801710</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jikin Ruwa|Type]] | class="infobox-data category" |freshwater [[loch]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |unnamed burns flow from [[Loch na h-Innse Fraoich]] in the southeast and [[Loch Bad a' Chigean]] from the northeast. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |unnamed burn flows from Loch Leitir Easaidh at the eastern end into Loch Assynt |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max.&nbsp;length | class="infobox-data" |0.804672&nbsp;km (0.500000&nbsp;mi) |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max.&nbsp;width | class="infobox-data" |0.643738&nbsp;km (0.400000&nbsp;mi)<ref name="bathy" /> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Surface area</div> | class="infobox-data" |19&nbsp;ha (47 acres)<ref name="britlakes">{{Cite web |title=Loch Leitir Easaidh |url=https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/apps/lakes/detail.html#wbid=8689 |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |publisher=UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology}}</ref> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Average depth</div> | class="infobox-data" |20.00&nbsp;ft (6.10&nbsp;m)<ref name="bathy" /> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max.&nbsp;depth | class="infobox-data" |69.88&nbsp;ft (21.30&nbsp;m)<ref name="bathy" /> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Water volume</div> | class="infobox-data" |423,213,862&nbsp;ft<sup>3</sup> (11,984,082.0&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>)<ref name="bathy" /> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Shore length<sup>1</sup></div> | class="infobox-data" |3&nbsp;km (1.9&nbsp;mi) <ref name="britlakes" /> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Surface elevation</div> | class="infobox-data" |67&nbsp;m (220&nbsp;ft)<ref name="britlakes" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Max. temperature</div> | class="infobox-data" |53.5&nbsp;°F (11.9&nbsp;°C) |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Min. temperature</div> | class="infobox-data" |42.0&nbsp;°F (5.6&nbsp;°C) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff" |<sup>1</sup> Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |} '''Loch Leitir Easaidh''' ƙaramin ƙanƙara ne [[Ruwan Daɗi|mai siffa mai]] siffa mai kyau wanda ke gudana kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin Loch Assynt a cikin Assynt, Sutherland, Scotland. <ref name="britlakes" /> Loch ɗin yana cikin wani yanki tare da Coigach maƙwabta, a matsayin ''Assynt-Coigach National Scenic Area'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Assynt-Coigach National Scenic Area |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/9119 |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan yankuna 40 a Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Scenic Areas |url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/national-scenic-areas |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Loch Leitir Easaidh yana gefen gabashin wani tudu mai ƙasa, wanda ke cike da wasu lochs a gabas, waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa kwarin Loch Inver . A ƙarshen arewacin tudun tudun akwai matsala mai tasowa wanda ke tafiya a cikin arewa maso yamma – kudu maso gabas, ta hanyar Loch Assynt, Loch Leitir Easaidh tare da Gleannan Salach, ta [[Loch na Loinne]] zuwa Loch Poll da bakin teku. A arewa da arewa maso gabas akwai kololuwa uku na [[Quinag]], ( Scottish Gaelic ) waɗanda ke zaune a cikin kambi mai siffar Y. Taron Corbett guda uku sune ''Quinag - Sail Gorm'' a 776m, ''Quinag - Sail Gharbh'' a 808m da ''Quinag - Spidean Coinich'' a 764 m. == Tafiya da kamun kifi == Wurin shakatawa yana da farin jini ga masunta da masunta, kuma yana da hanyar tafiya ta dukkan hanyoyin shiga, wacce Culag Community Woodland Trust ta ƙirƙiro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=Walk: Privy to a stunning sunset at Leitir Easaidh |url=https://www.sobt.co.uk/2017/07/walk-leitir-easaidh.html |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Scotland Off the Beaten Track}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leitir Easaidh All-Abilities path, Little Assynt |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/ullapool/leitir-easaidh.shtml |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Walk Highlands}}</ref> An tanadar da tubalan bayan gida guda biyu a wurin. An tsara nau'ikan kifayen da suka fi yawa a yankin kwanan nan a wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Shona |date=November 2019 |title=Coigach & Assynt Living Landscape Partnership (CALLP) Scheme P03 Freshwater Lochan Survey: An inventory of the fish populations of 20 of the Coigach & Assynt lochs |url=https://coigach-assynt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/CALLP-P03-Freshwater-Lochan-Survey-FINAL-report.pdf |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Coigach & Assynt Living Landscape |publisher=West Sutherland Fisheries Trust}}</ref> Mafi yawan nau'ikan kifaye sune kifi da Salvelinus (char). == Manazarta == l4ysvkhqwzkw03vbckblafkrckd72tb Loch na Beinne Baine 0 176049 967244 951097 2026-10-13T16:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Loch na Beinne Baine''' wani tsauni ne mai nisa a kan murfin arewacin [[Glenmoriston]], [[Scotland]]. Yana kan iyakar tarihi tsakanin yankunan Glenmoriston da [[Strathglass]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OS1/17/48/66 {{!}} ScotlandsPlaces |url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/inverness-shire-os-name-books-1876-1878/inverness-shire-mainland-volume-48/68 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522221200/https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/inverness-shire-os-name-books-1876-1878/inverness-shire-mainland-volume-48/68 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunansa yana nufin "Loch na Dutsen Fari" a cikin harshen Gaelic na Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=midasiak |date=2019-11-07 |title=The Gaelic origins of place names in Britain |url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/guides/the-gaelic-origins-of-place-names-in-britain/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=OS GetOutside |language=en-US}}</ref> An rubuta Charles Edward Stuart kamar yadda ya wuce kogin ta hanyar "tsohuwar hanyar dutse" a watan Yulin 1746, yayin da yake tashi daga Culloden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Places Of Interest |url=http://www.glenmoriston.org.uk/Glenmoriston/Miscellaneous/Places%20Of%20Interest/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.glenmoriston.org.uk}}</ref> Ruwan loch yana gudana kilomita da dama a ƙasa ta hanyar ƙonewa da ba a san ko waye ba don haɗuwa da Kogin Gilashin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch na Beinne Baine from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2396.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.scottish-places.info |language=en-gb}}</ref> Loch ɗin yana da babban tarin kifi mai launin ruwan kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glenmoriston Trout Fishing Scotland |url=https://www.trout-salmon-fishing.com/scotland-glenmoriston.htm |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.trout-salmon-fishing.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == fesikw2i62ppqi6yldl3sk2dhl6p0f5 Loch Kernsary 0 176056 967215 951116 2026-10-13T16:13:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Kernsary''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Loch na h-Airde Bige''' wani ƙaramin wuri ne [[Ruwan Daɗi|mai ruwa]] mai zurfi mai zurfi, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Poolewe a Kinlochewe, Wester Ross . <ref name="britlakes">{{Cite web |title=Loch Kernsary |url=https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/apps/lakes/detail.html?wbid=13972 |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |publisher=Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER)}}</ref> Kogin Coulin ne ke ciyar da shi daga kudu kuma fitowarsa tana shiga Loch Clair a arewa maso yamma. Kogin Kernsary yana malalawa zuwa cikin loch daga kudu kuma ana malala shi ta ƙaramin lochan Loch Poll Uidge à Chrò . Kogin Lochan yana malalawa cikin kogin Inveran, wanda ke malalawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa Loch Maree kai tsaye zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Wurin da ke da sha'awar kimiyya == Loch Kernsary wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar wasu ƙananan gonaki goma sha ɗaya masu ruwa mai tsafta a yankin Wester Ross waɗanda ake ɗaukarsu a matsayin Wurin da ke da Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman . <ref name="SSSI">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2010 |title=Wester Ross Lochs Site of Special Scientific Interest Site Managament Statement |url=https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/8113/documents/3 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Scottish Natural Heritage |publisher=NatureScot}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sauran lochs goma sha ɗaya, duk suna arewa maso yamma na Kinlochewe sune: Loch a' Bhaid-luachraich, [[Lochan Dubh Druim na h-Airdhe]], [[Loch Fada]], [[Loch na Moine Buige]], [[Fionn Loch]], [[Loch na h-Uidhe]], Lochan [[Lochan Beannach Beag|Beannach]] [[Lochan Beannach Mor|Mor]], Loch'id-luachraich, [[Loch Garbhaig|Loch'id]] [[Loch a’ Mhadaidh Mor|Beanna Beanna]] [[Loch Garbhaig|Garbhaig]] da [[Loch an Sgeireach]] . <ref name="SSSI" /> Waɗannan lochs guda 12 suna tallafawa wani muhimmin garken loon mai suna Black-throated, wanda aka fi sani da mai nutsewa da baki (Gavia arctica). <ref name="SSSI" /> Tare suna cikin ɓangaren Yankin Kariya na Musamman na Wester Ross Lochs wanda ake ɗaukarsa da mahimmanci ga Turai. <ref name="SSSI" /> == Crannog == A gefen kudu na Loch Kernsary a kan ƙaramin yankin tsibirin Àird Mhòr, akwai ragowar wani babban dutse mai suna Crannog, wanda ke da nisan mita 10 daga bakin teku kuma wani babban rami ya raba shi da bakin teku. <ref name="Canmore">{{Cite web |title=Loch Kernsary |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/11990/loch-kernsary |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref> Ƙaramin tsibiri mai faɗi wanda yanzu ya cika da bishiyoyin conifer, yana da tsawon mita 30 a kan wani yanki mai tsayin arewa zuwa kudu da mita 23 a kan wani yanki mai tsayin gabas zuwa yamma. <ref name="Canmore" /> Kimanin mita 20 kudu maso yamma na Crannog a ƙasa, akwai ragowar ginin da aka ɓoye a cikin ciyawar, wanda girmansa ya kai mita 10 da mita 5. <ref name="Canmore" /> Bangon yana da tsawon mita 1.2 da tsayi mita 0.7. <ref name="Canmore" /> Tsarin ginin da kuma amfani da madaukai biyu masu kauri a ƙofar shiga yana nuna cewa an gina ginin a daidai lokacin da aka gina ginin. <ref name="Canmore" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == == Tafiya == Loch Kernsary wuri ne na hanyar tafiya mai tsayi da aka sani da Loch Kernsary Circular, wanda ya fara daga Poolewe kuma ya bi gefen arewacin Loch Kernsary, kafin ya yi tafiya mai faɗi zuwa garin kuma yana da nisan mil 12.2.&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Kernsary Circular |url=https://www.alltrails.com/en-gb/trail/scotland/highlands/loch-kernsary-circular |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Open Street Maps Routes |publisher=All Trains}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Loch_Kernsary_-_Poolewe_Circular_Walk_(35486367075).jpg|alt=Loch Kernsary - Poolewe Circular Walk| Loch Kernsary - Tafiya na Da'ira na Poolewe File:Loch_Kernsary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_675130.jpg|alt=The western arm of the loch| Hannun yamma na loch File:Loch_Kernsary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_52789.jpg|alt=The view is taken looking South. Torridon in the background.| An ɗauki hoton yana kallon Kudu. Torridon a bango. File:Loch_Kernsary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_687988.jpg|alt=Loch Kernsary looking towards the Fisherfield forest| Loch Kernsary yana kallon dajin Fisherfield File:Loch_Kernsary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_687809.jpg|alt=Looking along the length of the loch.| Kallon tsawon loch ɗin. File:Moonrise_over_Loch_Kernsary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26564.jpg|alt=Moonrise over the loch| Fitowar wata a saman loch File:The_crannog_marked_on_Loch_Kernsary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_440405.jpg|alt=Forrested crannog| Crannog mai kauri </gallery> == Manazarta == ba0u04gypn278hbhak1yj75xndalrh5 Loch na Dal 0 176065 967246 951157 2026-10-13T17:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Loch_na_Dal_Shoreline_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2411300.jpg|thumb| Loch na Dal Shoreline]] [[File:Skye-526-A851-Loch_na_Dal-2009-gje.jpg|thumb| Tsibirin Skye a Scotland a fadin Loch na Dal]] '''Loch na Dal''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne na teku a yankin Sleat Peninsula a Tsibirin Skye a cikin Hebrides na ciki na [[Scotland]]. Otal ɗin Kinloch Lodge, yana gefen arewa kuma titin A851 yana ratsawa ta gefen kudu. Ko da yake ma'anar sunan ba ta da tushe a cikin rubutun da ake yi a yanzu, a cikin Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654, an jera loch ɗin a matsayin "Loch na Dallach". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inverness-shire (Skye) volume 11 |url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/inverness-shire-os-name-books-1876-1878/inverness-shire-skye-volume-11 |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk}}</ref> Wannan zai iya zama "Loch of the Delay" ko "Loch of the Meeting" (Loch na Dàlach) ko "Loch of the Meadow" (Loch na Dalach). Wataƙila karatun daga baya ya fi yiwuwa, domin wani dogon [[Delta|kogin delta]] yana kewaye da Abhainn Ceann-Locha (Kogin da ke Kan Loch) yayin da yake shiga ƙarshen arewa na Loch na Dal, kuma wannan yanki na ƙasar kore ne kuma mai faɗi sosai har an yi amfani da shi a wani lokaci a matsayin filin ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dualchas Building Design |last2=Torrance Partnership |last3=An Cuilionn |last4=Campbell of Doune |date=October 2009 |title=SPORTS AND COMMUNITY FACILITY, KINLOCH FEASIBILITY STUDY – Phase 1 |url=http://s3.spanglefish.com/s/4109/documents/feasibility%20studies/091029_kinloch%20phase%201%20feasibility_1.pdf |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082127/http://s3.spanglefish.com/s/4109/documents/feasibility%20studies/091029_kinloch%20phase%201%20feasibility_1.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani ɗan ƙaramin kabari neolithic da aka adana, An Càrn Glas [cairn mai launin toka], yana a kan loch a gabashin bankin Abhainn Ceann-Locha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monument MHG5406 - Carn Glas |url=https://her.highland.gov.uk/monument/MHG5406 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Highland Historic Environment Record/Clàr Àrainneachd Eachdraidheil na Ghàidhealtachd}}</ref> == Manazarta == q0or5yby72ut7mtmdbns7fe3nllpl5g Lochan a' Garbh Coire 0 176089 967250 951226 2026-10-13T17:08:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lochan a' Garbh Coire''' wani ƙaramin [[Loch|wuri ne]] mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙololuwar Ben Alder a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] [[Scotland]]. A kan {{Convert|1120|m}} sama da matakin teku, yana cikin manyan wuraren ruwa masu suna a Tsibirin Burtaniya.<ref name="The Highest Mountains in Scotland">{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Dave |title=The Highest Mountains in Scotland - 20 Ben Alder (1148 metres), Highland, Loch Treig to Loch Ericht |url=https://www.mudandroutes.com/the-highest-mountains-in-scotland-and-the-uk/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.mudandroutes.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Ben Alder">{{Cite web |title=Ben Alder |url=https://hiddenscotland.co/listings/ben-alder/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=hiddenscotland.co |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002054047/https://hiddenscotland.co/listings/ben-alder/ |archive-date=2023-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Ben Alder (Beinn Eallair) - Munro mountain west of Loch Ericht">{{Cite web |last=Fallon |first=Steven |title=Ben Alder (Beinn Eallair) - Munro mountain west of Loch Ericht |url=https://www.stevenfallon.co.uk/alder-ben-alder.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.stevenfallon.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == t9hl9s7uqljx0shmwqva0f6y6mgx2ix Loch Màma 0 176118 967229 951266 2026-10-13T16:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Máma''' ƙaramin wurin shakatawa ne mai ruwa-ruwa a Kudancin Morar, Lochaber, a arewa maso yammacin [[Scotland]]. Yana samar da wani kwano mai sauƙi kuma yana fuskantar gabas zuwa yamma. Ana tsammanin cewa Loch na Creige Duibhe da Loch Máma da ke makwabtaka da su a wani lokaci sun kasance loch ɗaya. Barnar da rafin Allt Dearg ya kawo wataƙila ta sa aka raba wuraren ruwan zuwa ruwa biyu. Loch shine tushen kogin Allt a' Mhama. An yi binciken wannan wuri a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1902 ta hannun James Parsons da TRH Garrett, daga baya kuma aka yi masa taswirar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochs Mama and na Creige Duibhe; Loch Dubh (Vol. 4, Plate 56 - Mylar sheet 21) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422215 |access-date=15 November 2014 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwan Ruwa na Sir John Murray da Laurence Pullar ''na Ruwan Ruwa na Fresh-Water Lochs na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == rw4y2oq7a8rsbx1jd1uzqf466j5b2i2 Loch Maree 0 176123 967225 956413 2026-10-13T16:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Maree'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database - Loch Maree |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/gaelic-place-names-database/?term=Loch%20Maree&query_type=match-phrase&search_type=custom&target_field=english_form&filter_by=none&filter_term |access-date=2019-02-07 |publisher=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124035/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/gaelic-place-names-database/?term=Loch%20Maree&query_type=match-phrase&search_type=custom&target_field=english_form&filter_by=none&filter_term |archive-date=2019-02-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne da ke Wester Ross a cikin [[Tuddan Yankin Arewa maso Yamma|tsaunukan Arewa maso]] Yammacin [[Scotland]]. Da {{Convert|13.46|mi|km|1}} tsayi kuma tare da matsakaicin faɗi na{{Convert|4|km|mi}} , ita ce ta huɗu mafi girma a yankin [[Ruwan Daɗi|ruwan sha mai tsafta]] a Scotland; ita ce mafi girma a arewacin Loch Ness . Faɗin samansa shine {{Convert|11.08|mi2|km2}}. Loch Maree ya ƙunshi manyan tsibirai guda biyar masu dazuzzuka da kuma ƙananan tsibirai sama da 60, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2014 |title=Loch Maree Islands - Scotland's National Nature Reserves |url=http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/loch-maree-islands |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127025005/http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/loch-maree-islands/ |archive-date=27 January 2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |website=Nnr-scotland.org.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=Loch Maree Wester Ross – Scotland Info Guide |url=http://www.scotlandinfo.eu/loch-maree-wester-ross |access-date=7 November 2016 |website=Scotlandinfo.eu}}</ref> waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da nasu lochans. Babban tsibiri, Eilean Sùbhainn, yana ɗauke da wani wuri da ke ɗauke da tsibiri, wani yanayi da ba ya faruwa a wani wuri a Burtaniya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-03 |title=Country diary: Loch Maree, Highlands: Wild winds in an ancient woodland |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/03/loch-maree-highlands-winds-ancient |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Tsibirin Maree yana ɗauke da ragowar wani cocin Kafin Gyara da kuma wurin ibada na Kiristoci da ake kyautata zaton shine wurin tarihi na ƙarni na 8 na Saint Máel Ruba (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 722), wani mai wa'azin cocin Celtic daga Bangor Abbey a Gaelic Ireland wanda shi ma ya kafa gidan ibada na Applecross a shekara ta 672. Bayansa ne aka sanya wa Loch Maree suna; kafin zuwan waliyyin yankin ana kyautata zaton an sanya wa loch suna Loch Ewe, kamar yadda sunan ƙauyen Kinlochewe ya nuna ( Scottish Gaelic , ma'ana "Shugaban Loch Ewe") wanda yake a ƙarshen gabashin Loch Maree. <ref name="weir">{{Cite book|last3=Tom Weir}}</ref> Loch yana da mahimmanci ga dabbobin daji. Wurin ne daya daga cikin manyan wuraren kiwon tsuntsaye masu nutsewa a bakin makogwaro a Burtaniya, kuma yana dauke da adadi mai yawa na tsuntsayen Eurasian . Tsibiran Loch Maree sune wuraren da wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun [[Dajin Caledonia|itacen pine na Caledonian]] na asali a Scotland suke, kuma an san su musamman saboda dodon kwarinsu, inda aka rubuta nau'ikan 12. <ref name="sssi">{{Cite web |title=Loch Maree SSSI Citation |url=https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/1007/documents/1 |access-date=2018-11-02 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202753/https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/1007/documents/1 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ruwan, tsibiran da kuma bakin tekun Loch Maree suna da kariya ta hanyoyi daban-daban da suka shafi kiyayewa. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Slioch_from_Loch_Maree.jpg|right|thumb| An ga Slioch daga bakin tekun Loch Maree.]] [[File:Loch_Maree_-_Sir_David_Young_Cameron_-_ABDAG002667.jpg|alt=Landscape painting depicting Loch Maree painted by Sir David Young Cameon, c.1900-1924|thumb| Loch Maree na Sir David Young Cameron, {{Circa|1900&ndash;1924}}]] Loch Maree ya fi faɗinsa tsayi, yana miƙewa a gefen arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas. Magudanar ruwa tana fitowa ne ta cikin ɗan gajeren kogin Ewe, wanda ta cikinsa ruwa ke shiga Loch Ewe, kusa da ƙauyen Poolewe ; ƙauyen Kinlochewe yana kan titin Loch da ke ƙarshen kudu maso gabas. Hanyar A832 da ke tsakanin su biyun tana tafiya a kan mafi yawan gabar kudu maso yammacin Loch, amma ta rabu da ita a arewa don ta ratsa ta Gairloch, a gefen tekun daga Poolewe. Tsawonsa {{Convert|10|m}} sama da matakin teku (matakin ruwan hunturu). Loch Maree An raba ta zuwa manyan kwaruruka uku, kuma tana da tsibirai da yawa: rabon yankin tsibiran da yankin ruwan saman ya fi kowane babban loch a Scotland girma. Mafi zurfi a cikin kwano, a {{Convert|367|ft|m}}, an san shi da Grudie Basin, kuma yana tsakanin Isle Maree da kan loch. A arewa maso yammacin wannan kwarin akwai kwarin Slattadale, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan tsibiran. Arewacin tsibiran akwai wani yanki mai zurfi, wanda ya raba Tafkin Slattadale daga Tafkin Ardlair, wanda shine mafi girman siffa daga cikin ukun.<ref name="weir" /> Dutsen da ya fi shahara a arewacin Loch Maree shine [[Slioch]], ɗaya daga cikin Munros na Scotland (dutsen da ya kai girman {{Convert|3000|ft|m}} mai tsayi), wanda ya mamaye ƙarshen gabashin loch da ke sama da Kinlochewe. An yi shi ne da dutsen Torridonian na zamanin Precambrian, wanda ke kwance a kan dutsen Lewisian gneiss . Yana da shahara wajen tafiya a kan tudu, hawa dutse da hawa dutse . Sauran kololuwa a gefen arewa sun hada da [[Beinn Àirigh Charr]] da [[Beinn Làir]], dukansu an lasafta su da Corbetts . Tsawon gabar arewa maso gabashin Loch Maree ya ƙunshi {{Convert|86664|acre|ha}} Letterewe, Tsaunukan Kinlochewe & Tournaig Estate, wanda ya faɗaɗa arewa a kan wani yanki da aka sani da Dajin Fisherfield . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Property Page: Letterewe, Heights of Kinlochewe & Tournaig |url=http://www.whoownsscotland.org.uk/property.php?p=2263 |access-date=2018-11-05 |publisher=Who Owns Scotland}}</ref> Yankin kudu maso yammacin Loch Maree shi ma yana da tsaunuka sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi [[Torridon|dajin Torridon]] . Babban kololuwar da ta fi shahara ita ce [[Beinn Eighe]], wadda aka rufe da farin quartzite . Manyan masu filaye guda uku suna zaune a gabar kudu maso yamma: daga kudu zuwa arewa waɗannan su ne [[NatureScot]] (Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve ), {{Convert|12737|acre|ha}} Grudie & Talladale Estate, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Property Page: Grudie & Talladale |url=http://www.whoownsscotland.org.uk/property.php?p=2232 |access-date=2018-11-05 |publisher=Who Owns Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805194813/http://www.whoownsscotland.org.uk/property.php?p=2232 |archive-date=2021-08-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da kuma {{Convert|53625|acre|ha}} Gairloch (Flowerdale & Shieldaig) & Estate Conon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Property Page: Gairloch (Flowerdale & Shieldaig) & Conon |url=http://www.whoownsscotland.org.uk/property.php?p=2220 |access-date=2018-11-05 |publisher=Who Owns Scotland}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Victoria_Falls_01.jpg|thumb| An sanya wa Victoria Falls suna ne bayan ziyarar da [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta kai mata.]] Tsakanin 671 da 722, mishan na Cocin Celtic St Máel Ruba ya isa Loch Maree, ya kafa ɗakin sujada da wurin ibada na Kirista a kan Eilean Maolruibhe . An ruwaito cewa har yanzu ana ganin ragowar wannan cocin a shekarar 1861 amma babu wata alama da ta rage, duk da cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da binne shi a makabartar. An ce waliyyi ne ya tsarkake wani ƙaramin rijiya mai tsarki da aka rufe a tsibirin. A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai tsibirin Eilean Ghrùididh na Loch Maree cibiya ce ga MacBeaths; a cikin ko jim kaɗan bayan 1430 Clan MacLeod ya raba MacBeaths. Binciken da aka yi a tsibirin a shekarar 1965 ya gano wani yanki mai katanga mai girman mita 44 da 36 tare da ganuwar 1&nbsp;m kauri da 2&nbsp;m, tare da tsayin 1.8&nbsp;m zurfin kurkuku a kusurwar kudu maso gabas. Ba a sami wani gini a cikin katangar ba. Saboda wurin da yake nesa, yanzu haka akwai ƙananan masana'antu da ke kewaye da Loch Maree, duk da haka, yankin a da cibiyar aikin ƙarfe ne. A lokacin ƙarni na sha bakwai har zuwa ƙarni na 8&nbsp;Ana mayar da hekta na dazuzzukan itacen oak a rana zuwa [[gawayi]] don samar da hayakin ƙarfe a [[Letterewe]] da ke bakin arewa maso gabas. <ref name="weir" /> An ce an binne ma'aikata daga waɗannan tanderun ƙarfe a Isle Maree. Ana iya ganin ragowar tanderun ƙarfe ɗaya a wani wuri da aka sani da Red Smiddy a gefen arewa maso gabashin Kogin Ewe tsakanin magudanar ruwa daga loch da Poolewe. An gano guntayen ma'adinai, tarkace da ƙarfe a wannan wurin. [[File:SS_"Mabel"_Tollie_Pier.jpg|alt=Passengers joining a small steamboat from a low pier|thumb| SS <nowiki><i id="mw7A">Mabel</i></nowiki>, jirgin ruwa mai tururi na Loch Marie, a Tollie Bay, arewa maso yammacin ƙarshen loch, 1905]] Wurin ya zama wurin da ake yawan kamun kifi a kifin kifi bayan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta ziyarci Otal ɗin Loch Maree da ke Talladale a shekarar 1877, ziyara da ta kai ga sanya wa ''Victoria Falls'' suna, wani kyakkyawan ruwan da ke kusa da otal ɗin. A shekara ta 1883, mai Otal ɗin Loch Maree ya ƙaddamar da hidimar jirgin ruwa mai tururi a kan titin, tare da hidimar kekuna mai haɗawa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Achnasheen, wadda ta haɗa Poolewe da Kinlochewe. An janye hidimar a kusan shekara ta 1911. <ref name="asset5291">{{Cite web |title=The steamer "Mabel" on a slipway at Talladale, Loch Maree, 1927 |url=https://www.ambaile.org.uk/asset/5291/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Am Baile - Highland History and Culture}}</ref> A shekarar 1893, an yi wani shiri na gina layin dogo na reshe daga Achnasheen zuwa Aultbea a gefen kudu na Loch Maree. Layin jirgin ƙasa zai ƙara yawan masu yawon buɗe ido na Victoria, tare da samar da sabis ga kamun kifi da wasiku da kuma hanyar haɗi zuwa Stornoway, duk da haka an yi watsi da shirin daga baya. == Manazarta == s2e1n97tdjtw8fa9axn6vno8ubnqppi Loch Meig 0 176128 967226 951279 2026-10-13T16:28:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Meig''' wani [[Loch|yanki ne]] [[Ruwan Daɗi|na ruwa]] a cikin Easter Ross, Scotland, {{Convert|8.1|km|mi}} yammacin Contin. Wurin da ke kan Kogin Meig, wurin ajiyar ruwa ne da aka yi da hannu wanda aka gina daga ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Meig a shekarar 1957. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na jerin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa bayan yaƙi wanda Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Arewacin Scotland (NoSHEB) ta jagoranta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Conon Fishing {{!}} Loch Meig |url=https://www.cononfishing.com/loch-meig.asp |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.cononfishing.com}}</ref> Wurin madatsar ruwa wani ɓangare ne na Tsarin Ruwa na Conon. Loch Meig yana da manyan kifaye masu launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifin perch, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama sanannen zaɓi ga masu kamun kifi . Ƙungiyar kamun kifi ta gida ta taimaka wajen haɓaka yawan kifin kifi ta hanyar gabatar da ɗaruruwan kifaye a kowace shekara. Lokacin kamun kifi yana farawa daga 1 ga Afrilu zuwa 30 ga Satumba. <ref name=":0" /> A yau, wurin shakatawar galibi yana kewaye da gonakin katako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Meig - Loch Achonachie Angling Club |url=https://www.highlandfishing.net/club-waters/loch-meig |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.highlandfishing.net}}</ref> Duk da haka, wurare da dama na tarihi suna kan gabar arewa da kudu, ciki har da wuraren noma da suka lalace da kuma wuraren tsugunar da tumaki. Gina madatsar ruwa ta Meig ya sa tarkace da yawa suka ɓace a ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Meryl |date=2009 |title=A Project to Identify, Survey and Record Archaeological Remains in Strathconon, Ross-shire |url=https://canmore-pdf.rcahms.gov.uk/wp/00/WP000352.pdf |access-date=2026-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113215625/https://canmore-pdf.rcahms.gov.uk/wp/00/WP000352.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunan loch da kogin da ya fito daga tsohuwar tushen Gaelic, ''minc'', tare da ma'ana a cikin [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], Old Welsh, da Old English . Yana fassara kusan zuwa "zubawa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contin Parish Place Names ⋆ Ross and Cromarty Heritage |url=https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/mid-ross-communities/place-names-of-contin-parish/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Ross and Cromarty Heritage |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113215626/https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/mid-ross-communities/place-names-of-contin-parish/ |archive-date=2024-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tare da Loch Achonachie da Loch Garve, Loch Meig shine wurin da aka gudanar da wani bincike na haɗin gwiwa [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland|na SEPA]] / Jami'ar Glasgow a shekarar 2018 kan ɗabi'a da motsin kifayen salmon a cikin tafkunan da aka kama . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orrell |first=Danielle |date=August 2018 |title=Survival and movement behaviour of Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L.) migrating through impounded lakes and natural standing waters |url=https://cromarty.dsfb.org.uk/files/2018/08/Acoustic-tracking-report-2017.pdf |journal=SEPA}}</ref> [[File:Loch_Meig_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3620856.jpg|thumb| Meig Dam]] == Manazarta == ohkza352tyjmoi1e8s1lbswnw36os2g Loch Morie 0 176135 967228 951300 2026-10-13T16:33:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Morie''' babban dutse ne a cikin Easter Ross, kusan girmansa ya kai 11.5.&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Alness. Ita ce tushen Kogin Averon wanda ke ratsa cikin garin kafin ya shiga Cromarty Firth. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga Scottish Gaelic ''mór'', ma'ana "babba" wato "Big Loch". <ref>{{Cite web |last=midasiak |date=2019-11-07 |title=The Gaelic origins of place names in Britain |url=https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/guides/the-gaelic-origins-of-place-names-in-britain/#:~:text=Background%20to%20Scottish%20Gaelic&text=It%20has%20left%20us%20with,usually%20from%20cill%20or%20coille. |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=OS GetOutside |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarshen gabas na Loch, inda Kogin Averon ya fara, akwai wani ƙaramin tsibiri mai duwatsu wanda aka yi imanin cewa shine ragowar wani dutse, bayan binciken kayan tarihi a shekarun 1931 da 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Morie {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/12961/loch-morie |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2023 da Hukumar Binciken Kayan Tarihi ta Arewacin Scotland ta gudanar ya gano babu wata shaida da ke nuna gine-ginen wucin gadi a tsibirin ko a kusa da shi, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa wani abu ne na halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MHG8889 - Crannog? Loch Morie - Highland Historic Environment Record |url=https://her.highland.gov.uk/Monument/MHG8889 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205200719/https://her.highland.gov.uk/Monument/MHG8889 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=her.highland.gov.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> An zaɓi Loch Morie a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani bincike na bathmetric na 1902 da Sir John Murray, "uban nazarin teku na zamani". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Morie (Vol. 4, Plate 63) - Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/chart/2115 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=maps.nls.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320115330/https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/chart/2115 |archive-date=2025-03-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana zaune a cikin gaurayen gado na psammite da pelite . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digimap Discovery Service |url=https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/shibboleth-ds/DS?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoshibb.edina.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&return=https%3A%2F%2Fdigimap.edina.ac.uk%2FShibboleth.sso%2FDS%3FSAMLDS%3D1%26target%3Dcookie%253A1742471244_09a4 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=digimap.edina.ac.uk}}</ref> A yau, wurin kamun kifi sanannen wuri ne na kamun kifi, tare da isasshen kifin kifi mai launin ruwan kasa, kifi ferox, kifi [[salmon]], da kuma kifin Arctic char . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing at Kildermorie Estate in rivers, lochs and hill lochs |url=https://www.kildermorie.co.uk/fishing.html |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.kildermorie.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == jlgrw9d1mrjzz49i2wow7uo9at1vusx Loch a' Bhainne 0 176136 967241 951303 2026-10-13T16:53:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch a' Bhainne''' ƙaramin [[Loch|wuri ne]] mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke da tsawon {{Convert|2|mi|km}} arewa da ƙarshen gabas na Loch Garry da {{Convert|3.5|mi|km}} arewa maso yamma da Invergarry a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]]. Loch ɗin yana da siffar murabba'i mai siffar uku tare da kewaye na {{Convert|0.6|km|mi}}. Yana da kimanin {{Convert|0.33|mi|km}} tsayi, yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|10|ft|m}} kuma yana da {{Convert|28|ft|m}} a cikin mafi zurfinsa. An yi binciken wurin a shekarar 1903 ta hannun James Murray <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lochs Lundie & a' Bhainne (Vol. 4, Plate 96 - Mylar sheet 21) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422253 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]] |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812094546/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422253 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwan Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Lochs na Ruwan Ruwa Mai Daɗi na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == 0f2pmotvfbulr9pcebvn6ql45dlqcaw Loch Bad an Sgalaig 0 176151 967208 951336 2026-10-13T15:55:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Bad an Sgalaig''' ƙaramin wuri ne mai ruwa da kuma wurin [[Loch|tafki]] mai kama da ruwa wanda ba shi da tsari, wanda yake kwance a cikin ruwa mai tsafta {{Convert|5|mi|km}} kudu da ƙauyen Gairloch, a Wester Ross, [[Scotland]]. An hana tashar wutar lantarki ta Kerry Falls shiga arewa maso yamma, inda take kwarara zuwa rafin Eas na Laimh, <ref name="canmore">{{Cite web |title=Poll A' Chuilinn, Power Station |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/78953/digital_images/poll+a+chuilinn+power+station/ |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=Canmore}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a shekarar 1949 domin samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki ta Kerry Falls. <ref name="gaz2">{{Cite web |title=Kerry Falls Power Station |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10836.html |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=Gazetteer of Scotland}}</ref> An yi binciken wurin a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1902 ta hannun TN Johnston da John Hewitt, daga baya kuma aka yi masa taswirar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch an Eilein; Loch Bad a' Chrotha; Loch Braigh Horrisdale; Loch Bad an Sgalaig... |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74400488 |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Daji na Ruwan Daji na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == g64yuuzj80y60c65xj1i6oxf88cwufj Loch na Creige Duibhe (Lochaber) 0 176156 967245 951347 2026-10-13T16:58:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch na Creige Duibhe''' wani ɗan ƙaramin ruwa [[Loch|ne]] a Kudancin Morar, Lochaber, a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|Yammacin tsaunukan Yammacin]] [[Scotland]] . Tana fuskantar gabas zuwa yamma kuma tana malala zuwa Loch Màma a yamma. Ana tunanin cewa Loch Màma da Loch na Creige Duibhe sun kasance a lokaci guda loch. Barnar da rafin Allt Dearg ya kawo wataƙila ta sa aka raba wuraren ruwan zuwa ruwa biyu. An yi binciken wurin a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1902 ta hannun James Parsons da TRH Garrett, daga baya kuma aka yi masa jadawalin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochs Mama and na Creige Duibhe; Loch Dubh (Vol. 4, Plate 56 - Mylar sheet 21) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422215 |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwan Bathymetrical na Sir John Murray da Laurence Pullar ''na Fresh-Water Lochs na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a0u77pv09hk9cd1nt1a4mxrnk8n9t2p Loch Coire da ke nesa 0 176171 967212 951398 2026-10-13T16:04:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Coire an Lochain''' ƙaramin [[Loch|wuri ne mai]] ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙololuwar Braeriach a gabashin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] [[Scotland]]. A {{Convert|997|m}} sama da matakin teku, yana cikin manyan wuraren ruwa masu suna a Tsibirin Burtaniya <ref name="Ice Swimming in the highest loch in Scotland">{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Calum |title=Ice Swimming in the highest loch in Scotland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06j5c7v |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Mountain Loch Swimming - Loch Coire an Lochain, Braeraich">{{Cite web |title=Mountain Loch Swimming - Loch Coire an Lochain, Braeraich |url=https://swimwilduk.com/news/27/65/Mountain-Loch-Swimming-Loch-Coire-an-Lochain-Braeraich |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=swimwilduk.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423141927/https://swimwilduk.com/news/27/65/Mountain-Loch-Swimming-Loch-Coire-an-Lochain-Braeraich |archive-date=2021-04-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Underwater Footage & Mission to Loch Corie an Lochain">{{Cite web |title=Underwater Footage & Mission to Loch Corie an Lochain |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=26472 |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=www.walkhighlands.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Loch_Coire_an_Lochain_and_Braeriach.jpg|alt=Looking approximately southeast across Loch Coire an Lochain towards the summit of Braeriach|thumb| Ana kallon kudu maso gabas a fadin Loch Coire da Lochain zuwa saman Braeriach]] [[File:Top_down_view_of_Loch_Coire_an_Lochain.jpg|thumb| Duba sama na Loch Coire an Lochain]] == Manazarta == kr77uakc0e5l2m2zq35fnb63mhfe7p5 Loch Carron 0 176174 967211 951404 2026-10-13T16:02:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Scotland_Strome_Castle.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Fadar Strome a bakin tekun Loch Carron.]] [[Fayil:Edimburgo_12_299-Loch_Carron-Escocia.jpg|thumb| Loch Carron (Tsarin tsaunukan Scotland)]] [[Fayil:Edimburgo_12_306-Loch_Carron-Escocia.jpg|thumb| Loch Carron (Tsarin tsaunukan Scotland)]] '''Loch Carron''' wani [[Loch|yanki ne na teku]] a gabar tekun yamma na Ross da Cromarty a cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]], wanda ke raba yankin Lochalsh daga yankin Applecross, da kuma yankin Stromeferry da ke gabashin Loch Kishorn. Wannan shine lokacin da Kogin Carron ya shiga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa]]. A cewar jadawalin ma'adanai, kwararar ruwa ta kai {{Convert|3|knot}} a cikin ƙananan wurare, kodayake ba a ga yawan matsalar ruwa a cikin kwararar ruwa ba. A wuraren da ruwa ke da zurfi, zurfin ruwa bai wuce mita 20 ba, amma a cikin kwano-kwano a kowane gefe, ya kai zurfin fiye da mita 100. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dolphin escort |url=http://www.divernet.com/uk-dive-sites/p301494-dolphin-escort.html |access-date=2015-11-03 |website=Divernet}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin duwatsun Strome Castle akwai wani yanki na harsashin wuta ; <ref name=":0" /> mai yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 250, loch shine babban gadon harsashin wuta a duniya, kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Yankin Kare Muhalli na Kare Muhalli (NCMPA) a cikin 2017, tare da sanya kariyar ta zama ta dindindin a cikin 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=Plan to give Loch Carron permanent protection |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-43485501 |access-date=2018-03-21 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Sabuwar MPA ta 23&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> ta fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2019. A cikin MPA, an haramta amfani da kayan kamun kifi waɗanda za su iya lalata gabar teku, kodayake an yarda da kamun kifi na sanda da layi da kuma yin creeling . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2019 |title=Scottish Statutory Instrument 2019 No. 101: The Loch Carron Marine Conservation Order 2019 |url=https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/10543/documents/54 |access-date=24 October 2019 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer#United Kingdom|Queen’s Printer for Scotland]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024094227/https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/10543/documents/54 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Yawon shakatawa muhimmin masana'antu ne a tsaunukan Scotland kuma wanda ke haifar da muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki na gida. Yana samar da ayyukan yi ga mutanen yankin kuma yana jan hankalin baƙi da yawa zuwa Wester Ross gabaɗaya da kuma musamman Lochcarron saboda wurin da yake a bakin teku na gargajiya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2013}} Layin Kyle na Lochalsh yana tafiya a gefen kudu na loch, tare da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa a Attadale, Stromeferry, Duncraig, da Plockton . == Ilimin kayan tarihi == Tsakanin 1999 da 2004. An gudanar da wani babban aikin kayan tarihi, don gano da kuma bincika wurare da suka shafi zamanin Mesolithic, a cikin Sautin Ciki . A shekara ta 2002, wani aikin da aka yi a wani yanki, Sea Loch Survey an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar masana ilmin kayan tarihi iri ɗaya don yin bincike kan raƙuman ruwa na Carron da Torridon . Tsakanin ayyukan biyu, sun gano sabbin wuraren tarihi guda 129 a cikin mashigar ruwa. A Loch Carron, an sami sabbin wurare tara, kogo biyar/mafaka na duwatsu da kuma kayan aikin dutse guda huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol 31 (2009): Mesolithic and later sites around the Inner Sound, Scotland the work of the Scotland's First Settlers project 1998-2004 {{!}} Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/sair/issue/view/52 |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=journals.socantscot.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == nzg294l7bs4umv0b99kw1nlfojm91jo Loch Bràigh Horrisdale 0 176182 967210 951422 2026-10-13T16:01:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Bràigh Horrisdale''' ƙaramin [[Loch|gida ne]] mai ruwa mai tsafta, mai siffar da ba ta dace ba, a Wester Ross, a arewa maso yammacin [[Scotland]] . Lock yana da kusan {{Convert|2|mi|km}} kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen Badachro kuma yana kusa da Fairy Lochs. An gabatar da wani shiri na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a cikin kogin karkashin kasa na tafkin. Sakamakon haka, an ba da umarnin yin kimanta muhalli game da mazaunin kifaye da kifaye na loch da kuma fitar da su. An bayar da rahoton kimantawar a shekarar 2014. An gabatar da cikakken takardar neman tsarin EIA don tsarin 2MW ga Majalisar Highland ta hannun Three Lochs Hydro Ltd a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2016. <ref name="Planning Application">{{Cite web |title=EIA application for installation of 2MW hydro-electric scheme, including erection of powerhouse and intake structure, upgrading and formation of access tracks and bridges |url=http://wam.highland.gov.uk/wam/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=OB110WIHH8F00 |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=[[The Highland Council]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510070030/http://wam.highland.gov.uk/wam/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=OB110WIHH8F00 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi binciken wurin a ranar 6 ga Agusta 1902 ta hannun TN Johnston da John Hewitt, daga baya kuma aka yi masa taswirar <ref name="bathyMap">{{Cite web |title=Loch an Eilein; Loch Bad a' Chrotha; Loch Braigh Horrisdale; Loch Bad an Sgalaig... |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74400488 |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Daji na Ruwan Daji na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == n7mqynt0l90phf2eb0zxn7qw95olgyh Loch a' Bhraoin 0 176186 967242 951434 2026-10-13T16:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch a' Bhraoin''', '''Loch Tsuntsu''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne mai ruwa mai tsafta, wanda ke cikin Wester Ross, a Ross-shire, a gabar tekun yamma na [[Scotland]].<ref name="bath">{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=John |last2=Pullar |first2=Laurence |title=Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/chart/2163 |access-date=23 April 2018 |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Royal Geographical Society, surveyed 1902 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071656/https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/chart/2163 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsugunan zama == Saboda nisan da ke tsakanin loch ɗin, akwai ƙalilan mazauna yankin. Babban titin A832 wanda yake wani ɓangare na Titin Tekun Wester Ross, ya bar babban titin A835, a Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Measach kuma ya wuce ƙarshen gabashin Loch. == Tafiya == Ana ɗaukar Loch a' Bhraoin a matsayin wuri mai kyau ga masu yawo a ƙasa. Akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye da Loch a' Bhraoin. Babban hanyar ta taso ne daga titin A832, inda ta bi hanyar gabas zuwa yamma tare da titin Destitution zuwa Loch a' Bhraoin daga Gabas. Haka kuma tafiya daga Poolewe ta wuce [[Fionn Loch]] a Arewa maso Yamma, wacce ita ce hanya mafi tsawo. Tafiya daga Incheril ta wuce tsaunukan Kinlochewe da dajin Kinlochewe a gabar tekun AZ, da kuma daga Corrie Hallie da ke arewacin yankin. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:The_Boat_House_on_Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241367.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px| Gidan Boat akan Loch a' Bhraoin]] Loch a' Bhraoin yana da nisan mil 7 a kudu da kan Loch Broom, kuma yana kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsayi. <ref name="bath" /> A ƙarshen yamma na loch, kimanin mil 2 daga ƙarshen loch akwai tudun a [[A' Chailleach (Fannichs)|' Chailleach]] wanda ya kai mita 998.52 sama da matakin teku. Loch ɗin yana kan arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma yana da nisan mil 4&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. Matsakaicin faɗin wurin shakatawar ya kai kusan mita 800. <ref name="bath" /> A arewa ta arewa maso gabas daga Chailleach, an naɗe tsaunuka sosai. Corries guda biyu suna kallon Loch a' Bhraoin a arewa. Dutsen [[Toman Còinnich]] ne ya samar da na farko daga cikin waɗannan, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 935, wanda ya samar da corrie wanda ke ɗauke da [[Loch Toll an Lochain]], inda alkiblar corrie ke fuskantar ƙarshen arewa na loch, kamar kujerar manyan mutane. Gabashin kuma, akwai [[Sgùrr Breac|Sgurr Breac]], wanda ke samar da kololuwar ninkawa ta biyu, wanda ke samar da corrie, wanda wani dogon kwari mai zurfi wanda ke saukowa daga mita 600 zuwa ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na loch ɗin ya haɗu. <ref name="bath" /> A ƙarshen arewacin loch ɗin, akwai ƙananan tuddai da yawa, waɗanda ke yin wani ƙaramin dutse wanda ke bin lanƙwasar loch ɗin. Ana kallon ƙarshen kudu maso yammacin Loch ɗin, [[Creag Rainich]] mai tsawon mita 807 da [[Meall Dubh]] mai tsawon mita 748 waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsaunuka biyu. Bugu da ƙari, duka Bristeadh á Mhill Dhubh a 556meters da Meall an t-Sìthe a 601meters sune manyan kololuwar nunin nunin da ke biye da lanƙwasa na loch. == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467232.jpg|alt=Looking west over Loch a' Bhraoin.| Ana kallon yamma a kan Loch a' Bhraoin. File:Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467226.jpg|alt=Heading north east along the shore of this loch.| Zan nufi arewa maso gabas tare da bakin tekun wannan loch. File:Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1016157.jpg|alt=Loch a' Bhraoin With Slioch poking out behind Beinn Bheag in the distance.| Loch a' Bhraoin Tare da Slioch yana fitowa bayan Beinn Bheag daga nesa. File:Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_906572.jpg|alt=With the Fisherfield hills in the distance.| Tare da tsaunukan Fisherfield a nesa. File:Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1622241.jpg|alt=Looking up the loch from near its outflow. The furthest mountain is Slioch, the one on the right overtopping the nearer shoulder is the Fisherfield Munro Mullach Coire Mhic Fhearchair| Ana kallon wurin daga sama daga inda yake fitowa. Dutsen da ya fi nisa shine Slioch, wanda ke gefen dama wanda ya haye kafadarsa mafi kusa shine Fisherfield Munro Mullach Coire Mhic Fhearchair File:Reflections_-_Flickr_-_Graham_Grinner_Lewis_(1).jpg|alt=Groban, reflected in Loch a' Bhraoin| Groban, wanda aka nuna a cikin Loch a'Bhraoin File:Ruin_and_Boathouse_on_Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241372.jpg|alt=Ruin and Boathouse on Loch a' Bhraoin. This is the second time I have been here when the loch was flat calm.| Rushewa da Gidan Jirgin Ruwa a Loch a' Bhraoin. Wannan shine karo na biyu da na zo nan lokacin da wurin shakatawar ya kasance babu hayaniya. File:Reflections_pt_III_-_Flickr_-_Graham_Grinner_Lewis.jpg|alt=Groban and Beinn Bheag, reflected in Loch a' Bhraoin from the boathouse near the road.| Groban da Beinn Bheag, sun nuna a Loch a' Bhraoin daga gidan jirgin ruwa kusa da hanya. File:The_east_end_of_Loch_a'_Bhraoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_906550.jpg|alt=The east end of Loch a' Bhraoin. Taken from the path which follows the Allt Breabaig. Meall an t-Sithe is the good looking hill in the distance. For a similar view but taken 6 months later in Autumn| Gabashin Loch a' Bhraoin. An ɗauko daga hanyar da ke bin Allt Breabaig. Meall an t-Sithe kyakkyawan tudu ne a nesa. Don ganin irin wannan kallon amma an ɗauka watanni 6 bayan haka a lokacin kaka. File:Ford,_Loch_a'Braoin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_167868.jpg|alt=One of the many fords across the small burns feeding the N side of Loch a' Bhraoin, on the track to Lochivraon. The most distant peak in view, with some snow, is Slioch.| Ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwa da ke ratsa ƙananan kone-kone da ke ciyar da gefen N na Loch a' Bhraoin, a kan hanyar zuwa Lochivraon. Dutsen da ya fi nisa da ake gani, tare da ɗan dusar ƙanƙara, shine Slioch. </gallery> == Manazarta == 6otufojb40jiap0oad8kmqzh1b28be3 Abolitionism a Amurka 0 176236 967437 960091 2026-10-14T01:17:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A Amurka, [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]], motsi da ke neman kawo karshen bautar da aka yi a kasar, ya kasance mai aiki daga zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa Yaƙin basasar Amurka, wanda ƙarshen ya haifar da kawar da bautar Chattel ta Amurka, sai dai a matsayin horo ga laifi, ta hanyar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku ga Kundin Tsarin na ƙasar Amurka (wanda aka tabbatar da 1865). Yunkurin adawa da bautar ya samo asali ne a lokacin Age of Enlightenment, ya mai da hankali kan kawo karshen [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]]. A cikin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Amurka, wasu 'yan Quakers na ƙasar Jamus sun ba da takardar neman izinin Quaker na shekarar 1688 na Germantown game da bautar, wanda ya nuna farkon yunkurin abolitionist na Amurka. Kafin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin, masu mulkin mallaka na Bishara sune manyan masu ba da shawara ga adawa da [[Bauta a Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka|Bautar]] da cinikin bayi, suna yin hakan bisa ga ka'idojin jin kai. Duk da haka, wasu kamar James Oglethorpe, wanda ya kafa mulkin mallaka na Georgia, suma sun riƙe manufofin siyasa don cire bautar. Da yake hana bautar ta hanyar gwajin Georgia na shekarar 1735 a wani bangare don hana haɗin gwiwar Mutanen Espanya tare da bayin da suka tsere na Georgia, Oglethorpe daga ƙarshe ya soke aikin a cikin 1750 bayan da aka ci Mutanen Espanya a Yaƙin Bloody Marsh shekaru takwas da suka gabata. A lokacin juyin juya halin, dukkan jihohi sun soke [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na kasa da kasa]], amma South Carolina ta sauya shawarar ta. Tsakanin Yakin Juyin Juya Halin da 1804, dokoki, kundin tsarin mulki, ko yanke shawara na kotu a kowace jiha ta Arewa sun samar da sannu a hankali ko kuma nan da nan kawar da bautar.{{Efn|Specifically, the Northern states adopted anti-slavery policies or court decisions as follows: Vermont (1777, before it had become a U.S. state);<ref name="www.historycentral.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.historycentral.com/AfiricanAmerican/VermontAbolishes.html|title=Vermont Abolishes Slavery|website=www.historycentral.com|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref> Pennsylvania (1780);<ref name="Owens-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/black-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html|title=Pennsylvania officially abolished slavery in 1780. But many black Pennsylvanians were in bondage long after that.|first=Cassie|last=Owens|website=Inquirer.com|date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> Massachusetts (1783);<ref name="Ahearn-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2021/07/jennison-v-caldwell-abolition-and-the-role-of-courts-in-eighteenth-century-massachusetts/|title=Jennison v. Caldwell – Abolition and the Role of Courts in Eighteenth Century Massachusetts |website=MassHist.org|last=Ahearn|first=Matthew|date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> New Hampshire (1783);<ref name="www.historycentral.com"/> Connecticut (1784);<ref name="Stannard-2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.middletownpress.com/middletown/article/Slavery-in-Connecticut-ended-only-in-1848-had-a-15352249.php|title=Slavery in Connecticut, ended only in 1848, had a long history|first=Ed|last=Stannard|date=19 June 2020|website=The Middletown Press|archive-date=27 November 2021|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127085209/https://www.middletownpress.com/middletown/article/Slavery-in-Connecticut-ended-only-in-1848-had-a-15352249.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rhode Island (1784);<ref name="www.historycentral.com"/> New York (1799);<ref name="www.historycentral.com"/> Ohio (1802)<ref name="Terry-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.starbeacon.com/news/slavery-in-ohio/article_b0335730-1854-11ea-aca3-9fa5261b80d2.html|title=Slavery in Ohio|first=Shelley|last=Terry|website=StarBeacon.com|date=December 14, 2019}}</ref> (although the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787 had already banned slavery in the lands that would later become Ohio);<ref name="George Washington's Mount Vernon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/northwest-ordinance/|title=Northwest Ordinance|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon|access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Middleton">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|title=Freedom's Early Ring: Ending Slavery in the Illinois Country, 1787–1818|website=Lib.NIU.edu|last=Middleton|first=Stephen|access-date=May 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|archive-date=November 8, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> and New Jersey (1804).<ref name="www.historycentral.com"/>}} Babu wata jiha ta Kudu da ta karɓi irin wannan manufofi. A cikin 1807, Majalisa ta sanya [[Dokar hana shigo da bayi|shigo da bayi]] laifi, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1808, wanda ya kasance da zaran Mataki na I, sashi na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da izini. Ƙananan ƙungiya amma masu sadaukarwa, a ƙarƙashin shugabannin kamar William Lloyd Garrison da Frederick Douglass, sun yi ta'aziyya don kawar da su a tsakiyar karni na 19. John Brown ya zama mai ba da shawara da kuma shugaban 'yan bindiga a ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen bautar da makamai. A cikin yakin basasa, 'yanci nan da nan ya zama burin yaki ga Tarayyar a 1863 kuma an cimma shi sosai a 1865. == Tarihi == === A cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka === [[File:Thones_kunders_house.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan Thones Kunders a 5109 Germantown Avenue, inda aka rubuta takardar neman izinin Quaker na 1688 na Germantown game da bautar]] Wani shahararren misali na juriya ta bayi ya faru a lokacin Bacon's Rebellion a shekara ta 1676. Da yake faruwa a Virginia, tawaye ya ga Bayin da aka yi wa kwangila a Turai da mutanen Afirka (na kwangila, bayi, da 'yanci baƙi) sun haɗa kai da William Berkeley saboda kin cire kabilun' yan asalin Amurka a yankin. A wannan lokacin, 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a yankin suna karbar bakuncin hare-hare kan mazauna ƙananan da ke mamaye ƙasarsu bayan Yaƙin Powhatan na Uku (1644-1646), wanda ya bar ma'aikatan fararen fata da baƙar fata da yawa da bayi ba tare da kariya daga gwamnatinsu ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Lars C. |date=2013 |title='The Battle of Weyanoke Creek': A Story of the Third Anglo-Powhatan War in Early Carolina |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/519250 |journal=Native South |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=170–195 |doi=10.1353/nso.2013.0006 |issn=2152-4025 |s2cid=162245167 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin Nathaniel Bacon, hadin kan da ya faru tsakanin fararen fata da baƙi a lokacin wannan tawaye an dauke shi da haɗari kuma ta haka ne aka soke shi tare da aiwatar da Dokar Bautar Virginia ta 1705. Duk da haka, wannan taron ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa baƙi da fararen fata za su iya aiki tare don cimma burin 'yancin kai, wanda ya zama karuwa yayin da kawar da shi ya sami ƙarfi a cikin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=James D. |date=2014 |title=Bacon's Rebellion in Indian Country |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44286295 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=726–750 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jau651 |issn=0021-8723 |jstor=44286295 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:John_Smibert_-_Judge_Samuel_Sewall_-_58.358_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg|thumb|Samuel Sewall (1652-1730), alƙali wanda ya rubuta The Selling of Joseph (1700) wanda ya yi tir da yaduwar bautar a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka]] Sanarwar farko da aka rubuta game da bautar a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka an shirya ta ne a cikin 1688 ta hanyar membobin Religious Society of Friends . A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1688, Francis Daniel Pastorius, 'yan uwan Derick da Ibrahim op den Graeff da [[Gerrit Hendricksz]] na Germantown, Pennsylvania, sun tsara takardar neman izinin Quaker na 1688 game da bautar, hukunta shafuka biyu game da bauta, kuma sun aika shi ga hukumomin gudanarwa na taron Quaker. Manufar karar ita ce ta dakatar da bautar a cikin al'ummar Quaker, inda kashi 70% na Quakers ke da bayi tsakanin 1681 da 1705.<ref name="Lederer p. 2" /> Ya amince da haƙƙin duniya na dukan mutane.<ref name="Lederer p. 2" /> Duk da yake tsarin Quaker bai dauki mataki a wannan lokacin ba, jayayya mai ban mamaki, bayyane, da karfi a cikin korafin ya fara ruhun da a ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙarshen bautar a cikin Society of Friends (1776) da kuma Commonwealth of [[Pennsylvania]] (1780). Taron Quaker Quarterly na Chester, Pennsylvania, ya yi zanga-zangar farko a cikin 1711. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata duk cinikin bayi ya kasance a karkashin hari, ana adawa da irin waɗannan shugabannin Quaker kamar William Burling, Benjamin Lay, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby, John Woolman, da Anthony Benezet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Benezet, Father of Atlantic Abolitionism |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824052129/https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4520 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Benezet ya kasance mai tasiri sosai, ya karfafa wa ƙarni na baya na sanannun masu gwagwarmayar adawa da bautar, ciki har da [[Granville Sharp]], John Wesley, [[Thomas Clarkson]], [[Olaudah Equiano]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], Benjamin Rush, Absalom Jones, da Bishop Richard Allen, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr1_txt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164005/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr1_txt.html |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Complete Antislavery Writings of Anthony Benezet, 1754–1783 |url=https://lsupress.org/books/detail/complete-antislavery-writings-of-anthony-benezet-1754-1783/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824052130/https://lsupress.org/books/detail/complete-antislavery-writings-of-anthony-benezet-1754-1783/ |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> Samuel Sewall, wani shahararren ɗan Boston, ya rubuta The Selling of Joseph (1700) <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Samuel Sewall}}</ref> don nuna rashin amincewa da yaduwar bautar kai tsaye kamar yadda ya saba da bautar da aka yi a cikin yankuna. Wannan shi ne farkon rikodin adawa da bautar da aka buga a nan gaba a ƙasar Amurka. An haramta bautar a cikin mulkin mallaka na Georgia jim kadan bayan an kafa ta a 1733. Wanda ya kafa mulkin mallaka, James Edward Oglethorpe, ya kare yunkurin da 'yan kasuwa na Kudancin Carolina da masu hasashen ƙasa suka yi don gabatar da bautar a cikin mulkin mallaka. Dalilin da ya yi ya haɗa da kariya ta dabarun game da makircin Mutanen Espanya tare da bayi masu gudu, da kuma hana yawan masu aikata laifuka na Georgia daga sake fasalin tsarin tsarin shuka na Kudancin Carolina. A cikin 1739, ya rubuta wa masu kula da Georgia yana roƙon su riƙe ƙarfi:   A cikin 1737, Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lay ya buga All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates, <ref>{{Cite web |title=All slave-keepers that keep the innocent in bondage : apostates pretending to lay claim to the pure & holy Christian religion, of what congregation so ever, but especially in their ministers, by whose example the filthy leprosy and apostacy is spread far and near : it is a notorious sin which many of the true Friends of Christ and his pure truth, called Quakers, has been for many years and still are concern'd to write and bear testimony against as a practice so gross & hurtful to religion, and destructive to government beyond what words can set forth, or can be declared of by men or angels, and yet lived in by ministers and magistrates in America |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/66038906/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> wanda abokinsa, Benjamin Franklin ya buga. A shekara mai zuwa, a lokacin Taron Shekara-shekara na Philadelphia na 1738 a Burlington, New Jersey, Lay ya yi jawabi game da bautar inda ya jefa mayafi don bayyana cewa yana sanye da soja kuma yana sanye le takobi (abin mamaki ga masu zaman lafiya), sannan ya jefa takobi a cikin littafi wanda ke dauke da ɓoyayyen jini na karya (ya'in miyagun ƙwayoyi), yana yada wadanda ke kusa da sukar tashin hankali da suke yi ta hanyar yin bautar.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 1856 |title=Early Anti-Slavery Advocates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHvTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA220 |journal=The Friend |location=Philadelphia |volume=XXIX |issue=28 |page=220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Maurice Jackson}}</ref> On September 9, 1739, a literate slave named Jemmy led a rebellion against South Carolina slaveholders in an event referred to as the Stono Rebellion (also known as Cato's Conspiracy and Cato's Rebellion.) The runaway slaves involved in the revolt intended to reach Spanish-controlled Florida to attain freedom, but their plans were thwarted by white colonists in Charlestown, South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=J. K. |date=2011-11-29 |title=Cry Liberty: The Great Stono River Slave Rebellion of 1739 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2011-12_98_3/page/815 |journal=Journal of American History |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=815–816 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jar446 |issn=0021-8723}}</ref> The event resulted in 25 colonists and 35 to 50 African slaves killed, as well as the implementation of the 1740 Negro Act to prevent another slave uprising. In her book, "The Slave's Cause" by Manisha Sinha, Sinha considers the Stono Rebellion to be an important act of abolition from the perspective of the slave, recognizing their agency and subsequent humanity as cause for self-liberation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Slave's Cause |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/9780300227116/the-slaves-cause |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Yale University Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Tawayen bayi bayan Stono Rebellion wani yanayi ne na yanzu na kawar da bayi kuma sun kasance mai nuna alamar baƙar fata wanda ke sha a ƙarƙashin farfajiyar abolitionist na shekaru da yawa kuma daga ƙarshe ya fito daga baya ta hanyar adadi kamar Frederick Douglass, wani baƙar fata mai 'yanci wanda ya kasance sanannen mai magana da marubuci don manufar abolitionism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goddu |first=Teresa A. |date=2014 |title=Anti-Slavery's Panoramic Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44392735 |journal=MELUS |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=12–41 |doi=10.1093/melus/mlu015 |issn=0163-755X |jstor=44392735 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:Benjamin_Kent,_Old_Burying_Ground,_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Benjamin Kent, lauya wanda ya 'yantar da bawa a Amurka (1766) ]] Gwagwarmayar tsakanin Georgia da South Carolina ta haifar da muhawara ta farko a majalisar game da batun bautar, wanda ya faru tsakanin 1740 da 1742. Rhode Island Quakers, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Musa Brown, sun kasance daga cikin na farko a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi. Benjamin Rush wani shugaba ne, kamar yadda yawancin Quakers suka kasance. John Woolman ya ba da mafi yawan kasuwancinsa a cikin 1756 don ya ba da kansa ga kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar tare da sauran Quakers. Tsakanin 1764 da 1774, bayi goma sha bakwai na 'yan Afirka sun bayyana a gaban Kotunan Massachusetts a cikin' 'yanci, wanda ya haifar da shawarar da aka yanke a cikin Somerset v. Stewart, wanda duk da cewa ba a yi amfani da yankuna ba har yanzu masu adawa da Amurka sun karɓa da kyau. Lauyan Boston Benjamin Kent ya wakilci su. A shekara ta 1766, Kent ya lashe shari'a (''Slew v. Whipple'') don yantar da Jenny Slew, wata mace mai launin fata da aka sace a Massachusetts sannan aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin bawa. According to historian Steven Pincus, many of the colonial legislatures worked to enact laws that would limit slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-22 |title=A Conversation with Steven Pincus |url=https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/pincus |website=Declaration Resources Project}}</ref> The Provincial legislature of Massachusetts Bay, as noted by historian Gary B. Nash, approved a law "prohibiting the importation and purchase of slaves by any Massachusetts citizen." The Loyalist governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, vetoed the law, an action that prompted angered reaction from the general public. American abolitionists were cheered by the decision in ''Somerset v Stewart'' (1772), which prohibited slavery in the United Kingdom, though not in its colonies.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}} In 1774, the influential Fairfax Resolves called for an end to the "wicked, cruel and unnatural" [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Atlantic slave trade]]. === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ndoyx16cmd3ovmoh7b7fbow2es3kwi Neolithic na farko 0 176244 967433 952040 2026-10-14T01:04:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Farkon Tsarin Neolithic Mai Tsanani (FTN)''' wani yanki ne na kayan tarihi wanda ya ƙunshi tsoffin al'adun kayan tarihi na Neolithic Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, wanda aka tsara tun daga kusan 6400–5100 kafin haihuwar Annabi ''Isa'' . Al'adun FTN su ne farkon waɗanda suka fara aikin [[noma]] a [[Turai]] mai yanayin zafi, wanda ke buƙatar manyan sabbin abubuwa a fasahar noma da aka saba da ita a baya don yanayin tekun Bahar Rum . <ref name="Nandris">{{Cite journal |last=Nandris |first=John |date=June 1970 |title=The Development and Relationships of the Earlier Greek Neolithic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_man-uk_1970-06_5_2/page/192 |journal=Man |series=New Series |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=192–213 |doi=10.2307/2799647 |jstor=2799647}}</ref> Al'adun da FTN ta ƙunsa sune: [1] * al'adun Starčevo-Kőrös-Criș, wanda ya ƙunshi: :* Al'adun Starčevo, ''kimanin'' 6200–5200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (KZ), yammacin [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]], gabashin [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] da yammacin Hungary; :* al'adun Kőrös, ''c.'' 6400–5100 KZ, gabashin [[Hungariya|Hungary]] ; :* al'adun Criş, ''c.'' 6400–5200 KZ, [[Romainiya|Romania]] ; * Al'adar Karanovo I/II, ''kimanin'' 6300–5100 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, tsakiya da kudancin [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] ; * [[Macedonian First Neolithic|Macedoniyawa ta Farko ta Neolithic]], ''kimanin'' 6600–5300 KZ, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedoniyawa]] ; * [[Poljanica group|ƙungiyar Poljanica]], ''kimanin'' 6300–5200 KZ, arewa maso gabashin Bulgaria; * [[West Bulgarian Painted Ware culture|Al'adar Kayan Fentin Yammacin Bulgaria]], ''kimanin'' 6200–5200 KZ, yammacin Bulgaria. * Al'adun Vinča, kimanin 5400–4500 BC, Serbia da ƙasashe kusa == Duba kuma == * Tsohon Turai (ilimin kayan tarihi) == Manazarta == skp5y0vh7gesurobir4lznk6ew4x4bw First Temperate Neolithic 0 176245 967351 952044 2026-10-13T21:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farkon Tsarin Neolithic Mai Tsanani (FTN)''' wani yanki ne na kayan tarihi wanda ya ƙunshi tsoffin al'adun kayan tarihi na Neolithic Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, wanda aka tsara tun daga kusan 6400–5100 kafin haihuwar Annabi ''Isa'' . Al'adun FTN su ne farkon waɗanda suka fara aikin [[noma]] a [[Turai]] mai yanayin zafi, wanda ke buƙatar manyan sabbin abubuwa a fasahar noma da aka saba da ita a baya don yanayin tekun Bahar Rum . <ref name="Nandris">{{Cite journal |last=Nandris |first=John |date=June 1970 |title=The Development and Relationships of the Earlier Greek Neolithic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_man-uk_1970-06_5_2/page/192 |journal=Man |series=New Series |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=192–213 |doi=10.2307/2799647 |jstor=2799647}}</ref> Al'adun da FTN ta ƙunsa sune: [1] * al'adun Starčevo-Kőrös-Criș, wanda ya ƙunshi: :* Al'adun Starčevo, ''kimanin'' 6200–5200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (KZ), yammacin [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]], gabashin [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] da yammacin Hungary; :* al'adun Kőrös, ''c.'' 6400–5100 KZ, gabashin [[Hungariya|Hungary]] ; :* al'adun Criş, ''c.'' 6400–5200 KZ, [[Romainiya|Romania]] ; * Al'adar Karanovo I/II, ''kimanin'' 6300–5100 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, tsakiya da kudancin [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] ; * [[Macedonian First Neolithic|Macedoniyawa ta Farko ta Neolithic]], ''kimanin'' 6600–5300 KZ, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedoniyawa]] ; * [[Poljanica group|ƙungiyar Poljanica]], ''kimanin'' 6300–5200 KZ, arewa maso gabashin Bulgaria; * [[West Bulgarian Painted Ware culture|Al'adar Kayan Fentin Yammacin Bulgaria]], ''kimanin'' 6200–5200 KZ, yammacin Bulgaria. * Al'adun Vinča, kimanin 5400–4500 BC, Serbia da ƙasashe kusa == Duba kuma == * Tsohon Turai (ilimin kayan tarihi) == Manazarta == dk44s47iczfim4kd964laiffempxttj Stygobromus canadensis 0 176311 967457 952544 2026-10-14T02:29:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref name=NataureServe/>|genus=Stygobromus|species=canadensis|authority=Holsinger, 1980}} '''''Stygobromus canadensis''''', '''kogon Castleguard stygobromid''', nau'in amphipod ne a cikin dangin Crangonyctidae da kuma nau'in ''Stygobromus'' . Yana da alaƙa da Castleguard Cave a Alberta, [[Kanada]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilligan |first=Melissa |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Banff National Park cave creature exists 'no where else': Parks Canada |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/calgary/article/banff-national-park-cave-creature-exists-no-where-else-parks-canada/ |website=CTV Calgary}}</ref> John Holsinger ne ya fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1980. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holsinger |first=J. R. |year=1980 |title=''Stygobromus canadensis'', a new subterranean amphipod crustacean (Crangonyctidae) from Canada, with remarks on Wisconsin refugia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-zoology_1980-02_58_2/page/290 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=290–297 |bibcode=1980CaJZ...58..290H |doi=10.1139/z80-034}}</ref> A halin yanzu an lissafa shi a matsayin wanda NatureServe ta sanya shi cikin haɗari. <ref name="NataureServe">{{Cite web |title=Castleguard Cave Stygobromid |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106704/Stygobromus_canadensis |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=NatureServe Explorer}}</ref> Kasancewar wannan nau'in ya sa aka sanya wa kogon suna a matsayin Babban Yankin Rayayyun Halittu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Peter |date=January 31, 2023 |title=A Banff cave is "globally significant" for being home to a unique creature |url=https://dailyhive.com/calgary/banff-castleguard-cave-creature |website=[[Daily Hive]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-64377367 Ƙaramin halitta ya buɗe rayuwa kafin zamanin kankara]'' - Rahoton bidiyo na BBC News akan ''S. canadensis'' {{Taxonbar|from=Q7842152}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hahuvce5tqc2q5jcomhx0izbrejx55 Lochend (Loch Ness) 0 176314 967253 957457 2026-10-13T17:14:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lochend''' wanda kuma aka sani da ''Bona'', wani yanki ne da ke a farkon magudanar ruwan Caledonian, a kan [[Loch Ness]] a Inverness-shire, [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|Scottish Highlands]] kuma yana cikin yankin majalisar kasar [[Scotland]] na [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochend, General |url=https://www.trove.scot/place/287406 |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=trove.scot}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wurin ne wurin da aka gina fitilar [[Bona, Scotland|Bona]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2016 |title=Bona Lighthouse, Caledonian Canal, Lochend |url=https://www.trove.scot/designation/LB8034 |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=trove.scot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119092636/https://www.trove.scot/designation/LB8034 |archive-date=19 November 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == o5zduo9u5vvox4afd1nvcpywgxte10b Troglocambarus 0 176383 967451 952720 2026-10-14T02:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=''Troglocambarus''|status=NT|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Crandall, K.A. |author-link = Keith A. Crandall |year=2010 |title=''Troglocambarus maclanei'' |article-number=e.T153773A4543100 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153773A4543100.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=G1|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref name=serve/>|genus=Troglocambarus|parent_authority=[[Horton H. Hobbs Jr.|Hobbs]], 1942 <ref name="AMN">{{cite journal |author=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |author-link=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |year=1942 |title=A generic revision of the crayfishes of the subfamily Cambarinae (Decapoda, Astacidae) with the description of a new genus and species |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-midland-naturalist_1942-09_28_2/page/334 |journal=[[American Midland Naturalist]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=334–357 |doi=10.2307/2420820 |jstor=2420820 |publisher=The University of Notre Dame}}</ref>|species=maclanei|authority=[[Horton H. Hobbs Jr.|Hobbs]], 1942}} '''''Troglocambarus''''' nau'in crayfish ne mai kama da juna, wanda ya shahara a [[Florida]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=James W. Fetzner Jr. |date=December 6, 2006 |title=''Troglocambarus maclanei'' Hobbs, 1942 |url=http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/NewAstacidea/species.asp?g=Troglocambarus&s=maclanei |website=Crayfish Taxon Browser |publisher=[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> Ana samun '''''Troglocambarus maclanei''''' a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankunan Hernando, Marion, Alachua, Columbia, Gilchrist da Suwanee, <ref name="serve">{{Cite web |title=''Troglocambarus maclanei'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120713/Troglocambarus_maclanei |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life |publisher=NatureServe}}</ref> kuma an sanya masa suna bayan Mr. William A. McLane wanda ya fara tattara shi. Ana kiransa '''da kifin gizo-gizo na Arewacin Florida''' . <ref name="serve" /> Ana kyautata zaton ''Troglocambarus'' ita ce ƙungiyar 'yan'uwa ga ''Procambarus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keith A. Crandall |author-link=Keith A. Crandall |last2=James W. Fetzner Jr. |last3=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |author-link3=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |name-list-style=amp |date=January 1, 2001 |title=Cambarinae |url=http://tolweb.org/Cambarinae/6702 |website=[[Tree of Life Web Project]]}}</ref> Ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma an fara samunsa a cikin Squirrel Chimney, 11.&nbsp;mil arewa maso yamma da Gainesville, Florida . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keith A. Crandall |author-link=Keith A. Crandall |last2=James W. Fetzner Jr. |last3=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |author-link3=Horton H. Hobbs Jr. |name-list-style=amp |date=January 1, 2001 |title=''Troglocambarus'' |url=http://tolweb.org/Troglocambarus/6721 |website=[[Tree of Life Web Project]]}}</ref> ''T. maclanei'' ba shi da launin jiki. An bambanta shi da sauran nau'ikan ta hanyar faɗaɗa girman manyan nau'ikan uku. Ba a san abin da ''T. maclanei'' ke ci ba. <ref name="serve" /> An lissafa ''Troglocambarus maclanei'' a matsayin "Critically Imperiled" ta NatureServe, <ref name="serve" /> kuma a matsayin ''Near Threatened'' a cikin Jerin Ja na IUCN . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|32em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hcmeb7zucu0o327yt8w24nb5beuhsr2 Kashe Eula Love 0 176398 967452 952786 2026-10-14T02:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eulia Mae Love''' (wanda aka fi sani da Eula Love) wata 'yar Afirka ce mai shekaru 39 kuma gwauruwa wacce jami'an sashen 'yan sanda na Los Angeles suka harbe ta a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1979.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ogbar |first=Jeffrey O. G. |date=1 January 1999 |title=Slouching toward Bork: The Culture Wars and Self-Criticism in Hip-Hop Music |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1999-11_30_2/page/164 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=164–183 |doi=10.1177/002193479903000202 |jstor=2645846 |s2cid=145313509}}</ref> Kodayake mutuwar Love ta haifar da kuka a Kudancin Los Angeles, Lauyan Gundumar Los Angeles ya wanke duka jami'an 'yan sanda da ke da hannu a harbi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1979. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Feder-Haugabook |first=Ayala |date=2017-10-21 |title=Eula Mae Love (1939-1979) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/love-eula-mae-1939-1979/ |access-date=2021-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Watanni shida kafin lamarin, mijin Love, William, ya mutu daga cutar sickle cell anemia, ya bar Love da ke fama da matsalar kudi kuma yana da alhakin kula da 'ya'yansu mata uku.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar harbi, Love ta yi rikici da wani mai ba da sabis daga kamfanin Gas na Kudancin California wanda aka aika zuwa gidanta don karɓar lissafin amfani da ya wuce gona da iri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jamilah |date=26 April 2017 |title=Maxine Waters' battle against powerful white men began when Eula Love was murdered in 1979 |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/174565/maxine-waters-battle-against-powerful-white-men-began-when-eula-love-was-killed-in-1979 |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ta je shagon don biyan kuɗin don biyan kuɗin, Love ta koma gida don neman ƙarin ma'aikata daga kamfanin gas, waɗanda suka kira 'yan sanda a kanta. Ƙarin fushi da sababbin ma'aikatan amfani, Ƙaunar ta shiga gidanta kuma ta fito da wuka. Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka isa, Love ta yi barazanar jami'an da wuka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A mayar da martani, jami'an biyu, Edward Hopson da Lloyd O'Callaghan, sun harbe shi goma sha biyu a Love, sun buge ta sau takwas a kusa, suka kashe ta nan take.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hopson v. City of Los Angeles (1983) |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/139/347.html |access-date=18 June 2016 |website=Justia Law |publisher=Justia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=David |date=May 26, 1992 |title=Media Failed to Examine Alleged LAPD Abuses |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-26-mn-147-story.html |access-date=19 June 2016 |website=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Jami'an sun yi zargin cewa sun harbe ta don kare kanta. == Sakamakon haka == Kisan ya haifar da yaduwar labarai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gida kuma ya haifar da fushin jama'a, wanda ya jagoranci Hukumar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles don gudanar da bincikenta game da harbi. Amincewar Black Angelenos a cikin LAPD ya ragu sosai a cikin shekara ta 1979 saboda wani bangare na wannan shari'ar, a cewar littafin Allen John Scott The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century . Rahoton ya haifar da manyan gyare-gyare a cikin hanyoyin Sashen kan amfani da karfi".<ref name="Warren" /> Jaridar ilimi Crime and Social Justice daga baya ta sake buga rahoton Hukumar 'yan sanda game da yanayin harbi. Editocin jaridu sun bayyana ra'ayin cewa kisan da ta yi laifi ne ga bil'adama".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners |date=1980 |title=Concerning the Shooting of Eula Love |journal=Crime and Social Justice |issue=14 |pages=2–9 |issn=0094-7571 |jstor=29766096}}</ref>Jarida Joe Domanick (marubucin littattafai biyu a kan sashen) ya bayyana harbi na Love a matsayin alama ce ta tsoffin kwanakin" na Sashen 'yan sanda na Los Angeles. An ambaci mutuwar soyayya a matsayin abin da ya faru wanda ya sanya kalmar nan "harbi da ke da hannu" a cikin amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Officer-Involved" Obfuscation |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2016/09/eula-love-officer-involved-shooting-black-lives-matter |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=jacobinmag.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan abin da ya faru ya yi wahayi zuwa ga fim din 1980 na L.A. Rebellion Gidget Meets Hondo na Bernard Nicolas . <ref>{{Cite web |title="LA Rebellion Gidget Meets Hondo" |url=https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/films/gidget-meets-hondo |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] bhz8bpgcd0axxbwyd30oms459iy98qt Hydrogen 0 176442 967459 952881 2026-10-14T02:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Clear}} {| class="infobox ib-element" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span class="nowrap">Hydrogen,&nbsp;<sub>1</sub>H</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg|alt=A clear tube with blue and purple light emanating from it|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Purple glow in hydrogen's plasma state.</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |Hydrogen |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Appearance | class="infobox-data" |Colorless gas |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;" |Standard atomic weight <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">''A''<sub>r</sub>&#xB0;(H)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [<span class="nowrap">1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">84</span></span>,&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">1.008<span style="margin-left:.25em;">11</span></span>] * <span class="nowrap">1.0080<span style="margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;">±</span>0.0002</span>&nbsp;(abridged) </div> |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |Hydrogen in the periodic table |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="ib-element-periodic-table"> <div class="ib-element-periodic-table-pt-container"><templatestyles src="Periodic table (32 columns, micro)/styles.css" /> {| class="periodic-table-32-micro" |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; border:1px solid var(--color-base,#202122); box-sizing: border-box;">Hydrogen</span></nowiki> | colspan="30" | |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Helium</span></nowiki> |- |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Lithium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Beryllium</span></nowiki> | colspan="24" | |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Boron</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Carbon</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Nitrogen</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Oxygen</span></nowiki> |[[Fluorine|<span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Fluorine</span>]] |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Neon</span></nowiki> |- |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Sodium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Magnesium</span></nowiki> | colspan="24" | |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Aluminium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Silicon</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Phosphorus</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Sulfur</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Chlorine</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Argon</span></nowiki> |- |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Potassium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Calcium</span></nowiki> | colspan="14" | |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Scandium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Titanium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Vanadium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Chromium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Manganese</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Iron</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Cobalt</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Nickel</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Copper</span></nowiki> |[[Zinc|<span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Zinc</span>]] |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Gallium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Germanium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Arsenic</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Selenium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Bromine</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Krypton</span></nowiki> |- |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Rubidium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Strontium</span></nowiki> | class="periodic-table-32-micro-no-insert-cell-gt118" | | colspan="13" | |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Yttrium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Zirconium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Niobium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Molybdenum</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Technetium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Ruthenium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Rhodium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Palladium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Silver</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Cadmium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Indium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Tin</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Antimony</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Tellurium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Iodine</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Xenon</span></nowiki> |- |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Caesium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Barium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Lanthanum</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Cerium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Praseodymium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Neodymium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Promethium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Samarium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Europium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Gadolinium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Terbium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Dysprosium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Holmium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Erbium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Thulium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Ytterbium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Lutetium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Hafnium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Tantalum</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Tungsten</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Rhenium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Osmium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Iridium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Platinum</span></nowiki> |[[Zinare|<span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Gold</span>]] |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Mercury (element)</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Thallium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Lead</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Bismuth</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Polonium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Astatine</span></nowiki> |[[Radon|<span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Radon</span>]] |- |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Francium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; ">Radium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Actinium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Thorium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Protactinium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Uranium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Neptunium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Plutonium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Americium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Curium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Berkelium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Californium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Einsteinium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Fermium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Mendelevium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99; ">Nobelium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Lawrencium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Rutherfordium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Dubnium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Seaborgium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Bohrium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Hassium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Meitnerium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Darmstadtium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Roentgenium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff; ">Copernicium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Nihonium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Flerovium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Moscovium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Livermorium</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Tennessine</span></nowiki> |<nowiki><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; ">Oganesson</span></nowiki> |} </div> <div class="ib-element-periodic-table-symbol">–<br /><br />↑<br /><br /><strong>H</strong><br /><br />↓<br /><br />Li</div> <div class="ib-element-periodic-table-name nowrap">(none) ← <strong>hydrogen</strong> → helium</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Atomic number <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">''Z''</span>)</span></span> | class="infobox-data" |1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Group | class="infobox-data" |group&nbsp;1: hydrogen and alkali metals |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Period | class="infobox-data" |period<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Block | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#ffe6dd; color:black;" title="color legend: s-block">&nbsp;</span> s-block |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Electron configuration | class="infobox-data" |1s<sup>1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Electrons per shell | class="infobox-data" |1 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |Physical properties |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Phase <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">at&nbsp;<span title="STP: standard temperature and pressure: 0&nbsp;°C and 101.325&nbsp;kPa">[[Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba|STP]]</span></span> | class="infobox-data" |gas |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Melting point | class="infobox-data" |(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) 13.99&nbsp;K&#x20;&#x200B;(−259.16&nbsp;°C,&#x20;&#x200B;−434.49&nbsp;°F)&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Boiling point | class="infobox-data" |(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) 20.271&nbsp;K&#x20;&#x200B;(−252.879&nbsp;°C,&#x20;&#x200B;−423.182&nbsp;°F)&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Density&#x20;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(at&nbsp;[[Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba|STP]])</span> | class="infobox-data" |0.08988&nbsp;g/L |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal;">when&nbsp;liquid (at&nbsp;m.p.)</span> | class="infobox-data" |0.07&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>&#x20;(solid:&nbsp;0.0763&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal;">when&nbsp;liquid (at&nbsp;b.p.)</span> | class="infobox-data" |0.07099&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Triple point | class="infobox-data" |13.8033&nbsp;K,&#x20;&#x200B;7.041&nbsp;kPa&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Critical point | class="infobox-data" |32.938&nbsp;K, 1.2858&nbsp;MPa&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Heat of fusion | class="infobox-data" |(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) 0.117&nbsp;kJ/mol&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Heat of vaporization | class="infobox-data" |(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) 0.904&nbsp;kJ/mol&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Molar heat capacity | class="infobox-data" |14.418&nbsp;J/(mol·K)&#x20;(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H</span>)<br /><br />28.836&nbsp;J/(mol·K)&#x20;(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Specific heat capacity | class="infobox-data" |14303.571&nbsp;J/(kg·K)&#x20;(<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H</span>) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<nowiki><b>Vapor<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>pressure<nowiki></b></nowiki> {| class="ib-element-vapor-pressure wikitable" ! scope="row" |<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Pressure</nowiki&gt;">''P''</abbr>&nbsp;<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">(Pa)</span> ! scope="col" |1 ! scope="col" |10 ! scope="col" |100 ! scope="col" |1&nbsp;k ! scope="col" |10&nbsp;k ! scope="col" |100&nbsp;k |- ! scope="row" |at&nbsp;<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Temperature</nowiki&gt;">''T''</abbr>&nbsp;<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">(K)</span> |  |  |  |  |15 |20 |} |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |Atomic properties |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Oxidation states | class="infobox-data" |common: <span style="font-size:112%;">−1, +1</span><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Electronegativity | class="infobox-data" |Pauling&nbsp;scale: 2.20&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ionization energies | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * 1st:&nbsp;1312.0&nbsp;kJ/mol&#x20; * </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Covalent radius | class="infobox-data" |31±5&nbsp;pm&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Van der Waals radius | class="infobox-data" |120&nbsp;pm&#x20; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:1_(H_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png|alt=Color lines in a spectral range|center|frameless]]<strong>Spectral lines of hydrogen</strong> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |Other properties |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Natural occurrence | class="infobox-data" |primordial |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Crystal structure | class="infobox-data" |&#x20;&#x200B;hexagonal&#x20;(hP4) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lattice constants | class="infobox-data" |<div style="float:right;">[[File:Hexagonal.svg|alt=Hexagonal crystal structure for hydrogen|class=notpageimage skin-invert|frameless]]</div>''a''&nbsp;=&nbsp;378.97&nbsp;pm<br /><br />''c''&nbsp;=&nbsp;618.31&nbsp;pm (at&nbsp;triple&nbsp;point) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Thermal conductivity | class="infobox-data" |0.1805&nbsp;W/(m⋅K)&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magnetic ordering | class="infobox-data" |diamagnetic&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Molar magnetic susceptibility | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">−3.98<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol&#x20;(298&nbsp;K) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Speed of sound | class="infobox-data" |1310 m/s&#x20;(gas, 27&nbsp;°C) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |CAS Number | class="infobox-data" |12385-13-6&#x20;<br /><br />1333-74-0 (<templatestyles src="Module:Chem2/styles.css" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |History |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Naming | class="infobox-data" |name means 'water-former' in Greek |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Discovery and first isolation | class="infobox-data" |Henry Cavendish<ref name="Miskowiec2023" />&#x20;(1766) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Named&nbsp;by | class="infobox-data" |Antoine Lavoisier<span class="nowrap">&#x20;(1783)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |Isotopes of hydrogen<div style="float:right; padding-right: 0.2em;"><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox isotopes (meta)/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Isotopes/main/table/styles.css" /> {| class="isotopes-table wikitable" ! colspan="3" scope="colgroup" |Main isotopes ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" |Decay |- class="isotopes-table-headers" ! scope="col" |<templatestyles src="Screen reader-only/styles.css" /><span class="sr-only">Isotope</span> ! scope="col" |abun<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">­</span></nowiki>dance ! scope="col" |half-life <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">(''t''<sub>1/2</sub>)</span> ! scope="col" |mode ! scope="col" |pro<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">­</span></nowiki>duct |- ! rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;" |<sup>1</sup>H | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" |<span class="nowrap">99.9855%</span> | colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |stable |- ! rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;" |<nowiki><sup>2</sup></nowiki>H | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" |<span class="nowrap">0.0115%</span> | colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |stable |- ! rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;" |<nowiki><sup>3</sup></nowiki>H | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" |trace | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" |<span class="nowrap">12.32&nbsp;y</span> | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;" |<span style="float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;">β<nowiki><sup>−</sup></nowiki></span> | style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" |<nowiki><sup>3</sup></nowiki>He |} <div class="isotopes-table-footnote">Abundance of deuterium is highly variable</div> |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ffe6dd" |[[File:Symbol_category_class.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px|Category]]&nbsp;Category: Hydrogen<br /><br /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles>&#x20;<nowiki>|</nowiki>&#x20;references |} {{Databox}}'''H''' wani [[Chemical element|sinadarin sinadarai]] ne; yana da alamar H da lambar atom 1. {{Spaces}}Ita ce [[List of atomic weights|mafi sauƙi]] kuma [[Abundance of the chemical elements|mafi yawa]] sinadarai a sararin samaniya, wanda ya zama kusan kashi 75% na duk al'amuran al'ada. A karkashin daidaitattun yanayi, hydrogen iskar [[gas]] ce ta [[Diatomic molecule|Kwayoyin diatomic]] tare da [[Chemical formula|tsari]] na , wanda ake kira '''dihydrogen''', ko kuma wani lokacin '''iskar hydrogen''', hydrogen na kwayoyin, ko kuma kawai hydrogen. {{Spaces}} Dihydrogen ba shi da launi, ba shi da ƙanshi, ba shi da guba, kuma yana [[Combustible|mai ƙonewa]] sosai. [[Sun|Rana]]-linkid="797" href="./Star" id="mwWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Star">Taurari, gami da Sun, galibi sun kunshi hydrogen a cikin [[Plasma state|Yanayin plasma]], yayin da a Duniya, ana samun hydrogen a matsayin gas (dihydrogen) da kuma a cikin [[Molecule|kwayoyin]], kamar a cikin [[ruwa]] da mahadi na kwayoyin. {{Spaces}} Mafi yawan [[Isotope of hydrogen|isotope na hydrogen]], {{Sup|1}}, ya ƙunshi [[proton]] ɗaya, electron ɗaya, kuma babu [[neutron|Neutron]]. Hydrogen gas was first produced artificially in the 17th{{Spaces}}century by the reaction of [[Acid|acids]] with metals. Henry Cavendish, in{{Spaces}}1766–1781, identified hydrogen gas as a distinct substance and discovered its property of producing water when burned: this is the origin of hydrogen's name, which means 'water-former' (from Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ, romanized: húdōr, lit. 'water', and γεννάω, gennáō, 'I bring forth'). Understanding the colors of light absorbed and emitted by hydrogen was a crucial part of the development of [[Kimiyyar kwantom|quantum mechanics]]. Hydrogen, yawanci ba ƙarfe ba sai dai a ƙarƙashin matsanancin matsin lamba, yana samar da haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ba ƙarfe bane, yana ba da gudummawa ga samar da mahadi kamar ruwa da abubuwa daban-daban. Matsayinta yana da mahimmanci a cikin halayen acid-base, wanda yafi haɗawa da musayar proton tsakanin kwayoyin da za a iya narkewa. A cikin mahaɗan ionic, hydrogen na iya ɗaukar nau'in ko dai anion mai caji mara kyau, inda aka sani da hydride, ko kuma a matsayin cation mai caji, H +, hydron.  Kodayake suna da alaƙa da kwayoyin ruwa, hydrons suna shafar halayyar mafita na ruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin muhimmancin pH. Hydride, a gefe guda, ba a lura da shi sosai saboda yana da alaƙa da deprotonate solvents, yana samar da .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Element: Hydrogen |url=https://pse-info.de/en/element/H |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Periodic table |language=en}}</ref>{{Spaces}}  A Farkon sararin samaniya, ƙwayoyin hydrogen masu tsaka-tsaki sun samo asali ne game da shekaru 370,000 bayan Big Bang yayin da sararin samaniya ya fadada kuma plasma ya sanyaya sosai don electrons su kasance a ɗaure da protons. Bayan taurari sun fara samuwa, yawancin hydrogen a cikin matsakaiciyar taurari sun sake ionized. Kusan dukkanin [[Samar da hydrogen]] ana yin su ne ta hanyar canza burbushin burbushin halittu, musamman sake fasalin tururi na iskar gas. Hakanan ana iya samar da shi daga ruwa ko saline ta hanyar [[electrolysis]], amma wannan tsari ya fi tsada. Babban amfani da masana'antu sun haɗa da sarrafa man fetur da samar da ammoniya don taki. Amfani mai tasowa don hydrogen ya haɗa da amfani da [[Kwayar man fetur|sel na mai]] don samar da wutar lantarki. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == === Hydrogen na atomatik === [[Energy level|matakin makamashi]] na ƙasa na lantarki a cikin kwayar hydrogen shine -13.6 [[electronvolts]] (eV), <ref>{{Cite web |last=NAAP Labs |date=2009 |title=Energy Levels |url=http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hydrogen/levels.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511120536/http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hydrogen/levels.html |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=20 May 2015 |publisher=University of Nebraska Lincoln}}</ref> daidai da hasken [[ultraviolet]] na kusan 91 [[Nanometer|nanometers]] wavelength. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=photon wavelength 13.6 eV |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=photon+wavelength+13.6+ev |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512221720/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=photon+wavelength+13.6+ev |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2015 |website=Wolfram Alpha}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Matsayin makamashi na hydrogen ana kiransa da [[Quantum number|lambobi masu yawa]] a jere, tare da n = 1 {\displaystyle n=1} kasancewa ƙasa. [[Hydrogen spectral series|Jerin nau'ikan hydrogen]] ya dace da fitar da haske saboda sauye-sauye daga mafi girma zuwa ƙananan matakan makamashi.:{{Rp|105}} Kowane matakin makamashi ya kara raba shi ta hanyar hulɗar [[Spin (physics)|juyawa]] tsakanin lantarki da proton zuwa matakai huɗu masu kyau. Ƙungiyar ƙa'idodi don sunayen sunadarai, IUPAC, tana ba da sunaye na gaba ɗaya lokacin da mahallin ya ɗauka yawan isotope na halitta ko ya yi watsi da isotope. Wadannan sunayen gabaɗaya sune ''Hydrogen'' don atom mai tsaka-tsaki, ''hydron'' don cation, H+, ''hydride'' don anion, da H-. Ana amfani da sunan ''proton'' sau da yawa don cation mai caji, amma wannan daidai ne kawai ga cation na isotope mai rinjaye 1H.<ref name="iupac1988proton">{{Cite journal |last=Bunnet |first=J.F. |last2=Jones, R.A.Y. |year=1968 |title=Names for hydrogen atoms, ions, and groups, and for reactions involving them (Recommendations 1988) |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6007x1115.pdf |journal=[[Pure Appl. Chem.]] |volume=60 |issue=7 |pages=1115–6 |doi=10.1351/pac198860071115 |quote=[T]he word <u>proton</u> is used not only for the <sup>1</sup>H<sup>+</sup> ion but commonly, and incorrectly, for H<sup>+</sup> in natural abundance. In many contexts this creates no ambiguity and it is likely that this usage will continue.}}</ref> ==== Isotopes ==== [[File:Blausen_0530_HydrogenIsotopes.png|alt=Diagram showing the structure of each of Hydrogen-1 (mass number 1, 1 electron, 1 proton), Hydrogen-2 or deuterium (mass number 2, 1 electron, 1 proton, 1 neutron), and Hydrogen-3 or tritium (mass number 3, 1 electron, 1 proton, 2 neutrons)|thumb|Isotopes guda uku na halitta na hydrogen: hydrogen-1 (protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium), da hydrogen-3 (tritium) ]] Hydrogen yana da isotopes guda uku na halitta, wanda ake kira 1H, 2H da 3H. {{Spaces}}Sauran, an haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayi sosai (4H zuwa 7H) a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje amma ba a lura da su a cikin yanayi ba.<ref name="Gurov">{{Cite journal |last=Gurov, Y. B. |last2=Aleshkin, D. V. |last3=Behr, M. N. |last4=Lapushkin, S. V. |last5=Morokhov, P. V. |last6=Pechkurov, V. A. |last7=Poroshin, N. O. |last8=Sandukovsky, V. G. |last9=Tel'kushev, M. V. |last10=Chernyshev, B. A. |last11=Tschurenkova, T. D. |date=2004 |title=Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped-pion absorption by nuclei |journal=Physics of Atomic Nuclei |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=491–97 |bibcode=2005PAN....68..491G |doi=10.1134/1.1891200 |s2cid=122902571}}</ref><ref name="Korsheninnikov">{{Cite journal |last=Korsheninnikov |first=A. |last2=Nikolskii |first2=E. |last3=Kuzmin |first3=E. |last4=Ozawa |first4=A. |last5=Morimoto |first5=K. |last6=Tokanai |first6=F. |last7=Kanungo |first7=R. |last8=Tanihata |first8=I. |last9=Timofeyuk |first9=N. |display-authors=8 |date=2003 |title=Experimental Evidence for the Existence of <sup>7</sup>H and for a Specific Structure of <sup>8</sup>He |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=90 |issue=8 |bibcode=2003PhRvL..90h2501K |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.082501 |pmid=12633420}}</ref>{{Spaces}} '''1H''' shine mafi yawan isotope na hydrogen, tare da yalwar >99.98%. Saboda tsakiya na wannan isotope ya kunshi proton guda ɗaya kawai, an ba shi bayanin amma da wuya a yi amfani da sunan ''Protium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Urey |first=H. C. |last2=Brickwedde |first2=F. G. |last3=Murphy |first3=G. M. |date=1933 |title=Names for the Hydrogen Isotopes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1933-12-29_78_2035/page/602 |journal=Science |volume=78 |issue=2035 |pages=602–603 |bibcode=1933Sci....78..602U |doi=10.1126/science.78.2035.602 |pmid=17797765}}</ref> Ita ce kawai isotope mai ɗorewa ba tare da neutrons ba ().   '''2H''', ɗayan isotope na hydrogen mai ɗorewa, an san shi da deuterium kuma yana ƙunshe da proton ɗaya da Neutron ɗaya a cikin tsakiya. Kusan dukkanin ƙwayoyin deuterium a sararin samaniya ana zaton an samar da su a cikin Big Bang nucleosynthesis, kuma sun jimre tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Workman |first=R L |last2=Burkert |first2=V D |last3=Crede |first3=V |last4=Klempt |first4=E |last5=Thoma |first5=U |last6=Tiator |first6=L |last7=Agashe |first7=K |last8=Aielli |first8=G |last9=Allanach |first9=B C |last10=Amsler |first10=C |last11=Antonelli |first11=M |last12=Aschenauer |first12=E C |last13=Asner |first13=D M |last14=Baer |first14=H |last15=Banerjee |first15=Sw |display-authors=1 |date=8 August 2022 |title=Review of Particle Physics |journal=Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics |volume=2022 |issue=8 |doi=10.1093/ptep/ptac097 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>: 24.2 Deuterium ba radiyo ba ne, kuma ba babbar haɗari ce ta guba ba. Ruwa da aka wadata a cikin kwayoyin da suka hada da deuterium maimakon hydrogen na yau da kullun ana kiransa Ruwa mai nauyi. Deuterium da mahaɗan sa ana amfani da su azaman lakabin da ba na rediyo ba a cikin gwaje-gwajen sunadarai da kuma a cikin masu narkewa don 1H-NMR spectroscopy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oda, Y. |last2=Nakamura, H. |last3=Yamazaki, T. |last4=Nagayama, K. |last5=Yoshida, M. |last6=Kanaya, S. |last7=Ikehara, M. |date=1992 |title=1H NMR studies of deuterated ribonuclease HI selectively labeled with protonated amino acids |journal=[[Journal of Biomolecular NMR]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=137–47 |doi=10.1007/BF01875525 |pmid=1330130 |s2cid=28027551}}</ref> Ana amfani da ruwa mai nauyi a matsayin Mai daidaita neutron da mai sanyaya don na'urorin nukiliya. Deuterium kuma mai yuwuwa ne don haɗakar nukiliya ta kasuwanci. '''3H''' an san shi da tritium kuma yana dauke da proton daya da neutrons biyu a cikin tsakiya. Yana da rediyo, yana lalacewa zuwa helium-3 ta hanyar lalacewar beta tare da rabin rayuwa na shekaru 12.32. {{Spaces}}Yana da isasshen rediyo don a yi amfani da shi a cikin Fenti mai haske don inganta ganuwar nuni na bayanai, kamar don fentin hannaye da alamun agogo. Gilashin agogo yana hana karamin radiation daga tserewa daga shari'ar.<ref name="Traub95">{{Cite web |last=Traub |first=R. J. |last2=Jensen |first2=J. A. |date=June 1995 |title=Tritium radioluminescent devices, Health and Safety Manual |url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/001/27001618.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906043743/http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/001/27001618.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=20 May 2015 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |page=2.4}}</ref> Ƙananan tritium ana samar da su ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar Hasken sararin samaniya wanda ke buga iskar gas; an kuma saki tritium a cikin gwaje-gwajen makaman nukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=15 November 2007 |title=Tritium |url=http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/tritium.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102171148/http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/tritium.html |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=12 February 2008 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi a cikin haɗin nukiliya, a matsayin mai ganowa a cikin isotope geochemistry, kuma a cikin na'urorin hasken wuta na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nave |first=C. R. |date=2006 |title=Deuterium-Tritium Fusion |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nucene/fusion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316055852/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nucene/fusion.html |archive-date=16 March 2008 |access-date=8 March 2008 |website=HyperPhysics |publisher=Georgia State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kendall |first=C. |last2=Caldwell |first2=E. |date=1998 |editor2-last=J. J. McDonnell |title=Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry |url=http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html#2.5.1 |journal=Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology |publisher=US Geological Survey |pages=51–86 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50009-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314192517/http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html#2.5.1 |archive-date=14 March 2008 |access-date=8 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Tritium Laboratory |url=http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/tritium/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228061358/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/tritium/ |archive-date=28 February 2008 |access-date=8 March 2008 |publisher=University of Miami}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da Tritium a cikin gwaje-gwaje na lakabi na sunadarai da na halitta a matsayin radiolabel.<ref name="holte">{{Cite journal |last=Holte |first=A. E. |last2=Houck |first2=M. A. |last3=Collie |first3=N. L. |date=2004 |title=Potential Role of Parasitism in the Evolution of Mutualism in Astigmatid Mites |journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1023/A:1010655610575 |pmid=11513367 |s2cid=13159020}}</ref> Musamman a cikin abubuwa, ana sanya sunaye daban-daban ga isotopes na hydrogen a cikin amfani na yau da kullun. A lokacin binciken farko na rediyo, an ba da isotopes masu nauyi na rediyo sunayensu, amma galibi ba a amfani da su ba. Ana amfani da alamomin D da T (maimakon 2H da 3H) a wasu lokuta don deuterium da tritium, amma an riga an yi amfani da alamar P don phosphorus kuma saboda haka ba ta samuwa ga protium ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van der Krogt |first=P. |date=5 May 2005 |title=Hydrogen |url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=H |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123001440/http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=H |archive-date=23 January 2010 |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Elementymology & Elements Multidict}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}A cikin jagororin sunanta, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Pure da Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) ta ba da damar amfani da kowane D, T, 2H, da 3H, kodayake an fi son 2H da 3H.{{Spaces}} ==== Abubuwan da suka yi daidai da su ==== Kwayoyin hydrogen na muonic suna kama da kwayar hydrogen tare da electrons da aka maye gurbin su da muons. Muons suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma kusan sau 200 sun fi ƙarfin lantarki; saboda haka muonic hydrogen yana da radius na Bohr kusan sau 200 karami fiye da radius ɗin hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=5 |vauthors=Pohl R, Antognini A, Nez F, Amaro FD, Biraben F, Cardoso JM, Covita DS, Dax A, Dhawan S, Fernandes LM, Giesen A, Graf T, Hänsch TW, Indelicato P, Julien L, Kao C, Knowles P, Le Bigot E, Liu Y, Lopes JA, Ludhova L, Monteiro CM, Mulhauser F, Nebel T, Rabinowitz P, dos Santos JM, Schaller LA, Schuhmann K, Schwob C, Taqqu D, Veloso JF, Kottman F |date=July 2010 |title=The size of the proton |url=http://www.quantum.physik.uni-potsdam.de/teaching/ss2015/pqt/Pohl2010.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=466 |issue=7303 |pages=213–216 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..213P |doi=10.1038/nature09250 |pmid=20613837 |s2cid=4424731 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401232637/http://www.quantum.physik.uni-potsdam.de/teaching/ss2015/pqt/Pohl2010.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> Wani nau'in atom mai kama da hydrogen shine muonium (alama Mu), wanda ya ƙunshi antimuon da electron.<ref name="iupac">{{Cite journal |last=W. H. Koppenol |last2=IUPAC |author-link2=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |year=2001 |title=Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7302x0377.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1351/pac200173020377 |s2cid=97138983 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000319/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7302x0377.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> === Dihydrogen === [[File:Dihydrogen-phase-3D-balls.png|thumb|300x300px|Haɗin haɗin haɗin hydrogen guda biyu don samar da kwayar hydrogen, H2. A cikin (a) ƙwayoyin biyu suna kewaye da girgije na electrons guda biyu a cikin haɗin kai ke riƙe da kwayar tare. (b) yana nuna hydrogen's antibonding orbital, wanda ya fi girma a cikin makamashi kuma yawanci ba ya zama da kowane electrons.]] A karkashin daidaitattun yanayi, hydrogen iskar gas ce ta Kwayoyin diatomic tare da tsari , wanda ake kira "dihydrogen", :{{Rp|308}} amma kuma ana kiranta "molecular hydrogen", ko kuma kawai hydrogen. {{Spaces}} Dihydrogen ba shi da launi, ba shi da ƙanshi, iskar gas mai cin wuta.<ref name="britannica" /> ==== Rashin wuta ==== Adadin zafi da aka saki a kowace mole na hydrogen shine -{{Val|−286}} (kJ), ko 141.9 megajoules (MJ) don nauyin kilo-kilogram daya (2.2 (bisa ga ma'aunin ƙimar zafi mafi girma). {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Hydrogen gas yana samar da cakuda mai fashewa tare da iska a cikin maida hankali daga 4%-74% <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carcassi |first=M. N. |last2=Fineschi |first2=F. |date=2005 |title=Deflagrations of H<sub>2</sub>–air and CH<sub>4</sub>–air lean mixtures in a vented multi-compartment environment |journal=Energy |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1439–1451 |bibcode=2005Ene....30.1439C |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.012}}</ref> kuma tare da chlorine a 5%-95%. Yanayin zafi na hydrogen, zafin jiki na ƙonewa a cikin iska, shine {{Convert|500|C|F}} ° C (932 ° F). A cikin hawan hydrogen mai matsin lamba, raƙuman ruwa daga hawan kanta na iya dumama iska zuwa zafin jiki na atomatik, wanda ke haifar da ƙonewa da yiwuwar fashewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Eisuke |last2=Kitabayashi |first2=Naoki |last3=Hayashi |first3=A. Koichi |last4=Tsuboi |first4=Nobuyuki |date=February 2011 |title=Mechanism of high-pressure hydrogen auto-ignition when spouting into air |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=2560–2566 |bibcode=2011IJHE...36.2560Y |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.011}}</ref> ==== Isomers na spin ==== Hydrogen mai ruwa ya zama Hydrogen mai ƙarfi a matsin lamba a ƙasa da yanayin narkewar hydrogen na {{Cvt|14.01|K|C F}} . Akwai matakai masu ƙarfi daban-daban, waɗanda aka sani da Mataki na I ta hanyar Mataki na V, kowannensu yana nuna tsarin kwayoyin halayen.<ref name="Helled2020">{{Cite journal |last=Helled |first=Ravit |last2=Mazzola |first2=Guglielmo |last3=Redmer |first3=Ronald |date=2020-09-01 |title=Understanding dense hydrogen at planetary conditions |journal=Nature Reviews Physics |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=562–574 |arxiv=2006.12219 |bibcode=2020NatRP...2..562H |doi=10.1038/s42254-020-0223-3}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Matakan ruwa da masu ƙarfi na iya kasancewa a hade a maki uku; wannan cakuda an san shi da slush hydrogen. Hydrogen na ƙarfe, wani lokaci da aka samu a matsin lamba mai girma (fiye da {{Convert|400|e9Pa}} )), mai gudanar da wutar lantarki ne. An yi imanin cewa yana da zurfi a cikin manyan taurari kamar Jupiter.<ref name="Helled2020" /><ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ioni, hydrogen ya zama Plasma. Wannan shine nau'in da hydrogen ke cikin [[Tauraro|taurari]]. ==== Yanayin zafi da na zahiri ==== == Tarihi == === Karni na 17 === [[File:Portret_van_Robert_Boyle,_RP-P-OB-4578_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Robert Boyle, wanda ya gano ma'anar tsakanin filings na baƙin ƙarfe da dilute acids]] A cikin shekara ta 1671, masanin kimiyya na Irish Robert Boyle ya gano kuma ya bayyana yadda ake amsawa tsakanin shigarwar ƙarfe da narkewar [[acid]], wanda ke haifar da samar da iskar hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winter |first=M. |date=2007 |title=Hydrogen: historical information |url=http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410102154/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=WebElements Ltd}}</ref> Boyle bai lura cewa iskar tana iya cin wuta ba, amma hydrogen zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen juyar da ka'idar phlogiston na konewa. === Karni na 18 === A cikin shekara ta 1766, Henry Cavendish shine na farko da ya gane iskar hydrogen a matsayin wani abu mai hankali, ta hanyar kiran iskar daga aikin ƙarfe-acid "iska mai cin wuta". Ya yi hasashen cewa "iska mai cin wuta" a zahiri ya kasance daidai da abin da ake tsammani "phlogiston" kuma ya ci gaba da ganowa a cikin 1781 cewa iskar tana samar da ruwa lokacin da aka ƙone.<ref name="cav766">{{Cite journal |last=Cavendish |first=Henry |date=12 May 1766 |title=Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S. |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=56 |pages=141–184 |bibcode=1766RSPT...56..141C |doi=10.1098/rstl.1766.0019 |jstor=105491 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Yawancin lokaci ana ba shi yabo don gano hydrogen a matsayin kashi. [[File:Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Antoine Lavoisier, wanda ya gano kashi wanda aka sani da hydrogen]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6lzj8trbj9k4hi2079azadyoqqd3okz Aequanimitas 0 176532 967448 953823 2026-10-14T01:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aequanimitas''''' yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun rubuce-rubucen Sir William Osler, wanda aka gabatar wa sabbin likitoci a shekarar 1889 a matsayin jawabinsa na bankwana a Makarantar Magunguna ta Pennsylvania, kafin a mayar da shi Johns Hopkins . An buga shi a wannan shekarar kuma a shekarar 1904 ya bayyana a cikin tarin kasidunsa mai taken ''Aequanimitas tare da Sauran Adiresoshi ga ɗaliban likitanci, ma'aikatan jinya da masu aikin likitanci'' . An buga bugu na biyu a shekarar 1906, sannan kuma na uku a shekarar 1932. A cikin rubutun, Osler ya yi kira ga halaye guda biyu "rashin daidaituwa" da "daidaituwa", wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "sanyi da kasancewar hankali a kowane yanayi". <ref name="Rodin1994">{{Cite journal |last=Rodin |first=A. E. |date=December 1994 |title=William Osler and Aequanimitas: an appraisal of his reactions to adversity |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=758–763 |pmc=1294989 |pmid=7853305}}</ref> Tsakanin 1932 da 1953, Eli Lilly & Company ta rarraba fiye da kwafi 150,000 na bugu na uku ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun likitanci. Tsawon shekaru, masana daban-daban sun yi nazari kan manufar Osler ta "Aequanimitas". Daniel Sokol, ƙwararren masanin ɗabi'ar likitanci kuma ƙwararren lauya, ya yi bayani a cikin ''Jaridar Lafiya ta Burtaniya'' a shekara ta 2007 cewa duk wata fassara da aka yi wa ''Aequanimitas'', tana "magance tambaya marar iyaka: me ke sa likita ya zama likita mai kyau?". <ref name="Sokol">{{Cite journal |last=Sokol |first=Daniel |date=17 November 2007 |title=Aequanimitas |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=335 |issue=7628 |pages=1049.2–1049 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39385.642315.FA |pmc=2078638}}</ref> == Bugawa == === Rubutun === ''Aequanimitas'' wani muƙala ne na Sir William Osler, wanda aka gabatar wa sabbin likitoci a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1889 a matsayin jawabinsa na bankwana a Makarantar Magunguna ta Pennsylvania . <ref name="Pratt1949">{{Cite journal |last=Pratt |first=Joseph H. |date=1 July 1949 |title=Aequanimitas |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/553970 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1949.00230010096018 |issn=0730-188X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An buga shi a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Rodin1994" /> Aequanimitas yana nufin kasancewa cikin natsuwa da kwanciyar hankali. <ref name="Sokol" /> <ref name="Landge2018">{{Cite web |last=Landge |title=Aequanimitas |url=http://www.j-pcs.org/article.asp?issn=2395-5414;year=2018;volume=4;issue=2;spage=142;epage=143;aulast=Landge |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=www.j-pcs.org}}</ref> A cikin rubutun, Osler ya yi kira ga halaye guda biyu "rashin daidaituwa" da "daidaituwa", wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "sanyi da kasancewar hankali a kowane yanayi". <ref name="Rodin1994" /> === 1904 da 1906 === A shekarar 1904, HK Lewis ya buga ''Aequanimitas'' a cikin ''littafin Aequanimitas tare da Sauran Adiresoshi ga ɗaliban likitanci, ma'aikatan jinya da masu aikin likitanci'', tarin rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="Rodin1994" /> An buga bugu na biyu a shekarar 1906 ta hannun P. Blakiston's Son & Co. a Philadelphia, da HK Lewis a Landan. === Eli Lilly & Kamfanin === Bayan mutuwar Osler, an sake buga wani sabon littafin a matsayin bugu na uku a shekarar 1932. <ref name="Kimbrough1995">{{Cite journal |last=Kimbrough |first=R. C. |date=August 1995 |title=The good gift: a comparison of the Eli Lilly presentation copies of Aequanimitas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-south-carolina-medical-association_1995-08_91_8/page/350 |journal=Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975) |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=350–354 |issn=0038-3139 |pmid=7674636}}</ref> <ref name="Greenberg2017">{{Cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=Stephen J. |date=April 2017 |title=History Matters: Whither Sir William? |url=https://jmla.pitt.edu/ojs/jmla/article/view/225/368 |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=105 |issue=2}}</ref> Ya cire kasidun "Hanyar Rayuwa", "Samun Mutum ga Mutum" da kuma "Tsohon ilimin ɗan adam da sabuwar kimiyya", kuma ya zama ruwan dare fiye da bugu na baya. Tsakanin 1932 da 1953, Eli Lilly &amp;amp; Company ta rarraba fiye da kwafi 150,000 na bugu na uku ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun likitanci. <ref name="Kimbrough1995" /> <ref name="Nation2001">{{Cite journal |last=Nation |first=Earl |date=2001 |title=Osler in Cushing and Bliss: Personal Notes of a Seasoned Oslerian |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_winter-2001_75_4/page/756 |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=756–759 |issn=0007-5140 |jstor=44446103}}</ref> Waɗannan kundin ba duka iri ɗaya ba ne. <ref name="Kimbrough1995" /> Akwai aƙalla littattafai bakwai daban-daban a cikin Turanci da kuma ɗaya a cikin kowanne daga cikin Sifaniyanci da Fotigal. <ref name="Kimbrough1995" /> Akwai bambance-bambance a nau'in takarda, girman littafi, shafin taken, bayanai kan kashin baya, da kuma bayanan bugawa. <ref name="Kimbrough1995" /> Akwai kuma bambance-bambance a cikin wasiƙun taya murna daga Eli Lilly, waɗanda aka sanya a cikin kowane littafi. <ref name="Kimbrough1995" /> == Fassara == Tsawon shekaru ana sukar ra'ayin Osler na "Aequanimitas" saboda rashin tausayi, tausayi, ko kuma motsin rai ga marasa lafiya. Ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ƙarfi daga cikin sukar da Gerald Weissmann ya gabatar a cikin littafinsa ''The Woods Hole Cantata'' (1985). <ref name="Bliss">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Bliss}}</ref> An buga shi a shekarar da ta gabata a ''Asibiti Practice'', a matsayin muƙala mai taken "Against Aequanimitas". Kimantawar Weissmann game da Osler ya sa ya kammala da cewa shawarar Osler ta kasance "kamar yadda jama'a ke yi wa masu sukar ilimi". <ref name="Bryan2020p.825" /> Bayan ya karanta bayanin Osler game da "rashin juriya", Weissmann ya yi imanin cewa "ra'ayin Oslerian ba wai kawai ba shi da sha'awa ba ne, har ma yana da farin ciki". <ref name="Bryan2020p.825" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 1889, shin Osler bai yi niyyar bai wa ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun likitanci cikakken shawara game da yadda ake yin aikin likitanci ba? [1] Shiga cikin shirin fara aiki ba ƙaramin ɓangare ba ne na wani shiri mai cike da aiki, inda babban wanda aka karrama shi ne farfesa mai ritaya a fannin tiyata, David Hayes Agnew ("Agnew day"). [2] [1] Daga baya Charles S. Bryan ya bayyana cewa da gangan Osler ya takaita jawabinsa ga halaye biyu daga cikin waɗanda ɗaliban za su buƙaci a aikace. Osler ya jaddada buƙatar daidaita "kai" da "zuciya". [3] A cikin fassararsa, daidaito ya bambanta dangane da yanayin aikin da ke hannun kuma an fi fahimtar Aequanimitas a matsayin motsin rai da ya dace da yanayi maimakon rashin kulawa kamar yadda masu suka suka nuna. [3] Daniel Sokol, ƙwararren masanin ɗabi'ar likitanci kuma ƙwararren lauya, ya yi bayani a cikin ''Jaridar Lafiya ta Burtaniya'' a shekara ta 2007 cewa duk wata fassara da aka yi wa ''Aequanimitas'', tana "magance tambaya marar iyaka: me ke sa likita ya zama likita mai kyau?". <ref name="Sokol" /> == Gado == An bai wa likitan Firayim Ministan Japan, Shigeaki Hinohara, kwafin ''Aequanimitas'' a farkon zamanin mamayar sojojin Amurka a Japan bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Daga baya Hinohara ya fassara adireshin taken kuma ya fassara sauran. A shekarar 1948, ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Rayuwar Dr. Osler—Majagaba na Magungunan Amurka'' . <ref name="Hinohara">{{Cite journal |last=Hinohara |first=Shigeaki |date=1 September 1972 |title=Osler's Peregrinations in Asia—A Report on an Unusual Event |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/504687 |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=344–346 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110150042006 |issn=0002-922X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kalmar ''aequanimitas'' ta zama taken. <ref name="Hopkins">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Kimberly A. |title=Aequanimitas |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Medicine/education/hstrainingprogram/overview/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716085437/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Medicine/education/hstrainingprogram/overview/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |language=en}}</ref> A Johns Hopkins, an bayyana shi a kan taye da mayafai da ma'aikatan gidan ke sakawa, <ref name="Hopkins" /> kuma an ambaci shi a cikin shirin talabijin ''[[House (TV series)|na House]]'' . <ref name="Hopkins" /> [[Steve Jobs]] a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] ya yi magana game da irin wannan ra'ayi game da aequanimitas a shekarar 2005. An bayyana ra'ayin Daniel Goleman game da hankali na motsin rai a matsayin wani nau'in aequanimitas na zamani. <ref name="Raheja2019" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ircnmru94e5zxmumh3xu9swl13l2gq3 Magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro 0 176534 967446 953830 2026-10-14T01:39:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 5 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maganin zazzabin cizon sauro''' (ko '''allurar zazzabin cizon sauro''', <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ironside |first=Redvers N. |date=1925 |title=On the Treatment of General Paralysis by Malaria Inoculation |journal=British Journal of Venereal Diseases |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=58–63 |doi=10.1136/sti.1.1.58 |pmc=1046408 |pmid=21772478}}</ref> da kuma wani lokacin '''maganin zazzabin cizon sauro''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=S. C. |last2=Stolley |first2=P. D. |last3=Lasky |first3=T. |date=1992 |title=The history of malariotherapy for neurosyphilis. Modern parallels |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_july-22-29-1992_268_4/page/516 |journal=JAMA |volume=268 |issue=4 |pages=516–519 |doi=10.1001/jama.1992.03490040092031 |pmid=1619744}}</ref> ) wata hanya ce ta gargajiya ta maganin cututtuka ta amfani da allurar wucin gadi ta ƙwayoyin cuta na zazzabin cizon sauro . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohl |first=F. |date=1993 |title=Wagner von Jauregg and development of malaria therapy |journal=Psychiatrische Praxis |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=157–159 |issn=0303-4259 |pmid=8362029}}</ref> Wani nau'in maganin pyrotherapy ne (ko pyretotherapy) wanda ake haifar da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi mai tsanani]] don dakatarwa ko kawar da alamun wasu cututtuka. A fannin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na zazzabin cizon sauro ( ''Plasmodium'' ) musamman don haifar da zazzabi, kuma yawan zafin jiki yana rage alamun ko warkar da cututtukan. Bayan an yi maganin cutar farko, ana warkar da zazzabin cizon sauro ta amfani da magungunan rage zazzabin cizon sauro, inda aka yi amfani da quinine a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daey Ouwens |first=Ingrid M. |last2=Lens |first2=C. Elisabeth |last3=Fiolet |first3=Aernoud T. L. |last4=Ott |first4=Alewijn |last5=Koehler |first5=Peter J. |last6=Kager |first6=Piet A. |last7=Verhoeven |first7=Willem M. A. |date=2017 |title=Malaria Fever Therapy for General Paralysis of the Insane: A Historical Cohort Study |journal=European Neurology |volume=78 |issue=1–2 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1159/000477900 |pmid=28633136 |s2cid=4774586 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan ƙasar Austria Julius Wagner-Jauregg ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan hanyar a shekarar 1917 don maganin cututtukan [[neurosyphilis]] wanda ya sami kyautar Nobel ta 1927 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raju |first=T. N. |date=1998 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1998-11-21_352_9141/page/1714 |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9141 |pages=1714 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61500-0 |pmid=9853480 |s2cid=54264869}}</ref> == Bayani == An san tasirin amfani da cututtuka a cikin matsalolin kwakwalwa a zamanin da. A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (Hippocrates) an samu kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar su [[Kashin jini|ciwon mara]] da kuma ciwon farfadiya, wanda hakan ke rage alamun hauka; kuma zazzabin cizon sauro (quartan fever) zai iya dakatar da farfadiya . Galen a ƙarni na 2 na zamanin da ya bayyana wani lamari na rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ya ƙare bayan kamuwa da cutar maleriya. Akwai bayanan likita daga ƙarni na 19 waɗanda ke nuna cewa hauka ta tsaya na ɗan lokaci ko har abada lokacin da mutane ke da cututtuka masu tsanani. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lipper |first=S. |last2=Werman |first2=D. S. |date=1977 |title=Schizophrenia and intercurrent physical illness: a critical review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/comprehensive-psychiatry_january-february-1977_18_1/page/11 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.1016/s0010-440x(77)80003-5 |issn=0010-440X |pmid=318959}}</ref> Masanin ilimin hauka na Rasha {{Interlanguage link|Alexander Samoilovich Rosenblum|ru|Розенблюм, Александр Самойлович}} shine na farko da ya yi amfani da cututtuka ta hanyar gwaji don maganin tabin hankali. A shekarar 1876, ya jawo zazzabi ga mutanen da ke fama da tabin hankali ta hanyar amfani da zazzabin cizon sauro, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da kuma sake kamuwa da zazzabi . Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya warkar da kashi 50% na duk waɗanda ya yi wa magani. Duk da haka, aikinsa ba a san shi sosai ba domin littafinsa a shekarar 1877 ya kasance a cikin wani ƙaramin mujalla a [[Odessa|Odesa]], Ukraine, kuma an rubuta shi da Rashanci. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zakon |first=S. J. |date=1943 |title=Alexander Samoilovich Rosenblium: His Contribution to Fever Therapy |url=http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archderm.1943.01510010056009 |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=52–59 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1943.01510010056009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ya kuma fi son kada ya yada abubuwan da ya gano. Ya fahimci cewa gwaji ne mai haɗari kuma mai yuwuwar kawo cece-kuce. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tsay |first=Cynthia J. |date=2013 |title=Julius Wagner-Jauregg and the legacy of malarial therapy for the treatment of general paresis of the insane |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=245–254 |issn=1551-4056 |pmc=3670443 |pmid=23766744}}</ref> Duk da haka, J. Motschukoffsky ne ya ruwaito shi a cikin wani mujallar likitanci ta Jamus ''Centralblatt für die Medicinischen Wissenschaften'', amma ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin da ya sa zazzabin cizon sauro ya warkar da tabin hankali ba, kuma gwajin Rosenblum bai kasance ba a san shi ba tsawon shekaru da dama. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagner-Jauregg |first=J. |last2=Bruetsch |first2=W. L. |date=1946 |title=The history of the malaria treatment of general paralysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1946-03_102_5/page/577 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=102 |issue=5 |pages=577–582 |doi=10.1176/ajp.102.5.577 |pmid=21026839}}</ref> Rosenblum bai taɓa maimaita binciken ba ko kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman hanyoyin magance matsalar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bruetsch |first=Walter L. |date=1944 |title=Priority on the Discovery of Fever Therapy in Psychosis |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=228 |doi=10.1001/jama.1944.02850210050023 |issn=0002-9955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Muhimmancin binciken ya fara ne kawai a shekarar 1938 lokacin da likitan Austria Julius Wagner-Jauregg ya tattauna binciken a taron kasa da kasa kan jijiyoyi da aka gudanar a Landan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gonda |first=V. E. |date=1957 |title=Wagner-Jauregg and the priority of producing artificial fever for treatment of general paresis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1957-12_114_6/page/561 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=561–562 |pmid=13478779}}</ref> A shekarar 1943, Samuel J. Zakon a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Northwestern da ke Chicago, Amurka, ya sami takardar asali ta Rosenblum kuma ya buga fassarar Turanci tare da sharhi a cikin Mujallar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka . [1] Sharhin ya kammala da cewa: == Manazarta == 3rv26qt9hv6ngqashddwnu3ylrkvsxh Ƙungiyar Amirka don Tarihin Magunguna 0 176542 967419 953865 2026-10-14T00:06:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tarihin Likitanci ta Amurka''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru ta Amurka da ta sadaukar da kanta ga nazarin [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin likitanci]] . AAHM ita ce babbar ƙungiya da ta keɓe ga tarihin likitanci a Amurka, kuma ita ce ƙungiya mafi tsufa a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . == Tarihi == An kafa Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magunguna ta Amurka a shekarar 1925 a matsayin Sashen Amurka na Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magunguna ta Duniya . An samo sunan yanzu a shekarar 1958. Shugaban ƙungiyar na farko shine Fielding Hudson Garrison . Membobinta na yanzu sun wuce mutane 1,000. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=American Association for the History of Medicine |url=https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/affiliated-societies/american-association-for-the-history-of-medicine |access-date=2017-09-03 |website=www.historians.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.histmed.org/about/history |access-date=2017-09-03 |website=www.histmed.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="NEJM1950">{{Cite journal |date=18 May 1950 |title=American Association of the History of Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1950-05-18_242_20/page/802 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=242 |issue=20 |pages=802–803 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195005182422011 |issn=0028-4793 |s2cid=233716900}}</ref> AAHM tana buga mujallar kwata-kwata mai taken ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' . Membobinta na yanzu sun wuce mutane 1,000. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="NEJM1950" /> AAHM tana ba da kyautar Genevieve Miller Lifetime Achievement Award kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 1988, lokacin da a wancan lokacin aka san ta da kyautar AAHM Lifetime Achievement Award. [1] == Duba kuma == * Lambar William H. Welch == Manazarta == kc86gjpn1mj6ed9cmwkh4tdpfmpt5tz Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus 0 176545 967346 953877 2026-10-13T21:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Papyrus na Chester Beatty Medical''' yana ɗaya daga cikin papyrus na likitanci da ake amfani da su a da, daga [[tsohuwar Masar]] . An keɓe shi ga sihirin sihiri don magance ciwon kai <ref name="MARRY-2004" /> da kuma maganin cututtukan anorectal, <ref name="MARRY-2004" /> <ref name="BANOV-1965">{{Cite journal |last=Banov |first=L. Jr. |date=December 1965 |title=The Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus: the earliest known treatise completely devoted to anorectal diseases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_surgery_1965-12_58_6/page/1037 |journal=Surgery |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1037–1043 |pmid=5322341}} From the title (text not accessed).</ref> kuma an rubuta shi a kusan shekara ta 1200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Wani ɓangare na tarin papyri na Alfred Chester Beatty, wani lokacin ana kiransa da '''Chester Beatty Papyri''', <ref name="MARRY-2004">{{Cite web |last=Marry |first=Austin<!--<o:Author>Austin Marry</o:Author> in http://indigo.ie/~marrya/--> |date=January 21, 2004<!--HTTP page modified date--> |title=Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri |url=http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html |website=Ancient Egypt Fan |publisher=[[Eir (telecommunications)|Eircom Limited]]}}</ref> amma bai kamata a rikita shi da Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri ba, wanda aka fi sani da Chester Beatty Papyri . "Papyrus VI na Chester Beatty Papyri 46 (Papyrus mai lamba 10686, Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ) shi ma ya ƙunshi wasu girke-girke da ke magance cututtukan anorectal." [1] == Duba kuma == * Jerin tsoffin takardun papyri na Masar == Manazarta == 6qlvmvgck5jxul8g47la6vwjpatb16v David Waltz 0 176564 967401 961498 2026-10-13T23:19:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Leigh Waltz''' (28 Mayu 1943 - 22 Maris 2012) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai a fannoni da yawa na [[Kirkirar Basira|hankali na wucin gadi]], gami da gamsuwa da ƙuntatawa, tunani na shari'a da kuma aikace-aikacen lissafi mai yawa ga matsalolin AI.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=March 22, 2012 |title=In Memoriam: David L. Waltz, CCLS Director &#124; The Fu Foundation School of Engineering & Applied Science - Columbia University |url=http://www.engineering.columbia.edu/memoriam-david-l-waltz-ccls-director |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121521/http://engineering.columbia.edu/memoriam-david-l-waltz-ccls-director |archive-date=2012-05-03 |access-date=2012-03-23 |publisher=Engineering.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name="David L. Waltz: In Memoriam">{{Cite journal |last=Gabriel |first=Richard P. |last2=Finin |first2=Tim |last3=Sun |first3=Ron |date=2012-08-01 |title=David L. Waltz: In Memoriam |url=https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2440 |journal=AI Magazine |volume=33 |issue=4 |page=19 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v33i4.2440 |access-date=2021-01-17 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya rike mukamai a fannin ilimi da masana'antu kuma a lokacin mutuwarsa, ya kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia inda ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Kwamfuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waltz |first=David |author-link=David Waltz |last2=Buchanan |first2=Bruce G. |year=2009 |title=Automating Science: Computers with intelligence can design and run experiments, but learning from the results to generate subsequent experiments requires even more intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-04-03_324_5923/page/43 |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5923 |pages=43–44 |doi=10.1126/science.1172781 |pmid=19342574 |s2cid=36543867}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=David Waltz's Home Page |url=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~waltz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528095333/http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~waltz/ |archive-date=2013-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waltz |first=D. |last2=Pollack |first2=J. |year=1985 |title=Massively parallel parsing: A strongly interactive model of natural language interpretation |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=9 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1016/S0364-0213(85)80009-4 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Waltz a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] a cikin 1943. Ya halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) inda, a matsayin dalibi na ɗan gajeren hankali Marvin Minsky, ya kasance wani ɓangare na Laboratory na Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi na MIT kuma ya sami digiri na S.B. (1965), MS (1968) da Ph.D. (1972), duk a cikin Injiniyan Lantarki. Rubutun Ph.D. nasa a kan hangen nesa na kwamfuta ya fara fagen yaduwar ƙuntatawa, wanda ya ba da damar shirin kwamfuta don samar da cikakken ra'ayi na uku na wani abu da aka ba da zane mai girma biyu tare da inuwa. == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa a MIT a 1972, Waltz ya zama farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign . A shekara ta 1984 ya shiga kamfanin Thinking Machines Corporation inda ya jagoranci kungiyar Knowledge Representation and Natural Language (KRNL). A can, damar da yake da ita ga manyan kwamfutoci masu yawa ya ba shi damar yin aiki a kan sabbin hanyoyin dawo da bayanai wanda ya haɗa da kwatantawa da adadi mai yawa na bayanai. Tare da Craig Stanfill, ya samo asali ne daga fannin tunani na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na tunani na shari'a. Har ila yau, abubuwan da yake so na bincike sun haɗa da dawo da bayanai masu yawa, hakar bayanai, ilmantarwa da rarraba ta atomatik tare da tsinkaya na tsarin furotin na aikace-aikace, da sarrafa harshe na halitta da aikace-aikacen ilmantarwa na inji da aka yi amfani da su ga grid na'urar lantarki. Yayinda yake a Thinking Machines, Waltz ya kasance Farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Brandeis. A cikin 1993 Waltz ya bar Thinking Machines don shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta NEC a Princeton, inda daga ƙarshe ya tashi ya zama Shugaban Binciken NEC. Waltz ya shiga Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin Darakta na [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903160230/http://www.ccls.columbia.edu/ Cibiyar Nazarin Kwamfuta] da aka adana 2011-09-03 a . Waltz ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar don Ci gaban Ilimin Artificial (AAAI) daga 1997 zuwa 1999 kuma shine tsohon Shugaban kungiyar Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence (SIGART). Ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na IEEE Intelligent Systems, da kuma kwamitin Kwamfuta na Kwamfuta na Kungiyar Binciken Kwamfuta, da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) Kwamitin Ba Da Shawara na Kimiyya. Ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha na Lab na Sojoji da Kwamitin Ba Da Shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam da Injin Florida, Kwamitin Ba tare da Shawara ta Fasaha na Cibiyar Kula da Kwamfuta ta Cork (4C), Ireland, kuma ya yi aiki a kan allon ba da shawara na waje na kwanan nan don Jami'ar Rutgers, Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Jami'a ta Brown, da École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). == Kyaututtuka == An zabi Waltz a matsayin Fellow na Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) a cikin 1990 kuma Fellow na Ƙungiyar don Injin Kwamfuta a cikin 1998. A shekara ta 2011 an zaba shi a matsayin mai karɓar lambar yabo ta AAAI Distinguished Service Award don sabis na musamman da ci gaba ga al'ummar fasaha ta wucin gadi. == Rayuwa ta mutum == David Waltz ya auri Bonnie (Freedson) Waltz a shekarar 1970. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Vanessa Waltz (an haife ta 1972) da Jeremy Waltz (a haife ta a 1975). Baya ga sadaukarwarsa ga al'ummar kimiyya, ya kasance miji da uba mai matukar sadaukarwa, kuma matarsa da 'ya'yansa sun yi tafiya a kai a kai tare da shi zuwa tarurruka da yawa da kuma ayyukan sana'a a duk lokacin da yake aiki. Jeremy da matarsa Kathy suna da jikokin Hannah a shekara ta 2003, a wannan lokacin "The Dude" ya zama laƙabi na Waltz tsakanin dangi da abokai. === Mutuwa === David Waltz ya mutu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Princeton, New Jersey a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2012 daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa; yana da shekaru 68. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=David L. Waltz, Computer Science Pioneer, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/24/science/david-l-waltz-computer-science-pioneer-dies-at-68.html |access-date=2012-03-24 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-22 |title=In Memoriam: David L. Waltz, CCLS Director |url=http://engineering.columbia.edu/memoriam-david-l-waltz-ccls-director |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327165308/http://www.engineering.columbia.edu/memoriam-david-l-waltz-ccls-director |archive-date=2012-03-27 |access-date=2012-03-24 |website=Columbia Engineering}}</ref> [3] <ref name="David L. Waltz: In Memoriam" />Baya ga matarsa, Bonnie Waltz, ya sami ɗan'uwa, Peter; ɗa, Jeremy; 'yar, Vanessa Waltz, da jikarsa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] 20dp51w2pye4318wi1raw4c1wwifqwo Louise McMillan 0 176580 967260 954151 2026-10-13T18:08:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Louise Iona Matheson McMillan''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1997) 'yar wasan rugby ce 'yar Scotland daga [[Glasgow]]. Tana bugawa Scotland wasa kuma ta sha wakiltarta a manyan gasa tun daga shekarar 2016, ciki har da gasar cin kofin kasashe shida na mata ta shekarar 2021. == Aikin kulob == McMillan ya buga wa Hillhead Jordanhill wasa tun daga shekarar 2015 a Back Row. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise McMillan relishing step up to international rugby |url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/louise-mcmillan-relishing-step-international-rugby-1456304 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta jagoranci ƙungiyar don lashe Kofin Sarah Beaney a 2017 da 2018. Ƙungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa ta 2018 a matsayin Zakaran Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Tennent. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise McMillan |url=http://www.scottishrugby.org/squads/scotland-women/louise-mcmillan |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=Scottish Rugby Union |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429064506/https://www.scottishrugby.org/squads/scotland-women/louise-mcmillan |archive-date=2021-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022 ta sanya hannu a kan Saracens Women <ref name="SaracensJoined">{{Cite web |title=Scotland international Louise McMillan signs for Saracens |url=https://www.saracens.com/scotland-international-louise-mcmillan-signs-for-saracens/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Saracens.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ScottishRugby">{{Cite web |title=Louise McMillan |url=https://scottishrugby.org/teams/scotland-women/louise-mcmillan/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Scottish Rugby |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203170857/https://scottishrugby.org/teams/scotland-women/louise-mcmillan/ |archive-date=2022-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma ta fara fafatawa da Loughborough Lightning a zagaye na farko na gasar Premier 15s ta 2022–23 <ref name="SaracensDebut">{{Cite web |title=Louise McMillan |url=https://www.saracens.com/squads/louise-mcmillan/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Saracens.com |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == McMillan ta lashe wasanta na farko a Scotland da Spain lokacin da ta fara a wasan farko na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta Rugby a filin wasa na Scotstoun a watan Nuwamba na 2016. <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web |title=Louise McMillan relishing step up to international rugby |url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/louise-mcmillan-relishing-step-international-rugby-1456304 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da bugawa ƙungiyar wasa, inda ta koma daga Back Row zuwa Second Row, wanda ta buga a karon farko a shekarar 2019. Ta kasance a gasar 'yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 a Scotland a shekarar 2013 kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20, tare da 'yar uwarta Siobhan, a shekarar 2014/15. Tana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Scotland Women 7s, wadanda suka lashe Kofin Rugby Europe a shekarar 2015 don samun matsayi a gasar Grand Prix. A watan Janairun 2019, McMillan ta samu koma baya a wasan da ta buga da Spain a Madrid. <ref name="heatly">{{Cite web |last=Heatly |first=Gary |date=5 August 2020 |title=McMillan lays down the law as she targets more caps for Scotland |url=https://www.talkingrugbyunion.co.uk/mcmillian-lays-down-the-law-as-she-targets-more-caps-for-scotland/27733.htm |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Talking Rugby Union}}</ref> A wasan da suka fafata a gasar cin kofin kasashe shida ta mata ta shekarar 2021 da Ingila, kungiyar ta sha kashi da ci 52-10 a hannun wadanda suka lashe gasar. Wannan shi ne karon farko da ta buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar Scotland. Sun ci gaba da ɗaukar matsayi na biyar a gasar. An "yi mata zunubi" a wasan da suka yi da Italiya a mintuna na ƙarshe saboda bugun da ya yi mata wanda ke nutsewa zuwa layin, wanda hakan ya haifar da bugun fenariti. Sun sha kashi a wasan da ci 41-20 sannan suka ci Wales. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-24 |title=Scotland Women’s Six Nations Squad 2021 - Scotland 27-20 Wales |url=https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/six-nations-2021/scotland-womens-six-nations-squad-2021-123442 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Rugby World |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin gasar, McMillan ya yi tsokaci game da ingantaccen aikin ƙungiyar Scotland idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland camp optimistic ahead of Italy fixture after months of World Cup preparation, says Louise McMillan |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/19224555.scotland-camp-optimistic-ahead-italy-fixture-months-world-cup-preparation-says-louise-mcmillan/ |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=HeraldScotland |language=en}}</ref> Tana cikin membobin Kwalejin Rugby ta Scotland kuma tana yin atisaye tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a filin wasa na Scotstoun. A farkon matakin aikinta na ƙasa da ƙasa, The Scotsman ta bayyana ta a matsayin "wata mai ban sha'awa a baya" a cikin bayanin ɗan wasan. <ref name="scotsman" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Louise Iona Matheson McMillan tsohuwar daliba ce a Makarantar Firamare ta Kilbarchan da kuma ɗalibar Sakandare ta Gryffe, wacce kwanan nan ta kammala karatun digiri na shari'a a Jami'ar Glasgow kuma tana aiki a Morgan Stanley . Kafin ta fara karatunta, ta ɗauki shekara ɗaya tana aiki a kamfanin lauyoyi na Pinsent Masons, inda ta daidaita wannan da alkawuran da ta yi wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Scotland. <ref name="heatly" /> Ta kammala karatunta na lauya a Glasgow a lokacin annobar COVID-19 kuma ta yi magana game da gogewarta ta buga wasan rugby na ƙasa da ƙasa yayin da take jami'a, tana cewa: "Na shiga zauren zama, amma ba na rayuwa irin ta 'yan wasan da suka fi jin daɗi' ba kwata-kwata, ni ce ta farko da ta kwanta barci kuma ta farko da ta tashi - ya cancanci hakan lokacin da na samu cikakkiyar damar buga wasa a Scotland a wasan da Spain [a watan Nuwamba 2016]." <ref name="heatly" /> McMillan ta fara buga wasan rugby a Birkmyre minis, kuma a baya ta bayyana cewa ta sha wahala da wannan gogewar ta wasan rugby mai gauraye, inda ta ce yaran ba za su wuce ta hanyarta ba. <ref name="heatly" /> Daga nan ta buga wa 'yan wasan Hillhead Jordanhill U18 wasa. 'Yar uwarta Siobhan ta taba bugawa Scotland wasa kuma sau da yawa sun buga wasa tare a wasannin ƙasa. Dan wasan rugby na Scotland Tyrone Holmes ya ba ta shawara a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa tare da 'yan wasan da ke Glasgow. == Daraja == * Wadanda suka lashe gasar Sarah Beaney Cup a 2017 da 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=David |date=2019-04-27 |title=Sarah Beaney Cup Final: Watsonians get revenge on Hillhead Jordanhill |url=https://www.theoffsideline.com/sarah-beaney-cup-watsonians/ |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=The Offside Line |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Beaney Cup Final. Murrayfield Wanderers 23 Hillhead/Jordanhill 26 |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/15241180.sarah-beaney-cup-final-murrayfield-wanderers-23-hillhead-jordanhill-26/ |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=HeraldScotland |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ScottishRugby" /> * Zakarun Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Tennent 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillhead Jordanhill secure Tennent’s Women's Premier League title |url=https://www.scottishrugby.org/news/hillhead-jordanhill-secure-tennents-womens-premier-league-title |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=Scottish Rugby Union |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ScottishRugby" /> * Wadanda Suka Yi Nasara a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Bakwai : Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Bakwai ta Mata ta Bakwai ta 2017 <ref name="ScottishRugby" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rj8rjx70f9nt92vfm3lrbc0dkir5a1w Garin Albasa 0 176608 967432 954507 2026-10-14T01:01:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An bushe '''[[albasa]] foda''', an yi amfani da albasa a matsayin kayan yaji..<ref name="Engineers 2015 p. 169"/> Yana da sinadarin da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin gishiri da kayan yaji, kamar su beau monde. Ana shirya wasu nau'ikan ta amfani da albasa mai gasa. Ana iya amfani da fari, rawaya, da ja albasa. Albasa foda kayan abinci ne da aka shirya don kasuwanci wanda ke da amfani da abinci da yawa. Za'a iya yin albasa foda a gida.<ref name="Deming"/> '''[[gishiri]] na albasa''' shiri ne na kayan yaji ta amfani da busassun albasa da gishiri a matsayin sinadaran farko. == Kasuwanci == Ana shirya albasa na kasuwanci ta amfani da bushewa, bushewa-ƙasa, bushewa da bushewa. Wasu albasa na kasuwanci ana yin amfani da su azaman magani game da gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta. Yana da sauƙin shan ruwa a kan tuntuɓar, don haka ana iya kunshe nau'ikan kasuwanci a cikin kwantena masu iska tare da layi a saman kwantena. Albasa foda tare da abun ciki na danshi na kashi 4-5 yana iya yin burodi lokacin da aka adana shi a cikin yanayin zafi, tare da karuwar yanayin zafi wanda ya dace da ɗan gajeren lokaci don faruwar burodi. An yarda da shi gabaɗaya cewa albasa na kasuwanci yana da kusan sau goma mafi ƙarfi a dandano idan aka kwatanta da sabo albasa. === Gishirin albasa === Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na farko na gishiri na albasa kawai cakuda ne na albasa foda da gishiri. Misali na misali don shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na baya shine gishiri ɗaya ga kowane ɓangarori biyar na albasa mai bushewa. Siffofin zamani yawanci suna amfani da busassun albasa da gishiri kuma yawanci sun haɗa da wakili na anticaking. Gishiri na iya taimakawa wajen hana asarar dandano albasa a cikin cakuda ta hanyar rage kumfawar man albasa. Ci gaban shirye-shiryen gishiri na kasuwanci sun haɗa da tsara samfuran da ke rage ƙanshin albasa mai ƙarfi a cikin samfurin da kuma numfashi na masu amfani da ke cin shi. Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na gishirin albasa ya haɗa da gwaji da rarraba albasa ta hanyar matakin dandano albasa da suke da shi, kamar yadda masu dandano zasu iya bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'ikan albasa daban-daban. Ana yin wannan kafin a gauraya don samar da samfurin ƙarshe mai daidaituwa. Wasu shirye-shiryen gishiri na kasuwanci ba a taɓa su da hannayen mutane ba, kamar yadda matakan sarrafawa duk ana yin su ta amfani da matakai na atomatik. == Amfani da abinci == Ana iya amfani da foda na albasa a matsayin kayan yaji a saman abinci da jita-jita iri-iri, kamar [[Pasta]], [[Pizza]], da kaza da aka gasa. Yana da sinadarin farko a cikin kayan yaji na beau monde . kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman shafa nama. Har ila yau, foda na albasa shine sinadarin da aka shirya don kasuwanci, kamar sauces, soups, da salad dressings. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin girke-girke daban-daban kamar hamburger ko nama. Ana amfani da gishirin albasa azaman kayan yaji a kan jita-jita da aka gama kuma azaman sinadarin a cikin nau'ikan jita-jita, kamar nama da kayan lambu, casseroles da soups. == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <ref name="Engineers 2015 p. 169">{{cite book | last=Engineers | first=N.B.C. | title=The Complete Book on Onion & Garlic Cultivation with Processing (Production of Onion Paste, Flakes, Powder & Garlic Paste, Powder, Flakes, Oil) | year=2015 | isbn=978-81-7833-159-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WchbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 | pages=169–175| publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press }}</ref> <ref name="Rabinowitch Brewster 1989 p. 80">{{cite book | last1=Rabinowitch | first1=H.D. | last2=Brewster | first2=J.L. | title=Onions and Allied Crops: Biochemistry Food Science Minor Crops | publisher=Taylor & Francis | issue=v. 3 | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-8493-6302-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFGYQcYkCYoC&pg=PA80 | page=80}}</ref> <ref name="Lusas Rooney 2001 p. 510">{{cite book | last1=Lusas | first1=E.W. | last2=Rooney | first2=L.W. | title=Snack Foods Processing | publisher=CRC Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-4200-1254-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_5wlzckPkMC&pg=PA510 | page=510}}</ref> <ref name="Taylor & Francis 1987 p. 93">{{cite book | title=Water Activity: Theory and Applications to Food | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Ift Basic Symposium | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-8247-7759-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNhABDqrgw8C&pg=PA93 | pages=93–94}}</ref> <ref name="Spice Mill Publishing Company 1914 p. 77">{{cite book | title=Coffee and Tea Industries and the Flavor Field | publisher=Spice Mill Publishing Company | issue=v. 37 | year=1914 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B0xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 | page=77}}</ref> <ref name="Panda 2010 p. 74">{{cite book | last=Panda | first=H. | title=Handbook on Spices and Condiments (Cultivation, Processing and Extraction) | publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-7833-132-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WxcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 | page=74}}</ref> <ref name="ScienceDirect.com 2001">{{cite journal | title=Moisture sorption studies on onion powder | url=https://archive.org/details/food-chemistry_2002-09_78_4/page/477 | journal=Food Chemistry |date=September 2002 |author1=Debnatha, Sukumar |author2=Hemavathya, J, Bhat, K.K |pages= 479–482 | doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00161-9 | volume=78| issue=4 }}</ref> <ref name="Heath 1981 p. 154">{{cite book | last=Heath | first=H.B. | title=Source Book of Flavors: (AVI Sourcebook and Handbook Series) | publisher=Springer | year=1981 | isbn=978-0-87055-370-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWDg-rPQbqgC&pg=PA154 | page=154}}</ref> <ref name="Deming">{{cite web | last=Deming | first=Linda | title=Homemade Onion Powder | date=August–September 2014 |website=Mother Earth News | url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/drying/homemade-onion-powder-zm0z14aszkin.aspx | access-date=September 18, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Whaley 1998 p. 117">{{cite book | last=Whaley | first=E. | title=Mrs. Whaley Entertains: Advice, Opinions, and 100 Recipes from a Charleston Kitchen | publisher=Algonquin Books | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-56512-782-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/mrswhaleyscharle00emil | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/mrswhaleyscharle00emil/page/117 117]}}</ref> <ref name="BBC News 2015">{{cite news | title=Why onions can cause more than tears | website=[[BBC News]] | date=February 10, 2015 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31301920 | access-date=September 18, 2015}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == *{{cite book | last1=Granovskaya | first1=R.Y. | last2=Korneva | first2=L.Y. | title=Quality Variation of Onion Powder During Storage in Polymer Packaging | publisher=Defense Technical Information Center | year=1973 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imPMNwAACAAJ}} 5 pages. {{Herbs & spices}} {{Salt topics}} * Shafuffuka 5.  k8m2z20o9ab8jgu1c267lr3a9oz8104 Charles-Daniel na Meuron 0 176619 967425 954552 2026-10-14T00:32:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Laftanar-Janar '''Charles-Daniel de Meuron''' (6 ga Mayu 1738 - 4 ga Afrilu 1806) jami'in soja ne kuma ɗan haya daga Masarautar Neuchâtel wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙe-yaƙen Juyin Juya Halin Faransa da Napoleon . Ya kafa rundunar sojojin Regiment de Meuron, wadda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ta yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Kamfanin Dutch East India da kuma rundunar sojojin Birtaniya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Charles-Daniel de Meuron a Saint-Sulpice, Neuchâtel, Masarautar Neuchâtel a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1738. Shi ɗan Théodore de Meuron ne, mai gyaran fata, mai kula da masauki kuma kyaftin ɗin sojoji, da matarsa Elisabeth Dubois. A shekara ta 1751, de Meuron ya fara koyon sana'a a matsayin ɗan kasuwa a La Brévine, kafin ya koma wani ɗan kasuwa da ke Liestal . A shekara mai zuwa, ya fara koyon aiki a [[Strasbourg]] . A shekara ta 1755, an tura de Meuron zuwa cikin Rundunar Hallwyl, wani rukunin sojojin Switzerland na ƙungiyar Faransa ta ''Troupes de la Marine'', a matsayin jakada . Da farko an kafa rundunarsa a Rochefort, an hau jirgin ''Florissant'' mai bindigogi 74, wanda aka ba da umarnin a yi jigilarsa zuwa Martinique a shekarar 1758 a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai . A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1758, jirgin ''Florissant'' ya samu mummunan rauni a wani hari da ya kai wa jirgin HMS <nowiki><i id="mwHw">Buckingham</i></nowiki> mai bindigogi 70, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa jirgin ruwan Faransa komawa Faransa. A cikin 1762, de Meuron ya auri 'yar Faransa Anne-Marie Filhon de Morveaux a Rochefort. Bayan shekara guda, an wargaza Rundunar Hallwyl bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, yana mu'amala da kayan mulkin mallaka . De Meuron ya sake komawa rundunar sojojin Faransa a shekarar 1765, inda ya shiga rundunar sojojin Swiss ta rundunar sojojin Faransa a matsayin laftanar na biyu ; daga ƙarshe aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa kanar a lokacin shekaru goma sha uku na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1773, an ba de Meuron lambar yabo ta soja . Ya yi ƙoƙarin fara ayyukan mulkin mallaka a lokuta da dama ta amfani da abokan hulɗarsa a kotun Faransa; a shekara ta 1775, de Meuron bai yi nasarar gabatar da shawarar cewa a bar shi ya ɗaga rundunar sojojin Switzerland don yin hidima a yankin Cayenne na Faransa ba.<ref>https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/024051/2024-08-20/</ref> == Sabis na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Dutch == [[File:Portrait_of_Charles-Daniel_de_Meuron_with_his_slaves_Pedro_and_Vendredi.jpg|thumb| Hoton 1789 na de Meuron tare da bayinsa Pedro da Vendredi ta Joseph Reinhart]] A shekara ta 1781, tare da goyon bayan abokan hulɗarsa a kotun Faransa, an ba de Meuron izinin kafa rundunar sojojin haya don yin hidima a yankin Dutch Cape Colony, wani mallakin Kamfanin Dutch East India Company (VOC) a ƙasashen waje. Rundunar, wacce aka sani da Regiment de Meuron, ta isa Cape Colony a shekarar 1783. Ba a san komai game da lokacin de Meuron a Afirka ba, kodayake bayanan zamani sun nuna cewa yana da [[Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu|bayi]] 12. A shekara ta 1786, de Meuron ya koma Turai don yin shawarwari da jami'an VOC game da ƙarin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe wa rundunar. Tsakanin 1787 da 1795, ya shafe lokaci a Holland, Prussia, Faransa da Switzerland, yana shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kimiyya tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Countess Duhamel, aboki na kud da kud. A wannan lokacin, de Meuron yana gudanar da shagon kayan mulkin mallaka a Paris wanda ke sayar da kayayyaki da aka shigo da su daga Cape Colony. A Saint-Sulpice, Neuchâtel, ya kafa majalisar abubuwan da za su sa a ci gaba da zama tushen tarihin halitta, tarihin ƙabilanci da tarihi na Neuchâtel. De Meuron ya sami babban kaso na tarin majalisar ministocin a lokacin da yake a Cape Colony, wanda aka aika zuwa Switzerland. Baya ga abubuwan tarihi da na al'adu, de Meuron ya kuma yi jigilar bayinsa guda biyu, wani ɗan ƙasar Mozambique mai suna Pedro da wani ɗan ƙasar Indiya mai suna Vendredi, zuwa Turai. Mutanen biyu sun isa Vlissingen a shekarar 1788 kuma suka yi hidima a gidan de Meuron da ke Saint-Sulpice, inda dukansu suka mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar numfashi a lokacin hunturu na shekarar 1792.<ref>https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/024051/2024-08-20/</ref> == Hidimar Birtaniya da mutuwa == Sakamakon rashin lafiyarsa, de Meuron ya miƙa wa ɗan'uwansa Pierre Frédéric de Meuron jagorancin rundunar sojojin Regiment de Meuron a shekara ta 1786; Pierre-Frédéric ya karɓi ragamar rundunar sojojin bayan ya isa Cape Colony a shekara ta 1787. Duk da haka, de Meuron ya ci gaba da zama kanar na rundunar kuma ya ci gaba da kula da ɗaukar ma'aikata na rundunar. A shekara ta 1795, a lokacin Yaƙin Haɗin Kan Farko, ya sake komawa rundunarsa, wacce yanzu aka sanya ta a Ceylon ta ƙasar Holland . Da yake de Meuron ya yi imanin cewa VOC ba ta cika wajibcin da ta ɗora masa ba, sai ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta sirri da Birtaniya inda ya amince cewa ba za ta yi adawa da mamayar da Birtaniya ta yi wa Ceylon a shekarar 1796 ba, sannan ta mayar da rundunarsa ga rundunar sojojin Birtaniya . Rundunar Sojan Meuron ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Anglo-Mysore na Huɗu, tana shiga cikin yaƙin Seringapatam a shekara ta 1799. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Peninsular da [[Yakin 1812|Yaƙin 1812]] . Duk da cewa rundunarsa har yanzu tana Indiya, de Meuron da kansa ya koma Turai a shekara ta 1797. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Landan sannan ya tafi Berlin kafin ya koma Neuchâtel a shekarar 1800. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa Laftanar Janar a cikin Rundunar Sojan Burtaniya a shekarar 1802, kuma a wannan shekarar mai zane-zanen Irish Thomas Hickey ya zana hotonsa. De Meuron shi ma ya sake aure da matarsa a shekara ta 1802. Ya mutu bayan shekaru huɗu a Neuchâtel a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1806. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason, P |year=2007 |title=Le mûrier et l'épée. Le cabinet de Charles Daniel de Meuron et l'origine du musée d'ethnographie à Neuchâtel |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-history-of-collections_2007_19_1/page/155 |journal=J. Hist. Collections |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=155–156 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhl038}}</ref> == Manazarta == c7f703yyixs3ws5590sw369b3a3nn3x Alain Enthoven 0 176707 967439 954993 2026-10-14T01:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 7 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alain C. Enthoven''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekarar, 1930) <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=Curriculum Vitae: Alain C. Enthoven |url=http://iis-db.stanford.edu/staff/2072/Alain_Enthoven-CV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611033018/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/staff/2072/Alain_Enthoven-CV.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-11 |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> masanin tattalin arziki ne na ƙasar Amurka. Ya kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro daga shekarar 1961 zuwa shekarar 1965, kuma daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1969, ya kasance Mataimakan Sakataren Taron don Nazarin Tsarin. A halin yanzu, shi ne Marriner S. Eccles Farfesa na Gudanar da Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu, Emeritus, a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Stanford. Enthoven ya sami takardar shaidar B.A. daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a cikin shekarar 1952, M.Phil. daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a shekara ta 1954, da Ph.D. daga MIT a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance masanin tattalin arziki na RAND Corporation tsakanin shekarar 1956 da shekara ta 1960. Enthoven ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin isar da aka haɗa - cibiyoyin sadarwar kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya a ƙarƙashin kamfanin iyaye wanda ke ba da ci gaba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya - daidaita abubuwan motsawa da albarkatu fiye da yawancin tsarin isarwar kiwon lafiya, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen ingancin kiwon lafiya yayin sarrafa farashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2005 |title=Integrated systems improve medical care, control costs, according to Enthoven |url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/october26/enthoven-102605.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204121704/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/october26/enthoven-102605.html |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, kuma tsohon [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Masanin Rhodes]] ne. A cikin gwamnati da ilimi ya jagoranci jami'an gwamnati, ma'aikata, da masu binciken manufofi ciki har da [[Richard Zeckhauser]], Sara Singer, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain C. |last2=Singer |first2=Sara J. |date=January 1995 |title=Market-Based Reform: What to Regulate and by Whom |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.14.1.105 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=105–119 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.14.1.105 |issn=0278-2715 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Markets and Collective Action in Regulating Managed Care |url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/publications/markets-collective-action-regulating-managed-care |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Stanford Graduate School of Business |language=en}}</ref> da Tim McDonald. Ya fito a cikin shirin Adam Curtis mai suna The Trap . == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Arrow |first=Kenneth J. |author-link=Kenneth Arrow |last2=Enthoven |first2=Alain C. |year=1961 |title=Quasi-concave programming |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_econometrica_1961-10_29_4/page/779 |journal=Econometrica |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=779–800 |citeseerx=10.1.1.389.9816 |doi=10.2307/1911819 |jstor=1911819}} *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain C. |year=1978 |title=Consumer-choice health plan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1978-03-30_298_13/page/709 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=298 |issue=13 |pages=709–720 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197803302981304 |pmid=415241}} * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain C. |year=1978 |title=Cutting cost without cutting the quality of care |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1978-06-01_298_22/page/1229 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=298 |issue=22 |pages=1229–1238 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197806012982204 |pmid=418336}} * {{Cite journal |last=Luft |first=Harold S. |last2=Bunker |first2=John P. |last3=Enthoven |first3=Alain C. |year=1979 |title=Should operations be regionalized? — The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1979-12-20_301_25/page/1364 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=301 |issue=25 |pages=1364–1369 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197912203012503 |pmid=503167}} *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain |last2=Kronick |first2=Richard |year=1989 |title=A consumer-choice health plan for the 1990s: universal health insurance in a system designed to promote quality and economy (first of two parts) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1989-01-05_320_1/page/29 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=320 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198901053200106 |pmid=2642604}} * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain |last2=Kronick |first2=Richard |year=1989 |title=A consumer-choice health plan for the 1990s: universal health insurance in a system designed to promote quality and economy (second of two parts) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1989-01-12_320_2/page/94 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=320 |issue=2 |pages=94–101 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198901123200205 |pmid=2492082}} * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain C. |year=1993 |title=The history and principles of managed competition |journal=Health Affairs |volume=12 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=24–48 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.12.suppl_1.24 |pmid=8477935}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain C. |last2=Tollen |first2=Laura A. |year=2005 |title=Competition in health care: it takes systems to pursue quality and efficiency |journal=Health Affairs |volume=24 |issue=Suppl1 |pages=W5-420 - W5-433 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.w5.420 |pmid=16148024}} * {{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=Alain C. |last2=van de Ven |first2=Wynand P.M.M. |year=2007 |title=Going Dutch — managed-competition health insurance in the Netherlands |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-12-13_357_24/page/2421 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=24 |pages=2421–2423 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp078199 |pmid=18077805 |hdl-access=free}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * Alain C. Enthoven bio daga Jami'ar Stanford . * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-ht2g73792x] don jerin WGBH, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509083727/http://openvault.wgbh.org/series/War+and+Peace+in+the+Nuclear+Age/ Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya a Zamanin Nukiliya] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 169sl4byux0g3phrlnthc4mw2nx7zml Francisco Bouligny 0 176742 967427 966029 2026-10-14T00:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Birgediya Janar '''Don Francisco Domingo Joseph Bouligny y Paret''' (4 ga Satumba 1736 - 25 ga Nuwamba 1800) wani jami'in Sojan Spain ne kuma mai kula da mulkin mallaka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan riƙo na Louisiana a 1799. A matsayinsa na mai amfani da harshen Faransanci a harshen Sifaniyanci, ya kasance gada tsakanin Creole da Faransanci Louisiana da Spain bayan da aka mayar da yankin daga Faransa zuwa Spain. Bouligny ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamna a ƙarƙashin Bernardo de Gálvez kuma ya kafa New Iberia a shekarar 1779.<ref name="Din76">{{Cite journal |last=Din |first=Gilbert C. |date=Spring 1976 |title=Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Bouligny and the Malagueño Settlement at New Iberia, 1779 |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=187–202 |jstor=4231587}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == Bouligny, wanda iyalinsa suka kira "Frasquito", an haife shi a shekara ta 1736 a Alicante, Spain, ga Jean (Juan) Bouligny, wani ɗan kasuwa mai nasara daga zuriyar Faransa, da Marie Paret, wacce ta fito daga Alicante. Yana ɗan shekara 10, an tura shi makarantar yara maza da Bishop na Orihuela ya kafa, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1750 kuma ya shiga kasuwancin shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje, wanda ke cinikin yadi, kayan ƙanshi, giya, da sauransu daga ko'ina cikin Bahar Rum da kuma a faɗin Tekun Atlantika. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Klemens}}</ref> A shekara ta 1758, Bouligny ya shiga rundunar sojojin Spain, yana yi wa rundunar Zamora hidima. Shekara guda bayan haka, ya koma rundunar sojojin Royal Regiment of Spanish Guards kuma aka naɗa shi Laftanar a cikin rundunar sojojin ƙasa aka aika shi zuwa [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], a shekara ta 1762. A wancan lokacin, Spain ta shiga Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, kuma yayin da Bouligny ke kan hanyarsa daga Cádiz, Turawan Ingila sun kwace Havana . Sabbin umarni sun sa Bouligny ya jira sauran yakin da aka yi a Santa Cruz de Tenerife a Tsibirin Canary. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1763, Bouligny ya isa Havana inda aka tura shi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1769 lokacin da ya haɗu da Alejandro O'Reilly a matsayin mataimakinsa don tafiyarsa ta kawo ƙarshen tawayen Louisiana . Ganin cewa Bouligny ya iya Faransanci sosai, an tuhume shi da isar da saƙonnin gwamnatin Spain ga mazauna Louisiana masu magana da Faransanci kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara a lokacin shari'ar sojoji da shugabannin 'yan tawayen. An ɗaukaka Bouligny zuwa matsayin kyaftin na brevet a cikin sabuwar rundunar sojojin Louisiana Fixed Infantry Battalion. A shekara ta 1772, Gwamna Luis de Unzaga ya naɗa shi cikakken kyaftin. Duk da haka, shekara guda bayan haka, Unzaga ta sauke Bouligny daga mukaminsa, kuma aka tsare shi a gidan yari saboda ya ba da umarnin ɗaurin shekaru shida a gidan yari maimakon hukuncin daurin watanni huɗu da aka haramta bisa ga dokokin sarki. Daga ƙarshe, O'Reilly ya yi sulhu a madadin Bouligny kuma aka mayar da shi kan aikinsa tare da gargaɗi. A shekarar 1775, an ba Bouligny izinin komawa Turai don sasanta al'amuran iyali. Yayin da yake Spain, Bouligny ya rubuta jawabi kan yawan jama'ar [[New Orleans]], Louisiana ( ''Memoria histórica y política sobre la Luisiana'' ). ''Memoria'' ta jawo hankalin kotun Spain ga mallakarta a Louisiana da kuma damar da take da ita na ci gaban noma da kasuwanci. Ya yi cikakken bayani game da yanayin ƙasa da kuma ilimin ruwa na yankin, gami da ambaliyar ruwa da guguwar ruwa ta haifar a Tafkunan Borgne da Pontchartrain. ''Memoria'' ya kuma nuna muhimmancin kyakkyawar dangantaka da al'ummar 'yan asalin Amurka na yankin, da kuma buƙatar inganta tsaron yankin a matsayin wani muhimmin abin kariya ga Birtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Din |first=Gilbert C. |year=1978 |title=Protecting the 'Barrera': Spain's Defenses in Louisiana, 1763–1779 |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=183–211 |jstor=4231775}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Louise C. |date=2000 |title='Luisiana': The Spanish |url=https://www.hnoc.org/sites/default/files/quarterly/HNOC_Q4_2k.pdf |journal=The Historic New Orleans Collection Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=2–5 |access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref> Don haka, Bouligny ya haɗa da shawarwari dalla-dalla a cikin ''Memoria'' don sabbin katanga da ƙarfafawa a kan hanyoyin ruwa da yawa na yankin. <ref name="Cruz Freire2019">{{Cite journal |last=Cruz Freire |first=Pedro |year=2018 |title=La llave de Nueva España. Proyectos defensivos para los territorios de Luisiana (1770–1795) |trans-title=The Key to New Spain: Defensive Projects for the Territory of Louisiana (1770–1795) |journal=Ars Longa. Cuadernos de Arte |language=es |issue=27 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.7203/arslonga.27.11198 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton ya samu karbuwa sosai a Madrid kuma ya yi tasiri wajen jagorantar ci gaban Louisiana a nan gaba. <ref name="DBE">{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |title=Francisco Bouligny |url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/55709/francisco-bouligny |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Diccionario biográfico español|Diccionario Biográfico Español]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209081248/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/55709/francisco-bouligny |archive-date=9 December 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kafa Sabuwar Iberia === [[File:Bouligny_Monument.jpg|left|thumb| Abin tunawa da aka girmama Francisco Bouligny da kuma farkon mazauna Malagueño na New Iberia, Louisiana.]] A shekarar 1777, Bouligny ya koma Louisiana, inda Gwamna Bernardo de Gálvez ya naɗa shi mataimakin gwamna. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai kula da kasuwanci da dangantaka da ƙabilun 'yan asalin Amurka da kuma kafa sabbin matsugunan zama. A cikin ''Memoria'', Bouligny ya yi kira da a zaunar da 'yan Spain da sauran bakin haure Katolika a duk faɗin Louisiana don ƙarfafa ikon Spain a kan yankin, gami da 'yan Anglo-Americans waɗanda ke son canza amincinsu zuwa Spain. Bayan wannan shirin sulhu, a watan Afrilun 1779, Bouligny ya kawo ƙungiyar 'yan mulkin mallaka 500, musamman Malagueños tare da wasu Isleños, zuwa Bayou Teche don kafa birnin New Iberia . <ref name="Din76" /> Duk da haka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Bouligny da Gálvez ta kasance mai tsauri. Su biyun sun yi karo ne kan batutuwan da suka shafi ciniki da matsuguni, musamman wurin da aka gina matsugunin New Iberia da kuma hanyar da Gálvez ya bi wajen gina matsugunin Birtaniya kusa da Kogin Mississippi. Bouligny ya kuma haɗa harkokin kasuwanci na kashin kansa da na hukuma, gami da aƙalla lokaci guda da ya biya kansa kuɗin amfani da bayinsa. Gálvez ya ci gaba da aiki tukuru don killace Bouligny, yana sanya shakku kan ayyukansa, yana bin diddigin kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen gina matsugunin New Iberia da kuma kuɗin Bouligny, kuma bai ba shi shawarar ci gaba ba. <ref name="Din93" /> <ref name="Powell2012" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunemaker |first=J. Horace |date=August 1945 |title=The Bouligny Affair in Louisiana |url=https://archive.org/details/hispanic-american-historical-review_1945-08_25_3/page/339 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=339–363 |doi=10.2307/2507969 |jstor=2507969}}</ref> === Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka === A ƙarshen shekarar 1779, a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, Spain ta kai hari kan matsugunan Birtaniya a Yammacin Florida, kuma Bouligny ya shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na Manchac Post da Baton Rouge . A shekarar 1780, Bouligny ya jagoranci wani yaƙi da Turawan Ingila a Fort Charlotte, <ref name="Beerman">{{Cite journal |last=Beerman |first=Eric |date=October 1979 |title='Yo Solo' not 'Solo': Juan Antonio de Riaño |url=https://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25449/datastream/OBJ/view |url-status=dead |format=PDF |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=LVIII |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330080606/http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25449/datastream/OBJ/view |archive-date=March 30, 2016 |access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref> kuma daga baya ya shiga yaƙin Pensacola . == Rayuwa da aiki daga baya == A shekarar 1783, an umurci Bouligny da ya kawar da wani yanki na 'yan gudun hijira daga bauta ( [[Maroons|''cimarrones'']] ) a gefen kogin New Orleans. Zuwa watan Yunin 1784, tawagar ta kama mutane 60, ciki har da shugaban yankin, Jean Saint Malo ; a cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, jami'ai sun gano bayi goma sha biyu da ke taimakawa wajen tsara tserewa daga gonaki. A shekara ta 1784, yayin da Gwamna Esteban Rodríguez Miró ya yi tafiya zuwa Yammacin Florida don yin hulɗa da al'ummomin Muscogee, Chickasaw, da Choctaw, Bouligny ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin gwamnan Louisiana. A shekara ta gaba, Miró ya aika Bouligny zuwa Natchez don tilasta mulkin Mutanen Espanya a yankin da kuma tsayayya da mamayewar Amurka da ke da alaƙa da Rikicin Yammacin Florida.<ref name="Din81">{{Cite journal |last=Din |first=Gilbert C. |date=July 1981 |title=War Clouds on the Mississippi: Spain's 1785 Crisis in West Florida |url=http://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25456 |format=PDF |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=LX |issue=1 |pages=51–76 |access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 1791, an nada Bouligny a matsayin kolonel kuma an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan Louisiana Fixed Infantry Regiment, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 1797.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Din |first=Gilbert C. |date=Winter 2002 |title='For Defense of Country and the Glory of Arms': Army Officers in Spanish Louisiana, 1766–1803 |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=5–40 |jstor=4233810}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Gov. Manuel Gayoso de Lemos a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1799, an nada Francisco Bouligny a matsayin gwamnan soja na Louisiana, tare da Nicolás María Vidal a matsayin gwamnan farar hula, har sai da sabon gwamnan janar, Sebastián Calvo de la Puerta y O'Farrill, Marquess de Casa Calvo, ya isa mulkin mallaka a ranar 17 ga Disamba Bouligny ya mutu a New Orleans a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1800, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya. An girmama shi ta hanyar binne shi a cocin St. Louis . A watan Satumba na shekarar 1800, Masarautar Spain ta naɗa Bouligny brigadier janar, amma kwafin kwamitin bai isa Louisiana ba sai bayan mutuwarsa. <ref name="Martin" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An bayyana Bouligny a matsayin "mai tsayi da ƙanƙanta, mai kyawawan halaye na soja, mai sauƙin kai da mutunci a cikin ɗabi'unsa, kuma mai ɗumi a cikin abotarsa." A tsawon rayuwarsa, Bouligny ya ci gaba da yin wasiƙu a harsunan Faransanci da Sifaniyanci tare da iyalansa da jami'ansa a faɗin duniya. Dangane da yaren da aka yi amfani da shi, ana kiran sunansa na farko da "Francisco" ko "François." A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1770, Bouligny ta auri Marie-Louise Le Sénéchal d'Auberville (1750–1834) wacce take cikin wani fitaccen iyali a Louisiana ta Faransa. <ref name="THNOC">{{Cite web |last=The Historic New Orleans Collection |title=The Francisco Bouligny Lecture |url=http://www.hnoc.org/programs/bouligny.html |access-date=2013-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227170238/http://www.hnoc.org/programs/bouligny.html |archive-date=2013-02-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Aure ne mai amfani ga iyalai biyu, inda dangantakar siyasa ta Bouligny ta taimaka wajen biyan bashin da ke kan mahaifiyar Le Sénéchal d'Auberville, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar fara tara kadarori a birnin. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, ciki har da Charles Dominique Joseph Bouligny, wanda majalisar dokokin jihar ta zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a shekarun 1820, da kuma Louis Bouligny, wanda aka sanya wa unguwar Faubourg Bouligny da ke New Orleans suna bayansa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Branley |first=Edward |date=12 October 2011 |title=NOLA History: The Neighborhoods of Uptown New Orleans |url=https://gonola.com/things-to-do-in-new-orleans/history/nola-history-the-neighborhoods-of-uptown-new-orleans |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=Go NOLA}}</ref> An zaɓi jikansa John Edward Bouligny a matsayin ɗan majalisa a shekarar 1859. Babban ɗan'uwan Bouligny, Juan de Bouligny, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Spain na farko a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] daga 1779 zuwa 1793. == Abin da ya bari == Bouligny ya bar abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin babban ɗakin karatu mai littattafai 48 a cikin kundin littattafai 147, wani ma'ajiyar giya da ke ɗauke da kwalaben giya kusan 500, da kuma bayi 31. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Din |first=Gilbert C. |year=1981 |title=The Death and Succession of Francisco Bouligny |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–315 |jstor=4232101}}</ref> Laburaren karatunsa sun haɗa da tarihin Tsohuwar Roma, Faransa, Amurka, Daular Rasha, da Jamus, da kuma nasarar da aka samu a Mexico da kuma tafiyar Kyaftin Cook ta uku. Yawancin ayyukan an yi su ne da Faransanci; biyar kawai aka yi su da Sifaniyanci. A shekarar 1977, zuriyar Bouligny sun kafa Gidauniyar Bouligny don haɓaka nazarin Sifaniyanci na Louisiana ta hanyar tallafawa bincike da jerin laccoci na shekara-shekara. Bayan rushewar ginin a farkon shekarun 2000, an ci gaba da shirin Lakca na Bouligny na shekara-shekara ta hanyar The Historic New Orleans Collection . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francisco Bouligny Lecture |url=https://www.hnoc.org/programs/francisco-bouligny-lecture |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=The Historic New Orleans Collection}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 01rbkabrz0o61rom2or8gjjrfxpr4go Jariri Fae 0 177005 967418 956620 2026-10-14T00:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephanie Fae Beauclair''' (14 ga Oktoba, 1984 - 15 ga Nuwamba, 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Baby Fae''', [[Jariri|jaririya]] ce 'yar Amurka da aka haifa a shekarar 1984 tare da cutar zuciya ta hagu mai kama da hypoplastic . A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1984, ta zama jariri na farko da aka yi wa tiyatar xenotransplant kuma ta farko da aka yi nasarar dashen zuciya na jarirai, inda ta karɓi [[Zuciya|zuciyar]] birin . Duk da cewa ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, cikin wata guda bayan an yi mata tiyatar, ta rayu makonni fiye da duk wanda ya taɓa samun zuciyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba a baya. == Tsarin aiki == An yi aikin, wanda Leonard Lee Bailey ya yi a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Loma Linda, amma Fae ta mutu bayan kwana 21 sakamakon bugun zuciya saboda kin amincewa da dashen . Ana tsammanin ƙin jinin ya samo asali ne daga martanin da aka bayar game da dashen, saboda jinin Fae na nau'in O yana samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga nau'in AB xenograft . <ref name="Bailey">{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Leonard |last2=Nehlsen-Cannarella SL |last3=Concepcion W |last4=Jolley WB. |date=December 1985 |title=Baboon-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1985-12-20_254_23/page/n50 |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |series=3321-9. |volume=254 |issue=23 |pages=3321–9 |doi=10.1001/jama.1985.03360230053022 |pmid=2933538}}</ref> An ga rashin jituwar nau'in jini a matsayin abin da ba za a iya kauce masa ba: ƙasa da kashi 1% na bakuna nau'in O ne, kuma Loma Linda tana da ƙananan bakuna mata bakwai kawai—dukkansu nau'in AB ne—wanda ake samu a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa. An yi amfani da zuciyar biri domin babu lokacin da za a sami zuciyar ɗan adam mai dacewa. An yi fatan cewa za a iya maye gurbin dashen da aka yi da allograft a wani lokaci daga baya, kafin jikin Fae ya fara samar da isohaemagglutinins, amma ba a sami wanda ya dace da shi ba a kan lokaci. Kafin a yi wannan aikin, ba a yi nasarar yin wani dashen zuciya ga jarirai ba—ko da kuwa da zuciyar ɗan adam—saboda rashin zukatan jarirai. Domin magance wannan matsala, Bailey ya zama jagora a binciken dashen zuciya na nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, wanda ya haɗa da "dashen tumaki, awaki, da birin sama da 150". <ref name="Time" /> Likitoci da dama sun taɓa yin gwaji da dashen zuciya na baboon, wanda hakan ya sa wasu ke hasashen cewa za a iya noma baboon nan gaba don irin waɗannan dalilai. Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa ya zaɓi ɗan biri maimakon ɗan birai wanda ke da alaƙar juyin halitta da ɗan adam, Bailey ya amsa, "Ban yarda da juyin halitta ba." Duk da cewa ta mutu cikin wata guda, Baby Fae, a lokacin mutuwarta, ta rayu tsawon makonni biyu fiye da duk wanda ya taɓa samun zuciyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba a baya. == Ɗabi'a == An yi wannan aikin ne a muhawara mai zurfi tsakanin ɗabi'a da shari'a, amma ana kyautata zaton cewa kulawar da aka samu ta share fagen yin dashen zuciya na farko da ya yi nasara a jarirai shekara guda bayan haka. Shari'ar Baby Fae, da kuma rawar da Bailey ta taka a ciki, ta kasance wani bincike mai farin jini a fannin ɗabi'un likitanci . Akwai tambayoyi game da ko ya kamata a bar iyaye su yi aikin sa kai ga yara don gwaje-gwajen likitanci, da kuma ko Bailey ya sanar da iyayen yadda ya kamata. Shari'ar ta ƙara kawo muhawara game da rabon haɗari/fa'ida da ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗabi'a yayin da ake mu'amala da hanyoyin gwaji kan mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case: Willowbrook Experiments |url=http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/MEDICAL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_7_Human_Experimentation/Case_Study_Baby_Fae.htm |access-date=2016-01-19 |website=www.qcc.cuny.edu}}</ref> Charles Krauthammer, a cikin rubutu a cikin ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ya ce shari'ar Baby Fae ta kasance cikin fagen gwaji kuma "wani kasada ne a cikin ɗabi'un likitanci". A ƙarshe, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka da manyan mujallun likitanci sun soki Bailey, suna kammala da cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da maganin hana baƙi kawai a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike mai tsari tare da iko a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti bazuwar. <ref name="MedicalEthics" /> An kuma yi suka sosai kan ingancin amincewar da aka samu a shari'ar Baby Fae. Da farko Bailey ya yi zargin cewa ya sami izini ne bayan dogon tattaunawa da ya yi da uwa da uba. Daga baya aka bayyana cewa mahaifin ba ya nan a lokacin da aka amince da shi. An kuma canza bayanin da ke cikin fom ɗin amincewa bayan da mahaifiyar ta gan shi da farko. Asalin jumlar ta bayyana cewa wannan tsari zai iya tsawaita rayuwar Baby Fae "na dogon lokaci". Duk da cewa ba a bayyana cikakken sunan Fae a lokacin da aka yi mata tiyatar ba, mahaifiyarta ta zaɓi bayyana hakan a shekarar 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Murray |date=1997-08-25 |title=Four Corners: Animal Transplants |url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s72726.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072346/https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s72726.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2008-11-26 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] 22g6dk2x3sohdw9hfcdnfiupssx7b1n Anarcha Westcott 0 177032 967352 956740 2026-10-13T21:45:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anarcha Westcott''' ( {{Circa}} 1828 - 27 ga Yuni, 1869) mace ce 'yar [[Bauta a Amurka|Amurka da aka bautar da ita]] wacce aka fi sani da "Uwar Ilimin Mata na Zamani" saboda ta yi gwaje-gwajen tiyata na gwaji da likitan likita J. Marion Sims ya gudanar, ba tare da amfani da maganin sa barci ba, domin samar da magunguna ga fistula na vesicovaginal da fistula na rectovaginal da suka samo asali daga [[Jego|haihuwa]] mai rauni, wanda aka fi nufin amfanar fararen mata marasa lafiya. Gwajin likitanci na Sims kan Anarcha da sauran matan da aka bautar, da kuma rawar da take takawa wajen haɓaka ilimin mata na zamani, ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce tsakanin masana tarihi na likitanci, musamman saboda matan da aka bautar ba su da 'yancin ƙin shiga cikin lamarin. <ref name="anarcha" /> == Bayani == Tsawon shekaru da yawa, ba a san komai game da Anarcha ba, kuma tushen wanzuwarta kawai shine rubuce-rubucen Sims; tunda ba ta da ilimi ( [[Dokokin adawa da karatu da rubutu a Amurka|bisa ga doka]] ), yawancin bayanai sun fito ne daga bayanan Sims na gwaje-gwajensa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dudley |first=Rachel |date=2012-09-26 |title=Toward an Understanding of the 'Medical Plantation' as a Cultural Location of Disability |url=http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3248 |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v32i4.3248 |issn=2159-8371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta fara bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwar J. Marion Sims a matsayin "ƙaramin yarinya mai mulatto " da ke zaune a gidan likita a Mount Meigs, Alabama, wanda Dr. Lucas ya gaya [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|masa]] ya tattara kayayyaki domin ya iya yin zubar jini a Sims. {{Rp|171}} Anarcha ta sake bayyana a matsayin "mace mai launin fata, mai kimanin shekaru goma sha bakwai, mai cikakkiyar ci gaba" mallakar wani mutum mai suna Mr. Wescott.{{Sic}} , wanda ke zaune mil ɗaya daga gidan Sims, a wancan lokacin a [[Montgomery|Montgomery, Alabama]] . An kira Sims don ta taimaka mata bayan nakudarta ta ɗauki kwana uku. {{Page needed|date=May 2022}} Yayin da "abokin aikin Anarcha" Betsey, wanda Sims zai yi wa aiki saboda irin wannan matsala, ya "yi aure a bara", {{Rp|228}}babu wata majiya da ta yi tsokaci kan yadda Anarcha ta yi ciki. == Tiyatar gwaji == Bayan haihuwar da ta mutu, an dawo da Anarcha wurin Sims saboda ta sami hawaye da dama da ba a warke ba a farjinta da duburarta - fistula na vesicovaginal da kuma fistula na rectovaginal . Hawayen nan na nufin ba ta da iko a kan fitsarinta ko najasarta, wanda hakan ya sa ta sami ciwo mai tsanani daga motsin hanjinta da fitsarinta da ba za a iya sarrafa su ba da ke ratsa raunukanta a buɗe. Rashin iya sarrafa fitsarinta da najasarta ya haifar da kamuwa da cuta, kumburin kyallen jiki, da wari. Sims ya yi gwaje-gwaje guda 30 da maganin opium a matsayin maganin sa barci a Anarcha kafin ya yi nasarar rufe fistula da kuma yagewa. <ref name="Wall1">{{Cite journal |last=Wall |first=L L[ewis] |date=June 2006 |title=The medical ethics of Dr J Marion Sims: a fresh look at the historical record |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=346–350 |doi=10.1136/jme.2005.012559 |issn=0306-6800 |pmc=2563360 |pmid=16731734}}</ref> A lokacin aikin, an ba Anarcha opium a matsayin maganin rage radadi. Duk da cewa maganin opium ya kasance kayan aikin rage radadi a ƙarni na 19, mutane kuma galibi suna samun damar yin amfani da wasu nau'ikan maganin sa barci na farko (kamar ether ko chloroform) yayin ayyukan likita. Wasu mutane suna jayayya cewa Sims, a matsayinsa na likita, da ya zaɓi yin amfani da maganin sa barci, amma da gangan ya zaɓi kada ya yi amfani da gwaje-gwajensa akan mata baƙaƙen fata kamar Anarcha. <ref name="Wall1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wall |first=L. Lewis |date=July 2007 |title=Did J. Marion Sims deliberately addict his first fistula patients to opium? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_2007-07_62_3/page/336 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=336–356 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrl045 |issn=0022-5045 |pmid=17082217}}</ref> Hanyoyin gwaji da Sims ya yi wa Anarcha da sauran bayi sun kawo sauyi a fannin tiyatar mata; dabarar da Sims ya ƙirƙiro ta zama magani na farko da aka taɓa yi wa fistulae na vesicovaginal. <ref name="Wall1" /> A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1856, An kwantar da Anarcha, mai shekaru 32, a Asibitin Mata na Sims da ke New York, tare da bayanin cewa ta zauna kimanin wata guda kuma an sallame ta a watan Janairun 1857 bayan ta warke. Bautar ta ita ce William Lewis Maury, rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka, Caroline County, Virginia . Ba a san yanayin tafiyarta zuwa New York ba. An gano wani dutse na kabari na matar Lorenzo Jackson mai suna "Annacay", bisa ga kuskure a gundumar King George, Virginia (kusa da gundumar Caroline). A ƙidayar jama'a ta 1870, an rubuta mata suna Anaky Jackson, kuma a cikin tarihin mutuwarta, Ankey. Ranar mutuwarta a cikin Vital Statistics bai yi daidai da ranar da aka rubuta a kan kabarinta ba (1869/70). Mai shirya fina-finai Carples ya kammala da cewa duk waɗannan su ne irin Anarcha da Sims ya yi wa Alabama. Idan tana da shekaru 32 a shekara ta 1856, an haife ta a shekara ta 1824, kuma tana da ciki tana da shekaru 13 lokacin da aka fara yi mata magani da Sims. == Manazarta == r0vi1k6paiu7agf8061goymu78qtjtu Alexis St. Martin 0 177040 967438 956774 2026-10-14T01:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexis Bidagan ''ya yi tafiya zuwa'' St-Martin''' (8 ga Afrilu, 1802 {{Efn|There has been ongoing confusion of brothers with the same name. Alexis of this article had an older brother born in 1794 who died in January 1802. Alexis the voyageur was actually born in April 1802 in Berthierville, Quebec, and named for his brother who had died several months before.<ref>{{cite web | title = Alexis Bidaguin dit St- Martin baptism: Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621–1967: Berthierville: 1802 | author = Ancestry.com | url = http://content.ancestry.com/iexec/?htx=view&r=an&dbid=1091&iid=d13p_00860633&fn=Alexis&ln=Bodeguin&ssrc=&pid=11146120 | accessdate = June 29, 2009 | archive-date = June 7, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220607110252/https://www.ancestry.com/search/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>https://mysteriesofcanada.com/quebec/alexis-st-martin-bidagan/</ref>}} – 24 ga Yuni, 1880) wani ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne wanda aka san shi da rawar da ya taka a gwaje-gwajen narkewar abinci a cikin mutane, wanda likitan rundunar sojojin Amurka William Beaumont ya yi masa tsakanin 1822 da 1833. An harbi St-Martin a wani hatsarin da ya kusa zama ajali a shekarar 1822. Rauninsa bai warke gaba ɗaya ba, ya bar wata ƙofa a cikin cikinsa . Nazarin cikin St-Martin ya haifar da fahimtar ilimin halittar narkewar abinci, musamman a cikin rawar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki ke takawa . <ref name="Distillations">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Catherine |date=2018 |title=Probing the Mysteries of Human Digestion |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/probing-the-mysteries-of-human-digestion |url-status=live |journal=Distillations |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=27–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823155346/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/probing-the-mysteries-of-human-digestion |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |access-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref> == Yi aiki tare da Beaumont == [[File:Engraving_by_Dr_William_Beaumont.gif|thumb| Daga ''Gwaje-gwaje da Lura na Beaumont kan Ruwan Ciki da Ilimin Halittar Narkewa'', 1833 (shafi na 27)]] A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1822, wani harsashi ya harbi St-Martin ba da gangan ba da bindiga ta harba shi daga nesa a wurin cinikin gashin da ke Tsibirin Mackinac . Harbin da aka yi wa musket ya bar wani rauni a gefensa wanda ya zama fistula wanda ya haɗa cikinsa da wajen jikinsa. <ref name="Distillations" /> <ref name="Tanner">{{Cite journal |last=Tanner |first=David E. |date=2000 |title=Narrative, Ethics, and Human Experimentation in Richard Selzer's "Alexis St. Martin": The Miraculous Wound Re-Examined |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hec-forum_2000-06_12_2/page/149 |journal=HEC Forum |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1023/A:1008949000333 |pmid=11066194 |s2cid=45586623}}</ref> William Beaumont, wani likitan tiyata na rundunar sojin Amurka da ke aiki a wani sansanin sojoji da ke kusa, ya yi wa raunin magani. Duk da cewa St-Martin matashi ne mai lafiya, ba a tsammanin zai warke ba saboda tsananin raunin da ya ji, wanda ya haɗa da raunin ciki da ya fashe, raunin huhu, da kuma karyewar haƙarƙari. <ref name="Distillations" /> Bayan ya zubar da jini a jikinsa kuma ya yi masa wani irin ciwon mara, Beaumont ya sa ido kan lafiyar St-Martin. Ya bayyana yadda St-Martin ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani na tsawon kwanaki 11 tare da zazzabi, wahalar numfashi, da kuma fitar da kyallen da ke fitowa daga raunin, har sai da zazzaɓinsa ya karye kuma raunin ya fara nuna alamun waraka. Tsawon kwanaki 17 bayan raunin, duk abincin da ya ci ya sake fitowa daga bakin ciki, wanda ke buƙatar "allurai masu gina jiki a kowace shekara" don kula da shi, har sai an yi amfani da tanti na lint (toshe na lint da aka naɗe) wanda aka manne da madauri don riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin ciki. A wannan lokacin, abinci ya fara zama a cikin ciki da hanjin St-Martin a hankali ya dawo. Daga nan, ya yi fama da kusan shekara guda yana sake kamuwa da kuraje a guringuntsi, wanda Beaumont ya yi masa tiyata sannan ya shafa masa ruwan inabi da sinadarin muriatic acid da kuma sinadarin asafoetida . Zuwa ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1823, shekara guda bayan harbin, raunukan sun warke banda buɗewar da ke tsakanin ciki da fata. Lokacin da raunin ya warke, gefen ramin da ke cikin ciki ya manne da gefen ramin da ke cikin fata, wanda hakan ya haifar da ciwon ciki na dindindin. Ba a fahimci kimiyya sosai game da narkewar abinci a lokacin ba, kuma Beaumont ya fahimci damar da ya samu a St-Martin. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1825, yayin da yake aiki a Fort Niagara tare da rakiyar St-Martin, Beaumont ya gudanar da gwajinsa na farko a hukumance. Ya rataye guntun abinci da aka haɗa a cikin ciki na St-Martin sannan daga baya ya cire su don lura da yadda narkewar abinci ke tafiya. Wannan shi ne na farko a cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje 238 tsakanin 1825 da 1833, waɗanda suka tantance hanyoyin narkewar abinci a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban ciki har da azumi, motsa jiki, da yanayi daban-daban na motsin rai. <ref name="Distillations" /> St-Martin ya shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen Beaumont yayin da yake yi masa aiki a matsayin bawa a ƙarƙashin kwangila. Beaumont ya tuna da ayyukan da St-Martin ya yi: "A wannan lokacin, a cikin lokutan gwaji, ya yi dukkan ayyukan bawa na yau da kullun, ya sare itace, ya ɗauki [[wiktionary:burthen|kaya]], da sauransu ba tare da wahala ko rashin jin daɗi daga raunin da ya ji ba." An ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin gwaje-gwajen sun yi wa St-Martin ciwo. Bayan ya ajiye buhunan abinci a cikin ciki, Beaumont ya lura cewa "yaron ya yi korafin wani ciwo da rashin jin daɗi a nono." {{Rp|118}}A lokacin tafiya zuwa Plattsburgh, New York a watan Satumba na 1825, St-Martin ya koma ƙasarsa ta asali Kanada ba tare da yardar Beaumont ba. A can ya yi aure ya kuma fara iyali. <ref name="Green">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Alexa |year=2010 |title=Working Ethics: William Beaumont, Alexis St. Martin, and Medical Research in Antebellum America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_summer-2010_84_2/page/193 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=193–216}}</ref> Bai sake haɗuwa da Beaumont ba sai a shekarar 1829, a lokacin yana zaune cikin talauci kusa da Montreal kuma yana son shiga Beaumont a Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin . <ref name="Green" /> Gwaje-gwajen sun ci gaba har zuwa 1833. <ref name="Green" /> == Bayan gwaje-gwajen == Beaumont ya buga wani labari game da gwaje-gwajensa a shekarar 1833 a matsayin ''Gwaje-gwaje da Lura kan Ruwan Ciki, da kuma Ilimin Halittar Narkewa'' . <ref name="Tanner" /> Beaumont ya yanke hukunci sau 51 game da narkewar abinci bisa ga lura da ya yi wa Alexis St-Martin da kuma binciken da ya yi. Ya gano cewa kayan lambu suna narkewa a hankali fiye da nama, madara tana taruwa tun farkon tsarin narkewar abinci, kuma narkewar abinci yana taimakawa ta hanyar motsi a cikin ciki. Binciken Beaumont ya tabbatar da ka'idar William Prout cewa ruwan ciki yana ɗauke da sinadarin hydrochloric acid, kuma ya gano cewa ruwan ciki yana fitowa ne daga cikin ciki. <ref name="Distillations" /> Daga ƙarshe Beaumont da St-Martin suka rabu: St-Martin ya rubuta wa Beaumont wasiƙa daga Berthier, Kanada, a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1834, yana ƙin komawa Beaumont. [1] A matsayinsa na likitan soja, an tura Beaumont zuwa barikin Jefferson da ke St. Louis, Missouri, a cikin 1834. Ya zama Farfesa a fannin Tiyata a Sashen Likitanci na Jami'ar Saint Louis a shekarar 1837 kuma ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a shekarar 1839. [2] Sau da yawa, Beaumont ta yi ƙoƙarin sa St-Martin ya koma St. Louis, amma ba ta yi nasara ba. [3] Beaumont ya mutu a shekara ta 1853. [4] :296Wasikun St-Martin sun nuna cewa ya yi aiki da wasu likitoci bayan ya rabu da Beaumont, kuma ya yi talauci a ƙarshen rayuwarsa. [5] Lokacin da Alexis St-Martin ya mutu a Saint-Thomas, Quebec, a shekara ta 1880, iyalinsa sun jinkirta binne shi har sai gawar ta fara ruɓewa domin hana " tashinsa " daga likitoci, wasu daga cikinsu suna son yin gwajin gawawwaki ko cire ciki. <ref name="Distillations" /> An binne Alexis Bidagan ''dit'' St-Martin a Makabartar Saint-Thomas Parish da ke Joliette, [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. Fitaccen likitan nan Sir William Osler ya yi matuƙar sha'awar sake duba cikakkun bayanai game da wannan lamari na farko a tarihin ilimin halittar ciki kuma ya buga bincikensa a cikin wani sanannen muƙala mai taken ''A Backwoods Physiologist'' . <ref name="Tanner" /> Ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin sanya cikinsa mai suna a cikin Gidan Tarihin Likitoci na Sojoji da ke Washington, DC. == Manazarta == h6pwk1oo7srauzo4hok7bxagl79kk7r H.D. 0 177043 967368 956786 2026-10-13T22:19:01Z Nura Bello 24854 967368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hilda Doolittle''' (10 ga watan Satumba, 1886)&nbsp;– Satumba 27, 1961) mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka mai ra'ayin zamani, marubuciya, kuma mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa wacce ta yi rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan '''HD''' a tsawon rayuwarta. Aikinta ya fara ne a shekarar 1911 bayan ta ƙaura zuwa Landan kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta avant-garde Imagist tare da mawaki kuma mai sukar Amurka Ezra Pound . A wannan lokacin farko, waƙoƙinta na baituka marasa tsari waɗanda ke nuna salon gargajiya sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya. Daga ƙarshe ta nisanta kanta daga ƙungiyar Imagist, ta gwada nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban, ciki har da almara, tarihin rayuwa, da wasan kwaikwayo na baiti . Dangane da raunin da ta samu a Landan a lokacin Blitz, salon waƙar HD tun daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] har zuwa rasuwarta ya karkata zuwa ga dogayen waƙoƙi masu rikitarwa kan jigogi na ban mamaki da na zaman lafiya . An haifi HD a Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, ga iyaye masu arziki da ilimi. Bayan ta gano cewa tana [[Bisexuality|da sha'awar maza da mata]], ta fara soyayya da jinsi ɗaya yayin da take halartar Kwalejin Bryn Mawr tsakanin 1904 da 1906. Bayan shekaru da dama na abota, HD ta fara yin aure da Pound kuma ta bi shi zuwa Landan a shekarar 1911, inda ya tallafa wa aikinta. Duk da haka, dangantakarsu ta wargaje ba da daɗewa ba, kuma maimakon haka HD ta auri mawaƙin Imagist Richard Aldington a shekarar 1913. A shekarar 1918, ta haɗu da marubuciyar marubuciya Bryher, wacce ta zama abokiyar soyayyarta kuma abokiyar kud da kud har zuwa mutuwarta. An buga HD a matsayin mataimakin editan adabi na mujallar ''Egoist'' tsakanin 1916 da 1917 ta ''The English Review'' da ''The Transatlantic Review'' . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], ƙanenta da mahaifinta sun mutu, kuma ta rabu da Aldington. [[Sigmund Freud]] ya yi mata magani a shekarun 1930, yayin da take ƙoƙarin magance matsalar yaƙi da kuma rashin fahimtar juna. {{Sfn|Davies|1997}} HD yana da sha'awar adabin Girka na dā kuma ya buga fassarorin Girka da yawa. Waƙoƙinta sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyoyi na Girka da mawakan gargajiya, tun daga farkon waƙoƙinta na Imagist waɗanda ke nuna yanayin ƙasa ta amfani da alamomin Hellenistic, zuwa dogon waƙarta ''Helen a Masar'' ta shekarun 1950 wadda ta sake fassara tatsuniyoyi na Yaƙin Trojan . Ta renon Moravian daga iyalinta, kuma Pound ta fara gabatar da ra'ayoyin addini na asiri da na ban mamaki a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, HD a hankali ta ƙirƙiri wani ra'ayi na ruhaniya na musamman. Ibada ta ruhaniya ta HD ta ƙaru a lokacin da kuma bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], kuma ra'ayoyinta na haɗin gwiwa sun zama babban abin da ta mayar da hankali a kai a rubuce-rubucenta na baya. Duk da cewa HD ta yi rubutu a nau'o'i daban-daban da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a tsawon aikinta, a lokacin rayuwarta an san ta ne kawai saboda waƙoƙinta na farko na Imagist. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Elise Paschen|editor-first2=Dove}}</ref> Bayan sake duba da masu sukar mata suka yi a shekarun 1970 da 1980, an fahimci muhimmancin wakokinta da rubuce-rubucenta na baya-bayan nan, kuma an fahimci ta a matsayin babbar jigo a tarihin adabin zamani . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hilda Doolittle a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1886, a cikin al'ummar Moravian da ke Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Guest|1984}} Mahaifinta, Charles, farfesa ne a fannin ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Lehigh da ke Bethlehem, {{Sfn|Downs|2000}} kuma mahaifiyarta, Helen ( née Wolle), {{Sfn|Pearson|Dembo|1969}} memba ce ta 'yan uwantaka ta Moravian. Hilda tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyar. Lokacin da aka naɗa mahaifinta farfesa a fannin ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Pennsylvania don ya ɗauki nauyin Flower Observatory da ke [[Philadelphia]], [ 7 ] iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Upper Darby . Ta halarci Makarantar Friends' Central da ke Philadelphia, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1905. Ta gabatar da jawabin fara karatun, mai taken "Tasirin Mawaki". {{Sfn|Silverstein|1990}} Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a shekarar 1905 don yin nazarin adabin Girka, {{Sfn|King|1981}} inda ta haɗu da mawaƙa Marianne Moore da William Carlos Williams . Bayan kammala karatunsa na zangon karatu uku, HD ta janye daga kwalejin, ta yi karatu a gida har zuwa shekarar 1910. [ 10 ] HD ta haɗu da mawaƙi Ezra Pound tun tana ƙarama a shekarar 1901. Pound ta zama abokiyar rayuwa ta har abada kuma ta taka rawa wajen ci gabanta a matsayin marubuciya. A shekarar 1905, Pound da HD sun fara dangantaka mai kama da juna {{Sfn|Barnstone|1998}} wanda ya haɗa da aƙalla haɗuwa biyu. {{Sfn|Silverstein|1990}} Duk da cewa iyayensa suna goyon bayan wannan dangantaka, amma iyayenta sun yi Allah wadai da hakan sosai. [ 13 ] A shekarar 1907, Pound ya ba ta ''littafin Hilda'', wani rubutu da aka yi da hannu wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin soyayya na farko ashirin da biyar, waɗanda ya keɓe mata. {{Sfn|King|1981}} A shekarar 1910, Doolittle ta fara dangantaka da Frances Josepha Gregg, wata matashiyar daliba a fannin fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania da ke Philadelphia. [1] Da wahayi daga Gregg, HD ta rubuta waƙoƙinta na farko da aka buga, waɗanda aka tsara su bisa ga aikin Theocritus . [1] An buga wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na farko, gami da wasu labaran yara game da ilmin taurari, a jaridun New York da kuma wasiƙun labarai na Presbyterian . [ 17 ] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] h4x6vnykzyb5hycwzaiuunz9psjl2vl 967372 967368 2026-10-13T22:21:45Z Nura Bello 24854 967372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hilda Doolittle''' (10 ga watan Satumba, 1886)&nbsp;– Satumba 27, 1961) mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka mai ra'ayin zamani, marubuciya, kuma mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa wacce ta yi rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan '''HD''' a tsawon rayuwarta. Aikinta ya fara ne a shekarar 1911 bayan ta ƙaura zuwa Landan kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta avant-garde Imagist tare da mawaki kuma mai sukar Amurka Ezra Pound . A wannan lokacin farko, waƙoƙinta na baituka marasa tsari waɗanda ke nuna salon gargajiya sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya. Daga ƙarshe ta nisanta kanta daga ƙungiyar Imagist, ta gwada nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban, ciki har da almara, tarihin rayuwa, da wasan kwaikwayo na baiti . Dangane da raunin da ta samu a Landan a lokacin Blitz, salon waƙar HD tun daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] har zuwa rasuwarta ya karkata zuwa ga dogayen waƙoƙi masu rikitarwa kan jigogi na ban mamaki da na zaman lafiya . An haifi HD a Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, ga iyaye masu arziki da ilimi. Bayan ta gano cewa tana [[Bisexuality|da sha'awar maza da mata]], ta fara soyayya da jinsi ɗaya yayin da take halartar Kwalejin Bryn Mawr tsakanin shekarun 1904 da 1906. Bayan shekaru da dama na abota, HD ta fara yin aure da Pound kuma ta bi shi zuwa Landan a shekarar 1911, inda ya tallafa wa aikinta. Duk da haka, dangantakarsu ta wargaje ba da daɗewa ba, kuma maimakon haka HD ta auri mawaƙin Imagist Richard Aldington a shekarar 1913. A shekarar 1918, ta haɗu da marubuciyar marubuciya Bryher, wacce ta zama abokiyar soyayyarta kuma abokiyar kud da kud har zuwa mutuwarta. An buga HD a matsayin mataimakin editan adabi na mujallar ''Egoist'' tsakanin 1916 da 1917 ta ''The English Review'' da ''The Transatlantic Review'' . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], ƙanenta da mahaifinta sun mutu, kuma ta rabu da Aldington. [[Sigmund Freud]] ya yi mata magani a shekarun 1930, yayin da take ƙoƙarin magance matsalar yaƙi da kuma rashin fahimtar juna. {{Sfn|Davies|1997}} HD yana da sha'awar adabin Girka na dā kuma ya buga fassarorin Girka da yawa. Waƙoƙinta sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyoyi na Girka da mawakan gargajiya, tun daga farkon waƙoƙinta na Imagist waɗanda ke nuna yanayin ƙasa ta amfani da alamomin Hellenistic, zuwa dogon waƙarta ''Helen a Masar'' ta shekarun 1950 wadda ta sake fassara tatsuniyoyi na Yaƙin Trojan . Ta renon Moravian daga iyalinta, kuma Pound ta fara gabatar da ra'ayoyin addini na asiri da na ban mamaki a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, HD a hankali ta ƙirƙiri wani ra'ayi na ruhaniya na musamman. Ibada ta ruhaniya ta HD ta ƙaru a lokacin da kuma bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], kuma ra'ayoyinta na haɗin gwiwa sun zama babban abin da ta mayar da hankali a kai a rubuce-rubucenta na baya. Duk da cewa HD ta yi rubutu a nau'o'i daban-daban da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a tsawon aikinta, a lokacin rayuwarta an san ta ne kawai saboda waƙoƙinta na farko na Imagist. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Elise Paschen|editor-first2=Dove}}</ref> Bayan sake duba da masu sukar mata suka yi a shekarun 1970 da 1980, an fahimci muhimmancin wakokinta da rubuce-rubucenta na baya-bayan nan, kuma an fahimci ta a matsayin babbar jigo a tarihin adabin zamani . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hilda Doolittle a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1886, a cikin al'ummar Moravian da ke Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Guest|1984}} Mahaifinta, Charles, farfesa ne a fannin ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Lehigh da ke Bethlehem, {{Sfn|Downs|2000}} kuma mahaifiyarta, Helen ( née Wolle), {{Sfn|Pearson|Dembo|1969}} memba ce ta 'yan uwantaka ta Moravian. Hilda tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyar. Lokacin da aka naɗa mahaifinta farfesa a fannin ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Pennsylvania don ya ɗauki nauyin Flower Observatory da ke [[Philadelphia]], [ 7 ] iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Upper Darby . Ta halarci Makarantar Friends' Central da ke Philadelphia, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1905. Ta gabatar da jawabin fara karatun, mai taken "Tasirin Mawaki". {{Sfn|Silverstein|1990}} Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a shekarar 1905 don yin nazarin adabin Girka, {{Sfn|King|1981}} inda ta haɗu da mawaƙa Marianne Moore da William Carlos Williams . Bayan kammala karatunsa na zangon karatu uku, HD ta janye daga kwalejin, ta yi karatu a gida har zuwa shekarar 1910. [ 10 ] HD ta haɗu da mawaƙi Ezra Pound tun tana ƙarama a shekarar 1901. Pound ta zama abokiyar rayuwa ta har abada kuma ta taka rawa wajen ci gabanta a matsayin marubuciya. A shekarar 1905, Pound da HD sun fara dangantaka mai kama da juna {{Sfn|Barnstone|1998}} wanda ya haɗa da aƙalla haɗuwa biyu. {{Sfn|Silverstein|1990}} Duk da cewa iyayensa suna goyon bayan wannan dangantaka, amma iyayenta sun yi Allah wadai da hakan sosai. [ 13 ] A shekarar 1907, Pound ya ba ta ''littafin Hilda'', wani rubutu da aka yi da hannu wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin soyayya na farko ashirin da biyar, waɗanda ya keɓe mata. {{Sfn|King|1981}} A shekarar 1910, Doolittle ta fara dangantaka da Frances Josepha Gregg, wata matashiyar daliba a fannin fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania da ke Philadelphia. [1] Da wahayi daga Gregg, HD ta rubuta waƙoƙinta na farko da aka buga, waɗanda aka tsara su bisa ga aikin Theocritus . [1] An buga wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na farko, gami da wasu labaran yara game da ilmin taurari, a jaridun New York da kuma wasiƙun labarai na Presbyterian . [ 17 ] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] 619xqd33un3rsumsgsfq8dt2v92iz3j 967373 967372 2026-10-13T22:23:05Z Nura Bello 24854 967373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hilda Doolittle''' (10 ga watan Satumba, 1886)&nbsp;– Satumba 27, 1961) mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka mai ra'ayin zamani, marubuciya, kuma mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa wacce ta yi rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan '''HD''' a tsawon rayuwarta. Aikinta ya fara ne a shekarar 1911 bayan ta ƙaura zuwa Landan kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta avant-garde Imagist tare da mawaki kuma mai sukar Amurka Ezra Pound . A wannan lokacin farko, waƙoƙinta na baituka marasa tsari waɗanda ke nuna salon gargajiya sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya. Daga ƙarshe ta nisanta kanta daga ƙungiyar Imagist, ta gwada nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban, ciki har da almara, tarihin rayuwa, da wasan kwaikwayo na baiti . Dangane da raunin da ta samu a Landan a lokacin Blitz, salon waƙar HD tun daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] har zuwa rasuwarta ya karkata zuwa ga dogayen waƙoƙi masu rikitarwa kan jigogi na ban mamaki da na zaman lafiya . An haifi HD a Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, ga iyaye masu arziki da ilimi. Bayan ta gano cewa tana [[Bisexuality|da sha'awar maza da mata]], ta fara soyayya da jinsi ɗaya yayin da take halartar Kwalejin Bryn Mawr tsakanin shekarun 1904 da 1906. Bayan shekaru da dama na abota, HD ta fara yin aure da Pound kuma ta bi shi zuwa Landan a shekarar 1911, inda ya tallafa wa aikinta. Duk da haka, dangantakarsu ta wargaje ba da daɗewa ba, kuma maimakon haka HD ta auri mawaƙin Imagist Richard Aldington a shekarar 1913. A shekarar 1918, ta haɗu da marubuciyar marubuciya Bryher, wacce ta zama abokiyar soyayyarta kuma abokiyar kud da kud har zuwa mutuwarta. An buga HD a matsayin mataimakin editan adabi na mujallar ''Egoist'' tsakanin 1916 da 1917 ta ''The English Review'' da ''The Transatlantic Review'' . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], ƙanenta da mahaifinta sun mutu, kuma ta rabu da Aldington. [[Sigmund Freud]] ya yi mata magani a shekarun 1930, yayin da take ƙoƙarin magance matsalar yaƙi da kuma rashin fahimtar juna. {{Sfn|Davies|1997}} HD yana da sha'awar adabin Girka na dā kuma ya buga fassarorin Girka da yawa. Waƙoƙinta sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyoyi na Girka da mawakan gargajiya, tun daga farkon waƙoƙinta na Imagist waɗanda ke nuna yanayin ƙasa ta amfani da alamomin Hellenistic, zuwa dogon waƙarta ''Helen a Masar'' ta shekarun 1950 wadda ta sake fassara tatsuniyoyi na Yaƙin Trojan . Ta renon Moravian daga iyalinta, kuma Pound ta fara gabatar da ra'ayoyin addini na asiri da na ban mamaki a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, HD a hankali ta ƙirƙiri wani ra'ayi na ruhaniya na musamman. Ibada ta ruhaniya ta HD ta ƙaru a lokacin da kuma bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], kuma ra'ayoyinta na haɗin gwiwa sun zama babban abin da ta mayar da hankali a kai a rubuce-rubucenta na baya. Duk da cewa HD ta yi rubutu a nau'o'i daban-daban da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a tsawon aikinta, a lokacin rayuwarta an san ta ne kawai saboda waƙoƙinta na farko na Imagist. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Elise Paschen|editor-first2=Dove}}</ref> Bayan sake duba da masu sukar mata suka yi a shekarun 1970 da 1980, an fahimci muhimmancin wakokinta da rubuce-rubucenta na baya-bayan nan, kuma an fahimci ta a matsayin babbar jigo a tarihin adabin zamani . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hilda Doolittle a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, 1886, a cikin al'ummar Moravian da ke Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Guest|1984}} Mahaifinta, Charles, farfesa ne a fannin ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Lehigh da ke Bethlehem, {{Sfn|Downs|2000}} kuma mahaifiyarta, Helen ( née Wolle), {{Sfn|Pearson|Dembo|1969}} memba ce ta 'yan uwantaka ta Moravian. Hilda tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyar. Lokacin da aka naɗa mahaifinta farfesa a fannin ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Pennsylvania don ya ɗauki nauyin Flower Observatory da ke [[Philadelphia]], [ 7 ] iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Upper Darby . Ta halarci Makarantar Friends' Central da ke Philadelphia, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1905. Ta gabatar da jawabin fara karatun, mai taken "Tasirin Mawaki". {{Sfn|Silverstein|1990}} Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a shekarar 1905 don yin nazarin adabin Girka, {{Sfn|King|1981}} inda ta haɗu da mawaƙa Marianne Moore da William Carlos Williams . Bayan kammala karatunsa na zangon karatu uku, HD ta janye daga kwalejin, ta yi karatu a gida har zuwa shekarar 1910. [ 10 ] HD ta haɗu da mawaƙi Ezra Pound tun tana ƙarama a shekarar 1901. Pound ta zama abokiyar rayuwa ta har abada kuma ta taka rawa wajen ci gabanta a matsayin marubuciya. A shekarar 1905, Pound da HD sun fara dangantaka mai kama da juna {{Sfn|Barnstone|1998}} wanda ya haɗa da aƙalla haɗuwa biyu. {{Sfn|Silverstein|1990}} Duk da cewa iyayensa suna goyon bayan wannan dangantaka, amma iyayenta sun yi Allah wadai da hakan sosai. [ 13 ] A shekarar 1907, Pound ya ba ta ''littafin Hilda'', wani rubutu da aka yi da hannu wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin soyayya na farko ashirin da biyar, waɗanda ya keɓe mata. {{Sfn|King|1981}} A shekarar 1910, Doolittle ta fara dangantaka da Frances Josepha Gregg, wata matashiyar daliba a fannin fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania da ke Philadelphia. [1] Da wahayi daga Gregg, HD ta rubuta waƙoƙinta na farko da aka buga, waɗanda aka tsara su bisa ga aikin Theocritus . [1] An buga wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na farko, gami da wasu labaran yara game da ilmin taurari, a jaridun New York da kuma wasiƙun labarai na Presbyterian . [ 17 ] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] 7380ymnr6256ibu8qci69fib2cpxyot Robert Rayford 0 177067 967369 956903 2026-10-13T22:19:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Lee Rayford''' (3 ga Fabrairu, 1953 - 15 ga Mayu, 1969) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Lee Rayford (1953-1969) |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/211508940/robert_lee-rayford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207000518/https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/211508940/robert_lee-rayford |archive-date=2025-12-07 |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=Find a Grave |language=en}}</ref> wanda wani lokacin ake kiransa da '''Robert R.''' saboda shekarunsa, wani matashi ne ɗan Amurka daga [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] wanda rashin lafiyarsa ta yau da kullun, wacce ta fara a 1966 kuma ta ƙare da mutuwarsa a 1969, ana hasashen cewa zai wakilci farkon wanda ya kamu da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV/AIDS]] a Arewacin Amurka. Mutuwar Rayford wani sirri ne ga likitocinsa, waɗanda ba za su iya bayyana alamun cutar ba. Ba a bayar da shawarar wani abu da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa ba sai a shekarar 1987. An yi hasashen cewa alamun da Rayford ya bayar a lokacin rashin lafiyarsa - wadanda suka hada da [[Ramiwa|raunin jiki]], ciwon Kaposi's sarcoma, da kuma [[ciwon huhu]] - sun yi kama da alamun da ke da alaƙa da cutar AIDS . Wata takarda da aka buga a shekarar 1988 ta ruwaito cewa gwajin Western blot na kyallen Rayford da aka adana ya nuna kasancewar wasu kwayoyin rigakafi guda tara ga HIV-1 . <ref name="garry">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garry RF, Witte MH, Gottlieb AA, Elvin-Lewis M, Gottlieb MS, Witte CL, Alexander SS, Cole WR, Drake WL Jr |date=1988 |title=Documentation of an AIDS virus infection in the United States in 1968. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1988-10-14_260_14/page/2085 |journal=JAMA |volume=260 |issue=14 |pages=2085–7 |doi=10.1001/jama.1988.03410140097031 |pmid=3418874}}</ref> A cikin wata [https://www.nature.com/articles/347509a0 wasiƙa da Robert Garry, marubucin binciken ya rubuta a mujallar Nature], ya ce: "An gano DNA na proviral kwanan nan a cikin kyallen jikinsa ta hanyar PCR tare da haɗin gwiwar J. Sninsky da S. Kwok (Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, California) amma binciken jerin nucleotide bai kammala ba tukuna." Babu wani irin wannan bayanai da Sninsky da Kwok suka buga, kuma babu wani littafi da takwarorinsu suka yi bita a kai da ya bayar da rahoton gano kwayoyin halittar HIV kai tsaye a cikin samfuran kyallen Rayford ta amfani da hanyoyin zamani na rigakafi ko hanyoyin bin diddigin DNA . Shaidar da aka buga kawai ta nuna cewa mutum yana ɗauke da cutar HIV an samo ta ne daga gwaje-gwajen rigakafi na farko da aka yi amfani da su a gwaje-gwajen gwaji a kan samfuran nama. Waɗannan samfuran nama, waɗanda aka ajiye a cikin injin daskarewa a Jami'ar Tulane da ke [[New Orleans]], an ɓace su a shekarar 2005 lokacin da samfuran suka narke suka ruɓe bayan da guguwar Katrina ta lalata wurin ajiyar. <ref name="McMichael2007" /> An yi nuni da cewa alamun Rayford da kuma gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi na HIV a cikin samfuran nama sun nuna shaidar kasancewar [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] a Arewacin Amurka kafin farkon babban annobar HIV ta shekarun 1970 da 1980. Duk da haka, an gano cewa akwai kwayar cutar HIV ne kawai daga gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko da aka yi a shekarun 1980, kuma - saboda dalilan da ba su da tabbas - ba a sake yin nazarin samfuran ta amfani da hanyoyin gwaji na zamani ba kafin a rasa su, wanda hakan ya sa Anthony Fauci ya lura cewa matsayin Rayford a matsayin wanda ya fara kamuwa da cutar HIV a Arewacin Amurka ba "ya kasance cikin matsala" ba. == Bayani == An haifi Robert Rayford a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1953, a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . Mahaifiyarsa Constance <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-11-02 |title=(Partial transcript: ABC Evening News) |url=https://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/media/5h4aVImY3z/MXKGiHdBci |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=Vanderbilt Television News Archive}}</ref> ta rene Robert da ɗan'uwansa a matsayin iyaye ɗaya tilo . Mutanen Rayfords suna zaune ne a unguwar Old North da ke St. Louis. Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta sirri ba kuma babu wani hoton Rayford da iyalansa suka taɓa fitarwa ko kuma aka san akwai shi a wani wuri.   == Rashin lafiya == A farkon shekarar 1968, Rayford, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 15, ya shigar da kansa Asibitin Birni da ke St. Louis. [1] Ƙafafunsa da al'aurarsa sun cika da ƙuraje da raunuka. Yana da kumburi mai tsanani na ƙwai da yankin ƙashin ƙugu, wanda daga baya ya bazu zuwa ƙafafunsa, wanda ya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar lymphedema . Ya yi siriri kuma ya yi fari kuma yana fama da ƙarancin numfashi . Rayford ya shaida wa likitocin cewa ya taɓa fuskantar waɗannan alamomin tun aƙalla ƙarshen shekarar 1966. Gwaje-gwaje sun gano wata mummunar cutar chlamydia wadda ta bazu ko'ina a jikinsa. Rayford ya ƙi buƙatar duba dubura daga ma'aikatan asibiti, [2] kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ba ya sadarwa kuma an janye shi. [1] Memory Elvin-Lewis, likita da aka tura zuwa ga lamarinsa, ya tuna da halin Rayford mai jin kunya da shakku: "Shi ne yaro ɗan shekara 15 da ba zai yi magana da manya ba, musamman lokacin da ni fari ne kuma shi baƙar fata ne. Bai kasance mutum mai iya magana ba. Ya san da zarar na shiga ɗakin ina son wani abu daga gare shi—ƙarin jini, ƙarin ruwan lymph, da ƙari." Rayford ya yi maganganu masu karo da juna game da tarihin jima'insa. A wani lokaci Rayford ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne "tushen kowane lokaci". A wani lokaci kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wata matashiya daga unguwarsu ita ce kawai abokiyar zamansa ta jima'i, kuma ya danganta yanayinsa da saduwa da ita. Likitoci da ke yi wa Rayford magani don cutar chlamydia da kuma Kaposi's sarcoma sun yi tunanin cewa alamunsa sun yi daidai da kamuwa da cututtukan ta hanyar saduwa da shi ta dubura kuma sun yi zargin cewa Rayford ya yi karuwanci. Marubuta daga baya sun kuma yi hasashen yiwuwar Rayford ya kamu da cutar a matsayin wanda aka ci [[Cin zarafin yara|zarafin yara]] . <ref name="MyUser_Blogs.discovermagazine.com_October_17_2014c">{{Cite web |last=Kreston |first=Rebecca |date=2012-10-22 |title=The sea has neither sense nor pity: The earliest known cases of AIDS in the pre-AIDS era |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2012/10/22/aids_in_pre_aids_era/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806010854/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2012/10/22/aids_in_pre_aids_era/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 17, 2014}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, an mayar da shi Asibitin Barnes . A ƙarshen shekarar 1968, yanayin Rayford ya yi kama da ya daidaita, amma zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 1969, alamun cutar sun sake bayyana kuma sun tsananta. Ya samu ƙaruwar wahalar numfashi kuma adadin ƙwayoyin jininsa na fari ya ragu. Likitoci sun gano cewa [[Tsarin rigakafi|garkuwar jikinsa]] ba ta aiki yadda ya kamata. Ya kamu da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] kuma ya mutu sakamakon [[ciwon huhu]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1969. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] b7ro3eghdd4jtajksfu9jbeni76orfd Arvid Noe 0 177068 967456 956907 2026-10-14T02:24:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arne Vidar Røed''' (23 ga Yuli 1946 - 24 ga Afrilu 1976), wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin littattafan likitanci ta hanyar anagram '''Arvid Darre Noe''', wani matukin jirgin ruwa ne kuma direban babbar mota ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ya kamu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] . Shi ne mutum na farko da aka tabbatar yana dauke da cutar kanjamau a Turai, duk da cewa ba a gano cutar ba a lokacin mutuwarsa. Kwayar cutar ta bazu zuwa ga matarsa da ƙaramar 'yarsa, dukkansu kuma sun mutu. Ita ce rukunin farko da aka rubuta game da masu cutar AIDS kafin barkewar cutar AIDS a farkon shekarun 1980. <ref name="Kreston">{{Cite web |last=Kreston |first=Rebecca |date=22 October 2012 |title=The Sea Has Neither Sense Nor Pity: the Earliest Known Cases of AIDS in the Pre-AIDS Era |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2012/10/22/aids_in_pre_aids_era/#.U95UhKjXrdk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806010854/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2012/10/22/aids_in_pre_aids_era/#.U95UhKjXrdk |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]}}</ref> Masu binciken da suka yi nazarin shari'o'in sun kira Røed a matsayin "mai jirgin ruwa na Norway", ko kuma anagram ɗin "Arvid Darre Noe" don ɓoye asalinsa. Sunansa na gaskiya, Arne Vidar Røed, ya shahara tun bayan mutuwarsa. == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == Røed ya fara aikinsa a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 'yan kasuwa a shekarar 1961, yana da shekaru 15. Kamar yadda ɗan jarida Edward Hooper ya tabbatar, Røed ya ziyarci Afirka sau biyu a lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa, karo na farko daga 1961 zuwa 1962 a cikin jirgin ruwan ''Hoegh Aronde'', a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka zuwa [[Douala|Douala, Kamaru]] . A wannan tafiyar, Røed ya kamu da [[Ciwon sanyi|cutar gonorrhea]] . A shekarar 1968, Røed ya daina aikin matukin jirgi kuma yana aiki a matsayin direban manyan motoci masu dogon zango a duk faɗin Turai, musamman a [[Yammacin Jamus]] . Tun daga shekarar 1968, Røed ya sha fama da ciwon gaɓɓai, ciwon lymphedema, da kuma cututtukan huhu. Wannan kuma ita ce shekarar da matashin Amurka Robert Rayford ya fara nuna irin wannan alamun, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin wanda ya kamu da cutar kanjamau ta farko a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garry RF, Witte MH, Gottlieb AA, Elvin-Lewis M, Gottlieb MS, Witte CL, Alexander SS, Cole WR, Drake WL Jr |date=October 1988 |title=Documentation of an AIDS virus infection in the United States in 1968. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1988-10-14_260_14/page/2085 |journal=JAMA |volume=260 |issue=14 |pages=2085–7 |doi=10.1001/jama.1988.03410140097031 |pmid=3418874}}</ref> Yanayin Røed ya daidaita da magani har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da alamun cutar suka tsananta. Ya kamu da matsalolin sarrafa motsi da kuma ciwon hauka, kuma ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1976. Matarsa ta yi rashin lafiya da irin waɗannan alamu, kuma ta mutu a watan Disamba na 1976. Ba a haifi manyan 'ya'yansu biyu da suka kamu da cutar ba. Ɗansu na uku, 'ya mace, ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Janairun 1976, yana da shekaru takwas, kuma shi ne mutum na farko da aka rubuta da hannu a mutuwarsa sakamakon cutar kanjamau a wajen Amurka. An binne Røed, matarsa, da 'yarsa a Borre, Vestfold, Norway. == Binciken da aka yi daga baya == Kimanin shekaru goma bayan mutuwar Røed, gwaje-gwajen da Stig Frøland na Asibitin Ƙasa na Oslo ya gudanar sun nuna cewa samfuran jini daga Røed, 'yarsa da matarsa duk sun nuna suna ɗauke da cutar HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frøland |first=S.S. |last2=P Jenum |last3=C F Lindboe |last4=K W Wefring |last5=P J Linnestad |last6=T Böhmer |date=11 June 1988 |title=HIV-1 Infection in Norwegian Family before 1970 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=331 |issue=8598 |pages=1344–1345 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92164-2 |pmid=2897596 |s2cid=35124293}}</ref> Bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar bayan mutuwarsa, ana kyautata zaton Røed ya kamu da cutar kanjamau a Kamaru a shekarar 1961 ko 1962, inda aka san yana yin jima'i da mata da yawa na Afirka, ciki har da masu lalata da mata . [1] Røed ya kamu da cutar HIV-1 group O, wanda aka san cewa ya zama ruwan dare a Kamaru a farkon shekarun 1960. [2] == Duba kuma == * Gaëtan Dugas&nbsp;— Wani ma'aikacin jirgin sama na ƙasar Kanada wanda rawar da ya taka a farkon shekarun annobar cutar kanjamau ta jawo hankali sosai. An taɓa yi masa lakabi da "Mai Jinya Ba Ya Da Lafiya" a wani bincike na rukuni na 1984 kuma marubuci Randy Shilts ya gano shi a matsayin haka. An karyata wannan ikirarin ta hanyar binciken kimiyya da sake duba tarihi. * [[Grethe Rask]]&nbsp;— Wani likita ɗan ƙasar Denmark ya kamu da cutar a shekarar 1964 a Congo-Léopoldville (yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ) ko kuma a shekarar 1972 yayin da yake yin tiyata. Ya mutu a shekarar 1977 * Robert Rayford&nbsp;— Wani matashi ɗan Amurka daga [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] wanda mutuwarsa a shekarar 1969 wataƙila ita ce mace-macen farko da cutar AIDS ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa a Arewacin Amurka. * Jadawalin lokacin kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS na farko == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3czi7uhl2yooim7rl1jp599uye0o6nh Meliandou 0 177069 967353 956947 2026-10-13T21:46:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meliandou''' ƙauye ne a Gundumar Guéckédou, a Yankin Nzérékoré da ke kudancin [[Gini|Guinea]] . Masu binciken lafiya sun yi imanin cewa ƙauyen ne wurin da aka fara samun bullar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|cutar Ebola]] a cikin annobar a Yammacin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baize |first=Sylvain |last2=Pannetier |first2=Delphine |last3=Oestereich |first3=Lisa |last4=Rieger |first4=Toni |last5=Koivogui |first5=Lamine |last6=Magassouba |first6=N'Faly |last7=Soropogui |first7=Barrè |last8=Sow |first8=Mamadou Saliou |last9=Keïta |first9=Sakoba |last10=De Clerck |first10=Hilde |last11=Tiffany |first11=Amanda |date=2014-10-09 |title=Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=371 |issue=15 |pages=1418–1425 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1404505 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=24738640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutumin da ba shi da cutar Ebola yaro ne mai shekaru biyu wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2013. Mahaifiyar yaron mai ciki, ƙanwarsa, da kakarsa suma sun kamu da rashin lafiya sakamakon alamun kamuwa da cutar Ebola kuma suka mutu. Mutanen da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka kamu da cutar daga baya sun yaɗa cutar zuwa wasu ƙauyuka. <ref name="BBC-world-africa-30199004">{{Cite web |last=Nassos Stylianou |date=27 November 2014 |title=How world's worst Ebola outbreak began with one boy's death |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30199004 |access-date=29 September 2025 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref name="Baize-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Baize |first=Sylvain |last2=Pannetier |first2=Delphine |last3=Oestereich |first3=Lisa |last4=Rieger |first4=Toni |date=16 April 2014 |title=Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea&nbsp;— Preliminary Report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-10-09_371_15/page/1418 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=15 |pages=1418–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1404505 |pmid=24738640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="1st Chain">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=The first cases of this Ebola outbreak traced by WHO |url=http://who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/guinea-chart-big-fr.png |website=who.int |publisher=[[WHO]] |language=fr |format=png |ref=1st-chain |access-date=2026-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020084338/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/guinea-chart-big-fr.png |archive-date=2014-10-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kafin barkewar cutar Ebola, mazauna ƙauyen sun sayar da amfanin gonarsu ga garin Guéckédou da ke kusa. [1] As of Oktoba 2014 , sun ga kansu ba za su iya sayar da kayayyakinsu ba. [1] == Duba kuma == * Annobar Ebola a Guinea == Manazarta == mxhedcv5slbz7o9janv9wmornklp3ke Gaëtan Dugas 0 177071 967392 956918 2026-10-13T22:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gaëtan Dugas''' ({{IPA|fr|ɡaetɑ̃ dyɡa|lang}} ; Fabrairu 20, 1952 - Maris 30, 1984) ma'aikacin jirgin sama ne na Kanada wanda aka yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da haƙuri ko kaɗan ga annobar cutar kanjamau ta Arewacin Amurka, kamar yadda littafin Randy Shilts na 1987 mai suna ''And the Band Played On ya shahara.'' An karyata ikirarin ta hanyar binciken kimiyya da aka yi daga baya. Binciken kwayoyin halitta daga baya ya gano cewa dubban maza 'yan luwadi sun riga sun kamu da cutar HIV a Amurka kafin kamuwa da cutar Dugas. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Richard A. |year=2014 |title='Patient Zero': the absence of a patient's view of the early North American AIDS epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-2014_88_1/page/161 |journal=Bull Hist Med |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=161–194 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2014.0005 |pmc=4046389 |pmid=24769806}}</ref> <ref name="NYT 2016-10-27">{{Cite web |last=McNeil |first=Donald G |author-link=Donald McNeil Jr. |date=26 October 2016 |title=H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-patient-zero-genetic-analysis.html |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="BBC-October-26-2016">{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=26 October 2016 |title=HIV Patient Zero cleared by science |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37767179 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> Dugas ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jiragen sama na Air Canada . Ya mutu a [[Kebek (birni)|birnin Quebec]] a watan Maris na shekarar 1984 sakamakon gazawar koda sakamakon kamuwa da cutar AIDS. A watan Maris na shekarar 1984, wani bincike ya binciki Dugas, tare da sauran maza ' yan luwadi da maza [[Bisexuality|masu luwadi]], domin nuna rawar da ya taka a wani rukuni na musamman na masu dauke da cutar kanjamau 40 a Amurka. An sanya masa suna "Mai haƙuri O" tare da "O" wanda ke nufin "Bayan California". ''Kuma ƙungiyar mawakan Played On'' daga baya sun yi amfani da kalmar "Patient 0" wacce ke nufin "sifili" kuma sun mayar da hankali sosai kan Dugas a kafofin watsa labarai. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya tabbatar da cewa Dugas bai kawo cutar HIV zuwa Amurka ba, kuma ba Patient Zero ba ne, ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta na samfuran jini da aka adana, wanda aka tallafa masa ta hanyar binciken tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2016 |title=Full Episode Transcript: New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-november-1-2016-1.3829419/november-1-2016-full-episode-transcript-1.3831506 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=CBC Radio |series=The Current}}</ref> <ref name="Auerbach1984">{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David M. |last2=Darrow |first2=William W. |author-link2=William Darrow |last3=Jaffe |first3=Harold W. |last4=Curran |first4=James W. |author-link4=James W. Curran |year=1984 |title=Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact |url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(84)90668-5/abstract |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=487–92 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5 |pmid=6608269 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref> == Nazarin rukuni na 1984 == [[File:AIDS_index_case_graph.svg|thumb| Wani takarda a shekarar 1984 <ref name="Auerbach1984" /> ta danganta marasa lafiya 40 da cutar AIDS ta hanyar jima'i. Daga cikin waɗannan marasa lafiya, Dugas shine farkon wanda ya fara fuskantar alamun cutar AIDS. A cikin jadawalin da ke sama, Dugas ya wakilci lamba 0. Saboda Dugas ya fito fili wajen taimaka wa masu bincike, Michael Worobey ya kammala da cewa akwai yiwuwar akwai son zuciya a cikin binciken. ]] Wani bincike da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (CDC) suka gudanar a shekarar 1984 a cikin ''Mujallar Magunguna ta Amurka'' mai taken ''Cluster of Cases of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome'', ya binciki hulɗar jima'i tsakanin maza 'yan luwadi da suka kamu da cutar AIDS don tantance ko tarihinsu ya yi daidai da hasashen cewa cutar AIDS ta samo asali ne daga wani abu mai yaɗuwa. An nuna jadawalin kamuwa da cutar tsakanin maza 40, kuma an yi wa ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta lakabi da "Marasa lafiya 0", tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ciki har da wurin zama da kuma lamba da ke nuna jerin cututtukan da suka kamu da cutar AIDS, kamar "NY 14". <ref name="Auerbach1984" /> Daga baya jaridar ta ce: == Nadin "Sifili Marasa Lafiya" == An nuna Dugas a cikin littafin Randy Shilts na 1987 mai suna ''And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic'' (1987), wanda ke nuna barkewar annobar cutar AIDS a Amurka . Shilts ya kira Dugas da "Mai Jinya Ba Ya Da Lafiya" kuma ya nuna shi a matsayin wanda ke da halin zamantakewa ta hanyar zargin cewa yana kamuwa da cutar da gangan, ko kuma aƙalla yana jefa wasu cikin haɗari da cutar. Shilts ta yi hira da Selma Dritz, wata masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi, wadda ta ba da rahoton cewa a shekarar 1982, ta sanar da Dugas cewa yana kamuwa da wasu mutane, amma ya ƙi daina yin jima'i ba tare da wata matsala ba duk da haka. An bayyana Dugas a matsayin ɗan wasa mai kyau da kuma kyawun jima'i, wanda bisa ga hasashensa, yana samun matsakaicin ɗaruruwan abokan jima'i a kowace shekara. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ya yi jima'i da sama da abokan hulɗa 2,500 a Arewacin Amurka tun lokacin da ya fara jima'i a shekarar 1972. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Randy Shilts}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Malcolm Gladwell}}</ref> A cikin littafin David France na shekarar 2016 ''mai suna How to Survive a Plague'', editan Shilts ya bayyana nadamarsa game da "yanke shawara mai kyau na ɓata wa Dugas suna a cikin kamfen ɗin littattafai da talla don haɓaka tallace-tallace." <ref>{{Cite book|last3=David France (writer)}}</ref> == Sake jarrabawa == Hukumomi da dama sun bayyana shakku game da tasirin binciken Patient Zero na CDC da kuma yadda Dugas ke da alhakin kawo cutar HIV a birane kamar Los Angeles da San Francisco. A cikin binciken Patient Zero, matsakaicin tsawon lokacin da ke tsakanin saduwa da jima'i da kuma fara alamun cutar shine Watanni [1] Duk da cewa littafin Shilts bai yi irin wannan zargi ba, jita-jitar cewa Dugas shine babban mai yaɗa cutar ta yaɗu. [2] A shekarar 1988, Andrew R. Moss ya buga wani ra'ayi daban a cikin Jaridar New York Review of Books . [3] A shekarar 2016, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin ilmin halittu na juyin halitta Michael Worobey ta gudanar da wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta wanda ya duba samfuran jini da aka ɗauka daga mazan luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi a shekarun 1978 da 1979 a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani bincike na [[hepatitis B]], kuma bisa ga sakamakon bayanan, sun kammala da cewa Dugas ba shine tushen cutar a Amurka ba. "A kan bishiyar iyalin kwayar cutar, Dugas ya faɗi a tsakiya, ba a farkon ba." <ref name="Straube 2016-05-16">{{Cite web |last=Straube |first=Trenton |date=May 16, 2016 |title=Mapping Out Early AIDS in the U.S. |url=https://www.poz.com/article/mapping-early-aids-us |website=[[POZ (magazine)|POZ]]}}</ref> "Imani game da Patient Zero", Worobey ya kammala da cewa, "bayanan kimiyya ba su da goyon bayansa." <ref name="Straube 2016-05-16" /> Takardar Worobey, wacce aka buga a cikin ''mujallar Nature'' a watan Oktoban 2016, ta gano "babu wata shaida ta halitta ko ta tarihi da ke nuna cewa shi ne babban shari'ar a Amurka ko kuma ga nau'in B gaba ɗaya." <ref name="BBC-October-26-2016" /> <ref name="NYT 2016-10-27" /> <ref name="Nature Journal study 2016">{{Cite journal |last=Worobey |first=Michael |last2=Thomas D. Watts |last3=Richard A. McKay |last4=Marc A. Suchard |last5=Timothy Granade |last6=Dirk E. Teuwen |last7=Beryl A. Koblin |last8=Walid Heneine |last9=Philippe Lemey |last10=Harold W. Jaffe |display-authors=2 |date=October 26, 2016 |title=1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=539 |issue=7627 |pages=98–101 |bibcode=2016Natur.539...98W |doi=10.1038/nature19827 |pmc=5257289 |pmid=27783600}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 25lsd1t0fg9vqnkxvna2i55tvuqmfcy Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya na Boston 0 177134 967297 957163 2026-10-13T20:55:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa '''ɗakin karatu na likitanci na Boston''' a shekarar 1875 a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], da farko don rage matsalar rarraba rubuce-rubucen likitanci a ko'ina cikin Boston. Tun daga lokacin ya rikide zuwa "babbar ɗakin karatu ta likitanci a duniya". <ref name="NLM-NIH">{{Cite web |title=Directory of History of Medicine Collections: Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University |url=https://hmddirectory.nlm.nih.gov/hmddir/collection_detail/87?location_status=America |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=History of Medicine |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health}}</ref> == Tarihin farko == A shekara ta 1875, Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya, Ƙungiyar Inganta Lafiya, Laburaren Treadwell da ke Babban Asibitin Massachusetts, da Laburaren Jama'a duk suna da tarin bayanai da ke buƙatar likitoci su samu damar amfani da su. <ref name="Chadwick1903">{{Cite journal |last=Chadwick |first=J. R. |year=1903 |title=The Boston Medical Library |journal=Medical Library and Historical Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=126.122–135 |pmc=1692114 |pmid=18340795}}</ref> Wannan shine karo na biyu da aka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ɗakin karatu na likitanci a birnin; <ref name="Hawes1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hawes |first=L. E. |year=1975 |title=Countway — A New Harvard Eponym |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1975-06-12_292_24/page/1294 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=292 |issue=24 |pages=1294–1295 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197506122922411 |pmid=1093027}}</ref> yunƙurin farko ya kasance a shekarar 1805. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garland |first=J. E. |year=1975 |title=Centennial Salute to Boston Medical Library |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1975-10-23_293_17/page/874 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=293 |issue=17 |pages=874–875 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197510232931712 |pmid=1101056}}</ref> An haɗa wannan ɗakin karatu na biyu tare da na farko "a matsayin wata cibiya mai zaman kanta da ke ƙarƙashin ikon sana'ar gaba ɗaya". <ref name="Chadwick1903" /> James Read Chadwick, likitan mata, ya tattara littattafai, ƙasidu, da mujallu na likitanci kuma ya sa wannan kayan ya isa ga likitan da ke aiki. Daga baya ya zama ɗakin karatu na Boston Medical Library (BML). <ref name="AboutTheCenter">{{Cite web |title=About the Center |url=http://www.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/about/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719015503/https://www.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/about/history.html |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=15 May 2011 |website=Harvard Countway Library |publisher=Countway Library of Medicine, Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard University}}</ref> Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Farfesa Parkman na Ilimin Halittar Jiki da Ilimin Halittar Jiki a Harvard, <ref name="Hawes1975" /> ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban BML na farko kuma marubuci mai kula da ɗakin karatu . <ref name="Chadwick1903" /> == Laburaren Magunguna na Francis A. Countway == A shekarar 1960, BML da Harvard Medical Library sun haɗa tarin kayansu. An gina shi a cikin wani sabon gini mai suna ga babban jami'in Lever Brothers, Francis A. Countway, wanda 'yar'uwarsa, bayan mutuwarsa, ta ba da dala miliyan 3.5 na dukiyarsa ga ɗakin karatu. <ref name="Hawes1975" /> == Ci gaban da ake samu a yanzu == [[File:Francis_A._Countway_Library_of_Medicine_(54954488124).jpg|thumb| Cikakken Laburare]] A shekarar 1999, Sashen Littattafai Masu Rare da Tarin Musamman na Laburaren Countway ya ɗauki nauyin kula da Gidan Tarihin Halittar Jiki na Warren . Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa akwai ƙoƙon kan [[Phineas Gage]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren Anatomical Museum (WAM): The Phineas Gage Case |url=http://www.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/warren/exhibits.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814071815/https://www.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/warren/exhibits.html |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=15 May 2011 |website=Countway Library of Medicine}}</ref> wanda rayuwarsa bayan raunin kwakwalwa ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyyar likitanci. An sake sanya wa sashen suna '''Cibiyar Tarihin Magunguna''' a shekarar 2004. <ref name="AboutTheCenter" /> Tana da tarin kayan tarihi da suka shafi tarihin magani daga tarin ɗakunan karatu. Ana nuna hotunan a cikin falon kuma a buɗe suke ga jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibits and Events |url=https://www.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/exhibit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103043841/https://www.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/exhibit.html |archive-date=3 November 2014 |access-date=20 February 2016 |website=Countway Library of Medicine |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> {{As of|2019}} duk da haka, ana rufe baje kolin kayayyakin yayin da ake gyaran Laburare; ana sa ran sake bude ginin a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gustainis |first=Emily Novak |date=July 2019 |title=Renovation: Shaping a New Library – Taking Care, July 2019 |url=https://countway.harvard.edu/renovation/renovation-shaping-new-library |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=Harvard Countway Library |publisher=Countway Library of Medicine, Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard University}}</ref> A cewar Sashen Tarihin Magunguna na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Ƙasa ta Cibiyoyin Lafiya ta Ƙasa, Laburaren Likitanci na Francis A. Countway shine "babbar ɗakin karatu na likitanci na ilimi a duniya, kuma tarinsa, waɗanda aka kafa tsawon kusan ƙarni biyu, wani lokacin ta hanyar riƙe da kayan likitanci na wasu ɗakunan karatu, sun haɗa da kayan tarihi masu wuya waɗanda za a iya ƙidaya su a cikin mafi girma a duniya." [1] Mujallar Magunguna ta New England ta lura cewa Laburaren Magunguna na Francis A. Countway sun ba da rance daga kayan tarihi na ƙarni na 19 don tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da fasahar zamani ta 2010, domin an gano kwafin takardu na wasu mujallu na Mujallar da suka ɓace daga cikin tarihinsu. [2] Tun daga ranar 3 ga Maris, 2022, BML ta kawo ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa da ɗakin karatu na Harvard Medical Library. An cire tarin BML daga ɗakin karatu na Countway. BML ta sanar da haɗin gwiwa a nan gaba da Makarantar Likitanci ta Chan ta Jami'ar Massachusetts . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Announcement - New Direction for Boston Medical Library |url=https://bml.org/bml-announcement/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Boston Medical Library |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == q708jez3vdc7n3sthq8xdnszq6aw8ti Naomi C. Broering 0 177212 967340 957880 2026-10-13T21:29:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naomi C. Broering''' kwararriyar ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta likitanci, wacce aka zaɓa a Kwalejin Nazarin Likitanci ta Amurka, tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Likitanci, kuma tsohuwar Shugabar Laburare ta Kwalejin Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Pacific . == Ilimi == Ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Jihar California da ke Long Beach . Broering ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai, da kuma NIH/NLM Fellowship a fannin laburaren likitanci kuma ya kammala dukkan darussa don samun digirin digirgir a tarihi a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=S. |year=1996 |title=Naomi C. Broering Medical Library Association President 1996-1997 |journal=Bulletin of the Medical Library Association |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=441–443 |pmc=226170 |pmid=8883998}}</ref> == Sana'a == Broering ya kasance darektan ɗakin karatu na Dahlgren Memorial Library a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Georgetown daga 1978 zuwa 1996. [1] Daga 1996 zuwa 1997 ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Laburare ta Likitoci, [2] [3] kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin shugabar MLA ta farko ta al'adar Hispanic. [4] Ta ba wa Naomi C. Broering Hispanic Heritage Grant "a lokacin da ta shafe shekaru arba'in da biyar a matsayin memba na MLA". [5] Ita ce edita ta 21 a cikin Bulletin of the Medical Laburare Association . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=S. |year=1992 |title=Naomi C. Broering, twenty-first editor of the Bulletin |journal=Bulletin of the Medical Library Association |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=197 |pmc=225647 |pmid=16018012}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 1993, aikinta ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tsarin kwamfuta don ɗakunan karatu da kuma fasahar bayanai ta likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messerle |first=Judith |year=1994 |title=Reviewed work: High-Performance Medical Libraries: Advances in Information Management for the Virtual Era, Naomi C. Broering |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_library-quarterly_1994-10_64_4/page/458 |journal=The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=458–460 |doi=10.1086/602728 |jstor=4308973}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Ɗan MLA na 1981 <ref name="DBIO" /> * Kyautar Ci Gaban Bayanai ta MLA Thomson Scientific/Frank Bradway Rogers, 1986 * wanda ya fara karɓar tallafin NLM Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems (IAIMS) * Abokin aiki, Kwalejin Ilimin Likitanci ta Amurka, 1989 * Kyautar Winifred Sewell don Kirkire-kirkire a Fasahohin Bayanai daga Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu da Rayuwa na Ƙungiyar Libraries ta Musamman, 1999 * Kyautar Marcia C. Noyes, 2003 <ref name="DBIO" /> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * edita, ''Laburaren Likitanci Masu Kyau: Ci gaba a Gudanar da Bayanai don Zamanin Kama-da-wane'' ,{{ISBN|0-88736-878-6}} * Broering NC "Laburaren Likitanci: Dokoki da Dokoki", (Wedgeworth R, ed.) ''ALA world encyclopedia of Laburare and Information Services'', Chicago, IL: [[Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka|American Laburare Association]], 1980. shafi, 352. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 05mni80k2xclz46dixnh557vc7j9ojd Tarihin jinya a Amurka 0 177221 967424 957921 2026-10-14T00:28:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 5 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Asalin == Kafin shekarun 1870, "mata da ke aiki a asibitocin birane na Arewacin Amurka galibi ba su da horo, aji mai aiki, kuma ana ba su matsayi mai ƙanƙanta a fannin likitanci ... da kuma al'umma baki ɗaya." Ma'aikatan jinya suna da irin wannan matsayin a Turai. Duk da haka, D'Antonio ya nuna cewa a tsakiyar karni na 19, aikin jinya ya canza daga aikin gida na kula da 'yan uwansu, zuwa aikin yau da kullun da ake yi don albashi mai tsoka. Yanzu haka baƙi sun ɗauki ma'aikatan jinya don kula da 'yan uwa marasa lafiya a gida. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun yiwu ne ta hanyar fahimtar cewa ƙwarewa ta fi muhimmanci fiye da dangi, kamar yadda likitoci suka ba da shawarar ma'aikatan jinya da suka amince da su. A shekarun 1880, aikin jinya a gida shi ne hanyar da aka saba bi bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar koyon aikin jinya da ke asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien D'Antonio |first=Patricia |date=1993 |title=The legacy of domesticity. Nursing in early nineteenth-century America |journal=Nursing History Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=229–46 |doi=10.1891/1062-8061.1.1.229 |pmid=8453403 |s2cid=80905414}}</ref> === Yaƙin Basasa === A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka (1861-65), Hukumar Tsabtace Tsabta ta Amurka, wata hukumar farar hula ta tarayya, tana kula da mafi yawan kula da lafiya da jinya na sojojin Tarayyar, tare da siyan da jigilar kayayyakin likita. Dorothea Dix, wacce take aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Hukumar, ta shawo kan likitocin game da darajar mata da ke aiki a asibitoci 350 na Hukumar Kwastam ko na Sojoji. A Arewa da Kudu, mata sama da 20,000 ne suka yi aikin sa kai a asibitoci, galibi a fannin kula da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schultz |first=Jane E. |date=Winter 1992 |title=The inhospitable hospital: gender and professionalism in Civil War medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-1992_17_2/page/363 |journal=Signs |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=363–392 |doi=10.1086/494734 |jstor=3174468 |s2cid=143761860}}</ref> Sun taimaka wa likitocin fiɗa a lokacin tiyata, suna ba da magunguna, suna kula da ciyar da marasa lafiya, kuma suna tsaftace kayan gado da tufafi. Sun yi farin ciki, sun rubuta wasiƙun da marasa lafiya suka rubuta, kuma suka ta'azantar da waɗanda suka mutu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Ann Douglas |date=1972 |title=The war within a war: women nurses in the Union Army |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_1972-09_18_3/page/197 |journal=Civil War History |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=197–212 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1972.0046}}</ref> Wakiliyar ma'aikaciyar jinya ita ce Helen L. Gilson (1835–68) ta Chelsea, Massachusetts, wadda ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Tsabtace Muhalli. Tana kula da kayan aiki, tana gyara raunuka, kuma tana dafa abinci na musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarancin abinci. Ta yi aiki a asibitoci bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg . Ta kasance mai gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa mai nasara, musamman a asibitin sojojin baƙar fata da ke City Point, Virginia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Edward A. |date=1997 |title=Angel of Light: Helen L. Gilson, army nurse |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_1997-03_43_1/page/17 |journal=Civil War History |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=17–37 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1997.0010}}</ref> Matan matsakaici na Arewa da Kudu waɗanda suka yi aikin sa kai sun ba da ayyukan jinya da ake buƙata kuma an ba su lada da jin daɗin kishin ƙasa da kuma aikin jama'a ban da damar nuna ƙwarewarsu da kuma samun sababbi, yayin da suke karɓar albashi da kuma raba wahalhalun maza. <ref name="Leonard 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Elizabeth D. |date=1995 |title=Civil War nurse, Civil War nursing: Rebecca Usher of Maine |url=https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/maine_women_acad_all/5 |journal=Civil War History |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=190–207 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1995.0039 |pmid=27652391 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mary Livermore, Mary Ann Bickerdyke, da Annie Wittenmeyer sun taka rawar jagoranci. <ref name="Leonard 1995" /> Bayan yaƙin, wasu ma'aikatan jinya sun rubuta tarihin abubuwan da suka faru; misalai sun haɗa da Dix, Livermore, Sarah Palmer Young, da Sarah Emma Edmonds . Clara Barton (1821-1912) ta shahara saboda aikinta na jinya a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Ta kasance mai shiryawa mai kuzari wadda ta kafa American Red Cross, wacce galibi hukumar agajin bala'i ce, amma kuma tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen jinya. Dubban mata sun yi aiki tukuru a fannin aikin jinya a ƙungiyar Confederacy, amma ba su da tsari sosai kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin kayayyaki da kuma rashin tsarin asibitoci 150. Ba wai kawai mata da ma'aikatan jinya ne ke bayar da ayyukan jinya da tallafi masu mahimmanci ba, har ma da masu sa kai na gida, [[Bauta a Amurka|bayi]], baƙar fata 'yantattu, da fursunonin yaƙi . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=E. Moore |date=May 2010 |title='I have been trying very hard to be powerful "nice" …': the correspondence of Sister M. De Sales (Brennan) during the American Civil War |journal=Irish Studies Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=213–233 |doi=10.1080/09670881003725929 |s2cid=144279525}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Cheryl A. |date=Winter 2001 |title=Battle time: gender, modernity, and Confederate hospitals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_winter-2001_35_2/page/409 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=409–428 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2001.0149 |jstor=3790195 |s2cid=145675218}}</ref> === Ƙwarewa a fannin aiki === Aikin jinya ya fara aiki cikin sauri a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 bisa ga [[Tarihin jinya a Ƙasar Ingila|tsarin Birtaniya]] yayin da manyan asibitoci suka kafa makarantun aikin jinya waɗanda suka jawo hankalin mata masu hazaka daga matsakaicin matsayi da kuma ma'aikata. Agnes Elizabeth Jones da Linda Richards sun kafa [[Ilimi na jinya|makarantun aikin jinya]] masu inganci a Amurka da Japan . Richards shi ne ma'aikacin jinya na farko da aka horar da shi a Amurka a hukumance, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1873 daga ''Asibitin Mata da Yara na New England'' da ke Boston. Makarantun jinya na asibiti a Amurka da Kanada sun jagoranci amfani da tsarin Nightingale a shirye-shiryen horarwarsu. Misali, Isabel Hampton Robb (1860–1910), a matsayinta na darakta ta sabuwar Makarantar Horar da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Asibitin Johns Hopkins, ta yi niyyar amfani da horo mai zurfi don haɓaka matsayin zamantakewa na aikin jinya zuwa aikin matsakaicin aji, maimakon ƙaramin albashi, ƙarancin matsayi, dogon lokaci, da aiki mai nauyi ga mata masu aiki. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Charles E.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramos |first=Mary Carol |date=1997 |title=The Johns Hopkins Training School of Nurses. A tale of vision, labor, and futility |journal=Nursing History Review |volume=5 |pages=23–48 |doi=10.1891/1062-8061.5.1.23 |pmid=8979727 |s2cid=38400852}}</ref> Bayan shekarar 1880, ƙa'idodin horo a aji da kuma a wurin aiki sun ƙaru, haka nan kuma ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na ƙwararru suka ƙaru. Ga littattafan karatu, makarantu da yawa sun yi amfani da su: ''Littafin Horarwa'' (1878); ''Littafin Hannu na Jinya don Amfani da Iyali da Amfani da Gabaɗaya'' (1878); ''Littafin Rubutu na Jinya don Amfani da Makarantun Horarwa, Iyalai, da Ɗalibai Masu Zaman Kansu'' (1885); da kuma ''Littafin Jinya: Ka'idojinsa da Ayyukansa don Amfani da Asibiti da Masu Zaman Kansu'' (1893). Waɗannan littattafai sun bayyana manhajar sabbin makarantun jinya kuma sun gabatar da ma'aikatan jinya ga kimiyyar likitanci ta zamani da tunanin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flaumenhaft |first=Eugene |last2=Flaumenhaft |first2=Carol |date=January 1987 |title=Four books that changed nursing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_1987-01_42_1/page/54 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=54–72 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/42.1.54 |pmid=3549887}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1900, makarantun Nightingale masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikatan jinya, sun ƙare. Asibitoci sun mallaki makarantu, kuma an hana "koyon karatu" a hukumance, don amfanin ƙwarewar asibiti. Asibitoci sun yi amfani da ma'aikatan jinya na ɗalibai a matsayin ma'aikata masu arha. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ƙwararrun mata a fannin kula da lafiya sun haɗa da ma'aikatan jinya 294,000 da aka horar, ma'aikatan jinya 150,000 marasa horo, ungozoma 47,000, da kuma wasu ma'aikatan asibiti 550,000 (yawancinsu mata ne). Sandelowski ya gano cewa a shekara ta 1900 likitoci suna ba da damar ma'aikatan jinya su yi amfani da thermometer da stethoscope, kuma a wasu lokuta har ma da sabbin injunan X-ray, microscopes da kayan aikin gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. A karo na farko, ma'aikatan jinya za su iya kara musu abubuwan da suka gani tare da kayan aikin kimiyya. Yawancin ma'aikatan jinya sun kasance a gefen gado, inda suka yi amfani da sabuwar fasahar don tattara bayanai ga likitoci, amma ba a yarda su yi bincike na likita ba. Dangantakarsu da mai haƙuri ta kasance babban aikin su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sandelowski |first=Margarete |date=2000 |title=The physician's eyes. American nursing and the diagnostic revolution in medicine |journal=Nursing History Review |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–38 |doi=10.1891/1062-8061.8.1.3 |pmid=10635684 |s2cid=46655601}}</ref> An bude Makarantar Horar da Asibitin John Sealy don Nurses a 1890 a Galveston, Texas. Ya girma da sauri kuma a 1896 ya zama Makarantar Nursing, Jami'ar Texas; ita ce makarantar jinya ta farko da ta zama wani ɓangare na jami'a a jihar Texas.[1] A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ƙwarewa ta motsa digiri na jinya daga makarantun asibiti na RN zuwa kwalejojin al'umma da jami'o'i. Kwarewa ya kawo mujallu da yawa don fadada tushen ilimin sana'a. Baƙi kalilan ne suka halarci jami'o'i tare da makarantun jinya. Kwamitin Ilimi na Rockefeller ne ya sami mafita, wanda ya ba da kuɗin sabbin makarantun jinya karkashin jagorancin Rita E. Miller a Jami'ar Dillard a New Orleans (1942) da Mary Elizabeth Lancaster Carnegie a Kwalejin Florida A. & M. a Tallahassee (1945). [2] [[File:Lillian_Wald_young_in_nurse_uniform.jpg|thumb|[[Lillian Wald]], majagaba na aikin jinya na kiwon lafiya kuma wanda ya kafa Henry Street Settlement a Birnin New York.]] == Manazarta == d5lrh0dez98aqu1fhbdog1cozdm9nzx Tilasta yin tiyatar hana haihuwa 0 177267 967277 958101 2026-10-13T19:43:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''tilasta''' yin amfani da ita, wanda aka fi sani da tilasta ko tilasta yin amfani, yana nufin duk wani shirin da gwamnati ta ba da umarni don yin amfani da takamaiman rukuni na mutane. Sterilization yana cire ikon mutum na haifuwa kuma yawanci ana yin sa ta hanyar tiyata ko [[Kashewa da sinadarai|sinadarai]]. Dalilan da aka bayar don tilasta wa'azin haihuwa sun haɗa da kula da yawan jama'a, [[eugenics]], iyakance yaduwar cutar kanjamau, da [[Kisan kiyashi|Kisan kare dangi]]. Har ila yau, tilasta yin amfani da ita na iya faruwa a matsayin wani nau'i na nuna bambancin launin fata. Duk da yake ba koyaushe doka ta ba da umarni ba (de jure), akwai lokuta inda tilasta yin amfani da haihuwa ya faru a aikace (de facto). Wannan bambancin yana nuna bambanci tsakanin manufofin hukuma da ainihin aiwatarwa, inda tilasta yin amfani da ita ko da ba tare da izinin doka ba. Kasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen hana haihuwa a farkon karni na 20. <ref>Webster University, Forced Sterilization. Retrieved on 30 August 2014. {{Cite web |title=Women and Global Human Rights |url=http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907114059/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html |archive-date=2015-09-07 |access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref> Kodayake irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a yawancin duniya, lokuta na tilasta ko tilasta haihuwa sun ci gaba. == Jama'ar da abin ya shafa == Governmental family-planning programs emerged in the late 19th century and have continued to progress through the 21st century. During this time, as feminists began advocating for reproductive choice, eugenicists and hygienists were advocating for low-income and disabled people to be sterilized or have their fertility tightly regulated in order to "clean" or "perfect" nations. The second half of the 20th century saw national governments' uptake of neo-Malthusian ideology that directly linked population growth to increased (and uncontrollable) poverty, which, during the embrace of capitalism, meant that countries were unable to economically develop due to this poverty.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}} Yawancin waɗannan shirye-shiryen kula da yawan jama'a na gwamnati sun mai da hankali kan amfani da hana haihuwa a matsayin babbar hanya don rage yawan haihuwa, duk da cewa amincewar jama'a cewa hana haihuwa ya yi tasiri a kan yawan jama'ar kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu ba ta da yawa. Shirye-shiryen jama'a na farko na karni na 20 an yi musu alama a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi na eugenics, tare da shirye-shiryen Nazi Jamus da ke ba da sanannun misalai na lalata nakasassu.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Barbara Rylko-Bauer}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1970s, shirye-shiryen kula da yawan jama'a sun mayar da hankali kan "duniya ta uku" don taimakawa rage yawan jama'ar yankunan talauci waɗanda suka fara "ci gaba" (Duden 1992). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kasashe 24 a Turai sun buƙaci yin amfani da su don amincewa da jinsi na doka, kuma kasashe 16 ba su samar da wani yiwuwar canza jinsi na doka ba, wanda ke nufin cewa mutanen da ke canza launin fata na iya samun ƙalubalen neman aiki, jiragen shiga, ko buɗe asusun banki. Mata masu nakasa a Turai suma sune manufofi na tilasta haihuwa. "'Sau da yawa, kuna jin yana da kyau ga mace,' in ji Catalina Devandas Aguilar, tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] game da haƙƙin nakasassu. 'Amma sau da yawa, saboda ya fi dacewa ga iyali ko ma'aikatar da ke kula da su.'"<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Hurtes |first=Sarah |date=November 25, 2023 |title=Despite Bans, Disabled Women Are Still Being Sterilized in Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/25/world/europe/europe-disabled-women-sterilization.html |access-date=April 3, 2024 |website=New York Times}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa (SRT) ya ba da rahotanni game da ayyukan cin zarafi a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya wanda ke da muhimmiyar tasiri ga mutanen LGBT da mutanen da ke da yanayin jima'i. A cikin sashi na 88, SRT ta ce ya kamata ya ce: == A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsara yawan jama'a == Shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a shine aikin canza yawan ci gaban yawan jama'ar mutane. A tarihi, an aiwatar da shirin Yawan jama'a ta hanyar iyakance yawan haihuwa na yawan jama'ar, yawanci ta hanyar umarnin gwamnati, kuma an gudanar da shi azaman martani ga abubuwan da suka hada da matakan [[talauci]] masu yawa, damuwa game da muhalli, dalilai na addini, da yawan jama'awa. Duk da yake shirin yawan jama'a na iya haɗawa da matakan da ke inganta rayuwar mutane ta hanyar ba su iko mafi girma game da haihuwar su, wasu shirye-shiryen sun fallasa su ga cin zarafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interact Worldwide Downloads |url=http://www.populationconcern.org.uk/free_downloads.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115221710/http://www.populationconcern.org.uk/free_downloads.asp |archive-date=15 November 2011 |publisher=Interact Worldwide}}</ref> A cikin littafin 1977 Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment, marubuta Paul da Anne Ehrlich da John Holdren sun tattauna hanyoyi daban-daban don magance yawan jama'a, gami da yiwuwar tilasta haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egnor |first=Michael |date=14 August 2009 |title=The Inconvenient Truth About Population Control, Part 2; Science Czar John Holdren's Endorsement of Involuntary Sterilization |url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/08/the_inconvenient_truth_about_p023831.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005193751/http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/08/the_inconvenient_truth_about_p023831.html |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=evolutionnews.org}}</ref> Wannan littafin ya sami sabuntawa ta kafofin watsa labarai tare da nadin Holdren a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Kimiyya da Fasaha, Darakta na Ofishin Fasaha da Fasaha na Fadar White House, galibi daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda suka buga hotunan littafin a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Michelle |date=2009-07-21 |title=Holdren's Controversial Population Control Past |url=https://prospect.org/api/content/8d1d9e25-cd3b-54cf-ba9b-ccab766af4dc/ |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=The American Prospect |language=en-us}}</ref> An ambaci nau'o'i da yawa na tilastawa, gami da tayin don vasectomies ga maza da yara uku ko fiye a Indiya a cikin shekarun 1960, hana mata haihuwa bayan haihuwar ɗansu na biyu ko na uku; kayan hana haihuwa a matsayin wani nau'i na cirewa, na dogon lokaci; tsarin lasisi wanda ke ba da wasu yara ga mace, tattalin arziki da tsarin ƙididdigar samun wasu yara, da ƙara mai hanawa ga shan ruwa ko abinci, [3] duk da cewa babu irin wannan ci gaba da ke akwai a cikin tushen da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heer |first=David M. |date=March 1975 |title=Marketable licenses for babies: Boulding's proposal revisited |journal=Social Biology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/19485565.1975.9988142 |issn=0037-766X |pmid=1188404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russett |first=Bruce M. |date=June 1970 |title=Communications |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-conflict-resolution_1970-06_14_2/page/287 |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1177/002200277001400209 |issn=0022-0027 |s2cid=220640867}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Human Predicament: Finding a Way Out |url=https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/072109_holdren2.pdf |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> Marubutan sun bayyana cewa yawancin waɗannan manufofi ba a yi amfani da su ba, ba a gwada su ba, kuma mai yiwuwa za su kasance marasa yarda ga yawancin al'ummomi.<ref name=":02" /> Holdren ya bayyana a cikin sauraron tabbatarwarsa cewa ba ya goyon bayan kirkirar yawan jama'a mafi kyau ta gwamnatin Amurka.[1] Koyaya, manufofin kula da Yawan jama'a da aka ba da shawarar a cikin littafin suna nuna damuwa game da yawan jamaʼa, wanda aka tattauna a cikin The Population Bomb, littafin da Paul R. Ehrlich da Anne Ehrlich suka rubuta wanda ke hango manyan rikice-rikicen al'umma saboda Yawan jama'a. Kamar yadda wannan damuwa game da yawan jama'a ya sami kuɗin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, ƙoƙari na rage yawan haihuwa, sau da yawa ta hanyar tilastawa, ya kasance sakamakon wannan ƙoƙari don rage yawan jama'awa.[2] Wadannan manufofi na tilasta da cin zarafin jama'a sun shafi mutane a duniya ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma suna ci gaba da samun sakamako na zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya, da siyasa, daya daga cikinsu shine rashin amincewa da shirye-shiryen tsara iyali na yanzu ta hanyar mutanen da aka sanya su cikin manufofi masu tilasta kamar tilasta haihuwa.[3] Manufofin kula da yawan jama'a sun soki sosai ta hanyar kiwon lafiya na mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s, tare da Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Jama'a da Ci gaba a 1994 a Alkahira wanda ya fara sauyawa daga kula da yawan mutane zuwa haƙƙin haihuwa da kuma motsi na adalci na haihuwa na zamani.[4][5] Koyaya, sabbin nau'ikan manufofin kula da yawan jama'a, gami da ayyukan tilasta haihuwa, batun duniya ne da kuma batun haƙƙin haihuwa da adalci.[6] == Ta hanyar ƙasa == [[File:Forced_sterilization_Europe.svg|thumb|300x300px|Forced sterilization of people with disabilities in Europe: <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8B0000|Forced sterilization is allowed for minors.}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FF0000|Forced sterilization is allowed.}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#0ea817|Forced sterilization is prohibited.}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#dddddd|No data}}]] === Dokar kasa da kasa === [[Yarjejeniyar Istanbul]] ta haramta tilasta yin amfani da ita a yawancin ƙasashen Turai (Mataki na 39). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence |url=https://rm.coe.int/168046031c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531114057/https://rm.coe.int/168046031c |archive-date=2017-05-31 |access-date=2017-08-07}}</ref> An amince da yaduwar ko tsarin tilasta wa'azin haihuwa a matsayin laifi ga bil'adama ta Dokar Roma ta Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Duniya a cikin bayanin bayani. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta bayyana ikon [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |url=http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222329/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2012-07-13 |publisher=legal.un.org}}</ref> Ba ta da ikon duniya, tare da Amurka, Rasha, da China daga cikin ƙasashe don ware kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109001013/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en |archive-date=9 November 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |publisher=United Nations |language=EN |ref=Yes}}</ref> Rebecca Lee ta rubuta a cikin Berkeley Journal of International Law cewa, tun daga shekarar 2015, kasashe mambobin Majalisar Turai guda ashirin da daya suna buƙatar hujja ta sterilization don canza tsarin Jima'i na doka. Lee ya rubuta cewa buƙatar hana haihuwa ta keta haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ana iya buƙatar haɓaka takamaiman yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta LGBTQ don kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Forced Sterilization and Mandatory Divorce: How a Majority of Council of Europe Member States' Laws Regarding Gender Identity Violate the Internationally and Regionally Established Human Rights of Trans* People |url=https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1126810?ln=en |journal=Berkeley Journal of International Law |volume=33 |issue=1 |doi=10.15779/Z381W07 |doi-broken-date=22 April 2026 |quote=Unfortunately, this is not an anomaly: this is the lived experience of trans* people in dozens of countries throughout the world, including the twenty-one Council of Europe (COE) Member States that currently require proof of sterilization to change one's legal sex categorization. […] It would be advisable for LGBTQ activists to seriously consider developing LGBTQ-specific international and regional human rights treaties.}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cjs9r86cthreh415acxkyql1kfkv12a Vaiko 0 177316 967137 959229 2026-10-13T12:35:36Z Nura Bello 24854 967137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 Mayu 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l2x0thidtf7ctoq13knf8yszflz0ihq 967140 967137 2026-10-13T12:39:05Z Nura Bello 24854 967140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga Mayu 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] arueinpps21xckcj79uzgs07hbky0oc 967141 967140 2026-10-13T12:39:35Z Nura Bello 24854 967141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s03kdt78q7924h2eksevg3je2rmqg1t 967142 967141 2026-10-13T12:40:00Z Nura Bello 24854 967142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3lbig45y0bns1uxiu3r5sooucnhmoyt 967145 967142 2026-10-13T12:41:26Z Nura Bello 24854 967145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mharhakwrqfh6njtyvcak70a0q4y9mz 967146 967145 2026-10-13T12:42:01Z Nura Bello 24854 967146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu a 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fem7tap1qfrkhal9183ue8bpq5hj4qe 967147 967146 2026-10-13T12:42:36Z Nura Bello 24854 967147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 91z8zvp6x80nhxhwyoyccw21lpcz6ef 967149 967147 2026-10-13T12:44:08Z Nura Bello 24854 967149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t1nhfdh4fcmxwvwfno3pgq1fvie4iue 967150 967149 2026-10-13T12:44:33Z Nura Bello 24854 967150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kxhw9dc4glux8dveqbn7ncqnuz0n48b 967151 967150 2026-10-13T12:45:21Z Nura Bello 24854 967151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaiko''' (an haife shi ne '''Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar'''; 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1944) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Rajya Sabha, babban majalisar dokokin Indiya daga [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms |access-date=12 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na ƙungiyar Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), wata jam'iyya mai ƙarfi a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya. An zaɓe shi a baya a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Indiya daga Sivakasi, [[Tamil Nadu]], Lok Sabha . Shi ne mahaifin ɗan majalisar Trichy Durai Vaiyapuri . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vaiko a matsayin Vaiyapuri Gopalsamy Naiyakar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1944 zuwa Vaiyapuri Naidu da Mariyammal a Kalingapatty kusa da Sankarankovil, Shugaban Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=News 18 : Politics |url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/after-series-of-outsider-chief-ministers-sasikala-to-be-first-tamil-cm-after-29-years-1345645.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Interview with Vaiko">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2006 |title=Interview with Vaiko |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/11-29_Vaiko.php?uid=2093}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa da lambar zinare a digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, Palayamkottai, sannan ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Shugabanci, [[Chennai]]. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Madras.<ref name="Vaikospeech">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Shooting from the lip |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17266904.cms |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Shi kwararren mai karatu ne kuma mai iya magana wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana a harsunan Tamil da Turanci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Vaiko ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 1971, wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rajalakshmi da Kannagi, da ɗa, Durai Vaiyapuri. Suna zaune a [[Chennai]]. == Aikin siyasa == Vaiko yanzu shine babban sakataren jam'iyyar MDMK . Vaiko wani bangare ne na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kuma tsohon abokin aiki ne na tsohon Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu, Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=DMK reaches out to MDMK leader Vaiko |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-mdmk-karunanidhi-vaiko-tamil-nadu-pmk-aiadmk-leader-stalin-225208-2014-10-30 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta shiga cikin kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu . Ya shiga Rajya Sabha a shekarar 1978 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawa na tsawon wa'adi uku. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Lok Sabha<ref name="VaikoLokSabha">{{Cite web |title=Vaiko Parliament Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=498&lastls=13 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> sau biyu.<ref name="Interview with Vaiko" /> An san Vaiko da "Zakin Majalisa" saboda jawabansa masu ƙarfi a Majalisa.<ref name="AlwaysonMove">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Always on the move |url=http://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/always-on-the-move.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=Sachidananda Murthy |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Modi will become PM : Vaiko |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/politics/modi-will-become-pm-vaiko.html |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Telugu Mirichi}}</ref> Vaiko ya yi zanga-zangar adawa da bukatar [[Kerala]] na sabon madatsar ruwa a Mullaperiyar da shawarar gina madatsun ruwa a Pambar da Siruvani . Vaiko ta kuma goyi bayan haɗa koguna da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sethusamudram a ƙasa. Vaiko ta shigar da ƙarar neman a rufe masana'antar haƙa tagulla ta Sterlite Industries da ke Tuticorin wadda ba ta bi hanyoyin sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga rufe masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Smelting Plant Nadu Pollution Control Board Smelter |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063936/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news/27612526_1_smelting-plant-nadu-pollution-control-board-smelter |archive-date=2 March 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Vaiko yakan yi tattaki a ƙafa tare da shugabannin jam'iyyarsa don jawo hankali ga al'amura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akilan |first=Mayura |date=11 December 2012 |title=பூரண மதுவிலக்கை அமல்படுத்தும் வரை 'சிலுவைப் போர்': வைகோ அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2012/12/10/tamilnadu-vaiko-call-total-abolishment-liquor-166056.html |website=[[Oneindia.com]]}}</ref> === Tallafin LTTE === Vaiko ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ke fafutukar neman wata ƙasa ta Tamil Eelam a [[Sri Lanka]] ba tare da wata shakka ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Eelam a shekarar 1989 a lokacin da yaƙin Tamil Tigers da Sojojin Sri Lanka ya yi zafi a lokacin da rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya ta IPKF ke [[Jaffna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko: "Sri Lankan Tamils want a Separate Nation" |url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/tamilnadu/061127vaiko.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=tamilnation.co}}</ref> Vaiko shine ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa mai rijista a ƙasar da gwamnatin [[Jayalalithaa]] ta tsare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Ta'addanci, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko arrested from Chennai airport |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185411/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12546 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ya shafe watanni 18 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaiko released from prison |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/feb/07mdmk.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sandan Tamil Nadu sun kama Vaiko bisa zargin tayar da zaune tsaye. Zarge-zargen sun samo asali ne daga jawaban da Vaiko ya yi a wani taron jam'iyya kan batun Sri Lanka da kuma hare-haren da gwamnati ta kai wa yankunan da LTTE ke iko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref name="hindu241008" /> Bayan kwana 14 a tsare a gaban kotu, an saki Vaiko. Vaiko ta ce ya kamata Indiya ta janye haramcin da ta yi wa LTTE, tana mai cewa haramcin garkuwa ne don danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma hana muryar 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2011 |title=Lift ban on LTTE, demand MDMK lawyers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702054814/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062663810900.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2017, an daure Vaiko saboda laifin tayar da zaune tsaye da DMK ta shigar a lokacin mulkinsu na 2010. == An Yi Gargaɗi Kan Zaɓe == === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Party !Votes !% !Opponent ! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small> !<small>Opponent Votes</small> !% !<small>Result</small> !Margin !% |- !1996 | rowspan="3" |Sivakasi | {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}} |204,339 |25.3 | rowspan="2" |<small>V. Alagirisamy</small> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}} |238,483 |29.5 | {{no2|Lost}} | -34,144 | -4.2 |- !1998 |387,694 |49.6 |252,771 |32.3 | {{yes2|Won}} |134,923 |17.3 |- !1999 |325,829 |41.2 |<small>V. Ramasamy</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |251,048 |31.7 | {{yes2|Won}} |74,781 |9.5 |- !2009 | rowspan="2" |Virudhunagar |291,423 |37.96 |<small>B. Manickam Tagore</small> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |307,187 |40.02 | {{no2|Lost}} | -15,764 | -2.06 |- !2014 |261,143 |25.81 |<small>T. Radhakrishnan</small> | {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} |406,694 |40.2 | {{no2|Lost}} | -145,551 | -14.39 |- |} === Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Matsayi ! colspan="2" | Biki ! <small>Mazabar mazaba</small> ! Daga ! Zuwa ! Zamanin aiki |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Farko)</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}} | rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu]] | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1978 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na Biyu)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1984 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 3)</small> | <small>3 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1990 | <small>2 ga Afrilu</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 1996 | ''' 5 shekaru, 365 kwanaki''' |- | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Zaman Karshe na 4)</small>| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | <small>25 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2019 | <small>24 ga Yuli</small><br /><br /><br /><br /> 2025 | ''' 5 shekaru, 364 kwanaki''' |} == Taimakon jama'a == A cikin 2005, Vaiko ya fara ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawar jini ta Marumalarchi. Vaiko ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da yawa a yankunan karkara tare da halartar mazauna ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2004 |title=More about Tank Desilting Program |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127101543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/13/stories/2004101305610500.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vaiko ta yi wa [[Padayatra]] na tsawon wata guda a Tamil Nadu domin haɗa kogunan da ke tsakanin jihohi a Indiya. Vaiko a lokacin da yake wakiltar mazabar Sivakasi a Loksabha ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da lafiya da dama ga 'yan mazabarsa. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kula da marasa lafiya na nakasassu a mazabarsa tare da taimakon Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Venkateshwara, Thirupathi. Dubban mutane da suka kamu da cutar shan inna sun halarci sansanin kuma an ba su taimakon likita, ciki har da tiyatar gyara a Thirupathi da Whitefield, Bengaluru da kuma taimakon bayan tiyata, kayan aiki, da sauransu. Ya gudanar da sansanonin kiwon lafiya don samar da allurar rigakafin cutar Hepatitis B ga yara kuma ya samar da allurar rigakafi ga yara 65000 a mazabarsa. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin aiki da kuma shirin da ake da shi wajen samar da allurar rigakafi a allurai uku ga yara 65000, shirin ya yi nasara ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa duk waɗannan sansanonin kiwon lafiya an shirya su ne ta hannun Mista Vaiko ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba kuma da kuɗinsa, hakan ya nuna halin jinƙai da jajircewar shugaban. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya auri Renuka Devi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1971. Vaiko yana jin daɗin rubutu a lokacin hutunsa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ([[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] da [[Turanci]]) ban da kasidu da ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a jaridu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023312/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=no-real-tamil-speaking-leaders-in-tn&section_url_key=nation |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim ɗin shirye-shirye == Durai Vaiko ne ya ɗauki hotunan rayuwar siyasa ta Vaiko na shekaru sittin, sannan Babban Ministan Tamil Nadu MK Stalin, K. Veeramani, R. Nallakannu, KS Alagiri, Thol suka fitar da shi. Thirumavalavan, K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M), R Mutharasan (CPI), T. Velmurugan, Khadar Mohideen (IUML) da MH Jawahirullah (MMK) in Sathyam Cinemas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9zykclxjoix8a9g2q73ng2r45ej12b7 Hawan farashi 0 177378 967450 966583 2026-10-14T02:03:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    {{Blockquote|From 1988 until 2006 the achievement levels have risen by about an average of 2 grades in each subject. Exceptionally, from 1988 the rise appears to be about 3.5 grades for Mathematics.}} '''Hauhawar darajar maki''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''sassaucin darajar maki''' ) shine bayar da mafi girman maki ga irin ingancin aikin da aka yi a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke rage darajar maki. <ref name="Arenson 2004">{{Cite web |last=Arenson, Karen W. |date=18 April 2004 |title=Is It Grade Inflation, or Are Students Just Smarter? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/weekinreview/is-it-grade-inflation-or-are-students-just-smarter.html |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> Duk da haka, matsakaicin maki mafi girma a kansu ba ya tabbatar da hauhawar farashin maki. Domin wannan ya zama hauhawar farashi mai daraja, ya zama dole a nuna cewa ingancin aiki bai cancanci babban maki ba. <ref name="Arenson 2004" /> Ana tattauna hauhawar farashi akai-akai dangane da ilimi a Amurka, da [[Kanada]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[New Zealand]], [[Faransa]], [[Poland]], [[Jamus]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Japan]], [[Sin|China]], da [[Indiya]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobczak |first=Anna |date=2020 |title=Inflacja dyplomu akademickiego w społeczeństwie współczesnym. Studium z socjologii edukacji |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10593/25788 |journal=AMU}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kıratlı |first=Arzu |last2=Demirkasımoğlu |first2=Nihan |date=2024-12-10 |title=Grade Inflation in Turkish Higher Education: Insights from Faculty at Public and Private Universities |url=http://johepal.com/article-1-982-en.html |journal=Journal of Higher Education Policy And Leadership Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=82–94 |doi=10.61186/johepal.5.4.82 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tattaunawar == === Hujjoji kan ɗaukar mataki kan hauhawar farashin kaya === * Yana rage kwarin gwiwar ɗalibai masu hazaka su yi fice, tunda matsakaicin aiki yana ƙara cancantar samun maki mafi kyau. * Yana rage aikin gyara martanin da ake bayarwa na maki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leef |first=George |author-link=George Leef |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Grades Just Keep on Inflating; Why Does It Matter? |url=https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2016/04/grades-just-keep-on-inflating-why-does-it-matter/ |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=[[James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal]]}}</ref> * Ba a yin tsari tsakanin makarantu. Wannan yana sanya ɗaliban da ke makarantu da sassan da aka fi nuna maki a kansu cikin rashin adalci, sai dai idan ma'aikata sun yi la'akari da matsayin makaranta . * Ba iri ɗaya ba ne a tsakanin fannoni daban-daban. * Yana sa ya fi wahala a kwatanta ɗaliban da suka yi jarrabawarsu a lokuta daban-daban. * Masu neman aiki dole ne su dogara da wasu alamomi banda maki, kamar horon aiki da gogewar aiki, domin a auna matakin ƙwarewa da halayen wanda ya kammala karatun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=December 2012 |title=The Role of Higher Education in Career Development: Employer Perceptions |url=https://chronicle.com/items/biz/pdf/Employers%20Survey.pdf |access-date=30 May 2016 |website=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]}}</ref> * Digiri ya zama ƙasa da daraja. * Zai iya ba wa ɗalibai fahimtar ilimi da nasarorin da suka samu idan ba su fahimci cewa ba su cancanci babban maki ba. * A cikin yanayi inda ake buƙatar takamaiman ƙwarewa don tabbatar da aminci, hauhawar farashi na iya haifar da lahani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} === Hujjoji kan ɗaukar mataki kan hauhawar farashin kaya === * Manyan maki a wasu makarantu na iya nuna kyakkyawan aiki fiye da wasu (kodayake ba tare da wani mizani na ƙasa ba, babu yadda za a kwatanta wata makaranta da wata ta hanyar maki). * Duk da cewa hauhawar farashin maki ba ta yaɗuwa daidai gwargwado ta sassa, ana iya jayayya saboda yanayin maki na mutum ɗaya, cewa ayyukan tantancewa tsakanin sassa ba su yi daidai ba tun farko (misali ta yaya ake tsammanin mutum zai tantance daidai matakin darasin Turanci zuwa ''A'' a fannin kimiyyar lissafi?) * Yana iya ƙarfafa ɗaliban da ke da matsakaicin ƙwarewa su saka hannun jari a fannin digiri na ilimi, maimakon koyon [[Mai ciniki|sana'a ta ƙwararru]] a makarantar koyon sana'o'i . == Kumburin ƙima == Hauhawar darajar wani misali ne na wani abu mai faɗi na ƙima ko hauhawar suna inda mutane ke yanke shawara kan ƙima. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin ayyukan peer-to-peer kamar [[Uber]] . == A Amurka == === A matakin sakandare === Bayanai daga ACT sun nuna cewa, tun daga shekarar 2016, musamman a lokacin takunkumin COVID-19, hauhawar farashin maki a makarantun sakandare ya karu sosai. Yawancin ɗaliban da suka yi karatun ACT sun yi iƙirarin cewa makarantun sakandare suna yi musu lakabi da ɗaliban "A". Duk da cewa akwai kyakkyawan sakamako a jarrabawar GPA a cikin fom ɗin rajista na ACT, matsakaicin maki ya faɗi tun daga shekarar 2012. Bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi, da kuma Ƙimar Ƙasa ta Ci Gaban Ilimi sun kuma gano ƙwaƙƙwaran shaida na hauhawar farashin kaya da raguwar nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barshay |first=Jill |date=16 May 2022 |title=Proof Points: New evidence of high school grade inflation |url=https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-new-evidence-of-high-school-grade-inflation/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Hechinger Report |quote=ACT study finds that the trend of rising GPAs accelerated after 2016 and intensified during the pandemic}}</ref> === A matakin bayan sakandare === Louis Goldman, farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Wichita, ya bayyana cewa an bayar da rahoton karuwar maki .404 daga wani bincike da aka gudanar a kwalejoji 134 daga 1965 zuwa 1973. Wani bincike na biyu a kwalejoji 180, ya nuna karuwar GPA .432 daga 1960 zuwa 1974, duk suna nuna hauhawar farashin maki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldman |first=Louis |date=1985 |title=The Betrayal of the Gatekeepers: Grade Inflation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-general-education_1985_37_2/page/97 |journal=The Journal of General Education |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=97–121 |jstor=27797025}}</ref> Stuart Rojstaczer, farfesa mai ritaya a fannin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a Jami'ar Duke, ya tattara bayanai na tarihi daga makarantu sama da 400 na shekaru huɗu, a wasu lokuta tun daga shekarun 1920, wanda ke nuna shaidar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a duk faɗin ƙasar a tsawon lokaci, da kuma bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin azuzuwan makarantu da sassan. Harvey Mansfield, farfesa a fannin gwamnati a Jami'ar Harvard, ya yi jayayya cewa kawai musanta wanzuwar hauhawar farashin kaya a Harvard yana tabbatar da cewa matsalar tana da tsanani. Ya bayyana cewa wasu farfesoshi suna ba wa ɗalibai maki mai sauƙi don su shahara, kuma za a manta da waɗannan farfesoshi; waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci ɗalibai ne kawai za a tuna da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masfield |first=Harvey |date=2001 |title=Grade Inflation: It's Time to Face the Facts |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |volume=47 |issue=30 |pages=B24}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyin tarihi da aka gano sun haɗa da: * bambancin matsakaicin maki tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, tun daga shekarun 1950; * karuwar maki mai yawa daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1970 (shekarun Yaƙin Vietnam ); * ɗan ƙaramin sauyi a ma'auni daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980; * raguwar maki daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa yanzu. Har zuwa kwanan nan, shaidar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Amurka ba ta da yawa, galibi labaran karya ne, kuma wani lokacin ma sun saba wa juna; bayanai masu inganci kan wannan batu ba su da yawa, kuma ba a iya samun su cikin sauƙi ko kuma a sauƙaƙe don yin nazari ba. Binciken ƙasa a shekarun 1990 ya nuna ƙaruwar maki a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka, amma wani bincike da Clifford Adelman, wani babban mai sharhi kan bincike a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka ya gudanar a shekarar 1995, ya gano cewa maki ya ragu kaɗan a shekarun 1970 da 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation in Higher Education |url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2005-1/grade.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407093846/https://www.ericdigests.org/2005-1/grade.htm |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2009-12-12 |publisher=ERIC Digest}}</ref> Ba a sami bayanai game da makarantun sakandare na Amurka ba. Bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan ba su nuna wata shakka ba cewa maki na ƙaruwa a kwalejoji, jami'o'i da makarantun sakandare na Amurka. Wani bincike da aka yi kan hanyoyin tantance makin da ake samu a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka a shekarar 2003, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Trends in Grade Inflation, American Colleges and Universities |url=http://www.gradeinflation.com |website=www.gradeinflation.com}}</ref> ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarun 1960, maki a Amurka sun karu da kashi 0.15 a kowace shekara goma a kan ma'aunin 4.0. Binciken ya ƙunshi cibiyoyi sama da 80 tare da jimillar ɗalibai sama da 1,000,000 da suka shiga. Wani bincike na ƙasa da aka gudanar kowace shekara kan ɗaliban jami'a na farko ya nuna cewa ɗalibai ba sa karatu sosai a makarantar sakandare, duk da haka adadi mai yawa yana nuna cewa maki A− ko mafi kyau. Ana yin bincike domin tantance wanda zai fi iya ƙara yawan maki, da kuma dalilin da yasa malami zai ƙara yawan maki. <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=95–109}}</ref> Wani bincike da Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa ya gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa an samu raguwa sosai a yawan kammala karatun tsakanin shekarun 1970 da 1990, musamman tsakanin ɗalibai maza. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa yanzu, binciken ya gano cewa an samu ci gaba sosai a yawan kammala karatun. Duk da haka, ɗaliban shekarar farko ba su da shiri sosai don karatun jami'a fiye da waɗanda suka gabace su daga shekarar 1990. Hakazalika, ingancin koyarwa da kwalejoji ke bayarwa bai ga wani ci gaba ba tun daga shekarar 1990. Bayani mai gamsarwa game da ingantaccen ƙimar kammalawa shine hauhawar farashin maki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2021 |title=Why Have College Completion Rates Increased? An Analysis of Rising Grades |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28710/w28710.pdf |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022 ya danganta hauhawar farashin maki da hauhawar adadin kammala karatun digiri a Amurka tun daga shekarun 1990 saboda GPA ta yi hasashen kammala karatun digiri sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denning |first=Jeffrey T. |last2=Eide |first2=Eric R. |last3=Mumford |first3=Kevin J. |last4=Patterson |first4=Richard W. |last5=Warnick |first5=Merrill |date=2022 |title=Why Have College Completion Rates Increased? |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1257/app.20200525 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==== Jami'ar Princeton ==== A wani yunƙuri na yaƙi da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya zama ruwan dare a manyan cibiyoyi da dama na Amurka, Princeton ta fara aiki a kaka ta 2004 don amfani da ƙa'idodi don rarrabawa a sassa daban-daban. A ƙarƙashin sabbin jagororin, an ƙarfafa sassan su sake tantancewa da kuma fayyace manufofinsu na tantance ma'auni. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar cewa, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru da dama a kowane sashe, maki na A-range ya kamata ya zama kashi 35% na maki a cikin aikin aji, da kuma kashi 55% na maki a cikin aikin da ba na kai tsaye ba kamar Babban Takaddun Shaida. Sashen ilimi ne ke aiwatar da waɗannan jagororin. Tun lokacin da aka fara wannan manufar, maki na A-range sun ragu sosai a sassan Humanities, yayin da suke kasancewa kusan babu canji a sassan Kimiyyar Halitta, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da ko kusa da jagorar 35%. A shekarar 2009, an tabbatar da cewa manufar da aka aiwatar a shekarar 2004 ta kawo maki a cikin jerin digirin da shirin ya yi niyya. A shekarar 2008–09, maki A (A+, A, A−) sun kai kashi 39.7% na maki a darussa na farko a jami'a, wannan shine karo na farko da maki A ya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 40% tun lokacin da aka amince da manufar. Sakamakon ya bambanta sosai da na shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, lokacin da As ya kai matsayi mafi girma na kashi 47.9% na dukkan maki. Rage farashi ya bambanta ta hanyar rarrabuwa, inda kimiyyar zamantakewa da kimiyyar halitta suka kasance a kan gaba tsawon shekaru huɗu da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin, maki A sun kasance daga 37.1 zuwa 37.9% a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma daga 35.1 zuwa 35.9% a fannin kimiyyar halitta. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam da injiniyanci, inda raguwar hauhawar farashin kaya ta ragu, 2008-09 ya kawo gagarumin ci gaba. A's ya kai kashi 42.5% na maki a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a bara da kuma kashi 40.6% na maki a fannin injiniya, duka biyun sun faɗi da kashi biyu cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da 2007–08. <ref name="Princeton" /> A tsakanin kaka ta 2006 zuwa bazara ta 2009, shekaru uku da suka gabata a ƙarƙashin sabuwar manufar tantance matsayi, A's ta kai kashi 40.1% na maki a darussa na farko, ƙasa da kashi 47.0% a 2001–04, shekaru uku kafin malamai su amince da manufar. Sakamakon 2006–09 ya kuma nuna ci gaba da raguwar farashin kayayyaki idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka ruwaito shekara guda da ta gabata, lokacin da A ta kai kashi 40.4% na maki na farko a lokacin 2005–08. <ref name="Princeton" /> A sashen ilimin ɗan adam, A's ya kai kashi 44.1% na maki a darussa na farko a 2006–09, ƙasa da kashi 55.6% a 2001–04. A fannin ilimin zamantakewa, akwai maki 37.7% na A a 2006–09, ƙasa da kashi 43.3% a 2001–04. A fannin kimiyyar halitta, akwai maki 35.6% na A a 2006–09, idan aka kwatanta da 37.2% a 2001–04. A fannin injiniyanci, alkaluman sun kasance kashi 41.7% na A a 2006–09, ƙasa da kashi 50.2% a 2001–04. <ref name="Princeton" /> ==== Jami'ar Harvard ==== Sau da yawa hauhawar farashi yana daidai da rashin daidaiton ka'idojin ilimi. Misali, an yi amfani da wannan maganar game da ƙa'idodi marasa kyau daga rahoton [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a 1894 don da'awar cewa hauhawar farashi a maki ya kasance matsala ta daɗe: "Ana ba da maki A da B cikin sauƙi - Aji A don aikin da ba shi da ƙima sosai, da Aji B don aikin da ba shi da nisa da matsakaici. ... ɗaliban da ba su da gaskiya suna samun maki mai kyau ta hanyar aikin ƙarya." Matsalolin ƙa'idoji a fannin ilimin Amurka sun daɗe suna faruwa. Farfesa Harvey Mansfield, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Harvard, ya daɗe yana adawa da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a jami'arsa ta jami'a. A shekarar 2013, Mansfield, bayan ya ji daga wani shugaban jami'a cewa "maki mafi yawan lokuta shine A", ya yi iƙirarin bai wa ɗalibai maki biyu: ɗaya don takardar shaidar karatunsu, da kuma wanda yake ganin sun cancanta. Ya yi tsokaci, "Ban so a hukunta ɗalibana ta hanyar zama kaɗai waɗanda za su sha wahala saboda samun maki mai kyau ba". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Slavov |first=Sita |date=26 December 2013 |title=How to Fix College Grade Inflation: Inflated grades are a serious problem, but there are ways to fix them. |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2013/12/26/why-college-grade-inflation-is-a-real-problem-and-how-to-fix-it |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> A martanin da ya mayar, Nathaniel Stein ya buga wani rubutu mai ban dariya game da "ɓoyayyen" a cikin ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', wanda ya haɗa da maki kamar A++ da A+++, ko "A+ tare da garlands". ==== Jami'ar Alabama ==== An ambaci Jami'ar Alabama a matsayin wani lamari na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki kwanan nan. A shekara ta 2003, Robert Witt, shugaban jami'ar, ya mayar da martani ga sukar da ake yi masa cewa gwamnatinsa ta ƙarfafa hauhawar farashin maki a harabar jami'ar ta hanyar rufe hanyoyin shiga bayanan Ofishin Bincike na Cibiyoyin, wanda har zuwa wannan shekarar, ya samar da bayanai kan rarraba maki kyauta. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana samunsa a gidan yanar gizon Girka. Ƙungiyar Masana Alabama, da jaridarta, ''Alabama Observer'', sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fallasa lamarin tare da ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Witt ta ɗauki matakan ɗaukar nauyin jama'a. Jaridar ta bayyana cewa sassa da dama sun bayar da sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na "A" a cikin darussa na gabatarwa, kuma wani sashe, Nazarin Mata, ya bayar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na "A" (mafi yawancin waɗanda suka kasance "A+").{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2012}} Maki ya ƙaru sosai a lokacin da aka yi wa jarrabawar, daga 1973 zuwa 2003.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2012}} ==== Harabar UC ==== UC Berkeley tana da suna don manufofi masu tsauri. Jagororin Kwalejin Injiniya ta UC Berkeley sun bayyana cewa ba za a iya ba da fiye da 17% na ɗalibai a kowane aji A ba, kuma cewa aji GPA ya kamata ya kasance a cikin kewayon 2.7 zuwa 2.9 daga matsakaicin maki 4.0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pardoe |first=Jan |date=14 June 2016 |title=Grading Guidelines for Undergraduate Courses |url=http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Policies/ugrad.grading.shtml}}</ref> Wasu sassan, duk da haka, ba sa bin irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu tsauri, kamar yadda bayanai daga Ofishin Binciken Dalibai na UCB ya nuna cewa matsakaicin GPA na digiri ya kasance kusan 3.25 a cikin 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UC Berkeley Undergraduate Fact Sheet&nbsp;– Fall 2006 |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/userresearch/charts/2006_Fall_UCB_Undergraduate_Fact_Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608110312/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/userresearch/charts/2006_Fall_UCB_Undergraduate_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=2012-02-21}}</ref> Sauran makarantun suna da ƙa'idodin ƙididdiga masu tsauri. Misali, matsakaicin GPA na UC San Diego shine 3.05, kuma ƙananan ɗalibai suna da GPA > 3.5 a cikin manyan kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Fall 2011 |title=STUDENT DIGEST 2011-2012 Enrollment and Academic Performance Statistics |url=http://studentresearch.ucsd.edu/_files/publications/digest/Digest2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052145/http://studentresearch.ucsd.edu/_files/publications/digest/Digest2011.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-06 |access-date=2017-05-09 |publisher=UC San Diego Office of Student Research & Information}}</ref> Matsakaicin GPA na [[Jami'ar California, Irvine|UC Irvine]] shine 3.01.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=UCI Undergraduate Student Data Fall 2010 |url=http://www.assessment.uci.edu/undergraduate/documents/UCIUndergraduate_Student_Data_and_Trends_F10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120117203153/http://www.assessment.uci.edu/undergraduate/documents/UCIUndergraduate_Student_Data_and_Trends_F10.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-17 |publisher=UCI}}</ref> ==== Kwalejin Saint Anselm ==== Wata ƙaramar kwalejin fasaha ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi a [[New Hampshire]], Kwalejin Saint Anselm ta sami kulawa da karɓuwa daga ƙasa saboda yunƙurin rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ake gani a harabar jami'o'i da jami'o'in Amurka da yawa. A Saint Anselm, kashi 25% na manyan ajin suna da GPA 3.1; matsakaicin maki a kwalejin yana kusa da GPA 2.50. Wasu farfesoshi da masu gudanarwa suna ganin cewa ƙara yawan maki yana sa ya yi wa ɗalibai wahala su fahimci ƙarfinsu da rauninsu na ilimi kuma yana iya ƙarfafa ɗalibai su ɗauki azuzuwan bisa ga tsammanin maki. Wannan tsari yana kuma sa iyaye da ɗalibai su yi wahala su tantance ko an sami maki ko a'a. Saboda haka, a Kwalejin Saint Anselm, an kafa kwamitin manhaja a shekarar 1980 don ganawa da shugaban jami'a da kuma sake duba manufofin tantancewa a kowane wata. Wannan kwamiti yana yaƙi da tsarin hauhawar farashin kaya ta hanyar shiga cikin gwamnati da malamai don ƙoƙarin gyara su su zama ƙungiyar aiki don yaƙi da hauhawar farashin kaya. An ambato tsohon shugaban kwalejin, Father Jonathan DeFelice, yana cewa, "Ba zan iya magana a madadin kowa ba, amma idan zan nufi ɗakin tiyata, zan ɗauki likitan tiyata wanda ya sami "A" ta gaskiya," don tallafawa tsarin tantancewa mai tsauri na Saint Anselm. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fr. Jonathan DeFelice, O.S.B. |last2=President, Saint Anselm College |date=August 1, 2004 |title=Higher Education Must Reverse Trend of Grade Inflation |url=http://www.anselm.edu/administration/president/op-eds/gradeinflation.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122024533/http://www.anselm.edu/administration/president/op-eds/gradeinflation.htm |archive-date=November 22, 2008 |access-date=January 5, 2010 |publisher=[[New Hampshire Sunday News]]}}</ref> ==== Sauran cibiyoyin karatun sakandare ==== Sauran kwalejoji kamar Caltech, <ref name="a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=A Guide to Grade Inflation and Deflation |url=https://blog.collegevine.com/a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation/}}</ref> MIT, <ref name="a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation" /> Harvey Mudd College, <ref name="a-guide-to-grade-inflation-and-deflation" /> Washington da Lee University, Jami'ar Rochester, Middlebury College, Kwalejin William da Mary, Jami'ar Fordham, Kwalejin Swarthmore, Kwalejin Bates, [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Boston suma an san su da tsauraran matakan tantancewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2008}} Duk da haka, bayanai sun nuna cewa har ma makarantun da aka san su da tsauraran hanyoyin tantance maki sun fuskanci hauhawar farashin maki kuma waɗannan da'awar yanzu ana iya ƙara su. Washington da Lee suna da matsakaicin GPA na 3.27 a shekarar 2006 kuma ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun Swarthmore suna da matsakaicin GPA na 3.24 a shekarar 1997. Domin fayyace maki a kan takardun shaidar kammala karatunsu, Kwalejin Reed ta haɗa da kati, wanda bugu na yanzu ya ruwaito cewa "Matsakaicin GPA ga dukkan ɗalibai a 2013–14 shine 3.15 akan sikelin 4.00. Wannan adadi ya ƙaru da ƙasa da 0.2 na maki a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin, ɗalibai goma sha ɗaya ne kawai suka kammala karatunsu daga Reed tare da matsakaicin maki 4.00 cikakke." Kwalejin Wellesley ta aiwatar da matsakaicin iyaka na maki 3.33 ga kowane aji a shekara ta 2004, kodayake farfesoshi za su iya bayar da matsakaicin maki mafi girma ta hanyar gabatar da bayani a rubuce. An rage maki don bin ƙa'idar, kuma kimantawar ɗalibai na farfesoshi suma sun ragu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kristin F. Butcher |last2=Patrick J. McEwan |last3=Akila Weerapana |name-list-style=amp |date=Summer 2014 |title=The Effects of an Anti-Grade-Inflation Policy at Wellesley College |url=http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/gradeinflation.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1257/jep.28.3.189 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506032117/http://academics.wellesley.edu/Economics/mcewan/PDF/gradeinflation.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2026-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adadin ɗaliban da suka yi fice a fannin tattalin arziki ya ƙaru kuma sauran ilimin zamantakewa ya ragu duk da cewa wannan yana iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na manyan al'amuran gabaɗaya a lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Sep 2014 |title=Economists Examine Impact Of Grade Inflation At Wellesley |url=http://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2014/09/02/the-lessons-of-grade-deflation}}</ref> === A matakin firamare/ƙaramin yaro/babba === Wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2009 a cikin ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' ya yi amfani da kalmar "kumburin maki" don bayyana yadda wasu mutane ke kallon manufar tantance matsayi a Gundumar Makarantar Pittsburgh . A cewar labarin, manufar ta sanya kashi 50% a matsayin mafi ƙarancin maki da ɗalibi zai iya samu a kowace aikin makaranta. Labarin ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu ɗalibai sun ce sun fi son samun maki 50% fiye da yin aikin makaranta. Wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2009 a cikin wannan jaridar ya ce an yi wa manufar kwaskwarima ta yadda ɗaliban da suka ƙi yin aikin za su sami maki sifili, kuma mafi ƙarancin maki na 50% zai shafi ɗaliban da suka yi "ƙoƙari nagari" ne kawai. Wani labari da aka buga a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2009 a cikin wannan jaridar ya ambato Bill Hileman, wakilin ma'aikatan kungiyar malamai ta Pittsburgh, yana cewa, "Matsalar farko da aka samu a mafi ƙarancin kashi 50 cikin ɗari ita ce mummunan tasirin da ke kan ɗabi'ar ɗalibai." Wannan labarin ya kuma ce gundumar makarantar na shirin ɗaukar sabon ma'aunin maki a akalla makarantu biyu kafin ƙarshen watan. Labarin ya bayyana cewa a ƙarƙashin ma'aunin ma'auni na asali, mafi ƙarancin maki da ake buƙata don samun A, B, C, D, ko F, sune, bi da bi, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, da 0%. A ƙarƙashin sabon ma'aunin maki 5, mafi ƙarancin maki da ake buƙata don samun A, B, C, D, ko F za a canza su, bi da bi, zuwa 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, da 0. == A Kanada == === A matakin makarantar sakandare === James Côté da Anton L. Allahar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=IVORY TOWER BLUES: A UNIVERSITY SYSTEM IN CRISIS |url=http://www.utppublishing.com/Ivory-Tower-Blues-A-University-System-in-Crisis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801200029/http://www.utppublishing.com/Ivory-Tower-Blues-A-University-System-in-Crisis.html |archive-date=2017-08-01 |access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref> dukkansu farfesoshi ne a fannin [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] a Jami'ar Western Ontario, sun gudanar da wani bincike mai zurfi kan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Kanada, musamman ma lardin Ontario . Har zuwa shekarun 1960, an samo maki a Ontario ne daga tsarin Birtaniya, inda ba a ba wa ɗalibai fiye da kashi 5% na maki As ba, kuma an ba su kashi 30% na maki Bs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Tower Blues |url=http://www.ivorytowerblues.com/?page_id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629012033/http://www.ivorytowerblues.com/?page_id=16 |archive-date=2008-06-29}}</ref> A shekarun 1960, matsakaicin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a Ontario ɗaliban C ne, yayin da ake ɗaukar ɗaliban A a matsayin waɗanda suka yi fice. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, kashi 90% na ɗaliban Ontario suna da matsakaicin maki B ko sama da haka. <ref name="Queens">{{Cite web |last=Michael Wood |date=September 19, 2008 |title=Making the grade - The Journal |url=http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2008-09-19/features/making-the-grade/ |website=www.queensjournal.ca}}</ref> A Ontario, maki a makarantun sakandare ya fara ƙaruwa bayan soke jarabawar da aka tsara a duk faɗin lardin a shekarar 1967. A shekara ta 2004, [[Jami'ar McGill]] ta Quebec ta yarda cewa an bai wa ɗaliban Ontario maki mafi girma fiye da ɗaliban wasu larduna, saboda damuwa game da hauhawar farashin maki da ya samo asali daga gaskiyar cewa Ontario ba ta da gwajin lardunan da aka daidaita a matsayin muhimmin sashi na buƙatun kammala karatun sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When is an "A" not quite an "A"? University of Waterloo newmedia Journalism, Catherine Tylee |url=http://www.fims.uwo.ca/newmedia2006/default.asp?id=424 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065849/http://www.fims.uwo.ca/newmedia2006/default.asp?id=424 |archive-date=2011-07-22}}</ref> ==== Atlantic Canada ==== A shekara ta 2007, Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwa ta Atlantic ta fitar da wani rahoto kan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a yankin Atlantic Canada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robert Laurie |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Setting them up to fail? Excellent school marks don't necessarily lead to excellent exam marks |url=http://www.aims.ca/library/Gradeinflationvfinal_cc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024012644/http://www.aims.ca/library/Gradeinflationvfinal_cc.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Atlantic Institute for Market Studies}}</ref> Maki na lissafi a makarantun sakandare na Faransa na New Brunswick sun nuna cewa an ƙara yawan maki da malamai suka bai wa fifiko idan aka kwatanta da maki da aka samu a jarrabawar larduna. An gano cewa matsakaicin maki na makaranta da matsakaicin jarrabawar larduna ba su da bambanci. Lokacin da aka duba maki na shekarun makaranta daga 2001–2002 zuwa 2003–2004, an gano cewa maki na makaranta a duk makarantun sakandare 21 sun fi maki na jarrabawa na larduna. Matsakaicin maki na lardunan makaranta shine kashi 73.7% yayin da matsakaicin maki na jarrabawa na larduna shine kashi 60.1% a cikin shekaru uku. Maki a dukkan makarantun sakandare 21 sun fi makin jarrabawar lardi. <ref name="Macleans">{{Cite web |title=Are we setting up students to fail? Maclean's, Robert Laurie, June 05, 2007 |url=http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070605_153207_13228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320052239/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070605_153207_13228 |archive-date=March 20, 2012}}</ref> Dangane da jarrabawar larduna da maki da malamai suka ba su, hauhawar maki ana bayyana shi a matsayin bambanci tsakanin maki da malami ya ba su da kuma sakamakon jarrabawar larduna don wannan kwas ɗin. An gano cewa hauhawar farashin maki yana nuna ƙarancin sakamakon jarrabawa na larduna. Daga cikin manyan makarantu 21, [[École Marie-Gaëtane]] yana da hauhawar farashi mafi girma, a 24.7%. Tare da matsakaicin jarrabawar lardi na kashi 52.3%, wannan makarantar ita ce makarantar da ba ta samu nasara sosai ba a lardin. Sabanin haka, makarantu Polyvalente [[Louis-J-Robichaud]], Polyvalente Mathieu-Martin, [[École Grande-Rivière]] da Polyvalente [[Roland-Pépin]] sun sami hauhawar farashi mafi ƙasƙanci tare da ƙima daga -0.7% zuwa 9.3%. Su ne manyan makarantu huɗu da suka fi samun nasara a jarrabawar lissafi ta lardin aji 11. <ref name="Macleans" /> An sami irin wannan sakamako ga makarantun sakandare na Anglophone New Brunswick, da kuma makarantun Newfoundland da Labrador. Duk da manyan maki da malamai suka bayar, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Atlantic Canadian ba su da matsayi mai kyau a cikin kimantawa ta Kanada da ta ƙasashen waje. <ref name="Macleans" /> ==== British Columbia ==== A shekarar 2008, a British Columbia, Jami'ar Victoria (UVic) da Jami'ar British Columbia (UBC) sun rage yawan jarrabawar lardunan aji 12 da ake buƙatar ɗaliban makarantar sakandare su rubuta domin samun shiga waɗannan jami'o'in. Kafin shekarar 2008, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da ke neman shiga UVic da UBC an buƙaci su rubuta jarabawa guda 4 na larduna, ciki har da Turanci na aji 12. A shekarar 2008, an rage wannan ma'auni ta yadda ɗalibai za su rubuta jarrabawar lardin kawai don Turanci na aji 12. Wani jami'in UVic ya yi iƙirarin cewa dalilin wannan rage darajar shi ne cewa yana ba jami'ar damar yin gogayya da jami'o'in tsakiyar Kanada (watau jami'o'in Ontario da Québec) ga ɗalibai, da kuma hana yin rajista daga faɗuwa. Jami'o'i a tsakiyar Kanada ba sa buƙatar ɗaliban makarantar sakandare su rubuta jarrabawar larduna, kuma suna iya bayar da izinin shiga da wuri bisa ga maki azuzuwa kawai. Wani shugaban makarantar sakandare a Vancouver ya soki sauyin da aka samu a buƙatu ta hanyar yin korafin cewa zai yi wuya a gano hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Shugaban Majalisar Shugabannin Jami'o'i ta British Columbia shi ma ya soki matakin kuma ya ce jarrabawar larduna ita ce "babban abin da ya daidaita". Ƙungiyar Malaman Burtaniya ta Columbia ta goyi bayan wannan sauyi saboda a baya wasu ɗalibai sun guji wasu darussa saboda tsoron cewa rashin sakamako mai kyau a jarrabawar larduna zai rage matsakaicinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Universities prepare to lower standards |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=e8acefaf-44d9-4de5-a9f2-3931557a580e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107150633/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=e8acefaf-44d9-4de5-a9f2-3931557a580e |archive-date=2012-11-07 |website=Vancouver Sun |publisher=CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc |via=Canada.com}}</ref> A cikin fall of 2009, Jami'ar Simon Fraser (SFU) ta canza bukatun ta don daliban makarantar sakandare kawai suna buƙatar wuce jarrabawar lardin Ingilishi 12. A baya, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su wuce jarrabawar lardin 4, gami da Turanci 12, don yin amfani. Wannan canjin ya kawo SFU cikin layi tare da UVic da UBC. Masu gudanarwa sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan raguwar ka'idoji ya zama dole don SFU ta iya yin gasa da UBC da UVic ga ɗalibai. An soki canjin a kan kasa cewa yana haifar da "tseren zuwa kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Shara |date=2008 |title=Provincial exams no longer required entrance into SFU |url=http://www.the-peak.ca/article/3844 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410173726/http://www.the-peak.ca/article/3844 |archive-date=2010-04-10 |website=The Peak Publications Society}}</ref> ==== Alberta ==== Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, kashi 40% na wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare na Ontario sun bar matsakaicin A - sau 8 kamar yadda za a ba su a cikin tsarin gargajiya na Burtaniya. &nbsp;A Alberta, tun daga shekara ta 2007, sama da kashi 20% na wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare sun bar matsakaicin A.<ref name="CoteAllahar" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan bambancin cewa duk daliban makarantar sakandare ta Alberta dole ne su rubuta jarrabawar da aka daidaita a lardin, jarrabawar difloma, a cikin manyan batutuwa, don kammala karatun. Gwaje-gwaje na difloma suna sake amfani da wasu tambayoyi daga shekara zuwa shekara don daidaita matsakaicin maki, tare da la'akari da cewa wasu shekaru na iya samun dalibai masu rauni ko masu ƙarfi kuma wannan ya kamata a nuna shi a cikin ƙananan ko mafi girma. Ana ba da jarrabawar Alberta Diploma a cikin aji na 12, wanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa kamar ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, Turanci, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da nazarin zamantakewa. Gwaje-gwaje sun kai kashi 30 cikin 100 na alamar ƙarshe ta ɗalibai ta aji 12. Quebec kuma tana buƙatar ɗalibanta su rubuta jarrabawar difloma don ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu. Saskatchewan, Manitoba, da Nova Scotia suna da irin wannan gwaje-gwaje. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan larduna a halin yanzu suna cikin aiwatar da kawar da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, tare da Manitoba ta riga ta cire waɗannan gwaje'un lardin. British Columbia tana da gwajin ƙwarewar Ingilishi a cikin aji na 12, gwaje-gwaje na lardin a wasu batutuwa zaɓi ne.<ref name="Queens" /> Alberta ta mayar da hankali kan daidaitattun gwaje-gwaje yana kiyaye hauhawar farashi, amma zai iya sanya ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Alberta a cikin rashin amfani da ɗalibai a wasu larduna. Koyaya, Alberta tana da mafi girman ma'auni a Kanada kuma tana samar da ɗalibai waɗanda ke cikin mafi kyawun kwatancen ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta hanyar hana hauhawar farashi, makarantun sakandare na Albertan sun sami damar inganta matsalar matsawa dalibai da ke da ƙwarewa daban-daban a cikin wannan rukuni (watau hauhawar maki don dalibi a cikin kashi 98, alal misali, ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga ɗaya a cikin kashi 82). <ref name="CoteAllahar" /> === A matakin sakandare === Dangane da hauhawar farashi a matakin jami'a, binciken Farfesa Côté da Allahar da aka ambata a sama sun kammala cewa: "Mun sami muhimman shaidu na hauhawar farashin farashi a jami'o'in Kanada a cikin tarihin tarihi da kwatankwacin kalmomi, da kuma shaidar cewa yana ci gaba fiye da waɗannan matakan a wasu jami'oʼi don ya zama kwatankwacin matakan da aka samu a wasu jamiʼo'in Amurka. " Har ila yau da kullun, ko kuma a matsayin waɗanda ba su manta da shi ba, ta mutane da yawa, gami da farfesa da su san tsarin gargajiya ba. " Binciken 2000 na tsarin digiri sama da shekaru 20 a jami'o'i bakwai na Ontario (Brock, Guelph, McMaster, Ottawa, Trent, Wilfrid Laurier da Windsor) sun gano cewa matsakaicin maki ya tashi a cikin 11 na 12 na zane-zane da kimiyya tsakanin 1973-74 da 1993-94. Bugu da kari, an gano cewa mafi yawan dalibai sun sami As da Bs kuma kaɗan sun sami Cs, Ds da Fs. ==== Jami'ar Toronto ==== Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 da kungiyar binciken dalibai ta Kanada ta fitar a baya a shekara ta 2007 ya gano dalibai a Jami'ar Toronto Scarborough sun sami ƙananan maki a matsakaici fiye da takwarorinsu a Jami'a ta Carleton da Jami'ar Ryerson. Alamar, ba iyawa ba, an ƙaddara shi ne dalilin. ==== Jami'ar Waterloo ==== A shekara ta 2009 wani gabatarwa da Greg Mayer ya yi a kan ''Girman farashi a Jami'ar Waterloo'' ya ba da rahoton cewa hauhawar farashi tana faruwa a can. Binciken da farko ya bayyana cewa "babu wata yarjejeniya game da yadda aka bayyana Girman Farashin Farashi ... Zan ayyana GI a matsayin karuwar maki a cikin sassan ilimi ɗaya ko fiye a tsawon lokaci". Daga 1988/89 zuwa 2006/07 an ƙaddara cewa an sami karuwar 11.02% a cikin digiri na farko A, tare da yawan karuwar ya zama 0.656% a kowace shekara.<ref name="GMayer" /> A cikin matakin 100 Math na shekara ta 2006/07, rarraba darajar maki 11,042 da aka ba su shine: 31.9% A, 22.0% B, 18%C, 16.3% D, 11.8% F. A cikin darussan Fine Arts na matakin 400 na 2006/07, rabawa na maki 50 da aka ba da shi shine: 100% A.<ref name="GMayer" /> Dangane da karuwar maki a cikin lissafi na shekara ta farko, babu wata shaida game da kyakkyawar shiri na ɗaliban UW. Wata hanyar da za a iya haifar da hauhawar farashi ta kasance matsin lamba daga masu gudanarwa don haɓaka maki. An rubuta wani shari'a wanda wani dan majalisa ya daidaita maki ba tare da yardar ko izinin malami ba.<ref name="GMayer" /> Lokacin da aka kwatanta shekarun makaranta na 1988-1993 da na shekarun daga 2002 zuwa 2007, an gano cewa kashi na Kamar yadda aka sanya a cikin matakan 400 a cikin Faculty of Arts ya tashi kamar haka ga kowane sashen (adadi na farko shine kashi na Kamar na shekarun 1988-1993, na biyu shine kashi na kamar yadda yake ga shekarun 2002-2007), Kiɗa 65%/93%, Fine Art 51%/84%, Sociology 54%/73%, Tarihi 66%/71%, Falsafa 63% / 69%, Kimiyya / 68%, Kimiyya na Siyasa 46% / / / / 1%/57%, Kimiyya Wannan binciken ya bincika darussan matakin 400 kawai da kuma yanke shawara game da hauhawar farashi bai kamata a haɗa su da darussan a wasu matakan ba. == A cikin Ƙasar Ingila == Hawan farashi na shekara-shekara ya kasance ci gaba da tsarin jarrabawar jama'a na Burtaniya na shekaru da yawa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012 Glenys Stacey, babban zartarwa na Ofqual, mai kula da jarrabawar jama'a na Burtaniya, ya amince da kasancewarsa kuma ya sanar da jerin matakan da za su hana ci gaba da raguwar darajar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Hilary |date=12 August 2012 |title=Ofqual halts the 'A grade escalator' |url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/339187/Ofqual-halts-the-A-grade-escalator-}}</ref> === GCSE === Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dubban shekaru yawan dalibai da ke samun GCSEs 5 ko fiye da haka ya karu da kusan 30%, yayin da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken OECD PISA da IES TIMSS sun ba da rahoton Literacy, Maths da Science a Ingila da Wales sun fadi da kusan 6%, bisa ga gwaje- gwaje-guwar kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerrim |first=John |date=December 2011 |title=England's plummeting PISA test scores between 2000 and 2009: Is the performance of our secondary school pupils really in relative decline? |url=http://www.ioe.ac.uk/Study_Departments/J_Jerrim_qsswp1109.pdf |publisher=Institute of Education, University of London |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232012/http://www.ioe.ac.uk/Study_Departments/J_Jerrim_qsswp1109.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paton |first=Graeme |date=21 June 2012 |title=Teenagers 'worse at maths than in 1970s', figures show |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9344505/Teenagers-worse-at-maths-than-in-1970s-figures-show.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2012 |title=Are today's pupils worse at maths than those of the 1970s? |url=http://fullfact.org/factchecks/maths_GCSE_standards_schools_pupils-27460 |website=Full Fact}}</ref> Tsakanin 1975, tare da gabatar da maki na haruffa na kasa zuwa O-Level, da kuma maye gurbin duka O-Leval da CSE tare da GCSE, a cikin 1988, kusan kashi 36% na ɗalibai da suka shiga jarrabawar lissafi sun zauna O-Leve kuma 64% takarda na CSE. Tare da maki da aka rarraba bisa ka'ida tare da kusan ~53% (10% A, 15% B, 25-30% C) samun C ko sama a O-Level, da kuma 10% O-Leval C daidai da Grade 1 CSE; wani rabo da aka shigar don babu takarda. Kashi na yawan mutanen da ke samun akalla digiri "C" ko daidai a lissafi, a matakin O, ya kasance a cikin rukunin 22-26%. Lura: A tarihi an: * O Level '''A-C''' grade an ba da shi ga saman ~50-58% na kowane O-Level cohort, wanda ya ƙunshi saman ~28% na masu shekaru 16 * An ba da CSE Grade 1 ga saman ~10% na kowane rukunin CSE, wanda ya ƙunshi ~50-55% na masu shekaru 16, a cikin batutuwa na yau da kullun. * An ba da CSE Grade 4 ga 'yan takara na matsakaici / matsakaici. Tare da maye gurbin gwaje-gwaje da suka gabata tare da G'''C''' da kuma motsawa daga ka'ida zuwa tsarin ambaton darajar, wanda ya dogara da hukuncin mai jarrabawa, kashi da ke samun akalla digiri C, a cikin lissafi, ya tashi zuwa 58.4%, a cikin 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2007 |title=Tables Expose Truth of Grade inflation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1539138/Tables-expose-truth-of-grade-inflation.html |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Tim |date=6 February 2009 |title=GCSE where 18% was enough to get grade C |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/gcse-where-18-was-enough-to-get-grade-c-6905012.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125063933/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23636375-gcse-where-18-was-enough-to-get-grade-c.do |archive-date=2009-11-25 |access-date=2009-10-10 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Torrance |first=Harry |date=11 June 2002 |title=Can Testing Really Raise Educational Standards? |url=http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/papers-pdf/Professorial%20Lecture.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318194217/http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/papers-pdf/Professorial%20Lecture.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |publisher=[[Manchester Metropolitan University]]}}</ref> Binciken kyaututtuka na GCSE ga ɗalibai da suka sami matsakaicin ƙwarewar gwajin YELLIS na 45, tsakanin 1996 da 2006, sun gano karuwar gaba ɗaya a cikin kyaututtaka a cikin shekaru 10, daga 0.2 (Kimiyyar Kimiyya) zuwa 0.8 (Lattafai) na digiri na GC SE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coe |first=Robert |date=April 2007 |title=Changes in Standards at GCSE and A-Level: Evidence from ALIS and YELLIS |url=http://www.cem.org/attachments/ONS%20report%20on%20changes%20at%20GCSE%20and%20A-level.pdf |access-date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring |page=4}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar cewa shigar da kyaututtuka na GCSE a cikin teburin gasar makaranta, da kuma saita manufofi na matakin Makarantar, a sama da matsakaicin matakan samun nasara na ƙasa, na iya zama direba na hauhawar farashin GCSE. A lokacin gabatarwa an yi niyyar '''E''' don daidaitawa da CSE grade 4, kuma don haka mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar dan takara na matsakaici / matsakaici; Sir Keith Joseph ya sanya Makarantu manufa don samun kashi 90% na ɗaliban su sami mafi ƙarancin digiri F (wanda shine 'ma'auni' da aka samu a cikin 1988), an cimma burin a cikin ƙasa a lokacin rani na 2005. David Blunkett ya ci gaba kuma ya kafa makarantu burin tabbatar da kashi 50% na yara masu shekaru 16 sun sami GCSEs 5 ko daidai a aji C da sama, suna buƙatar makarantu su tsara matsakaicin kashi 50% na ɗaliban su don cimma maki da aka samu a baya kawai ta saman 30%, wannan an cimma shi a lokacin rani na 2004 tare da taimakon daidaitattun ƙwarewar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheldon |first=N |title=History examinations from the 1960s to the present day |url=http://www.history.ac.uk/history-in-education/sites/history-in-education/files/attachments/history_examinations_from_the_1960s_to_the_present_day.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126122506/http://www.history.ac.uk/history-in-education/sites/history-in-education/files/attachments/history_examinations_from_the_1960s_to_the_present_day.doc |archive-date=26 November 2013 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=history.ac.uk |ref=2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malnick |first=Edward |date=29 January 2015 |title=GCSE performance tables: Number of failing schools doubles in a year |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11375644/GCSE-performance-tables-Number-of-failing-schools-doubles-in-a-year.html |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Rahotanni da yawa sun kuma ba da shawarar lasisi ga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci masu fafatawa don ba da GCSEs na iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar ƙimar wucewa, tare da makarantun da ke sauya masu ba da sabis da ke bayyana don samun fa'ida a cikin ƙimar wucewar jarrabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2012 |title=GCSEs - in need of reform? |url=http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6298 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=[[Institute for Fiscal Studies]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Niall |first=Oddy |date=13 September 2012 |title=When competition is bad |url=http://www.atthegrapevine.com/politics/when-competition-is-bad |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=At The Grapevine}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Croft |first=James |date=17 July 2012 |title=Exam boards competing on standards? |url=http://www.cmre.org.uk/node/29 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117184826/http://www.cmre.org.uk/node/29 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=The Centre for the Study of Market Reform of Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=School examiners filmed 'cheating' to boost grades |url=http://theday.co.uk/politics/school-examiners-filmed-cheating-to-boost-grades |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=The Day}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref> Dangane da zarge-zargen hauhawar farashi, makarantu da yawa sun sauya zuwa wasu gwaje-gwaje, kamar GCSE na Duniya, ko shirin Baccalaureate na tsakiya na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=Independent schools top GCSE tables |url=http://www.tom-brown.com/articles/independent-schools-top-gcse-tables |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916120436/http://www.tom-brown.com/articles/independent-schools-top-gcse-tables/ |archive-date=16 September 2009 |access-date=10 October 2009 |website=tom-brown.com}}</ref> Tsakanin 1963 da 1986 an ba da maki na A-Level bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigal (A <= 10%, B = 15%, C = 10%, D = 15%, E = 20%, O/N = 20%, F/U >= 10% na 'yan takara). An yi tambaya game da ingancin wannan tsarin a farkon shekarun 1980 saboda, maimakon nuna ma'auni, ambaton al'ada na iya kiyaye takamaiman rabo na 'yan takara a kowane aji. '''A''' cikin ƙ'''A''' ƙungiyoyi wannan na iya haifar da maki wanda kawai ya nuna aikin dangi na ɗan takara akan wasu da ke zaune a wannan takarda, don haka ba za a iya kwatanta shi tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba (misali, idan shekara ɗaya, an shigar da 'yan takara 11 kawai don A-Level Turanci a ƙasa, kuma a shekara mai zuwa kawai 12, wannan zai haifar da shakku ko ɗayan A da aka ba shi a shekara ɗaya daidai yake da ɗayan A da an ba shi a cikin shekara biyu). A shekara ta 1984 Majalisar jarrabawar sakandare ta yanke shawarar maye gurbin al'ada da ke ambaton ka'idoji, inda za a ba da maki a kan "hukuncin mai jarrabawa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE BACKGROUND TO THE A LEVELS DEBATE |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/153/15304.htm |access-date=16 August 2015 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref> Ts'''A''' ambaton ka'idoji ya fara aiki a watan Yunin 1987, kuma tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, tar'''E''' da haɗuwa da maki na E da O / N da canji zuwa tsarin tsarin tsarin resitable daga Yuni 2002, ya karu da kashi na lambobin yabo na A daga 10 zuwa >25%, da lambobin yabo ta '''A-E''' daga 70 zuwa >98%. A cikin 2007 Robert Coe, na Jami'ar Durham, ya buga wani rahoto da ke nazarin lambobin yabo na A-Level na tarihi ga 'yan takarar da suka sami matsakaicin gwajin ALIS TDA / ITDA, ya lura:{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 8.1 : 8.2 : 7.9 : 7.6 : 8.2 : 8.2: 8.1 : 8.3 : 8.0 : 7.8 : 14.4 : 19.1 : 14.6 | group 2 = 10 : 11.4 : 11.7 : 11.9 : 12.8 : 13.8 : 14.8 : 15.8 : 16 : 16 : 16.8 : 17.5 : 17.8 : 18.6 : 20.7 : 21.6 : 22.4 : 22.8 : 24.1 : 25.3 : 25.9 : 26.7 : 18.9 : 18.8 : 18.7 : 18.7 : 17.8 : 17.7: 17.7 : 18.1 : 18.4 : 17.7 : 24.2 : 25.7 : 21.8 | group 3 = 15: 15.2 : 15.5 : 15.5 : 16.3 : 16.7 : 17.1 : 17.1 : 18 : 18.9 : 18.9 : 19 : 19.2 : 19.3 : 21.9 : 22.9 : 23.4 : 23.8 : 24 : 24.4 : 24.9 : 25.3 : 25.2 : 25.6 : 26 : 26.6 : 26.4 : 26.9: 27.1 : 26.8 : 26.6 : 26.1 : 27.5 : 25.5 : 26.3 | group 4 = 10 : 16.4 : 16.9 : 16.9 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.6 : 19 : 19.8 : 20.3 : 20.8 : 21 : 21.2 : 21.4 : 22.7 : 23 : 23.2 : 23.3 : 23.2 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.2 : 23.6 : 24 : 24.3 : 24.3 : 24.5: 24.7 : 24.3 : 24 : 24.2 : 21.8 : 18.2 : 19.8 | group 5 = 15 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.1 : 18 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.3 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 17.8 : 17.5 : 17.2 : 16.6 : 16 : 15.7 : 15.2 : 15.2 : 15.1 : 14.9 : 14.7 : 14.8 : 14.7: 14.6 : 14.5 : 14.5 : 15.2 : 9.1 : 7.8 : 11 | group 6 = 20 : 15.3 : 15.2 : 15.6 : 15.3 : 14.8 : 14.4 : 14.1 : 13.7 : 13.4 : 13 : 12.7 : 12.4 : 12.4 : 10.9 : 10.1 : 9.5 : 9.1 : 8.7 : 8.1 : 7.6 : 7.2 : 7 : 6.5 : 6.5 : 6.2 : 6.5 : 6.1 : 5.9 : 5.9 : 6.1 : 6.6 : 2.7 : 3.5 : 4.9 | group 7 = 20 : 10.9 : 10.7 : 10.5 : 9.8 : 9.3 : 8.8 : 8.4 : 7.8 : 7.4 : 7.2 : 6.9 : 6.6 : 6.3 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0: 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 | group 8 = 10 : 13.4 : 12.3 : 11.5 : 10.4 : 9.6 : 8.1 : 7.5 : 6.4 : 5.5 : 5 : 4.6 : 4.3 : 3.9 : 5.7 : 4.6 : 4 : 3.8 : 3.4 : 3.1 : 2.8 : 2.5 : 2.4 : 2.2 : 2 : 1.9 : 2 : 1.9: 1.9 : 2.1 : 2.4 : 2.4 : 0.3 : 0.2 : 1.6 | colors = red : yellow : lime : brown : orange : gold : blue : purple | x legends = norm* : : 1990 : : : : : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 : : | width = 1100 | group names = A*: A: B: C: D: E: N/O: F/U | units suffix = % awarded }}Wannan '''A*/A''' n'''U''' '''C''' dan takarar da aka ƙi tare da rarrabuwa ta U a cikin lissafi a cikin 1988 mai yiwuwa za a ba shi digiri na B / C a cikin 2012, yayin da a duk batutuwa dan takarar C na 1980 za a ba da kyautar A * / A.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coe |first=Robert |title=Changes in standards at GCSE and ALevel: Evidence from ALIS and YELLIS |url=http://www.cem.org/attachments/ONS%20report%20on%20changes%20at%20GCSE%20and%20A-level.pdf |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=cem.org |publisher=CEM Centre, Durham University}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2009 |title=A-level results: grade inflation is just a cruel confidence trick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6063012/A-level-results-grade-inflation-is-just-a-cruel-confidence-trick.html}}</ref> OECD ta lura a cikin 2012, cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci masu gasa suna da lasisi don ba da A-Levels a matsayin GCSEs (duba sama). Kowace shekara ana tura wasu sama amma kusan babu wani ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da sauyawa mai zurfi na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Levels 2011, by Alan Smithers |url=http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AL2011.pdf}}</ref> Yana yiwuwa cewa daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aka samu karuwar yawan matakan A da aka ba su maki mafi girma shine buƙatar tabbatar da kusan ninki biyu na yawan ɗaliban da ke halartar jami'a sakamakon jujjuya dukkan polytechnics zuwa jami'o'i a ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Ci gaba da Ilimi mafi girma ta 1992. {| class="wikitable" |+Burtaniya: An ba da maki na A-level (%'age) ! !A* !A (A*+A) !B !C !D !E !O/N !U/F !A-E !shigarwa |- |1951 | | | | | | | | |75.3 |103,803 |- |1963–1986 | |8–10 |15 |10 |15 |20 |20 |10 |68–70 |1975: 498,883 1980: 589,270 |- |1982 | |8.9 | | | | | | |68.2 | |- |1985 | | | | | | | | |70.5 |634,557 |- |1989 <ref name="1989-90Eng">{{Cite web |title=Provisional A-Level Results: England and Wales June 1990 |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500318425&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=The Times}}</ref> | |11.4 |15.2 |16.4 |17.4 |15.3 |10.9 |13.4 |75.7 |682,997 |- |1990 <ref name="aLevel-1990-91">{{Cite web |title=Provisional A-Level Results-June 1991. |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500098076&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[The Times]] |publisher=Times [London, England]}}</ref> | |11.7 |15.5 |16.9 |17.7 |15.2 |10.7 |12.3 |76.7 |684,065 |- |1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=How A-Level Candidates Fared. |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF503335683&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Times [London, England]}}</ref> | |11.9 |15.5 |16.9 |18.1 |15.6 |10.5 |11.5 |78.0 |699,041 |- |1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisional A-Level Results by Grade. |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF502003198&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Times [London, England]}}</ref> | |12.8 |16.3 |17.4 |18.0 |15.3 |9.8 |10.4 |79.8 |731,240 |- |1993 | |13.8 |16.7 |17.7 |18.1 |14.8 |9.3 |9.6 |81.1 |734,081 |- |1994 | |14.8 |17.1 |18.6 |18.1 |14.4 |8.8 |8.1 |83 |732,974 |- |1995 | |15.8 |17.1 |19 |18.1 |14.1 |8.4 |7.5 |84.1 |730,415 |- |1996 | |16 |18 |19.8 |18.3 |13.7 |7.8 |6.4 |85.8 |739,163 |- |1997 | |16 |18.9 |20.3 |18.5 |13.4 |7.4 |5.5 |87.1 |776,115 |- |1998 | |16.8 |18.9 |20.8 |18.3 |13 |7.2 |5 |87.8 |794,262 |- |1999 | |17.5 |19 |21 |18.3 |12.7 |6.9 |4.6 |88.5 |783,692 |- |2000 | |17.8 |19.2 |21.2 |18.5 |12.4 |6.6 |4.3 |89.1 |771,809 |- |2001 | |18.6 |19.3 |21.4 |18.1 |12.4 |6.3 |3.9 |89.8 |748,866 |- |2002 | |20.7 |21.9 |22.7 |18.1 |10.9 | |5.7 |94.3 |701,380 |- |2003 | |21.6 |22.9 |23 |17.8 |10.1 | |4.6 |95.4 |750,537 |- |2004 | |22.4 |23.4 |23.2 |17.5 |9.5 | |4 |96 |766,247 |- |2005 | |22.8 |23.8 |23.3 |17.2 |9.1 | |3.8 |96.2 |783,878 |- |2006 | |24.1 |24 |23.2 |16.6 |8.7 | |3.4 |96.6 |805,698 |- |2007 | |25.3 |24.4 |23.1 |16 |8.1 | |3.1 |96.9 |805,657 |- |2008 | |25.9 |24.9 |23.1 |15.7 |7.6 | |2.8 |97.2 |827,737 |- |2009 | |26.7 |25.3 |23.1 |15.2 |7.2 | |2.5 |97.5 |846,977 |- |2010 |8.1 |18.9 (27) |25.2 |23.2 |15.2 |7 | |2.4 |97.6 |853,933 |- |2011 |8.2 |18.8 (27) |25.6 |23.6 |15.1 |6.5 | |2.2 |97.8 |867,317 |- |2012 |7.9 |18.7 (26.6) |26 |24 |14.9 |6.5 | |2 |98 |861,819 |- |2013 |7.6 |18.7 (26.3) |26.6 |24.3 |14.7 |6.2 | |1.9 |98.1 |850,752 |- |2014 |8.2 |17.8 (26) |26.4 |24.3 |14.8 |6.5 | |2.0 |98 |833,807 |- |2015 |8.2 |17.7 (25.9) |26.9 |24.5 |14.7 |6.1 | |1.9 |98.1 |850,749 |- |2016 |8.1 |17.7 (25.8) |27.1 |24.7 |14.6 |5.9 | |1.9 |98.1 |836,705 |- |2017 |8.3 |18.1 (26.3) |28.8 |24.3 |14.5 |5.9 | |2.1 |97.9 |828,355 |- |2018 |8.0 |18.4 (26.4) |26.6 |24.0 |14.5 |6.1 | |2.4 |97.6 |811,776 |- |2019 |7.8 |17.7 (25.5) |26.1 |24.2 |15.2 |6.6 | |2.4 |97.6 |801,002 |- |2020[Lura 1] |14.4 |24.2 (38.6) |27.5 |21.8 |9.1 |2.7 | |0.3 |97.6 |781,029 |- |2021[Lura 1]<ref group="Notes" name="Note01" /> |19.1 |25.7 (45.8) |25.5 |18.2 |7.8 |3.5 | |0.2 |99.8 |824,718 |- |2022 |14.6 |21.8 (36.4) |26.4 |19.8 |11.0 |4.9 | |1.6 |98.4 |848,910 |- |2023 |8.9 |18.3 (27.2) |26.2 |22.5 |14.2 |7.1 | |2.7 |97.3 |867,658 |} Tushen: kididdig[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2190351.stm a] JCQ don: [https://web.archive.org/web/20251002160621/https://www.jcq.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/A-Level-Results-Summer-2023.xlsx 2023], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907081128/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/1713/GCE%20Results%202012.pdf 2012], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905012456/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/1575/JCQ%20RESULTS%2018-08-11.pdf 2011], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303151100/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/1297/JCQ%20GCE%20Results%202010.pdf 2010], [https://finalgrade-calculator.com], 2008, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006160441/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/392/A%20AS%20and%20AEA%20Results%202007.pdf 2007], [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008054418/http://www.jcq.org.uk/attachments/published/256/A-Level%20Results%20Booklet%202006%20Password%20Protected.pdf 2006], da BBC News, da kuma Guardian, da [http://www.bstubbs.co.uk/a-lev.htm], da kuma [http://www.metro.co.uk/news/908712-a-level-results-record-drop-in-top-grades-as-fewer-get-university-places]  ==== Rarrabawar A-Level na Burtaniya daga Yuni 1989 zuwa 2021 ==== {{#invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 7937 : 16687 : 17352: 18154 : 19613 : 20852 : 21920 : 24095 : 26455 : 28635 : 30175 : 32465 : 34825 : 40260 : 41150 : 43125 : 46830 : 53210 : 61605 : 69625 : 79435 : 81640 : 88895 : 100945 : 110475 : 114230 : 140285 | group 2 = 38077 : 95824 : 103049 : 105538 : 109409 : 112504 : 114660 : 118465 : 121240 : 123795 : 127935 : 132770 : 137235 : 149805 : 148265 : 148360 : 156950 : 166095 : 178425 : 187365 : 198405 :183680 : 186565 : 192395 : 192425 : 194600 : 189445 | group 3 = 26361 : 82898 : 89533 : 91534 : 90805 : 94036 : 91770 : 89750 : 86650 : 88260 : 90470 : 92605 : 94265 : 103340 : 95145 : 93030 : 96970 : 99210 : 100310 : 98145 : 96030 : 85250 : 81595 : 79515 : 76210 : 76345 : 60900 | group 4 = 9411 : 13770 : 13694 : 22877 : 22186 : 21824 : 21160 : 21150 : 19625 : 20670 : 20785 : 22285 : 22850 : 23195 : 23990 : 23800 : 24455 : 24825 : 23935 : 23470 : 21915 : 20340 : 19270 : 19025 : 17830 : 17330 : 11750 | group 5 = 12680 : 27874 : 29203 : 20125 : 19788 : 19210 : 20810 : 19205 : 20475 : 21010 : 22725 : 26235 : 26815 : 27880 : 26255 : 25325 : 25540 : 25535 : 26715 : 24920 : 26000 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 | colors = red : blue : green : orange : purple | x legends = : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 | width = 900 | group names = 1st awards: 2.1 awards: 2.2 awards: 3rd + Pass awards : unclassified | units suffix = _degrees awarded }}Lura: al'ada * - Yuni 1963 - 1986 maki da aka rarraba bisa ga al'ada-da aka ambata a sama kashi da aka '''Bayani''' a sama. === Ilimi mafi girma === Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ilimi ta Sama tana tattara kuma tana buga kididdigar shekara-shekara da ta shafi manyan cancanta da aka bayar a Burtaniya. Bayanan dalibai da masu cancanta sun nuna cewa kashi na "GOOD" digiri na farko ya karu a kowace shekara tun 1995. Misali, kashi 7% na dukkan daliban digiri na farko da suka kammala karatu a shekarar 1995/96 sun sami lambar yabo ta farko; a shekara ta 2008/09 wannan ya tashi zuwa 14%.<ref name="HESAfreeonlinedatatables">{{Cite web |title=HESA Free Online Data Tables |url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php/content/view/1973/239/ |access-date=17 April 2012 |publisher=Higher Education Statistics Agency}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2011, yawan girmamawa na aji na biyu da aka bayar don karatun digiri na farko ya karu daga 40.42% zuwa 48.38%, yayin da ƙananan girmamawa na biyu ya sauka daga 34.97% zuwa 28.9%. Adadin girmamawa na aji na uku, "na yau da kullun" (watau wucewa), da kyaututtuka marasa rarrabawa sun ragu sosai a wannan lokacin. A wannan lokacin, jimlar adadin digiri na farko da aka bayar a Burtaniya ya karu da kashi 56%, daga 212,000 zuwa 331,000. <ref name="HESAfreeonlinedatatables" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation in Irish Universities (1994 – 2004) by Martin O'Grady and Brendan Guilfoyle |url=http://www.stopgradeinflation.ie/Grade_Inflation_in_the_University_Sector.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810065209/http://www.stopgradeinflation.ie/Grade_Inflation_in_the_University_Sector.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-10 |access-date=2012-09-04}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |last=Richmond |first=Tom |date=June 2018 |title=A degree of uncertainty: An investigation into grade inflation in universities |url=http://www.reform.uk/publication/a-degree-of-uncertainty-an-investigation-into-grade-inflation-in-universities/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622010435/http://www.reform.uk/publication/a-degree-of-uncertainty-an-investigation-into-grade-inflation-in-universities/ |archive-date=22 June 2018 |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=[[Reform (think tank)|Reform]]}} </ref> Lura: ninka cibiyoyi da ninka lambobi na dalibai sau huɗu, biyo '''Bayani''' Dokar Ci gaba da Ilimi mafi girma ta 1992, ya sa duk wani kwatankwacin kai tsaye na kyaututtuka kafin da bayan 1995 ba mai mahimmanci ba, idan ba marar ma'ana ba. {| class="wikitable" |+Burtaniya: Kashi na lambar yabo ta aji na 1 ta Cibiyar ! !1980 !2000 !2010 !2011<ref name="TES2011-2016">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=Sharp increase in first-class degrees triggers standards debate |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sharp-increase-first-class-degrees-triggers-standards-debate |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=TES}}</ref> !2016 <ref name="TES2011-2016" /> !2017 <ref name="TES2016">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Universities with biggest shares of 2:1s and firsts revealed |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/universities-biggest-shares-21s-and-firsts-revealed |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=TES}}</ref> |- |Oxford | | | |29 |33.2 |33.9 |- |Cambridge |13 |29.8 |23 |26.4 |31.7 |33.5 |- |Warwick |3 |10.8 |23 |25.5 |28.7 |27.9 |- |Exeter |4 |10.5 |19 |19.4 |23.1 |25.3 |- |St. Andrews |7 |11.7 |20 |19.7 |28.7 |29.8 |} Tushen: [http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php/content/view/1973/239/ Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ilimi Mafi Girma] Jami'o'in Kididdiga, 1972/73-1993/94: Rubuce-rubucen Digiri[http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=3456&type=Data%20catalogue Tarihin kididdigar jami'o'i, 1972/73-1993/94: Tarihin digiri ] {| class="wikitable" |+Burtaniya: Kashi na kyaututtuka masu kyau (1st da sama 2nd) ta Cibiyar<br /> ! !1983–4 !1984–5 !2006 !2008 !2012 !2017<ref name="TES2016" /> |- |Cambridge |57.2 |49.3 |84 |85 |87 |91.6 |- |Warwick |34 |42 |79 |76 |81 |84.4 |- |Exeter |41 |45.3 |75 |80 |83 |86.3 |- |Robert Gordon |9 |12 |53 |54 |55 |66.3 |} Tushen: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/9011098/Warning-over-grade-inflation-as-first-class-degrees-double.html],[https://web.archive.org/web/20120719124259/http://specials.ft.com/universities2001/FT3HLLAN6LC.html] {{Blockquote|From 1988 until 2006 the achievement levels have risen by about an average of 2 grades in each subject. Exceptionally, from 1988 the rise appears to be about 3.5 grades for Mathematics.}}{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 8.1 : 8.2 : 7.9 : 7.6 : 8.2 : 8.2: 8.1 : 8.3 : 8.0 : 7.8 : 14.4 : 19.1 : 14.6 | group 2 = 10 : 11.4 : 11.7 : 11.9 : 12.8 : 13.8 : 14.8 : 15.8 : 16 : 16 : 16.8 : 17.5 : 17.8 : 18.6 : 20.7 : 21.6 : 22.4 : 22.8 : 24.1 : 25.3 : 25.9 : 26.7 : 18.9 : 18.8 : 18.7 : 18.7 : 17.8 : 17.7: 17.7 : 18.1 : 18.4 : 17.7 : 24.2 : 25.7 : 21.8 | group 3 = 15: 15.2 : 15.5 : 15.5 : 16.3 : 16.7 : 17.1 : 17.1 : 18 : 18.9 : 18.9 : 19 : 19.2 : 19.3 : 21.9 : 22.9 : 23.4 : 23.8 : 24 : 24.4 : 24.9 : 25.3 : 25.2 : 25.6 : 26 : 26.6 : 26.4 : 26.9: 27.1 : 26.8 : 26.6 : 26.1 : 27.5 : 25.5 : 26.3 | group 4 = 10 : 16.4 : 16.9 : 16.9 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.6 : 19 : 19.8 : 20.3 : 20.8 : 21 : 21.2 : 21.4 : 22.7 : 23 : 23.2 : 23.3 : 23.2 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.2 : 23.6 : 24 : 24.3 : 24.3 : 24.5: 24.7 : 24.3 : 24 : 24.2 : 21.8 : 18.2 : 19.8 | group 5 = 15 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.1 : 18 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.3 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 17.8 : 17.5 : 17.2 : 16.6 : 16 : 15.7 : 15.2 : 15.2 : 15.1 : 14.9 : 14.7 : 14.8 : 14.7: 14.6 : 14.5 : 14.5 : 15.2 : 9.1 : 7.8 : 11 | group 6 = 20 : 15.3 : 15.2 : 15.6 : 15.3 : 14.8 : 14.4 : 14.1 : 13.7 : 13.4 : 13 : 12.7 : 12.4 : 12.4 : 10.9 : 10.1 : 9.5 : 9.1 : 8.7 : 8.1 : 7.6 : 7.2 : 7 : 6.5 : 6.5 : 6.2 : 6.5 : 6.1 : 5.9 : 5.9 : 6.1 : 6.6 : 2.7 : 3.5 : 4.9 | group 7 = 20 : 10.9 : 10.7 : 10.5 : 9.8 : 9.3 : 8.8 : 8.4 : 7.8 : 7.4 : 7.2 : 6.9 : 6.6 : 6.3 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0: 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 | group 8 = 10 : 13.4 : 12.3 : 11.5 : 10.4 : 9.6 : 8.1 : 7.5 : 6.4 : 5.5 : 5 : 4.6 : 4.3 : 3.9 : 5.7 : 4.6 : 4 : 3.8 : 3.4 : 3.1 : 2.8 : 2.5 : 2.4 : 2.2 : 2 : 1.9 : 2 : 1.9: 1.9 : 2.1 : 2.4 : 2.4 : 0.3 : 0.2 : 1.6 | colors = red : yellow : lime : brown : orange : gold : blue : purple | x legends = norm* : : 1990 : : : : : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 : : | width = 1100 | group names = A*: A: B: C: D: E: N/O: F/U | units suffix = % awarded }} == A Faransa == == A Indiya == A cikin CBSE, kashi 95 cikin dari ya ninka sau 21 a yau kamar yadda yake a shekara ta 2004, kuma kashi 90 cikin dari kusan sau tara kamar yadda ya kasance. A cikin CISCE, kashi 95 cikin dari kusan sau biyu ne a yau kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012. CBSE ta kira taron dukkan allon makarantu 40 a farkon shekarar 2017 don roƙon su da su dakatar da "ƙaddamar da alamomi na wucin gadi". CBSE ta yanke shawarar jagorantar ta hanyar misali kuma ta yi alkawarin ba za ta kara yawan sakamakon ba. Amma kodayake sakamakon 2017 ya ga karamin gyara, kwamitin a bayyane bai watsar da aikin gaba ɗaya ba. Kusan kashi 6.5 cikin dari na masu jarrabawar lissafi a shekarar 2017 sun zira kwallaye 95 ko fiye - sau 10 fiye da 2004 - kuma kusan kashi 6 cikin dari na wadanda suka jarrabawar kimiyyar lissafi sun zira kwalanci 95 ko fiye, sau 35 fiye da 2004 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=6 June 2017 |title=When 90% comes too easy in CBSE exams |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/when-90-per-cent-comes-too-easy-cbse-board-exam-results-4689291/ |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Devi |date=11 July 2017 |title=Inflated marks: 100% and still galloping... |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/110717/inflated-marks-100-and-still-galloping.html |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |quote=Board examination results have lost their credibility in India.}}</ref> == Duba kuma == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.gradeinflation.com Hauhawar Matsayi A Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Amurka] * * * * Alfie Kohn : [https://web.archive.org/web/20060409113947/http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm Tatsuniyar Haɗari ta Kumburin Matsayi] * Sita Slavov: [https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2013/12/26/why-college-grade-inflation-is-a-real-problem-and-how-to-fix-it Yadda Ake Gyara Hauhawar Kumburin Jami'a: Hauhawar maki babbar matsala ce, amma akwai hanyoyin magance su.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015060240/http://alfiekohn.org/teaching/gisources.htm Tushen Kumburin Matsayi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060920233617/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~manhire/grade/2004-22_Final.pdf Hauhawar darajar maki, Ɗabi'a da Ilimin Injiniya] * [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/07/26/scipipeline Shi ya sa suke barin (kimiyya) daga Cikin Babban Ed] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/02/AR2005060201593_pf.html A na kowa da kowa!] (Labarin jaridar ''Washington Post'' wanda [[Alicia Shepard]] ta rubuta) * [http://ssrn.com/abstract=531623 GPA na Nominal da GPA na Gaskiya: Sauƙin Sauƙi wanda ke rama hauhawar farashi] * [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2405629 GPA na Gaskiya da SET na Gaskiya: Magunguna Biyu Masu Magance Kwadayi, Rashin Sanyi, da Tsoro a Ajin Kwaleji] * [https://john-joseph-horton.com/papers/longrun.pdf Kumburin Suna] (Apostolos Filippas, John J. Horton, Joseph M. Golden) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == 21s4mqxhxycxrtj8ma7ixde0ufas5xx Matsayi na aji 0 177380 967270 958885 2026-10-13T19:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsayi na aji''' shine ma'auni na yadda aikin dalibi ya kwatanta da sauran dalibai a cikin aji. Ana kuma bayyana shi a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin dari. Misali, dalibi na iya samun GPA mafi kyau fiye da 750 daga cikin abokan aji a cikin aji na digiri na 800, wanda zai sa ajiyar su kusan 50 daga cikin 800. A cikin sharuddan aiki, matsayi na aji yana ba da ma'auni na aiki na dangi maimakon cikakken kimantawa na iyawar ilimi. Yana bawa cibiyoyi, kwamitocin tallafin karatu, da ma'aikata damar kimantawa da sauri inda dalibi ke tsaye a cikin ƙungiyar takwarorinsu, musamman lokacin da ka'idojin ƙididdiga ko tsarin karatun ya bambanta a duk faɗin makarantu. Lokacin da aka bayyana a matsayin kashi, matsayi na aji ya kara sauƙaƙa kwatanci ta hanyar nuna yawan ɗalibai da ɗan takarar ya yi. A sakamakon haka, ana amfani da matsayi na aji sau da yawa azaman kayan aiki na dabarun tantancewa da rarrabewa a cikin tsarin zaɓin ilimi da ƙwararru. == Amfani a makarantun sakandare == Amfani da matsayi na aji a halin yanzu ana yin amfani da shi a kusan rabin makarantun sakandare na Amurka.<ref name="CollegeBoard" /> Manyan makarantun gwamnati sun fi dacewa da sanya ɗaliban su fiye da ƙananan makarantun masu zaman kansu.<ref name="CollegeBoard">{{Cite web |title=Counselor's Connection - Apply to College: Class Rank and College Admissions |url=http://www.collegeboard.com/prof/counselors/apply/14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710223029/http://www.collegeboard.com/prof/counselors/apply/14.html |archive-date=July 10, 2007 |access-date=July 5, 2007 |publisher=The [[College Board]]}}</ref> Saboda jami'an shigarwa da yawa sun yi takaici cewa aikace-aikace da yawa ba su da matsayi, wasu kwalejoji suna amfani da wasu bayanan da makarantun sakandare suka bayar, a hade tare da GPA na dalibi don kimanta matsayin ɗalibin dalibi. Yawancin kwalejoji [kalmomin weasel] suna cewa rashin matsayi na aji ya tilasta musu su sanya ƙarin nauyi a kan daidaitattun gwajin.  == Amfani a cikin shigar kwaleji == Kolejoji galibi suna amfani da matsayi na aji a matsayin wani abu a cikin shigar da kwaleji, kodayake saboda bambance-bambance a cikin ka'idojin grading tsakanin makarantu, jami'an shigarwa sun fara haɗa ƙaramin nauyi ga wannan factor, duka don ba da shigarwa, da kuma bayar da tallafin karatu. Matsayin aji yana iya amfani da shi a manyan makarantu waɗanda suka fi dacewa a cikin shirye-shiryen shigar su.<ref name="CollegeBoard" /> === Shirye-shiryen kashi ɗaya === Wasu [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohin Amurka]] suna ba da tabbacin cewa ɗaliban da suka kai matsayi mai girma a makarantar sakandare za a shigar da su jami'ar jiha, a cikin wani aiki da aka sani da ''tsare-tsaren kashi'' . Ɗaliban [[California]] waɗanda ke cikin manyan kashi tara cikin ɗari na ajin karatunsu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=California residents &#124; UC Admissions |url=http://admission.universityofcalifornia.edu/freshman/california-residents/index.html}}</ref> da ɗaliban [[Florida]] waɗanda ke cikin manyan kashi ashirin cikin ɗari na ajin karatunsu suna da tabbacin shiga wata makarantar jiha, amma ba lallai bane wata cibiyar musamman. Tsarin Jami'ar Alaska yana ba da tallafin karatu na dala $11,000 na tsawon shekaru huɗu ga ɗaliban da ke cikin manyan kashi 10% na azuzuwan karatunsu a makarantun sakandare na Alaska. Kashi goma cikin ɗari na ɗaliban makarantun sakandare [[Texas|na Texas]] suna da tabbacin shiga makarantar gwamnati  da suka zaɓa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=David M. |date=April 1, 2007 |title=Class Rank, GPA, and Valedictorians: How High Schools Rank Students |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-secondary-education_spring-2007_35_2/page/36 |journal=American Secondary Education <!-- note that this is not actually a journal. But this citation template provides more parameters that are useful than {{citation}} does. --> |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=36–48 |issn=0003-1003 <!-- Note: This is what Ebsco Host defines as the ISSN, but the link goes to a slightly different article -->}}</ref> ban da Jami'ar Texas, wacce ke ware kashi 75% na kujerun ɗaliban aji na farko ga manyan membobin 6%. == Duba kuma == * Matsayin da aka yi bisa matsayi a Amurka * Girmamawar Latin * Mai gaisuwa * Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/14/education/desperately-seeking-diversity-the-10-percent-solution.html?emc=rss&partner=rssnyt Neman Bambancin Ra'ayi; Mafita Kashi 10] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130408094432/http://www.thestudentranking.com/ Tsarin matsayi na ɗalibai na duniya da jami'a (www.thestudentranking.com)] 7hloq0lc836ta4cs6anp8g3l9gt5frm Bayani mai gyara 0 177382 967281 965252 2026-10-13T19:52:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ra'ayin gyara''' aiki ne da ake yawan amfani da shi a fannin koyo da cimma nasara . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Huma |first=Sarwat |last2=Ullah |first2=Himayat |last3=Sarfraz |first3=Junaid |date=2024-10-22 |title=Strategies to develop an efficient feedback system in medical education and its outcome – An interventional study |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159x.2024.2418586 |journal=Medical Teacher |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/0142159x.2024.2418586 |issn=0142-159X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawanci yana ƙunshe da ɗalibi yana karɓar ra'ayoyi na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun game da fahimtarsa ko aikinsa akan ayyuka daban-daban daga wakili kamar [[malami]], koci, ma'aikaci ko takwarorinsa. <ref name="Hattie Timperley 2007 pp. 81–112">{{Cite journal |last=Hattie |first=John |last2=Timperley |first2=Helen |author-link2=Helen Timperley |year=2007 |title=The Power of Feedback |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-educational-research_2007-03_77_1/page/81 |journal=Review of Educational Research |publisher=American Educational Research Association (AERA) |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=81–112 |doi=10.3102/003465430298487 |issn=0034-6543 |s2cid=82532100 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Domin a samu nasarar isar da ra'ayoyin gyara, dole ne a yi shi ba tare da kimantawa ba, goyon baya, a kan lokaci, kuma a taƙaice. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="Shute 2008 pp. 153–189">{{Cite journal |last=Shute |first=Valerie J. |year=2008 |title=Focus on Formative Feedback |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-educational-research_2008-03_78_1/page/153 |journal=Review of Educational Research |publisher=American Educational Research Association (AERA) |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=153–189 |doi=10.3102/0034654307313795 |issn=0034-6543 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Misalan martanin gyara == Akwai nau'ikan martanin gyara iri-iri, kowannensu yana da nasa amfani da ya dace. Gyaran martani yana farawa ne tun daga ƙuruciya da uwa, inda iyaye ko masu kula da yara ke yin gyare-gyare masu sauƙi na kurakuran magana na ƙaramin yaro. Irin wannan ra'ayi, wanda aka sani da sake maimaitawa, sau da yawa yakan sa yaron ya maimaita furucinsa daidai (ko kuma tare da ƙananan kurakurai) don kwaikwayon samfurin iyaye. A matakin [[Makarantar sakandare|makarantar yara]] ko [[Makarantar jariri|makarantar yara]], amsawar gyara yawanci ba ta da tsari kuma ba ta da tushe. Irin wannan ra'ayi ya zama ruwan dare a manyan maki, amma, yayin da ɗalibai ke ci gaba da samun maki, al'ada ce ga malamansu su ba da gyare-gyare a rubuce akan samfuran aikinsu ko kuma a kan takardu daban-daban na ra'ayoyin. Ana iya bayar da ra'ayoyin da aka rubuta da baki a cikin jimloli (watau, ra'ayoyin da aka bayar game da labarin) waɗanda ke bayyana fa'idodi da raunin aikin, wanda a wannan yanayin, aikin da aka saba yi ya ƙunshi malami ya nuna ƙarfi uku da kuma "mataki na gaba" don ci gaba a nan gaba. Musamman ra'ayoyin da aka rubuta na iya ƙunsar wani adadin "alama" akan aikin ɗalibi, tare da kurakurai da aka ja layi a ƙasa ko aka zagaye su kuma aka saka ko aka lura da gyare-gyare a gefen . Ana iya rubuta ra'ayoyin a matsayin maki, kamar kashi, maki na harafi, ko matakin nasara da aka ayyana ta takamaiman ma'ana. Ana iya samun maki bisa ga ra'ayin malamin game da aikin, amma kimantawa bisa ga ƙa'idodi bayyanannu yana ƙara zama ruwan dare. Misalin irin wannan kimantawa ta cikakke shine rubric . Tsarin rubutu na yau da kullun shine ginshiƙi a cikin nau'in grid wanda ke lissafa ma'auni da yawa, alamun aiki, da matakan nasara. Misali, wani tsari na aikin rubuta muƙala zai iya haɗawa da "nahawu" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sharuɗɗansa; alamar aiki don matakin cimma nasara na "B" a cikin nahawu na iya zama, "Muƙalar ta ƙunshi ƙananan kurakuran nahawu da yawa" yayin da alamar aiki don matakin cimma nasara na "A" a cikin nahawu na iya zama, "Muƙalar ba ta ƙunshi kurakuran nahawu ba." Irin waɗannan rukunonin suna ba wa ɗalibai damar ganin ƙarfi da rauninsu idan aka kwatanta da sharuɗɗa daban-daban. Wannan ya bambanta da zagi, wanda ke gaya wa wani cewa bai isa ba ba tare da bayyana dalili ba, kuma ba misalai ne na gyara ra'ayi ba. == Adadin martanin gyara == A cikin manyan maki, gyare-gyare na iya zama da yawa ko kuma sun fi rikitarwa, kodayake yawan gyare-gyaren ya bambanta daga malami zuwa malami. Irin waɗannan gyare-gyare na iya zama bazuwar don ƙoƙarin isar da saƙo ga ɗalibi game da kurakuran da aka yi. A madadin haka, ana iya mayar da hankali kan gyare-gyare kan jerin nau'ikan kurakurai da aka zaɓa. Misali, malamai wani lokacin suna mai da hankali kan gyara kurakurai na asali da farko da fatan taimaka wa ɗalibai su shawo kansu cikin gaggawa domin magance kurakurai masu rikitarwa a cikin ayyukan da za a yi a gaba. Malamai za su iya gyara ɗaya, da dama, ko ma duk misalan wani kuskure na musamman. Akwai wasu muhawara game da adadin jimillar gyare-gyaren da malamai ya kamata su yi kan wani aiki. Malaman da ke yin gyare-gyare masu yawa suna ba da "gaskiya" fahimtar yadda ɗalibai ke buƙatar gyara, amma irin wannan ra'ayi na iya zama abin mamaki. Idan ɗalibai suka ɗauki irin wannan ra'ayin a zuciya, za su iya ganin aikinsu a matsayin gazawa, wanda hakan zai ɓata musu suna da kuma kwarin gwiwarsu. Ɗalibai za su iya yin watsi da irin wannan ra'ayin kuma su yi watsi da shi a matsayin suka mai yawa, ko kuma su ji tsoron cewa malamin yana nuna son kai a kansu. Sabanin haka, malaman da ke yin gyare-gyare kaɗan na iya ba wa ɗalibansu damar mai da hankali kan ingantawa a ɗaya ko wasu muhimman fannoni, amma rashin wasu gyare-gyare masu amfani na iya zama illa ga ci gaban ɗalibansu a nan gaba. Musamman ma, ɗaliban da suka yi wasu kurakurai za a iya sa su fahimci cewa ba sa yin kurakurai kwata-kwata, ko kuma cewa waɗannan kurakuran ba su da mahimmanci don su cancanci ƙoƙarin da ake buƙata don sake koyan ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da su da kuma guje wa irin waɗannan kurakuran a nan gaba. == Ra'ayi a matsayin kayan aikin gudanarwa == A duniyar kasuwanci, ana iya amfani da ra'ayoyin jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki [[Motivation|na ƙarfafa gwiwa]] da kuma na koyarwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Powerful Ways to Coach a Happier Team |url=https://coachcircle.life/2021/05/05/3-powerful-ways-to-coach-a-happier-team/ |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=CoachCircle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513142935/https://coachcircle.life/2021/05/05/3-powerful-ways-to-coach-a-happier-team/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mafi kyawun hanyar yin feedback a wurin aiki shine * Takamaimai kuma a kan lokaci, mafi kyau ta amfani da misali na baya-bayan nan, ko kuma a bayar nan take. * Manufofi gwargwadon iyawa (misali "ga abin da ya faru, kuma wannan shine fahimtar da na samu"), maimakon bayani mara ma'ana ko na fassara. * Ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da abubuwan da ma'aikaci ya yi waɗanda suka ƙara daraja ko kuma suka burge manajan. == Ra'ayoyin da aka mayar da hankali kan fasaha == Tsarin amsawa kuma na iya bayar da martanin gyara. Ba kamar malamai ko takwarorinsu ba, waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar kwanaki ko makonni kafin su ba da ra'ayi kan wani aiki, ra'ayi ta hanyar fasaha na iya bayar da ra'ayi kan lokaci, wanda galibi ana ambatonsa a matsayin babban abin da ke sa ɗalibai su karɓi ra'ayinsu mai kyau. <ref name="Shute 2008 pp. 153–189" /> Bugu da ƙari, tsarin software ba shi da wata matsala da zarge-zargen son kai na mutum. Saboda kyawun ƙwarewar sarrafa bayanai, tsarin software yana bin diddigin nau'ikan kurakuran da aka yi, yana sanya su cikin jerin gwano bisa ga yawan da ake samu, sannan kuma yana tura ɗalibai su mai da hankali kan waɗannan kurakuran da aka riga aka ayyana a matsayin waɗanda suka fi buƙatar kulawa. Dandamali kamar OnTask suna taimaka wa malamai wajen ƙirƙirar saƙonnin ra'ayi na musamman ga ɗalibai. <ref name="Pardo Bartimote-Aufflick Buckingham Shum Dawson pp. 235–249">{{Cite journal |last=Pardo |first=Abelardo |last2=Bartimote-Aufflick |first2=Kathryn |last3=Buckingham Shum |first3=Simon |last4=Dawson |first4=Shane |last5=Gao |first5=Jing |last6=Gašević |first6=Dragan |last7=Leichtweis |first7=Steve |last8=Liu |first8=Danny |last9=Martinez-Maldonaldo |first9=Roberto |last10=Mirriahi |first10=Negin |last11=Moskal |first11=Adon Christian Michael |last12=Schulte |first12=Jurgen |last13=Siemens |first13=George |last14=Vigentini |first14=Lorenzo |date=2018-12-11 |title=OnTask: Delivering Data-Informed, Personalized Learning Support Actions |journal=Journal of Learning Analytics |publisher=Society for Learning Analytics Research |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=235–249 |doi=10.18608/jla.2018.53.15 |issn=1929-7750 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, ra'ayoyin da aka bayar ba sa inganta koyo ta atomatik ga ɗalibai. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda ɗalibai ke fahimtar sa da kuma yadda suke mayar da bayanan da aka ba su zuwa aiki. <ref name="Winstone Nash Parker Rowntree pp. 17–37">{{Cite journal |last=Winstone |first=Naomi E. |last2=Nash |first2=Robert A. |last3=Parker |first3=Michael |last4=Rowntree |first4=James |date=2016-09-08 |title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes |journal=Educational Psychologist |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=17–37 |doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538 |issn=0046-1520 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Iraj Fudge Khan Faulkner pp. 1–16">{{Cite journal |last=Iraj |first=Hamideh |last2=Fudge |first2=Anthea |last3=Khan |first3=Huda |last4=Faulkner |first4=Margaret |last5=Pardo |first5=Abelardo |last6=Kovanović |first6=Vitomir |date=2021-11-05 |title=Narrowing the Feedback Gap: Examining Student Engagement with Personalized and Actionable Feedback Messages |journal=Journal of Learning Analytics |publisher=Society for Learning Analytics Research |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.18608/jla.2021.7184 |issn=1929-7750 |s2cid=243812266 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Madadin hanyoyin amsawar gyara == Ganin yadda ake daidaita tsakanin bayar da martani mai yawa ko kuma ƙarancin amsawa, akwai wasu nau'ikan martani daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya taimaka wa ɗalibai wajen gano kurakurai da kuma guje wa kurakurai. Amma wani lokacin, canjin hali ya isa. Ɗaliban da ba su yarda da ra'ayoyin gyara ba, suna iya buƙatar a shawo kansu cewa yawan ra'ayoyin da suka bayar fiye da yadda suke tsammani zai iya zama da amfani a gare su a nan gaba. A gefe guda kuma, malaman da a da suka ji dole su gyara kurakurai da yawa gwargwadon iyawa domin "taimakawa" ɗalibansu gwargwadon iyawa za su iya yanke shawara cewa ya fi kyau a mai da hankalin ɗalibai kan gyara kurakurai mafi bayyana maimakon yin alama a kan duk kurakurai, wanda hakan zai iya zama abin gajiya ga ɓangarorin biyu. Hakika, fannin koyon harshe na biyu ya kasance yana ganin sauyi daga malamai zuwa ga mayar da hankali kan iya magana da kyau - watau, ikon rubutu da magana a cikin yanayi mai kyau, mai amfani - maimakon yin watsi da al'amuran tsari, kamar haruffa ko alamomin rubutu. Ta hanyar kwatantawa, har ma a fannin lissafi, wanda a al'ada ake ganinsa a matsayin wanda guje wa kurakurai ke da matuƙar muhimmanci, an ƙara mai da hankali kan warware matsaloli masu ƙirƙira da kuma kimanta tunani dangane da fannoni daban-daban na fasaha, kamar maƙunsar bayanai da kalkuleta, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen tabbatar da daidaito. Saboda horo da gogewar da suka samu a wani fanni na musamman, malamai na iya zama tushen da ya fi dacewa wajen bayar da amsa ga gyara, amma, a wasu yanayi, akwai wasu hanyoyin samun amsa ga waɗanda suka fi samun nasara. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, takwarorinsu na iya taimaka wa junansu sosai, musamman a yanayin takwarorinsu masu ƙwarewa wajen taimaka wa takwarorinsu masu buƙata. Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi taka-tsantsan don tabbatar da cewa takwarorinsu ba sa yawan sukar juna. Saboda haka, malamai na iya umurtar ɗalibai da su iyakance adadin martanin da ba su dace ba yayin da suke tabbatar da isasshen adadin martanin da aka bayar. Idan ana maganar tantance ayyukan makaranta ko takardu, yana da muhimmanci a bayar da tsokaci da shawarwari da za su inganta ƙwarewar ɗalibi kuma su ba shi damar girma. Wasu shawarwari don yin tasiri wajen yin hakan sun fito ne daga malamai kuma za a iya taƙaita su kamar haka: * A haɗa da mafi dacewa da sharhi inda ɗalibi zai fi ganin su, kamar a shafi na farko. Dalibai galibi suna mayar da martani da farko ga adadin sharhin da aka yi a kan takardar, suna neman ganin yadda malamin ya "jini" a kan takardunsu. Saboda haka, ba za su iya karanta cikakken sharhin da ke bayyana a ƙarshe ba. * Dole ne malamai su daidaita maganganu masu kyau da marasa kyau, suna tunawa da muhimmancin ra'ayoyi masu kyau. Yana ƙarfafa ɗalibai, yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaba, kuma yana gina kwarin gwiwa. Idan aka gaya wa ɗalibai dalilin da yasa wani abu yake da kyau, za su iya yin ƙarin bayani daga baya. Takardu marasa kyakkyawan ra'ayi suna haifar da mummunan kwarin gwiwa ga ɗalibai. * Abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne yadda aka yi amfani da kalmomin a jumlar. Malamai suna buƙatar su ci gaba da yin amfani da salon da ya dace. Suka mai gina jiki tana da matuƙar amfani, amma sukar da ke lalata ta fi ta sauran. Da zarar wani ya lalata kwarin gwiwarka a matsayin marubuci, kusan ba zai yiwu a rubuta da kyau ba. * Mafita ga "yin tsokaci fiye da kima" ita ce a raba tsokaci na inji da tsokaci mai mahimmanci. Sharhin injina yana ƙarfafa ɗalibi ya ga takardar a matsayin wani abu da aka gyara wanda kawai ke buƙatar gyara. Duk da haka, muhimman bayanai sun nuna cewa ɗalibi yana buƙatar haɓaka ma'anar ta hanyar yin ƙarin bincike. * Lokacin da kake yin tsokaci kan takardun ɗalibai, ka yi tunanin masu sauraro da kuma manufarsu. Aikin malami shine ya isa ga ɗalibai don taimaka musu su koyi da kuma girma. Idan ra'ayoyin ba su cimma wannan burin ba, to babu damuwa tsawon lokaci da ƙoƙari da aka yi a cikin jaridun. * Bayanan da ke gefen takardun suna da ɗan bambanci. Da yake ba a da isasshen sarari a gefen, malamai suna amfani da ƙarin jan layi, coding, da kuma taƙaitawa. Yawancin bayanan gefe suna yiwa matsala alama ba tare da ƙarin bayani ko misali ba. Misali, malami ya rubuta, "Akwai ayyuka masu ƙarfi ga POV ɗinku" akan takardu waɗanda ba sa tunanin cewa POV (don ra'ayi) na iya zama kalmar da ba a saba gani ba. Wannan martanin ba wai kawai yana rikitar da ɗalibai da kuma ɓata musu rai ba, har ma yana taimaka musu su inganta. Hulɗar malamai da ɗalibai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma rubuce-rubucen da ba su da maki suma madadin al'adar yin martani ta hanyar rubutu da aka saba yi. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan ra'ayoyin yawanci suna da tsari, ba na taƙaitawa ba - watau, an yi su ne don taimaka wa ɗalibai su ci gaba, ba kawai don kimanta ko sanya aikinsu a kan wani aiki ba. Suna iya zama gyara sosai a yanayi, amma rashin maki na ƙarshe zai iya rage [[Anxiety|damuwar]] ɗalibai da kuma ƙarfafa ɗaukar haɗari, domin ɗalibai suna ganin kurakuran su a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ake ci gaba da yi. Wani sabon nau'in martanin gyara shine siffofin IF-AT. Fasahar Kimanta Ra'ayoyin Kai Tsaye, wacce aka fi sani da IF-AT, tsarin gwaji ne wanda ke canza jarabawar gargajiya ta zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa zuwa damar koyo mai hulɗa ga ɗalibai da kuma damar kimantawa mai ƙarin bayani ga malamai. IF-AT yana amfani da fom ɗin amsoshi masu zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa tare da siririn fim mai ɓoyewa wanda ke rufe zaɓuɓɓukan amsoshin. Maimakon amfani da fensir don cike da'ira, kowane ɗalibi yana goge amsarsa kamar yana goge tikitin caca. Ɗalibin zai cire murfin murabba'in da ya dace da amsar da ya zaɓa ta farko. Idan amsar daidai ce, tauraro ko wata alama ta bayyana a wani wuri a cikin murabba'in murabba'i yana nuna cewa ya/ta sami amsar da ta dace. Ana ƙarfafa koyo na ɗalibi nan take, ɗalibin ya sami cikakken yabo game da amsar, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa tambaya ta gaba. Idan ba daidai ba ne, ɗalibi dole ne ya sake karanta tambayar da sauran zaɓuɓɓukan amsar sannan ya zaɓi na biyu ko ma na uku har sai an gano amsar da ta dace. Ɗalibin zai sami ɗan maki kaɗan don yunƙurin da yawa kuma ya koyi amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya yayin ɗaukar jarrabawar. Ɗaya daga cikin mabuɗin tsarin IF-AT shine cewa ɗalibai ba sa barin tambaya ba tare da sanin amsar da ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the IF-AT? |url=http://www.epsteineducation.com/home/about/default.aspx |access-date=4 March 2015 |website=Epstein Educational Enterprises |publisher=Epstein Educational Resources}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Nazarin koyo * Koyon ƙarfafawa * Kimanta Aiki == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hi7eq8q2f2nm4f18nwu0mb21ivpzgpg Gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi 0 177383 967289 958914 2026-10-13T20:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''gwaji da aka yi amfani da shi''' shine salon gwaji wanda ke amfani da ƙididdigar gwaji don samar da sanarwa game da halayyar da za a iya sa ran mutum tare da wannan ƙididdiga. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje da jarrabawar da malamai na makaranta suka rubuta za a iya la'akari da gwaje-gaje masu ma'ana. A wannan yanayin, manufar ita ce kawai don ganin ko ɗalibin ya koyi kayan. Za'a iya kwatanta kimantawa da aka yi amfani da shi tare da kimantawa mai mahimmanci da kimantawar ipsative. Gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi shine babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga binciken psychometric a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=D.J. |author-link=David J. Weiss |last2=Davison |first2=M.L. |author-link2=Mark L. Davison |year=1981 |title=Test Theory and Methods |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1981_32/page/n10 |journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]] |volume=32 |page=1 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.003213}}</ref> == Ma'anar ''ma'auni'' == Rashin fahimta na yau da kullun game da kalmar shine ma'anar ''ma'auni''. Mutane da yawa, idan ba mafi yawa ba, gwaje-gwaje masu ma'ana sun haɗa da cutscore, inda mai jarrabawa ya wuce idan ƙimarsu ta wuce cutscore kuma ta kasa idan ba ta yi ba (sau da yawa ana kiranta gwajin gwaninta). ''ma'auni'' ba cutscore ba ne; ma'auni shine yankin batun da aka tsara gwajin don tantancewa. Misali, ma'auni na iya zama "Ya kamata ɗalibai su iya ƙara lambobi guda biyu daidai," kuma ƙididdigar na iya zama cewa ɗalibai ya kamata su amsa akalla 80% na tambayoyin da za su wuce. Fassarar da aka yi amfani da ita game da gwajin gwajin ya gano alaƙar da batun. A cikin yanayin gwajin gwaninta, wannan yana nufin gano ko mai jarrabawa ya "masu sarrafa" wani takamaiman matakin batun ta hanyar kwatanta maki da cutscore. Koyaya, ba duk gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani da su ba suna da ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun, kuma ƙimar na iya komawa ga matsayin mutum a kan batun batun. ACT misali ne na wannan; babu wani cutscore, kawai kimantawa ne na ilimin ɗalibin game da batun matakin makarantar sakandare. Saboda wannan kuskuren da aka saba da shi, wasu hukumomin ilimi sun kira gwaje-gwaje masu ma'auni, yayin da ake kimanta ɗalibai dangane da ka'idojin da suka bayyana abin da suka "dole" sani, kamar yadda jihar ta bayyana. == Kwatanta gwaje-gwaje da aka yi amfani da su, da aka yi niyya da su da kuma gwaje-gaje da aka tsara == {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 70%" |+Samfurin samfurin don tambayar tarihi: Menene ya haifar da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]? ! style="width: 45%" |Amsoshin ɗalibai ! style="width: 25%" |Binciken da aka yi amfani da shi !Binciken da aka yi amfani da shi |- |''Ɗalibi #1:''#1: Yaƙin Duniya na II ya haifar da Hitler da Jamus da suka mamaye Poland.<br /> |Wannan amsar daidai ce. |Wannan amsar ta fi amsar Ɗalibi # 2, amma ta fi amfanin Ɗalibi 3. |- |''Ɗalibi #2:''# 2: Yaƙin Duniya na II ya haifar da dalilai da yawa, gami da Babban Mawuyacin hali da yanayin tattalin arziki gabaɗaya, haɓakar kishin ƙasa, fascism, da fadada mulkin mallaka, da ƙiyayya da ba a warware su ba da ke da alaƙa da Yaƙin Duniya. Yaƙin a Turai ya fara ne tare da mamayar Jamus a Poland.<br /> |Wannan amsar daidai ce. |Wannan amsar ta fi amsoshin Ɗalibi # 1 da Ɗalibi 3. |- |''Ɗalibi #3:''# 3: Yaƙin Duniya na II ya haifar da kisan Archduke Ferdinand .<br /> |Wannan amsar ba daidai ba ce. |Wannan amsar ta fi amsoshin Ɗalibi # 1 da Ɗalibi 2. |} Dukkanin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su da kuma waɗanda aka yi amfani le su ne Robert Glaser ne ya kirkiro su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glaser |first=R. |year=1963 |title=Instructional technology and the measurement of learning outcomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1963-08_18_8/page/519 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=519–522 |doi=10.1037/h0049294}}</ref> Ba kamar gwajin ma'auni ba, gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi yana nuna ko mai gwajin ya yi kyau ko mafi muni fiye da sauran mutanen da suka yi gwajin. Misali, idan ma'auni shine "Ya kamata dalibai su iya ƙara lambobi guda biyu daidai," to tambayoyin gwaji masu ma'ana na iya zama kamar " 2 + 3 = ? {\displaystyle 2+3=?} " ko " 9 + 5 = ? {\displaystyle 9+5=?} "Jarabawar da aka yi amfani da ita za ta ba da rahoton aikin ɗalibin sosai bisa ga ko ɗayan ɗalibin ya amsa waɗannan tambayoyin daidai. Gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi zai ba da rahoton da farko ko wannan ɗalibin ya amsa ƙarin tambayoyi daidai idan aka kwatanta da sauran ɗalibai a cikin rukuni. Ko da lokacin da ake gwada irin waɗannan batutuwa, gwajin da aka tsara don tantancewa daidai na iya amfani da tambayoyi daban-daban fiye da wanda aka yi niyyar nuna matsayi na dangi. Wannan shi ne saboda wasu tambayoyin sun fi kyau wajen nuna ainihin nasarorin dalibai, kuma wasu tambayoyin gwaji sun fi kyau a rarrabe tsakanin ɗalibai mafi kyau da ɗalibai mafi muni. (Tambayoyi da yawa za su yi duka biyun.) Gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi zai yi amfani da tambayoyin da daliban da suka san takamaiman kayan suka amsa daidai. Gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi zai yi amfani da tambayoyin da dalibai "mafi kyau" suka amsa daidai kuma dalibai "mugun" ba su amsa daidai ba (misali takardar 'S' ta Jami'ar Cambridge). Wasu gwaje-gwaje na iya samar da bayanai masu amfani game da nasarorin da aka samu da kuma matsayi na dangi. ACT tana ba da matsayi, da kuma nuna wane matakin da ake la'akari da shi don samun nasara a kwaleji. Wasu suna jayayya cewa kalmar nan "bincike mai ma'ana" ba daidai ba ne, tunda yana iya komawa ga ''fassarar'' ƙimar da kuma gwajin da kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haertel |first=E. |year=1985 |title=Construct validity and criterion-referenced testing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-educational-research_spring-1985_55_1/page/23 |journal=Review of Educational Research |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=23–46 |doi=10.3102/00346543055001023 |s2cid=145124784}}</ref> A cikin misalin da ya gabata, ana iya fassara wannan ƙuri'a a kan ACT a cikin hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ko hanyar da aka tsara. Gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi a yankin yana kama da gwajin da aka yi niyya, kimantawa ne wanda ke rufe takamaiman yanki na binciken ta yadda maki zai nuna yawan wannan yanki ya mallaki. Don haka, idan mutum ya sami kashi 90% na abubuwan daidai a cikin gwajin da aka ambata ko kuma gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi, wannan zai zama babban maki wanda ke nuna zurfin iliminsa da fahimtar abubuwan da aka rufe a cikin gwajin. Wadannan nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje sun bambanta da gwaje- gwaje-gaje na al'ada, wanda maki ke nuna yadda mai jarrabawa ya yi a kan abubuwan da suka danganci wasu da suka dauki gwajin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denham |first=Carolyn H. |date=1975 |title=Criterion-Referenced, Domain-Referenced and Norm-Referenced Measurement: A Parallax View |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44418878 |journal=Educational Technology |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=9–13 |issn=0013-1962 |jstor=44418878}}</ref> == Dangantaka da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa == Yawancin gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci sune gwaje-gaje masu mahimmanci, inda sakamakon gwajin ke da muhimmiyar tasiri ga kowane mai jarrabawa. Misalan wannan sun haɗa da jarrabawar kammala karatun sakandare da gwajin lasisi inda dole ne a wuce gwajin don aiki a cikin sana'a, kamar zama matukin jirgi ko lauya. Koyaya, kasancewa babban gwaji ba alama ce ta gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi ba. A maimakon haka fasalin yadda hukumar ilimi ko gwamnati ta zaɓa don amfani da sakamakon gwajin. Bugu da ƙari, wani nau'in gwaji ne na mutum. == Misalan == * Gwaje-gwaje na tuki gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani da su ne, saboda burinsu shine ganin ko mai karɓar gwajin ya isa ya ba shi lasisin direba, ba don ganin ko mai yin gwajin ya fi ƙwarewa fiye da wani mai karɓar gwaji ba. * Gwaje-gwaje na ɗan ƙasa yawanci gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani da su, saboda burinsu shine ganin ko mai jarrabawar ya saba da tarihin sabuwar ƙasar da gwamnati, ba don ganin ko mai yin gwajin ya fi masaniya fiye da wani mai jarrabawa ba. == Dubi kuma == * Abubuwan da aka tsara * Halin da ya dace * Binciken ilimi * Binciken Ipsative * Binciken da aka yi amfani da shi * Psychometrics * Gwajin da aka daidaita == Manazarta == rf68huvz8zibnw68t0reqpp50sj4bnw Halin Bicameral 0 177389 967304 959022 2026-10-13T21:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Halin tunani na Bicameral wani ra'ayi ne na ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda masanin halayyar ɗan adam na Amurka Julian Jaynes ya gabatar. Yana nuna cewa [[Ɗan Adam|Mutane na zamani]] na farko sun sami tunani da motsin rai ba kamar yadda suka samo asali a cikin kansu ba amma a matsayin umarni daga "alloli" na waje. Dangane da ka'idar, [[Hankali|tunani]] ɗan adam ya taɓa aiki tare da rarrabuwa inda wani ɓangare ya samar da umarnin magana yayin da wani ɓangare na biyu ya yi biyayya, ya samar da "tunani na bicameral". An ba da shawarar rushewar wannan tsarin tunani ya haifar da ci gaban sani kai a cikin mutane. Jaynes ne ya kirkiro wannan kalmar, wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa na 1976 The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, [1] inda ya yi la'akari da cewa tunanin bicameral shine "yanayi na al'ada da kuma ko'ina" na tunanin ɗan adam tun kwanan nan kamar shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata, a ƙarshen Bronze Age. == ''Asalin Sanin a cikin Rushewar Zuciya ta Bi-Cameral'' == Jaynes yana amfani da "bicameral" (ɗakuna biyu) don bayyana yanayin tunani wanda abubuwan da suka faru da kuma tunanin ɓangaren dama na kwakwalwa ke watsawa zuwa ɓangaren hagu ta hanyar hallucinations na ji. Misali ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin lateralization na aikin kwakwalwa, kodayake kowane rabin kwakwalwar mutum na yau da kullun yana sadarwa tare da ɗayan ta hanyar ''corpus callosum''.[2]Ba a nufin kwatancin cewa rabi biyu na kwakwalwar bicameral an "ƙare" daga juna amma cewa an sami tunanin bicameral a matsayin daban, tsarin tunani mara hankali inda aka yi amfani da son rai a fuskar sabon motsa jiki ta hanyar tsarin kula da harshe kuma an sami kwarewa a matsayin mafarki na magana. === Ma'anar === Halin tunani na Bicameral ba shi da masaniya game da rashin iya yin tunani da kuma bayyana game da abubuwan da ke cikin tunani ta hanyar meta-tunani, yana amsawa ba tare da fahimtar a bayyane ba kuma ba tare da ikon meta-tunaki ba don ba da labarin dalilin ''me ya sa'' mutum ya yi haka. Tunanin bicameral don haka ba shi da Metaconsciousness, ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin kansa, da kuma ikon gudanarwa "aiki na kai" kamar yin tunani da gangan da kuma tunani mai hankali game da abubuwan tunani. Lokacin da tunanin bicameral a matsayin hanyar Kula da zamantakewa ba ta daidaitawa a cikin [[wayewa]] mai rikitarwa ba, an maye gurbin wannan samfurin tunani da yanayin tunani mai hankali, wanda, Jaynes ya yi jayayya, ya samo asali ne daga samun Harshe na kwatanci wanda aka koya ta hanyar fallasa aikin Labari. A cewar Jaynes, mutanen da suka gabata a cikin yanayin tunani na bicameral sun fuskanci duniya a hanyar da ke da wasu kamanceceniya da na [[Hauka|mutumin da ke fama da schizophrenia]].[5]Maimakon yin kimantawa mai hankali a cikin labari ko yanayi ba zato ba tsammani, mutumin ya yi mafarki da murya ko "allah" yana ba da shawara ko umarni kuma ya yi biyayya ba tare da tambaya ba: mutum bai san yadda mutum yake tunanin kansa ba. An ba da ra'ayin Jaynes a matsayin yiwuwar bayani game da "hargitsi na umarni" wanda sau da yawa ke jagorantar halayyar waɗanda ke da alamun farko na schizophrenia, da sauran Masu sauraron murya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erkwoh |first=R. |year=2002 |title=Command Hallucinations: Who Obeys and Who Resists When? |journal=Psychopathology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=272–279 |doi=10.1159/000067065 |pmid=12457018 |s2cid=6768239}}</ref> === Tasiri === ==== Game da ilimin halayyar Homer ==== Eric Robertson Dodds ya rubuta game da yadda tunanin Girka na dā bazai haɗa da hankali ba kamar yadda al'adun zamani suka bayyana. A zahiri, Helenawa na iya sanin cewa mutum yana yin abubuwa, amma dalilin da ya sa suka yi abubuwa an danganta shi da abubuwan da ke waje na allahntaka, kamar alloli ko aljanu.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Eric Robertson Dodds}}</ref> Bruno Snell a cikin 1953 ya yi tunanin cewa a cikin Ilimin halayyar Helenanci na Homer babu ma'anar kai a cikin ma'anar zamani.[8]Snell ya bayyana yadda al'adun Girka suka "yi" "halayyar" zamani.[9]A. W. H. Adkins, wanda ke gina a kan aikin Snell, ya rubuta game da yadda wayewar Girka ta dā ta haɓaka ilimin halayyar kai a matsayin daidaitawa ga rayuwa a cikin birane-jihohi, kafin abin da ke rayuwa a cikin Homeric oikos ba su buƙatar irin wannan tsarin tunani ba. ==== Game da tsarin jijiyoyin jiki ==== Misali na neurological a cikin The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind wani ra'ayi ne na neuroscientific wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin bincike a lokacin, galibi akan gwaje-gwajen Michael Gazzaniga na raba kwakwalwa <ref name="HowStuffWorks">{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Robert |date=February 1, 2021 |title=Did the Bicameral Mind Evolve to Create Modern Human Consciousness? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/evolution/bicameralism.htm |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en}}</ref> da ka'idar mai fassara na hagu. [11][13][14]Babban ra'ayi na "rarraba kai" (wanda ya bambanta da "kai ɗaya") ya sami goyon baya daga nazarin ilimin halayyar mutum da na jijiyoyi.[15] === Shaidar Jaynes === Jaynes ya gina shari'a don wannan ra'ayi cewa kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta kasance a cikin yanayin bicameral har zuwa kwanan nan kamar shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar ambaton shaidu daga tushe daban-daban, gami da wallafe-wallafen tarihi. Ya ɗauki hanyar haɗuwa, yana jawo bayanai daga fannoni daban-daban.[16]Da yake ambaton Dodds, Snell, da Adkins, Jaynes ya ba da shawarar cewa har sai kusan lokutan da aka rubuta a cikin ''Iliad'' na [[Homer]], mutane gabaɗaya ba su da halin sani kansu na sani kamar yadda yawancin mutane ke fuskanta a yau.[17] Maimakon haka, mutum mai kamara biyu yana jagorantar umarnin tunani wanda aka yi imanin cewa "alloli" na waje ne suka bayar - umarnin da aka rubuta a cikin tsoffin [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]], tatsuniyoyi da tarihin tarihi. Wannan ya zama misali ba kawai a cikin umarnin da aka ba wa haruffa a cikin tsoffin waƙoƙi ba har ma da muses na tarihin Girka waɗanda suka "raira" waƙoƙin. A cewar Jaynes, tsoffin mutane a zahiri sun ji muses a matsayin tushen kai tsaye na [[kiɗa]] da shayari. Jaynes ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin ''Iliad'' da sassan [[Tsohon Alkawari]], ba a ambaci kowane irin tsarin fahimta kamar introspection ba, kuma babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa marubutan sun san kansu. Jaynes ya ba da shawarar cewa tsofaffin sassan Tsohon Alkawari (kamar Littafin Amos) suna da kaɗan ko babu wani fasalulluka na wasu littattafan Tsohon Alqawari (kamara Mai-Wa'azi) da kuma ayyukan baya kamar ''Odyssey'' na Homer, wanda ke nuna Malaman wani nau'i daban-daban na tunani - farkon nau'in sani.[16] A zamanin d ̄ a, Jaynes ya lura, alloli gabaɗaya sun fi yawa kuma sun fi yawan ɗan adam fiye da zamanin yau, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa wannan saboda kowane mutum mai kamara biyu yana da "allah" nasa wanda ke nuna sha'awarsu da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stove |first=D. C. |date=April 1989 |title=The Oracles & Their Cessation |url=https://archive.org/details/encounter-uk_1989-04_72_4/page/30 |journal=Encounter |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=30–38 |issn=0013-7073}}</ref> Ya kuma lura cewa, a cikin al'ummomin d ̄ a, ana bi da gawawwakin matattu kamar har yanzu suna da rai (suna zaune, suna da tufafi, har ma da ciyarwa) a matsayin nau'in Bautar kakanni, kuma Jaynes ya yi jayayya cewa ana zaton gawawwakinsu suna da rai kuma tushen mafarki na ji.[16]Wannan daidaitawa ga al'ummomin ƙauyen mutane 100 ko fiye sun zama ainihin addini.&nbsp; Da yake ambaton Gazzaniga, Jaynes ya yi la'akari da cewa waɗannan "muryoyi" sun fito ne daga takwarorinsu na kwakwalwa ta dama na cibiyoyin harshe na hagu, musamman, takwarorinsa na Yankin Wernicke da Yankin Broca. Jaynes ya lura cewa wasu binciken sun nuna cewa hallucinations na ji ya dace da karuwar aiki a waɗannan yankunan kwakwalwa.[16] Jaynes ya lura cewa har ma a lokacin bugawa babu wata yarjejeniya game da dalilin ko asalin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]]. Jaynes ya yi jayayya cewa schizophrenia alama ce ta yanayin bil'adama na baya.[16]Shaidar kwanan nan ta nuna cewa mutane da yawa da ke fama da schizophrenia ba kawai suna jin muryoyin bazuwar ba amma suna fuskantar "hargitsi" suna ba da umarni ga halayensu ko kuma suna ƙarfafa su yi wasu ayyuka, kamar tafiya cikin teku, wanda mai sauraro yana jin ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su bi. Jaynes ya kuma yi jayayya cewa mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia suna jin asarar ainihi saboda muryoyin hallucinated da ke maye gurbin maganganunsu na ciki.[19] A matsayin goyon baya ga gardamar Jaynes, waɗannan umarnin hallucinations ba su da bambanci da umarnin daga alloli waɗanda ke nunawa a cikin labarun dā.[16]Ana iya samun shaidar da ba ta kai tsaye da ke tallafawa ka'idar Jaynes cewa hallucinations sau ɗaya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tunanin ɗan adam a cikin littafin 2007 Muses, Madmen, and Prophets: Rethinking the History, Science, and Meaning of Auditory Hallucination by Daniel Smith.[20] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ieh1a65ya4sthsdxf72cln5lr9xhp0g Nazarin Tsarin Barkewar Annoba 0 177391 967394 959038 2026-10-13T23:01:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America''' littafi ne na Robert Whitaker wanda aka buga a cikin 2010 ta Crown. Whitaker ya tambayi dalilin da ya sa yawan Amurkawa da ke karɓar nakasa ta gwamnati saboda rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa kusan ninka tun daga shekara ta 1987. A cikin littafin, Whitaker yayi ƙoƙari ya amsa wannan tambayar kuma yayi nazarin sakamakon dogon lokaci ga marasa lafiya a Amurka. == Bayani game da shi == === Magic bullets === [[File:SSDI-SSI-1987-2003.png|alt=Chart showing increase (in red) over baseline (in blue) between 1987 and 2003|right|thumb|Adadin Amurkawa da suka karɓi SSDI da SSI don nakasa ta hankali a cikin 1987 (blue) lokacin da Eli Lilly da Kamfanin suka gabatar da maganin antidepressant Prozac, idan aka kwatanta da 2003 (ja) ]] Whitaker ya fara ne ta hanyar sake nazarin binciken maganin rigakafi, benzodiazepines da antidepressants. An gano waɗannan a matsayin sakamako masu illa yayin bincike don antihistamines (musamman promethazine), maganin rigakafi mara kyau (musamman mephenesin) da magungunan rigakafin tarin fuka isoniazid da iproniazid bi da bi. Ba a san hanyoyin aikin waɗannan magungunan ba a lokacin kuma an fara kiran waɗannan manyan masu ba da izini (yanzu maganin rigakafi na yau da kullun) saboda shigar da su na "mai saurin jin daɗi"; ƙananan masu ba da hankali (yanzu benzodiazepines) da masu ba da kuzari (yanzu antidepressants) saboda marasa lafiya "da ke rawa a cikin unguwanni".Wadannan mahadi an haɓaka su ne a lokacin ci gaba ga masana'antar magunguna wanda aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar Kwaskwarimar Durham-Humphrey ta 1951, wanda ke ba likitoci haƙƙin ba da umarni don haka daidaita bukatun likitoci da kamfanonin magunguna. Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan ci gaban masana'antar na "harsasai na sihiri" waɗanda ke kula da mutane tare da, alal misali, [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], wanda a cewar Whitaker ya ba da kwatanci don sayar da ra'ayin waɗannan magunguna ga jama'a. Ba har sai shekaru da yawa bayan haka ba, bayan an ƙaddara hanyoyin waɗannan magungunan, cewa an haɓaka ra'ayin serotonergic na baƙin ciki da ra'ayin dopaminergic na schizophrenia don su fada daidai da hanyoyin maganin. Dangane da nazarin Whitaker na wallafe-wallafen farko, ƙananan matakan serotonin da matakan dopamine mafi girma "sun tabbatar da gaskiya ne a cikin marasa lafiya WITH kafin fallasawa ga antidepressants ko antipsychotics (watau a matsayin hanyoyin homeostatic) amma BA a cikin marasa lafiyar ba tare da fallasawa ba. " Whitaker ya ci gaba da sukar ka'idar harsashi ta hanyar kai farmaki ga ra'ayin tarihi cewa "ƙirƙirar Thorazine mai maganin ƙwaƙwalwa" ya kwashe mafaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitaker, Robert |date=Spring 2005 |title=Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America |url=http://www.cchr.org/sites/default/files/Anatomy_of_an_Epidemic_Psychiatric_Drugs_Rise_of_Mental_Illness.pdf |journal=Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry |publisher=Springer |volume=7 |issue=I |page=1 |access-date=October 11, 2010}}</ref> Shari'arsa ta fara ne ta hanyar nuna cewa a ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s ~75% na shari'o'in da aka shigar da su don fasalin farko na schizophrenia ya warke ga al'umma da kimanin shekaru 3 (Ba a saki Thorazine ba har zuwa 1955). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=N. Lehrman |year=1961 |title=Follow-up of brief and prolonged psychiatric hospitalization |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=227–40 |doi=10.1016/s0010-440x(61)80015-1 |pmid=14463804}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya lura cewa isowar Thorazine bai inganta yawan fitarwa a cikin shekarun 1950 ga mutanen da aka gano da schizophrenia ba. A zahiri, bisa ga binciken farko na schizophrenia na wannan zamanin, kashi 88% na waɗanda ba a kula da su ba an sallame su cikin watanni goma sha takwas idan aka kwatanta da kashi 74% na Neuroleptic da aka kula da su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L. Epstein |year=1962 |title=An approach to the effect of ataraxic drugs on hospital release rates |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1962-07_119_1/page/36 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=119 |pages=36–47 |doi=10.1176/ajp.119.1.36 |pmid=13890431}}</ref> Wannan ya kuma tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa lokacin da aka gabatar da Thorazine a 1955 akwai marasa lafiya na schizophrenia dubu 267 a asibitocin mahaukaci na jihar da na gundumar, kuma shekaru takwas bayan haka, akwai dubu 253, don haka yana nuna cewa zuwan neuroleptics ya rage yawan marasa lafiya da ke asibiti. Abin da ya yi jayayya da gaske ya share mafaka shine farkon Medicare da Medicaid a shekarar 1965. Wadannan shirye-shiryen sun ba da tallafin tarayya don kula da gida amma babu irin wannan tallafin don kulawa a asibitocin mahaukaci na jihar, don haka jihohi, suna neman adana kuɗi, sun fara aika marasa lafiya zuwa gidajen tsofaffi. === Magunguna na kwakwalwa === Whitaker ya yarda cewa magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa a wasu lokuta suna aiki amma ya yi imanin cewa dole ne a yi amfani da su a cikin "zaɓin, mai hankali. Ya kamata a fahimci cewa ba sa gyara duk wani rashin daidaituwa na sinadarai. Kuma a gaskiya, ya kamata a yi amfani dashi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. " Whitaker ya gano tasirin abin da ya yi kama da annobar iatrogenic: magungunan da marasa lafiya ke karɓa na iya lalata aikin kwakwalwar su na yau da kullun. [[File:Dopamine_function_before_and_after_antipsychotics.jpg|thumb|Hoton alama na aikin dopamine na kwakwalwa kafin da kuma bayan maganin ƙwaƙwalwa]] Whitaker ya ba da shawarar cewa "magungunan ban mamaki" haskakawa a kusa da ƙarni na biyu na psychotropics ya ɓace tun da daɗewa. Yana kallon "hyping" na antipsychotics na sama da ake siyarwa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi kunya a tarihin ilimin halayyar mutum, yayin da binciken gwamnati daya bayan wani ya kasa gano cewa sun fi kyau fiye da anti-psychotics. " Whitaker ya yi magana mai daɗi game da Open Dialogue, wata ƙungiyar kulawa da farfesa Jaakko Seikkula ya rubuta a Asibitin Keropudas da ke Tornio a Lapland inda ake ba wa marasa lafiya magunguna kaɗan. A cewar Whitaker, gundumar ta mafi ƙarancin kashe kuɗi ga kowane mutum kan lafiyar kwakwalwa a duk gundumomin kiwon lafiya a Finland . [1] == Manazarta == tdt921ozzh6fehxbrxizqi0efkc74k3 Rukunin Mazauna Jama'a 0 177400 967274 959151 2026-10-13T19:41:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Get_in_Shape_for_Civvy_Street_-_Civil_Resettlement_Units_Art.IWMPST2977.jpg|alt=A stylised man wearing a hat steps through a door to follow a paved path winding upwards across a blue background.|thumb|Hoton da aka kirkira don tallata CRUs a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]]] Cibiyoyin Maidowa na Jama'a ('''CRU''') wani makirci ne da aka kirkira a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ta hanyar likitocin Royal Army Medical Corps don taimakawa ma'aikatan Sojojin Burtaniya waɗanda suka kasance fursunonin yaki (POWs) don komawa rayuwar farar hula, da kuma taimaka wa iyalansu da al'ummominsu don daidaitawa da dawo da su. An kafa raka'a a duk faɗin Burtaniya daga 1945 kuma daga baya an faɗaɗa su don samar da fursunonin yaƙi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (FEPOWs) da waɗanda aka kama a sansanonin Turai. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1947, POWs 19,000 na Turai da FEPOW 4,500 sun halarci ƙungiyar. == Bayani == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] da kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, likitocin tabin hankali da yawa, ciki har da [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud,]] sun ɗauka cewa sojojin da aka kama 'ba su da wata kariya daga cutarwa ta hankali' saboda suna nesa da yaƙi. <ref name="Paradigm">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Edgar |last2=Wessely |first2=Simon |year=2007 |title=A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-anxiety-disorders_2007_21_2/page/164 |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.009 |pmid=17064877}}</ref> An danganta wannan da imani cewa girgizar harsashi na iya zama hanyar tserewa daga haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=David |year=1991 |title=A war of nerves: Doctors once thought that soldiers suffering from shell shock were simply malingering to escape the battlefield. A century studded with wars has given the medical profession ample opportunity to realise its mistake |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917595-300/ |journal=New Scientist |issue=1759 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], wannan ra'ayi ya fara canzawa. Masana tabin hankali da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kamar Millais Culpin da Adolf Vischer sun yi jayayya cewa wadanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa suna cikin hatsarin kamuwa da cutar kwakwalwa, kuma Vischer ya kirkiri kalmar "cutar waya mai kauri" don bayyana wannan yanayin. <ref name="Paradigm" /> Likitocin tabin hankali sun yi sha'awar duba waɗannan ra'ayoyin, kuma barkewar yaƙi ta ba su damar gudanar da bincike. Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1929 ta canza yadda ake magance fursunonin yaƙi ta hanyar kafa ƙa'idodi don musayar fursunoni wanda ya ba da damar mayar da fursunonin yaƙi zuwa ƙasashensu na asali kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1943, Laftanar Janar Sir Alexander Hood ya shirya wani taron Sojoji a Daraktan Kula da Lafiyar Sojoji don tattauna batun mayar da fursunonin yaki, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa likitocin tabin hankali na Sojojin Burtaniya su binciki irin wahalhalun da fursunonin yaki za su iya fuskanta idan suka koma gida, da kuma yadda za a iya magance wadannan wahalhalun. Kamar yadda yake a yawancin likitocin tabin hankali na sojojin Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wani rukuni ne da ya kira kansa "Kwalejin da ba a iya gani ba" kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Tavistock bayan yaƙin. === Asibitin Sojoji na Northfield === An yi wa fursunonin da suka fuskanci matsaloli mafi tsanani wajen komawa gida magani a asibitocin tabin hankali na sojoji kamar Asibitin Soja na Northfield . Likitan tabin hankali Major Whiles da Alfred Torrie sun lura cewa marasa lafiya galibi suna "jin haushi ga kowa da komai." Likitocin tabin hankali sun ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan ji na iya haifar da tashin hankali bayan yaƙin idan aka fuskanci yawan sojojin da za su dawo. === WOSB lamba 21 === Likitan tabin hankali Manjo Wilfred Bion da kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Laftanar Kanar Eric Trist sun gudanar da aiki a Hukumar Zaɓen Ofishin Yaƙi mai Lamba 21 (WOSB), Otal ɗin Selsdon Court, Surrey inda suka yi ƙoƙarin daidaita hanyoyin zaɓen jami'ai don zaɓar sojojin da za su iya komawa bakin aiki. An yi nufin "sashen karɓar jami'ai" don 'ba su shawara kan sake horar da sojoji da sake ɗaukar ma'aikata, da kuma wasu matsaloli.' Bion ya ba da shawarar cewa sake tsugunar da mutane ya kamata ta yi amfani da 'injinan tabin hankali; amma injinan ba sa buƙatar haifar da haushi ta hanyar ƙarar ƙara' don haka duk wani shiri na kula da fursunonin yaƙi ya kamata ya zama kamar soja fiye da na likita duk da cewa ya kamata ya haɗa da maganin tabin hankali ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Group |first=British Medical Journal Publishing |date=16 June 1945 |title=Return from Stalag |journal=Br Med J |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4406 |pages=844–845 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4406.844 |issn=0007-1447 |pmc=2057612 |pmid=20786129}}</ref> === Gwajin Crookham === A Lamba ta 1 ta RAMC Depot da ke Boyce Barracks a Crookham, likitan tabin hankali Major ATM "Tommy" Wilson ya jagoranci wani shiri na gwaji don gyara lafiyar ma'aikatan lafiya da aka dawo da su gida. Gwajin ya fara ne daga watan Nuwamba na 1943 zuwa Fabrairu na 1944, kuma ya ƙunshi fursunoni 1200 da aka yi wa horo na tsawon makonni huɗu na gyaran hali da kuma gyara hali. Matsalolin da suka shafi ma'aurata sun haɗa da ƙarancin kwarin gwiwa, rashin zuwa aiki, rashin lafiya mai yawa, da kuma matsalar tabin hankali. [1] An buga ƙarshen gwajin a cikin wata takardar sanarwa mai taken Fursunoni na Yaƙi Ya Komo Gida . Wannan takardar ta yi nuni da cewa yawancin fursunonin da aka yi wa fyade ba masu tabin hankali ba ne amma ba su da cikakkiyar lafiya, kuma suna buƙatar tallafi bayan sun koma gida. [2] == Manazarta == fwsr67x2lb831n42fyljfoufuyvjp3r Jean-Martin Charcot 0 177401 967430 962446 2026-10-14T00:50:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Martin Charcot''' ( [ʒɑ̃ maʁtɛ̃ ʃaʁko]; 29 Nuwamba 1825 - 16 Agusta 1893) masanin ilimin jijiyoyin Faransa ne kuma farfesa a fannin cututtukan jikin mutum.<ref name="WhoNamedCharcot">{{Cite web |last=Enerson, Ole Daniel |title=Jean-Martin Charcot |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html |access-date=13 October 2008 |publisher=Who Named It? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504201145/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html |archive-date=4 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ maʁtɛ̃ ʃaʁko|lang}}Ya yi aiki a kan aiki mai ban sha'awa game da hypnosis da [[Halin da ya fi dacewa|hysteria]], musamman tare da mai haƙuri na hysteria Louise Augustine Gleizes .<ref name="Louise">{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |date=14 June 2014 |title=Medical history's mystery woman finds her voice |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/medical-historys-mystery-woman-finds-her-voice-20140609-zs1wc.html |access-date=26 August 2017 |publisher=Smh.com.au}}</ref> An san Charcot a matsayin "wanda ya kafa ilimin jijiyoyin zamani", <ref name="WhoNamedCharcot" /> kuma an haɗa sunansa da akalla sunayen likitanci 15, gami da yanayi daban-daban wasu lokuta ana kiransu cututtukan Charcot. An yi wa Charcot lakabi da "mahaifin ilimin jijiyoyi na Faransa kuma ɗaya daga cikin magabatan ilimin jijiyoyi na duniya". <ref name="Teive">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Teive HA, Chien HF, Munhoz RP, Barbosa ER |date=December 2008 |title=Charcot's contribution to the study of Tourette's syndrome |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=918–21 |doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2008000600035 |pmid=19099145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri sosai ga fannoni masu tasowa na ilimin jijiyoyi da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] ; ilimin halin ɗan adam na zamani yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aikin Charcot da mabiyansa kai tsaye. Shi ne "babban likitan kwakwalwa na ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara na Faransa" kuma an kira shi " [[Napoleon|Napoléon]] na jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ". <ref name="Odyssey">{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=Jean-Martin Charcot |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhchar.html |access-date=13 October 2008 |website=A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Charcot a birnin Paris, kuma ya yi aiki kuma yana koyarwa a sanannen Asibitin Salpêtrière tsawon shekaru 33. Sunansa a matsayin malami ya jawo hankalin ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Turai. <ref name="Odyssey" /> A shekara ta 1882, ya kafa asibitin jijiyoyi a Salpêtrière, wanda shine irinsa na farko a Turai. <ref name="WhoNamedCharcot" /> Charcot wani ɓangare ne na al'adar jijiyoyin Faransa kuma an yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Duchenne de Boulogne, kuma ana girmama shi sosai. <ref name="CharcotDuchenne">{{Cite journal |last=Siegel IM |date=Summer 2000 |title=Charcot and Duchenne: Of mentors, pupils, and colleagues |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_summer-2000_43_4/page/541 |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=541–7 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2000.0055 |pmid=11058990 |s2cid=28580400}}</ref> <ref name="CharcotCharcot">{{Cite journal |last=Haas LF |date=October 2001 |title=Jean Martin Charcot (1825–93) and Jean Baptiste Charcot (1867–1936) |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=71 |issue=4 |page=524 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.71.4.524 |pmc=1763526 |pmid=11561039}}</ref> "Ya auri wata bazawara mai arziki, Madame Durvis, a shekara ta 1864 kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya uku, Jeanne, Jean-Paul da Jean-Baptiste, waɗanda daga baya suka zama likita kuma sanannen mai binciken sararin samaniya." <ref name="ShapedNeurology">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tan SY, Shigaki D |date=May 2007 |title=Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893): pathologist who shaped modern neurology |journal=Singapore Med J |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=383–4 |pmid=17453093}}</ref> An siffanta shi a matsayin [[Mulhidanci|wanda bai yarda da Allah ba]] . == Sana'a == === Ilimin jijiyoyi === [[File:Jean-Martin_Charcot_chronophotography.jpg|left|thumb| Charcot yana amfani da hypnosis don magance hysteria da sauran yanayi na rashin hankali. Duk kayan daga ''Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière'' (Jean Martin Charcot, 1878)]] Babban abin da Charcot ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne ilimin jijiyoyi. Ya ambaci sunan kuma shi ne na farko da ya bayyana [[Sclerosis da yawa|cutar sclerosis mai yawa]] . <ref name="WhoNamedCharcot" /> <ref name="Charcot1">{{Cite journal |last=Charcot JM |year=1868 |title=Histologie de la sclérose en plaques |journal=Gazette des Hopitaux, Paris |language=fr |volume=41 |pages=554–55}}</ref> Da yake taƙaita rahotannin da suka gabata da kuma ƙara nasa abubuwan da ya lura a asibiti da kuma cututtukan da suka shafi jiki, Charcot ya kira cutar ''sclérose en plaques'' . Alamomi uku na cutar sclerosis mai yawa da aka sani da Charcot's triad 1 sune nystagmus, rawar jiki a niyya, da kuma magana ta telegraphic, kodayake waɗannan ba na MS ba ne kawai. Charcot ya kuma lura da canje-canje a fahimta, yana kwatanta marasa lafiyarsa a matsayin "masu rauni a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya" da "masu fahimta waɗanda ke tasowa a hankali". Shi ne kuma farkon wanda ya bayyana wata cuta da aka sani da Charcot joint ko Charcot arthropathy, lalacewar saman haɗin gwiwa wanda ya samo asali daga asarar ikon tunani . Ya yi bincike kan ayyukan sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa da kuma rawar da jijiyoyin jini ke takawa wajen zubar jini a kwakwalwa . <ref name="WhoNamedCharcot" /> Tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗalibinsa Albert Pitres, Charcot ya gudanar da bincike kan wuraren da kwakwalwa ke haɗuwa da su, wanda ya ba da damar gano wuraren da jijiyoyin jiki ke haɗuwa da su, kuma ya nuna cewa raunukan da jijiyoyin jiki ke haifarwa suna haifar da lalacewar hanyoyin pyramidal . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charcot |first=J.M. |last2=Pitres |first2=A. |date=1878 |title=Nouvelle contribution à l’étude des localisations motrices dans l’écorce des hémisphères du cerveau |journal=Revue mensuelle de Médecine et de Chirurgie |language=fr |volume=23 |pages=801–15}}</ref> Charcot yana cikin waɗanda suka fara bayyana cutar Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). An yi sanarwar ne a lokaci guda da Pierre Marie na Faransa (mazauninsa) da Howard Henry Tooth na Ingila. Ana kuma kiran cutar da peroneal muscular atrophy wani lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Enersen, Ole Daniel |title=Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/30.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004442/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/30.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=16 October 2008 |publisher=Whonamedit.com}}</ref> Nazarin Charcot tsakanin 1868 da 1881 sun kasance wani muhimmin abu a fahimtar [[cutar Parkinson]] . <ref name="pmid18175393" /> Daga cikin wasu ci gaba, ya bambanta tsakanin tauri, rauni da bradykinesia . <ref name="pmid18175393" /> Ya kuma jagoranci cutar da a da ake kira ''paralysis agitans'' (shaking palsy) da aka sake wa suna zuwa James Parkinson . <ref name="pmid18175393">{{Cite journal |last=Lees AJ |date=September 2007 |title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 17 |pages=S327–34 |doi=10.1002/mds.21684 |pmid=18175393 |s2cid=9471754}}</ref> Ya kuma lura da bambance-bambancen da ke bayyana a fili a kan PD, kamar cutar Parkinson tare da hyperextension . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean-Martin Charcot and Movement Disorders: Neurological Legacies to the 21st Century |url=http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/News/Online-Web-Edition/Archived-Editions/Jean-Martin-Charcot-and-Movement-Disorders-Neurological-Legacies-to-the-21st-Century.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621054124/http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/News/Online-Web-Edition/Archived-Editions/Jean-Martin-Charcot-and-Movement-Disorders-Neurological-Legacies-to-the-21st-Century.htm |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> Charcot ya sami kujera ta farko ta ƙwararren Turai ta kula da cututtukan asibiti na tsarin jijiyoyi a cikin 1882. === Nazarin da aka yi kan hypnosis da hysteria === Charcot ya fi shahara a yau saboda aikinsa kan hypnosis da [[Halin da ya fi dacewa|hysteria]] . Musamman ma, ana tunawa da shi sosai saboda aikinsa da ya yi da majiyyacinsa Louise Augustine Gleizes, wanda ya ƙara shahara a rayuwarsa; duk da haka, Marie "Blanche" Wittmann, wacce aka fi sani da Sarauniyar Hysterics, ita ce majiyyacinsa mafi shahara a lokacin. <ref name="io9">{{Cite web |last=Esther Inglis-Arkell |date=14 August 2014 |title=Meet the "Queen of Hysterics" Who Was Freud's Early Muse |url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/meet-the-queen-of-hysterics-who-was-freuds-early-muse-1604567867 |access-date=26 August 2017 |publisher=io9}}</ref> <ref name="blanche">{{Cite web |title=Blanche – Imaginarna Džungla |url=http://www.ateljegalerija.si/en/artists/image/iva-tratnik/exhibitions/blanche-imaginarna-dzungla-marec/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827085110/http://www.ateljegalerija.si/en/artists/image/iva-tratnik/exhibitions/blanche-imaginarna-dzungla-marec/ |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017 |publisher=Atelje Galerija}}</ref> <ref name="Louise" /> Da farko ya yi imani cewa ciwon hauka cuta ce ta jijiyoyi wadda marasa lafiya ke fama da ita sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin jijiyoyinsu, <ref name="Odyssey" /> amma kusan ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya kammala da cewa ciwon hauka cuta ce ta tunani. Charcot ta fara nazarin ciwon ciki bayan ta ƙirƙiri wani ɗaki na musamman ga mata masu fama da "farfadiya". Ya gano nau'ikan ciwon hauka guda biyu daban-daban a tsakanin waɗannan mata: ƙaramin ciwon hauka da babban ciwon hauka. [1] Sha'awarsa ga tashin hankali da kuma jan hankali "ta bunƙasa ne a lokacin da jama'a suka yi sha'awar 'maganin dabbobi' da 'zane-zanen jiki ' , [2] wanda daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin wata hanya ta haifar da jan hankali. [3] Nazarinsa game da tashin hankali "ya jawo hankalin masana kimiyya da zamantakewa". [4] Bogousslavsky, Walusinski, da Veyrunes sun rubuta: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1825]] ltfzh2qi0qc8lmcin25qusglkdr6cea C. N. Annadurai 0 177460 967428 961142 2026-10-14T00:43:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai''' (15 Satumba 1909{{Spaced en dash}}3 Fabrairu 1969), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Perarignar Anna''', ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban sakatare na farko na Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban minista na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe a Jihar Madras daga 1967 zuwa 1969, sannan kuma a matsayin babban ministan Tamil Nadu na farko na tsawon kwanaki 20 kafin rasuwarsa a kan mulki. Shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Dravidian na farko da ya riƙe kowanne muƙami. Ya shahara sosai saboda iya magana kuma marubuci ne mai [[Yaren Tamal|suna Tamil]] . Ya rubuta kuma ya yi wasa a wasanni da dama. Wasu daga cikin wasannin kwaikwayo nasa an mayar da su fina-finai daga baya. Shi ne ɗan siyasa na farko daga jam'iyyun Dravidian da ya yi amfani da sinima ta Tamil sosai wajen yaɗa farfagandar siyasa. An haife shi a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi, ya fara aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta, sannan ya koma fagen siyasa na Madras Presidency a matsayin ɗan jarida. Ya gyara mujallu da dama na siyasa kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin memba na Dravidar Kazhagam . A matsayinsa na mai bin Periyar mai himma, ya tashi a matsayin fitaccen memba na jam'iyyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dmk official website |url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/historyofdmk/dmk/ |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116163904/https://www.dmk.in/en/party/historyofdmk/dmk/ |archive-date=2025-11-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Saboda rashin jituwa da ke tsakaninsa da Periyar kan batutuwan da suka shafi wata ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Dravida Nadu da kuma haɗin kan da Indiya, ya yi karo da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin siyasa. Sabanin da ke tsakanin su biyun ya ɓarke ne lokacin da Periyar ya auri Maniammai, wanda ya fi shi ƙanƙanta. Saboda fushin da wannan matakin na Periyar ya ɗauka, Annadurai tare da magoya bayansa suka rabu da Dravidar Kazhagam suka ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2017}} Da farko DMK ta bi irin akidun da iyayenta, Dravidar Kazhagam suka bi. Amma da juyin halittar siyasar ƙasa da kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya bayan Yaƙin Sino-India a shekarar 1962, Annadurai ta janye ikirarin neman Dravida Nadu mai zaman kanta. Zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Congress mai mulki ta kai shi gidan yari a lokuta da dama; na ƙarshe shi ne lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da Hindu ta Madras a shekarar 1965. Wannan zanga-zangar da kanta ta taimaka wa Annadurai ya sami goyon bayan jama'a ga jam'iyyarsa. Jam'iyyarsa ta yi nasara mai yawa a zaɓen jihohi na 1967 . Majalisar ministocinsa ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a wancan lokacin a Indiya. Ya halatta auren Mutunta Kai, ya aiwatar da manufar harsuna biyu (fiye da tsarin harsuna uku a wasu jihohin kudu), ya aiwatar da tallafin shinkafa, sannan ya sake wa Jihar Madras suna zuwa Tamil Nadu. Duk da haka, ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa shekaru biyu kacal da ya hau mulki. Jana'izarsa ta fi kowacce halarta zuwa wannan rana . An sanya wa cibiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi da dama suna bayansa. An sanya wa jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam suna a matsayin jam'iyyar da ta balle daga jam'iyyar [[M. G. Ramachandran|MG Ramachandran]] a shekarar 1972. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Annadurai a cikin dangin Sengunthar na Tamil a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1909 a Conjeevaram, Fadar Shugabancin Madras, a cikin dangin masu matsakaicin matsayi. Mahaifinsa Natarajan Mudaliar [[Saƙa|masaka]] ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma Bangaru Ammal, mai hidimar haikali ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai |url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/articles-detail/conjeevaram-natarajan-annadurai |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=tnpscthervupettagam.com}}</ref> 'Yar'uwarsa Rajamani Ammal ce ta rene shi. [[File:CN_Annadurai_And_Rani_Annadurai.jpg|thumb| Annadurai tare da matarsa]] Yana da shekaru 21, ya auri Rani tun yana ɗalibi. Ma'auratan ba su da 'ya'ya na kansu, don haka daga baya suka ɗauki jikokin Rajamani suka kuma renon su. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Pachaiyappa, <ref name="TL">{{Cite web |title=Life History and Literary Works of C.N. Annadurai |url=http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/anna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206112154/http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/anna.html |archive-date=6 December 2008 |access-date=20 December 2008 |publisher=Tamil Electronic Library}}</ref> amma ya bar makaranta don yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda a ofishin Gundumar garin don taimakawa wajen kula da harkokin kuɗin iyali. A shekarar 1934, ya kammala karatunsa da digirin BA daga Kwalejin Pachaiyappa da ke [[Chennai|Madras]] . <ref name="TL" /> Daga nan ya sami digirin MA a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa daga wannan kwalejin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Turanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Pachaiyappa. Daga baya ya bar aikin koyarwa ya fara shiga aikin jarida kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a wasu mujallu na mako-mako sannan ya tsunduma cikin siyasa. [[File:C._N._Annadurai-1946.png|left|thumb| Annadurai a lokacin ƙuruciya]] == Addini == Duk da cewa Annadurai ba shi [[Mulhidanci|da yarda da Allah]] a rayuwarsa ta kashin kansa yayin da yake rantsuwa a matsayin Babban Ministan Jihar da 'sunan lamiri' maimakon da 'sunan Allah', ya yi shelar a matsayin "Kabila ɗaya kawai, Allah ɗaya kawai" ( ''Ondre Kulam Oruvanae Devan'' ) daga littafin Tamil mai suna ''Tirumantiram'' wanda Tirumular ya rubuta domin haɗa kan mutanen [[Tamil Nadu]] . Duk da cewa ba shi da addini a zahiri, daga baya ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan Hindu ba tare da toka mai tsarki ba, Kirista banda giciye mai tsarki, kuma Musulmi ba tare da hular sallah ba. Annadurai ya bayyana cewa zai kai hari ga camfe-camfe da cin zarafin addini amma ba zai taɓa yaƙi da dabi'un ruhaniya na al'umma ba. Ya taɓa bayyana matsayinsa ga Allah da addini a matsayin "Ba na karya kwakwa ga Pillaiyar, (wani nau'in bauta) kuma ba na karya gumakansa." ( ''Nan Thegayum udaipathillai; Pillaiyarum Udaipathillai'' ) == Aikin siyasa == === Shiga siyasa === [[File:C._N._Annadurai_and_E._V._Ramasami.JPG|thumb| Annadurai da Periyar]] Sha'awar Annadurai ga siyasa ta sa ya shiga jam'iyyar Justice a shekarar 1935. An kafa jam'iyyar Justice ta hannun manyan mutane waɗanda ba na Brahmin ba a shekarar 1916. Jam'iyyar Justice ta samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar ''Madras United League'' wadda aka fara a matsayin ƙungiyar aiki wadda ta taimaka wa ɗaliban da ba 'yan Brahmin ba a [[Chennai|Madras]] da masauki, daga baya kuma ta girma ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa a ƙarƙashin ƙoƙarin shugabanni kamar C. Natesa Mudaliar, P. Theagaraya Chetty da TM Nair . An sanya wa jam'iyyar suna ''South Indian Liberal Federation (SILF)''{{Spaced en dash}}wanda aka fi sani da jam'iyyar adalci . <ref name="EPP" /> Jam'iyyar ta kasance tana kan mulki a shugabancin Madras tun lokacin da aka gabatar da mulkin kai a shekarar 1920, har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta kayar da ita a shekarar 1937. A lokacin da Annadurai ya shiga jam'iyyar Justice, Periyar shine shugaban jam'iyyar. Annadurai ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin editan mujallar Justice. Daga baya ya zama editan ''Viduthalai'' ( ''Freedom'' in English) kuma an haɗa shi da jaridar mako-mako ta Tamil, ''Kudi Arasu'' . Ya fara littafinsa na kansa ''Dravida Nadu'' (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Dravida Nadu){{Spaced en dash}}jiha mai zaman kanta da jam'iyyar ta yi kira da a yi). A shekarar 1944, Periyar ya sake wa jam'iyyar Justice suna zuwa Dravidar Kazhagam kuma ya daina tsayawa takara a zaɓen. <ref name="Dickey">{{Cite journal |last=Sarah |first=Dickey |year=1993 |title=The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1993-05_52_2/page/340 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=340–372 |doi=10.2307/2059651 |jstor=2059651 |s2cid=153511979}}</ref> === Bambance-bambance da Periyar da haihuwar DMK === Jam'iyyar National Congress ta Indiya, wacce ke fafutukar 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, ta mamaye Brahmins . Periyar ta yi zaton cewa Indiya mai zaman kanta za ta kawo Indiyawan Kudu, musamman Tamil, ƙarƙashin ikon Brahmins da Indiyawan Arewa . Saboda waɗannan dalilai, Periyar ta yi kira da a yi ranar 15 ga Agusta 1947, ranar 'yancin kai ta Indiya, ta zama ranar makoki. Annadurai ya yi adawa da wannan matakin kuma rashin jituwa tsakanin magoya bayansa da Periyar ya faɗaɗa. <ref name="Swarna" /> Ya ɗauki samun 'yancin kai a matsayin babban nasara ga Indiya maimakon ta Aryan North kawai. Bugu da ƙari, shawarar Periyar na daina shiga zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya ta Annadurai ma ta yi adawa da ita, inda ta mayar da martani ga ficewarsa daga taron jam'iyya a shekarar 1948. <ref name="encyc" /> Periyar ta yi la'akari da cewa 'yan takara a zaɓe dole ne su yi watsi da akidunsu. Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayin Periyar ne cewa za a iya cimma gyara zamantakewa mafi kyau a wajen siyasa, ta hanyar ilimi da kuma wayar da kan jama'a, maimakon gwamnatoci. <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Asaan |first=GVK |year=2008 |title=Anna the genius |url=http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126110833/http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2008 |website=The birth centenary of Arignar Anna (C.N. Annadurai – 15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969) is being celebrated between September 2008 and September 2009. The first part of his life sketch appeared in the September issue. In this issue we give the second and the concluding part |publisher=Modern Rationalist}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, lokacin da Periyar ya auri Maniammai, wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 40, bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin Annadurai da Periyar ya raba magoya bayansu. <ref name="MR" /> Annadurai ya ƙaddamar da nasa jam'iyyar tare da ɓangaren jam'iyyarsa, tare da EVK Sampath (ɗan uwan Periyar kuma har zuwa lokacin ana ɗaukarsa magajin siyasa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families – Sify News |url=http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528101244/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |archive-date=28 May 2009 |access-date=20 December 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ). An kira sabuwar jam'iyyar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . Da farko kasancewar DMK ta takaita ne ga biranen da kewayenta. Amma ta hanyar yin kira ga azuzuwan ƙananan birane, ƙananan matsakaici da ma'aikata, ɗalibai, 'yan Dalits da ƙananan kabilu, Annadurai ta sami damar hanzarta ci gabanta da yaɗuwa. Ya yi fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa na ƙananan kabilu, don haka ya sami goyon bayan jama'a cikin sauri. <ref name="encyc" /> == Zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu == An fara ba da shawarar harshen Hindi ya zama yaren da ya dace da manufofin hukuma a Indiya ta hanyar wani kwamiti da Motilal Nehru ke jagoranta a shekarar 1928. Mutane da 'yan siyasa na Tamil Nadu sun yi adawa da wannan matakin, domin sun yi la'akari da cewa zai mai da su 'yan ƙasa na biyu idan aka kwatanta da na 'yan asalin Indiyawan Arewa masu magana da harshen Hindi. <ref name="Hardriots">{{Cite journal |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert |year=1965 |title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis |url=https://archive.org/details/asian-survey_1965-08_5_8/page/399 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=399–407 |doi=10.2307/2642412 |jstor=2642412}}</ref> == Zanga-zangar 1938 == A shekarar 1938, gwamnatin Congress a shugabancin Madras karkashin jagorancin [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (wanda aka fi sani da Rajaji) ta gabatar da shawarar amfani da [[Harshen Hindu|harshen Hindi]] a matsayin yaren da ake buƙata a makarantu. Shugabannin Tamil sun yi adawa da wannan matakin. Annadurai, tare da sauran malaman Tamil, ciki har da mawaƙi Bharatidasan, sun gudanar da zanga-zanga. Annadurai ya halarci taron farko na kin amincewa da addinin Hindu da aka gudanar a Kanchipuram a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1938. Mambobi biyu na zanga-zangar, Thalamuthu da Natarajan, sun mutu sakamakon duka da 'yan sanda suka yi musu a shekarar. Da adawa mai ƙarfi, gwamnatin Madras Presidential ta janye dokar a shekarar 1940. ya bayyana cewa "kana koyon Turanci don sadarwa a duniya kuma kana koyon Hindi don sadarwa a Indiya, kamar babbar ƙofa ce ga babban kyanwa da ƙaramar ƙofa ga ƙaramar kyanwa, me zai hana ka bar ƙaramar kyanwa ma ta shiga babbar ƙofa". == Zanga-zangar adawa da Hindu ta Madras, 1965 == Lokacin da Indiya ta zama jamhuriya mai kundin tsarin mulkinta a shekarar 1950, kundin tsarin mulkin ya bai wa harshen Hindi matsayi na musamman, wanda zai sami matsayin hukuma bayan shekaru 15 a shekarar 1965. Ɗaliban Tamil Nadu sun ɗauki wannan matakin da damuwa. <ref name="Hardriots" /> Da yake magana game da sanya harshen Hindi a matsayin harshen hukuma a Indiya, Annadurai ya ce ''ana da'awar cewa ya kamata harshen Hindi ya zama harshen gama gari saboda yawancin mutane ne ke magana da shi.'' ''Me yasa za mu yi iƙirarin cewa damisar ita ce dabbar ƙasarmu maimakon beran da ya fi yawa?'' ''Ko kuma dawisu a matsayin tsuntsun ƙasarmu lokacin da hankaka ke ko'ina?'' . Bisa la'akari da ci gaba da barazanar tilastawa Hindi, DMK ta gudanar da wani taron buda-baki kan tilastawa Hindi a Kodambakkam, [[Chennai]] a watan Agusta 1960, wanda Annadurai ya jagoranta. Ya bai wa manyan jami'ai baƙaƙen tutoci, domin a nuna su ga Shugaban Indiya a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai jihar. Da yake jin wani bore, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya tabbatar wa Majalisar Dokoki cewa Turanci zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma na Indiya, matuƙar mutanen da ba sa jin harshen Hindu suna so. DMK ta yi watsi da shirin nuna baƙaƙen tutoci kuma Annadurai ta yi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da ta kawo gyara ga kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya haɗa da tabbacin. <ref name="MR" /> Ba tare da an yi wani gyara a kundin tsarin mulki ba, Annadurai ta ayyana ranar 26 ga Janairu 1965, ranar jamhuriya ta 15 ta Indiya, kuma ranar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda a zahiri ya sanya harshen Hindi a matsayin harshen hukuma na Indiya, ya fara aiki, a matsayin ranar makoki. Babban Ministan Jihar Madras a wancan lokacin, Bhakthavatchalam, ya yi adawa da wannan matakin a matsayin abin Allah wadai. Saboda haka Annadurai, wanda a lokacin yake ƙoƙarin kawar da hoton 'yan awaren da ke cikin jam'iyyarsa, ya ayyana ranar 24 ga Janairu a matsayin ranar makoki. Ya kuma maye gurbin taken zanga-zangar zuwa ''Down da Hindi; Rayuwar Jamhuriyar'' . Duk da haka, tashin hankali ya barke a ranar 26 ga Janairu, da farko a Madurai wanda cikin 'yan kwanaki ya bazu a duk faɗin jihar. <ref name="Hardriots" /> Robert Hardgrave Jr, farfesa a fannin nazarin bil'adama, gwamnati da kuma Asiya, ya nuna cewa abubuwan da suka haifar da tarzomar ba daga DMK ko masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ko ma masu masana'antu ba ne suka tayar da hankalin jama'ar jihar, kamar yadda gwamnatin Congress ta jihar ta nuna, amma ainihin takaici ne da rashin gamsuwa da ke ƙarƙashin fuskar mutanen jihar. <ref name="Hardriots" /> Da tashin hankali ya yi yawa, Annadurai ya roƙi ɗaliban da su daina zanga-zangar, amma wasu shugabannin DMK kamar Karunanidhi sun ci gaba da zanga-zangar. <ref name="Hardriots" /> Duk da haka, an kama Annadurai saboda tayar da hankalin jama'a. <ref name="MR" /> Duk da cewa ba DMK ne ya haifar da tashin hankalin kai tsaye ba, <ref name="Hardriots" /> wannan zanga-zangar da kanta ta taimaka wa DMK ta lashe zaɓen 1967 kuma Annadurai ya zama sabon Babban Ministan Jihar Madras. === Gudummawar Adabi === [[File:Anna_Private_Library_in_Kanchipuram.jpg|right|thumb| Annadurai, wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta magana, yana son littattafai. Wannan hoton yana nuna ɗakin karatunsa na sirri.]] An san Annadurai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu magana na Tamil a lokacinsa. Ya ƙirƙiro salon magana a bainar jama'a na Tamil ta amfani da misalai da kuma kalmomin da suka dace, duka a cikin magana da rubutu. An kuma fi sanin Annadurai da iya magana ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kasancewarsa mai wadata a fannin iya magana. Ya buga littattafai da dama, gajerun labarai <ref name="TL" /> da wasannin kwaikwayo <ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays">{{Cite web |title=Self respect movement (Dravida Iyakkam) plays by Bharathidasan, C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi and others. |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p102/p1024/html/p1024334.htm |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=Tamil Virtual University}}</ref> waɗanda suka haɗa da jigogi na siyasa. Shi da kansa ya yi wasa <ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> a wasu wasannin kwaikwayo a lokacin da yake cikin fim ɗin Dravidar Kazhagam. <ref name="HGcine">{{Cite journal |last=Hardgrave, Jr |first=Robert L |date=March 1973 |title=Politics and the Film in Tamil Nadu: The Stars and the DMK |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/34387/1/politicsandthefilm.pdf |journal=Asian Survey |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=288–305 |doi=10.2307/2643038 |jstor=2643038}}</ref> Ya gabatar da kafofin watsa labarai na fina-finai a matsayin babban sashin yada farfagandar siyasar Dravidian . Jimillar rubutun Annadurai ya yi fina-finai shida a allo. <ref name="HGcine" /> Fim ɗinsa na farko ''Nallathambi'' (Good Brother, 1948) wanda NS Krishnan ya fito a ciki ya ƙarfafa noman haɗin gwiwa da kuma kawar da tsarin zamindari . <ref name="HGcine" /> Littattafansa kamar ''Velaikaari'' (Servant Maid, 1949) da ''Or Iravu'', waɗanda daga baya aka mayar da su fina-finai, suna ɗauke da alamun farfagandar siyasa ta Dravidian. A kan ''Velaikari'', Annadurai ya ce fim ɗin ''Velaikari'' ya yi magana kai tsaye game da masu mallakar gidaje masu zalunci waɗanda suka saba da Jawaharlal Nehru da [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] . <ref name="Dickey" /> Fina-finansa suna da wasu abubuwa na akidun siyasa na Dravidian kamar adawa da Brahminism da saƙonni daban-daban game da Majalisa tare da cikakkun dalilai da yanayi a baya. Shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na mataki da sinima waɗanda suka yi wa Annadurai hidima a farkon shekarun su ne DV Narayanasamy, KR Ramasamy, NS Krishnan, SS Rajendran, Sivaji Ganesan <ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> da [[M. G. Ramachandran|MG Ramachandran]] . <ref name="MR" /> Wasu daga cikin littattafansa suna da tsarin zamantakewa kuma abubuwan da ke cikinta sun kasance masu jayayya, kamar "Arya Mayai" (Aryan Illusion) inda ya haskaka ra'ayin kawo al'umma mai daidaito ba tare da la'akari da kowace irin rinjaye ba, musamman ma yana zana kamanceceniya da ta wanzu a lokacin tsakanin [[Tsarin kabilanci a Indiya|manyan]] mutane Brahmin (Aryan). An ci shi tarar INR 700 saboda tayar da zaune tsaye kuma an tura shi gidan yari. <ref name="MR" /> Wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa sune littattafansa ''Annavin Sattasabai Sorpolivukal'' ( jawaban Anna a majalisar dokokin jiha, 1960), ''Ilatchiya varalaru'' (History of Ideals, 1948), ''Valkkaip puyal'' (Storm of life, 1948) da ''Rankon rata'' (Radha daga Rangon). Aikin sa ''Kambarasam'' ya soki Ramayana na Kamban . Ayyukansa na almara kamar ''Kapothipura kathal'' (Soyayya a cikin birnin Blind), ''Parvathy BA,'' ''Kalinga rani'' (Sarauniyar Kalinga ) da ''Pavayin payanam'' (Tafiye-tafiyen wata yarinya) suna ɗauke da wasu abubuwa na farfagandar siyasa. <ref name="EIL" /> A wasu lokutan da Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ke amfani da fina-finai sosai don farfagandar ta, takunkumin ya gurgunta tsarin. Domin gujewa takunkumi, fina-finan DMK sun yi amfani da sunan Annadurai mai suna ''Anna'', wanda kuma ke nufin babban ɗan'uwa a [[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]], a matsayin wata kalma ta barkwanci. Idan aka yi yabo a kan ''Anna'' a kan allo, jama'a za su yi ta tafi. <ref name="HGcine" /> Kannadasan ya soki ayyukan Anna waɗanda ban da ''Sivaji Kanda Hindu Rajyam'' <ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> da ''Needhi Devan Mayakam'', sauran ba su da ko da wani shiri. == An gudanar da ayyukan == An gudanar da taron lardunan DMK a Tiruchirappalli a watan Mayu na shekarar 1956. Annadurai ya sauka daga mukamin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar, kuma an zabi Nedunchezhian a wannan mukamin. A taron Tiruchirappalli ne jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a babban zaɓe na biyu na ƙasar Indiya mai 'yanci wanda za a gudanar a shekarar 1957. Jam'iyyar DMK ta sami kujeru 15 na Majalisar Dokoki da kujeru biyu na Majalisar Dokoki. <ref name="MR" /> An zaɓi Annadurai daga mazabarsa ta Kanchipuram <ref name="MR" /> a karon farko zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Madras. A wannan zaɓen, jam'iyyar DMK ta lashe kujeru 15 kuma Annadurai ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa a jihar. <ref name="TL" /> A shekarar 1962, DMK ta fito a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a jihar a wajen Majalisar Wakilai, inda ta lashe kujeru 50 a Majalisar. <ref name="TL" /> Duk da cewa Annadurai da kansa ya sha kaye a zaɓen, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki zuwa majalisar dattawa ( Rajya Sabha ). <ref name="TL" /> <ref name="Hindu" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tbmklglx0f1l1964zivfhjt7e4x9rt0 Abdülmecid na II 0 177494 967291 959857 2026-10-13T20:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967291 wikitext text/x-wiki / {{Databox}} Abdülmecid II ko Abdul Mejid II Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجید ثانی, ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i sânî; Turkish: II. Abdülmecida;<ref>{{Cite web |title=II. Abdülmecid kimdir? |url=https://www.biyografi.info/kisi/ii-abdulmecid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413075049/https://www.biyografi.info/kisi/ii-abdulmecid |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=2021-03-23 |website=www.biyografi.info |language=tr}}</ref> 29 Mayu 1868 - 23 Agusta 1944), wanda aka fi sani da Ab'''Abdülmecid Efendi''' ne KhHalifa ta Ottoman ƙarshe, Khalifa kaɗai da Babban Majalisar Tarayyar Turkiyya ta zaba, kuma shugaban iyIyalin Osmanoğlu 1926 zuwa 1944. Ba kamar Khalifanni na baya ba, ya yi amfani da taken ''Halîfe-i Müslimîn'' ("Kaliph na Musulmai") maimakon ''[[Amir na Muminai|Emîrü'l-Mü'minîn]]'' ("Kwamandan Masu Aminci"). Ya kuma kasance sanannen [[Masu kirkira|mai]] [[Painting|zane]]-zane kuma mai zane-zanen Turkiyya, mai sha'awar fasaha, galibi adabi, zane, da [[kiɗa]], da hanyoyin inganta shi a Turkiyya. Bayan kawar da Khalifancin Ottoman, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif da Sarkin Makka da Sarkin Hejaz, wanda aka fi sani da shi a Duniyar Larabawa ya gaje shi na watanni da yawa.<ref name="Kayali 2023" /> Ya mutu a [[Faris|Paris]] a shekara ta 1944 kuma an binne shi a matsayin Khalifa a [[Madinah|Madina]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abdulmejid a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1868 a Fadar Dolmabahçe ga Sultan Abdulaziz da matarsa Hayranidil Kadın . Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Nazime Sultan. Ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a [[Feriye Palace]] complex kafin ya koma wani fada a Çamlıca . {{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}}Ya sami ilimi mai zaman kansa amma yana alfahari da shiga aji na bindigogi yana da shekaru hudu.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}}Yana da kimanin shekaru takwas lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan juyin mulkin 1876 daga kashe kansa ko kisan kai. Ya yi imanin cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu ne daga wannan dalili kuma ya yi fushi da wadanda suka yi imanin ya kashe kansa.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}} Abdulmejid yana jin daɗin wasanni kuma ana zaton yana da jiki mai ƙarfi. Ya yi la'akari da Şerif Ali Haydar Bey, surukinsa Halid Pasha, da kansa mafi kyawun mahayan dawakai na Istanbul. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa mafi karfi, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya riƙe mutane masu nauyin kilo 100 a kowane hannu. Sau da yawa yakan je farauta tare da dan uwansa na farko Şehzade Mehmed Vahdeddin a cikin tsaunuka na Çengelköy, kuma lokacin da suka dawo, za su saurari ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta fasıl cikin dare. Sauran abubuwan sha'awa na shi sun haɗa da kokawa, harbi, yin iyo, da kuma shinge - abokin aikinsa na tsere shi ne jami'in Austriya da ya sani.[1] Tun yana ƙarami, ya nuna sha'awar zane-zane. Gidansa wani nau'i ne na salon ko makarantar kimiyya ga masu zane-zane da mawaƙa na Istanbul. Zai tsara guda uku ko hudu na ɗakin motsa jiki da matansa, ''kalfas'', da masu koyo za su buga. Yayinda yake a hukumance a cikin fadar sarauta, sau da yawa yakan kauce wa wannan ƙuntatawa yayin da yake jin daɗin magana da mutane. Har ila yau, yana da sha'awar [[Painting|zane]] kuma shi kansa mai zane ne, yana haɓaka fasahar gaskiya a Daular Ottoman. Bayan juyin juya halin Young Turk, ya kasance 'yanci daga tsare kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga kungiyar Ottoman Artist.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}}Ya kuma kasance mai basira a wasan piano. Yana da sha'awar adabi kuma ya kafa kungiyar Pierre Loti a 1920 don inganta ayyukan marubucin da kuma fassara su zuwa Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Almas |first=Hacer |date=2021-11-26 |title=Reading Turcophilia: The Turkish Life of Pierre Loti in Aziyadé and Fantôme d'Orient |url=https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/litera/article/reading-turcophilia-the-turkish-life-of-pierre-loti-in-aziyade-and-fantome-dorient |url-status=live |journal=Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies |language=tr |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=591 |doi=10.26650/LITERA2021-860740 |issn=2602-2117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205073217/https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/litera/article/reading-turcophilia-the-turkish-life-of-pierre-loti-in-aziyade-and-fantome-dorient |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar shaidu, ya amince da aure tsakanin 'yan uwansa a cikin daular Ottoman don rage tashin hankali a cikin dauular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=İnan |first=Süleyman |date=2014 |title=Political Marriage: The Sons-in-Law of the Ottoman Dynasty in the Late Ottoman State |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2014-01_50_1/page/61 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=61–73 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.849698 |jstor=24585595}}</ref> == Yarima na Sarauta == A ranar 4 ga Yulin 1918, Mehmed VI Vahdeddin ya zama Sultan kuma an kira Abdulmejid Veliahd . Binciken leken asirin Burtaniya ya ba da rahoton cewa shi mutum ne mai matsakaici wanda ya shahara tare da mutanen da ke da harshen Faransanci. Duk da yake jinƙansa ga Kemalists sananne ne, shi ma Anglophile ne wanda ya hayar da malamin Ingilishi ga ɗansa kuma yana da hoton Ubangiji Palmerston rataye a ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunansa.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}}Kodayake ya yi jin tausayi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Turkiyya, a cikin wata hira da The Morning Post ya nemi taimako daga al'ummar duniya don kada mulkin kama-karya na Unionist ya koma Daular Ottoman, duk da cewa yawancin 'yan ƙasar Turkiyya tsoffin' yan Unionist ne. Ya kasance da ƙiyayya mai zurfi da Damat Ferid Pasha, wanda nadin sa zuwa Grand Vizierate ya shafi dangantakarsa ta kusa da dan uwansa Sultan.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}} Masu leken asirin Burtaniya sun yi shakku cewa zai sauya sheka ga masu kishin kasa. [[Mustafa Kamal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)]] daga ƙarshe ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki Abdulmejid zuwa ga manufarsa, ya gayyace shi ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan kasa. Girman Abdulmejid zai kara halattaccen dalilin masu kishin kasa kuma ya rage matsin da masu kishin kasa ke fuskanta daga masu mulkin mallaka. Da farko, yarima ya yi farin ciki da yiwuwar zama fuskar ƙungiyar 'yan kasa. Amma bayan tuntubar amintaccen abokai na 'yan kwanaki, ciki har da Ahmed İzzet Pasha ya yi imanin cewa sauye-sauyensa zai haifar da zubar da jini da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin iyalin Ottoman.[16]{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}} [[File:Noul_calif_-_Abdul_Medjid,_cu_fiica_sa_Prinţesa_Durri_Chehvâr_Sultana.jpg|thumb|Yarima Abdülmecid da Dürrüşehvar]] A ranar 7 ga Satumba 1920, 'yan sanda na Ottoman sun toshe gidansa na Fadar Dolmabahçe, suna yanke kayan aiki da sadarwa ga duniya ta waje. 'Yarsa mai shekaru shida Princess Dürrüşehvar tana da tari mai ƙanshi, amma ba a ba ta izinin magani ko likita ba. Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha ya yi iƙirarin cewa yarima zai tsere zuwa Anatolia a wannan rana a cikin jirginsa, don haka a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Burtaniya an tilasta masa ya rufe fadarsa, amma babu wani umarni da ya zo daga hukumomin mamayewa kuma matakin ya ba da mamaki har ma da ikon Allied. A ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, Babban Kwamishinan De Robeck ya ba Ferid izinin ɗaga kewaye, saboda sun yi imanin cewa Abdulmejid ba shi da sha'awar sauyawa. Harin ya ci gaba har wata daya, an ɗaga shi ne kawai sakamakon diflomasiyyar Burtaniya. Abdulmejid ya aika da wasika mai banƙyama ga dan uwansa Sultan Vahdeddin don sanya irin wannan amincewa ga Ferid Pasha da Birtaniya da ke lalata jihar. Dangantakar Sultan da Crown Princes ta kasance ta kusa, kuma fushi da juna zai bayyana dangantakarsu daga wannan lokacin.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}} == Halifa == [[File:Caliph_Abdülmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg|left|thumb|Abdülmecid Efendi a kan hanyar da za a naɗa shi a matsayin Khalifa]] Da zarar an kori dan uwansa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1922, an soke Sultanate na Ottoman. Amma a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1922, Babban Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a [[Ankara]] ta zabi Abdülmecid a matsayin [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]]. Halifa shine babban shugaban addini da siyasa na dukkan Musulmai a duk faɗin duniya, tare da babban burin hana tsattsauran ra'ayi ko kare addini daga cin hanci da rashawa.{{Sfn|Özcan|1997}}Ya gudanar da bikin [[Bay'ah|''biat'']] a Fadar Topkapı, amma Sharifs na birnin ba su halarci ba.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}}An kirkiro masa wata tafiya da ake kira "Medhiye-i Hazret-i Hilâfetpenâhi" ta Kemani Eyüplü Mustafa Bey. Ya kafa kansa a Istanbul a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1922. Kodayake dangantakar da ke tsakanin su ta kasance mai wahala, Khalifa da Pasha sun ci gaba da sadarwa ta hanyar jerin telegrams, tare da Abdulmejid yana ba da taya murna game da auren Mustafa Kemal kuma yana nuna ta'aziyya game da mutuwa mahaifiyarsa. Zaɓin Abdulmejid a matsayin Khalifa ba a bayyane yake ga dukan Musulmai ba, kuma akwai babban zargi daga ciki da waje da Daular Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li̇VaoğLu Mengüç |first=Hilal |date=2018-12-20 |title=Ottoman Caliphate in the Egyptian Press: Examples from Al-Ahram, Al-Muqa??am and Al-Manar |url=http://www.historystudies.net/dergi//ottoman-caliphate-in-the-egyptian-press-examples-from-al-ahr-257m-al-muqa-7789-7789am-and-al-man-257r20181283b765d.pdf |url-status=live |journal=History Studies: International Journal of History |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=186 |doi=10.9737/hist.2018.681 |issn=1309-4688 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205135445/https://www.historystudies.net/dergi/ottoman-caliphate-in-the-egyptian-press-examples-from-al-ahr-257m-al-muqa-7789-7789am-and-al-man-257r20181283b765d.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> Hakika akwai rikici tsakanin Musulmai, musamman a [[Falasdinu]], kan ko yin alkawarin biyayya ga Sharifian Khalifancin Sarki Hussein ko kuma da aka girgiza da yawa na Ottoman. Ƙarfin mulkin mallaka na Yamma, kamar Faransa ko Ingila, sun mai da hankali sosai ga waɗannan abubuwan.<ref name="Sanchez-Summerer_2021" /> Masu sukar Abdul Mejid sun hada da Muhammad Rashid Rida, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da wasu halaye da ake buƙata don zama Khalifa, da kuma Sheikh-ul-Islam Mustafa Sabri Efendi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Arooj |title=The Pious Rebel: Analyzing The Impact of 'Ali 'Abd Al-Raziq's Work And Legacy |url=https://www.academia.edu/35837930 |url-status=live |journal=CUNY Graduate Center, United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430181557/https://www.academia.edu/35837930/The_Pious_Rebel_Analyzing_The_Impact_of_Ali_Abd_Al_Raziqs_Work_And_Legacy |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> Yawancin Musulmai da alama sun zaɓi su gane shi, musamman a Indiya ta Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}} [[File:Caliph_Abdülmecid_dethronment.jpg|thumb|Abdülmecid Efendi yana sanar da shi game da tsige shi a matsayin Khalifa]] Kamar yadda Khalifa Abdulmejid bai gamsu da canja wurin wasu hakkoki daga [[Istanbul]] zuwa [[Ankara]] ba; alal misali, ya yi fushi game da sake komawa na ƙungiyar soja.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wozniak |first=Audrey M. |date=2023-09-06 |title=Orienting a Nation: The Turkish National Anthem Controversies |url=https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/mp/article/id/4573/ |url-status=live |journal=Music & Politics |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.3998/mp.4573 |issn=1938-7687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201133023/https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/mp/article/id/4573/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya so lakabinsa ya sanya shi [[shugaban kasa]] maimakon shugaban kasa Mustafa Kemal Pasha . Ba da daɗewa ba ya nemi karin alawus dinsa, yana mai da matsayinsa batun siyasa. Ya sami goyon baya daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a majalisa, kuma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923, an buga wata wasika da Aga Khan da Ameer Ali suka rubuta a cikin manema labarai suna neman goyon baya ga Khalifanci, in ba haka ba duniyar Islama ba tare da Khalifanci ba za ta haifar da rikici.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998}}Firayim Minista İsmet İnönü shi da damar sake duba karar kafin a buga ta a cikin jaridu kuma gwamnati ta kai hari ga magoya bayan Abdulmejid kamar yadda suke inganta bukatun kasashen waje. Farfaganda ta Kemalist ta yi amfani da gaskiyar cewa ya mamaye mashahuriyar Fadar Yıldız a Istanbul, kuma daga baya aka nuna shi kamar yadda ya yi ikirarin rashin adalci ga kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karamursel |first=Ceyda |date=2019 |title=Shiny Things and Sovereign Legalities: Expropriation of Dynastic Property in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743819000382/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=445–463 |doi=10.1017/S0020743819000382 |issn=0020-7438 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqa2vtkzoduqqnh6mjmwkyz6bocujay Carlos Andrés Pérez 0 177499 967440 965488 2026-10-14T01:25:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez''' (daga ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1922 zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 2010), wanda kuma aka sani da sunansa na farko '''CAP''' kuma galibi ana kiransa da ''El Gocho'' (saboda asalinsa na Andean), ɗan siyasa ne na [[Venezuela]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasar Venezuela na 47 da na 50 daga shekara ta 1974 zuwa shekarar 1979 da kuma tsakanin shekarar 1989 zuwa shekarar 1993. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Acción Democrática, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Venezuela a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na ashirin. Bayan faduwar mulkin kama karya na [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] da dawowarsa daga gudun hijira, Pérez ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin cikin gida na Rómulo Betancourt tsakanin shekara ta 1959 da shekara ta 1964, lokacin da ya shahara da tsauraran martanin da yake mayar wa 'yan daba. An san shugabancinsa na farko da ''Saudiyya Venezuela'' saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sakamakon yawan kudaden shiga da ake samu daga fitar da man fetur. Duk da haka, shugabancinsa na biyu ya ga ci gaba da rikicin tattalin arziki na shekarun 1980, jerin rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, tarzoma da aka fi sani da Caracazo da kuma yunƙurin juyin mulki sau biyu a shekarar 1992 . A watan {{Nowrap|May 1993}} ya zama shugaban ƙasar Venezuela na farko da Kotun Ƙoli ta [[:es:Proceso de destitución de Carlos Andrés Pérez|tsige]] bisa zargin sa da satar kuɗin bolívars {{Nowrap|250 million}} (kimanin dala miliyan 2.7) mallakar wani asusun shugaban ƙasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka yi amfani da kuɗinsa wajen tsoma baki a babban zaɓen Nicaragua na shekarar 1990 da kuma hayar masu tsaron lafiyar Shugaba [[Violeta Chamorro]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Carlos Andrés Pérez a hacienda ''La Argentina'', a kan iyakar Venezuela da Colombia kusa da garin Rubio, jihar Táchira, shi ne na 11 cikin yara 12 a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi. Mahaifinsa, Antonio Pérez Lemus, ɗan ƙasar Colombia ne mai shuka kofi kuma mai sayar da magunguna daga asalin ƙasar Sipaniya da [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary Islander]] wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Venezuela a shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. Mahaifiyarsa, Julia Rodríguez, 'yar wani fitaccen mai filaye ne a garin Rubio kuma jikanyar 'yan gudun hijirar Venezuela waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Andes da Colombia bayan Yaƙin Tarayya, yakin basasar da ya lalata Venezuela a shekarun 1860.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Pérez ya yi karatu a Makarantar María Inmaculada da ke Rubio, wacce malaman addinin Dominican ke gudanarwa. Yarintarsa ta yi tsakanin gidan danginsa da ke cikin gari, wani gidan da aka yi da salon mulkin mallaka na Spain, da kuma gidan kofi na mahaifinsa da kakansa na mahaifiyarsa. Saboda tasirin kakansa, mai son tattara littattafai, Pérez ya yi karatu da ƙarfi tun yana ƙarami, ciki har da littattafan gargajiya na Faransa da Sifaniyanci na Jules Verne da Alexandre Dumas . Yayin da yake girma, Pérez ya fahimci siyasa sosai kuma ya sami damar karanta [[Voltaire]], Rousseau, da [[Karl Marx|Marx]] ba tare da sanin iyayensa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Haɗakar faduwar farashin kofi, takaddamar kasuwanci, da cin zarafi da wasu mayaka da ke kawance da shugaban kama karya Juan Vicente Gómez suka shirya, ya haifar da lalacewar kuɗi da kuma tabarbarewar jiki na Antonio Pérez, wanda ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 1936. Wannan lamari ya tilasta wa Julia da 'ya'yanta maza su ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Venezuela, [[Karakas|Caracas]], a shekarar 1939, inda manyan 'yan'uwan Pérez biyu suka je jami'a. Mutuwar mahaifinsa ta yi tasiri sosai ga matashin Perez, wanda hakan ya ƙarfafa imaninsa cewa 'yanci da haƙƙoƙin dimokuraɗiyya su ne kawai garantin da ya sa aka yi amfani da ikon gwamnati ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma azzalumi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A Caracas, Pérez ya yi rajista a ''makarantar Liceo Andrés Bello'', inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1944 da babban digiri a fannin Falsafa da Wasiku. A shekarar 1944, ya yi rajista na tsawon shekaru uku a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Venezuela da kuma shekara guda a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kyauta ta Colombia . Duk da haka, ƙara himmar siyasa da yake yi zai hana Pérez kammala karatunsa na lauya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} == Rayuwar siyasa == [[File:Carlos_Andrés_Pérez,_1975.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Carlos Andrés Pérez a lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a kan mulki]] Rayuwar siyasa ta Carlos Andrés Pérez ta fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 15, lokacin da ya zama memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta Venezuela kuma memba na jam'iyyar National Democratic Party, waɗanda dukkansu suka yi adawa da gwamnatin danniya ta Janar Eleazar López Contreras, wanda ya gaji mulkin kama-karya na Juan Vicente Gómez a shekarar 1935. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na farko a yankinsa. Lokacin da ya koma [[Karakas|Caracas]], a shekarar 1939, ya fara harkar siyasa mai cike da tarihi a matsayin shugaban matasa kuma wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Action (AD), inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarni na 20, da farko a matsayin abokin kud da kud da wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Rómulo Betancourt sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban siyasa a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A watan Oktoban 1945, wani gungun fararen hula da matasa hafsoshin sojoji sun yi makirci kan kifar da gwamnatin da Janar Isaías Medina Angarita ke jagoranta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, an nada Pérez a matsayin Sakataren Sirri na Shugaban Junta, Rómulo Betancourt, kuma ya zama Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1946. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1948, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a kan gwamnatin Rómulo Gallegos da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya, an tilasta wa Pérez yin gudun hijira (zuwa [[Cuba]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] da [[Costa Rica]] ) na tsawon shekaru goma. Ya koma Venezuela na ɗan lokaci a ɓoye a shekarar 1952 don kammala ayyukan musamman a yaƙinsa da sabuwar gwamnatin kama-karya. An daure shi a lokuta daban-daban kuma ya shafe sama da shekaru biyu a gidan yari jimilla. A Costa Rica, ya kasance mai himma a da'irar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa ta Venezuela, ya yi aiki a matsayin Edita a Babban Jaridar ''La República'' kuma ya ci gaba da hulɗa da Betancourt da sauran shugabannin AD.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A shekarar 1958, bayan faduwar mulkin kama karya Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Pérez ya koma Venezuela kuma ya shiga cikin sake tsara jam'iyyar AD. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Shari'a daga 1959 zuwa 1964 kuma ya yi fice a matsayin minista mai tsauri kuma ɗan siyasa mai wayo wanda ya yi aiki don magance ƙananan tashe-tashen hankula masu tayar da hankali da tsattsauran ra'ayi na 'yan dama da na hagu, na ƙarshe wanda Cuba ke da tasiri a kansa kuma Cuba ke da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa, waɗanda ake gudanarwa a faɗin ƙasar. Wannan muhimmin mataki ne a cikin zaman lafiya a ƙasar a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 zuwa ƙarshenta, da kuma haɗakar jam'iyyu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi cikin tsarin siyasa. Duk da haka, an zargi Pérez da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkinsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Bayan ƙarshen gwamnatin Betancourt da kuma zaɓen 1963, Pérez ya bar gwamnati na ɗan lokaci kuma ya sadaukar da kansa ga ƙarfafa goyon bayansa a cikin jam'iyyar. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar AD a Majalisar Dokoki kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar AD, wani muhimmin aiki da ya taka wajen shimfida harsashin burinsa na shugaban ƙasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} === Shugabancin farko === [[File:Jimmy_Carter_and_President_Carlos_Perez_tour_the_grounds_at_La_Casona,_Venezuela's_presidential_residence._-_NARA_-_178549.tif|left|thumb|250x250px| Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] da Carlos Andrés Pérez a Caracas, 1978]] A shekarar 1973, an zaɓi Carlos Andrés Pérez don tsayawa takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar AD. Pérez, matashi kuma mai kuzari, ya gudanar da wani gagarumin kamfen mai cike da nasara, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya yi amfani da ayyukan ƙwararrun masu tallan Amurka da masu ba da shawara kan siyasa a tarihin ƙasar. A lokacin da ake shirin zaɓe, ya ziyarci kusan dukkan ƙauyuka da biranen Venezuela da ƙafa kuma ya yi tafiya sama da kilomita 5800.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} . An zaɓe shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, inda ya sami kashi 48.7% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a kan kashi 36.7% na babban abokin hamayyarsa. Yawan masu kada kuri'a a waɗannan zaɓukan ya kai kashi 97% na dukkan waɗanda suka cancanci zaɓe, matakin da ba a taɓa cimmawa ba tun lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da shirin Pérez na gwamnati ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne ra'ayin cewa man fetur kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Venezuela don samun matsayi na farko a duniya da kuma samar da tsari mai adalci da daidaito a duniya. Abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973, sun taimaka wajen aiwatar da wannan hangen nesa. Karin farashin mai mai tsanani a lokacin rikicin makamashi na shekarun 1970 ya haifar da kyakkyawan tattalin arziki ga ƙasar a daidai lokacin da Pérez ya fara wa'adin mulkinsa. Ta amfani da hauhawar farashin mai, Pérez ya ƙarfafa goyon bayansa, yana siyan tallafi ta hanyar tallafawa farashi, ƙara albashi <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Coppedge |first=Michael |date=Summer 1994 |title=Prospects for Democratic Governability in Venezuela |url=https://sites.nd.edu/michael-coppedge/files/2018/01/Prospects-for-Democratic-Governability-in-Venezuela.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=39–64 |doi=10.2307/166173 |jstor=166173}}</ref> da kuma ninka kashe kuɗin gwamnati sau uku. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Jennifer L |last2=Smith |first2=William C. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Democratic disequilibrium in Venezuela |journal=[[Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=113 |doi=10.2307/166273 |jstor=166273}}</ref> Manufofinsa, ciki har da mayar da masana'antun ƙarfe da man fetur na ƙasa. Bayan kafa PDVSA, an ƙirƙiri cin hanci da rashawa a Venezuela a matsayin tsarin mallakar ƙasa . <ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |date=2021-10-21 |title=Chávez's Bolivarian Republic Viewed With a Quality Lens |url=https://articlegateway.com/index.php/JMPP/article/view/4679 |journal=Journal of Management Policy and Practice |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.33423/jmpp.v22i3.4679 |issn=1913-8067}}</ref> Ya kuma haɓaka saka hannun jari a manyan ayyukan masana'antu mallakar gwamnati don samar da makamashin aluminum da wutar lantarki, inganta ababen more rayuwa da kuma samar da kuɗaɗen jin daɗin jama'a da shirye-shiryen bayar da tallafin karatu, waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan kuɗaɗen gwamnati, har zuwa kusan {{Nowrap|$53 billion}} . Matakan da ya ɗauka na kare muhalli da kuma haɓaka ci gaba mai ɗorewa sun sami kyautar Kula da Duniya a shekarar 1975, wannan shine karo na farko da wani shugaban Latin Amurka ya sami wannan karramawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A fagen ƙasa da ƙasa, Pérez ya goyi bayan manufofin dimokuraɗiyya da na ci gaba a Latin Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Ya sake kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da Cuba sannan ya gabatar da kudiri ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS) wanda zai dage takunkumin tattalin arziki da aka kakaba wa kasar. Ya yi adawa da mulkin kama-karya na Somoza da Augusto Pinochet kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kammala yarjejeniyar mika mashigar Panama daga Amurka zuwa ikon Panama. A shekarar 1975, tare da shugaban ƙasar Mexico Luis Echeverría, ya kafa SELA, Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Latin Amurka, wanda aka ƙirƙira don haɓaka haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da musayar kimiyya tsakanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka. Ya kuma goyi bayan tsarin dimokuradiyya a Spain, yayin da ya dawo da Felipe González, wanda ke zaune a gudun hijira, zuwa Spain a cikin jirgin sama na sirri, don haka ya ƙarfafa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Gurguzu ta Spain (PSOE). Bugu da ƙari, ya yi shawarwari kan wata yarjejeniya da Tarayyar Soviet wadda ta bukaci ta samar da mai ga kasuwar Venezuela ta Spain a madadin Venezuela da ta samar da kasuwar Soviet a Cuba. A ƙarshen wa'adin mulkinsa na farko, Pérez ya fuskanci suka kan kashe kuɗi da yawa daga gwamnati. <ref name=":72" /> Ana kiran gwamnatinsa da Saudiyya Venezuela saboda girmanta da kuma babban burinta. Bugu da ƙari, akwai zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da fataucin masu tasiri, waɗanda galibi suka shafi membobin ƙungiyar Pérez, kamar uwar gidansa Cecilia Matos, ko kuma masu kuɗi da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓensa, wanda aka sani da " Manzanni Goma Sha Biyu ". Rashin jituwa da aka yi da tsohon mai ba shi shawara Betancourt da kuma membobin AD marasa gamsuwa duk sun nuna raguwar matsayin Pérez a siyasance. A lokacin zaɓen 1978, akwai jin cewa 'yan ƙasa da yawa ba a sarrafa kwararar dalar Amurka ba bayan 1973 yadda ya kamata. Kasar na shigo da kashi 80% na dukkan abincin da ake ci daga waje. Noman da ake nomawa ya tsaya cak. Bashin ƙasa ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. Kuma yayin da kudin shiga ga kowane mutum ya ƙaru kuma wadata ta bayyana a Caracas da sauran manyan biranen ƙasar, ƙasar ta fi tsada kuma wasu tsirarun 'yan ƙasar Venezuela har yanzu suna cikin talauci. Wannan rashin jin daɗi ya haifar da shan kaye a zaɓen 'yan adawa na jam'iyyar Social Christian Party a hannun jam'iyyar AD. Sabon shugaban da aka zaɓa, Luis Herrera Campíns, ya bayyana a jawabinsa na farko cewa "yana gadon ƙasar da aka jinginar da ita."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} ==== Bayan zangon karatu na farko ==== [[File:World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_1989-2.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Helmut Haussmann, Carlos Andrés Pérez, [[Raymond Barre]], Michel Camdessus da David Campbell Mulford a taron shekara-shekara na taron tattalin arzikin duniya, 1989]] Carlos Andrés Pérez ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban mutum a harkokin ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1980, an zaɓe shi shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Latin Amurka. Ya yi aiki tare da shugaban ƙasar Tanzaniya [[Julius Nyerere]] a cikin ƙungiyar Kwamitin Kudu-Kudu. Ya shiga cikin harkokin gurguzu na duniya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na wa'adi uku a jere, a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Willy Brandt daga Yammacin Jamus. Willy Brandt da Carlos Andrés Pérez, tare da José Francisco Peña Gómez na [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]], sun faɗaɗa ayyukan ƙungiyar Socialist International daga Turai zuwa Latin Amurka. A shekarar 1988, ya zama memba na Majalisar Shugabannin Gwamnati da aka zaba cikin 'yanci, wanda tsohon Shugaban Amurka, [[Jimmy Carter]], ya kafa. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Taron Jami'ar Harvard kan Bashin Ƙasashen Waje a Latin Amurka, a {{Nowrap|September 1989}} ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2010}} kuma ya sami tallafin karatu na Henry da Nancy Bartels World Affairs Fellowship a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] . === Shugaban ƙasa na biyu === [[File:CarlosAndrésPérez_GeorgeH.W.Bush.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Shugaba Carlos Andrés Pérez tare da Shugaban Amurka George HW Bush a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] a wa'adin mulkinsa na biyu]] Ya kafa yakin neman zaben Venezuela na 1988 bisa ga gadonsa na yalwa a lokacin shugabancinsa na farko <ref name="Marquez131">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Márquez|Sanabria|2018}}</ref> kuma da farko ya ƙi manufofin 'yantar da jama'a. Asusun ajiyar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na Venezuela ya kai dala $300 kacal&nbsp;miliyan a lokacin zaɓen Pérez a matsayin shugaban ƙasa; Pérez ya yanke shawarar mayar da martani ga bashin, kashe kuɗin gwamnati, ƙuntatawa a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma gwamnatin da ke da hayar gidaje ta hanyar 'yantar da tattalin arzikin. <ref name="Marquez131" /> <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=Venezuela's Chavez Era |url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/venezuelas-chavez-era |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517003924/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/venezuelas-chavez-era |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> <ref name=":222" /> Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya bai wa Venezuela rancen dala {{Nowrap|4.5 billion}} tare da sharadin aiwatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu. <ref name=":72" /> <ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last=Lander |first=Edgardo |last2=Fierro |first2=Luis A. |date=Jul 1996 |title=The Impact of Neoliberal Adjustment in Venezuela, 1989-1993 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X9602300304 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=50–73 |doi=10.1177/0094582X9602300304 |issn=0094-582X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Carlos Andrés ya sanar da majalisar ministocin fasaha da kuma ƙungiyar manufofin tattalin arziki don gyara rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki mai suna ''[[:es:El Gran Viraje|El Gran Viraje]]'' ( English: ), waɗanda masu suka suka kira su da ''El Paquetazo Económico'' ( English: ). <ref name="Marquez132">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Márquez|Sanabria|2018}}</ref> <ref name="Rivero102">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> Pérez ya aiwatar da irin waɗannan gyare-gyare ba tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin siyasa ba, ciki har da jam'iyyarsa ta AD, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=López Maya |first=Margarita |date=February 2003 |title=The Venezuelan "Caracazo" of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness |journal=[[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |language=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=117–137 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X02006673 |s2cid=145292996 |quote=In this regard, the Caracazo was not such a spontaneous outburst as is commonly believed. We have found that anti-neoliberal student protest had been building in the previous days in Merida as well as other cities.}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da toshe manufofinsa na gaba a Majalisa tare da janye goyon bayansa, inda mutane da yawa suka ɗauki shirin a matsayin cin amana. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romero |first=Anibal |date=1997 |title=Rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic: The agony of democracy in Venezuela |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-research-review_1997_32_1/page/7 |journal=[[Latin American Research Review]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.1017/S002387910003764X}}</ref> Daga cikin manufofin akwai rage tallafin mai da kuma ƙara kuɗin sufuri na jama'a da kashi talatin cikin ɗari (VEB 16 Venezuelan bolívares, ko US$0.4). <ref name="Marquez132" /> <ref name="Rivero102" /> An yi tsammanin za a aiwatar da ƙarin a ranar 1 ga Maris 1989, amma direbobin bas sun yanke shawarar ƙara farashin a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, kwana ɗaya kafin ranar albashi a Venezuela. A martanin da aka mayar, zanga-zanga da tarzoma sun fara ne a safiyar ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1989 a Guarenas, wani gari kusa da Caracas, wanda aka sani da El Caracazo . <ref name=":2" /> Rashin shiga tsakani a kan lokaci daga hukumomi, yayin da [[:es:Policía Metropolitana de Caracas|'Yan sandan Metropolitan na Caracas]] ke yajin aikin kwadago, ya haifar da zanga-zangar da tarzoma ta bazu cikin sauri zuwa babban birnin da sauran garuruwa a faɗin ƙasar. <ref name=":72" /> <ref name=":022" /> <ref name="Rivero109">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> <ref name=":122" /> Martanin ya haifar da ayyana dokar ta-baci kuma ya haifar da mace-mace da dama, tun daga kiyasin hukuma na mutuwar mutane 277 <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> zuwa kiyasin da ba na hukuma ba na har zuwa 5,000, lokacin tashin hankali mafi muni a tarihin dimokuradiyya na Venezuela. <ref name=":022" /> An danganta mutuwar ne da aiwatar da Shirin Ávila da Pérez ya yi, wanda ya haifar da kashe masu zanga-zanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TalCual |first=Opinión |date=2021-11-15 |title=Del plan Ávila al plan Zamora, por Beltrán Vallejo |url=https://talcualdigital.com/del-plan-avila-al-plan-zamora-por-beltran-vallejo/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[Tal Cual]] |language=es}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] sun ruwaito cewa [['Yancin Dan Adam da na siyasa a Venezuela|haƙƙin ɗan adam a Venezuela]] ya tabarbare a lokacin gwamnatin Pérez, inda ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarshe suka rubuta a shekarar 1993 cewa "lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance da ƙaruwar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da tsare mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, azabtarwa, yanke hukunci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, danne zanga-zangar jama'a da zanga-zanga." <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=1993 |title=Venezuela: The Eclipse of Human Rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr530071993en.pdf |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=October 1993 |title=Human Rights in Venezuela |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Venez93O.pdf |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Azabtarwa a Venezuela a lokacin gwamnatin Carlos Andrés Pérez abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cewar Amnesty International, inda kungiyar ta ce yayin da gwamnati da dokokinta suka yi Allah wadai da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, hukumomi har yanzu suna yin hanyoyin azabtarwa waɗanda "suka kasance masu sauƙi amma masu rikitarwa: an tsara su ne don haifar da mummunan ciwo tare da mafi ƙarancin maki." <ref name=":6" /> Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙara da cewa talakawa 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da ƙananan yara, galibi ana azabtar da su ne daga hare-haren 'yan sanda da [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|tsare su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba]], daga baya ana azabtar da su a lokuta da dama. <ref name=":6" /> A ƙarshen shekarar 1991, gwamnatin Carlos Andrés Pérez ta sami jimillar dala $2.287.&nbsp;biliyan saboda gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa kamfanonin kera kayayyaki. <ref name="Rivero180">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> Gwanjon da ya fi shahara shine kamfanin sadarwa na CANTV 's, wanda aka sayar akan farashin dala Amurka $1.885.&nbsp;biliyan ga ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi American AT&amp;amp;T International, General Telephone Electronic da kuma Venezuelan Electricidad de Caracas da Banco Mercantil . Katangewar da aka yi wa Venezuela ta kawo ƙarshen ikon mallakar sadarwa da ya wuce hasashen da aka yi, inda aka sayar da sama da dala 1.&nbsp;biliyan sama da farashin tushe da kuma dala 500 na Amurka&nbsp;fiye da miliyan fiye da tayin da mai fafatawa da shi na gaba ya bayar. <ref name="Rivero179">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekara, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya ragu zuwa kashi 31%, yanzu asusun ajiyar kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya na Venezuela ya kai dala Amurka $14&nbsp;biliyan kuma akwai ci gaban tattalin arziki na kashi 9% (wanda ake kira "ci gaban Asiya"), mafi girma a Latin Amurka a lokacin. <ref name="Rivero180" /> Gabaɗaya, sakamakon manufofin 'yanci sun gauraye; <ref name=":022" /> zuwa 1992 an mayar da nasarorin da yawa, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kasance tsakanin kashi talatin zuwa arba'in cikin ɗari kuma Venezuela ba ta daidaita tattalin arziki ba. <ref name=":022" /> Babban abin da aka cimma a wannan lokacin shi ne cewa Venezuela ta sami damar biyan basussukan ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":022" /> A shekarar 1992, gwamnatinsa ta tsira daga yunkurin juyin mulki sau biyu . An yi yunƙurin farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1992, kuma Laftanar Kanar [[Hugo Chávez]] ne ya jagorance shi, wanda daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Da yake yunkurin ya gaza a fili, an yi wa Chávez kallon wanda ya fi shahara a ƙasar lokacin da aka ba shi damar bayyana kai tsaye a talabijin na ƙasar don yin kira ga sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da su dakatar da yaƙin. Lokacin da ya yi haka, Chávez ya shahara a talabijin na ƙasa cewa ya gaza ne kawai a " ''por ahora'' "—"a yanzu". Tawaye na biyu, kuma mafi muni, ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1992, inda aka samu mace-mace da yawa fiye da na farko. Rahotanni da dama na yadda ake azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa, masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da kuma ɗalibai sun faru ne a lokacin da Pérez ya dakatar da garantin kundin tsarin mulki. <ref name=":6" /> === Tsigewa === A ranar 20 ga Maris 1993, Babban Lauyan Gwamnati [[:es:Ramón Escovar Salom|Ramón Escovar Salom]] ya gabatar da ƙara a kan Pérez saboda satar kuɗi na bolivar {{Nowrap|250 million}} mallakar wani asusun gwamnati na musamman, ko kuma ''sakatariyar partida'' . An fara gabatar da wannan batu ga jama'a a {{Nowrap|November 1992}} ta hannun ɗan jarida José Vicente Rangel . An yi amfani da kuɗin wajen tsoma baki a babban zaɓen Nicaragua na 1990, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Laureano Márquez}}</ref> kuma a lokacin wannan tsari an gano cewa an yi amfani da kuɗin wajen tallafawa da kuma hayar masu tsaron lafiyar Shugaba [[Violeta Chamorro]] . A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1993, Kotun Koli ta yi la'akari da cewa zargin ya yi daidai, kuma washegari Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kuri'ar kwace wa Pérez kariyar da ke hannunsa. Yawancin waɗanda ke Majalisar Dattawa waɗanda suka goyi bayan tsige Pérez 'yan jam'iyyar AD ne. Pérez ya ƙi yin murabus, amma bayan matsakaicin hutun wucin gadi na kwanaki 90 da Shugaban ƙasa ya samu a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 188 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1961, Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta cire Pérez daga mukaminsa na dindindin a ranar 31 ga Agusta. <ref name="Kada" /> == Bayan shugabancin ƙasa == An kammala shari'ar Pérez a watan Mayu na shekarar 1996, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni 28 a gidan yari. A shekarar 1998, an sake gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, a wannan karon bisa zargin satar kudaden gwamnati, wanda ake zarginsa da boye asusun ajiyar banki na hadin gwiwa a New York tare da uwar gidansa, Cecilia Matos. Kafin shari'ar, an zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Venezuela don Jiharsa ta Táchira, bisa ga zaɓen sabuwar jam'iyyar da ya kafa, ''Movimiento de Apertura y Participación Nacional'' (Apertura), don haka ya sami kariya daga gurfanarwa. Duk da haka, yayin da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Venezuela na 1999 ya amince da shi ya rusa Majalisar Dattawa kuma ya ƙirƙiri Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa mai zaman kanta, Pérez ya rasa kujerarsa. A shekarar 1999, ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, amma bai samu kujera ba. A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2001, yayin da yake Jamhuriyar Dominican, wata kotu a Caracas ta ba da umarnin a tsare shi, bisa zargin satar kudaden gwamnati. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2002, an nemi a mika shi ga hukuma. <ref name="CIDOB">{{In lang|es}} [http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/carlos_andres_perez_rodriguez Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez' biography, CIDOB]</ref> Bayan haka, ya yi gudun hijira a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]], inda daga nan ya zama abokin hamayyar Shugaba [[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Chavez]] . A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2003, yana da shekaru 80, ya kamu da bugun jini wanda ya sa ya zama nakasasshe. A lokacin da yake Miami, bayan rikicin Daktari Ranch, Pérez ya ce makircin ƙarya ne amma dole ne a cire Chávez da ƙarfi, yana mai cewa "Chávez ya ƙi duk hanyoyin fita cikin lumana da aka gabatar masa" kuma "ba wai ina goyon bayan tashin hankali ba ne, amma babu wata hanyar fita daga Chavez". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-12 |title=Ex presidente y líder de oposición llaman a la rebelión en Venezuela |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2004/05/12/0001/14/1A14DFACF79E4636A9DF50410446BAB5.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[El Universo]] |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-11 |title=EU rechaza patrocine golpe contra Chávez |url=https://hoy.com.do/eu-rechaza-patrocine-golpe-contra-chavez/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Hoy Digital |language=en |quote=Pérez aseguró que «en estos momentos no hay algún complot contra Chávez, pero hay que sacarlo por la fuerza».<br /><br />En Venezuela «no se presentará un nuevo caracazo», pero «inevitablemente habrá muertos, como en toda acción armada», advirtió el ex presidente venezolano en declaraciones desde Miami a la privada radio Caracol de Bogotá.<br /><br />«Chávez ha rechazado todas las salidas pacíficas que se le han presentado. De manera que ya no queda sino el último recurso: la violencia», agregó Pérez, tras insistir en que «no es que yo sea partidario de la violencia, sino que no hay otro camino para salir de Chávez».}}</ref> A cikin 2009, babban lauyan Venezuela Luisa Ortega Díaz ya ba da umarnin a fitar da Pérez saboda aiwatar da shirin Ávila . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=30 September 2009 |title=Extradition of Former Venezuelan President Requested |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/extradition-of-former-venezuelan-president-requested/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[Americas Quarterly]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Yana da shekaru 26 ya auri 'yar uwarsa ta farko Blanca Rodríguez wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya shida: Sonia, Thais, Martha, Carlos Manuel, María de Los Angeles da María Carolina. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya fara wata dangantaka ta aure da sakatariyarsa ta wancan lokacin [[Cecilia Matos]] . Ya kuma haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da Cecilia, María Francia da Cecilia Victoria Pérez, yayin da ya auri Blanca Rodríguez. Matos ta zama shahararriya a siyasar Venezuela tun daga shekarun 1970, har zuwa shekarun 1990, sakamakon jita-jitar cin hanci da rashawa da safarar mutane ya ta'allaka ne akan matsayinta na uwargidan Shugaban Kasa. Irin waɗannan zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa sun yi wa matsayin Pérez na siyasa illa. Duk da cewa Pérez ya fara shari'ar saki a kan matarsa a shekarar 1998, shari'ar ta gaza kuma aka dakatar da ita. Har zuwa rasuwarsa, Pérez ya ci gaba da auren Blanca bisa doka duk da cewa yana zaune a gudun hijira tun 1998 tare da Matos, inda ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin gidansa da ke Miami, Jamhuriyar Dominican da New York. A shekara ta 2003, ya yi fama da bugun jini mai rauni wanda ya shafi tunaninsa da kuma ƙarfin jikinsa sosai. A ranar 31 ga Maris 2008, babban sakataren Acción Democrática, Henry Ramos Allup, ya sanar da cewa Pérez yana son komawa Venezuela daga gudun hijira, don yin shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Caracas. <ref name="AE">{{Cite web |last=Union Radio |date=1 April 2008 |title=Ex presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez desea regresar a Venezuela |url=http://www.unionradio.com.ve/Noticias/Noticia.aspx?noticiaid=236566 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405140656/http://www.unionradio.com.ve/Noticias/Noticia.aspx?noticiaid=236566 |archive-date=5 April 2008 |language=es}}</ref> == Mutuwa == [[File:Funeral_of_Carlos_Andrés_Pérez.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Jana'izar Carlos Andrés Pérez a Caracas]] A ranar 25 ga Disamba 2010, an garzaya da Pérez zuwa Asibitin Mercy da ke [[Miami]], inda ya mutu a wannan rana. Da farko an ruwaito cewa musabbabin mutuwar shine bugun zuciya, <ref name="FC">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2010 |title=Falleció el ex presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/12/25/pol_ava_fallecio-en-el-ex-pr_25A4897053.shtml |access-date=25 December 2010 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> amma daga baya an ayyana cewa "gazawar numfashi ne". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomon |first=Gisela |title=Venezuelan ex-president Carlos Andres Perez dies |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/12/25/1988555/venezuelan-ex-president-carlos.html |access-date=26 December 2010 |publisher=Miami Herald |agency=AP}}</ref> Daga baya ya bayyana cewa 'ya'yan Blanca Rodríguez da Pérez mata huɗu da ɗansu sun sami labarin mutuwar Pérez daga wani gidan yanar gizo, domin Matos ko 'ya'yanta mata ba su sanar da su game da rasuwar ba. Chávez ya yi ta'aziyya, amma ya yi tsokaci cewa yana fatan tsarin mulkin Pérez ba zai dawo ƙasar ba: "Allah Ya huta lafiya. Amma tare da shi."&nbsp;... Allah ya sa tsarin siyasar da ya siffanta ta ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ya kuma bar nan har abada." 'Yan uwan Pérez a Miami sun ce za a binne Pérez a Miami kuma ba su da niyyar mayar da gawarsa zuwa Venezuela har sai Chávez ya daina kan mulki. Kasa da sa'o'i 24 kafin jana'izar, wakilan lauyoyi na Blanca Rodríguez sun sami umarnin kotu na dakatar da bikin. Umarnin ya dogara ne akan haƙƙin doka na Blanca Rodríguez a matsayin bazawara ga Pérez na tantance inda za a binne shi. An ruwaito cewa dangin Miami sun amince da buƙatarta ta mayar da gawar Pérez ga Venezuela amma daga baya sun musanta cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2011, an dawo da gawar Pérez zuwa Venezuela, watanni tara bayan mutuwarsa. Akwatin ya iso ne a cikin jirgin sama daga Atlanta, Georgia, tare da rakiyar Magajin Garin Caracas Antonio Ledezma, abokin Pérez kuma memba na Democratic Action (AD). Da zarar an isa Caracas, an kai shi hedikwatar AD, inda sama da mutane 5,000 suka jira su ga akwatin gawar da kuma akwatin da aka lulluɓe da tutar Venezuela. An binne gawar Pérez a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2011. Cecilia Matos ta mutu a [[Bogotá]], Colombia, sakamakon matsalolin koda da na numfashi tana da shekaru 66. Mutuwarta ta zo ne kwanaki 25 bayan an binne Pérez, bayan takaddamar iyali da ta daɗe tana tasowa game da inda ya kamata a binne shi a ƙarshe.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2016}} == A cikin al'adun jama'a == Fim ɗin shirin gaskiya mai suna ''CAP 2 Intentos'' ( ''Turanci:'' CAP 2 Attempts), wanda [[:es:Carlos Oteyza|Carlos Oteyza]] ya jagoranta, ya mayar da hankali kan wa'adin shugabancin Andrés Pérez guda biyu ba tare da an jera su ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganadores del premio Algo de Cine |url=https://www.grancine.net/noticias-detalle.php?id=7628 |access-date=3 August 2021}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya Oteyza ta fitar da wani shirin gaskiya, ''[[CAP Inédito]]'' (CAP Unedited), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba a taɓa bugawa ba a baya kuma daga ra'ayin sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Documental sobre Carlos Andrés Pérez llega a YouTube |url=https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/documental-carlos-andres-perez-llega-youtube-n5344328 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Diario las Américas]] |language=es}}</ref> == Daraja == === Girmamawar ƙasashen waje === * {{Flag|Italy}} : ** [[File:Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg|70x70px]]Knight Grand Cross tare da abin wuya na Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya (17 Nuwamba 1976) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/35601 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.quirinale.it}}</ref> * {{Flag|Portugal}} : ** [[File:PRT_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.png|70x70px]]Babban abin wuya na rundunar Soja ta Saint James ta takobi (1 ga Yuni 1977) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas |url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.ordens.presidencia.pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Spain}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg|70x70px]]Akwatin Aljihu na Odar Charles na III (6 ga Satumba 1978) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1978-23372 |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-23372 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.boe.es}}</ref> * {{Flagu|Malaysia}} : ** [[File:MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_(Crown_of_the_Realm)_-_DMN.svg|70x70px]]Mai Karɓar Girmamawa na Order of the Crown of the Kingdom (1990) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan. |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> * {{Flag|Jamaica}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Jamaica.gif|70x70px]]Memba Mai Girma na Order of Jamaica <ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of Jamaica |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=jis.gov.jm}}</ref> * {{Flag|Yugoslavia}} ** [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png|70x70px]]Tsarin Tauraron Yugoslavia Mai Girma <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |date=17 September 1976 |title=Одликувања |url=http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/7C2E1D1E96FE4CC7B2E5F6331E656D7A.pdf |journal=Službeni list SFRJ |volume=XXXII |issue=41 |pages=1272}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=19 March 1976 |title=Идеје Симона Боливара имају трајну вредност |url=https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp&#124;issue:UB_00064_19760319&#124;page:1&#124;query:%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0 |journal=Borba |pages=1}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen shugabannin Venezuela * Jerin ministocin harkokin cikin gida na Venezuela * Jerin gwamnonin Gundumar Tarayya ta Venezuela == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhydhpy2sciajrtivl0s4jrjbjej8ls Daga praestigiis daemonum 0 177513 967443 960167 2026-10-14T01:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''De praestigiis daemonum''''', wanda aka fassara a matsayin '''''Akan Dabarun Aljanu''''', littafi ne na likitan likita Johann Weyer, wanda aka fi sani da Wier, wanda aka fara bugawa a Basel a 1563. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=George |date=November 1963 |title=On the 400th anniversary of Johann Weyer's ''De praestigiis daemonum''--Its significance for today's psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1963-11_120_5/page/417 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=417–428 |doi=10.1176/ajp.120.5.417 |pmid=14051232}}</ref> Littafin ya yi jayayya cewa babu maita kuma waɗanda ke da'awar yin ta suna fama da ruɗu, waɗanda ya kamata a ɗauke su a matsayin cututtukan tabin hankali, maimakon a hukunta su a matsayin maita. <ref name="auto">Stuart Clark, ''Thinking with demons: the idea of witchcraft in early modern Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1999; {{ISBN|0-19-820808-1}}), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8a758cCSKY0C&dq=%22De+praestigiis+daemonum%22+weyer&pg=PA202 198 - 202]</ref> Ya yi tasiri wajen soke shari'o'in sihiri a Netherlands. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Weyer bai yarda da wasu mutanen zamaninsa game da hujjar farautar mayu ba. Weyer ya yi imanin cewa mafi yawan, wataƙila dukkan shari'o'in da ake zargin maita sun samo asali ne daga ruɗin da ake zargin mayya ce, maimakon haɗin kai na son rai da mugunta ta ruhaniya. A takaice dai, Weyer ya yi iƙirarin cewa shari'o'in da ake zargin masu sihiri ne na tunani maimakon waɗanda suka samo asali daga abubuwan ban mamaki. <ref name="auto" /> Littafin ya ƙunshi wani sanannen ƙarin bayani wanda aka yaɗa shi daban-daban a matsayin Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, jerin sunaye da lakabi na ruhohin jahannama, da kuma ikon da ake zargin kowannensu yana da shi. Weyer ya ba da labarin cewa tushen wannan basirar da ya samo asali daga ita ce wani littafi mai suna Liber officiorum spirituum, seu liber dictus Empto Salomonis, de principibus et regibus demoniorum ("Littafin ofisoshin ruhohi, ko littafin da ake kira Empto, na Sulemanu, game da sarakuna da sarakunan aljanu). [1] Dalilin Weyer na gabatar da wannan abu ba wai don ya koyar da masu karatunsa game da aljanu ba ne, a'a, don "bayyana wa dukkan mutane" riyawar waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa suna iya yin sihiri, mutanen da "ba sa jin kunyar yin alfahari da cewa su mayu ne, da kuma abin mamaki, yaudara, girman kai, wauta, ƙarya, hauka, rashin hankali, da ƙarya bayyanannu, don sanya abubuwan da suke yi a cikin hasken rana. " [2] Majiya daga Weyer ta yi iƙirarin cewa Jahannama ta tsara kanta a cikin wani gidan wuta wanda aka raba zuwa sarakuna, ma'aikatu da jakadu. [3] === Liyafar maraba da gado === An fassara ''De Praestigiis'' zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci; yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen labarin Reginald Scot mai shakku game da maita, ''The Discoverie of Witchcraft'' . == Duba kuma == * ''Malleus Maleficarum'' * ''Daemonologie'' == Manazarta == c9e7ig0qcete68ynb8qdxr8g69g9wbv Lafiyar Charles Darwin 0 177514 967290 960171 2026-10-13T20:30:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Charles_Darwin.jpg|thumb| Charles Darwin (1809–1882)]] A mafi yawan shekarunsa na girma, lafiyar [[Charles Darwin]] ta sha fama da rashin lafiya sakamakon wasu [[Alamar cututtuka|alamomin]] da ba a saba gani ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya rasa ƙarfin jikinsa na tsawon lokaci. Duk da haka, Darwin da kansa ya ba da shawarar cewa, a wasu hanyoyi, wannan na iya taimaka wa aikinsa: "Ko da rashin lafiya, duk da cewa ya lalata shekaru da yawa na rayuwata, ya cece ni daga abubuwan da ke raba hankalina da shagala da al'umma." <ref name="autobio 144">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barlow|1958}}</ref> Darwin ya tuntubi likitoci da yawa, amma, da [[Ilimin magunguna|kimiyyar likitanci]] ta lokacin, [[Binciken ganewa|ba a gano musabbabin ba]] . Ya gwada duk magungunan da ake da su, amma waɗannan sun yi nasara ne kawai na ɗan lokaci. Kwanan nan, an yi ta hasashe game da yanayin rashin lafiyarsa. An yi hasashen cewa tono gawar Darwin zai iya fayyace yanayin matsalolin lafiyarsa. <ref name="revista2022">{{Cite journal |last=Botto-Mahan |first=Carezza |last2=Medel |first2=Rodrigo |date=2022-03-24 |title=Was Chagas disease responsible for Darwin's illness? The overlooked eco-epidemiological context in Chile |journal=[[Revista Chilena de Historia Natural]] |volume=94 |doi=10.1186/s40693-021-00104-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ci gaban rashin lafiya da alamu ==   A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Edinburgh, Darwin ya gano cewa yana da matuƙar damuwa da ganin jini da kuma muguntar tiyata a lokacin, don haka ya mayar da hankalinsa ga tarihin halitta, wani abin sha'awa da ya taso lokacin da yake karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge don ya cancanci zama limamin coci. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1831, yayin da yake jiran fara tafiyar a Plymouth a kan HMS Beagle, ya sha fama da ciwon ƙirji da bugun zuciya, amma bai gaya wa kowa a lokacin ba ko hakan zai hana shi zuwa binciken. [1] A lokacin tafiyar, ya sha wahala sosai daga rashin lafiyar teku a cikin watanni goma sha takwas da yake a teku, amma ya shafe mafi yawan shekaru uku da watanni uku yana kan ƙasa yana bincike mai zurfi. A Argentina a farkon Oktoba 1833, ya faɗi saboda zazzaɓi. Ya yi kwana biyu a kan gado, sannan tunanin wani matashin abokin jirgin ruwa wanda ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin ya sa ya hau jirgin ruwa zuwa Buenos Aires, yana kwance cikin rashin lafiya a cikin ɗakinsa har sai da zazzabin ya ƙare. A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1834, yayin da yake dawowa daga balaguron dawaki a tsaunukan [[Andes]], ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya yi watan Oktoba a kan gado a [[Valparaiso|Valparaíso]] . Wannan zai yi daidai da kamuwa da cuta tare da ''Trypanosoma cruzi'', wanda ke haifar da [[cutar Chagas]] . {{Sfn|Keynes|2001}} <ref name="Letter no. 259">{{Cite web |date=13 October 1834 |title=Letter no. 259 – Charles Darwin to Caroline Darwin |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-259.xml |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project}}</ref> A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa na ranar 25 ga Maris 1835, yayin da yake gabashin Andes kusa da [[Mendoza]], ya lura da "wani hari (domin bai cancanci a ambaci sunansa ba) na Benchuca, wani nau'in Reduvius, babban ƙwaro na Pampas ". Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' da ke haifar da [[cutar Chagas]], amma a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa bai ambaci zazzabin da ke nuna alaƙar kamuwa da cutar ta farko ba, wanda wataƙila ya faru a watan Satumba na 1834. {{Sfn|Keynes|2001}} Bayan tafiyar ta ƙare a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1836, ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin fitaccen masanin ilmin ƙasa, a lokaci guda kuma ya fara hasashe a ɓoye game da canjin yanayi yayin da yake tunanin ka'idarsa . A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1837, ya yi "faɗuwar zuciya mai daɗi" kuma kamar yadda likitocinsa suka ba shi ''shawara'', ya tafi na tsawon wata ɗaya yana murmurewa a ƙauye. A watan Oktoban da ya gabata ya rubuta, "A ƙarshe duk wani abu da ya girgiza ni yana tayar min da hankali gaba ɗaya daga baya, kuma yana haifar da bugun zuciya mai ƙarfi." <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Darwin|1887}} letter to Henslow, 14 October 1837.</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1838, ya yi aiki mai yawa, yana cikin damuwa da ciwon ciki da ciwon kai wanda hakan ya sa bai iya yin aiki na tsawon kwanaki ba. Waɗannan matsalolin sun tsananta kuma matsalolin zuciya suka sake dawowa, don haka a watan Yuni ya tafi "kimiyya" a Scotland kuma ya ji ya warke sarai. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, sai rashin lafiya ya sake dawowa—wani yanayi da zai ci gaba. Ya auri Emma Wedgwood a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1839, kuma a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar yayin da cikin Emma na farko ya ci gaba, ya yi rashin lafiya kuma bai yi wani abin a zo a gani ba a shekarar da ta biyo baya. Fiye da shekaru arba'in Darwin ya sha wahala lokaci-lokaci sakamakon tarin alamu daban-daban kamar: rashin lafiya, juwa, jiri, [[Jiri|amai]], ciwon [[Amai|mara]] da ciwon ciki, kumburin ciki da iskar hanji ta dare, [[ciwon kai]], canjin gani, [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]] mai tsanani, gajiyar jijiyoyi, rashin isasshen barci, matsalolin [[fata]] kamar ƙuraje a fatar kai da eczema, [[Kuka (Emotion)|kuka]], [[Anxiety|damuwa]], jin mutuwa da rashin sani, suma, [[tachycardia]], rashin barci, [[tinnitus]], da baƙin ciki . === Maganin ruwa === Darwin bai yi nasara ba da maganin gargajiya. A shekara ta 1849, bayan kimanin watanni huɗu na amai akai-akai, ya karɓi shawarar abokinsa Kyaftin Sulivan da ɗan uwansa Fox don gwada maganin ruwa a Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Dr James Gully da ke Malvern . Ya karanta littafin Gully, wanda ya ba da tarihin shari'o'i kuma yana da jerin farashi a baya. Darwin ya yi hayar wani gida a Malvern ga iyalansa kuma ya fara gwajin maganin na tsawon watanni biyu a ranar 10 ga Maris. Gully ya yarda da yadda Darwin ya gano kansa game da ciwon damuwa na jijiyoyi kuma ya tsara masa tsarin da ya dace, ciki har da dumama shi da fitilar ruhi har sai gumi ya diga, sannan ya shafa sosai da tawul mai sanyi da wanka a ƙafafu masu sanyi, cin abinci mai tsauri, da kuma tafiya. Darwin ya ji daɗin kulawa da kuma tsarin mulki mai wahala wanda hakan ya sa bai sami lokacin jin laifi game da rashin aiki ba. Lafiyarsa ta inganta da sauri, kuma ya ji cewa maganin ruwa "ba wai yaudara ba ne". <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Browne|1995}}</ref> Bai yarda da magungunan homeopathic da Gully ke ba shi sau uku a rana ba amma ya sha su da biyayya. Sun ci gaba da zama har zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, sannan suka koma gida a Down House, ya ci gaba da cin abinci da kuma shan ruwa tare da taimakon mai kula da shi. Ya bi ƙa'idodin tashi da wuri da kuma raba lokacin aikinsa, sannan ya gina Sandwalk a filin motsa jikinsa, inda ya kafa tsarin da ya ci gaba da yi. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Browne|1995}}</ref> A watan Satumba, rashin lafiyarsa ta dawo a lokacin da ake cikin farin ciki a taron Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Burtaniya, kuma Darwin ya yi ziyarar kwana ɗaya zuwa Malvern, sannan ya warke a gida. A watan Yunin 1850, bayan ya rasa lokaci saboda rashin lafiya (ba tare da amai ba), ya yi mako guda a Malvern. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Desmond|Moore|1991}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya rubuta wa Fox game da amincin "ƙaunataccen Dr Gully" wanda lokacin da 'yarsa ba ta da lafiya, ya yi mata magani da yarinya mai bayyana ra'ayi don ta ba da rahoto game da canje-canje a cikin gida, mai ba da shawara kan yadda za ta yi barci, John Chapman a matsayin likitan gida da kansa kuma a matsayin likitan ruwa, bayan haka 'yar Gully ta warke. Darwin ya yi wa Fox bayani game da shakkun da yake yi masa game da clairvoyance da kuma mafi muni, homeopathy, yana tunanin cewa allurai marasa iyaka sun saba wa dukkan hankali kuma ya kamata a kwatanta su da tasirin rashin magani kwata-kwata. Gully ya matsa wa Darwin ya yi wa kansa biyayya, kuma lokacin da ya ga mai sihirin, ya yi ƙoƙarin gwada ta ta hanyar tambayar ta ta karanta lambar da ke kan takardar kuɗin da yake da ita a cikin ambulaf, amma ta ce da rashin kunya wannan wani abu ne da baiwarta ta yi kuma ta ci gaba da gano abubuwan ban tsoro a cikin zuciyar Darwin, labarin da ya ba da labarin shekaru da yawa bayan haka. Lokacin da ƙaramar 'yar Darwin mai suna Annie ta kamu da matsalar rashin narkewar abinci, ya kai ta Gully da ƙarfin hali a ranar 24 ga Maris 1851, kuma bayan mako guda, ya bar ta a can don ta yi maganin, amma bayan makonni biyu, Dr. Gully ya kira ta saboda Annie tana da zazzaɓin ciki . Dr. Gully ya kula da su sosai kuma ya tabbatar musu da cewa tana murmurewa, amma bayan jerin matsaloli, Annie ta mutu a ranar 23 ga Afrilu. Darwin ya yi baƙin ciki da wannan mummunan rashi, amma abin mamaki ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙoshin lafiya a bayan haka, yana aiki tukuru wajen shirya jana'izar. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Browne|1995}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Desmond|Moore|1991}}</ref> Darwin ya ajiye bayanan tasirin ci gaba da shan ruwa a gida kuma a shekara ta 1852 ya dakatar da tsarin, bayan ya gano cewa yana taimakawa wajen shakatawa amma gabaɗaya ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci, wanda ke nuna cewa hakan ya rage alamunsa [[Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa|na psychosomatic]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jensen G |date=Aug 2003 |title=Charles Darwin's calamitous psychosomatic disorder clarified |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-psychosomatic-research_2003-08_55_2/page/133 |journal=J Psychosom Res |volume=55 |issue=2 |page=133 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00311-8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, F |date=Nov 1990 |title=Darwin's illness |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1990-11-03_336_8723/page/1139 |journal=Lancet |volume=336 |issue=8723 |pages=1139–40 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(90)92627-T |pmid=1978023 |s2cid=36893118}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rri98qjebjnqfmgczbs0no8q3674rv3 Bayanan da ba su da tushe 0 177551 967407 961038 2026-10-13T23:23:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:Vote_Leave_poster,_Omagh.jpg|alt=Sign reading: We send the EU £50 MILLION EVERY DAY / Let's spend it on our NHS instead / [heartbeat graphic] / Vote Leave on 23 June|thumb| Alamar nasarar yakin neman zaben ficewar Birtaniya a zaben raba gardama na zama memba na Tarayyar Turai na 2016 . An yi la'akari da ikirarin da alamar ta yi a matsayin misali na rashin gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=10 June 2016 |title=Why Vote Leave's £350m weekly EU cost claim is wrong |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2016/may/23/does-the-eu-really-cost-the-uk-350m-a-week |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2016 |title=The UK's EU membership fee |url=https://fullfact.org/europe/our-eu-membership-fee-55-million/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Full Fact}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Reality Check: Would Brexit mean extra £350m a week for NHS? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36040060 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackrill |first=Robert |date=27 April 2016 |title=Fact Check: how much does the UK actually pay to the EU? |url=https://theconversation.com/fact-check-how-much-does-the-uk-actually-pay-to-the-eu-58120 |website=The Conversation}}</ref>]] Bayanan da ba daidai ba bayanai ne marasa tushe ko kuma marasa tushe. [1] [2] Duk da cewa bayanai marasa tushe na iya wanzuwa tare da ko ba tare da wata manufa ta musamman ta mugunta ba, bayanan ƙarya na yaudara ne da gangan kuma ana yaɗa su da gangan. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Ana yada bayanai marasa tushe ba tare da niyya ba, galibi saboda rashin ilimi, kuskure, ko kuma kawai rashin fahimta, wanda ya bambanta da bayanai marasa tushe. [8] [9] Bayanan da ba daidai ba na iya haɗawa da bayanai marasa inganci, marasa cikawa, marasa gaskiya, ko na ƙarya da kuma zaɓaɓɓu ko rabin gaskiya. An tsara dandamalin kafofin sada zumunta, kamar Facebook, Instagram, X, da sauransu, ta hanyoyin da za su ba da damar a buga bayanai, gami da bayanai marasa tushe, da kuma raba su cikin sauri fiye da ta wasu hanyoyin sadarwa. [10] [11] [12] A watan Janairun 2024, Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya gano labaran karya da kuma labaran karya, wadanda masu ruwa da tsaki na ciki da na waje ke yadawa, don "fadada rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin al'umma da siyasa" a matsayin manyan hadurra a duniya a cikin gajeren lokaci. [1] Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa bayanai marasa tushe na iya yin tasiri ga imanin mutane game da al'ummomi, siyasa, magani, da sauransu. [1] [2] Bincike ya nuna cewa abubuwa da dama, ciki har da son zuciya, martanin motsin rai, yanayin zamantakewa, da matakan ilimin kafofin watsa labarai, na iya yin tasiri ga saurin kamuwa da bayanai marasa tushe. [3] [4] [5] Ana iya amfani da manufofi da matakan shari'a da aka ƙirƙiro don magance rashin bayanai da kuma bayanan ƙarya, a wasu yanayi, don takaita aikin jarida da kuma iyakance bayyana ra'ayin siyasa, kamar yadda UNESCO da sauran ƙungiyoyin sa ido suka ruwaito. [1] [2] [3] A wasu ƙasashe, an yi amfani da dokoki da manufofi na hana ba da bayanai marasa tushe don rage 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai, wanda har ma ya haifar da daurin kurkuku ga 'yan jarida da editoci. [4] [5] Kasashen da suka fi fuskantar 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a shekarar 2025 sune, a wannan tsari, Eritrea, Koriya ta Arewa, China, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Rasha, Masar, Myanmar, Djibouti, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cuba, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Falasdinu, Saudiyya, Cambodia, Venezuela, Turkiyya da Pakistan. [6] Kalmar ta samu karbuwa sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2020, lokacin da aka fara binciken tasirinta kan tasirin akidar jama'a. Duk da haka, kamfen ɗin ɓatanci ya kasance tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Leticia |last2=Vraga |first2=Emily |date=23 June 2015 |title=In Related News, That was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media |url=https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/65/4/619-638/4082315 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=619–638 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12166 |s2cid=142769329 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112201902/https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/65/4/619-638/4082315 |archive-date=2022-11-12 |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Posetti |first=Julie |last2=Matthews |first2=Alice |date=June 23, 2018 |title=A Short Guide to the History of 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A New ICFJ Learning Module |url=https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-new-icfj-learning-module |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103100/https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-new-icfj-learning-module |archive-date=2019-02-25 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Center for Journalists}}</ref> == Kalmomi == Masana sun bambanta tsakanin bayanai marasa tushe, bayanai marasa tushe, da kuma bayanai marasa tushe dangane da niyya da tasiri. Bayanan karya bayanai ne na karya ko marasa inganci da aka buga ba tare da wata manufa ta mugunta ba, yayin da aka tsara bayanan karya don ɓatarwa. ''Bata'' bayanai gaskiya ne da aka yi niyya don haifar da lahani, kamar tallata bayanan sirri na ɗan siyasa don tsara ra'ayin jama'a. {{Rp|20–21}} Mutum ko ƙungiya na ƙoƙarin yaudarar masu sauraronsa ne ke ƙirƙira ko yaɗa labaran ƙarya . [1] Baya ga haifar da lahani kai tsaye, bayanan karya na iya haifar da lahani kai tsaye ta hanyar lalata aminci da kuma toshe damar sadarwa da juna yadda ya kamata. [1] Bayanan karya na iya ƙunsar bayanai waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su kaɗan ko gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka cire daga mahallinsu da gangan, waɗanda aka ƙara gishiri, ko kuma waɗanda suka rasa muhimman bayanai. [2] Bayanan ƙarya na iya bayyana a kowace hanya, ciki har da rubutu, sauti, da hotuna. [2] Bambancin da ke tsakanin bayanai marasa tushe da na ƙarya na iya zama da tabo domin manufar wani ya raba bayanai marasa tushe na iya zama da wahala a gane. Bayanan da ba daidai ba bayanai ne da aka yi zaton gaskiya ne amma daga baya aka gano cewa ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma galibi yana shafar yanayi masu tasowa inda akwai rashin ingantaccen bayani ko kuma canjin fahimtar kimiyya. [1] Misali, jagorar kimiyya game da yanayin barcin jarirai ta samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci, [2] kuma waɗannan canje-canjen na iya zama tushen ruɗani ga sabbin iyaye. Ana iya lura da bayanai marasa tushe yayin da labaran ke ci gaba da bayyana kuma bayanai masu shakku ko marasa tabbas suna cike gibin bayanai. Ko da an janye daga baya, bayanan ƙarya na iya ci gaba da yin tasiri ga ayyuka da ƙwaƙwalwa. [3] ''Jita-jita'' bayanai ne da ba a tabbatar da su ba, ba a danganta su da wani tushe ba, kuma suna iya zama gaskiya ko ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Definition of RUMOR |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rumor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204010731/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rumor |archive-date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi na iya bambanta tsakanin mahallin al'adu. <ref name="Zeng-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Jing |last2=Chan |first2=Chung-hong |date=2021-01-01 |title=A cross-national diagnosis of infodemics: comparing the topical and temporal features of misinformation around COVID-19 in China, India, the US, Germany and France |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=709–728 |doi=10.1108/OIR-09-2020-0417 |issn=1468-4527 |s2cid=234242942}}</ref> == Tarihi == Misalan farko sun haɗa da cin zarafi da batanci da aka yaɗa tsakanin abokan hamayyar siyasa a Italiya ta Imperial da Renaissance a cikin nau'in pasquinades . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-13 |title=The True History of Fake News |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/02/13/the-true-history-of-fake-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205222751/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/02/13/the-true-history-of-fake-news/ |archive-date=2019-02-05 |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=The New York Review of Books}}</ref> Waɗannan ayoyi ne marasa suna da kuma wayo da aka sanya wa suna don piazza na Pasquino da kuma mutum-mutumin da ke magana a Roma . A [[Faransa]] kafin juyin juya hali, "canards", ko kuma rubuce-rubuce masu faɗi, wani lokacin suna haɗa da zane don shawo kan masu karatu su ɗauki su da muhimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darnton |first=Robert |date=2007 |title=The Devil in the Holy Water: Political Libel in Eighteenth-Century France |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/entities/publication/73120378-7cca-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |volume=151 |pages=387–422 |via=Harvard University's Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH)}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1587, nahiyar Turai ta kasance cikin fargabar jiran labarai yayin da rundunar sojojin Spain ke tafiya don yaƙi da Ingila. Shugaban gidan waya na Spain da wakilan Spain a Rome sun gabatar da rahotannin nasarar Spain da fatan shawo kan Paparoma Sixtus na Biyar ya saki sojojin ducat miliyan ɗaya da ya yi alƙawarin yi bayan saukar sojoji. A Faransa, jakadun Spain da Ingila sun yada labaran da suka saba wa juna a cikin jaridu, kuma an yi bikin nasarar Spain ba daidai ba a Paris, Prague, da Venice. Sai a ƙarshen watan Agusta ne rahotanni masu inganci game da shan kayen da Sipaniya ta yi suka isa manyan biranen kuma aka yi imani da su sosai; ragowar jiragen ruwan sun dawo gida a lokacin kaka. [1] A tarihi, ana danganta bayanai marasa tushe da ci gaban fasahar sadarwa. Da juyin juya halin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarni na 20, talabijin, rediyo, da jaridu su ne manyan hanyoyin samar da ingantattun bayanai da bayanai marasa tushe. [1] Farfagandar lokacin yaƙi, rashin bayanai na siyasa, da ayyukan hulɗa da jama'a na kamfanoni galibi suna tsara fahimtar jama'a, wani lokacin suna karkatar da gaskiya don haɓaka ajandar tattalin arziki ko akida. [2] Da gano talabijin a matsayin wata kafar sadarwa mai shahara, za a iya yada labaran karya cikin sauri ga miliyoyin mutane, wanda hakan ke kara karfafa son zuciya da ake da shi kuma yana sa gyara ya fi wahala. [3] Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru sun kafa harsashin fahimtar bayanai na zamani na dijital, wanda yanzu ya fi yaduwa a hanyoyin sadarwa na intanet. [[File:Great-Moon-Hoax-1835-New-York-Sun-lithograph-298px.jpg|thumb| Lithograph daga babban yaduwar bayanai na karya a Amurka, Babban Wata Hoax]] Kamfen na farko da aka yi rikodin babban rikodin bayanai shine Babban Wata Hoax, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1835 a cikin Jaridar The Sun ta New York, inda jerin kasidu suka yi iƙirarin cewa suna bayanin rayuwa a kan Wata, "cikakke tare da zane-zane na halittun jemage masu ɗan adam da kuma unicorn masu launin shuɗi mai gemu". [1] Kalubalen samar da labarai a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na iya haifar da kurakurai da kurakurai na gaskiya. Misali irin wannan shine taken Chicago Tribune ' 1948 mai suna " Dewey Ya Kayar da Truman ", wanda aka buga kafin a tabbatar da kayen da ba a zata na Dewey ba. [2] A watan Nuwamba na 2005, Chris Hansen a Dateline NBC ya yi ikirarin cewa jami'an tsaro sun kiyasta cewa mafarauta 50,000 suna kan layi a kowane lokaci. Bayan haka, to-U. Babban lauyan S. Alberto Gonzales ya maimaita ikirarin. Duk da haka, lambar da Hansen ya yi amfani da ita a cikin rahotonsa ba ta da wani goyon baya. Hansen ya ce ya sami bayanin ne daga kwararre a Dateline Ken Lanning, amma Lanning ya yarda cewa ya ƙirƙiro lambar 50,000 ne saboda babu wani ingantaccen bayani game da lambar. A cewar Lanning, ya yi amfani da 50,000 saboda yana kama da lamba ta gaske, ba ta yi girma sosai ba kuma ba ta yi ƙanƙanta ba, kuma ya kira ta da "lambar Goldilocks ". Mai rahoto Carl Bialik ya ce ana amfani da lambar 50,000 sau da yawa a kafofin watsa labarai don kimanta lambobi lokacin da 'yan jarida ba su da tabbas game da ainihin bayanan. [3] Shafukan sada zumunta suna ba da damar yaɗa labaran ƙarya cikin sauƙi, kuma labaran ƙarya sun kasance babban abin tattaunawa a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 tare da iƙirarin cewa shafukan sada zumunta sun ba da damar yaɗa " labaran ƙarya ". [1] Binciken da aka gudanar bayan zaɓe a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa da ke karɓar bayanai na ƙarya a shafukan sada zumunta suna ganin cewa gaskiya ne. [2] Dalilan da ya sa bayanai marasa tushe ke yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi a shafukan sada zumunta ba a san su ba. Wani bincike da aka yi a Twitter a shekarar 2018 ya gano cewa, idan aka kwatanta da sahihan bayanai, bayanan karya sun bazu cikin sauri, zurfi, da kuma faɗaɗa sosai. [3] Hakazalika, wani bincike da aka yi kan Facebook ya gano cewa bayanai marasa tushe sun fi saurin shiga yanar gizo fiye da bayanai na gaskiya. [[File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg|alt=Harry S. Truman gleefully displays a Chicago Tribune headline erroneously stating that his opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, defeated him in the United States presidential election.|thumb| [[Harry S. Truman]] yana nuna kanun labarai marasa inganci ''na Chicago Tribune'', misali na rashin gaskiya]] Bugu da ƙari, zuwan Intanet ya canza hanyoyin gargajiya da bayanai marasa tushe ke yaɗawa. [1] A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016, abubuwan da aka wallafa daga gidajen yanar gizo da ake ganin ba su da tabbas sun kai kashi 40% na Amurkawa, duk da cewa labaran karya sun kai kashi 6% kacal na jimillar kafofin watsa labarai. [2] An yaɗa labaran ƙarya a lokutan rikice-rikicen lafiya da yawa. [3] [4] Misali, an yaɗa bayanai marasa tushe game da wasu magunguna a lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola a tsakanin 2014-2016. [5] [6] A lokacin annobar COVID-19, yawan bayanai marasa tushe da na ƙarya ya ƙaru sakamakon rashin ilimin lafiya gabaɗaya. [7] Misali, wata ka'ida ta makirci da ke nuna cewa COVID-19 yana da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwa ta 5G ta sami karbuwa sosai a duk duniya bayan ta bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta. [8] === Bayanan karya game da COVID-19 === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bayanan karya kuma babbar matsala ce ta lafiyar jama'a, tare da tasiri ga halayen lafiya. A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], an yi amfani da kafofin sada zumunta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu yaɗa [[Bayanai na Covid-19|labaran ƙarya]] game da alamu, magunguna, da matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya na dogon lokaci, <ref name="MerriamWebster-Dictionary-2020">{{Cite web |last=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |date=19 August 2020 |title=Misinformation |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misinformation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044837/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misinformation |archive-date=25 February 2019 |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> kuma ya sa mutane suka yanke shawara marasa aminci, kamar ƙin alluran rigakafi ko yin watsi da jagororin lafiyar jama'a, kamar yadda WHO (2020) ta ruwaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Wannan matsala ta haifar da ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar hanyoyin gano bayanai ta atomatik a dandamalin kafofin sada zumunta. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Burtaniya da Amurka ya gano cewa fallasa ga bayanan karya game da allurar rigakafin COVID-19 kwanan nan ya rage niyyar yin allurar riga-kafi sosai, da maki 6.4 cikin ɗari a Burtaniya da maki 2.4 cikin ɗari a Amurka, musamman tsakanin mutanen da suka fara shirin "yin" allurar riga-kafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loomba |first=Sahil |last2=de Figueiredo |first2=Alexandre |last3=Piatek |first3=Simon J. |last4=de Graaf |first4=Kristen |last5=Larson |first5=Heidi J. |date=2021 |title=Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01056-1 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=337–348 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1 |issn=2397-3374 |pmid=33547453}}</ref> Wanda ya ƙirƙiri Dokar Dakatar da Allurar Rigakafi ta Dole ya sami kuɗi yana wallafa labaran ƙarya game da hana shan barasa a shafukan sada zumunta. Ya wallafa fiye da rubuce-rubuce 150 da aka yi niyya ga mata, inda ya sami jimillar masu kallo miliyan 1.6 kuma ya sami kuɗi a kowane dannawa da rabawa. {{Sfn|Aral|2020}} == Bincike == Bincike mai yawa kan yadda ake gyara kuskuren da ba a yi ba ya mayar da hankali kan duba gaskiya . [1] Duk da haka, wannan na iya zama ƙalubale domin tsarin ƙarancin bayanai ba lallai bane ya shafi imani da bayanai marasa tushe. [2] [3] Masu bincike daban-daban sun kuma yi bincike kan abin da ke sa mutane su ji daɗin bayanai marasa tushe. [3] Mutane na iya yin imani da bayanai marasa tushe saboda suna da alaƙa da abin da suke sauraro ko karantawa. Kafofin sada zumunta sun samar da bayanai cikin sauƙi ga al'umma a kowane lokaci, kuma suna haɗa ɗimbin ƙungiyoyin mutane tare da bayanansu a lokaci guda. [1] Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasaha ya yi tasiri ga yadda mutane ke isar da bayanai da kuma yadda ake yaɗa labaran ƙarya. [1] A yau, dandamalin sada zumunta sun shahara a shafukan yanar gizo don amfani da labarai, inda sama da kashi 50% na manya a Amurka ke ba da rahotonsu a matsayin hanya ɗaya ta amfani da labaransu. [4] === Dalilai === Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen gaskatawa game da bayanai marasa tushe wani batu ne da ake ci gaba da nazari a kai. [1] A cewar Scheufele da Krause, imani da bayanai marasa tushe ya samo asali ne daga matakin mutum ɗaya, ƙungiya da kuma al'umma. [2] A matakin mutum ɗaya, mutane suna da matakai daban-daban na ƙwarewa wajen gane bayanai marasa kyau ko marasa kyau kuma suna iya fuskantar wasu imani marasa kyau saboda wasu imani na kansu, dalilai, ko motsin rai. [2] Duk da haka, shaidun da ke nuna cewa masu imani da bayanai marasa tushe suna amfani da dabarun fahimta da kuma sarrafa bayanai ba tare da wahala ba sun haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya. [3] [4] [5] A matakin rukuni, son zuciya a cikin rukuni da kuma sha'awar yin mu'amala da mutane masu ra'ayi ɗaya ko makamancin haka na iya haifar da ɗakunan amsa da bayanai waɗanda za su iya ƙirƙira da ƙarfafa imani na rashin gaskiya. [2] [6] A matakin zamantakewa, manyan mutane kamar 'yan siyasa da shahararrun mutane na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ra'ayoyin jama'a, kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai ke iya yi. [7] Bugu da ƙari, yanayin zamantakewa kamar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasa, rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, raguwar amincewa da kimiyya, da kuma canza fahimtar hukumomi suna taimakawa wajen tasirin rashin bayanai. [2] Bayanan karya sun bunƙasa kuma sun bunƙasa tsawon shekaru, tare da zuwan dandamali na kan layi, wanda ke sauƙaƙa saurin yaɗuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa bayanai marasa tushe suna yaɗuwa da sauri fiye da gaskiya mai inganci, kuma zuwa wani mataki saboda gabatar da ƙaryar cikin motsin rai da kuma ban mamaki. [1] Tsarin kafofin sada zumunta, wanda 'yan siyasa da kafofin watsa labarai suka yi amfani da shi don cimma burin siyasa da tattalin arziki, ya ƙara ta'azzara yawan labaran karya. [2] [3] A tarihi, mutane sun dogara ga 'yan jarida da sauran ƙwararrun bayanai don isar da bayanai. [4] Yayin da adadin da nau'ikan hanyoyin samun bayanai ke ƙaruwa, ya zama ƙalubale ga jama'a su tantance sahihancinsu . [5] Wannan karuwar zaɓin masu amfani idan ana maganar kafofin watsa labarai yana bawa mai amfani damar zaɓar tushen labarai wanda zai iya dacewa da son zuciyarsa, wanda hakan ke ƙara yiwuwar cewa ba su da cikakken bayani. [6] A shekarar 2017, kashi 67% na manya a Amurka sun ba da rahoton samun aƙalla wasu daga cikin labaransu daga kafofin sada zumunta, kodayake mutane da yawa da suka amsa sun kuma ambaci kafofin labarai na gargajiya. [7] Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna amincewa da kafofin watsa labarai a farashi mai rahusa, [8] kuma matasan Amurka suna da irin wannan amincewa ga bayanai daga kafofin sada zumunta da kuma daga kungiyoyin labarai na kasa. [9] Saurin da ake yi na watsa labarai na awanni 24 ba koyaushe yake ba da damar yin cikakken bincike kan gaskiya ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da yaɗuwar labaran karya. [10] Bugu da ƙari, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayi da rahoto na iya zama ba a fayyace shi ba ga masu kallo ko masu karatu. [11] [12] Tushen bayanai marasa tushe na iya bayyana sosai masu gamsarwa kuma suna kama da ingantattun majiyoyi. [13] Misali, an gano cewa bayanan da ba su dace ba da aka ambata tare da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo suna ƙara wa masu karatu amincewa. Amincewa ta fi girma idan waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo sun shafi mujallun kimiyya, kuma ta fi girma idan masu karatu ba su danna kan majiyoyin don bincika da kansu ba. [14] [15] Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa kasancewar hotuna masu dacewa tare da maganganun da ba daidai ba yana ƙara musu yarda da kuma iya raba su, koda kuwa hotunan ba su bayar da shaida ga maganganun ba. [16] [17] Misali, maganar ƙarya game da goro na macadamia tare da hoton kwano na goro na macadamia ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin gaskatawa fiye da maganar da ba ta da hoto. [16] Fassara binciken kimiyya zuwa rahotannin da aka fi sani shi ma zai iya haifar da rudani idan ya daidaita wani abu, ya sa binciken ya burge mutane, ko kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan ƙananan matakan shaida . Misali, masu bincike sun gano cewa jaridu sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar rufe nazarin lura da nazari ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi marasa ƙarfi fiye da kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selvaraj |first=Senthil |last2=Borkar |first2=Durga S. |last3=Prasad |first3=Vinay |date=2014-01-17 |title=Media Coverage of Medical Journals: Do the Best Articles Make the News? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...985355S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0085355 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3894978 |pmid=24465543 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kanun labarai masu ban mamaki na iya jawo hankalin masu karatu, amma ba koyaushe suke nuna sakamakon kimiyya daidai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to spot misleading science reporting – QB3 Berkeley |url=https://qb3.berkeley.edu/news/how-to-spot-misleading-science-reporting/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=qb3.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Halayyar fahimtar ɗan adam na iya zama abin da ke taimakawa wajen gaskata bayanai marasa tushe. Wani bincike ya gano cewa tunanin mutum game da abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa zai iya canzawa idan aka gabatar masa da bayanai marasa tushe game da abin da ya faru, koda kuwa an shirya shi don gano alamun gargaɗi na bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freeze |first=Melanie |last2=Baumgartner |first2=Mary |last3=Bruno |first3=Peter |last4=Gunderson |first4=Jacob R. |last5=Olin |first5=Joshua |last6=Ross |first6=Morgan Quinn |last7=Szafran |first7=Justine |date=2021-12-01 |title=Fake Claims of Fake News: Political Misinformation, Warnings, and the Tainted Truth Effect |journal=Political Behavior |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=1433–1465 |doi=10.1007/s11109-020-09597-3 |issn=1573-6687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan da ba daidai ba kuma na iya zama abin sha'awa ta hanyar zama kamar baƙon abu ko haɗa ra'ayoyin da ake da su. === Ganowa === An gabatar da dabaru da dama don rage bayanai marasa tushe. Hanya ɗaya ita ce a tantance sahihancin tushe da kuma dalilin tushen, tare da la'akari da sahihancin da'awar. [1] [2] Masu karatu suna bambanta tsakanin bayanan da ba a yi niyya ba da kuma shaidu marasa tabbas daga bayanan da ba a yi niyya ba na siyasa ko na kuɗi. [3] Fahimtar bayanai marasa tushe ya dogara ne da yanayin siyasa, inda masu karatu na ɓangaren dama suka fi damuwa da yunƙurin ɓoye gaskiya. [3] Zai iya zama da wahala a gyara tasirin bayanan da ba su dace ba da zarar mutane sun yarda cewa gaskiya ne. [4] Mutane na iya son cimma wani matsayi, wanda hakan zai sa su karɓi bayanan da ke goyon bayan wannan matakin, kuma za su fi iya riƙewa da raba bayanai idan ya yi musu daidai da motsin rai. [5] Hanyar SIFT, wadda kuma ake kira Huɗu Motsi, hanya ce da aka saba koyarwa ta bambance tsakanin bayanai masu inganci da marasa inganci. [6] Wannan hanyar tana koya wa masu karatu su fara tsayawa su fara tambayar kansu game da abin da suke karantawa ko kallo - shin sun san tushen kuma ko abin dogaro ne? Na biyu, masu karatu ya kamata su binciki tushen labarin. Menene ƙwarewar da majiya ta samu kuma shin suna da ajanda? Na uku, mai karatu ya kamata ya Nemi ingantaccen bayani kuma ya nemi ingantaccen bayani akan ikirarin da ke hannun don fahimtar ko akwai yarjejeniya game da batun. A ƙarshe, mai karatu ya kamata ya bi diddigin da'awa, ambato, ko kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga ainihin mahallinsu: shin an cire muhimman bayanai, ko kuma asalin tushen abin tambaya ne? Bayanan da ba su dace ba na gani suna gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman, amma akwai wasu dabarun da suka dace don gano su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowles |first=Kelsey |last2=Miller |first2=Rebekah |last3=Suppok |first3=Rachel |date=2024-01-02 |title=When Seeing Isn't Believing: Navigating Visual Health Misinformation through Library Instruction |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02763869.2024.2290963 |journal=Medical Reference Services Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=44–58 |doi=10.1080/02763869.2024.2290963 |issn=0276-3869 |pmid=38237023}}</ref> Ana iya gano jadawali da jadawali masu kuskure ta hanyar yin nazari sosai kan gabatar da bayanai; misali, gatari da aka yanke ko kuma zaɓin launi mara kyau na iya haifar da rudani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grootendorst |first=Maarten |date=2021-03-23 |title=Misleading Graphs |url=https://www.maartengrootendorst.com/blog/misleading/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Maarten Grootendorst}}</ref> Binciken hotuna na baya-bayan nan zai iya bayyana ko an cire hotuna daga ainihin mahallinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qian |first=Sijia |last2=Shen |first2=Cuihua |last3=Zhang |first3=Jingwen |date=2022-11-04 |title=Fighting cheapfakes: using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |volume=28 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/jcmc/zmac024 |issn=1083-6101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai wasu hanyoyi masu inganci don gano hotunan da aka samar ta hanyar [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Groh |first=Matthew |last2=Epstein |first2=Ziv |last3=Firestone |first3=Chaz |last4=Picard |first4=Rosalind |date=2022-01-05 |title=Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=119 |issue=1 |arxiv=2105.06496 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11910013G |doi=10.1073/pnas.2110013119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8740705 |pmid=34969837 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Shannon |date=13 June 2023 |title=AI-generated images are everywhere. Here's how to spot them |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/07/1180768459/how-to-identify-ai-generated-deepfake-images |access-date=April 12, 2024 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> amma yana yiwuwa wannan zai fi wahalar ganowa yayin da fasahar ke ci gaba. Matsayin ilimin mutum a hukumance da kuma [[Karatun jarida|ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] suna da alaƙa da ikonsa na gane bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=M. Laeeq |last2=Idris |first2=Ika Karlina |date=2 December 2019 |title=Recognise misinformation and verify before sharing: a reasoned action and information literacy perspective |journal=Behaviour & Information Technology |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1194–1212 |doi=10.1080/0144929x.2019.1578828 |s2cid=86681742}}</ref> <ref name="sfn">{{Cite journal |last=Lazer |first=David M. J. |last2=Baum |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Benkler |first3=Yochai |last4=Berinsky |first4=Adam J. |last5=Greenhill |first5=Kelly M. |last6=Menczer |first6=Filippo |last7=Metzger |first7=Miriam J. |last8=Nyhan |first8=Brendan |last9=Pennycook |first9=Gordon |last10=Rothschild |first10=David |last11=Schudson |first11=Michael |last12=Sloman |first12=Steven A. |last13=Sunstein |first13=Cass R. |last14=Thorson |first14=Emily A. |last15=Watts |first15=Duncan J. |year=2018 |title=The science of fake news |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-03-09_359_6380/page/1094 |journal=Science |volume=359 |issue=6380 |pages=1094–1096 |arxiv=2307.07903 |bibcode=2018Sci...359.1094L |doi=10.1126/science.aao2998 |pmid=29590025 |s2cid=4410672}}</ref> Mutanen da suka saba da wani batu, hanyoyin bincike da gabatar da bayanai, ko kuma waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar kimantawa mai zurfi sun fi iya gano bayanai marasa tushe daidai. Duk da haka, waɗannan ba koyaushe dangantaka ce ta kai tsaye ba. Karancin ilimi gaba ɗaya ba koyaushe ke haifar da ingantaccen ikon gano bayanai marasa tushe ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vraga |first=Emily K. |last2=Bode |first2=Leticia |date=December 2017 |title=Leveraging institutions, educators, and networks to correct misinformation: A commentary on Lewandosky, Ecker, and Cook. |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=382–388 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.008}}</ref> Alamomin mahallin suma na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mutane na gano bayanai marasa tushe. Martin Libicki, marubucin littafin ''Conquest In Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare'', ya lura cewa ya kamata masu karatu su yi niyyar yin shakku amma ba masu shakka ba. Bai kamata masu karatu su zama masu ruɗani ba, suna gaskata duk abin da suka karanta ba tare da wata shakka ba, amma kuma kada su yi fargabar cewa duk abin da suka gani ko suka karanta ƙarya ne. === Taimakawa AI ga matsalar da kuma taimakawa wajen yaƙi da ita === [[File:AI_Overviews_result_for_Joaquin_Correa_brother,_10_August_2025.jpg|alt=In a Google search for "Joaquín Correa brother", Google's AI Overview erroneously states that "Joaquín Correa's brother is named Ángel Correa", and briefly details Ángel Correa's career. It cites the English Wikipedia article on Ángel Correa (which did not support the false relationship claim), alongside another unseen website. A note beneath the overview warns that "AI responses may include mistakes", and provides a hyperlink for further information.|thumb| Sakamakon binciken Google AI a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2025 ya nuna cewa [[Joaquín Correa]] ɗan'uwan [[Ángel Correa]] ne; su biyun ba su da alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Joaquín Correa fue presentado en Botafogo para jugar el Mundial de Clubes y tuvo un insólito cruce con un periodista: "No es mi hermano" |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/joaquin-correa-presentado-botafogo-jugar-mundial-clubes-insolito-cruce-periodista-hermano_0_1HjL2zmnR0.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Clarin}}</ref>]] Bunkasar fasahar kere-kere (AI) ta kuma taimaka wajen samar da sabbin nau'ikan bayanai marasa tushe da kuma bayanan karya. Ana kiran wannan da kafofin watsa labarai na roba a cewar takardar bayanin UNHCR. AI na iya sarrafa bayanai da kuma gyara multimedia. Ana amfani da AI a cikin algorithms a zamanin yau don yaudarar masu sauraro. Kasancewar kafofin watsa labarai na roba na iya ƙara ta'azzara labaran karya kuma yana tallafawa yaɗuwar labaran karya idan aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Kalmomin karya na bogi wani bangare ne na kafofin watsa labarai na roba wadanda suka shahara kwanan nan inda ake maye gurbin fuskokin mutane. Wannan magudi ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai saboda amfani da su a labaran karya, labaran bogi, zamba da kuma batsa ta ramuwar gayya. Haɗa magana (wani nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na roba) yana ƙara waɗannan zurfafan labaran karya ta hanyar samar da magana ta ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar magana. Kafofin watsa labarai na roba sun zama abin damuwa ga masana'antu da gwamnatoci wanda hakan ya sa wasu ƙasashe suka riga suka sami martanin ƙasa ko kuma cibiyoyin ƙasa suna aiki don gano da kuma iyakance amfani da shi. [1] Duk da haka, AI tana taimakawa ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa ga yaƙi da bayanai marasa tushe. * Kafofin watsa labarai na wucin gadi da [[Kafofin watsa labarai na roba|na roba]] suna ƙirƙirar shaidu masu gamsarwa na gani, sauti, da rubutu waɗanda ke da wahalar bambancewa da shaidu masu inganci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westerlund |first=Mika |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review |journal=Technology Innovation Management Review |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=39–52 |doi=10.22215/timreview/1282 |issn=1927-0321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Bots na intanet da kuma trolls na intanet na iya haifar da ruɗani cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferrara |first=Emilio |date=2017-07-31 |title=Disinformation and Social Bot Operations in the Run Up to the 2017 French Presidential Election |journal=First Monday |arxiv=1707.00086 |doi=10.5210/fm.v22i8.8005 |issn=1396-0466 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Son zuciya a fannin lissafi (Algorithm) yana taka rawa wajen faɗaɗa abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da kuma masu kawo cece-kuce ba tare da la'akari da gaskiya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakshy |first=Eytan |last2=Messing |first2=Solomon |last3=Adamic |first3=Lada A. |date=2015-06-05 |title=Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2015-06-05_348_6239/page/1130 |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=6239 |pages=1130–1132 |bibcode=2015Sci...348.1130B |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1160 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25953820}}</ref> ==== Misalan bayanai game da AI ==== ===== Alamar Hollywood ta daji ta LA ===== A shekarar 2025, California ta fuskanci bala'in gobara, tare da tarin bayanai marasa tushe game da fasahar AI, wanda ya haifar da bayanai marasa tushe. Misalin irin wannan kuskuren shine hotunan da aka samar ta hanyar fasahar AI na Hollywood Sign suna cin wuta. Jeff Zarrinnam, shugaban Hollywood Sign, ya ce, "Suna kama da gaske har ban iya tantance ko gaskiya ne ko a'a ba." "Ka sani, idan ban ga Hollywood Sign da kaina ba ... Da na yi imani cewa wuta ce ke ci. " [1] Alamar Hollywood ba ta taɓa kama da wuta ba, amma hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suka tuntuɓi Jeff Zarrinnam suna tambayar ko alamar tana da kyau domin sun yi imanin cewa ta ƙone. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a kan fasahar Microsoft AI for Good Lab ya gudanar da gwaji. Jarabawar, wacce ta ƙunshi mahalarta 12,500 na duniya, ta zaɓi ko hoton "Na gaske ne ko na wucin gadi". [1] Jimilla, mahalarta sun kalli hotuna 287,269; hotuna 93,490 ne kawai suka kasance na gaske. Binciken Microsoft AI for Good Lab ya gano cewa mahalarta sun sami nasarar kashi 62% na nasarar yin hasashen daidai. Gwajin ya nuna yadda yake da wahala a gano hotunan da aka samar ta hanyar AI. [2] ===== Mata da Avianca, Inc., ===== <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[ChatGPT]] yana amfani da manyan samfuran harshe (LLMs) don samar da rubutu daga bayanan ɗan adam (littattafai, labarai, kafofin sada zumunta, da sauransu). An san LLMs suna samar da bayanan karya, ko sun samo bayanansu daga wani shafin barkwanci kamar The Onion, mutanen da ke wallafa labaran karya, ko kuma LLMs kawai suna ƙirƙirar bayanai da aka fi sani da mafarki . Misalin irin waɗannan mafarkin LLM shine shari'ar kotu ta Roberto Mata, Mai ƙara, v. Aviance Inc., Wanda ake ƙara, inda lauyoyi biyu da ke kare Mata suka gabatar da ƙarar shari'a da AI ta samar wanda ya haifar da rudani a shari'o'in kotu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law |url=https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ===== Girgizar ƙasa ta 8 ga Disamba ===== {{Disinformation}}A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, [[Japan]] ta fuskanci bala'in girgizar ƙasa, tare da bidiyo da dama da aka samar ta hanyar fasahar zamani (AI) waɗanda suka bayyana a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] . Waɗannan bidiyon da AI ta samar sun nuna kuma sun bayyana yadda girgizar ƙasa ta fara, abin da ya faru a lokacin, da kuma sakamakonta. Waɗannan bidiyon da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar fasahar AI sun ɓata wa jama'ar Japan rai, wanda hakan ya haifar da martanin gwamnati game da irin waɗannan bidiyon na bogi. ===== Zelenskyy deepfakes ===== Masu kutse sun yada wani bidiyo mai zurfi na [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] yana gaya wa sojojinsa su mika wuya a shekarar 2022. Daga baya Zelenskyy ya karyata wannan karya. ===== Harin Jami'ar Brown ===== {{Authority control}}A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2025, an yi harbi a Jami'ar Brown, inda ɗan bindigar ya sanya abin rufe fuska. Mutane da yawa a shafukan sada zumunta suna amfani da hotunan da AI ta samar don ƙirƙirar fuska ga yadda ɗan bindigar zai kasance. AI ba zai iya samar da ainihin hoton fuskar ɗan bindigar ba, wanda zai iya haifar da kamawa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba idan aka yi amfani da fuskokin karya da aka samar da AI. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=MOLLY LEVINE, NBC 10 |date=2025-12-17 |title=Expert: Sharing unofficial AI-generated images could confuse, hinder Brown investigation |url=https://newschannel20.com/news/nation-world/brown-university-shooting-expert-says-sharing-unofficial-ai-generated-images-could-confuse-hinder-investigation-providence-rhode-island-december-17-2025 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=WICS |language=en}}</ref> == Matakan hana kai hari == Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen ingancin saƙon gyara sun haɗa da tsarin tunanin mutum ko ra'ayin duniya, yawan fallasa ga bayanan da ba su dace ba, lokaci tsakanin bayanan da ba su dace ba da gyara, sahihancin majiyoyi, da kuma daidaito tsakanin bayanan da ba su dace ba da saƙon gyara. Saƙonnin gyara za su fi tasiri idan sun kasance daidai da ra'ayin masu sauraro game da duniya. Ba za su yi tasiri sosai ba idan aka yi imanin cewa bayanan karya sun fito ne daga tushe mai inganci, ko kuma aka maimaita su kafin gyara (ko da maimaitawar ta faru ne a lokacin da ake yin sharhi), da/ko kuma idan akwai jinkiri tsakanin fallasa bayanan karya da saƙon gyara. Bugu da ƙari, saƙonnin gyara da asalin tushen kuskuren ya bayar sun fi tasiri. [1] Duk da haka, binciken bayanai marasa tushe sau da yawa ana sukarsa saboda fifita shi kan inganci (watau, nuna tasirin shiga tsakani a gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa) akan inganci (watau, tabbatar da tasirin gaske na waɗannan shiga tsakani). [2] Masu suka suna jayayya cewa duk da cewa yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya nuna sakamako mai kyau, waɗannan ba koyaushe suke fassara zuwa yanayi na yau da kullun ba inda bayanai marasa tushe ke yaɗuwa. [3] An gabatar da ƙalubale da dama wajen aiwatar da hanyoyin magance rashin bayanai: yawan binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da rashin nazarin fannoni daban-daban, kasancewar tasirin gwaji da ke kawo cikas ga tsawon rai da kuma saurin girma, ƙaramin tasiri ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin masu sauraro masu dacewa, dogaro da ayyukan tantance abubuwa a matsayin manyan matakan inganci, ƙarancin kwafi a Kudancin Duniya da rashin hanyoyin da aka tsara wa masu sauraro, da kuma rashin fahimtar yiwuwar sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na aiwatar da hanyoyin. [2] === Binciken gaskiya da kuma yin bincike === An ƙirƙiri gidajen yanar gizo don taimaka wa mutane su gane gaskiya daga labaran ƙarya. Misali, shafin FactCheck.org yana da nufin duba gaskiya a kafofin watsa labarai, musamman labaran siyasa da ake yadawa a yanar gizo . Shafin ya kuma ƙunshi wani dandali inda mutane za su iya yin tambayoyi a fili game da bayanan. [1] Irin waɗannan shafuka suna ba mutane damar kwafi da liƙa bayanai marasa tushe a cikin injin bincike kuma shafin zai bincika shi. [2] Akwai wasu shafuka don magance rashin bayanai game da takamaiman batutuwa, kamar bayanan rashin bayanai game da sauyin yanayi. DeSmog, wanda a da ake kira The DeSmogBlog, yana wallafa bayanai masu inganci domin yaƙar kamfen ɗin karya bayanai da aka samu daga masu musanta sauyin yanayi . Ra'ayoyin Kimiyya sun mayar da hankali kan kimanta ikirarin kimiyya, lafiya, yanayi, da makamashi a kafofin watsa labarai da kuma samar da bincike bisa ga shaida game da gaskiyarsu. [3] Yin alama ko kawar da maganganun ƙarya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ta amfani da na'urorin tantance gaskiyar bayanai na algorithmic yana ƙara zama dabarar yaƙi da labaran ƙarya. Google da dandamali da yawa na sada zumunta sun ƙara shirye-shiryen tantance gaskiya ta atomatik a shafukansu kuma sun ƙirƙiri zaɓi ga masu amfani su yi wa bayanan da suke ganin ba gaskiya ba ne alama. [1] Google yana ba da ƙarin bayani da ke nuna shafukan yanar gizo na bincika gaskiya a cikin sakamakon bincike don batutuwa masu rikitarwa. A Facebook, algorithms na iya gargaɗin masu amfani idan abin da suke shirin rabawa wataƙila ƙarya ne. [2] A wasu lokutan, ƙoƙarin da dandamalin sada zumunta ke yi na dakile yaɗuwar labaran ƙarya ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce, wanda hakan ya jawo suka daga mutanen da ke ganin waɗannan ƙoƙarin a matsayin shinge ga 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki. [3] ==== Binciken gaskiya da aka samu daga jama'a ==== A matsayin hanyar da za a iya ƙara yawan matakan da za a ɗauka, wasu dandamali da masu bincike sun gabatar da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen tattara bayanai, waɗanda ke amfani da hukunce-hukuncen mutane marasa imani don gano da kuma sanya wa bayanan da ba su dace ba suna. Wannan hanyar, wacce ita ce samfurin tsarin kamar Wikipedia da X's " Community Notes ," ana ganinta a matsayin mafita mai matakai da yawa wanda zai iya zama da sauri da kuma cikakken bayani fiye da binciken gaskiya na ƙwararru kawai. [1] Bincike ya gano cewa jimillar hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke na ƙungiyar mutane masu daidaito a siyasance na iya zama daidai kamar yadda ƙwararrun masu duba gaskiya ke yi. [2] An yi nazari musamman kan wannan hanyar a matsayin martani ga bayanan da ba su dace ba na ɓangaren siyasa. Binciken gaskiya na gargajiya sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri sosai ga abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da siyasa, domin ana iya yin watsi da gyare-gyare daga waɗanda ake ganin ba sa cikin ƙungiyoyi, yayin da membobin "cikin rukuni" galibi ba sa son ƙalubalantar ɓangarensu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pretus |first=Clara |last2=Gil-Buitrago |first2=Helena |last3=Cisma |first3=Irene |last4=Hendricks |first4=Rosamunde C. |last5=Lizarazo-Villarreal |first5=Daniela |date=2024-07-16 |title=Scaling crowdsourcing interventions to combat partisan misinformation |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00018/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e85592 |doi=10.56296/aip00018 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> Domin taron jama'a ya yi tasiri, ana ba da shawarar cewa ya zama dole a daidaita abubuwa uku: <ref name=":0" /> # '''Amincewa:''' Dole ne mai amfani ya amince da tushen binciken gaskiya (watau, taron jama'a). # '''Rashin Fahimta:''' Dole ne gyaran ya bambanta da imanin mai amfani a baya don haifar da rashin jituwa da kuma ƙarfafa sabunta imani. # '''Girman Jama'a:''' Ana buƙatar taron jama'a mai yawa da bambancin ra'ayi don daidaito da kuma kafa ƙa'idar zamantakewa. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi suna cikin rikici. Mai amfani zai iya amincewa da ƙungiyar da ke cikinta, amma wannan rukunin ba zai samar da rashin jituwa ta fahimta ba. Ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa da wani zai haifar da rashin jituwa amma ba za a amince da shi ba. Domin magance wannan, an ba da shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta "matakai biyu daga nan". <ref name=":0" /> Wannan tsarin yana ba da shawarar haɗa masu amfani da taron jama'a masu binciken gaskiya daga al'ummomi kusa da ɗakin ra'ayinsu na kai tsaye waɗanda ke da nisa don samar da sabon hangen nesa, amma ba nisa sosai ba har a yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya a matsayin ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa da juna. ==== Gyara ɗaya bayan ɗaya ==== Idan ana maganar mu'amala ta kai tsaye, wasu dabarun karyata bayanai na iya yin tasiri. Kawai isar da gaskiya sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri saboda imani da bayanai marasa tushe ba ya faruwa ne sakamakon karancin ingantattun bayanai, <ref name="Ecker-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ecker |first=Ullrich K. H. |last2=Lewandowsky |first2=Stephan |last3=Cook |first3=John |last4=Schmid |first4=Philipp |last5=Fazio |first5=Lisa K. |last6=Brashier |first6=Nadia |last7=Kendeou |first7=Panayiota |last8=Vraga |first8=Emily K. |last9=Amazeen |first9=Michelle A. |date=January 2022 |title=The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y |journal=Nature Reviews Psychology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=13–29 |doi=10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y |issn=2731-0574 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> kodayake mutane na iya canza imaninsu dangane da bayanan da wani wanda suke da kusanci da shi ya raba, kamar aboki ko memba na iyali. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pasquetto |first=Irene V. |last2=Jahani |first2=Eaman |last3=Atreja |first3=Shubham |last4=Baum |first4=Matthew |date=2022-04-07 |title=Social Debunking of Misinformation on WhatsApp: The Case for Strong and In-group Ties |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=6 |issue=CSCW1 |pages=117:1–117:35 |doi=10.1145/3512964}}</ref> Sauran dabarun da suka fi tasiri sun fi mayar da hankali kan sanya shakku da kuma ƙarfafa mutane su binciki tushen imaninsu. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, sautin murya na iya taka rawa: bayyana tausayi da fahimta na iya sa hanyoyin sadarwa su buɗe. <ref name="Ecker-2022" /> ==== Gyaran zamantakewa ==== Ana iya yin binciken gaskiya da kuma yin watsi da ita a mu'amalar mutum-mutumi, amma idan hakan ta faru a shafukan sada zumunta, akwai yiwuwar wasu mutane su haɗu su karanta mu'amalar, wataƙila su koyi sabbin bayanai daga gare ta ko kuma su binciki imaninsu. An kira wannan nau'in gyara zamantakewa. [1] Masu bincike sun gano hanyoyi uku don ƙara ingancin waɗannan gyare-gyaren zamantakewa ga masu lura. [1] Da farko, gyare-gyare ya kamata su haɗa da hanyar haɗi zuwa wata majiya mai tushe ta bayanai masu dacewa, kamar ƙungiyar ƙwararru. Na biyu, ya kamata a maimaita bayanin da ya dace, misali a farkon da ƙarshen sharhin ko martanin. Na uku, ya kamata a bayar da wani bayani daban. Gyaran zamantakewa mai inganci don mayar da martani ga wata sanarwa cewa barkonon barkono na iya warkar da COVID-19 na iya kama da wani abu kamar: "Barkono mai zafi a cikin abincinku, kodayake yana da daɗi sosai, ba zai iya hana ko warkar da COVID-19 ba. Hanya mafi kyau don kare kanku daga sabon coronavirus ita ce kiyaye aƙalla mita 1 daga wasu kuma ku wanke hannuwanku akai-akai da kyau. Ƙara barkono a cikin miya ba zai hana ko warkar da COVID-19 ba. Ƙara koyo daga WHO." [2] Abin sha'awa, yayin da sautin gyaran zai iya shafar yadda maƙasudin gyaran zai karɓi saƙon kuma zai iya ƙara hulɗa da saƙo, [3] ba shi da wata alama da zai shafi yadda wasu da ke ganin gyaran za su fahimci sahihancinsa. [4] Duk da cewa gyara zamantakewa yana da damar isa ga masu sauraro da dama da ingantattun bayanai, yana kuma iya faɗaɗa rubutun asali wanda ke ɗauke da bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Misinformation — Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General |url=https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/health-misinformation/index.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.hhs.gov}}</ref> === Rigakafin ƴada labaran ƙarya === Bayanan ƙarya yawanci suna yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi fiye da bincika gaskiya. [1] [2] [3] Bugu da ƙari, ko da an gyara kuskuren da ba a fahimta ba, hakan ba yana nufin an manta da shi ko kuma ba ya tasiri ga tunanin mutane ba. [1] Wata hanyar, wacce ake kira prebunking, tana da nufin "yin allurar riga-kafi" daga rashin gaskiya ta hanyar nuna wa mutane misalan rashin gaskiya da kuma yadda yake aiki kafin su haɗu da shi. [4] [5] Duk da cewa yin amfani da kayan kariya kafin a yi amfani da su zai iya ƙunsar gyara bisa ga gaskiya, ya fi mai da hankali kan gano kurakurai na yau da kullun (misali, roƙon motsin rai don sarrafa fahimtar mutane da hukunce-hukuncen su, [6] bambance-bambancen ƙarya, ko ƙaryar ad hominem [7] ) da dabarun da ake amfani da su don yaɗa bayanai marasa tushe da kuma hanyoyin da ba su da tushe. [4] Bincike game da ingancin prebucking ya nuna sakamako mai kyau. [8] === Wani matakin shiga tsakani === Wani rahoto da ƙungiyar Royal Society ta Burtaniya ta fitar ya lissafa ƙarin yuwuwar ko kuma matakan da aka tsara don magance matsalar: * Tsarin ganowa ta atomatik (misali don nuna alama ko ƙara mahallin da albarkatu ga abun ciki) * Fasaha mai inganta asalin (watau taimaka wa mutane su tantance sahihancin da'awa, hoto, ko bidiyo) * APIs don bincike (misali don amfani don gano, fahimta, da kuma ƙin bayar da bayanai marasa tushe) * Masu kallo masu aiki (misali sharhin gyara) * Daidaita al'umma (yawanci na waɗanda ba a biya su ba kuma waɗanda ba a horar da su ba, galibi masu zaman kansu, masu sa kai) * Magungunan hana ƙwayoyin cuta (misali iyakance adadin lokutan da za a iya aika saƙo a cikin tattaunawar sirri da ta shafi sirri) * Bayanan sirri na gama gari (misali Wikipedia inda editoci da yawa ke gyara labaran encyclopedic, da kuma shafukan tambaya da amsa inda wasu masu kama da bita na takwarorinsu ke tantance sakamakon) * [[Karatun jarida|Karatu da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] (ƙara wa 'yan ƙasa ikon amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta zamani (ICTs) don nemo, kimantawa, ƙirƙira, da kuma isar da bayanai, wata fasaha mai mahimmanci ga 'yan ƙasa na kowane zamani) ** Ana koyar da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai a makarantun gwamnati [[Istoniya|na Estonia]] - tun daga makarantar renon yara har zuwa makarantar sakandare - tun daga shekarar 2010 kuma "an yarda da cewa yana da mahimmanci kamar [...] rubutu ko karatu" ** [[New Jersey]] ta umarci ɗaliban K-12 su koyi ilimin bayanai <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitrin |first=Carly |date=5 January 2023 |title=New Jersey becomes first state to mandate K-12 students learn information literacy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/05/new-jersey-is-the-first-state-to-mandate-k-12-students-learn-information-literacy-00076352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109111755/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/05/new-jersey-is-the-first-state-to-mandate-k-12-students-learn-information-literacy-00076352 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Politico}}</ref> ** Ana binciken "allurar rigakafi" ta hanyar bidiyon ilimi da aka nuna wa manya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roozenbeek |first=Jon |last2=van der Linden |first2=Sander |last3=Goldberg |first3=Beth |last4=Rathje |first4=Steve |last5=Lewandowsky |first5=Stephan |date=26 August 2022 |title=Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media |journal=Science Advances |volume=8 |issue=34 |bibcode=2022SciA....8O6254R |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abo6254 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9401631 |pmid=36001675}}</ref> Rahoton, wanda aka yi cikakken bayani a kai, ya ba da shawarar gina juriya ga bayanan kimiyya da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin bayanai na kan layi, ba tare da an cire abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Yana gargadin cewa takunkumi na iya haifar da bayanai marasa tushe da kuma al'ummomi masu alaƙa da shi "zuwa ga wahalar magance matsalolin intanet". [1] Ana iya magance rashin bayanai game da sauyin yanayi ta yanar gizo ta hanyar matakai daban-daban a matakai daban-daban. [1] Kafin a fallasa bayanan da ba su dace ba, ana ba da shawarar ilimi da kuma "yin allurar riga-kafi". Ana ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance matsalolin fasaha, kamar gano bot da wuri da kuma tsarin matsayi da zaɓi a matsayin hanyoyin da ake ci gaba da amfani da su. Ana iya amfani da saƙonnin bayan an yi ba daidai ba, saƙonnin gyara da kuma saƙonnin haɗin gwiwa don magance labaran da ba su dace ba game da sauyin yanayi. An kuma yi nuni da cewa za a ci tara da makamantan hakan. An ƙaddamar da Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Muhalli na Bayanai a shekarar 2023 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na masana kimiyya sama da 250 waɗanda ke aiki don haɓaka ingantattun matakan magance rashin gaskiya da sauran matsalolin da ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali ke haifarwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke yaɗa bayanai ta Intanet. Akwai kuma bincike da haɓaka hanyoyin rage bayanai marasa tushe da aka gina a cikin dandamali da kuma na'urar bincike (wanda a halin yanzu yake cikin nau'in addons ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahanbakhsh |first=Farnaz |last2=Zhang |first2=Amy X. |last3=Karger |first3=David R. |date=11 November 2022 |title=Leveraging Structured Trusted-Peer Assessments to Combat Misinformation |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=6 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=524:1–524:40 |doi=10.1145/3555637 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Matt |date=31 January 2019 |title=Fake news spotter: How to enable Microsoft Edge's NewsGuard |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/fake-news-spotter-how-to-enable-microsoft-edges-newsguard/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109225348/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/fake-news-spotter-how-to-enable-microsoft-edges-newsguard/ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=CNET}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=12 Browser Extensions to Help You Detect and Avoid Fake News |url=https://thetrustedweb.org/browser-extensions-to-detect-and-avoid-fake-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109225350/https://thetrustedweb.org/browser-extensions-to-detect-and-avoid-fake-news/ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The Trusted Web}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da kimantawa mai inganci/tsaka-tsaki/aminci ga majiyoyin labarai. Shafin tushen Wikipedia na dindindin ya rarraba manyan kafofin labarai da yawa bisa ga inganci. Masu bincike sun kuma nuna yiwuwar samun maki na ƙarya ga shahararrun mutane da kuma na hukuma ta hanyar samar da irin wannan ga sama da fitattun mutane 800 na zamani a shafin Twitter da kuma sakamakon da ke da alaƙa da hakan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mosleh |first=Mohsen |last2=Rand |first2=David G. |date=21 November 2022 |title=Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=7144 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7144M |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-34769-6 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9681735 |pmid=36414634 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amincewa da cibiyoyi da tushe yana ƙaruwa idan aka yi la'akari da daidaito ko kamanceceniya a siyasance. [1] Majiyoyin da ke nesa da siyasa suna ƙara juriya ga gaskiyar da aka yarda da ita, yayin da majiyoyin da ke kusa da siyasa ke ƙara saurin kamuwa da bayanai marasa tushe. [1] Dabaru da za su iya zama mafi tasiri don gyara imani na ƙarya sun haɗa da mai da hankali kan masu shiga tsakani (kamar shawo kan masu fafutuka ko 'yan siyasa waɗanda suke da aminci ga mutanen da ke da imani na ƙarya, ko haɓaka masu shiga tsakani waɗanda ke da asali ko ra'ayoyin duniya iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake so), rage alaƙar bayanai marasa tushe da asalin siyasa ko na rukuni (kamar samar da gyare-gyare daga ƙwararru marasa jam'iyya, ko guje wa daidaiton ƙarya bisa ga nuna goyon baya ga kafofin watsa labarai), da kuma jaddada gyare-gyaren da ke da wahalar gujewa ko musantawa (kamar samar da bayanai cewa tattalin arziki yana da ƙarfi ko rauni sosai, ko bayyana ƙaruwar aukuwar mummunan yanayi sakamakon ƙin yarda da sauyin yanayi ). [2] === AI a matsayin kayan aiki don yaƙi da bayanai marasa tushe === * Ana amfani da algorithms na duba gaskiya don duba gaskiya da'awar a ainihin lokaci. * Masu bincike suna haɓaka kayan aikin AI don gano sauti da bidiyo da aka ƙirƙira. * Ana iya amfani da AI don ilimin [[Bayanan bayanai|ilimin bayanai]] da [[Karatun jarida|ilimin rubutu a kafofin watsa labarai]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Alexander J. |last2=Borycz |first2=Joshua |date=July 2024 |title=Integrating large language models and generative artificial intelligence tools into information literacy instruction |journal=The Journal of Academic Librarianship |volume=50 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102899 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Iyakoki === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa bayanai marasa tushe za su iya ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin jama'a ko da bayan an buga gyare-gyare. Dalilan da za a iya samu sun haɗa da wahalar isa ga mutanen da suka dace da kuma gyare-gyaren da ba su da wani tasiri na dogon lokaci. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> <ref name="Roozenbeek-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Roozenbeek |first=Jon |last2=Remshard |first2=Miriam |last3=Kyrychenko |first3=Yara |date=2024-07-27 |title=Beyond the headlines: On the efficacy and effectiveness of misinformation interventions |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00019/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e24569 |doi=10.56296/aip00019 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> Misali, idan ana buga bayanan gyara ne kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da gidajen yanar gizo na binciken gaskiya, ƙila ba zai isa ga mutanen da ke yarda da bayanai marasa tushe ba tunda ba su da sauƙin karanta waɗannan hanyoyin. Bugu da ƙari, gyaran da aka yi nasara ba zai dawwama ba, musamman idan mutane suka sake fallasa bayanan da ba su dace ba a wani lokaci daga baya. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> An yi nuni da cewa yin katsalandan kai tsaye kan bayanai marasa tushe na iya zama abin da ba shi da amfani, wanda ake kira "tasirin koma-baya", amma a aikace wannan ba kasafai yake faruwa ba. <ref name="Nyhan2021">{{Cite journal |last=Nyhan B |year=2021 |title=Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=15 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11812440N |doi=10.1073/pnas.1912440117 |pmc=8053951 |pmid=33837144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="LazicZezelj2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lazić |first=Aleksandra |last2=Žeželj |first2=Iris |date=18 May 2021 |title=A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation |journal=Public Understanding of Science |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=644–670 |doi=10.1177/09636625211011881 |issn=0963-6625 |pmid=34006153}}</ref> <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> Wani bita na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da aka yi a shekarar 2020 kan tasirin koma-baya ya gano cewa an sami gazawa sosai wajen kwaikwayon wanzuwarsu, koda kuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi da zai dace da ka'idar lura da su. <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swire-Thompson B, DeGutis J, Lazer D |year=2020 |title=Searching for the Backfire Effect: Measurement and Design Considerations. |journal=J Appl Res Mem Cogn |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=286–299 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 |pmc=7462781 |pmid=32905023}}</ref> Saboda rashin iya sake haifuwa, {{As of|2020}} Yawancin masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa tasirin koma-baya ba zai yiwu ba a matakin yawan jama'a, ko kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin takamaiman yanayi, ko kuma ba ya wanzuwa. <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> Brendan Nyhan, ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken da suka fara gabatar da shawarar faruwar tasirin koma-baya, ya rubuta a shekarar 2021 cewa ci gaba da rashin bayanai ya fi faruwa ne saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> Ga yawancin mutane, gyare-gyare da duba gaskiya ba su da matuƙar yiwuwa su yi mummunan tasiri, kuma babu wani takamaiman rukuni na mutane da aka lura da tasirin koma-baya akai-akai. <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> A lokuta da yawa, idan kafofin watsa labarai ko masu rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo suka tattauna tasirin koma-baya, an yi amfani da su fiye da kima daga nazarin da aka yi kan takamaiman ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don yanke hukunci ba daidai ba cewa tasirin koma-baya ya shafi dukkan jama'a da kuma duk wani yunƙuri na gyara. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan ko tsoma bakin bayanai game da bayanai na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na rage yarda da bayanai na karya da na gaskiya, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyarsu ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guay |first=Brian |last2=Berinsky |first2=Adam J. |last3=Pennycook |first3=Gordon |last4=Rand |first4=David |date=August 2023 |title=How to think about whether misinformation interventions work |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01667-w |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1231–1233 |doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01667-w |issn=2397-3374 |pmid=37563304}}</ref> Misali, wani bincike ya gano cewa allurar riga-kafi da daidaito suna rage ikon masu amfani na bambance ka'idojin makirci da za a iya fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Mahony |first=Cian |last2=Murphy |first2=Gillian |last3=Linehan |first3=Conor |date=2024-11-15 |title=True discernment or blind scepticism? Comparing the effectiveness of four conspiracy belief interventions |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00030/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e215691 |doi=10.56296/aip00030 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> Wasu masana sun nuna ta hanyar kwaikwayon cewa ko da tsoma baki ya rage imani da bayanai na ƙarya da na gaskiya, tasirin da ke kan yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na iya zama mai kyau saboda bambancin ƙimar tushe a cikin duka imani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawson |first=M. Asher |last2=Kakkar |first2=Hemant |date=2024-12-06 |title=Resolving conflicting findings in misinformation research: A methodological perspective |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00031/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e235462 |doi=10.56296/aip00031 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> == Bayanan ƙarya na kan layi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawaitar labaran karya a yanar gizo ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai. <ref name="Acerbi-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Acerbi |first=Alberto |date=2019-02-12 |title=Cognitive attraction and online misinformation |journal=Palgrave Communications |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1057/s41599-019-0224-y |issn=2055-1045 |s2cid=257089832 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya sun sami damar shiga intanet a farkon shekarar 2018. <ref name="Acerbi-2019" /> Kafafen sada zumunta na zamani da na zamantakewa na iya taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar bayanai marasa tushe - misali, lokacin da masu amfani ke raba bayanai ba tare da fara duba sahihancin bayanan da suka samu ba. Mutane sun fi fuskantar bayanai ta intanet bisa ga tsarin algorithms na musamman. Google, Facebook da Yahoo News duk suna samar da labarai bisa ga bayanan da suka sani game da na'urorinmu, wurin da muke, da kuma abubuwan da muke sha'awa a yanar gizo. <ref name="Fernandez-2018" /> Duk da cewa mutane biyu za su iya neman abu ɗaya a lokaci guda, suna da yuwuwar samun sakamako daban-daban bisa ga abin da wannan dandamalin ya ɗauka da ya dace da abubuwan da suke so, ko gaskiya ne ko ƙarya. Kwanan nan an soki wasu dandamali daban-daban na sada zumunta saboda ƙarfafa yaɗa labaran ƙarya, kamar labaran ƙarya, da kuma labaran ƙarya. <ref name="Fernandez-2018" /> Yana da alhakin rinjayar ra'ayoyin mutane da kuma yanke hukunci a lokacin manyan abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar yaɗa labaran ƙarya da aka yarda da su sosai. <ref name="Fernandez-2018" /> Bugu da ƙari, labaran ƙarya na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da jita-jita, tatsuniyoyi na birane, abubuwan da suka faru a zahiri, da sauransu. Duk da haka, abin da ke ƙarƙashinsa shi ne cewa yana ɗauke da bayanai marasa tushe ko marasa inganci. <ref name="Almaliki-2019" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani da dandamalin sada zumunta na iya fuskantar mummunan yanayi, rudani, da damuwa sakamakon yaɗuwar bayanan karya. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan, ɗaya daga cikin goma na Amurkawa ya fuskanci damuwa ta hankali ko ta motsin rai sakamakon bayanan da ba su dace ba da aka buga a intanet. <ref name="Almaliki-2019" /> Yaɗa labaran ƙarya na iya kawo cikas ga amfani da bayanan da ake samu a shafukan sada zumunta yadda ya kamata da kuma inganci. <ref name="Almaliki-2019" /> Wani sabon salo da ke tasowa a yanayin bayanai na intanet shine "canzawa daga tattaunawar jama'a zuwa saƙonni na sirri, na ɗan lokaci", wanda ƙalubale ne na yaƙi da bayanan da ba su dace ba. === A shafukan sada zumunta === Rahoton Pew Research ya bayyana cewa kusan ɗaya cikin huɗu daga cikin manya 'yan Amurka ya yarda ya raba bayanai marasa tushe a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barthel |first=Michael |last2=Mitchell |first2=Amy |last3=Holcomb |first3=Jesse |date=2016-12-15 |title=Many Americans Believe Fake News Is Sowing Confusion |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/12/15/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Pew Research Center's Journalism Project}}</ref> A zamanin Bayanai, shafukan sada zumunta sun zama wani sanannen wakili wajen yaɗa labaran ƙarya, [[labaran ƙarya]], da farfaganda. <ref name="sfn" /> Shafukan sada zumunta sun canza tsarin aikinsu don hana yaɗuwar labaran karya amma har yanzu matsalar tana nan. <ref name="Allcott Gentzkow Yu 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |last3=Yu |first3=Chuan |date=April 2019 |title=Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media |journal=Research & Politics |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=205316801984855 |arxiv=1809.05901 |doi=10.1177/2053168019848554 |s2cid=52291737 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sakonnin hotuna su ne mafi girman yaduwar labaran karya a shafukan sada zumunta, lamarin da ba a bayyana shi sosai a cikin bincike ba. Wannan yana haifar da "ratanin ilimi mai ban haushi" domin akwai rashin sanin yadda sakonnin da suka dogara da hotuna masu cutarwa suke kama da sauran nau'ikan bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindman |first=Matthew |last2=Davis |first2=Trevor |last3=Yang |first3=Yunkang |date=2023-06-30 |title=Visual misinformation is widespread on Facebook – and often undercounted by researchers |url=http://theconversation.com/visual-misinformation-is-widespread-on-facebook-and-often-undercounted-by-researchers-202913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125142416/http://theconversation.com/visual-misinformation-is-widespread-on-facebook-and-often-undercounted-by-researchers-202913 |archive-date=2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>An zargi Telegram sau da yawa da taimakawa wajen ƙirƙira da yaɗa labaran ƙarya a yanar gizo, wani ɓangare saboda rage ƙa'idojinsa da rashin kayan aikin duba gaskiya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Latschan |first=Thomas |date=28 August 2024 |title=Conspiracy, fake news, crime: Why is Telegram controversial? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/conspiracy-fake-news-crime-why-is-telegram-controversial/a-70074670 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=DW}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Telegram is a proven amplifier of disinformation: Maldita.es Foundation and the University of Granada present recommendations for the EU in an event in Brussels with the participation of Vice President Jourová·Maldita.es |url=https://maldita.es/nosotros/20241008/telegram-disinformation-malditaes-universityofgranada-brussels-vicepresident-jourova/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Maldita.es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=Desinformación en Telegram: cómo se propaga y por qué los desinformantes eligen esta red de mensajería - Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/desinformacion-en-telegram-como-se-propaga-y-por-que-los-desinformantes-eligen-esta-red-de-mensajeria/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=es}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Masana da 'yan jarida daban-daban sun soki wannan ci gaban, suna nuna matsala game da zato na ƙa'ida, ingancin fitarwa daban-daban da rashin tsauraran matakai, da kuma tasirin binciken bayanai marasa tushe da na ƙarya wajen tsara ra'ayoyin jama'a da tsara manufofi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adler-Bell |first=Sam |date=2022-05-20 |title=The Liberal Obsession With 'Disinformation' Is Not Helping |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/the-liberal-obsession-with-disinformation-is-not-helping.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930145425/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/the-liberal-obsession-with-disinformation-is-not-helping.html |archive-date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Intelligencer}}</ref> A taƙaice, masana harkokin sadarwa Chico Camargo da Felix Simon sun rubuta a cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review cewa "an zargi nazarin bayanai marasa tushe/marasa tushe da rashin fayyace ma'anoni, fahimtar abin da yake nazari a kai, fifita tasirin kafofin watsa labarai sosai, sakaci da abubuwan da ke haɗuwa, tasirin hukumomin samar da kuɗi da masu tsara manufofi a kan ajandar bincike na fagen, da kuma babban tasirin da fannin ke da shi kan manufofi da tsara manufofi." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camargo |first=Chico Q. |last2=Simon |first2=Felix M. |date=20 September 2022 |title=Mis- and disinformation studies are too big to fail: Six suggestions for the field's future |journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review |doi=10.37016/mr-2020-106 |s2cid=252423678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Zarge-zargen tantancewa == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[List of common misconceptions]] * [[List of fact-checking websites]] * [[List of fake news websites]] * [[List of satirical news websites]] * [[Alarmism]] * {{Annotated link|Artificial intelligence and elections}} * [[Big lie]] * [[Character assassination]] ** [[Defamation]] (also known as "slander") * [[Counter Misinformation Team]] * [[COVID-19 misinformation]] * [[Disinformation]] * [[Disinformation attack]] * [[Disinformation research]] * [[Euromyth]] * [[Factoid]] * [[Fallacy]] ** [[List of fallacies]] * [[False balance]] * [[Fear, uncertainty, and doubt]] * [[Flat earth]] * [[Gossip]] * [[Junk science]] * [[Memetic warfare]] * [[Memory conformity]] * [[Misinformation related to abortion]] * [[Misinformation related to 5G technology]] * [[Persuasion]] * [[Post-truth]] * [[Pseudoscience]] * [[Quotation]] * [[Rumor]] * [[Sensationalism]] * Social engineering (in [[Social engineering (political science)|political science]] and [[Social engineering (security)|cybercrime]]) * [[The Disinformation Project]] * [[Truth sandwich]] *[[Underlying theories of misinformation]]|colwidth=20em}}Shafukan sada zumunta kamar Facebook da Twitter sun ga kansu suna kare zargin da ake yi na sanya takunkumi saboda cire sakonnin da suka dauka a matsayin bayanai marasa tushe. Manufofin takunkumin kafofin sada zumunta da suka dogara da jagororin da hukumomin gwamnati suka bayar don tantance ingancin bayanai sun jawo suka cewa irin waɗannan manufofin suna da tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba na hana adawa da sukar ra'ayoyi da manufofin gwamnati. Kwanan nan, kamfanonin sada zumunta sun fuskanci suka kan zargin da ake yi musu na yin katsalandan kan tattaunawar SARS-CoV 2 Lab Leak Hypothesis ba da daɗewa ba. <ref name="The-Wall-Street-Journal" /> Sauran zarge-zargen takunkumi sun samo asali ne daga yunƙurin hana masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta cutar da kansu ta hanyar amfani da magungunan COVID-19 marasa inganci. Misali, a watan Yulin 2020, wani bidiyo ya bazu a yanar gizo wanda ke nuna Dr. Stella Immanuel tana ikirarin cewa hydroxychloroquine magani ne mai tasiri ga COVID-19. A cikin bidiyon, Immanuel ya ba da shawarar cewa babu buƙatar rufe fuska, rufe makarantu, ko wani nau'in rufe tattalin arziki, yana mai tabbatar da cewa maganin da ake zargin ta yi yana da matuƙar tasiri wajen magance waɗanda suka kamu da cutar. An raba bidiyon sau 600,000 kuma an sami kusan masu kallo miliyan 20 a Facebook kafin a cire shi saboda karya ka'idojin al'umma kan yaɗa labaran ƙarya. An kuma sauke bidiyon a shafin Twitter cikin dare ɗaya, amma ba kafin tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Donald Trump]] ya wallafa shi a shafinsa ba, inda sama da masu amfani da Twitter miliyan 85 suka biyo baya. Daraktan NIAID, Dr. Anthony Fauci da membobin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) sun yi watsi da bidiyon cikin sauri, suna ambaton manyan bincike da aka yi kan hydroxychloroquine wanda ke nuna cewa ba magani ne mai tasiri ga COVID-19 ba, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA)]] ta yi gargaɗi game da amfani da shi don magance marasa lafiya da COVID-19 bayan shaidar matsalolin zuciya da suka taso a cikin marasa lafiya da suka sha maganin. Wani fitaccen misali na kawar da bayanai marasa tushe da wasu suka yi a matsayin misali na takunkumi shi ne rahoton ' ''New York Post'' kan kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka na Hunter Biden kimanin makonni biyu kafin zaben shugaban kasa na 2020, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tallata ka'idar makircin Biden-Ukraine . Kamfanonin kafofin sada zumunta sun cire wannan rahoton cikin sauri, kuma an dakatar da asusun Twitter na ''Post'' na ɗan lokaci. Jami'an leƙen asiri sama da 50 sun gano cewa bayyana imel ɗin da ake zargin na ɗan [[Joe Biden]] ne ya ƙunshi dukkan "alamomin gargajiya na aikin tattara bayanai na Rasha". <ref name="officials">{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |author-link=Natasha Bertrand |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Hunter Biden story is Russian disinfo, dozens of former intel officials say |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/19/hunter-biden-story-russian-disinfo-430276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020034222/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/19/hunter-biden-story-russian-disinfo-430276 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Daga baya aka samu shaida cewa aƙalla wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka na gaske ne. <ref name="laptop">{{Cite web |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Lizza |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Politico Playbook: Double Trouble for Biden |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2021/09/21/double-trouble-for-biden-494411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123034707/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2021/09/21/double-trouble-for-biden-494411 |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |access-date=September 23, 2021 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == === Majiyoyi === * Cook, John, Lewandowsky, Stephan, & Ecker, Ullrich KH (2020). ''Littafin Jagorar Ba da Shawara na 2020'' . An samo daga https://web.archive.org/web/20210423151951/https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/debunking-handbook-2020/ * Flynn, DJ, Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017). "Yanayin da Asalin Ra'ayoyi marasa Dacewa: Fahimtar Imani na Karya da Mara Goyon Baya Game da Siyasa". ''Ilimin Halayyar Siyasa'', 38(S1), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394 * Lazer, David MJ, Baum, Matthew A., Benkler, Yochai, Berinsky, Adam J., Greenhill, Kelly M., Menczer, Filippo, Metzger, Miriam J., Nyhan, Brendan, Pennycook, Gordon, Rothschild, David, Schudson, Michael, Sloman, Steven A., Sunstein, Cass R., Thorson, Emily A., Watts, Duncan J., & Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018). "Kimiyyar Labaran Karya". ''Kimiyya'', 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998 * Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ecker, Ullrich KH, & Cook, John. (2017). "Bayan Bayanan da Ba Su Dace Ba: Fahimta da Juriyar Zamanin 'Bayan Gaskiya'". ''Mujallar Binciken Aiki a Ƙwaƙwalwa da Fahimta'', 6(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008 * Tandoc, Edson C., Lim, Zheng Wei, & Ling, Richard. (2018). "Bayyana 'Labaran Karya': Nau'in Ma'anonin Ilimi". ''Aikin Jarida na Dijital'', 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143 * Wardle, Claire, da Derakhshan, Hossein. (2017). "Rashin Bayanan Bayanai: Zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Ilimi Tsakanin Manufofi don Bincike da Tsarin Manufofi". Rahoton Majalisar Turai. An samo daga https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c == Ƙarin karatu == *   * {{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=H. |last2=Gentzkow |first2=M. |year=2017 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211–236 |doi=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |s2cid=32730475 |doi-access=free}} *   * Baillargeon, Normand (4 January 2008). A short course in intellectual self-defense. 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Cambridge University Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1108858779}} * {{Cite journal |last=Southwell |first=Brian G. |last2=Brennen |first2=J. Scott Babwah |last3=Paquin |first3=Ryan |last4=Boudewyns |first4=Vanessa |last5=Zeng |first5=Jing |date=2022 |title=Defining and Measuring Scientific Misinformation |journal=[[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |volume=700 |issue=1 |pages=98–111 |doi=10.1177/00027162221084709 |doi-access=free}} * Jürg Strässler (1982). Idioms in English: A Pragmatic Analysis. Gunter Narr Verlag. pp.&nbsp;43–44. {{ISBN|3-87808-971-6}}. * {{Cite journal |last=West |first=Jevin D. |last2=Bergstrom |first2=Carl T. |date=2021 |title=Misinformation in and about science |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=15 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11812444W |doi=10.1073/pnas.1912444117 |pmc=8054004 |pmid=33837146 |doi-access=free}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Connie Hanzhang Jin |last2=Miles Parks |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Comic: Fake News Can Be Deadly. Here's How To Spot It |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/17/837202898/comic-fake-news-can-be-deadly-heres-how-to-spot-it |website=NPR |format=audio tutorial, graphic tutorial}} * {{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Free Misinformation and Disinformation Training online |url=https://www.msicertified.com/free-training/misinformation-and-disinformation-training/ |website=Management and Strategy Institute |format=free online class}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] muqsiiyp3d3ge13bt11cciz1ux9iios T. T. V. Dhinakaran 0 177552 967153 960243 2026-10-13T12:46:19Z Nura Bello 24854 967153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran''' (an haife shi ne 13 Disamba 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=About Our General Secretary |url=https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri LED. T. V. Dhinakaran CMRajya Sabha profile |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda aka fi sani da TTV shine kafa Babban Sakatare na Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . Ma'aikatansa sun girmama shi a matsayin Makkal Selvar.  A da, shi ne Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha. An kore shi daga AIADMK a watan Agusta na 2017. <ref name="ccc">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NARASIMHAN |first=T. E. |date=28 August 2017 |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na Majalisar Tamil Nadu ta 15 daga Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Pradeep Kumar}}</ref> Shi ɗan uwan VK Sasikala ne. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar RK Nagar da ake sa ran yi a watan Disamba na 2017. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2018 Dhinakaran ya kaddamar da jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . <ref name="ppp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Dhinakaran launches party, names it 'Amma Makkal Munetra Kazhagam' after Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhinakaran-launches-new-party-names-it-amma-makkal-munetra-kazhagam-after-late-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa/story-mmciQ87QUNa1Vue1OIZ8pK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dhinakaran a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963. Shi ɗan kanwar Sasikala Vanithamani, T. Vivekanandam Muniyaraiyar. Kanin sa, Baskaran "Bas", ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a harkar fina-finai a matsayin jarumi a cikin ''shirin Thalaivan'' (2014). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=The other side of TTV Dinakaran: All you didn't know about the AIADMK leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ttv-dinakaran-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-973973-2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Dhinakaran a matsayin mutum mai sauƙin kai da kuma addini. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Dhinakaran ya kasance memba na Lok Sabha, yana wakiltar Periyakulam daga 1999 zuwa 2004, <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |pages=85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran, Shri T. T. V. Lok Sabha Profile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=112&lastls=13 |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> kuma ya zo na biyu a kujerar a babban zaɓen 2004 lokacin da JM Aaron Rashid ya kayar da shi. A zaɓen maye gurbin RK Nagar, ya kayar da ɗan takarar AIADMK E. Madhusudhanan da gagarumin rinjaye a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ya hau kujerar MLA a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017. An sake mayar da Dinakaran cikin AIADMK kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar babban sakatare a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, sa'o'i kafin VK Sasikala ta bar gidan yari don yin shari'ar kadarori marasa daidaito. An kore shi daga jam'iyyar a watan Agusta na 2017 <ref name="ccc" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018. <ref name="ppp" /> Dhinakaran ya sanar da cewa Sasikala zai zama babban sakatare yayin da zai zama mataimakin babban sakatare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalini Lobo |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sasikala will be General Secretary, I will be Deputy General Secretary of AMMK, says TTV Dhinakaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-will-be-the-general-secretary-and-i-will-be-the-deputy-general-secretary-of-ammk-says-ttv-dhinakaran-1194718-2018-03-21 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="AMMK">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Dhinakaran elected AMMK general secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-elected-ammk-general-secretary/article26895023.ece |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ya kasa lashe kujerarsa ga Kadambur Raju a mazabar Majalisar Kovilpatti a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu a shekarar 2021. Dhinakaran ya sanar a ranar 11 ga Maris 2024 cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta shiga Jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) kafin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, yana mai tabbatar mata da goyon bayanta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Ta kasa samun nasara daga kowace kujera biyu, duk da cewa Dhinakaran ya sami nasarar zama ta biyu a zaben da aka yi wa mazabar Theni Lok Sabha . == Kamawa da Shari'a == === Shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta hukumar zabe === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'yan sandan Delhi sun shigar da ƙara a kan Dhinakaran game da zargin yunƙurin ba Hukumar Zaɓe ta Indiya (ECI) cin hanci don alamar zaɓen AIADMK. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'Yan sandan Delhi sun kama Dhinakaran, bayan kwanaki hudu a jere da suka yi suna yi masa tambayoyi daga Sashen Laifuka na 'Yan sandan Delhi. Masu bincike sun zargi Dhinakaran da laifin yin amfani da sunan Sukesh Chandrashekhar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar, wacce aka ruwaito ta kai darajar ₹50 crore. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa an kama Chandrashekhar a wani otal a Kudancin Delhi da tsabar kuɗi ₹1.3 crore, wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne a matsayin kashi na farko na cin hancin. An kuma kama wani makusancin Dhinakaran, Mallikarjuna, saboda zarginsa da hannu a cikin jigilar kudaden ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. An tuhumi Dinakaran da laifin shirya makirci da cin hanci da rashawa a shari'ar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun hukuma har zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, lokacin da wata kotu ta musamman ta ba shi beli bisa ga jinginar kansa na ₹5 lakh, tare da lura cewa ba a gano takamaiman jami'an ECI da aka yi niyyar ba da cin hanci ba tukuna. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2018, wata kotu a Delhi ta gabatar da tuhumar laifuka a kansa bisa laifin shirya makirci da lalata shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK symbol case: Delhi Court grants bail to TTV Dhinakaran – Times of India ► |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aiadmk-symbol-case-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-ttv-dhinakaran/articleshow/58943119.cms |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, Hukumar Tsaro (ED) ta kira Dhinakaran don ƙarin tambayoyi don fuskantarsa fuska da fuska da Sukesh Chandrashekhar game da rashin daidaito a cikin bayanansu. == Zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai da kuma mukamai da aka gudanar == === Zaɓen Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5EDEB;text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" |Zaɓe ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Jam'iyyar siyasa ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Sakamako |- | 2004 | Tamil Nadu | AIADMK ||{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}} |} === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | <small>Jam'iyyar Adawa</small> ! <small>Kuri'un 'Yan adawa</small> ! % ! <small>Sakamako</small> ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2024 | Theni| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 292,668 | 25.65 | <small>Thanga Tamil Selvan</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 571,493 | 50.08| {{No|Lost}} | -278,825 | -24.43 |- ! 2004 | rowspan="2" | Periyakulam| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=2}} | 325,696 | 46.49 | <small>JM Aaron Rashid</small>| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | 346,851 | 49.51| {{No|Lost}} | -21,155 | -3.02 |- ! 1999 | 303,881 | 45.6 | <small>P. Selvendran</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 258,075 | 38.8| {{yes2|Won}} | 45,806 | 6.8 |} === Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | Jam'iyyar Adawa ! Kuri'un 'Yan adawa ! % ! Sakamako ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2021 | Kovilpatti| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 56,153 | 31.23 | <small>Kadambur Raju</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 68,558 | 38.13| {{no2|Lost}} | -12,405 | -6.9 |- ! 2017 | RK Nagar| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 89,013 | 50.32 | <small>E. Madhusudhanan</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 48,306 | 27.31| {{yes2|Won}} | 40,707 | 23.01 |} === Mukamai a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Indiya === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 1999 | Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki, Lok Sabha | Periyakulam | 21 Oktoba 1999 | 6 ga Fabrairu 2004 | Shekaru 4, kwana 108 |- | 2004 | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha | Tamil Nadu | 30 Yuni 2004 | 29 Yuni 2010 | Shekaru 5, kwana 364 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 2016 | Memba na Majalisar Dokoki | Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar | 29 Disamba 2017 | 3 Mayu 2021 | Shekaru 3, kwana 125 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q5z93op7dmnec6827s6o9zt6thlmoqz 967154 967153 2026-10-13T12:46:45Z Nura Bello 24854 967154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran''' (an haife shi ne 13 ga Disamba 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=About Our General Secretary |url=https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri LED. T. V. Dhinakaran CMRajya Sabha profile |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda aka fi sani da TTV shine kafa Babban Sakatare na Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . Ma'aikatansa sun girmama shi a matsayin Makkal Selvar.  A da, shi ne Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha. An kore shi daga AIADMK a watan Agusta na 2017. <ref name="ccc">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NARASIMHAN |first=T. E. |date=28 August 2017 |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na Majalisar Tamil Nadu ta 15 daga Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Pradeep Kumar}}</ref> Shi ɗan uwan VK Sasikala ne. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar RK Nagar da ake sa ran yi a watan Disamba na 2017. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2018 Dhinakaran ya kaddamar da jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . <ref name="ppp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Dhinakaran launches party, names it 'Amma Makkal Munetra Kazhagam' after Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhinakaran-launches-new-party-names-it-amma-makkal-munetra-kazhagam-after-late-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa/story-mmciQ87QUNa1Vue1OIZ8pK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dhinakaran a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963. Shi ɗan kanwar Sasikala Vanithamani, T. Vivekanandam Muniyaraiyar. Kanin sa, Baskaran "Bas", ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a harkar fina-finai a matsayin jarumi a cikin ''shirin Thalaivan'' (2014). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=The other side of TTV Dinakaran: All you didn't know about the AIADMK leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ttv-dinakaran-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-973973-2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Dhinakaran a matsayin mutum mai sauƙin kai da kuma addini. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Dhinakaran ya kasance memba na Lok Sabha, yana wakiltar Periyakulam daga 1999 zuwa 2004, <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |pages=85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran, Shri T. T. V. Lok Sabha Profile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=112&lastls=13 |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> kuma ya zo na biyu a kujerar a babban zaɓen 2004 lokacin da JM Aaron Rashid ya kayar da shi. A zaɓen maye gurbin RK Nagar, ya kayar da ɗan takarar AIADMK E. Madhusudhanan da gagarumin rinjaye a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ya hau kujerar MLA a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017. An sake mayar da Dinakaran cikin AIADMK kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar babban sakatare a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, sa'o'i kafin VK Sasikala ta bar gidan yari don yin shari'ar kadarori marasa daidaito. An kore shi daga jam'iyyar a watan Agusta na 2017 <ref name="ccc" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018. <ref name="ppp" /> Dhinakaran ya sanar da cewa Sasikala zai zama babban sakatare yayin da zai zama mataimakin babban sakatare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalini Lobo |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sasikala will be General Secretary, I will be Deputy General Secretary of AMMK, says TTV Dhinakaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-will-be-the-general-secretary-and-i-will-be-the-deputy-general-secretary-of-ammk-says-ttv-dhinakaran-1194718-2018-03-21 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="AMMK">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Dhinakaran elected AMMK general secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-elected-ammk-general-secretary/article26895023.ece |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ya kasa lashe kujerarsa ga Kadambur Raju a mazabar Majalisar Kovilpatti a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu a shekarar 2021. Dhinakaran ya sanar a ranar 11 ga Maris 2024 cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta shiga Jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) kafin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, yana mai tabbatar mata da goyon bayanta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Ta kasa samun nasara daga kowace kujera biyu, duk da cewa Dhinakaran ya sami nasarar zama ta biyu a zaben da aka yi wa mazabar Theni Lok Sabha . == Kamawa da Shari'a == === Shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta hukumar zabe === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'yan sandan Delhi sun shigar da ƙara a kan Dhinakaran game da zargin yunƙurin ba Hukumar Zaɓe ta Indiya (ECI) cin hanci don alamar zaɓen AIADMK. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'Yan sandan Delhi sun kama Dhinakaran, bayan kwanaki hudu a jere da suka yi suna yi masa tambayoyi daga Sashen Laifuka na 'Yan sandan Delhi. Masu bincike sun zargi Dhinakaran da laifin yin amfani da sunan Sukesh Chandrashekhar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar, wacce aka ruwaito ta kai darajar ₹50 crore. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa an kama Chandrashekhar a wani otal a Kudancin Delhi da tsabar kuɗi ₹1.3 crore, wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne a matsayin kashi na farko na cin hancin. An kuma kama wani makusancin Dhinakaran, Mallikarjuna, saboda zarginsa da hannu a cikin jigilar kudaden ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. An tuhumi Dinakaran da laifin shirya makirci da cin hanci da rashawa a shari'ar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun hukuma har zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, lokacin da wata kotu ta musamman ta ba shi beli bisa ga jinginar kansa na ₹5 lakh, tare da lura cewa ba a gano takamaiman jami'an ECI da aka yi niyyar ba da cin hanci ba tukuna. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2018, wata kotu a Delhi ta gabatar da tuhumar laifuka a kansa bisa laifin shirya makirci da lalata shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK symbol case: Delhi Court grants bail to TTV Dhinakaran – Times of India ► |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aiadmk-symbol-case-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-ttv-dhinakaran/articleshow/58943119.cms |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, Hukumar Tsaro (ED) ta kira Dhinakaran don ƙarin tambayoyi don fuskantarsa fuska da fuska da Sukesh Chandrashekhar game da rashin daidaito a cikin bayanansu. == Zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai da kuma mukamai da aka gudanar == === Zaɓen Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5EDEB;text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" |Zaɓe ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Jam'iyyar siyasa ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Sakamako |- | 2004 | Tamil Nadu | AIADMK ||{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}} |} === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | <small>Jam'iyyar Adawa</small> ! <small>Kuri'un 'Yan adawa</small> ! % ! <small>Sakamako</small> ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2024 | Theni| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 292,668 | 25.65 | <small>Thanga Tamil Selvan</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 571,493 | 50.08| {{No|Lost}} | -278,825 | -24.43 |- ! 2004 | rowspan="2" | Periyakulam| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=2}} | 325,696 | 46.49 | <small>JM Aaron Rashid</small>| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | 346,851 | 49.51| {{No|Lost}} | -21,155 | -3.02 |- ! 1999 | 303,881 | 45.6 | <small>P. Selvendran</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 258,075 | 38.8| {{yes2|Won}} | 45,806 | 6.8 |} === Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | Jam'iyyar Adawa ! Kuri'un 'Yan adawa ! % ! Sakamako ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2021 | Kovilpatti| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 56,153 | 31.23 | <small>Kadambur Raju</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 68,558 | 38.13| {{no2|Lost}} | -12,405 | -6.9 |- ! 2017 | RK Nagar| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 89,013 | 50.32 | <small>E. Madhusudhanan</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 48,306 | 27.31| {{yes2|Won}} | 40,707 | 23.01 |} === Mukamai a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Indiya === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 1999 | Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki, Lok Sabha | Periyakulam | 21 Oktoba 1999 | 6 ga Fabrairu 2004 | Shekaru 4, kwana 108 |- | 2004 | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha | Tamil Nadu | 30 Yuni 2004 | 29 Yuni 2010 | Shekaru 5, kwana 364 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 2016 | Memba na Majalisar Dokoki | Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar | 29 Disamba 2017 | 3 Mayu 2021 | Shekaru 3, kwana 125 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4rsdqr93v0o81s63gbxw0gdnrjv5j8p 967155 967154 2026-10-13T12:47:11Z Nura Bello 24854 967155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran''' (an haife shi ne 13 ga watan Disamba 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=About Our General Secretary |url=https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri LED. T. V. Dhinakaran CMRajya Sabha profile |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda aka fi sani da TTV shine kafa Babban Sakatare na Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . Ma'aikatansa sun girmama shi a matsayin Makkal Selvar.  A da, shi ne Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha. An kore shi daga AIADMK a watan Agusta na 2017. <ref name="ccc">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NARASIMHAN |first=T. E. |date=28 August 2017 |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na Majalisar Tamil Nadu ta 15 daga Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Pradeep Kumar}}</ref> Shi ɗan uwan VK Sasikala ne. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar RK Nagar da ake sa ran yi a watan Disamba na 2017. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2018 Dhinakaran ya kaddamar da jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . <ref name="ppp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Dhinakaran launches party, names it 'Amma Makkal Munetra Kazhagam' after Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhinakaran-launches-new-party-names-it-amma-makkal-munetra-kazhagam-after-late-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa/story-mmciQ87QUNa1Vue1OIZ8pK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dhinakaran a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963. Shi ɗan kanwar Sasikala Vanithamani, T. Vivekanandam Muniyaraiyar. Kanin sa, Baskaran "Bas", ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a harkar fina-finai a matsayin jarumi a cikin ''shirin Thalaivan'' (2014). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=The other side of TTV Dinakaran: All you didn't know about the AIADMK leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ttv-dinakaran-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-973973-2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Dhinakaran a matsayin mutum mai sauƙin kai da kuma addini. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Dhinakaran ya kasance memba na Lok Sabha, yana wakiltar Periyakulam daga 1999 zuwa 2004, <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |pages=85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran, Shri T. T. V. Lok Sabha Profile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=112&lastls=13 |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> kuma ya zo na biyu a kujerar a babban zaɓen 2004 lokacin da JM Aaron Rashid ya kayar da shi. A zaɓen maye gurbin RK Nagar, ya kayar da ɗan takarar AIADMK E. Madhusudhanan da gagarumin rinjaye a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ya hau kujerar MLA a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017. An sake mayar da Dinakaran cikin AIADMK kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar babban sakatare a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, sa'o'i kafin VK Sasikala ta bar gidan yari don yin shari'ar kadarori marasa daidaito. An kore shi daga jam'iyyar a watan Agusta na 2017 <ref name="ccc" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018. <ref name="ppp" /> Dhinakaran ya sanar da cewa Sasikala zai zama babban sakatare yayin da zai zama mataimakin babban sakatare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalini Lobo |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sasikala will be General Secretary, I will be Deputy General Secretary of AMMK, says TTV Dhinakaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-will-be-the-general-secretary-and-i-will-be-the-deputy-general-secretary-of-ammk-says-ttv-dhinakaran-1194718-2018-03-21 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="AMMK">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Dhinakaran elected AMMK general secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-elected-ammk-general-secretary/article26895023.ece |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ya kasa lashe kujerarsa ga Kadambur Raju a mazabar Majalisar Kovilpatti a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu a shekarar 2021. Dhinakaran ya sanar a ranar 11 ga Maris 2024 cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta shiga Jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) kafin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, yana mai tabbatar mata da goyon bayanta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Ta kasa samun nasara daga kowace kujera biyu, duk da cewa Dhinakaran ya sami nasarar zama ta biyu a zaben da aka yi wa mazabar Theni Lok Sabha . == Kamawa da Shari'a == === Shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta hukumar zabe === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'yan sandan Delhi sun shigar da ƙara a kan Dhinakaran game da zargin yunƙurin ba Hukumar Zaɓe ta Indiya (ECI) cin hanci don alamar zaɓen AIADMK. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'Yan sandan Delhi sun kama Dhinakaran, bayan kwanaki hudu a jere da suka yi suna yi masa tambayoyi daga Sashen Laifuka na 'Yan sandan Delhi. Masu bincike sun zargi Dhinakaran da laifin yin amfani da sunan Sukesh Chandrashekhar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar, wacce aka ruwaito ta kai darajar ₹50 crore. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa an kama Chandrashekhar a wani otal a Kudancin Delhi da tsabar kuɗi ₹1.3 crore, wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne a matsayin kashi na farko na cin hancin. An kuma kama wani makusancin Dhinakaran, Mallikarjuna, saboda zarginsa da hannu a cikin jigilar kudaden ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. An tuhumi Dinakaran da laifin shirya makirci da cin hanci da rashawa a shari'ar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun hukuma har zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, lokacin da wata kotu ta musamman ta ba shi beli bisa ga jinginar kansa na ₹5 lakh, tare da lura cewa ba a gano takamaiman jami'an ECI da aka yi niyyar ba da cin hanci ba tukuna. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2018, wata kotu a Delhi ta gabatar da tuhumar laifuka a kansa bisa laifin shirya makirci da lalata shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK symbol case: Delhi Court grants bail to TTV Dhinakaran – Times of India ► |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aiadmk-symbol-case-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-ttv-dhinakaran/articleshow/58943119.cms |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, Hukumar Tsaro (ED) ta kira Dhinakaran don ƙarin tambayoyi don fuskantarsa fuska da fuska da Sukesh Chandrashekhar game da rashin daidaito a cikin bayanansu. == Zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai da kuma mukamai da aka gudanar == === Zaɓen Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5EDEB;text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" |Zaɓe ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Jam'iyyar siyasa ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Sakamako |- | 2004 | Tamil Nadu | AIADMK ||{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}} |} === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | <small>Jam'iyyar Adawa</small> ! <small>Kuri'un 'Yan adawa</small> ! % ! <small>Sakamako</small> ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2024 | Theni| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 292,668 | 25.65 | <small>Thanga Tamil Selvan</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 571,493 | 50.08| {{No|Lost}} | -278,825 | -24.43 |- ! 2004 | rowspan="2" | Periyakulam| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=2}} | 325,696 | 46.49 | <small>JM Aaron Rashid</small>| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | 346,851 | 49.51| {{No|Lost}} | -21,155 | -3.02 |- ! 1999 | 303,881 | 45.6 | <small>P. Selvendran</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 258,075 | 38.8| {{yes2|Won}} | 45,806 | 6.8 |} === Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | Jam'iyyar Adawa ! Kuri'un 'Yan adawa ! % ! Sakamako ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2021 | Kovilpatti| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 56,153 | 31.23 | <small>Kadambur Raju</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 68,558 | 38.13| {{no2|Lost}} | -12,405 | -6.9 |- ! 2017 | RK Nagar| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 89,013 | 50.32 | <small>E. Madhusudhanan</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 48,306 | 27.31| {{yes2|Won}} | 40,707 | 23.01 |} === Mukamai a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Indiya === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 1999 | Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki, Lok Sabha | Periyakulam | 21 Oktoba 1999 | 6 ga Fabrairu 2004 | Shekaru 4, kwana 108 |- | 2004 | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha | Tamil Nadu | 30 Yuni 2004 | 29 Yuni 2010 | Shekaru 5, kwana 364 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 2016 | Memba na Majalisar Dokoki | Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar | 29 Disamba 2017 | 3 Mayu 2021 | Shekaru 3, kwana 125 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dln8fk22k231erw6zc5elrq69rhlfw1 967156 967155 2026-10-13T12:47:43Z Nura Bello 24854 967156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran''' (an haife shi ne 13 ga watan Disamba a 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=About Our General Secretary |url=https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri LED. T. V. Dhinakaran CMRajya Sabha profile |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda aka fi sani da TTV shine kafa Babban Sakatare na Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . Ma'aikatansa sun girmama shi a matsayin Makkal Selvar.  A da, shi ne Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha. An kore shi daga AIADMK a watan Agusta na 2017. <ref name="ccc">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NARASIMHAN |first=T. E. |date=28 August 2017 |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na Majalisar Tamil Nadu ta 15 daga Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Pradeep Kumar}}</ref> Shi ɗan uwan VK Sasikala ne. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar RK Nagar da ake sa ran yi a watan Disamba na 2017. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2018 Dhinakaran ya kaddamar da jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . <ref name="ppp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Dhinakaran launches party, names it 'Amma Makkal Munetra Kazhagam' after Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhinakaran-launches-new-party-names-it-amma-makkal-munetra-kazhagam-after-late-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa/story-mmciQ87QUNa1Vue1OIZ8pK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dhinakaran a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963. Shi ɗan kanwar Sasikala Vanithamani, T. Vivekanandam Muniyaraiyar. Kanin sa, Baskaran "Bas", ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a harkar fina-finai a matsayin jarumi a cikin ''shirin Thalaivan'' (2014). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=The other side of TTV Dinakaran: All you didn't know about the AIADMK leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ttv-dinakaran-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-973973-2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Dhinakaran a matsayin mutum mai sauƙin kai da kuma addini. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Dhinakaran ya kasance memba na Lok Sabha, yana wakiltar Periyakulam daga 1999 zuwa 2004, <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |pages=85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran, Shri T. T. V. Lok Sabha Profile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=112&lastls=13 |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> kuma ya zo na biyu a kujerar a babban zaɓen 2004 lokacin da JM Aaron Rashid ya kayar da shi. A zaɓen maye gurbin RK Nagar, ya kayar da ɗan takarar AIADMK E. Madhusudhanan da gagarumin rinjaye a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ya hau kujerar MLA a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017. An sake mayar da Dinakaran cikin AIADMK kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar babban sakatare a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, sa'o'i kafin VK Sasikala ta bar gidan yari don yin shari'ar kadarori marasa daidaito. An kore shi daga jam'iyyar a watan Agusta na 2017 <ref name="ccc" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018. <ref name="ppp" /> Dhinakaran ya sanar da cewa Sasikala zai zama babban sakatare yayin da zai zama mataimakin babban sakatare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalini Lobo |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sasikala will be General Secretary, I will be Deputy General Secretary of AMMK, says TTV Dhinakaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-will-be-the-general-secretary-and-i-will-be-the-deputy-general-secretary-of-ammk-says-ttv-dhinakaran-1194718-2018-03-21 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="AMMK">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Dhinakaran elected AMMK general secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-elected-ammk-general-secretary/article26895023.ece |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ya kasa lashe kujerarsa ga Kadambur Raju a mazabar Majalisar Kovilpatti a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu a shekarar 2021. Dhinakaran ya sanar a ranar 11 ga Maris 2024 cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta shiga Jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) kafin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, yana mai tabbatar mata da goyon bayanta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Ta kasa samun nasara daga kowace kujera biyu, duk da cewa Dhinakaran ya sami nasarar zama ta biyu a zaben da aka yi wa mazabar Theni Lok Sabha . == Kamawa da Shari'a == === Shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta hukumar zabe === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'yan sandan Delhi sun shigar da ƙara a kan Dhinakaran game da zargin yunƙurin ba Hukumar Zaɓe ta Indiya (ECI) cin hanci don alamar zaɓen AIADMK. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'Yan sandan Delhi sun kama Dhinakaran, bayan kwanaki hudu a jere da suka yi suna yi masa tambayoyi daga Sashen Laifuka na 'Yan sandan Delhi. Masu bincike sun zargi Dhinakaran da laifin yin amfani da sunan Sukesh Chandrashekhar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar, wacce aka ruwaito ta kai darajar ₹50 crore. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa an kama Chandrashekhar a wani otal a Kudancin Delhi da tsabar kuɗi ₹1.3 crore, wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne a matsayin kashi na farko na cin hancin. An kuma kama wani makusancin Dhinakaran, Mallikarjuna, saboda zarginsa da hannu a cikin jigilar kudaden ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. An tuhumi Dinakaran da laifin shirya makirci da cin hanci da rashawa a shari'ar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun hukuma har zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, lokacin da wata kotu ta musamman ta ba shi beli bisa ga jinginar kansa na ₹5 lakh, tare da lura cewa ba a gano takamaiman jami'an ECI da aka yi niyyar ba da cin hanci ba tukuna. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2018, wata kotu a Delhi ta gabatar da tuhumar laifuka a kansa bisa laifin shirya makirci da lalata shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK symbol case: Delhi Court grants bail to TTV Dhinakaran – Times of India ► |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aiadmk-symbol-case-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-ttv-dhinakaran/articleshow/58943119.cms |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, Hukumar Tsaro (ED) ta kira Dhinakaran don ƙarin tambayoyi don fuskantarsa fuska da fuska da Sukesh Chandrashekhar game da rashin daidaito a cikin bayanansu. == Zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai da kuma mukamai da aka gudanar == === Zaɓen Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5EDEB;text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" |Zaɓe ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Jam'iyyar siyasa ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Sakamako |- | 2004 | Tamil Nadu | AIADMK ||{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}} |} === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | <small>Jam'iyyar Adawa</small> ! <small>Kuri'un 'Yan adawa</small> ! % ! <small>Sakamako</small> ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2024 | Theni| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 292,668 | 25.65 | <small>Thanga Tamil Selvan</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 571,493 | 50.08| {{No|Lost}} | -278,825 | -24.43 |- ! 2004 | rowspan="2" | Periyakulam| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=2}} | 325,696 | 46.49 | <small>JM Aaron Rashid</small>| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | 346,851 | 49.51| {{No|Lost}} | -21,155 | -3.02 |- ! 1999 | 303,881 | 45.6 | <small>P. Selvendran</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 258,075 | 38.8| {{yes2|Won}} | 45,806 | 6.8 |} === Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | Jam'iyyar Adawa ! Kuri'un 'Yan adawa ! % ! Sakamako ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2021 | Kovilpatti| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 56,153 | 31.23 | <small>Kadambur Raju</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 68,558 | 38.13| {{no2|Lost}} | -12,405 | -6.9 |- ! 2017 | RK Nagar| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 89,013 | 50.32 | <small>E. Madhusudhanan</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 48,306 | 27.31| {{yes2|Won}} | 40,707 | 23.01 |} === Mukamai a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Indiya === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 1999 | Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki, Lok Sabha | Periyakulam | 21 Oktoba 1999 | 6 ga Fabrairu 2004 | Shekaru 4, kwana 108 |- | 2004 | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha | Tamil Nadu | 30 Yuni 2004 | 29 Yuni 2010 | Shekaru 5, kwana 364 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 2016 | Memba na Majalisar Dokoki | Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar | 29 Disamba 2017 | 3 Mayu 2021 | Shekaru 3, kwana 125 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s7pvy5uv93lm52k9al1ev2t72dwxcuc 967157 967156 2026-10-13T12:48:13Z Nura Bello 24854 967157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran''' (an haife shi ne 13 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=About Our General Secretary |url=https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri LED. T. V. Dhinakaran CMRajya Sabha profile |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda aka fi sani da TTV shine kafa Babban Sakatare na Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . Ma'aikatansa sun girmama shi a matsayin Makkal Selvar.  A da, shi ne Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha. An kore shi daga AIADMK a watan Agusta na 2017. <ref name="ccc">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NARASIMHAN |first=T. E. |date=28 August 2017 |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na Majalisar Tamil Nadu ta 15 daga Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Pradeep Kumar}}</ref> Shi ɗan uwan VK Sasikala ne. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar RK Nagar da ake sa ran yi a watan Disamba na 2017. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2018 Dhinakaran ya kaddamar da jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . <ref name="ppp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Dhinakaran launches party, names it 'Amma Makkal Munetra Kazhagam' after Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhinakaran-launches-new-party-names-it-amma-makkal-munetra-kazhagam-after-late-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa/story-mmciQ87QUNa1Vue1OIZ8pK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dhinakaran a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963. Shi ɗan kanwar Sasikala Vanithamani, T. Vivekanandam Muniyaraiyar. Kanin sa, Baskaran "Bas", ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a harkar fina-finai a matsayin jarumi a cikin ''shirin Thalaivan'' (2014). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=The other side of TTV Dinakaran: All you didn't know about the AIADMK leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ttv-dinakaran-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-973973-2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Dhinakaran a matsayin mutum mai sauƙin kai da kuma addini. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Dhinakaran ya kasance memba na Lok Sabha, yana wakiltar Periyakulam daga 1999 zuwa 2004, <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |pages=85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran, Shri T. T. V. Lok Sabha Profile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=112&lastls=13 |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> kuma ya zo na biyu a kujerar a babban zaɓen 2004 lokacin da JM Aaron Rashid ya kayar da shi. A zaɓen maye gurbin RK Nagar, ya kayar da ɗan takarar AIADMK E. Madhusudhanan da gagarumin rinjaye a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ya hau kujerar MLA a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017. An sake mayar da Dinakaran cikin AIADMK kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar babban sakatare a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, sa'o'i kafin VK Sasikala ta bar gidan yari don yin shari'ar kadarori marasa daidaito. An kore shi daga jam'iyyar a watan Agusta na 2017 <ref name="ccc" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018. <ref name="ppp" /> Dhinakaran ya sanar da cewa Sasikala zai zama babban sakatare yayin da zai zama mataimakin babban sakatare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalini Lobo |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sasikala will be General Secretary, I will be Deputy General Secretary of AMMK, says TTV Dhinakaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-will-be-the-general-secretary-and-i-will-be-the-deputy-general-secretary-of-ammk-says-ttv-dhinakaran-1194718-2018-03-21 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="AMMK">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Dhinakaran elected AMMK general secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-elected-ammk-general-secretary/article26895023.ece |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ya kasa lashe kujerarsa ga Kadambur Raju a mazabar Majalisar Kovilpatti a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu a shekarar 2021. Dhinakaran ya sanar a ranar 11 ga Maris 2024 cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta shiga Jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) kafin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, yana mai tabbatar mata da goyon bayanta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Ta kasa samun nasara daga kowace kujera biyu, duk da cewa Dhinakaran ya sami nasarar zama ta biyu a zaben da aka yi wa mazabar Theni Lok Sabha . == Kamawa da Shari'a == === Shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta hukumar zabe === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'yan sandan Delhi sun shigar da ƙara a kan Dhinakaran game da zargin yunƙurin ba Hukumar Zaɓe ta Indiya (ECI) cin hanci don alamar zaɓen AIADMK. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'Yan sandan Delhi sun kama Dhinakaran, bayan kwanaki hudu a jere da suka yi suna yi masa tambayoyi daga Sashen Laifuka na 'Yan sandan Delhi. Masu bincike sun zargi Dhinakaran da laifin yin amfani da sunan Sukesh Chandrashekhar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar, wacce aka ruwaito ta kai darajar ₹50 crore. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa an kama Chandrashekhar a wani otal a Kudancin Delhi da tsabar kuɗi ₹1.3 crore, wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne a matsayin kashi na farko na cin hancin. An kuma kama wani makusancin Dhinakaran, Mallikarjuna, saboda zarginsa da hannu a cikin jigilar kudaden ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. An tuhumi Dinakaran da laifin shirya makirci da cin hanci da rashawa a shari'ar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun hukuma har zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, lokacin da wata kotu ta musamman ta ba shi beli bisa ga jinginar kansa na ₹5 lakh, tare da lura cewa ba a gano takamaiman jami'an ECI da aka yi niyyar ba da cin hanci ba tukuna. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2018, wata kotu a Delhi ta gabatar da tuhumar laifuka a kansa bisa laifin shirya makirci da lalata shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK symbol case: Delhi Court grants bail to TTV Dhinakaran – Times of India ► |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aiadmk-symbol-case-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-ttv-dhinakaran/articleshow/58943119.cms |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, Hukumar Tsaro (ED) ta kira Dhinakaran don ƙarin tambayoyi don fuskantarsa fuska da fuska da Sukesh Chandrashekhar game da rashin daidaito a cikin bayanansu. == Zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai da kuma mukamai da aka gudanar == === Zaɓen Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5EDEB;text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" |Zaɓe ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Jam'iyyar siyasa ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Sakamako |- | 2004 | Tamil Nadu | AIADMK ||{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}} |} === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | <small>Jam'iyyar Adawa</small> ! <small>Kuri'un 'Yan adawa</small> ! % ! <small>Sakamako</small> ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2024 | Theni| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 292,668 | 25.65 | <small>Thanga Tamil Selvan</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 571,493 | 50.08| {{No|Lost}} | -278,825 | -24.43 |- ! 2004 | rowspan="2" | Periyakulam| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=2}} | 325,696 | 46.49 | <small>JM Aaron Rashid</small>| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | 346,851 | 49.51| {{No|Lost}} | -21,155 | -3.02 |- ! 1999 | 303,881 | 45.6 | <small>P. Selvendran</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 258,075 | 38.8| {{yes2|Won}} | 45,806 | 6.8 |} === Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | Jam'iyyar Adawa ! Kuri'un 'Yan adawa ! % ! Sakamako ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2021 | Kovilpatti| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 56,153 | 31.23 | <small>Kadambur Raju</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 68,558 | 38.13| {{no2|Lost}} | -12,405 | -6.9 |- ! 2017 | RK Nagar| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 89,013 | 50.32 | <small>E. Madhusudhanan</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 48,306 | 27.31| {{yes2|Won}} | 40,707 | 23.01 |} === Mukamai a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Indiya === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 1999 | Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki, Lok Sabha | Periyakulam | 21 Oktoba 1999 | 6 ga Fabrairu 2004 | Shekaru 4, kwana 108 |- | 2004 | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha | Tamil Nadu | 30 Yuni 2004 | 29 Yuni 2010 | Shekaru 5, kwana 364 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 2016 | Memba na Majalisar Dokoki | Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar | 29 Disamba 2017 | 3 Mayu 2021 | Shekaru 3, kwana 125 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] acz6b8vxbew29u4ask7d3o9hmrc5m43 Keshavrao Jedhe 0 177555 967285 960253 2026-10-13T20:04:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe''' ( ''né'' ''Deshmukh'' 21 Afrilu 1896 - 12 Nuwamba 1959) ɗan gwagwarmayar ƴancin Indiya ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga [[Pune]] . Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jigo a Majalisar Dokokin Indiya, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar Samyukta Maharashtra a lokacin 'yancin kai. Shahararren Swargate chowk a Pune an sanya masa suna ne saboda sunansa. == Rayuwar Farko da Tarihi == Keshavrao Jedhe shi ne ƙaramin ɗan Marutirao Jedhe. Jedhes iyali ne masu arziki na Maratha tare da zuriyar Deshmukh daga Pune. 'Yan uwa sun kasance na Satyashodhak Samaj kuma sun taka rawa sosai a cikin ayyukan samaj a farkon ƙarni na 20. Iyalan sun fi samun arzikinsu ne daga masana'antar tagulla da suke da ita. Babban ɗan'uwan Jedhe, ɗaya daga cikin ɗan'uwansa, Baburao yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin da ba na Brahman ba a lokaci guda Keshavrao yana aiki a Satyashodhak Samaj. A gaskiya ma, Baburao, an ɗauke shi a matsayin abokin Shahu, mai mulkin jihar Kolhapur mai sarauta . == Fafutukar siyasa da aiki == === Satyashodhak Samaj da Non-Brahman Party === Bayan mutuwar Shahu Maharaj a 1922, Jedhe ya zama shugabancin al'ummomin da ba Brahmin ba a Pune da kewaye a ƙarƙashin tutar Non-Brahman Party (NBM) da satyashodhak samaj. Kama bukukuwan Ganpati da Shivaji daga mamayar Brahmin su ne manufofin farko na Jedhe da abokan aikinsa. Sun haɗa kishin ƙasa da ƙiyayya da kabilanci a matsayin manufar jam'iyyar. Jedhe ya jagoranci har zuwa shekarun 1920 har zuwa lokacin da aka hade shi da jam'iyyar Congress. Ya shafe shekaru goma sha biyu a rayuwarsa yana aiki a NBM. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Pune Municipality na NBM. Ya kuma shiga cikin yakin neman daidaito da kawar da mutane ba tare da taɓawa ba wanda shugaban Dalit, [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Ambedkar]], ya shirya. Samaj da jam'iyyar sun kuma gudanar da ayyuka a gundumar Satara, Jihar Kolhapur da sauran wurare a wannan yanki waɗanda aka tsara don cin zarafin Brahmins, da kuma korar su daga matsayinsu na firistoci, jami'an gwamnati, masu ba da lamuni, da malamai a yankunan karkara. <ref name="patterson">{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Maureen L P |date=1954 |title=Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/39/caste_and_political_leadership_in_maharashtraa_review_and_current_appraisal.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Economic Weekly |issue=September 25 |pages=1065–1067 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828174930/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/39/caste_and_political_leadership_in_maharashtraa_review_and_current_appraisal.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> Kafin shekarun 1920, samaj ya yi adawa da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Indiya saboda ƙungiya ce da manyan mutane ke jagoranta. Mabiyan Samaj a cikin ƙarni na 20 ban da Jedhe sun haɗa da masanin ilimi Bhaurao Patil Nana Patil, [[Madhavrao Bagal|Khanderao Bagal]] da [[Madhavrao Bagal]] . <ref name="patterson" /> A shekarun 1930, ganin yadda jam'iyyar Congress ke gudanar da gangamin jama'a a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Jedhe ya shiga Majalisar, kuma ayyukan samaj sun ƙare. <ref name="patterson" /> === Jam'iyyar Majalisa === A shekarun 1930, Jedhe ya haɗa jam'iyyar da ba ta Brahmin ba da jam'iyyar Congress, kuma ya canza Congress daga wata ƙungiya mai rinjayen manyan mutane zuwa wata jam'iyya mai rinjayen Maratha a Pune da sauran sassan Maharashtra. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |date=1974 |title=Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona |url=https://archive.org/details/economic-political-weekly_1974_9_6-8/page/201 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=9 |issue=6/8 |pages=201–219 |jstor=4363419}}</ref> Ya jawo al'ummar Maratha ta Maharashtra cikin harkokin siyasa na yau da kullun kuma ya lashe zaɓen farko a watan Nuwamban 1934 na majalisar dokoki ta Shugabancin Bombay . A cikin 1938, Keshavrao ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin jihar kuma Jedhe Mansion shine cibiyar ayyukan. A farkon shekarun 1940, Jedhe ya fara ƙungiyar manoma a cikin Majalisa wanda wasu suka ɗauka a matsayin ƙalubale ga shugabancin jam'iyyar Marathi da Gujarati Brahmin na lokacin a shugabancin Bombay. Jedhe ya taka rawa wajen gina Congress Bhavan a Pune. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1948, Jedhe ya bar jam'iyyar ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Peasants and Workers Party (PWP). Ya fafata kuma ya sha kaye a zaben Lok Sabha na farko a shekarar 1952 daga Pune a matsayin dan takarar PWP a kan abokinsa kuma ɗan takarar Majalisar Wakilai NV Gadgil . Bayan ya ji takaici da manufofin wasu shugabannin PWP masu ra'ayin hagu, Jedhe ya koma cikin majalisar dokoki a watan Agustan 1952. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Congress a zaɓen 1957 daga Baramati . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Second Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=34&lsno=2 |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=Parliament of India LOK SABHA |publisher=Software Unit, Computer (HW & SW) Management. Branch, Lok Sabha Secretariat}}</ref> Daga baya, Yashwantrao Chavan sau da yawa yana cewa ya shiga Majalisar ne kawai saboda Keshavrao. === Samyukta Maharashtra Movement majagaba === An yi wa Majalisar Dokokin Indiya alƙawarin ga ƙasashen da ke da harsunan harshe, amma Kwamitin Sake Tsara Tsarin Jihohi ya ba da shawarar samar da jihar da ke da harsuna biyu ga Maharashtra-Gujarat, tare da Mumbai a matsayin babban birninta. An kafa ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1956, kuma ta haifar da babban rudani a siyasance, kuma a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Keshavrao Jedhe, an gudanar da taron dukkan jam'iyyu a Pune, kuma aka kafa Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1956. A zaɓen gama gari na biyu na 1957, Samiti ya kayar da masu ƙarfin hali na Majalisa ta hanyar samun kujeru 101 daga cikin kujeru 133, ciki har da kujeru 12 daga Mumbai. Majalisar za ta iya kafa gwamnati ne kawai tare da goyon bayan Gujarat, Marathwada da Vidarbha. Yashwantrao Chavan ya zama Babban Ministan farko na Jihar Bombay mai harsuna biyu. SM Joshi, SA Dange, NG Gore da PK Atre sun yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da gajiyawa ba don Samyukta Maharashtra, koda kuwa sun sadaukar da rayukan mutane da yawa kuma a ƙarshe sun yi nasarar shawo kan shugabannin Majalisar cewa Maharashtra ya kamata ta kafa wata jiha daban. Murabus ɗin CD Deshmukh, Ministan Kuɗi na lokacin a Majalisar Ministocin Nehru, ya yi tasiri mai kyau, kuma a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1960, an haifi jihar Maharashtra, wadda ta haɗa da yammacin Maharashtra, Vidarbha da Marathwada, tare da albarkar Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru . == Jedhe Mansion == ; Jedhe Mansion - gida na biyu na Maharashtra Congress Movement Jedhe Mansion a 907, Shukrawar Peth, Pune, ya kasance gidajen Keshwarao Jedhe, sau ɗaya cibiyar harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa a Pune da Maharashtra a lokacin Pre da Post Independence Era. Marutrao Babaji Jedhe ne ya gina Jedhe Mansion a cikin 1885, Jedhe Mansion shine inda Keshavrao Jedhe ya kaddamar da fadace-fadacen da yake yi da ka'idojin zamantakewa da kafa siyasar wannan rana daga karshen shekarun 1920 zuwa 1960. Daga nan aka raba Pune zuwa sassan 'yamma' da 'gabas', bisa ga yanayin ƙasa da zamantakewa. Western Pune, wanda Kesari Wada ke wakilta, Brahmins da al'adunsu ne suka mamaye shi, yayin da Gabashin Pune ya wakilci Jedhe Mansion da Bahujan samaj na Keshavrao. Iyalin Jedhe sun yi imani da akidar Satyashodhak Samaj, wanda Mahatma Phule ya kafa. Manyan 'yan'uwan Keshavrao, Dadasaheb da Baburao, abokan hulɗa ne na Shahu Maharaj na Kolhapur wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar ƙungiyar Satyashodhak. Shahu Maharaj ya ziyarci Jedhe Mansion a duk lokacin da yake Pune. A shekarun 1920, Jedhe Mansion ta zama makarantar siyasa da zamantakewa ga matasa da dama daga Bahujan Samaj. 'Yan'uwan Jedhe sun zauna tare kuma labarin ya nuna cewa aƙalla mutane 50 ne suka ci abinci, (ba 'yan gidan Jedhe ba), a kowane lokaci. Wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na ƙungiyar Satyashodhak zai nufi Jedhe Mansion kai tsaye da zarar ya sauka a Pune. Baya ga ma'aikata na gama gari, gida ne ga jiga-jigai kamar Karmaveer Vitthal Ramji Shinde, Kakasaheb Gadgil, Dinkarrao Jawalkar da Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil. Shugabanni kamar su Pandit Motilal Nehru, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Dr Rajendra Prasad, Jayaprakash Narayan, Senapati Bapat, Bhausaheb Hire da Shankarrao Deo suma sun ziyarci Jedhe Mansion. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] shima ya zo Jedhe Mansion sau biyu. Har zuwa shekarar 1934, Jedhe Mansion ita ce cibiyar ayyukan zamantakewa da suka shafi fafutukar 'yancin kai a Maharashtra. A wannan lokacin, Maharashtra ta fuskanci cece-kuce da dama kamar abin tunawa da Shivaji da kuma kafa mutum-mutumin Mahatma Phule a Pune. Gidan Jedhe shine inda aka tsara dabarun yaƙi da ayyukan ƙiyayya da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Jedhe Mansion ta kuma halarci tarurruka da dama kan ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Goa da kuma zanga-zangar Samyukta Maharashtra a shekarar 1956. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aorqks4d7xl52fxhm05rau60zl851v2 Ƙagaggen labari 0 177556 967382 964680 2026-10-13T22:31:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Labaran karya''' bayanai ne da aka yaɗa da gangan don yaudarar mutane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Countering Disinformation |url=https://www.un.org/en/countering-disinformation |access-date=2025-06-07 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is disinformation? |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/schwerpunkte/disinformation-definition-1911048 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Die Bundesregierung informiert {{!}} Startseite |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antje |date=2024-07-16 |title=Disinformation and 7 Common Forms of Information Disorder |url=https://commonslibrary.org/disinformation-and-7-common-forms-of-information-disorder/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Commons |language=en-AU}}</ref> ko kuma don samun ribar tattalin arziki ko siyasa wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ga jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=2022-06-16 |title=The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022 |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> Ruɗar bayanai wani aiki ne na adawa wanda masu ruwa da tsaki ke amfani da dabarun yaudara da dabarun karkatar da kafofin watsa labarai don ciyar da manufofin siyasa, soja, ko kasuwanci gaba. Ana aiwatar da bayanan karya ta hanyar kamfen da aka tsara wanda "ke amfani da dabarun magana da nau'ikan sani da yawa - gami da ba kawai ƙarya ba har ma da [[gaskiya]], rabin gaskiya, da kuma hukunci mai daraja - don amfani da faɗaɗa yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu da sauran takaddama da ke haifar da asali." <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022">{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos |last2=Nilsson |first2=Tomas |date=16 May 2022 |title=Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates in Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies |journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing |volume=42 |pages=18–35 |doi=10.1177/07439156221103852 |s2cid=248934562 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sabanin haka, ''rashin bayanai na gaskiya'' yana nufin rashin daidaito wanda ya samo asali daga kuskuren da ba a yi niyya ba. Ana iya amfani da bayanan karya don ƙirƙirar bayanan karya lokacin da aka yaɗa labaran karya da gangan kuma da gangan. " [[Labaran ƙarya|Labaran karya]] " wani lokacin ana sanya su a matsayin nau'in labaran karya, kodayake masana suna bambanta tsakanin ra'ayoyin biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazer |first=David M. J. |last2=Baum |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Benkler |first3=Yochai |last4=Berinsky |first4=Adam J. |last5=Greenhill |first5=Kelly M. |last6=Menczer |first6=Filippo |last7=Metzger |first7=Miriam J. |last8=Nyan |first8=Brendan |last9=Pennycook |first9=Gordan |last10=Rothschild |first10=David |last11=Schudson |first11=Michael |last12=Sloman |first12=Steven A. |last13=Sunstein |first13=Cass R. |last14=Thorson |first14=Emily A. |last15=Watts |first15=Duncan J. |date=9 March 2018 |title=The science of fake news |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2998 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6380 |pages=1094-1096 |via=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> Wasu masu bincike sun yi gargaɗi game da amfani da kalmar a rubuce-rubucen ilimi saboda rashin daidaito da kuma yadda ake amfani da ita a tattaunawar jama'a da siyasa game da [[labarai]] ko bayanai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freelon |first=Deen |last2=Wells |first2=Chris |date=2020-03-03 |title=Disinformation as Political Communication |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 |url-status=live |journal=Political Communication |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=145–156 |doi=10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 |issn=1058-4609 |s2cid=212897113 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717173304/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Wasu kuma sun lura cewa ana ci gaba da amfani da shi wajen yin nuni ga bayanan karya ko na ɓatarwa da kuma faɗaɗa su a cikin sadarwa ta siyasa, inda ake ci gaba da muhawara kan ma'anarsa da kuma tasirinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |date=Spring 2017 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211-36 |via=American Economic Association}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == [[File:The_Etymology_of_Disinformation.png|thumb| Asalin Rushewar Bayanai na H. Newman kamar yadda aka buga a cikin Mujallar Yaƙin Bayanai a 2021. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Hadley |year=2022 |title=Information Warfare: Leveraging the DMMI Matrix Cube for Risk Assessment |journal=Journal of Information Warfare |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=84–102 |issn=1445-3312 |jstor=27199985}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hadley |first=Newman |year=2022 |title=Author |url=https://www.jinfowar.com/authors/hadley-newman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228134920/https://www.jinfowar.com/authors/hadley-newman |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=Journal of Information Warfare |quote=Strategic communications advisor working across a broad range of policy areas for public and multilateral organisations. Counter-disinformation specialist and published author on foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI).}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke cikin kalmar rashin bayanai sun samo asali ne daga dangin harsunan Proto-Indo-Turai . Kalmar Latin 'dis' da 'in' kuma ana iya ɗaukar su duka a matsayin tushen Proto-Indo-European, 'forma' ya fi duhu sosai. Akwatin kore a cikin hoton yana nuna asalin 'forma' ba shi da tabbas, duk da haka, yana iya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Aristotelian na μορφή (morphe) inda wani abu ya zama 'abu' lokacin da yake da 'form' ko abu.]] Kalmar Ingilishi [[wiktionary:disinformation|''ta rashin bayani'']] ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kalmar Latin da aka yi amfani da ita [[wiktionary:dis-|''a matsayin dis-'']] zuwa [[wiktionary:information|''bayanai'']], wanda hakan ke nufin "juyawa ko cire bayanai". Kalmar da ba a cika amfani da ita ba ta bayyana a rubuce-rubucenta a rubuce aƙalla tun daga shekarar 1887. Wasu suna ɗaukar shi fassarar lamuni na Rashanci {{Lang|ru|дезинформация}}, an fassara shi azaman [[wiktionary:дезинформация|''dezinformatsiya'']], <ref name="bittman1985" /> a bayyane yake an samo shi ne daga taken sashen farfagandar baƙar fata na KGB. <ref name="pacepa" /> Masu tsara shirye-shiryen Soviet a shekarun 1950 sun bayyana bayanan karya a matsayin "yaɗa rahotannin ƙarya (a cikin manema labarai, a rediyo, da sauransu) da aka yi niyya don ɓatar da ra'ayoyin jama'a ." ''Ruɗani'' ya fara bayyana a cikin ƙamus a shekarar 1985, musamman, ''ƙamus ɗin Webster's New College'' da ''ƙamus ɗin American Heritage'' . A shekarar 1986, ba a bayyana kalmar ''rashin bayanai'' a cikin ''littafin Webster's New World Thesaurus'' ko ''New Encyclopædia Britannica'' ba. Bayan da kalmar Soviet ta shahara a shekarun 1980, masu magana da harshen Ingilishi na asali sun faɗaɗa kalmar a matsayin "duk wata sadarwa ta gwamnati (ko dai a bayyane ko a ɓoye) da ke ɗauke da bayanai na ƙarya da ɓatarwa da gangan, galibi ana haɗa su da bayanai na gaskiya, waɗanda ke neman ɓatar da mutane ko kuma [[Kafofin yada labarai|masu sauraro]] ." Zuwa shekarar 1990, amfani da kalmar ''rashin bayanai'' ya tabbatar da kansa a cikin harshen Turanci a cikin ƙamus na siyasa. Zuwa shekara ta 2001, kalmar ''rashin bayanai'' ta zama sananne a matsayin kalma mafi dacewa ta farar hula don faɗin cewa wani yana ƙarya . Stanley B. Cunningham ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na 2002 ''mai suna The Idea of Propaganda'' cewa an yi amfani da ''bayanan karya'' a ko'ina a matsayin ma'anar farfaganda . == Tsarin aiki == Cibiyar Shorenstein da ke Jami'ar Harvard ta bayyana binciken bayanan karya a matsayin wani fanni na ilimi wanda ke nazarin "yaduwa da tasirin bayanan karya, bayanan karya, da kuma magudin kafofin watsa labarai", gami da "yadda yake yaɗuwa ta hanyoyin yanar gizo da na intanet, da kuma dalilin da yasa mutane ke iya yarda da mummunan bayanai, da kuma dabarun da suka yi nasara wajen rage tasirinsa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disinformation |url=https://shorensteincenter.org/research-initiatives/disinformation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030110857/https://shorensteincenter.org/research-initiatives/disinformation/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Shorenstein Center |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar wani labarin bincike na 2023 da aka buga a cikin New Media &amp;amp; Society, labaran karya suna yawo a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] ta hanyar kamfen na yaudara da aka aiwatar ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da: tallata haja, ka'idojin makirci, satar bayanai ta hanyar dannawa, yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu, ɗakunan amsa-amo, [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran]] bogi, farfaganda, kimiyyar karya, da jita-jita . {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Kamus na muhimman kalmomi da suka shafi rashin bayanai da kuma rashin bayanai |- ! Wa'adi ! Bayani ! Wa'adi ! Bayani |- | Astroturfing | Kamfe mai tsari wanda aka tsara shi a tsakiya wanda ke kwaikwayon fafutukar jama'a ta hanyar sanya mahalarta su yi kamar su 'yan ƙasa ne na yau da kullun. | [[Labaran ƙarya|Labaran karya]] | Nau'i: Ƙirƙirar karyar aikin jarida da gangan Lakabi: Yadda ake amfani da kalmar wajen sauya salon watsa labarai |- | Ka'idojin makirci | Sake bayyana asusun hukuma wanda ke ba da wasu bayanai na daban game da yadda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke aikata ayyuka a ɓoye | [[Greenwashing|Washing na kore]] | Sadarwa ta yaudara tana sa mutane su yi imani cewa kamfani yana da alhakin muhalli alhali kuwa ba haka lamarin yake ba |- | Clickbait | Amfani da kanun labarai da ƙananan hotuna masu ɓatarwa da gangan don ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar yanar gizo don samun riba ko shahara | Farfaganda | Tsarin sadarwa ta jama'a, a kan wani ɓoyayyen tsari, kuma da manufa ta daidaita imani da aiki ta hanyar kauce wa tunanin mutum ɗaya |- | Yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu | Wani lamari da ya faru inda ƙungiyoyi da yawa na mutane, waɗanda ke da ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi, ke ƙoƙarin jagorantar manufofin jama'a cikin rashin jituwa | Kimiyyar Zamba | Bayanan da ke da'awar ikon bayyana kimiyya, suna aro harshenta da sahihancinta amma sun sha bamban sosai da ka'idojin ingancinta. |- | [[Doxing|Doxxing]] | Wani nau'in cin zarafi ta yanar gizo wanda ke karya iyakokin sirri ta hanyar fitar da bayanai da nufin cutar da kai ga wanda aka yi wa illa | Jita-jita | Labarai marasa tushe waɗanda ke yaɗuwa ba tare da an tabbatar da su ko kuma an tabbatar da su ba |- | Ɗakin Echo | Yanayi mai zurfi inda mahalarta ke haɗuwa da imani da ra'ayoyi waɗanda suka yi daidai da nasu | Trolling | Ƙungiyoyin masu tasiri na dijital waɗanda ke aiki da 'click army' waɗanda aka tsara don jawo hankalin jama'a |- | yaudara | Labarai inda ake gabatar da hujjojin ƙarya a matsayin halaltattu | Tatsuniyoyi na birane | Labarun ɗabi'a waɗanda ke nuna labarai masu ɗorewa na masu kutse waɗanda ke aikata laifukan kan iyaka da mummunan sakamakonsu |} Domin a bambance tsakanin kalmomi makamantan haka, gami da bayanai marasa tushe da bayanai marasa tushe, masana sun yarda gaba ɗaya kan ma'anonin kowace kalma kamar haka: (1) bayanai marasa tushe shine yaɗa bayanai na ƙarya da nufin haifar da lahani ga jama'a; (2) bayanai marasa tushe suna wakiltar yaɗa bayanai na ƙarya da ba da gangan ba; kuma (3) bayanai marasa tushe bayanai ne na gaskiya da aka yaɗa da nufin haifar da lahani, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baines |first=Darrin |last2=Elliott |first2=Robert J. R. |date=April 2020 |title=Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: An urgent need for clarity during the COVID-19 infodemic |url=https://ideas.repec.org//p/bir/birmec/20-06.html |url-status=live |journal=Discussion Papers |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214124131/https://ideas.repec.org//p/bir/birmec/20-06.html |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making |url=https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214125635/https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Council of Europe Publishing |language=en}}</ref> an taƙaita waɗannan kalmomin 'DMMI'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Hadley |orig-date=16 September 2021 |title=Understanding the Differences Between Disinformation, Misinformation, Malinformation and Information – Presenting the DMMI Matrix |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/39289/html/ |url-status=live |journal=Draft Online Safety Bill (Joint Committee) |location=UK |publisher=UK Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104112358/https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/39289/html/ |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Camille François ta ƙirƙiro tsarin "ABC" na fahimtar hanyoyi daban-daban na labaran karya ta yanar gizo: * ''<nowiki/>'Yan wasan kwaikwayo'' na yaudara, waɗanda "suke shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na yaudara ta yanar gizo da gangan" waɗanda "ba a ɓoye ba, waɗanda aka tsara don ɓoye asalin da kuma manufar ɗan wasan da ke shirya su." Misalai sun haɗa da mutane kamar Guccifer 2.0, shafukan intanet, kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati, da kuma jami'an soji. * Halayyar ''Yaudara'', wadda "ta ƙunshi nau'ikan dabarun da masu yaudarar ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya amfani da su don haɓaka da kuma ƙara girman tasirin kamfen ɗin su." Misalai sun haɗa da gonakin troll, bots na intanet, astroturfing, da kuma " biyan kuɗi ". * ''Abubuwan'' da ke da illa, waɗanda suka haɗa da bayanan da ba su dace ba game da lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi wa magudi kamar su deepfakes, [[Cin zarafin yanar gizo|cin zarafi ta yanar gizo]], tsattsauran ra'ayi mai ƙarfi, kalaman ƙiyayya ko [[ta'addanci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=François |first=Camille |date=2019-09-20 |title=Actors, Behaviors, Content: A Disinformation ABC – Highlighting Three Vectors of Viral Deception to Guide Industry & Regulatory Responses |url=https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SY/SY21/20190926/109980/HHRG-116-SY21-Wstate-FrancoisC-20190926-SD001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321071912/https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SY/SY21/20190926/109980/HHRG-116-SY21-Wstate-FrancoisC-20190926-SD001.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Cibiyar Brookings ta ba da shawarar gyara wannan tsarin don haɗawa ''da Rarrabawa'', wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar "ka'idojin fasaha waɗanda ke ba da damar, ƙuntatawa, da kuma tsara halayen mai amfani a cikin sararin samaniya na kama-da-wane". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alaphilippe |first=Alexandre |date=2020-04-27 |title=Adding a 'D' to the ABC disinformation framework |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/adding-a-d-to-the-abc-disinformation-framework/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027042531/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/adding-a-d-to-the-abc-disinformation-framework/ |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakazalika, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ta ba da shawarar ƙara ''Digiri'' ("raba abubuwan da ke ciki ... da masu sauraro da ya isa") da ''Tasiri'' ("irin barazanar da shari'ar da aka bayar ke haifarwa"). === Kwatanta da farfaganda === Ko kuma har zuwa wane mataki ne ake muhawara kan ko bayanan karya da farfaganda suka yi karo a tsakaninsu. Wasu (kamar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ) suna bayyana farfaganda a matsayin amfani da hujjoji marasa ma'ana don ci gaba ko kuma lalata manufar siyasa, kuma suna amfani da bayanan karya a matsayin madadin suna don lalata farfaganda, yayin da wasu ke ɗaukar su a matsayin ra'ayoyi daban-daban gaba ɗaya. Wani sanannen ra'ayi ya ce bayanan karya kuma suna bayyana saƙonnin da aka tsara musamman don siyasa, waɗanda aka tsara su musamman don haifar da suka ga jama'a, rashin tabbas, rashin kulawa, rashin yarda, da kuma tsoro, waɗanda duk suna hana jama'a shiga da kuma tattara jama'a don sauye-sauyen zamantakewa ko siyasa. == Aiki == Rushewar bayanai shine lakabin da ake yawan amfani da shi wajen karkatar da bayanai da kuma tsoma baki a harkokin waje (FIMI) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Extrernal Action Service (EEAS) |date=27 October 2021 |title=Tackling Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation & Interference |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/tacklingdisinformation-foreign-information-manipulation-interference_en.}}</ref> Nazarin da aka yi kan bayanan karya galibi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikin aiki yayin da babban ra'ayin FIMI ya fi damuwa da "halin wani ɗan wasa" wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar soja ta dabaru, dabaru, da hanyoyin aiki (TTPs). <ref name=":4" /> Hukumomin leƙen asiri na gwamnati ne ke aiwatar da wannan ɓarna, amma kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da ita. Ƙungiyoyin gaba wani nau'i ne na rashin bayanai, domin suna ɓatar da jama'a game da ainihin manufofinsu da kuma su waye masu kula da su. Kwanan nan, an yada labaran karya da gangan ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin nau'in " [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran karya]] ", an boye labaran karya a matsayin labaran labarai na halal kuma an yi nufin yaudarar masu karatu ko masu kallo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tandoc |first=Edson C |last2=Lim |first2=Darren |last3=Ling |first3=Rich |date=2019-08-07 |title=Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why |journal=Journalism |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=381–398 |doi=10.1177/1464884919868325 |issn=1464-8849 |s2cid=202281476}}</ref> Bayanan karya na iya haɗawa da rarraba takardu na jabu, rubuce-rubuce, da hotuna, ko yaɗa jita-jita masu haɗari da kuma bayanan sirri na ƙarya . Amfani da waɗannan dabarun na iya haifar da koma baya, duk da haka, haifar da irin waɗannan sakamako marasa niyya kamar ƙarar ɓata suna ko lalata suna ga mai ba da labarin. <ref name="eugeneasamier" /> Bayanan karya na iya yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayi inda babu ingantattun bayanai kan wani batu, kamar rikici. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woon |first=Eugene |last2=Pang |first2=Augustine |year=2017 |title=Explicating the information vacuum: stages, intensifications, and implications |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-10-2016-0066 |journal=Corporate Communications |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=329–353 |via=Emerald Insight}}</ref> An ga tasirin hakan bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa Southport a shekarar 2024, inda aka ƙara yawan yaɗuwar labaran ƙarya game da tarihin mai kisan ta hanyar bayar da rahotannin ƙuntatawa, ma'ana babu wata hujja da za ta hana bayanan ƙarya. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Venkataramakrishnan |first=Siddharth |year=2025 |title=From Disinformation to Violence: The UK Far Right and 2024 Riots |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48815455 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=8–12 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da tarzomar Burtaniya ta 2024. <ref name=":8" /> == A duk duniya == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  An gano cewa ruɗani a matsayin babban ƙalubale, yana lalata amincewar jama'a da kuma tushen gaskiya na muhawarar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disinformation and misinformation |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/disinformation-and-misinformation.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=OECD |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Industrialized Disinformation 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation |url=https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2021/02/CyberTroop-Report20-Draft9.pdf |journal=University of Oxford}}</ref> <ref name="europarl">{{Cite web |last=Colomina |first=Carme |date=22 April 2021 |title=The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/653635/EXPO_STU(2021)653635_EN.pdf |publisher=European Parliament Policy Department for External Relations - Directorate General for External Policies of the Union}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa bayanan karya galibi suna yaɗuwa da sauri da kuma yaɗuwa a intanet fiye da sahihan bayanai. Binciken da aka gudanar ya kuma danganta rashin bayanai da rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance, wargajewar dimokuradiyya, da juriyar gwamnati a cikin yanayin kama-karya. <ref name="vosoughi">{{Cite journal |last=Vosoughi |first=Soroush |last2=Roy |first2=Deb |last3=Aral |first3=Sinan |year=2018 |title=The spread of true and false news online |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap9559 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aap9559 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="sato">{{Cite journal |last=Sato |first=Yoshihiro |year=2024 |title=Disinformation and regime survival |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11305955/ |journal=Journal of Global Politics (or publisher if different)}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubucen Soviet game da ruɗani === {{excerpt|Soviet disinformation}} === Rubuce-rubucen Rasha === {{excerpt|Russian disinformation}} === Labaran bogi na kasar Sin === {{Excerpt|Spamouflage|paragraphs=1}} === Labaran karya na Amurka === [[File:How_Disinformation_Can_Be_Spread.jpg|thumb| Yadda Za A Iya Yaɗa Bayanan Ruɗani, Bayanin Ma'aikatar Tsaron Amurka (2001)]] Ƙungiyar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ta yi amfani da kalmar ''"disinformation"'' a shekarun 1950 daga ''dezinformatsiya'' ta Rasha, kuma ta fara amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun, tun daga lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki, kuma a lokacin rikici da sauran ƙasashe. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito a shekara ta 2000 cewa a lokacin da CIA ke ƙoƙarin maye gurbin [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammed Reza Pahlavi]] a matsayin Firayim Ministan Iran na wancan lokacin [[Mohammad Mosaddegh|Mohammad Mossadegh]], CIA ta sanya labarai na ƙagaggu a cikin jaridar gida. <ref name="adamtaylor" /> Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya rubuta yadda, bayan mamayar Tarayyar Soviet a Afghanistan a shekarar 1979 a lokacin Yaƙin Soviet da Afghanistan, CIA ta sanya labaran ƙarya a jaridun ƙasashen da Musulunci ya fi rinjaye, inda ta yi kuskuren faɗin cewa ofisoshin jakadancin Soviet suna da "bikin ranar mamaye". <ref name="adamtaylor" /> Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya lura cewa wani tsohon jami'in leken asirin Amurka ya ce za su yi ƙoƙarin samun amincewar 'yan jarida su yi amfani da su a matsayin jami'an sirri, don shafar siyasar wata ƙasa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaransu na gida. <ref name="adamtaylor" /> A watan Oktoban 1986, kalmar ta sami ƙaruwar kuɗi a Amurka lokacin da aka bayyana cewa watanni biyu da suka gabata, Gwamnatin Reagan ta shiga wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarya kan shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] na wancan lokacin. Wakilin [[White House|Fadar White House]] Larry Speakes ya ce rahotannin wani hari da aka shirya kai wa Libya kamar yadda ''jaridar Wall Street Journal'' ta fara karyata a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1986, "masu iko ne", kuma wasu jaridu ciki har da ''jaridar Washington Post'' sun rubuta labarai suna cewa wannan gaskiya ne. <ref name="biagi" /> Wakilin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Bernard Kalb]] ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa don nuna rashin amincewa da kamfen din karya bayanai, kuma ya ce: "Imani da kalmar Amurka shine bugun zuciya na dimokuradiyyarmu." <ref name="biagi" /> Sashen zartarwa na gwamnatin Reagan ya ci gaba da sa ido kan kamfen ɗin karya bayanai ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe uku na shekara-shekara daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje: ''Matakan Aiki: Rahoton kan Sinadari da Tsarin Yaƙi da Amurka.'' ''S. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarya da farfaganda'' (1986); ''Rahoton Matakan Aiki da Farfaganda, 1986–87'' (1987); da ''Rahoton Matakan Aiki da Farfaganda, 1987–88'' (1989). A cewar wani rahoto da Reuters ta fitar, Amurka ta gudanar da wani kamfen na yada labaran karya [[Bayanai na Covid-19|game da allurar rigakafin COVID-19 ta Sinovac ta kasar Sin]], ciki har da amfani da shafukan sada zumunta na bogi don yada labaran karya cewa allurar rigakafin Sinovac ta ƙunshi sinadaran da aka samo daga naman alade kuma saboda haka ''haramun'' ne a karkashin [[Shari'a|dokar Musulunci]] . Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ce an tsara kamfen din ChinaAngVirus ne don "kawar da abin da ta dauka a matsayin tasirin da China ke yi a Philippines" kuma "[tsoron] cewa diflomasiyyar China da farfagandar COVID na iya jawo hankalin sauran kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kamar Cambodia da Malaysia, kusa da Beijing". <ref name=":6" /> An kuma bayyana kamfen ɗin a matsayin "ramuwar gayya ga ƙoƙarin Beijing na ɗora wa Washington alhakin annobar". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toropin |first=Konstantin |date=2024-06-14 |title=Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614223757/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Military.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya fi mayar da hankali kan mutane a [[Filipin|Philippines]] kuma ya yi amfani da hashtag na kafofin sada zumunta na "China ita ce cutar" a cikin [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] . <ref name=":6" /> Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya fara ne daga shekarar 2020 zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2021. <ref name=":6" /> Babban kamfanin kwangilar da ya yi aikin sojan Amurka shi ne Janar Dynamics IT, wanda ya sami dala miliyan 493 saboda rawar da ya taka. <ref name=":6" /> Tun daga shekarar 2023, 'yan jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun kai hari kan masu bincike da ke nazarin bayanan karya a matsayin wadanda suka saba wa 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|fadin albarkacin baki]] da kuma a matsayin karin magana ga takunkumin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jankowicz |first=Nina |date=2025-04-09 |title=Republicans Are Obsessed with a Censorship Lie |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/republicans-are-obsessed-with-a-censorship-lie-twitter-files-taibbi-goebbels |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=thebulwark.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2025, ta ambaci Dokar Zartarwa da Trump ya sanya wa hannu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scire |first=Sarah |date=2025-04-21 |title=National Science Foundation cancels research grants related to misinformation and disinformation |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2025/04/national-science-foundation-cancels-research-grants-related-to-misinformation-and-disinformation/ |website=niemanlab.org}}</ref> Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta soke tallafin kuɗi don binciken bayanan ƙarya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Updates on NSF Priorities |url=https://www.nsf.gov/updates-on-priorities |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=NSF - National Science Foundation |language=en}}</ref> tana mai cewa bai dace da fifikon NSF ba, "gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga waɗanda suka shafi bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da haɗaka ( DEI ) da kuma bayanan ƙarya/bayanan ƙarya ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnell |first=Henry |date=2025-04-22 |title=Government cancels disinformation grants in disinformation-filled statement |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/04/nsf-science-disinformation-research-grants-cancelled/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref> === Labarai marasa tushe a kuri'ar raba gardama ta zama memba a Tarayyar Turai ta Burtaniya ta 2016 === Kuri'ar raba gardama ta zama memba a Tarayyar Turai ta Burtaniya ta 2016 ta ga alkaluman da aka samu daga yakin neman zaben 'Yanci sun yaɗa labaran ƙarya a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Höller |first=Maximilian |year=2021 |title=The human component in social media and fake news: the performance of UK opinion leaders on Twitter during the Brexit campaign |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2021.1918842 |journal=European Journal of English Studies |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=91–93 |via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan muhawarar sun yi tasiri ga motsin zuciyar masu zaɓe da alaƙar su, kamar iƙirarin cewa fam miliyan 350 da Birtaniya ke aika wa EU kowace mako za a iya ware su ga NHS, wanda hakan ya sa suka yi tasiri sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaber |first=Ivor |last2=Fisher |first2=Caroline |date=2022-04-01 |title="Strategic Lying": The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |language=EN |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=466–467 |doi=10.1177/1940161221994100 |issn=1940-1612}}</ref> Ofcom ta bukaci masu watsa labarai su kasance tsaka-tsaki, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Section five: Due impartiality and due accuracy |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-standards/section-five-due-impartiality-accuracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113215619/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-standards/section-five-due-impartiality-accuracy |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=ofcom.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> duk da haka wannan bin doka da oda ya haifar da daidaiton karya a muhawarar Brexit, wanda ya sa masu watsa labarai su yada labaran karya ba tare da sani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Hannah |last2=Drieschova |first2=Alena |date=2018-10-01 |title=Post-Truth Politics in the UK's Brexit Referendum |journal=New Perspectives |language=EN |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=96 |doi=10.1177/2336825X1802600305 |issn=2336-825X}}</ref> == Martani == === Martani daga shugabannin al'adu === [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi Allah wadai da labaran karya a wata hira da ya yi da shi a shekarar 2016, bayan da aka mayar da shi batun wani gidan yanar gizo na labaran karya a lokacin zabubbukan Amurka na 2016 wanda ya yi ikirarin karya cewa yana goyon bayan [[Donald Trump]] . Ya bayyana cewa mafi munin abin da kafofin watsa labarai za su iya yi shi ne yaɗa labaran ƙarya kuma ya ce wannan laifi ne, kwatanta waɗanda ke yaɗa labaran ƙarya da mutanen da ke aikata laifukan lalata . === Ɗabi'a a yaƙi === A cikin wata gudummawa da suka bayar ga littafin ''Military Ethics and Emerging Technologies'' na shekarar 2014, marubuta David Danks da Joseph H. Danks sun tattauna tasirin ɗabi'a wajen amfani da bayanai marasa tushe a matsayin dabara yayin yaƙin bayanai . Sun lura cewa an yi muhawara mai zurfi ta falsafa game da batun dangane da ɗabi'un yaƙi da amfani da dabarar. <ref name="daviddanks" /> Marubutan sun bayyana matsayin da ake yarda da amfani da bayanan ƙarya a wasu lokutan, amma ba a kowane yanayi ba. <ref name="daviddanks" /> A al'ada, gwajin ɗabi'a da za a yi la'akari da shi shine ko an yi wannan ƙaryar ne bisa ga himma da kuma yarda da dokokin yaƙi . <ref name="daviddanks" /> Ta wannan gwajin, dabarar da aka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta sanya tankunan fesawa na bogi a wurare da ake iya gani a [[Jerin tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific|Tsibirin Pacific]] domin a nuna cewa akwai manyan rundunonin soji a wurin za a ɗauke ta a matsayin wadda aka yarda da ita a ɗabi'a. <ref name="daviddanks" /> Akasin haka, ɓoye wurin ajiye makamai a matsayin wurin kula da lafiya domin gujewa hari ba zai zama abin da za a iya amfani da shi wajen amfani da bayanan karya a lokacin yaƙi ba. <ref name="daviddanks" /> == Bincike == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Disinformation_and_echo_chambers.jpg|thumb| Ruɗani yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar jayayya. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" />]] Binciken da ya shafi nazarin bayanan ƙarya yana ƙaruwa a matsayin wani fanni na bincike da aka yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spies |first=Samuel |date=2019-08-14 |title=Defining "Disinformation", V1.0 |url=https://mediawell.ssrc.org/literature-reviews/defining-disinformation/versions/1-0/ |url-status=live |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094140/https://mediawell.ssrc.org/literature-reviews/defining-disinformation/versions/1-0/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tandoc |first=Edson C. |year=2019 |title=The facts of fake news: A research review |journal=Sociology Compass |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12724 |issn=1751-9020 |s2cid=201392983}}</ref> Masu fafutuka sun yi kiran a ayyana bayanan karya a matsayin barazanar tsaron yanar gizo saboda karuwarsa a shafukan sada zumunta. Duk da yawaitar shafukan yanar gizo na sada zumunta, Facebook da Twitter sun fi nuna mafi yawan ayyukan da ake yi idan aka yi la'akari da kamfen ɗin karya bayanai. Dabaru da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da amfani da na'urorin bot don faɗaɗa kalaman ƙiyayya, tattara bayanai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma biyan kuɗi don cin zarafi da barazana ga 'yan jarida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha Bradshaw & Philip N. Howard. (2019) The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2019.2. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda |url=https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525105011/https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=University of Oxford}}</ref> Yayin da binciken labaran karya ya fi mayar da hankali kan yadda 'yan wasa ke shirya yaudara a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman ta hanyar [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran karya]], sabon bincike yana bincika yadda mutane ke ɗaukar abin da ya fara a matsayin yaudara sannan su yaɗa shi a matsayin ra'ayinsu na kashin kansu. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> Sakamakon haka, bincike ya nuna cewa za a iya fahimtar bayanan ƙarya a matsayin shiri wanda ke ƙarfafa shiga cikin tunanin adawa (watau, yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu ), wanda bayanan ƙarya ke yaɗuwa a matsayin makamin maganganu don muhawara marar ƙarewa. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> Yayin da labaran karya ke da alaƙa da yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu, takaddamar da ke haifar da asalin mutum ta zama hanyar da labaran karya ke yaɗuwa a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] . Wannan yana nufin cewa labaran ƙarya suna bunƙasa, ba duk da tsangwama ba amma saboda su. Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa jayayya tana samar da tushe mai kyau don muhawara mai ƙarewa wadda ke ƙarfafa ra'ayoyi. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> Masana sun nuna cewa labaran karya ba wai kawai barazana ce ga ƙasashen waje ba, domin masu samar da labaran karya a cikin gida suna amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya kamar jaridu, gidajen rediyo, da gidajen talabijin don yaɗa labaran karya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Michael L. |last2=Vaccari |first2=Cristian |date=July 2020 |title=Digital Threats to Democracy: Comparative Lessons and Possible Remedies |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220922323 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=333–356 |doi=10.1177/1940161220922323 |issn=1940-1612 |s2cid=218962159 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214125205/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220922323 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa masu fafutukar siyasa ta yanar gizo na dama a Amurka na iya amfani da bayanan karya a matsayin dabara da dabara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freelon |first=Deen |last2=Marwick |first2=Alice |last3=Kreiss |first3=Daniel |date=2020-09-04 |title=False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abb2428 |url-status=live |journal=Science |language=EN |volume=369 |issue=6508 |pages=1197–1201 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1197F |doi=10.1126/science.abb2428 |pmid=32883863 |s2cid=221471947 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142705/https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abb2428 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> Kuri'ar raba gardama ta Tarayyar Turai ta 2016 a Burtaniya ta kuma ga 'yan siyasar Burtaniya da ke goyon bayan yakin neman zabe na barin kasar sun yada labaran karya a shafin Twitter. <ref name=":9" /> An kuma zargi Jam'iyyar Conservative da yada labaran karya game da Jam'iyyar Labour a gabanin [[2019 United Kingdom general election|babban zaben 2019.]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaber |first=Ivor |last2=Fisher |first2=Caroline |year=2022 |title="Strategic Lying": The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161221994100 |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=469–470 |via=SAGE Publications}}</ref> Gwamnatoci sun mayar da martani da manufofi daban-daban don magance damuwa game da barazanar da labaran karya ke haifarwa ga dimokuradiyya, duk da haka, babu wata yarjejeniya a cikin tattaunawar manufofi na manyan mutane ko rubuce-rubucen ilimi game da ma'anar labaran karya na barazana ga dimokuradiyya, da kuma yadda manufofi daban-daban za su iya taimakawa wajen magance mummunan tasirinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tenove |first=Chris |date=July 2020 |title=Protecting Democracy from Disinformation: Normative Threats and Policy Responses |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220918740 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=517–537 |doi=10.1177/1940161220918740 |issn=1940-1612 |s2cid=219437151 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214125205/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220918740 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> === Sakamakon fallasa labaran karya a intanet === Akwai cikakkiyar fahimta tsakanin masana cewa akwai babban matakin rashin bayanai, rashin bayanai, da kuma farfaganda a yanar gizo; duk da haka, ba a san irin wannan rashin bayanai ba game da ra'ayoyin siyasa a cikin jama'a da kuma sakamakon siyasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=Joshua |last2=Guess |first2=Andrew |last3=Barbera |first3=Pablo |last4=Vaccari |first4=Cristian |last5=Siegel |first5=Alexandra |last6=Sanovich |first6=Sergey |last7=Stukal |first7=Denis |last8=Nyhan |first8=Brendan |year=2018 |title=Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3144139 |url-status=live |journal=SSRN Working Paper Series |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3144139 |issn=1556-5068 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221202942/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3144139 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> Wannan hikima ta al'ada ta fito ne daga 'yan jarida masu bincike, tare da ƙaruwa musamman a lokacin zaɓen Amurka na 2016: wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko sun fito ne daga Craig Silverman a Buzzfeed News. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717155014/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref> Cass Sunstein ya goyi bayan hakan a ''#Republic,'' yana mai jayayya cewa intanet za ta cika da ɗakunan amsa-amo da tarin bayanai na bayanai waɗanda ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin ilimi. Daga baya bincike ya tabbatar da wanzuwar ɗakunan amsa-amo a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinelli |first=Matteo |last2=De Francisci Morales |first2=Gianmarco |last3=Galeazzi |first3=Alessandro |last4=Quattrociocchi |first4=Walter |last5=Starnini |first5=Michele |date=2021-03-02 |title=The echo chamber effect on social media |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2023301118 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=9 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2023301118 |pmc=7936330 |pmid=33622786}}</ref> Bincike bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 ya gano cewa: (1) ga kashi 14% na Amurkawa kafofin sada zumunta su ne tushen "mafi mahimmanci" na labaran zaɓe; 2) labaran ƙarya da aka sani "an raba jimillar sau miliyan 30 a Facebook, yayin da waɗanda ke goyon bayan Clinton aka raba sau miliyan 8"; 3) matsakaicin balagaggen Amurka ya ga labaran ƙarya, "tare da kusan rabin waɗanda suka tuna sun gan su suna yarda da su"; kuma 4) mutane sun fi "amincewa da labaran da ke fifita ɗan takarar da suka fi so, musamman idan sun raba hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa ta hanyar akida." [1] Haka kuma, duk da cewa akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa yaɗuwar da kuma karɓar labaran ƙarya ta hanyar intanet a lokacin zaɓen 2016 ya yi yawa kuma wataƙila wakilan ƙasashen waje ne suka taimaka masa, akwai muhawara kan ko duk wannan ya yi tasiri a zaɓen. Misali, wani gwaji mai ban mamaki da masu bincike daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) suka gudanar, ya gano cewa fallasa labaran karya ta yanar gizo game da Trump ko Clinton ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci kan niyyar kaɗa ƙuri'a ga waɗannan 'yan takara. Masu binciken da suka binciki tasirin labaran karya na Rasha a shafin Twitter a lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016 sun gano cewa fallasa labaran karya (1) ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin ƙaramin rukuni na masu amfani, (2) galibi a tsakanin 'yan Republican, da kuma (3) fallasa labaran siyasa da 'yan siyasa na halal. A ƙarshe, sun ga "babu wata shaida ta alaƙa mai ma'ana tsakanin fallasa ga kamfen ɗin tasirin Rasha a ƙasashen waje da canje-canje a cikin halaye, rarrabuwar kawuna, ko halayen zaɓe." [2] Saboda haka, duk da yaɗuwar da aka yi a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2016, labaran karya ko labaran ƙarya a yanar gizo wataƙila ba su sa Hillary Clinton ta rasa kuri'un da ake buƙata don samun shugabancin ƙasa ba. [3] Bincike kan wannan batu har yanzu bai kammala ba, misali, bayanai marasa tushe ba su canza ilimin siyasa game da waɗanda aka fallasa su ba sosai. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |date=May 2017 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211–236 |doi=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=32730475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Da alama akwai babban matakin bambancin kafofin labarai da masu amfani ke nunawa a Facebook da Twitter fiye da yadda hikimar gargajiya za ta nuna, da kuma yawan tattaunawa tsakanin mutane daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakshy |first=E. |last2=Messing |first2=S. |last3=Adamic |first3=L. A. |date=2015-06-05 |title=Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=6239 |pages=1130–1132 |bibcode=2015Sci...348.1130B |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1160 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25953820 |s2cid=206632821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wojcieszak |first=Magdalena E. |last2=Mutz |first2=Diana C. |date=2009-03-01 |title=Online Groups and Political Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political Disagreement? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-communication_2009-03_59_1/page/40 |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=40–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x |issn=0021-9916 |s2cid=18865773}}</ref> Wasu shaidu sun gano cewa yakin neman zabe na karya bayanai ba kasafai yake samun nasara wajen sauya manufofin kasashen waje na kasashen da aka yi wa hari ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lanoszka |first=Alexander |year=2019 |title=Disinformation in international politics |journal=European Journal of International Security |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=227–248 |doi=10.1017/eis.2019.6 |issn=2057-5637 |s2cid=211312944}}</ref> Bincike kuma yana da ƙalubale saboda ana nufin bayanan ƙarya su yi wahalar gano su kuma wasu kamfanonin kafofin sada zumunta sun hana ƙoƙarin bincike a waje. [1] Misali, masu bincike sun gano cewa bayanan karya sun sa "tsarin gano bayanai na zamani daga kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya bai yi tasiri ba ko kuma bai dace ba...[saboda bayanan karya] an rubuta su ne da gangan don yaudarar masu karatu...[kuma] hulɗar zamantakewa da masu amfani da labaran karya ke yi yana samar da bayanai masu girma, marasa cikawa, marasa tsari, kuma masu hayaniya." [1] 'Yan jarida da masana masu nazari sun soki Facebook, babbar kamfanin kafofin sada zumunta, saboda hana binciken da ake yi a waje na labaran karya. [2] [3] [4] [5] === Madadin ra'ayoyi da suka === An gabatar da wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban: # Ba tare da ''duba gaskiya da kuma [[Karatun jarida|sanin kafofin watsa labarai]]'' ba, sai a yi nazarin wani abu da ya mamaye duniya a matsayin wani abu da ya shafi fiye da labaran da ake yadawa. # Ci gaba fiye da ''hanyoyin fasaha,'' gami da binciken gaskiya da aka inganta ta hanyar AI, don fahimtar tushen tsarin rashin bayanai. # Samar da ka'ida wadda ta wuce ta ''Amurka'' don haɓaka hangen nesa na duniya, fahimtar mulkin mallaka na al'adu da dogaro da Duniya ta Uku akan labaran Yamma '', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tworek |first=Heidi |date=2022-08-02 |title=Can We Move Beyond Disinformation Studies? |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/can-we-move-beyond-disinformation-studies/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601164258/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/can-we-move-beyond-disinformation-studies/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Centre for International Governance Innovation]]}}</ref>'' da kuma fahimtar bayanai marasa tushe a Kudancin Duniya. # Haɓaka ''binciken ƙarya da ya shafi kasuwa'' wanda ke bincika abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa na kuɗi da samfuran kasuwanci waɗanda ke tura masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da dandamali na dijital su yaɗa labaran ƙarya akan layi. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos A. |date=2024-10-30 |title=Disinformation and fake news as externalities of digital advertising: a close reading of sociotechnical imaginaries in programmatic advertising |journal=Journal of Marketing Management |language=en |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/0267257X.2024.2421860 |issn=0267-257X |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> # ''Haɗa da tsarin ilimi daban-daban'', wanda ya haɗa da [[tarihi]], tattalin arzikin siyasa, nazarin ƙabilanci, nazarin mata, da kuma nazarin kimiyya da fasaha . # Haɓaka fahimtar ''labaran karya da suka dogara da jinsi (GBD)'' da aka ayyana a matsayin "yaɗa labaran ƙarya ko na ɓatarwa da ke kai hari ga mata (musamman shugabannin siyasa, 'yan jarida da manyan mutane), suna mai da hankali kan asalinsu na mata." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessa |first=Maria Giovanna |date=2020-12-04 |title=Misogyny and Misinformation: An analysis of gendered disinformation tactics during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/misogyny-and-misinformation:-an-analysis-of-gendered-disinformation-tactics-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919005420/https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/misogyny-and-misinformation:-an-analysis-of-gendered-disinformation-tactics-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=EU DisinfoLab |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessa |first=Maria Giovanna |date=2022-01-26 |title=What is Gendered Disinformation? |url=https://il.boell.org/en/2022/01/26/what-gendered-disinformation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721155302/https://il.boell.org/en/2022/01/26/what-gendered-disinformation |archive-date=2022-07-21 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref> == Dabaru don yaɗa labaran ƙarya == === Harin lalata bayanai === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Littattafan bincike kan yadda labaran karya ke yaɗuwa suna ƙaruwa. <ref name=":1" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa labaran karya da ake yadawa a shafukan sada zumunta za a iya raba su zuwa matakai biyu: shuka da kuma bayyana ra'ayi. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> "Tushewa", lokacin da masu aikata mugunta ke saka yaudara, kamar labaran karya, cikin tsarin zamantakewa na kafofin watsa labarun, kuma "echoing" shine lokacin da masu sauraro ke yaɗa labaran ƙarya a matsayin ra'ayoyinsu akai-akai ta hanyar haɗa bayanan ƙarya cikin tatsuniyoyi masu karo da juna. === Sarrafa Intanet === [[File:20260711_Rage_baiting.svg|thumb| Ba kamar rahotannin gaskiya ba, dabarun kamar cin zarafin fushi, batsa mai tayar da hankali, da sauransu sun haɗa da watsa shirye-shiryen kafofin watsa labarai don sarrafa karuwar hulɗar masu kallo, sau da yawa ta hanyar haifar da mummunan martani na motsin rai da suka yi daidai da labaran siyasa ko wasu. <ref name="Oxford_20251201">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2025 |title=The Oxford Word of the Year 2025 is rage bait |url=https://corp.oup.com/news/the-oxford-word-of-the-year-2025-is-rage-bait/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625163629/https://corp.oup.com/news/the-oxford-word-of-the-year-2025-is-rage-bait/ |archive-date=25 June 2026 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="Feldman_summary">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Lauren |date=21 September 2024 |title=''Irony and Outrage: The Polarized Landscape of Rage, Fear, and Laughter in the United States'' by Dannagal Goldthwaite Young (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/937790 |journal=American Book Review |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=49-53 |doi=10.1353/abr.2024.a937790 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ]] {{excerpt|Internet manipulation}}Bincike ya nuna manyan hanyoyi guda huɗu na shuka bayanai marasa tushe a yanar gizo: <ref name=":1" /> # Takunkumin zaɓe # Sarrafa matsayin bincike # Kutse da kuma sakin bayanai # Raba bayanai na ƙarya kai tsaye Kwanan nan, an nuna damuwa cewa fasahar AI za ta iya ba ƙungiyoyin shirye-shiryen AI, waɗanda aka sani da 'ƙungiyoyin AI,' damar yin aiki da kansu don sarrafa tattaunawar dimokuradiyya, ta hanyar ci gaba da riƙe asalin karya da kuma kwaikwayon yanayin zamantakewar ɗan adam na tsawon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Daniel Thilo |last2=Cha |first2=Meeyoung |last3=Baronchelli |first3=Andrea |last4=Bostrom |first4=Nick |last5=Christakis |first5=Nicholas A. |last6=Garcia |first6=David |last7=Goldenberg |first7=Amit |last8=Kyrychenko |first8=Yara |last9=Leyton-Brown |first9=Kevin |last10=Lutz |first10=Nina |last11=Marcus |first11=Gary |last12=Menczer |first12=Filippo |last13=Pennycook |first13=Gordon |last14=Rand |first14=David G. |last15=Ressa |first15=Maria |date=2026-01-22 |title=How malicious AI swarms can threaten democracy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz1697 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=391 |issue=6783 |pages=354–357 |doi=10.1126/science.adz1697 |issn=0036-8075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Amfani da fasahar tallan kan layi === Ana ƙara samun ƙaruwar bayanai marasa tushe a yanar gizo saboda rashin da'a da suka shafi tallan kan layi, musamman hulɗar na'ura-da-machine na tsarin bayar da tayin a ainihin lokaci . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braun |first=Joshua A. |last2=Eklund |first2=Jessica L. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Fake News, Real Money: Ad Tech Platforms, Profit-Driven Hoaxes, and the Business of Journalism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314 |journal=Digital Journalism |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314 |issn=2167-0811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yi amfani da fasahar talla ta yanar gizo don faɗaɗa labaran ƙarya saboda ƙarfafa kuɗi da kuma samun kuɗi daga abubuwan da masu amfani suka samar da kuma [[labaran ƙarya]] . <ref name=":7" /> Za a iya amfani da sakaci wajen sa ido kan kasuwar tallan yanar gizo don faɗaɗa labaran ƙarya, gami da amfani da kuɗi mai duhu da ake amfani da shi don tallan siyasa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadler |first=Anthony |last2=Donovan |first2=Joan |last3=Crane |first3=Matthew |date=2018-10-17 |title=Weaponizing the Digital Influence Machine |url=https://datasociety.net/library/weaponizing-the-digital-influence-machine/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Data & Society |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * . * . * . * O'Connor, Cailin, da James Owen Weatherall, "Dalilin da Ya Sa Muke Dogara da Ƙarya: Mafi ingancin rashin fahimta yana farawa da tsaban [[gaskiya]] ", ''Scientific American'', vol. 321, lamba ta 3 (Satumba 2019), shafi na 10.&nbsp;54–61. * . * . * . * . * . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061754/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/disinfo/disinformation.html bayanan karya] – tushen ilmantarwa daga Laburaren Burtaniya gami da fim mai hulɗa da ayyuka. * [https://mediawell.ssrc.org/ MediaWell] – wani shiri na Majalisar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Zamani mai zaman kanta wanda ke neman bin diddigin da kuma tattara bayanai na karya, bayanai marasa tushe, da kuma binciken labaran karya. * [https://commonslibrary.org/how-civil-society-can-counter-disinformation/ Yadda Ƙungiyar Farar Hula Za Ta Iya Magance Matsalar Rushewar Bayanai] ta Commons {{Disinformation|state=expanded}}{{Propaganda}}{{Media culture}}{{Military deception}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s2jspg6lremzravw4ukeziazqg729hk Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1993 0 177587 967287 960580 2026-10-13T20:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 7 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1993. Zaben shine na farko da aka gudanar tun bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] wanda ya kawo karshen [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu]]. Sun kasance ƙarshen sauyawa daga soja zuwa mulkin farar hula wanda shugaban kasar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya jagoranci. Koyaya, gwamnatin soja ta soke sakamakon, ta yi nuni da rashin daidaito na zabe, lokacin da dawowar da ba ta hukuma ba ta nuna babbar nasara ga [[Moshood Abiola]] na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic a kan abokin hamayyarsa, [[Bashir Usman Tofa|Bashir Tofa]] na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Peter M. |date=July 1994 |title=Endgame in Nigeria? The Politics of a Failed Democratic Transition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1994-07_93_372/page/323 |journal=African Affairs |volume=93 |issue=372 |pages=323–340 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098722 |jstor=723365}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=News from Africa Watch |date=27 August 1993 |title=Nigeria, Democracy Derailed: Hundreds Arrested and Press Muzzled in Aftermath of Election Annulment |journal=Human Rights Watch |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1–21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Claude E. |date=1 July 1995 |title=Civil-Military Agonies in Nigeria: Pains of an Unaccomplished Transition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-and-society_summer-1995_21_4/page/593 |journal=Armed Forces & Society |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=593–614 |doi=10.1177/0095327X9502100405 |s2cid=146316411}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ogbeidi |first=Michael M. |date=2010 |title=A Culture of Failed Elections: Revisiting Democratic Elections in Nigeria, 1959-2003 |journal=Historia Actual Online |volume=21 |pages=43–56}}</ref> Rushewar ta haifar da zanga-zangar da murabus din Babangida a matsayin shugaban kasa, shigar da gwamnatin farar hula mai rauni, da ci gaba da mulkin soja a karkashin [[Sani Abacha]] bayan juyin mulkin fadar da ba ta da jini a watan Nuwamba 1993. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Ian |date=1994 |title=Nigeria's Failed Transition: The 1993 Presidential Election |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=179–199 |doi=10.1080/02589009408729556}}</ref> Abiola, wanda ya lashe zaben, ya mutu a kurkuku a shekarar 1998 bayan an tuhume shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan cin amana saboda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa da babban kwamandan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angbulu |first=Stephen |date=2026-06-13 |title=Abiola died while Abubakar tried to secure his release —Obasanjo |url=https://punchng.com/abiola-died-while-abubakar-tried-to-secure-his-release-obasanjo/ |access-date=2026-09-30 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1983, sojojin Najeriya sun kori zababben shugaban kasar [[Shehu Shagari]] biyo bayan jayayya game da umarnin Shagari a [[Yakin Chadi da Nijeriya|Yaƙin Chadi da Najeriya]] . A karkashin jagorancin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] kuma mai ba da kuɗi daga Egba aristocrat [[Moshood Abiola]], sojoji sun sanya babban janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]], babban kwamandan a [[Cadi|Chadi]], a matsayin shugaban sabuwar gwamnatin soja. A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1985, Babangida ta tsige Buhari ta hanyar juyin mulki.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Babangida ta kafa Majalisar Gudanar da Sojoji a matsayin gwamnatin soja ta yau da kullun kuma ta fara tsarin sauyawa don kafa dawowar mulkin farar hula, wanda aka yi niyya ga Oktoba 1990.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Suberu |first=Rotimi T. |date=1 May 1994 |title=The Democratic Recession in Nigeria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-history_1994-05_93_583/page/213 |journal=Current History |volume=93 |issue=583 |pages=213–218 |doi=10.1525/curh.1994.93.583.213 |s2cid=140298521}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, gwamnati ta kafa [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa]] (NEC) don kula da tsarin zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Independent National Electoral Commission |url=https://inecnigeria.org/about |access-date=2026-09-30 |website=inecnigeria.org}}</ref> Gwamnatin Babangida ta kuma kafa [[Hukumar Siyasar Najeriya ta shekarar 1986|Ofishin Siyasa na Najeriya na 1986]] don ba da shawara kan wannan canjin.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Okoroji |first=Joseph C. |date=November 1993 |title=The Nigerian Presidential Elections |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=20 |issue=58 |pages=123–131 |doi=10.1080/03056249308704029 |jstor=4006115 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton Ofishin na 1987 ya ba da shawarar sauƙaƙe gasa ta siyasa don kawar da rarrabuwar kabilanci da addini a cikin ƙasar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> A sakamakon haka, Babangida ta jinkirta manufa don mulkin farar hula zuwa 1992. Daga baya aka sake jinkirta shi zuwa Janairu 1993 kafin a ƙarshe a saita shi don 27 ga Agusta 1993. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Obi-Ani |first=Paul |last2=Obi-Ani |first2=Ngozika A. |date=December 2010 |title=Annulment of June 12, 1993 Presidential Election: A Reappraisal |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=12 |pages=1–15}}</ref> Don kara sauƙaƙe al'adun siyasa, gwamnati ta kirkiro sabbin gwamnatocin jihohi da kananan hukumomi, tare da yawan jihohi da ke tashi daga 21 zuwa 30 daga 1987 zuwa 1991. Har ila yau, kananan hukumomi sun karu, sun ninka zuwa kusan 600 a shekara ta 1993.<ref name=":2" /> An gudanar da zaɓen kananan hukumomi a cikin 1987 da 1991, kuma an gudanar da zaɓin gwamnatin jihar don majalisa da ofisoshin zartarwa a cikin 1991 da 1992.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Nwokedi |first=Emeka |date=April 1994 |title=Nigeria's Democratic Transition: Explaining the Annulled 1993 Presidential Election |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_round-table_1994-04_83_330/page/189 |journal=The Round Table |volume=83 |issue=330 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1080/00358539408454202}}</ref> Gwamnatin Babangida ta kuma hana shiga cikin sabuwar gwamnati. Ta hanyar Dokar 25 ta 1987, Babangida ta haramta 'yan siyasa da jami'an gwamnati na Jamhuriyar Biyu daga shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa na Jamhuriyar Uku.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> A wannan lokacin, gwamnati ta kuma rushe yunkurin juyin mulki da babban janar [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|Mamman Vatsa]] ya yi a 1985 da kuma babban [[Gideon Orkar]] a 1990.<ref name=":10" /> A ƙarshen shekara ta 1992, a lokacin aiwatar da gabatarwa don zaben shugaban kasa mai zuwa, Babangida ya maye gurbin Majalisar Sojojin Sojoji da sabon Majalisar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Kasa da Majalisar Sadarwa ta Farar hula, karkashin jagorancin [[Ernest Shonekan]], fitaccen dan kasuwa na [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], a matsayin shugaban gwamnati. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> == Firamare da gabatarwa == [[File:Nigerian_Public_Domain_145.jpg|left|thumb|306x306px|Gwamnatin soja ta [[Ibrahim Babangida]] mai mulki ta kula kuma daga baya ta soke gudanar da zaben.]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1989, Shugaba Babangida ya ɗaga haramcin a kan jam'iyyun siyasa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Jam'iyyun da yawa sun gabatar da aikace-aikace don amincewa, amma Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa ta amince da shida ne kawai, wanda ke da nakasa ta hanyar tsarin ƙungiya da kuɗi marasa kyau kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba zai iya tabbatar da mafi yawan ikirarin masu nema ba.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1989, duk da haka, Babangida ta ki amincewa da wadannan jam'iyyun shida, ta zarge su da kasancewa a cikin kabilanci da yanki kuma rikice-rikice da ƙungiyoyi. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Maimakon haka, Babangida ta shirya sabbin jam'iyyun alfarwa guda biyu: Kungiyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa (NRC) da [[Jam'iyyar SDP|Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) mai goyon bayan hagu, tare da gwamnati ta samar da kudade na farko da kuma ofishin ofis ga kowannensu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahmud |first=Sakah |date=1993 |title=The Failed Transition to Civilian Rule in Nigeria: Its Implications for Democracy and Human Rights |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_1993_40_4/page/87 |journal=Africa Today |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=87–95 |jstor=4186945}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnati ta shiga cikin tsara takardun jam'iyya da kundin tsarin mulki kuma ta horar da jam'iyyun kan dabarun zabe ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Dimokuradiyya. Gabaɗaya, gwamnatin soja ta kashe biliyoyin [[naira]] a kan sauyawa ta hanyar NEC da jam'iyyun. An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya a watan Agusta da Satumba na 1992 don zabar 'yan takarar shugaban kasa, amma Babangida ta soke su, ta yi nuni da zamba na zabe. An hana 'yan takarar da suka halarci waɗannan zaben fidda gwani, ciki har da Lieutenant General [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] da [[Adamu Ciroma]], sake yin takara.Maimakon haka, an kafa tsarin gabatarwa wanda ya kunshi gasar "knockout" daga cikin gida zuwa matakin kasa, ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a mai budewa da ake kira "Zaɓin A4." <ref name=":4" />Wannan tsarin gabatarwa ya haifar da gabatarwa na [[Moshood Abiola]], dan kasuwa na kudancin, ta SDP da [[Bashir Usman Tofa|Bashir Tofa]], dan kasuwa ne na arewa, ta NRC. Dukkanin wadanda aka zaba Musulmai ne, an dauke su da alaƙa ta kusa da sojoji, kuma sun kasance mambobi ne na Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN) mai mulki a lokacin Jamhuriyar Na Biyu. Kodayake Abiola ya kasance sananne ne a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, tun da yake ya kasance dan takarar NPN a [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1983|Zaben shugaban kasa na 1983]] a kan shugaban kasar Shagari, Tofa ba a san shi ba a waje da jiharsa ta [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Ian |date=1994 |title=Nigeria: The Election That Never Was |journal=Democratization |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=309–322 |doi=10.1080/13510349408403394}}</ref> Abiola ya kasance memba ne kawai na SDP na wata daya lokacin da ya lashe zaben. A matsayin abokin gudu, Tofa ya zaɓi [[Sylvester Ugoh]], masanin tattalin arziki na Kirista daga kudu maso gabas, don haka ya haifar da ma'auni na yanki da addini. Abiola ta zabi tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar [[Baba Gana Kingibe]] . == Yaƙin neman zaɓe == Kamfen din Abiola ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan tattalin arziki. Ya kasance mai sukar murya game da shirin gyaran tsarin gwamnatin Banangida, wanda ya sanya matakan tsauraran matakai don tabbatar da horo na kasafin kudi na jihar bayan ka'idojin Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da [[Bankin Duniya]]. Tofa bai yi kuskuren shirin ba, saboda goyon bayan jam'iyyarsa, da Babangida, bayan ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ya kasance shugaban kasa har zuwa shekara ta 2000. A maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali kan gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takara mafi inganci. Kafin ranar zabe, akwai shawarwari cewa jagorancin soja ba su da kwanciyar hankali game da yiwuwar shugabancin Abiola kuma ba za su yarda da sakamakon ba idan ya ci nasara. A ranar 10 ga Yuni, kwanaki biyu kawai kafin zaben da aka shirya, [[Arthur Nzeribe]] da Association for a Better Nigeria, wata kungiya da ke da alaƙa da sojoji, [an buƙaci ƙarin bayani] sun sami babban kotun da ke hana zaben bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa.  Humphrey Nwosu, shugaban NEC, ya yi watsi da umarnin kuma ya kalubalanci ikon kotun kan batutuwan zabe, yana ci gaba da zaben kamar yadda aka tsara. == Bayani mara kyau == Bayani mara kyau a lokacin zaben 1993 yayin da labarai na karya suka bazu da gangan don yaudarar 'yan ƙasa game da bayanan zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria to launch 2007, 2015 election investigations |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-to-launch-probe-into-2007-2015-elections-over-scl-cambridge-analytica/a-43228067 |access-date=2026-09-30 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Rashin bayani ya kawo zamba na zabe wanda shine mataki mai ma'ana wanda aka dauka don daidaitawa da tsarin zabe don ya shafi sakamakon zaben, wanda duk ya faru a lokacin 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cybercrime Module 14 Key Issues: Information Warfare, Disinformation and Electoral Fraud |url=https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/en/education/tertiary/cybercrime/module-14/key-issues/information-warfare--disinformation-and-electoral-fraud.html |access-date=2026-09-30 |website=: |language=en}}</ref> == Sakamakon == A ranar 13 ga Yuni, an gudanar da zaben ne a gaban masu sa ido masu zaman kansu, gami da 'yan jarida na kasashen waje da na gida, [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] da sauran wakilan kasa da kasa, da masu sa ido da Cibiyar Nazarin Democrat ta horar. Wadannan masu lura sun dauki zaben kyauta da adalci; kodayake akwai batutuwan gudanarwa da siyasa, ba a rubuta wani mummunan tashin hankali ba. NEC ta fara sanar da rukunin farko na sakamakon zaben a ranar 14 ga Yuni: <ref name=":10" /> Yawan masu jefa kuri'a ya ragu a kusan kashi 35 cikin dari. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Daga cikin kuri'u miliyan 6.6 da aka sanar da farko, Abiola ta sami miliyan 4.3.<ref name=":6" /> A cikin sakamakon farko, Abiola ta lashe 19 daga cikin jihohi 30, gami da dukkan jihohin da ke kudu maso gabas da jihar [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] ta Tofa, da kuma [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]], ta hanyar raba kabilanci da addini bayan sun sami tallafi daga dukkan yankuna na kasar.<ref name=":4" /> Da an ayyana Abiola a matsayin mai nasara, da a wannan lokacin zai kasance dan kudanci na farko da aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kasa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Adonis |date=1995–1996 |title=Nigeria: The Policy Conundrum |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-policy_winter-1995-96_101/page/146 |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=101 |issue=101 |pages=146–158 |doi=10.2307/1149414 |jstor=1149414}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni, Kungiyar don Mafi Kyawun Najeriya ta sami wani umarnin kotu don dakatar da ƙidaya da tabbatar da kuri'un.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> A ranar 16 ga Yuni, NEC ta sanar ta hanyar [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Rediyon Najeriya]] cewa za ta yarda da umarnin kotu kuma ta dakatar da ƙidayar.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, masu gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya sun ɓoye kuri'un karshe ba bisa ka'ida ba a ranar 18 ga Yuni, sun kalubalanci doka don bayyana cewa Abiola ta lashe kashi 58 cikin dari. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A ranar 24 ga Yuni, Babangida ta ba da sanarwar soke zaben, inda ta yi nuni da ikirarin sayen kuri'u da kuma bukatar kare bangaren shari'a. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> === Sakamakon da ba na hukuma ba === ; Sakamakon da ba na hukuma ba ta jihar Sakamakon da ba na hukuma ba ne da masu gwagwarmaya suka ɓoye sun haɗa da sakamakon matakin jiha. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2" ! rowspan="2" |Gundumar Jiha<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Abiola SDP ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Tofa NRC ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Yankin ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Jimillar kuri'u |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="padding-left:0.2em" |Zaɓuɓɓuka ! data-sort-type="number" |% ! data-sort-type="number" style="padding-left:0.2em" |Zaɓuɓɓuka ! data-sort-type="number" |% ! data-sort-type="number" style="padding-left:0.2em" |Zaɓuɓɓuka ! data-sort-type="number" |% |- ![[Abiya|Abia]] |105,273 |41.04% |'''151,227''' |'''58.96%''' | -45,954 | -17.92 |256,500 |- ![[Adamawa]] |140,875 |45.72% |'''167,239''' |'''54.28%''' | -26,364 | -8.56 |308,114 |- ![[Akwa Ibom]] |'''214,787''' |'''51.86%''' |199,342 |48.14% |15,445 |3.72 |414,129 |- ![[Anambra]] |'''212,024''' |'''57.11%''' |159,258 |42.89% |52,766 |14.22 |371,282 |- ![[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] |339,339 |39.27% |'''524,836''' |'''60.73%''' | -185,497 | -21.46 |864,175 |- ![[Benue (jiha)|Kyakkyawan]] |'''246,830''' |'''56.99%''' |186,302 |43.01% |60,528 |13.98 |433,132 |- ![[Borno]] |'''153,496''' |'''54.40%''' |128,684 |45.60% |24,812 |8.80 |282,180 |- ![[Cross River|Kogin Cross]] |'''189,303''' |'''55.23%''' |153,452 |44.77% |35,851 |10.46 |342,755 |- ![[Delta (jiha)|Delta]] |'''327,277''' |'''69.30%''' |145,001 |30.70% |182,276 |38.60 |472,278 |- ![[Edo]] |'''205,407''' |'''66.48%''' |103,572 |33.52% |101,835 |32.96 |308,979 |- ![[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] |263,101 |48.09% |'''284,050''' |'''51.91%''' | -20,949 | -3.82 |547,151 |- ![[Imo]] |159,350 |44.86% |'''195,836''' |'''55.14%''' | -36,486 | -10.28 |355,186 |- ![[Jihar Jigawa|Jigawa]] |'''138,552''' |'''60.67%''' |89,836 |39.33% |48,716 |21.34 |228,388 |- ![[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] |'''389,713''' |'''52.20%''' |356,860 |47.80% |32,853 |4.40 |746,573 |- ![[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] |'''169,619''' |'''52.28%''' |154,809 |47.72% |14,810 |4.56 |324,428 |- ![[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] |171,162 |38.70% |'''271,077''' |'''61.30%''' | -99,915 | -22.60 |442,239 |- ![[Kebbi]] |70,219 |32.66% |'''144,808''' |'''67.34%''' | -74,589 | -34.68 |215,027 |- ![[Jihar Kogi|Kogi]] |222,760 |45.60% |'''265,732''' |'''54.40%''' | -42,972 | -8.80 |488,492 |- ![[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]] |'''272,270''' |'''77.24%''' |80,209 |22.76% |192,061 |54.48 |352,479 |- ![[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] |'''883,965''' |'''85.54%''' |149,432 |14.46% |734,533 |71.08 |1,033,397 |- ![[Neja|Nijar]] |136,350 |38.11% |'''221,437''' |'''61.89%''' | -85,087 | -23.78 |357,787 |- ![[Jihar Ogun|Ogun]] |'''425,725''' |'''87.78%''' |59,246 |12.22% |366,479 |75.56 |484,971 |- ![[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] |'''883,024''' |'''84.42%''' |162,994 |15.58% |720,030 |68.84 |1,046,018 |- ![[Osun]] |'''365,266''' |'''83.52%''' |72,068 |16.48% |293,198 |67.04 |437,334 |- ![[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] |'''536,011''' |'''83.52%''' |105,788 |16.48% |430,223 |67.04 |641,799 |- ![[Plateau (jiha)|Filayen]] |'''417,565''' |'''61.68%''' |259,394 |38.32% |158,171 |23.36 |676,959 |- ![[Jihar Rivers|Koguna]] |370,578 |36.63% |'''640,973''' |'''63.37%''' | -270,395 | -26.74 |1,011,551 |- ![[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]] |97,726 |20.79% |'''372,250''' |'''79.21%''' | -274,524 | -58.42 |469,976 |- ![[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]] |'''101,887''' |'''61.42%''' |64,001 |38.58% |37,886 |22.84 |165,888 |- ![[Yobe]] |'''111,887''' |'''63.59%''' |64,061 |36.41% |47,826 |27.18 |175,948 |- ![[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|F.C.T.]] |'''19,968''' |'''52.16%''' |18,313 |47.84% |1,655 |4.32 |38,281 |- !Jimillar |'''8,341,309''' |'''58.36%''' |5,952,087 |41.64% |2,389,222 |16.72 |14,293,396 |} == Sakamakon da gado == Bayan zaben, gwamnati ta haramta ko rufe kafofin watsa labarai kuma ta kama 'yan jarida, ta ba da dokoki da ke hana shari'ar kotu kan soke zaben, kuma ta dakatar da NEC. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Beginning in July, there were a series of violent protests in the southwest region. It is estimated  that government security forces killed over 100 people quelling the initial riots. Subsequent unrest caused the closures of banks and businesses throughout the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Peter M. |date=January 1999 |title=Nigeria: An End to the Permanent Transition? |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-democracy_1999-01_10_1/page/141 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=141–156 |doi=10.1353/jod.1999.0012 |s2cid=153537179}}</ref> The [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] population in Lagos were also reported to have fled to the eastern region in the face of palpable tension.<ref name=":11" /> === Gwamnatin wucin gadi da juyin mulkin Nuwamba 1993 === Bayan zaben, tsoffin janar-janar goma sha biyu, ciki har da sarakunan soja [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da [[Muhammadu Buhari]], sun fitar da wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa da ke neman cire Babangida daga mulki. A farkon watan Agustan 1993, Abiola ya tashi zuwa [[Landan]] da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don shugabancinsa ba tare da nasara ba.<ref name=":1" /> Majalisar Tsaro ta matsa wa Babangida don tsayawa ga ranar mikawa, kuma ya yi murabus a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta. Bayan murabus dinsa, Majalisar rikon kwarya ta farar hula, karkashin jagorancin [[Ernest Shonekan]], ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnatin rikon kwaskwarima, tare da [[Sani Abacha]], mai amincewa da Babangida, yana aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro. Abiola ta koma Najeriya a ranar 24 ga Satumba. Shonekan ya shirya sabon zabe a watan Fabrairun 1994. Koyaya, matsayinsa a matsayin shugaban gwamnati ba shi da ƙarfi, musamman ma ikonsa a kan sojojin. A farkon Nuwamba 1993, babbar kotun Legas ta yanke hukuncin cewa Babangida ta sanya hannu kan dokar kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi bayan ya yi murabus daga shugabancin, don haka ya sa gwamnatin Shonekan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Har ila yau, gwamnatin wucin gadi ta yi gwagwarmaya da karuwar bashin da hauhawar farashi da kuma rauni. A lokacin, [[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] ta sanya tattalin arzikin Najeriya a cikin ashirin mafi talauci a duniya. Don farfado da tattalin arziki, Shonekan ya ci gaba da tattaunawa da Bankin Duniya da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, kuma ya yanke shawarar da ba a yarda da ita ba don cire tallafi akan kayayyakin man fetur. Dakatar da tallafi ya haifar da karuwar kashi 700 cikin dari a farashin kayayyakin man fetur, kuma [[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Majalisa ta Najeriya]] ta shiga yajin aiki kan karuwar farashin. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1993, Sani Abacha ya hambarar da gwamnatin wucin gadi a juyin mulki. Abacha ya rushe majalisa da gwamnatocin jihohi da kananan hukumomi, ya maye gurbin zaɓaɓɓun gwamnonin farar hula da jami'an soja da 'yan sanda, kuma ya haramta duk ayyukan siyasa.Don maye gurbin gwamnatocin farar hula, Abacha ta kafa Majalisar Gudanarwa ta wucin gadi da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya. Sabon majalisarsa ta kunshi 'yan siyasa farar hula, ciki har da abokin takarar Abiola, [[Baba Gana Kingibe]], a matsayin ministan harkokin waje. Abacha ya kuma kafa Taron Tsarin Mulki don sauyawa zuwa mulkin farar hula. Taron ya fara ne a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1994. Gwamnati ce ta zabi kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wakilai, kuma Majalisar Gudanarwa na iya soke yanke shawara na taron. A watan Yunin 1994, an kama Abiola kuma an tuhume shi da cin amana bayan ya ayyana kansa shugaban kasa da babban kwamandan. Kama Abiola ya haifar da zanga-zangar da yajin aiki na makonni tara daga ma'aikatan man fetur, bankunan, da malamai. Yajin aikin da bangaren man fetur ya yi, musamman, ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Gwamnatin Abacha daga baya ta kama shugabannin kungiyar kwadago kuma ta kori fararen hula na majalisar ministocinsa.<ref name=":13" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 1995, gwamnatin Abacha ta ba da sanarwar yunkurin juyin mulki kuma ta yanke wa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]], da [[Beko Ransome-Kuti]] hukuncin kisa ko tsawo a kurkuku. Rashin amincewa na kasa da kasa ya haifar da karamin hukunci ga kowannensu. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1995, Abacha ya sanya lokacin shekaru uku don mika mulki ga gwamnatin farar hula. Sani Abacha ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1998. Abiola ta mutu wata daya bayan haka a kurkuku, a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1998. === Halin kasa da kasa === [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], Ƙasar Kasashen Duniya, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] sun yi Allah wadai da soke zaben 1993. Gwamnatin soja ta mayar da martani ta hanyar zargin gwamnatocin kasashen waje da tsoma baki cikin al'amuran Najeriya da neman lalata kasar. === Kyauta === A cikin 2018, Muhammadu Buhari, wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban farar hula a karkashin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]], ya ayyana 12 ga Yuni a matsayin Ranar Dimokuradiyya. Wannan sanarwar ta motsa Ranar Dimokuradiyya daga 29 ga Mayu, ranar dawowar mulkin farar hula a watan Mayu 1999, zuwa ranar da aka soke zaben 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbalajobi |first=Damilola |date=11 June 2019 |title=12 June is now Democracy Day in Nigeria. Why it matters |url=http://theconversation.com/june-12-is-now-democracy-day-in-nigeria-why-it-matters-118572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611165612/http://theconversation.com/june-12-is-now-democracy-day-in-nigeria-why-it-matters-118572 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2025, Babangida ya nuna nadama game da soke zaben 1993, inda ya bayyana cewa zaben ya kasance mai 'yanci da adalci kuma Abiola ta lashe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Nigeria ex-military leader for first time admits regret over cancelled poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d4j3vrp8lo |website=BBC News}}</ref> Sakamakon da kuma bayan zaben sun zama wurin zama na fim din da ya lashe kyautar 2025 My Father's Shadow, wanda mai shirya fina-finai na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] [[Akinola Davies Jr.]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=December 9, 2025 |title=Akinola Davies Jr. Confronts Family Legacy in U.K. Oscar Hopeful ‘My Father’s Shadow’ |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-2026-uk-film-my-fathers-shadow-akinola-davies-jr-qa-1236437039/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamigboye |first=Baz |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Cannes One To Watch: How ‘My Father’s Shadow’ Filmmaker Akinola Davies Jr. Crafted A Nigerian Family Story In Buzzed-About Debut |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/akinola-davies-jr-my-fathers-shadow-interview-1236389864/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Obi |first=Ifi |date=April 16, 2025 |title=‘My Father’s Shadow’ Makes History as Nigeria’s First Official Selection at Cannes Film Festival |url=https://rollingstoneafrica.com/film-tv/film-news/akinola-davis-cannes-2025/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone Africa]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 92pl0bhbgc2mfb06wbvr4kxt47kg2lm Mohammad Sani Isyaka 0 177802 967460 961604 2026-10-14T04:45:43Z ~2026-55044-66 50032 Gyara harafi 967460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mohammad Sani Isyaka | birth_date = 30 Agusta 1986 | birth_place = [[Gombe]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Abuja]]; [[Jami'ar Surrey]] | field = [[Chemistry|Kimiyyar sinadarai]] | work_institution = [[North-Eastern University]] | known_for = Bincike a Organic da Natural Products Chemistry | title = Farfesa | office = Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar North-Eastern University | term_start = }} '''Mohammed Sani Isyaka''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 Agusta 1986) masani ne a fannin [[Chemistry|kimiyyar sinadarai]] ɗan Najeriya, mai bincike kuma malamin jami'a. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban [[North-Eastern University]] (NEU), Gombe. Fannin bincikensa ya fi karkata ga '''Organic Chemistry''' da '''Natural Products Chemistry'''. A ranar 1 Oktoba 2026, Majalisar Gudanarwar NEU ta amince da ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin Farfesa na Organic and Natural Products Chemistry.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Mohammad Sani Isyaka a ranar 30 Agusta 1986 a [[Gombe]], Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin [[Chemistry|Chemistry]] a [[Jami'ar Abuja]], inda ya kammala karatun B.Sc. a shekarar 2008. Daga baya ya sake samun digirin M.Sc. a Organic Chemistry daga wannan jami'a a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya tafi [[Jami'ar Surrey]] da ke Guildford, Birtaniya, domin yin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Organic and Natural Products Chemistry. Ya kammala karatun a shekarar 2020. Takardun Jami'ar Surrey sun nuna cewa bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin sinadarai na nau'in tsiron '''Croton''' na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chemistry of African Croton Species |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/eu-st01.ext.exlibrisgroup.com/44SUR_INST/upload/1771834019319/THE%20CHEMISTRY%20OF%20AFRICAN%20CROTON%20SPECIES%20FINAL.pdf |publisher=[[University of Surrey]] |date=2020 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, sunansa ya bayyana cikin jerin waɗanda suka samu digirin Doctor of Philosophy daga Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences ta Jami'ar Surrey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences Graduation Programme |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-04/feps-graduation-programme.pdf |publisher=[[University of Surrey]] |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Isyaka ya fara aikin koyarwa a matsayin Assistant Lecturer a [[Federal University of Kashere]] a shekarar 2012. Daga baya ya koma [[North-Eastern University]], Gombe, inda ya ci gaba da aikin koyarwa da bincike a Sashen Chemical Sciences.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> A NEU, ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban na gudanarwa da suka haɗa da Daraktan Academic Planning and Quality Assurance, Shugaban Senate Business Committee, da kuma Daraktan farko na Centre for African Medicinal Plants Research.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Deputy Vice-Chancellor) na North-Eastern University. A lokacin da ya samu wannan mukami, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasa mafi ƙanƙanta da suka taɓa riƙe irin wannan matsayi a Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{cite news |title=NEU DVC Becomes Gombe’s Youngest Professor At 40 |url=https://spotlightpost.com.ng/neu-dvc-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor-at-40/ |work=Spotlight Post |date=29 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Babban fannin binciken Isyaka shi ne [[Organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]] da [[Natural products|Natural Products Chemistry]]. Bincikensa ya haɗa da nazarin sinadarai da ake samu daga tsirrai, musamman nau'in '''Croton''' da ake samu a Afirka. A lokacin da yake Jami'ar Surrey, ya yi bincike kan sinadaran nau'in '''Croton mubango''', wanda ya samo asali daga yankunan Afirka ta Tsakiya. Binciken ya taimaka wajen gano diterpenoids da wasu sinadarai daga tsiron.<ref>{{cite web |title=Searching the African tropical rainforest for useful compounds: The chemistry of Congolese Croton mubango |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-06/doctoral-college-conference-programme-abstracts.pdf |publisher=[[University of Surrey]] |date=2018 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Isyaka ya kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike da aka wallafa a mujallar ''Phytochemistry'' kan diterpenoids daga '''Croton haumanianus'''. Binciken ya gano wasu sinadarai da aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ba a taɓa bayyana su a baya ba, tare da gwada wasu daga cikinsu kan layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a dakin gwaje-gwaje.<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural Products Group publications |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/people/dulcie-mulholland |publisher=[[University of Surrey]] |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya kasance babban marubuci a wani bincike kan '''Croton gratissimus''', inda aka ware sinadaran lupeol da crotocorylifuran daga sassan tsiron.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lupeol and crotocorylifuran from Nigerian Croton gratissimus: Unlocking potent bioactive compounds |url=https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i03.57 |journal=Journal of Essential Oil & Plant Composition |date=15 December 2024 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=163–170 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin masu binciken wani aiki da ya shafi shirya da nazarin electrochemical oxidation na ferricyanide ta amfani da carbon paste electrode da aka gyara da titanium dioxide (TiO₂). An gabatar da binciken a taron kimiyya na MDPI a shekarar 2024.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Preparation and Electrochemical Oxidation of Ferricyanide Using Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with TiO2 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/105/1/152 |journal=Proceedings |date=28 May 2024 |volume=105 |issue=1 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin Farfesa == A watan Satumba 2026, Majalisar Gudanarwar North-Eastern University ta amince da ɗaukaka Isyaka zuwa matsayin '''Farfesa na Organic and Natural Products Chemistry'''. Naɗin ya fara aiki daga ranar 1 Oktoba 2026, bayan kammala tsarin tantance ƙwarewarsa na waje da kuma amincewar Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> Rahotannin da suka danganci wannan ɗaukaka sun bayyana cewa an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Farfesa yana da shekaru 40, kuma jami'ar ta bayyana shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekaru tsakanin farfesoshin Jihar Gombe a lokacin sanarwar.<ref>{{cite news |title=NEU DVC Becomes Gombe’s Youngest Professor At 40 |url=https://spotlightpost.com.ng/neu-dvc-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor-at-40/ |work=Spotlight Post |date=29 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == An shigar da Isyaka cikin jerin mambobin [[Chemical Society of Nigeria]] (CSN), inda aka lissafa shi a matsayin Fellow na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Update of Members in Third Quarter 2025/2026 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/1071247156/Financial-Update-of-Members-in-Third-Quarter-2025-2026-at-the-End-of-Council-Meeting-on-11th-April-2026 |publisher=Chemical Society of Nigeria |date=2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an kuma bayyana cewa an shigar da shi matsayin Fellow na Institute of Chartered Chemists of Nigeria saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga fannin kimiyyar sinadarai.<ref>{{cite news |title=40-year-old becomes Gombe’s youngest professor |url=https://www.thestar.ng/40-year-old-becomes-gombes-youngest-professor/ |work=The Star Nigeria |date=30 September 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A shekarar 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry – Biological and Medicinal Chemistry Sector ta zaɓi Mohammed Sani Isyaka cikin waɗanda suka samu '''International Travel Prize'''. Kyautar an tsara ta ne domin tallafa wa matasa masu bincike wajen halartar tarukan kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The RSC-BMCS International Travel Prize 2020 |url=https://www.rscbmcs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Travel-Prize-2020-winners.pdf |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |date=2020 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Isyaka ya kasance marubuci ko mai haɗin gwiwa a wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da dama. Daga cikin binciken da aka danganta da shi akwai ayyukan da suka shafi diterpenoids, sinadaran tsirrai na magani, bioactive compounds da kuma electrochemical chemistry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural Products Group publications |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/people/dulcie-mulholland |publisher=[[University of Surrey]] |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Lupeol and crotocorylifuran from Nigerian Croton gratissimus: Unlocking potent bioactive compounds |url=https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i03.57 |journal=Journal of Essential Oil & Plant Composition |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=1 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[North-Eastern University]] * [[Jami'ar Surrey]] * [[Jami'ar Abuja]] * [[Federal University of Kashere]] * [[Chemistry|Kimiyyar sinadarai]] * [[Organic chemistry]] * [[Natural products]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1986 haihuwa]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar sinadarai na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Jami'ar Abuja]] [[Category:Jami'ar Surrey]] [[Category:Federal University of Kashere]] [[Category:North-Eastern University]] 64c3hmi66birf3h5jk1cd69k4p22qir Lergo 0 177810 967186 961654 2026-10-13T14:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Nyuwar | settlement_type = Community | official_name = Nyuwar | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Balanga Local Government Area|Balanga]] | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 761117 / 761123 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Nyuwar''' wata al'umma ce da ke cikin [[Balanga Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] ta [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. Nyuwar tana cikin yankin da ke da alaka da al'ummar Longuda, kuma ana samun ƙauyuka da dama a ƙarƙashin yankin Nyuwar. Bayanai kan rarrabuwar yankin sun nuna cewa Nyuwar tana cikin Balanga kuma tana da lambar gidan waya da ta shafi wasu ƙauyukanta. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin gudanar da zaɓe na [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC), Nyuwar tana cikin [[Nyuwar/Jessu]] Registration Area na Balanga Local Government Area. Kundin INEC ya nuna cewa Nyuwar/Jessu ita ce Registration Area mai lamba 08 a Balanga, kuma tana da rumfunan zaɓe 16. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PUDirectory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yankin Nyuwar yana da ƙauyuka da dama. Daga cikin ƙauyukan da aka lissafa ƙarƙashin Nyuwar akwai Chunyi, Gilengitu da Gulnyimora, yayin da wani ɓangare na jerin ƙauyukan Nyuwar ya haɗa Jakure, Pwalali, Tsibo, Tswaku da Unguwan Lilani. Bayanan lambar gidan waya ma sun danganta waɗannan ƙauyuka da yankin Nyuwar na Balanga. <ref>{{cite web |title=Browse Postcode - 761117 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761117/ |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Nyuwar tana cikin yankin da harshen [[Longuda language|Longuda]] ke da muhimmiyar alaƙa da shi. Wani bincike kan harsunan Najeriya ya bayyana Nyuwar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake samun Lunguda a Gombe State. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa Gombe State tana da harsuna daban-daban, kuma wasu daga cikin harsunan suna da takamaiman wuraren da suka fi yaduwa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages |url=https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40 |publisher=Journal of Linguistic Association of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin binciken harsunan Adamawa, an danganta Nyuwar da wani reshe na Longuda da ake kira '''Gwaanda (Nyuwar)'''. Wannan bayanin yana nuna cewa sunan Nyuwar ba kawai suna ne na wata al'umma ba, har ma yana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da rarrabuwar harshe da al'adun Longuda. <ref>{{cite web |title=Longuda language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longuda_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Nyuwar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da rikicin al'umma ya shafa a yankin Balanga. Jaridar *The Guardian Nigeria* ta ruwaito cewa an kai hari a Nyuwar da Heme, inda aka kashe mutane tare da kona gidaje da kadarori. Rahoton ya ce lamarin ya jawo matakan tsaro da kuma sanya dokar hana fita a yankin. <ref>{{cite news |title=Death toll rises to 19 in Gombe communal clash |url=https://guardian.ng/news/death-toll-rises-to-19-in-gombe-communal-clash/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton *Daily Trust* ya kuma bayyana cewa jami'an tsaro sun kama wasu mutane a Nyuwar dangane da rikicin da ya faru tsakanin al'ummomin Lunguda da Waja a yankin Balanga da ke iyakar Gombe da Adamawa. Rahoton ya ce an kama mutanen ne a yayin aikin haɗin gwiwa na jami'an Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan sandan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite news |title=Police arrest 4 people over Lunguda/Waja communal clash |url=https://dailytrust.com/police-arrest-4-people-over-lunguda-waja-communal-clash/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Yanayin ƙasa na yankin Nyuwar da Jessu yana da tsaunuka kuma samun hanyoyin mota masu kyau ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen da aka ruwaito game da yankin. Jaridar *Tribune Online* ta bayyana Nyuwar da Jessu a matsayin yankunan da ke da tudu da tsaunuka, tare da matsalolin hanyoyin sufuri. <ref>{{cite news |title=How assailants killed our people, burned our houses, Gombe villagers recount horror attacks |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-assailants-killed-our-people-burned-our-houses-gombe-villagers-recount-horror-attacks/ |work=Tribune Online |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, takardun kasafin kuɗin Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun ambaci '''Jessu Health Clinic in Nyuwar Ward, Balanga LGA''' a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da aka ware kuɗin gyarawa. Wannan ya tabbatar da amfani da sunan Nyuwar a matsayin wani yanki na gudanarwa a cikin Balanga Local Government Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government 2022 Approved Budget Summary |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126233455/https://gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Balanga Local Government Area]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Longuda language]] * [[Waja people]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3ont1mqk8ur4tuyh00ugwezfsjiuaby Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol 0 177816 967420 962210 2026-10-14T00:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol''' (3 ga Fabrairu 1772 - 12 ga Disamba 1840) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne ɗan Faransa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Toulouse]], Esquirol ya kammala karatunsa a [[Montpellier]] . Ya zo [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 1799 inda ya yi aiki a Asibitin Salpêtrière kuma ya zama ɗalibi da Philippe Pinel ya fi so. Domin baiwa Esquirol damar yin bincike mai zurfi kan hauka a wuri mai dacewa, an ruwaito cewa Pinel ya sanya tsaron gida da lambun a kan Rue de Buffon inda Esquirol ya kafa ''[[maison de santé]]'' ko [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|mafaka]] ta sirri a 1801 ko 1802. ''Gidan'' Esquirol ya yi nasara sosai, an sanya shi a cikin 1810, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun cibiyoyi uku a birnin Paris. A shekarar 1805 ya buga takardarsa ta ƙarshe '', wato "Sha'awa" da aka yi la'akari da su a matsayin sanadin, alamu da kuma hanyoyin magance matsalar hauka'' . Kamar Pinel, Esquirol ya yi imanin cewa asalin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana samuwa ne daga sha'awar rai kuma ya gamsu cewa hauka ba ya shafar dalilin majiyyaci gaba ɗaya kuma ba tare da wata matsala ba. == Sana'a == [[File:Esquirol.JPG|left|thumb|267x267px| Asibitin Esquirol a Saint-Maurice (Val de Marne)]] An sanya Esquirol ''médecin ordinaire'' a Salpêtrière a 1811, bayan mutuwar Jean-Baptiste Pussin, amintaccen wakilin Pinel. Pinel ya zaɓi Esquirol saboda, kamar yadda Pinel ya faɗa, "likita ne... wanda ya keɓe kansa ga nazarin hauka," yana jayayya cewa tare da shekaru masu yawa na ƙwarewar ''maison de santé'' shi kaɗai ne mutumin da ya dace da aikin. Esquirol ya ga batun hauka a matsayin tsari da kuma na ƙasa. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya musamman ga talakawa inda ya ga jihar, tare da taimakon likitoci, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ya kuma ga muhimmiyar rawa ga likitoci wajen kula da mutanen da ake zargi da laifuka waɗanda aka ayyana ba su da alhakinsu saboda hauka. A cikin takaddamar jama'a game da wannan tambayar, ya ƙarfafa amfani da ganewar asali na monomania . Ta hanyar ɗaukar irin wannan muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan al'amuran jama'a, shahararsa ta fi ta malaminsa Pinel. A shekara ta 1817, a ƙarƙashin masarautar Bourbon da aka maido, Esquirol ya fara wani kwas a kan ''cututtukan kwakwalwa'' a cikin ɗakunan cin abinci na Salpêtrière. Wannan wataƙila shine koyarwar farko ta ilimin tabin hankali a Faransa. A shekara ta 1817 ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar mafarki. A wannan lokacin ba farfesa ba ne a sashen koyarwa na birnin Paris ko kuma babban likita a wani asibiti a birnin Paris, sai dai kawai ''likitan gargajiya ne'' . Duk da haka, an ruwaito cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman asibiti waɗanda "ɗalibai ke taruwa da wani irin hauka." {{Rp|pages=129–130}}Yana da ɗalibai da yawa masu hazaka. A shekarun 1810, 1814 da 1817, Esquirol, da kuɗinsa, ya yi rangadin wuraren kula da mahaukata a faɗin [[Faransa]] . A shekara ta 1818 bayan waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, ya rubuta ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwarsa da aka gabatar wa ministan harkokin cikin gida da kuma cikakken bayani game da bincikensa da aka buga a cikin ''Dictionnaire des sciences médicales'' . Waɗannan labaran sun bayyana, a cikin kalmomi masu kyau da ban tsoro, yanayin da mahaukata ke rayuwa a cikinsa a duk faɗin Faransa. Sun nuna cewa gyare-gyaren da aka yi a birnin Paris ba su shiga lardunan ba. Tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗan guda biyu, an yi wani shiri na gyara da aka tsara wa gwamnati da kuma aikin likitanci. Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi maki huɗu: * Da farko, ya kamata a yi wa wannan hauka magani a asibitoci na musamman ta hannun likitoci masu horo na musamman. * Na biyu, wannan gyaran ya ƙunshi fitar da ci gaban da aka samu a birnin Paris zuwa lardunan. * Na uku, cewa "asibitin mahaukaci kayan aiki ne na warkarwa". Da wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne a tsara tsarin zahiri na sabbin asibitocin tabin hankali don tallafawa aikin sabon ƙwarewa. * Na huɗu, Esquirol ya dage kan cewa dole [[Magunguna|ne a yi maganin]] mahaukata ta hanyar da ta dace. "Dole ne likita ya zama, a wani yanayi, babban jami'in asibiti mai fama da mahaukaci. Shi ne ya kamata ya fara aiki... Ya kamata a ba wa likitan iko wanda babu wanda aka keɓe daga gare shi." Bisa ga umarnin ministan harkokin cikin gida, Esquirol ya yi wani bincike a duk fadin kasar, inda ya ziyarci dukkan cibiyoyin da ke fadin Faransa inda ake killace masu tabin hankali. A shekara ta 1822 aka naɗa shi babban sufeto na sashen likitanci, kuma a shekara ta 1825 aka naɗa shi darektan asibitin Charenton . Ya zama babban mai tsara dokokin ƙasa na shekarar 1838 wanda ya kafa wuraren mafaka ga duk masu fama da tabin hankali na Faransa waɗanda ke buƙata kuma har yanzu yana aiki a yau. A shekara ta 1834, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish . ==Manazarta== * {{Cite journal |last=Ottaviani |first=R |last2=Vanni Paolo |last3=Guerin E |last4=Boddi V |last5=Vanni D |year=2002 |title=On Esquirol's historical and statistical study of the royal establishment at Charenton |journal=[[Vesalius: Acta Internationales Historiae Medicinae]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=23–33 |pmid=12422885}} * {{Cite journal |last=Caire |first=M |year=1997 |title=Esquirol in 1805: titles, publications, performed duties |journal=[[Histoire des Sciences Médicales]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |issn=0440-8888 |pmid=11625101}} * {{Cite journal |last=Weiner |first=D B |year=1989 |title=Esquirol's patient register: the first private psychiatric hospital in Paris, 1802–1808 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1989_63_1/page/110 |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=110–20 |issn=0007-5140 |pmid=2670011}} * {{Cite journal |last=Szapiro |first=E |year=1976 |title=Pinel and Esquirol: some comments on the beginning of a friendship |journal=[[Annales médico-psychologiques]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=59–61 |issn=0003-4487 |pmid=798504}} * {{Cite journal |last=Schrenk |first=M |year=1973 |title=Pathology of passions. In memoriam J.E.D. Esquirol, born 1772 |journal=[[Der Nervenarzt]] |location=[[West Germany]] |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=195–8 |issn=0028-2804 |pmid=4573586}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=G |year=1972 |title=On the bicentenary of the birth of Esquirol (1772–1840), the first complete psychiatrist |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1972-11_129_5/page/562 |journal=[[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=562–7 |doi=10.1176/ajp.129.5.562 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=4562465}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grecu |first=G |year=1972 |title=200th anniversary of the birth of the great French psychiatrist, Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol |journal=[[Neurologia, Psihiatria, Neurochirurgia]] |location=[[Romania]] |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=553–7 |issn=0028-386X |pmid=4571250}} * {{Cite journal |last=Baruk |first=H |year=1971 |title=Work of Pinel and Esquirol in the light of "antipsychiatry" |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-de-i-academie-nationale-de-medecine_march-2-9-1971_155_9-10/page/205 |journal=[[Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.]] |location=[[France]] |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=205–15 |issn=0001-4079 |pmid=4934293}} * '''Goldstein, Jan'''. ''Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century,'' [Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 1987]. * '''Weiner, Dora'''. ‘Le geste de Pinel: Psychiatric Myth,’ in Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter [eds.], ''Discovering the History of Psychiatry'' [Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994] 232–247. * '''Gauchet, Marcel''' & '''Swain, Gladys'''. [Translated by Catherine Porter], ''Madness and Democracy: the Modern Psychiatric Universe.'' [Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1999]. * Rafael Huertas, "Between doctrine and clinical practice: nosography and semiology in the work of Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol (1772—1840)," ''History of Psychiatry'', 19,2 (2008), 123–140. c1p1wm2l5x2b3xkpe5ywponsjbjimh5 'Yan hudu na Genain 0 177821 967302 961674 2026-10-13T21:19:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<nowiki/>'Yan huɗun Morlok''', waɗanda aka sani a cikin littattafan ilimin tabin hankali a matsayin ' '''yan huɗun Genain''', [[Haifuwar 'yan biyu ko fiye da haka|'yan'uwa mata ne 'yan huɗu]] na Amurka waɗanda aka haifa a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1930, a Lansing, Michigan . Su ne Edna A. Morlok, Wilma B. Morlok, Sarah C. Morlok (daga baya Sarah Morlok Cotton), da Helen D. Morlok. Haihuwarsu ta jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya, kuma tun suna yara sun bayyana tare a wasan kwaikwayo na waƙa da rawa. Bayan an gano cewa dukkan huɗun suna da cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] tun suna ɗan shekara 24, sun zama waɗanda aka daɗe ana bincike a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa (NIMH) game da abubuwan gado da muhalli da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta. <ref name="Mirsky2000">{{Cite journal |last=Mirsky |first=Allan F. |last2=Bieliauskas |first2=Linas A. |last3=French |first3=Louis M. |last4=van Kammen |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Jönsson |first5=Erik |last6=Sedvall |first6=Göran |year=2000 |title=A 39-Year Followup of the Genain Quadruplets |journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=699–708 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033487 |pmid=10993407 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da kuma kulawar jama'a == An haifi 'yan'uwa mata a Asibitin Edward W. Sparrow da ke Lansing. Haruffan sunayensu—E, W, S, da H—sun yi daidai da sunan asibitin, yayin da haruffan tsakiya, A zuwa D, ke nuna tsarin haihuwarsu. <ref name="Segal2001">{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=Nancy L. |date=February 2001 |title=Genain Quadruplets: Variations on the Schizophrenic Syndrome |journal=Twin Research |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=57–61 |doi=10.1375/twin.4.1.57 |pmid=11665326}}</ref> Haihuwarsu ta sami karbuwa sosai daga manema labarai. A lokacin yarintarsu, an ba wa 'yan'uwa mata darussan waƙa da rawa kuma sun bayyana tare a wasannin kwaikwayo na kan dandamali. Bayanan da suka fito daga baya sun kwatanta farin cikin da suke nunawa a bainar jama'a da yanayin da ke cikin gidan iyalin. Tarihin Audrey Clare Farley game da iyali ya bayyana yanayin gida mai cike da cin zarafi da kuma iko sosai. == Nazarin tabin hankali == An gano cewa dukkan 'yan'uwa mata huɗu suna da cutar schizophrenia tun suna ƙanana. <ref name="Mirsky2000" /> Wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2000 ya bayyana haɗuwar ƙwayoyin mata huɗu masu kama da monozygotic waɗanda ke haifar da schizophrenia a matsayin abin da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, inda aka kiyasta cewa yana faruwa a kusan mutum ɗaya cikin biliyan 1.5. <ref name="Mirsky2000" /> Tun daga shekarun 1950, an yi wa 'yan'uwa mata bincike a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincike kan abubuwan gado da muhalli da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam David Rosenthal ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar bincike wadda ta yi nazari sosai a kansu daga 1955 zuwa 1958. <ref name="MirskyQuinn1988">{{Cite journal |last=Mirsky |first=Allan F. |last2=Quinn |first2=Olive W. |year=1988 |title=The Genain Quadruplets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_schizophrenia-bulletin_1988_14_4/page/595 |journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=595–612 |doi=10.1093/schbul/14.4.595}}</ref> <ref name="Segal2001" /> Domin kare asalin iyalin, masu bincike sun yi amfani da sunan barkwanci ''Genain'' wanda aka samo daga Girka, wanda Rosenthal ya bayyana a matsayin ma'ana "haihuwa mai ban tsoro" ko "ƙwayar halitta mai tsanani", kuma suka kira 'yan'uwan mata da Nora, Iris, Myra, da Hester. Haruffan waɗannan sunaye suna rubuta ''NIMH'', wato kalmar da ke nufin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa. <ref name="Segal2001" /> An rubuta binciken farko a cikin littafin 1963 mai suna ''The Genain Quadruplets: A Case Study and Theoretical Analysis of Heredity and Environment in Schizophrenia'', wanda Rosenthal ya shirya. An ci gaba da nazarin ci gaba tsawon shekaru da dama kuma an rubuta bambance-bambance a cikin alamun 'yan'uwa mata, tarihin magani, da matakan aiki. <ref name="MirskyQuinn1988" /> <ref name="Mirsky2000" /> == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == 'Yan'uwa mata sun bambanta sosai a matakin 'yancin kansu da kuma buƙatar kulawar tabin hankali. Saratu ta rayu cikin 'yanci fiye da 'yan'uwanta mata tsawon yawancin rayuwarta ta girma. Ta yi aure, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya. A shekarar 2015, Sarah ta buga wani littafi mai suna ''The Morlok Quadruplets: The Alphabet Sisters'' . Wilma ta rasu a shekara ta 2002, Helen ta rasu a shekara ta 2003, da kuma Edna a shekara ta 2015. Sarah, 'yar'uwa ta ƙarshe da ta rage, ta rasu a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2025, tana da shekaru 95. <ref name="NYT2025" /> == Bayanan daga baya == An buga littafin Farley mai suna 'Yan Mata da Dodanninsu: The Genain Quadruplets and the Making of Madness in America a shekarar 2023. Ya sake duba shaharar 'yan'uwa mata a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, yanayin iyalinsu, maganin da masu binciken tabin hankali suka yi musu, da kuma faffadan tarihin binciken cutar schizophrenia a Amurka. [1] [2] == Duba kuma == * ''Hidden Valley Road'', wani littafi game da wani iyali na Amurka inda aka gano 'yan'uwa da yawa suna fama da cutar schizophrenia == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o2vm3x0hutai4vaimyy677i8ji4mxdo Lergo akko 0 177960 967187 962226 2026-10-13T14:11:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lergo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Ilimi == Akwai '''Legro Primary School''' a Lergo. Makarantar kuma tana daga cikin wuraren da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ta ayyana a matsayin wurin zaɓe. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Bayanan INEC na shekarar 2015 sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna '''Lergo, Legro Pri. Sch.''' mai lamba '''020''', a yankin Kumo Central na Karamar Hukumar Akko. A bayanan rajistar masu zaɓe na wannan wurin, an rubuta adadin masu rijista '''308'''. == Ruwa da ci gaban al'umma == A cikin [[Kasafin Kuɗin Jihar Gombe]] na shekarar 2018, an ware kuɗi domin '''haƙa sabon rijiyar burtsatse mai amfani da hasken rana a Lergo Community, Akko LGA'''. An ware kuɗin aikin da adadin '''₦5,000,000'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lergo yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Kumo ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]. * [https://situationroomng.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GOMBE.pdf Gombe State Polling Unit Data]. * [https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2018-Budget.pdf Gombe State Approved 2018 Budget]. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771102/ Nigeria Postcode — 771102]. nqhqjn726csfi75zwgo7k7kzhyxw4eo Lobware 0 178041 967206 962355 2026-10-13T15:51:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lobware''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lobware yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Lobware tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin Daduya Hill, ciki har da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]] da [[Kafin Bawa]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> Lobware yana cikin yankin Dadiya na Balanga. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) na shekarar 2015 ya jera ''Lobware Open Space'' da ''Lobware, K. Mai Ung.'' a matsayin wuraren rumfunan zaɓe a Dadiya.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |date=2026-08-15 }}, Independent National Electoral Commission.</ref> == Al'umma da tarihi == Lobware yana daga cikin sunayen da aka ambata a cikin bayanan binciken tarihi da ƙabilanci kan al'ummar Dadiya. Wani binciken da J. Adelberger ya wallafa ya ambaci '''Lobware/Loobwere''' a matsayin wani yanki na Dadiya, tare da dangogin Lokulan, Bwareb da Losuwo.<ref>[https://mandaras.info/MandarasPublishing/Dadiya_Ethnographic-historical-profile_Mandaras-Pub.pdf The Dadiya — Ethnographic Profile], J. Adelberger, Mandaras Publishing.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Lobware na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. Ana sanya shi cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-lobware.html Lobware, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 74xc0payuxzex9gu3e43jnoudcpi70d Loluba 0 178044 967257 962358 2026-10-13T17:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loluba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loluba yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loluba tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, ciki har da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]] da [[Lokulakuli]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> Kundin wuraren zaɓe na Jihar Gombe ya kuma ambaci '''Loluba, K. Mai Ung.''' a cikin yankin Dadiya na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf PU Directory, Gombe State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |date=2026-08-15 }}, Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Loluba na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 1pqag2cf1rm0lj52kp0xy21y71fb8dl Loyilme 0 178047 967261 962361 2026-10-13T18:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loyilme''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loyilme yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loyilme tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]], [[Lokulakuli]], [[Loluba]], [[Loteni]], [[Loyila]], [[Maitunku]], [[Sabara]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Sabon Layi Maitunku]], [[Unguwan Magaji]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Yemfiyo]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> A cikin kundin wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na Jihar Gombe, an rubuta sunan wurin da '''Loyolme, K. Mai Ung.''' a yankin Dadiya na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf PU Directory, Gombe State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |date=2026-08-15 }}, Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Loyilme na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 8spxew27y55iekfulk2qn3ommcoacz5 Lalit Surajmal Kanodia 0 178150 967129 963086 2026-10-13T12:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lalit Surajmal Kanodia''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Maris 1941) ƴar kasuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Indiya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Datamatics. Ya riƙe mukamai a ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci kamar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Indo-American,<ref name="iaccindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Indo-American Chamber Of Commerce |url=https://www.iaccindia.com/page.asp?pageid=10}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Indiya,<ref name="imcnet.org">{{Cite web |title=:: Indian Merchant Chamber :: |url=http://www.imcnet.org/media_center/listing/center/page/2}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Gudanarwa ta Indiya.<ref name="flywithvip.com">{{Cite web |title=Lalit Kanodia |url=https://flywithvip.com/celebrities/profile/104/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160305/https://flywithvip.com/celebrities/profile/104/ |archive-date=2018-01-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kanodia a [[Kolkata|Kolkata, Indiya]], ga Surajmal Kanodia, wani mai sayar da bullion, da kuma Chandravati Kanodia, wani mai gyaran gida. Iyalansa sun ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] a shekarar 1942. Kanodia ya halarci Makarantar Bombay Scottish School da ke [[Mumbai]], inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya fafata a wasannin motsa jiki. Ya yi karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Elphinstone, Jami'ar Bombay, na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan aka shigar da shi [[IIT Bombay|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya Bombay]] don yin karatun Injiniyan Injiniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - Alumni update |url=http://www1.iitb.ac.in/Newsletter3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410114257/http://www.iitb.ac.in:80/Newsletter3.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-10}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1963, ya sami digirin Master of Science a Management daga MIT a shekarar 1965, tare da tallafin Ford Fosndation Fellowship, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ford Foundation - Annual Report 1965 |url=https://fordfoundcontent.blob.core.windows.net/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406231923/https://fordfoundcontent.blob.core.windows.net/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-06}}</ref> sannan ya koma MIT a shekarar 1966 don kammala karatunsa na PhD a fannin gudanarwa a shekarar 1967. Kanodia memba ne na Project MAC a MIT, wanda ya ƙirƙiro Tsarin Raba Lokaci Mai Daidaituwa da MULTICS ( tsarin aiki na kwamfuta mai amfani da yawa da kuma waɗanda suka riga suka zama UNIX ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Godrej India Culture Lab - Indian Graduates from MIT Who Have Changed the Face of Technology |url=http://indiaculturelab.org/blog/11-indian-mit-graduates-that-you-must-know-about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508205033/http://indiaculturelab.org/blog/11-indian-mit-graduates-that-you-must-know-about/ |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> == Koyarwa == A lokacin da yake a MIT, Kanodia ta koyar da kwas kan ka'idar yanke shawara ta kididdiga ga ɗaliban MBA (1964–65). Ya kuma koyar da ɗaliban MBA na tsawon shekaru biyu (1968–70) a Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa ta Jamnalal Bajaj, Jami'ar Bombay, [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=rpglifesciences annual report |url=http://www.rpglifesciences.com/downloads/annualreports/annualreport_2007-08.pdf}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan Shawarwari na Tata == A shekarar 1965, JRD Tata, shugaban ƙungiyar Tata a wancan lokacin, ya ɗora wa Kanodia alhakin yin nazarin yuwuwar amfani da kwamfuta a cikin ƙungiyar Tata. Aikin Kanodia ya haifar da:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} # Tsarin rarraba Load na Kamfanonin Tata Electric ta atomatik ta Westinghouse, # Tsarin lissafin wutar lantarki na kamfanin ta hanyar kwamfuta, # Kafa cibiyar haɓaka software. Kanodia ta koma MIT don digirin digirgir <ref>{{Cite web |title=Print :India and MIT: How we became a technological force to reckon with |url=http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=2670296&sr_no=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314101457/http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=2670296&sr_no=0 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> sannan daga baya ta koma [[Kamfanin Tata|Tata Group]] don jagorantar sabuwar sashin software da aka tsara. A shekarar 1967, ya kafa Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Tata, wacce aka sake mata suna Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) a shekarar 1968.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}} == Shawarwari == A lokacin da yake [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Kanodia ta nemi taimakon Arthur D. Little da [[Ford|Kamfanin Motocin Ford]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rpg Life Sciences Ltd (RPGL.BO) |url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RPGL.BO&officerId=1661185 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509053832/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RPGL.BO&officerId=1661185 |archive-date=2016-05-09 |website=Reuters India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi shawarwari da Bankin Jiha na Indiya, Kamfanin Somani, da kuma Kamfanin Kamani. == Bayanan Bayanai == A shekarar 1975, Kanodia ta kafa kamfanin Datamatics, kamfanin IT. Zuwa shekarar 1979, kamfanin ya kafa cibiyar bunkasa harkokin waje ga Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Wang .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} A shekarar 1991, Datamatics ta aiwatar da hanyar haɗin tauraron dan adam don haɓaka software tsakanin [[Mumbai]] da AT&amp;amp;T Bell Labs na Amurka ; wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga farkon ci gaban ayyukan BPO a Indiya. Daga nan Kanodia ta fara "Datamatics Technologies Limited," inda ta mai da hankali kan ayyukan BPO da KPO. Fadada ayyukan BPO ya sa Datamatics ta sayi kamfanonin SAZTEC da ke Amurka a shekarar 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAZTEC International, Inc. |date=13 October 2003 |title=Datamatics Technologies Limited to Acquire SAZTEC International, Inc. |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/datamatics-technologies-limited-to-acquire-saztec-international-inc-72481732.html}}</ref> da kuma CorPay a shekarar 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Datamatics plans to buy overseas BPO firms |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-08/news/27371501_1_datamatics-technologies-corpay-acquisition-plans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509084115/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-08/news/27371501_1_datamatics-technologies-corpay-acquisition-plans |archive-date=9 May 2016 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref> Datamatics ta ci gaba da samun wasu kamfanonin ƙasashen duniya tun daga lokacin. Kanodia ita ce Shugaban Rukunin Datamatics <ref name="datamatics.com">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview - Datamatics Global Services Ltd |url=https://www.datamatics.com/about-us/company-overview |website=Datamatics}}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi: * Kamfanin Datamatics Global Services Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Digital Technologies, Operations & Experiences Company |url=https://www.datamatics.com/ |website=Datamatics}}</ref> (Kamfani mai rijista tare da BSE/NSE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSE - National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=DATAMATICS#}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Share Price &#124; Get Quote &#124; BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/datamatics-global-services-ltd/datamatics/532528/ |website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref> * CIGNEX Datamatics Technologies Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Source Enterprise Solutions - Portals, ECM, eCommerce, Big Data Analytics |url=http://www.cignex.com/ |website=CIGNEX Datamatics}}</ref> * Kamfanin Lumina Datamatics Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Publishing - Retail Solutions - Publishing Services - Content Development |url=http://luminadatamatics.com/ |website=Lumina Datamatics}}</ref> * Kamfanin Datamatics Staffing Services Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.datamaticsindia.com/ |website=datamaticsindia.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kanodia yana da 'ya'ya huɗu tare da matarsa, Asha. Babban ɗansa, Rahul Kanodia shi ne mataimakin shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Datamatics Global Services, <ref name="datamatics.com" /> kuma ƙaramin ɗansa, Sameer Kanodia, babban darakta ne. Yana kuma da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Aneesha da Amrita. == Ganewa == # Kyautar 'Yan Indiya ta Shekara ta Indiya don Ayyukan IT, Shawarwari da BPO <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Affairs India Leadership Conclave Awards conferred by Satya Brahma at ILC 2015 |url=http://network7mediagroup.blogspot.com/2015/10/indian-affairs-india-leadership.html?view=timeslide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Indian Affair's India Leadership Conclave & Indian Affairs Business Leadership Awards |url=http://breakfastnews.tv/history-of-indian-affairs-india-leadership-conclave-indian-affairs-business-leadership-awards/ |website=Breakfast News TV |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012114928/http://breakfastnews.tv/history-of-indian-affairs-india-leadership-conclave-indian-affairs-business-leadership-awards/ |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> # Kyauta ta Musamman ta Nasara a Kyaututtukan Kasuwanci na Asiya Pacific <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=APEA New Delhi 2015 Award Winners |url=http://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-new-delhi-2015-award-winners/ |website=The Asian Entrepreneur |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919094126/https://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-new-delhi-2015-award-winners/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> # Kyautar Masu Nasara ta Duniya don Inganta Kasuwanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Datamatics Wins Global Achievers Award for Business Excellence |url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/607306 |website=PR.com}}</ref> # Kyauta daga Firayim Ministan Indiya saboda mafi kyawun samfurin software <ref name="nazerry">{{Cite web |last=nazerry |title=APEA / INDIA / DR LALIT S KANODIA |url=http://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2015/dr-lalit-s-kanodia/ |website=Enterprise Asia |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623054646/https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2015/dr-lalit-s-kanodia/ |archive-date=2021-06-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Officer Profile - Quotes |url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DATC.NS&officerId=825922 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001239/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DATC.NS&officerId=825922 |archive-date=2016-04-09 |website=Reuters India}}</ref> Kanodia ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa ta Indiya. <ref name="flywithvip.com" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalit S. Kanodia, Author at Gateway House |url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/author/lalit-kanodia/ |website=Gateway House}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Indo-American. <ref name="iaccindia.com" /> Shi ne mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Indiya kuma shugaban kwamitin IT ɗinta. <ref name="imcnet.org" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepak Premnarayen to be IMC's President, Dr. Lalit Kanodia Vice-President for 2016-17 |url=http://globalnewsonnetwork.com/2016/03/17/deepak-premnarayen-to-be-imcs-president-dr-lalit-kanodia-vice-president-for-2016-17/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na NASSCOM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia is the Chairman of IT Committee of IMC |url=http://instantpublish.blogspot.com/2014/01/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-is-chairman.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia takes over as IACC National President |url=http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180242/http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/ |archive-date=26 April 2016 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Tallafawa Fitar da Manhajojin Lantarki da Kwamfuta (Yankin Yamma). <ref name="nazerry" /> Ya shiga kwamitin zartarwa na Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Sloan a MIT a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Sloan Regional Executive Boards |url=http://mitsloan.mit.edu/alumnimagazine/pdf/Spring2010-Executive%20Boards.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512191138/http://mitsloan.mit.edu/alumnimagazine/pdf/Spring2010-Executive%20Boards.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Hulɗa na Chile a Indiya daga 2002 zuwa 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AyerViernes S.A. |title=Sección Consular de Chile en Nueva Delhi |url=http://chile.gob.cl/nueva-delhi/en/sobre-el-consulado/consulados-honorarios/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulate of Chile in Mumbai, India |url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy21156/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Business with Latin America |url=http://www.businesswithlatinamerica.com/Contacts3.html |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219063159/http://www.businesswithlatinamerica.com/Contacts3.html |archive-date=2025-02-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 3buebnwdm73zm93zqlegqaj4sj66079 Al'adun Gargajiya na Tula 0 178164 967417 962829 2026-10-13T23:58:54Z Ummu Ilham 45024 967417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'adun Gargajiya na Tula''' na nufin tarihi, harshe, bukukuwa, sarauta, sana'o'i, noma, abinci, kiɗe-kiɗe, raye-raye, tatsuniyoyi da sauran hanyoyin rayuwa da al'ummar Tula ta gada daga kakanninta. Tula tana cikin [[Kaltungo Local Government Area]] ta Jihar Gombe, kuma Tula Chiefdom tana daga cikin manyan hukumomin gargajiya na kudancin jihar. Takardun gwamnati sun bayyana Tula a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun da ke zaune a Kaltungo Local Government Area tare da Kamo, Awak da Tangale. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Environmental and Social Project |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=4 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tula tana da dogon tarihi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaura, yaƙe-yaƙe, hulɗa da sauran al'ummomi da kuma kafa tsarin sarauta. Tarihin Tula ya kuma kasance yana da alaƙa da yankunan Baule, Yiri da Wange, waɗanda suke daga cikin manyan sassan Tula Chiefdom. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi shahara a tarihin Tula shi ne juriyar al'ummar wajen kare yankinsu. A cikin tarihin baka da ake dangantawa da Tula, ana yawan ambaton karin magana '''“Tula Maza Ba Tsoro”''', wadda ke nuna yadda ake kallon jarumtaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin al'ummar. Rahoton Vanguard ya kuma ambaci tsohon rikicin yaƙi tsakanin Tula da Masarautar Misau, wanda daga baya aka yi amfani da tarukan gargajiya wajen nuna sulhu da zaman lafiya. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Tula ta fuskanci rikici da sojojin Birtaniya. Tarihin wurin ya nuna cewa wani daga cikin muhimman wuraren da ake danganta da wannan tarihi shi ne '''Tula Battlefield''', wanda ya kasance wani wuri mai muhimmanci wajen fahimtar yadda Tula ta fuskanci zuwan mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{cite news |title=A Trip to Tula Cave |url=https://dailytrust.com/a-trip-to-tula-cave/ |work=Daily Trust |date=6 February 2010}}</ref> == Tula Chiefdom == Tula Chiefdom ita ce babbar cibiyar tsarin sarautar gargajiyar Tula. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana Mai Tula a matsayin babban sarkin gargajiya na Tula, wanda ke da alhakin wakiltar al'umma da kuma taimakawa wajen kiyaye zaman lafiya da al'adun gargajiya. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Tula Chiefdom ta ƙunshi manyan sassa uku da suka haɗa da '''Wange, Baule da Yiri'''. Waɗannan yankuna suna da alaƙa da tarihin Tula kuma suna taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda al'ummar Tula ta tsara kanta ta fuskar shugabanci da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Mai Tula, Dr. Abubakar Buba Atare II, ya yi kira ga mutanen Tula da sauran al'ummomin kudancin Gombe da su ƙara haɗin kai. Kiran ya nuna cewa sarautar gargajiya tana taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa zumunci da haɗin kan al'umma a Tula. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> == Harshen Tula == Harshen Tula yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan asalin al'ummar Tula. Masana harshe sun sanya Tula cikin rukunin harsunan Waja-Tula na dangin harsunan Nijar-Kongo, kuma ana samun masu magana da harshen a sassan Tula na Kaltungo. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kleinewillinghöfer |first=Ulrich |title=The languages of the Tula–Waja Group |journal=Adamawa Languages Project |year=2014}}</ref> Akwai nau'o'in harshen Tula da suka haɗa da Tula-Wange, Tula-Baule da Tula-Yiri. Bambancin waɗannan nau'o'in harshe yana nuna yadda ƙungiyoyin Tula suka ci gaba da kiyaye bambance-bambancen harshe a cikin babban tsarin al'ummar Tula. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kleinewillinghöfer |first=Ulrich |title=The languages of the Tula–Waja Group |journal=Adamawa Languages Project |year=2014}}</ref> Harshen Tula yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana al'adun gargajiya saboda ana iya amfani da shi wajen watsa tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da tarihin baka daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. Saboda haka, raguwar amfani da harshen na iya shafar yadda ake isar da wasu sassan gadon al'ummar Tula. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kleinewillinghöfer |first=Ulrich |title=The languages of the Tula–Waja Group |journal=Adamawa Languages Project |year=2014}}</ref> == Tula Cultural Day == '''Tula Cultural Day''' na daga cikin muhimman bukukuwan da ake amfani da su wajen nuna al'adun Tula. A shekarar 2018, an gudanar da bikin Tula Cultural Day inda Mai Tula ya yi kira ga jama'ar Tula da sauran al'ummomin kudancin Gombe da su ƙara haɗin kai. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Bikin ya kuma samu halartar Sarkin Misau, Alhaji Ahmed Suleiman, abin da ya zama wata dama ta nuna sabon yanayin dangantaka da zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin da ke da tarihin rikici a baya. Wannan ya nuna cewa bukukuwan gargajiya na iya zama wuraren sulhu, haɗin kai da sake gina dangantaka tsakanin al'ummomi. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an sake nuna muhimmancin bikin al'adun Tula wajen adana harshe da al'adun gargajiya. Rahoton [[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]] ya bayyana bikin a matsayin wani taro na shekara-shekara da ke nuna harshen Tula, al'adunsa, sana'o'in gargajiya da kuma kyawawan wuraren tsaunuka na yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> == Kiɗe-kiɗe da raye-raye == Kiɗe-kiɗe da raye-raye suna daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana al'adun Tula a lokacin bukukuwa. A lokacin Tula Cultural Day da sauran tarukan al'adu, ana amfani da wasannin gargajiya da nishaɗi wajen nuna tarihi da haɗin kan al'umma. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Bikin Tula na zamani ya kuma haɗa nuna al'adu da sana'o'in gargajiya, inda ake bai wa matasa damar ganin abubuwan da suka gada daga kakanninsu. Rahoton NTA na bikin 2025 ya bayyana cewa taron yana nuna harshe, al'adu, sana'o'i da kuma al'adun gargajiya na Tula. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> == Sana'o'in gargajiya == Sana'o'in gargajiya suna daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana asalin al'ummar Tula. A bikin al'adun Tula, ana nuna sana'o'i da kayayyakin gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na gado da ake son karewa daga bacewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> Sana'o'in hannu suna kuma da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin gargajiya saboda ana iya amfani da kayayyakin da ake samarwa wajen sayarwa da musayar kaya. Hakan ya sa kiyaye sana'o'in gargajiya zai iya zama wata hanya ta haɗa adana al'adu da samar da damar tattalin arziki ga matasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> == Gorontula da rayuwar Tula == Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shahara sosai da yankin Tula shi ne '''gorontula''', wato 'ya'yan itacen ''Azanza garckeana''. Jaridar ''The Nation'' ta bayyana cewa ana samun wannan itace musamman a wasu al'ummomin Tula da ke cikin yankunan tsaunuka na Kaltungo, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar tattalin arziki da abincin mutanen yankin. <ref>{{cite news |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |work=The Nation |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> A baya, mazauna Tula sun yi amfani da gorontula a matsayin abinci da abin da ake ci yayin aikin gona. Rahoton ''The Nation'' ya bayyana cewa kafin ta shahara a kasuwannin zamani, mutanen Tula suna cin 'ya'yan itacen yayin aiki a gonaki saboda tana taimaka musu wajen samun kuzari. <ref>{{cite news |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |work=The Nation |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> Gorontula ta kuma zama wata muhimmiyar hanya ta samun kuɗin shiga ga wasu mazauna Tula. A lokacin girbi, 'yan kasuwa da masu sayar da ita suna kai ta wasu wurare na Najeriya, kuma rahoton ''The Nation'' ya bayyana cewa ana samun masu saye daga ƙasashe makwabta. <ref>{{cite news |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |work=The Nation |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> == Noma == Noma yana daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin rayuwar al'ummar Tula. Kafin gorontula ta zama sananniya a matsayin kayan kasuwanci, al'ummar Tula sun dogara sosai da aikin gona, musamman saboda yanayin tsaunuka da ƙasar da suke zaune. <ref>{{cite news |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |work=The Nation |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> Noma da tattara 'ya'yan itatuwan gargajiya suna nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'adar Tula da muhalli. Wannan alaƙa ta sa wasu albarkatun daji da tsaunuka suka zama wani ɓangare na tattalin arziki da rayuwar al'umma. <ref>{{cite news |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |work=The Nation |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> == Tula da tsaunuka == Tsaunuka suna da muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin da yanayin al'ummar Tula. Rahotannin kan Tula sun nuna cewa akwai al'ummomin Wange, Yiri da Baule da ke cikin yankunan tsaunuka da duwatsu na kudancin Gombe. <ref>{{cite news |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |work=The Nation |date=23 October 2021}}</ref> Tsaunukan Tula sun kuma taimaka wajen sanya yankin ya zama wurin da ake kallon damar yawon buɗe ido. A lokacin Tula Cultural Day, an yi kira ga masu zuba jari a fannin yawon buɗe ido da ma'adinai da su duba damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da ayyukan yi. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> == Tula Cave == '''Tula Cave''' na daga cikin wuraren da ake dangantawa da tarihin da yawon buɗe ido na Tula. Jaridar ''Daily Trust'' ta wallafa wani rahoto kan ziyartar kogon Tula, inda ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ke jan hankalin masu sha'awar tarihi da yanayin ƙasa a yankin. <ref>{{cite news |title=A Trip to Tula Cave |url=https://dailytrust.com/a-trip-to-tula-cave/ |work=Daily Trust |date=6 February 2010}}</ref> Wuraren tarihi kamar koguna, tsaunuka da tsoffin wuraren zama suna taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda al'ummar Tula ta rayu a baya. Haka kuma, idan aka kiyaye su, za su iya zama tushen yawon buɗe ido da ilimin tarihi ga matasa da masu bincike. <ref>{{cite news |title=A Trip to Tula Cave |url=https://dailytrust.com/a-trip-to-tula-cave/ |work=Daily Trust |date=6 February 2010}}</ref> == Dangantakar aure da zamantakewa == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke tsara zamantakewar al'umma a Tula, kamar yadda yake a sauran al'ummomin Gombe. Takardun gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun bayyana cewa aure, haihuwa, jana'iza da bukukuwan girbi suna daga cikin al'amuran da al'adu da imanin jama'a ke tasiri a kansu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Environmental and Social Project |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=4 October 2026}}</ref> Dangantakar iyali da mutunta manya suna da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. Takardun gwamnatin jihar sun jaddada cewa girmama dattawa yana daga cikin dabi'un da ake mutuntawa a al'ummomin Gombe, yayin da hulɗar ƙabilu ke faruwa ta hanyar aure, kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Environmental and Social Project |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=4 October 2026}}</ref> == Addini da al'adun gargajiya == Al'ummar Tula, kamar sauran al'ummomin kudancin Gombe, sun fuskanci sauye-sauyen addini da zamantakewa a tsawon lokaci. Takardun gwamnati sun bayyana cewa Gombe jiha ce mai yawan Musulmai da Kiristoci, tare da wasu sassan jihar da har yanzu ake samun wasu ayyukan da suka shafi addinin gargajiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Environmental and Social Project |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=4 October 2026}}</ref> Wannan sauyin bai nufin cewa duk abubuwan al'adu sun ɓace ba. Bukukuwan al'adu kamar Tula Cultural Day suna nuna cewa harshe, sana'o'i, kiɗe-kiɗe, tarihi da sauran abubuwan gado suna ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na rayuwar al'umma ko da yake tsarin rayuwa ya canza. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> == Sarautar gargajiya da ci gaban al'umma == Sarautar gargajiya tana taka rawa wajen haɗa al'umma da ƙarfafa ayyukan ci gaba. A shekarar 2018, Mai Tula ya buƙaci shugabannin Tula Community Development Association su yi aiki tare da majalisar gargajiya domin inganta rayuwar jama'a da kuma haɗa ƙoƙarin al'umma. <ref>{{cite news |title=Tula monarch tasks devt union officials on synergy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/tula-monarch-tasks-devt-union-officials-on-synergy/ |work=Vanguard |date=3 September 2018}}</ref> Hakan yana nuna cewa sarautar gargajiya a Tula ba ta tsaya ga bukukuwan gargajiya kawai ba, domin tana kuma shiga cikin al'amuran zaman lafiya, haɗin kai, ci gaban al'umma da wakilcin jama'a. <ref>{{cite news |title=Tula monarch tasks devt union officials on synergy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/tula-monarch-tasks-devt-union-officials-on-synergy/ |work=Vanguard |date=3 September 2018}}</ref> == Kiyaye al'adun Tula == A zamanin yau, kiyaye harshen Tula da sauran al'adun gargajiya na daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da al'ummar ke fuskanta. Rahoton NTA kan bikin Tula na 2025 ya nuna cewa ana ƙoƙarin amfani da bikin shekara-shekara wajen jawo hankalin jama'a kan raguwar harshe da al'adun gargajiya da kuma muhimmancin kare su. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> Bukukuwan gargajiya, rubuce-rubucen tarihi, binciken harshe da kuma shigar matasa cikin ayyukan al'adu na iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye wannan gado. Tula Cultural Day na samar da wani wuri da ake haɗa dattawa da matasa domin nuna tarihi, harshe, sana'o'i da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi asalin Tula. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Al'adun Gargajiya na Tula == Al'adun gargajiya na Tula suna da muhimmanci wajen adana tarihin al'umma, kare harshen Tula, ƙarfafa haɗin kai da kuma ba matasa damar sanin asalin kakanninsu. Tula Cultural Day da sauran ayyukan al'adu suna samar da damar da al'umma ke amfani da ita wajen nuna waɗannan abubuwa ga jama'a. <ref>{{cite web |title=Colours, Crafts and Culture: Inside Gombe's Tula Festival |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hztW1o6SSVI |publisher=Nigerian Television Authority |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> Al'adun Tula suna kuma da damar taimakawa wajen bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido da tattalin arziki. Tsaunuka, koguna, kogunan dutse, gorontula, sana'o'in gargajiya da bukukuwan al'adu suna daga cikin abubuwan da za su iya jawo masu yawon buɗe ido da masu bincike zuwa yankin idan aka kiyaye su kuma aka inganta hanyoyin yawon buɗe ido. <ref>{{cite news |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |work=Vanguard |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tula Chiefdom]] * [[Tula language]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Tula Cave]] * [[Waja people]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pje8gxyn9udzadwud1vsprsjcw1b4mp Manufofin 0 178177 967284 963302 2026-10-13T20:00:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manufofi''' tsari ne da aka tsara domin shiryar da shawarwari da kuma cimma sakamako mai ma'ana . Manufofi sanarwa ce ta niyya kuma ana aiwatar da ita a matsayin tsari ko yarjejeniya. Hukumar gudanarwa a cikin ƙungiya ce ke ɗaukar manufofi gabaɗaya. Manufofi na iya taimakawa wajen yanke shawara ta ''hanyar da ta dace'' da kuma ''ta hanyar da ta dace'' . Manufofin da ake amfani da su wajen yanke shawara na mutum ɗaya galibi suna taimaka wa manyan shugabanni da shawarwarin da dole ne su dogara da fa'idodin abubuwa da yawa, kuma sakamakon haka, sau da yawa suna da wahalar gwadawa da gangan, misali manufar daidaiton aiki da rayuwa . Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatoci da sauran cibiyoyi suna da manufofi a cikin nau'i na dokoki, ƙa'idoji, hanyoyin aiki, ayyukan gudanarwa, abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da ayyukan sa kai. Sau da yawa, rabon albarkatu yana nuna shawarwarin manufofi. Manufofin da aka yi niyya don taimakawa wajen yanke shawara mai ma'ana galibi suna aiki ne a zahiri kuma ana iya gwada su da ma'ana, misali manufar kalmar sirri . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Publications |title=What is policy |url=http://sydney.edu.au/legal/policy/what/index.shtml |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=sydney.edu.au}}</ref> Kalmar na iya aiki ga gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyi, 'yan kasuwa da daidaikun mutane. Umarnin shugaban ƙasa, [[Manufofin sirri|manufofin sirrin kamfanoni]], da dokokin tsari na majalisar dokoki duk misalai ne na manufofi. Tsarin ya bambanta da [[Dokokin doka|ƙa'idodi]] ko [[Doka|dokoki]] . Duk da cewa doka za ta iya tilasta ko hana halaye (misali dokar da ke buƙatar biyan haraji kan kuɗin shiga), manufofi kawai suna shiryar da ayyuka ga waɗanda suka fi yiwuwa su cimma sakamakon da ake so. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voican |first=Mădălina |date=2008 |title=Government's Role in Coordination of Decision- Making Process |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=733087 |journal=Revista de Științe Politics. Journal of Political Science |issue=17 |pages=26–31}}</ref> Nazarin manufofi ko manufofi na iya nufin tsarin yanke muhimman shawarwari na ƙungiya, gami da gano wasu hanyoyi daban-daban kamar shirye-shirye ko abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a kashe kuɗi, da kuma zaɓar daga cikinsu bisa ga tasirin da za su yi. Ana iya fahimtar manufofi a matsayin hanyoyin siyasa, gudanarwa, kuɗi, da gudanarwa waɗanda aka tsara don cimma manufofi na musamman. A cikin harkokin kuɗi na kamfanoni na gwamnati, manufar lissafin kuɗi mai mahimmanci ita ce manufa ga kamfani ko kamfani ko masana'antu wanda ake ganin yana da wani muhimmin abu na zahiri, kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan bayanan kuɗi .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2011}} An yi jayayya cewa ya kamata manufofin su kasance bisa ga shaidu. Mutum ko ƙungiya yana da hujjar yin iƙirarin cewa wata takamaiman manufa ta dogara ne akan shaida idan, kuma idan, an cika sharuɗɗa uku kawai. Da farko, mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiya tana da shaidu masu kwatantawa game da tasirin takamaiman manufar idan aka kwatanta da tasirin aƙalla wata manufa ta daban. Na biyu, wannan hujja ta tabbatar da takamaiman manufar bisa ga aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mutum ko ƙungiya ke so a fannin manufofin da aka bayar. Na uku, mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiya za su iya bayar da cikakken bayani game da wannan goyon baya ta hanyar bayyana shaidu da fifikon da suka kafa harsashin da'awar. Manufofi suna da ƙarfi; ba wai kawai jerin manufofi ko dokoki ba ne. Dole ne a aiwatar da tsare-tsaren manufofi, sau da yawa tare da sakamako mara tsammani. Manufofin zamantakewa su ne abin da ke faruwa 'a ƙasa' lokacin da aka aiwatar da su, da kuma abin da ke faruwa a matakin yanke shawara ko na majalisa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lowi |first=Theodore J. |date=July 1972 |title=Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-administration-review_july-august-1972_32_4/page/298 |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=298–310 |doi=10.2307/974990 |jstor=974990}}</ref> Idan aka yi amfani da kalmar manufar, yana iya nufin: <ref name=":0" /> * Manufofin gwamnati na hukuma (dokoki ko jagororin da ke jagorantar yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da dokoki) == Tasiri == === Tasirin da aka yi niyya da kuma tsara manufofi === Tasirin da aka yi niyya ga wata manufa ya bambanta sosai dangane da ƙungiyar da kuma yanayin da aka tsara su. Manufofi, sabanin takamaiman Manufofin Jama'a, shine amfani da iko mai yawa akan wani yanayi da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ke yi don cimma burin da wannan ɗan wasan ya nufa. Hanya ta fitar da manufofin da aka bayyana na manufofin jama'a ita ce yin nazarin manufofin da aka sanya a cikin doka ko ƙungiyar da ta kafa ta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kotzampasakis |first=Manolis |last2=Woerdman |first2=Edwin |date=July 2024 |title=The Legal Objectives of the EU Emissions Trading System: An Evaluation Framework |journal=Transnational Environmental Law |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=312–336 |bibcode=2024TELaw..13..312K |doi=10.1017/S2047102524000153 |issn=2047-1025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa wajen fayyace manufofin da ke bayan wata manufa kuma tana samar da tushe na yau da kullun don kimanta ingancinta a aikace. Wani bincike na nazari kan manufofi ya kammala da cewa yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da ke da nufin bunkasa hadin gwiwa a duniya galibi sun kasa samar da tasirin da aka nufa wajen magance [[Problèmes globaux|kalubalen duniya]], kuma wani lokacin na iya haifar da illa ko mummunan sakamako marasa kyau. Binciken ya nuna cewa hanyoyin aiwatarwa su ne "zaɓin tsarin yarjejeniya kawai da za a iya gyarawa" tare da yuwuwar inganta inganci . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Steven J. |last2=Baral |first2=Prativa |last3=Rogers Van Katwyk |first3=Susan |last4=Sritharan |first4=Lathika |last5=Hughsam |first5=Matthew |last6=Randhawa |first6=Harkanwal |last7=Lin |first7=Gigi |last8=Campbell |first8=Sophie |last9=Campus |first9=Brooke |last10=Dantas |first10=Maria |last11=Foroughian |first11=Neda |last12=Groux |first12=Gaëlle |last13=Gunn |first13=Elliot |last14=Guyatt |first14=Gordon |last15=Habibi |first15=Roojin |date=9 August 2022 |title=International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=32 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11922854H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2122854119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9372541 |pmid=35914153 |doi-access=free}} </ref> Jihar [[California]] ta bayar da misali na manufar neman fa'ida. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, adadin motocin haɗin gwiwa a California ya ƙaru sosai, wani ɓangare saboda sauye-sauyen manufofi a dokar Tarayya wanda ya samar da dala $1,500 a cikin kuɗin haraji (tun daga lokacin da aka daina amfani da su) kuma ya ba da damar amfani da layukan motoci masu yawan jama'a ga direbobin motocin haɗin gwiwa. A wannan yanayin, ƙungiyar (gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya) ta haifar da wani tasiri (ƙarin mallakar motoci da amfani da su) ta hanyar manufofi (rage haraji, hanyoyin manyan hanyoyi). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nesamani |first=K.S. |last2=Lianyu |first2=C.H.U. |last3=Recker |first3=Will |date=2010 |title=Policy implications of incorporating hybrid vehicles into high-occupancy vehicle lanes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1570667209600313 |journal=Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=30–41 |doi=10.1016/S1570-6672(09)60031-3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> === Ba a yi niyya ba === Manufofi galibi suna da illa ko sakamako mara niyya . Saboda yanayin da manufofi ke neman yin tasiri ko sarrafa su galibi tsari ne mai rikitarwa (misali gwamnatoci, al'ummomi, manyan kamfanoni), yin canjin manufofi na iya haifar da sakamako mara ma'ana . Misali, gwamnati na iya yanke shawarar siyasa ta ƙara haraji, da fatan ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na haraji. Dangane da girman karuwar haraji, wannan na iya haifar da tasirin rage kudaden shiga na haraji ta hanyar haifar da hauhawar jari ko kuma ta hanyar haifar da hauhawar farashi mai yawa wanda 'yan ƙasa ke hana su samun kuɗin da ake biyan haraji. {{Efn|For more information on the effect of tax policy on state revenues, see [[Laffer curve]].}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=Yu-Bong |date=2006 |title=Capital Tax Competition in the Presence of Rent-Shifting Incentives |url=https://econ.ntpu.edu.tw/storage/files/XDE6sAQiG79r9zqpMgAp4N2Zpi25egcnSHgXzyIR.pdf |journal=經濟研究 (Taipei Economic Inquiry) |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920083135/https://econ.ntpu.edu.tw/storage/files/XDE6sAQiG79r9zqpMgAp4N2Zpi25egcnSHgXzyIR.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsarin tsara manufofi a ka'ida ya haɗa da yunƙurin tantance fannoni da dama da ka iya haifar da tasirin manufofi gwargwadon iko, don rage damar da wata manufa za ta iya haifar da sakamako mara tsammani ko wanda ba a yi niyya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deleon |first=Peter |last2=Steelman |first2=Toddi A. |date=2001 |title=Making public policy programs effective and relevant: The role of the policy sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-policy-analysis-and-management_winter-2001_20_1/page/163 |journal=Journal of Policy Analysis and Management |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::aid-pam2011>3.0.co;2-w |issn=0276-8739}}</ref> == Zagaye == [[File:Policycycle.png|thumb|400x400px| Misali na manufar zagayowar siyasa]] A [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]], '''tsarin siyasa''' kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi wajen nazarin ci gaban siyasa. Ana iya kiransa da "samfurin matakai" ko "heuristic matakai". Don haka doka ce ta babban yatsa maimakon ainihin gaskiyar yadda ake ƙirƙirar manufofi, amma ta yi tasiri a yadda [[Kimiyyar siyasa|masana kimiyyar siyasa]] ke kallon manufofi gabaɗaya. {{Sfn|Nakamura|1987}} An ƙirƙiro shi a matsayin ka'ida daga aikin Harold Lasswell . Daga baya masana kimiyya sun yi jayayya cewa samfuran matakai suna sauƙaƙa tsarin manufofi, wanda galibi ana maimaita shi kuma ana tsara shi ta hanyar masu aiki da yawa da kuma canza yanayin aiwatarwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Common |first=Richard |date=2025 |title=Current challenges in strategy and public policy |journal=Administrative Sciences |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=304 |doi=10.3390/admsci15080304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Ana kiransa da zagayowar manufofi yayin da matakin ƙarshe (ƙima) sau da yawa yana komawa zuwa matakin farko (ma'anar matsala), don haka yana sake farawa da zagayowar. Shahararren tsarin da Harold Lasswell ya yi na zagayowar manufofi ya raba tsarin zuwa matakai bakwai daban-daban, yana yin tambayoyi game da yadda da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya kamata a yi manufofin gwamnati. Tare da matakai da suka kama daga (1) hankali, (2) haɓakawa, (3) takardar izini, (4) kira, (5) aikace-aikace, (6) dakatarwa da (7) kimantawa, wannan tsari yana ƙoƙarin haɗa aiwatar da manufofi zuwa manufofin da aka tsara. Ɗaya daga cikin sigar James E. Anderson, a cikin littafinsa na ''"Public Policy-Making'' " (1974) yana da matakai kamar haka: # Tsarin Ajanda (Gano matsala) - Fahimtar wani batu a matsayin matsala da ke buƙatar ƙarin kulawar gwamnati. # Tsarin manufofi - Ya ƙunshi bincika zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban ko hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalar. (kimantawa, tattaunawa, tsari, da haɗaka) # Shawarwari - Gwamnati tana yanke shawara kan matakin da za ta ɗauka, ko za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin da ake da shi a yanzu ko kuma ta sauya shi. (Shawara na iya zama 'mai kyau', 'mara kyau', ko 'babu wani aiki') # Aiwatarwa - Za a aiwatar da shawarar da aka yanke a baya. # Kimantawa - Yana tantance ingancin manufofin gwamnati dangane da manufofinta da sakamakon da aka fahimta. Masu ruwa da tsaki kan harkokin siyasa suna ƙoƙarin tantance ko matakin da za a ɗauka ya yi nasara ko bai yi nasara ba ta hanyar duba tasirinsa da sakamakonsa. Sigar Anderson ta samfurin matakai ita ce mafi shahara kuma an san ta sosai daga cikin samfuran. Duk da haka, ana iya ganinsa a matsayin wanda ba shi da kyau. A cewar Paul A. Sabatier, samfurin ya "wuce amfaninsa" kuma ya kamata a maye gurbinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabatier |first=Paul A. |date=June 1991 |title=Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ps-political-science-politics_1991-06_24_2/page/147 |journal=PS: Political Science and Politics |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.2307/419923 |jstor=419923 |s2cid=153841704}}</ref> Matsalolin samfurin sun haifar da wani yanayi mai sarkakiya inda bincike na yanzu da sabbin nau'ikan samfurin suka ci gaba da dogaro da tsarin da Anderson ya ƙirƙira. Amma an yi watsi da manufar tsarin matakai, wanda ke kai hari ga matsayin zagayowar a matsayin wani abu mai zurfi. Saboda waɗannan matsalolin, madadin da sabbin nau'ikan samfurin sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar cikakken ra'ayi game da zagayowar manufofi. An tsara tsarin manufofi matakai takwas dalla-dalla a cikin ''Littafin Jagorar Manufofin Australiya'' na Peter Bridgman da Glyn Davis : (yanzu tare da Catherine Althaus a bugu na 4 da 5) # Gano matsalar # Nazarin Manufofi # Shawarwari (wanda ya mamaye dukkan tsarin) # Ƙirƙirar kayan aiki na manufofi # Gina haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa # Tsarin Shirin: Yin Shawara # Aiwatar da Manufofi # Kimanta Manufofi Tsarin Althaus, Bridgman & Davis yana da tsari mai zurfi kuma mai maimaitawa . Yana da tsari da gangan (jagora ce ga abin da masu tsara manufofi ya kamata su yi), kuma ba a yi shi a matsayin samfurin bincike ko hasashen abubuwa ba (kayan aiki don bayyana ko hasashen abin da zai faru) . Yawanci ana siffanta zagayowar manufofi a matsayin rungumar tsarin gargajiya, kuma suna bayyana hanyoyin daga mahangar masu yanke shawara kan manufofi. Saboda haka, wasu masana ilimi bayan kammala karatunsu suna ƙalubalantar samfuran da ke zagaye a matsayin waɗanda ba su da amsa kuma ba su da tabbas, suna fifita samfuran tsari da rikitarwa. Suna la'akari da nau'ikan masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin manufofi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]], masana, cibiyoyin bincike ko cibiyoyin bincike na manufofi, kamfanoni, masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, da sauransu. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Yawanci ana yada manufofi ta hanyar takardu na hukuma da aka rubuta. Takardun manufofi galibi suna zuwa da amincewa ko sa hannun ikon zartarwa a cikin ƙungiya don halatta manufar da kuma nuna cewa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mai aiki. Irin waɗannan takardu galibi suna da tsari na yau da kullun waɗanda suka dace da ƙungiyar da ke fitar da manufar. Duk da cewa irin waɗannan tsare-tsare sun bambanta a tsari, takardun manufofi galibi suna ɗauke da wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa, ciki har da: * ''Bayanin manufa'', wanda ke bayyana dalilin da yasa ƙungiyar ke fitar da manufar, da kuma yadda tasirinta ko sakamakonta ya kamata ya kasance. * Bayanin ''aiki da iyaka'', wanda ke bayyana wanda manufar ta shafa da kuma ayyukan da manufar ta shafa. Amfani da kuma iyakokinsa na iya ware wasu mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko ayyuka daga cikin buƙatun manufofin. Ana amfani da amfani da kuma iyaka don mayar da hankali kan manufofin kawai kan manufofin da ake so, da kuma guje wa sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba inda zai yiwu. * ''Ranar da za ta fara aiki'' wadda ke nuna lokacin da manufar za ta fara aiki. Manufofin da suka yi baya-baya ba kasafai suke ba, amma ana iya samun su. * Sashen ''alhakin'', wanda ke nuna waɗanne ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da bayanan manufofi na mutum ɗaya. Yawancin manufofi na iya buƙatar kafa wani aiki ko aiki mai gudana. Misali, manufar siyayya na iya ƙayyade cewa za a ƙirƙiri ofishin siyayya don aiwatar da buƙatun siyayya, kuma wannan ofishin zai ɗauki alhakin ayyukan da ke ci gaba. Nauyin da ke wuyansu galibi ya haɗa da gano duk wani tsari [[Tsarin mulki|na kulawa]] da/ko shugabanci da ya dace. * ''Bayanin manufofi'' da ke nuna takamaiman ƙa'idodi, buƙatu, ko gyare-gyare ga halayen ƙungiya da manufar ke ƙirƙira. Kalaman manufofi sun bambanta sosai dangane da tsari da manufarsa, kuma yana iya ɗaukar kusan kowace irin hanya. Wasu manufofi na iya ƙunsar ƙarin sassa, gami da: * ''Bayani'', wanda ke nuna duk wani dalili, tarihi, bayanan tarihin ɗabi'a, da/ko niyya da suka kai ga ƙirƙirar manufar, wanda za a iya lissafa shi a matsayin ''abubuwan da ke ƙarfafa gwiwa'' . Wannan bayanin sau da yawa yana da matuƙar amfani idan dole ne a tantance ko a yi amfani da manufofi a cikin yanayi marasa tabbas, kamar yadda manufar doka za ta iya zama da amfani ga kotu wajen yanke hukunci kan shari'ar da ta shafi wannan doka. * ''Ma'anoni'', waɗanda ke ba da ma'anoni bayyanannu kuma ba tare da wata shakka ba ga sharuɗɗa da ra'ayoyi da aka samu a cikin takardar manufofin. == Nau'ikan manufofi == Nau'o'in manufofi sun haɗa da waɗanda gwamnati, jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a suka tsara, da kuma waɗanda aka amince da su a cikin kasuwanci. Jam'iyyun siyasa suna amfani da manufofi don bayyana tushen da suke neman goyon bayan jama'a a zaɓe. A cikin kasuwanci, manufofin albarkatun ɗan adam da manufofin siye suna ba da misalai na yadda ƙungiyoyi ke ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idodin doka da kuma guje wa mummunan tasiri. Manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna da manufofi da ke nuna cewa duk sayayya sama da wani ƙima dole ne a yi ta hanyar tsarin siye. Ta hanyar buƙatar wannan tsarin siye na yau da kullun ta hanyar manufofi, ƙungiyar za ta iya iyakance ɓarna da daidaita yadda ake siye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herbert |first=Peter |date=1984 |title=The financial implications of purchasing policy |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-general-management_summer-1984_9_4/page/36 |journal=Journal of General Management |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1177/030630708400900403 |s2cid=168835724}}</ref> Masanin kimiyyar siyasa ɗan Amurka Theodore J. Lowi ya gabatar da nau'ikan manufofin jama'a guda huɗu, wato ''rarrabawa'', ''sake rarrabawa'', ''tsara dokoki'' da kuma ''abubuwan da suka shafi'' a cikin kasidarsa "Tsarin Manufofi Huɗu, Siyasa da Zabi" da kuma a cikin "Kasuwancin Amurka, Manufofin Jama'a, Nazarin Shari'a da Ka'idar Siyasa". Manufofin sun shafi manufar ƙungiyar, ko ta gwamnati ce, ta kasuwanci, ta ƙwararru, ko kuma ta son rai. An yi nufin manufofi su shafi duniyar "ainihin", ta hanyar jagorantar shawarwarin da aka yanke. Ko an rubuta su a hukumance ko a'a, yawancin ƙungiyoyi sun gano manufofi. <ref name=":0" /> Ana iya rarraba manufofi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ga misali na nau'ikan manufofi daban-daban da aka raba ta hanyar tasirinsu ga membobin ƙungiyar. <ref name=":0" /> === Mai rarrabawa === Manufofin rarrabawa sun haɗa da rarraba albarkatu, ayyuka, ko fa'idodi ga takamaiman ƙungiyoyi ko daidaikun mutane a cikin al'umma. Babban halayyar manufofin rarrabawa shine suna da nufin samar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka ga ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya ba tare da rage yawan wadatar ko fa'idodin wasu ƙungiyoyi ba. Sau da yawa ana tsara waɗannan manufofi ne don haɓaka daidaito a tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa. Misalan sun haɗa da tallafin kuɗi ga manoma, shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a, da kuma kuɗaɗen tallafin ilimi ga jama'a. === Dokokin ƙa'ida === Manufofin ƙa'idoji suna da nufin sarrafa ko daidaita halaye da ayyukan mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko masana'antu. An yi nufin waɗannan manufofi ne don magance matsalolin da suka shafi tsaron jama'a, kare masu amfani da kayayyaki, da kuma kiyaye muhalli. Manufofin dokoki sun haɗa da sa hannun gwamnati ta hanyar dokoki, ƙa'idoji, da kuma kulawa. Misalan sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin muhalli, dokokin aiki, da ƙa'idodin aminci ga abinci da magunguna. Wani misali na wata manufa mai nasara ta tsarin gwamnati ita ce ta iyakance gudu a manyan hanyoyi. <ref name=":0" /> === Nauyin Majalisa === Manufofin tsarin mulki ba sa damuwa da rabon albarkatu ko tsara halaye, sai dai sun fi mai da hankali kan wakiltar abubuwan da jama'a ke so da kuma dabi'unsu. Waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da magance matsalolin jama'a da batutuwan da ƙila ba su da wata tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arziki ko ƙa'idoji. Sau da yawa suna nuna kyawawan dabi'u da imani na al'umma. Manufofin tsarin mulki na iya haɗawa da alamun alama, kamar ƙudirin gane abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi ko kuma sanya alamun jiha a hukumance. Manufofin tsarin mulki kuma suna magance manufofin kuɗi a wasu yanayi. <ref name=":0" /> === Rarrabawa na sake rarrabawa === Manufofin rabawa sun haɗa da canja wurin albarkatu ko fa'idodi daga wata ƙungiya zuwa wata, yawanci daga masu kuɗi ko masu gata zuwa ga waɗanda ba su da galihu. Waɗannan manufofi suna neman rage rashin daidaito a fannin tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa ta hanyar ɗaukar waɗanda ke da ƙari da kuma samar wa waɗanda ke da ƙasa da haka. Harajin da ake ci gaba da biya, shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a, da kuma tallafin kuɗi ga gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi misalai ne na manufofin sake rarrabawa. === Kwance === Tsarin manufofi da aiwatarwa na kwance ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin iyakokin gwamnati da ma'aikatu da kuma a sassa daban-daban na zamantakewa. Manufarta ita ce magance matsalolin zamantakewa masu yawa kamar talauci da haɗin kai a cikin al'umma . Misali ɗaya shine Dokar [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ''don Yaƙi da Talauci da Warewar Jama'a'' (2002), da dabarun da tsare-tsaren aiki da ke tare da ita. A cewar binciken Gail Motsi game da tsara manufofi na kwance ga Cibiyar Gudanarwa, nasarar shirye-shiryen kwance sun dogara ne akan la'akari mai kyau na ''abin da ake buƙatar rabawa'' da kuma ''lokacin da ake buƙatar rabawa'' . Akwai ci gaba tsakanin raba bayanai, raba manufofi da raba iko, inda raba bayanai gabaɗaya shine mafi sauƙin kafawa, kuma raba iko shine mafi wahala. == Manyan makarantu na siyasa == [[File:Centre_for_International_Governance_Innovation_2.jpg|thumb| Makarantar Balsillie ta Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya a harabar CIGI]] [[File:Blavatnik_School_of_Government,_Oxford.JPG|thumb|Blavatnik School of Government building]] * Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Balsillie * Makarantar Gwamnati ta Blavatnik * Goldman School of Public Policy a Jami'ar California Berkeley * Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London * Kwalejin Sarki ta London * Jami'ar Chicago Harris School of Public Policy * Kwalejin Heinz na Tsarin Bayanai da Manufofin Jama'a a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon * Makarantar Gwamnati ta Harvard Kennedy * Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Hertie * Munk Makarantar Harkokin Duniya da Manufofin Jama'a * Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Norman Paterson * Makarantar Paul H. Nitze ta Nazarin Kasa da Kasa * Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Princeton * Kimiyya Po Paris * Jami'ar Cambridge * Jami'ar Glasgow * Jami'ar Warwick * Jami'ar Paris Nanterre == Subtypes == {{Columns-list|* [[Corporate governance|Company policy]] * Communications and [[information policy]] * [[Human resource policies]] * [[Privacy policy]] * [[Public policy]] * [[Defense policy]] * [[Domestic policy]] * [[Economic policy]] * [[Education policy]] * [[Energy policy]] * [[Environmental policy]] * [[Foreign policy]] * [[Forest]] policy * [[Health policy]] * [[Macroeconomic policy]] * [[Monetary policy]] * [[Plan]] * [[Human population control|Population policy]] * [[Public policy (law)|Public policy in law]] * [[Science policy]] * [[Security policy]] * [[Social policy]] and [[cultural policy]] * [[Urban planning|Urban policy]] * [[Transport policy]] * [[Water policy]]}} == Shigar da manufofi == [[File:Multiple_streams_framework_(version_2).png|thumb| Tsarin rafuka da yawa yana bayyana cewa canje-canjen manufofi na faruwa ne lokacin da aka daidaita fahimtar matsaloli, tsara manufofi da tallafin siyasa.]] A cikin tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani na zamani da kuma zaɓen wakilai da yanke shawara iri ɗaya, galibi ana gabatar da gaurayen manufofi dangane da abubuwan da suka haɗa da shahara a cikin jama'a (wanda ke tasiri ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da ilimi da kuma asalin al'adu ), tattalin arziki na zamani (kamar abin da ke da amfani ko nauyi a cikin dogon lokaci da na kusa) da kuma yanayin gasa na duniya gabaɗaya (sau da yawa shine abin da siyasa ta ƙasa ta fi mayar da hankali a kai). A fakaice, abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da gasar siyasa da sauran jam'iyyu da kuma kwanciyar hankali a zamantakewa da kuma muradun ƙasa a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya.   Ana iya tsara manufofi ko abubuwan manufofi ta hanyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa ko kuma hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taeihagh |first=Araz |date=1 June 2017 |title=Network-centric policy design |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2046 |journal=Policy Sciences |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=317–338 |doi=10.1007/s11077-016-9270-0 |issn=1573-0891 |s2cid=157209343}}</ref> Za a iya gano wasu zaɓuɓɓukan da kuma ƙungiyoyi da masu yanke shawara waɗanda za su ɗauki alhakin aiwatar da waɗannan manufofi - ko kuma bayyana ƙin amincewa da su -. "Jerin manufofi" wata manufa ce da ke haɗa gaurayen manufofin da ake da su ko waɗanda ake zato kuma ta tsara su a cikin tsari mai tsari. Amfani da irin waɗannan tsare-tsare na iya sa shugabanci mai sarkakiya ya zama mai ma'ana don cimma manufofi kamar [[Rage canjin yanayi|rage sauyin yanayi]] da dakatar da [[Deforestation|sare dazuzzuka]] cikin sauƙi ko kuma ya fi tasiri, adalci, inganci, halal da aiwatarwa cikin sauri. <ref name="10.1017/sus.2021.21">{{Cite journal |last=Furumo |first=Paul R. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=27 October 2021 |title=Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation |journal=Global Sustainability |language=en |volume=4 |bibcode=2021GlSus...4E..24F |doi=10.1017/sus.2021.21 |issn=2059-4798 |s2cid=239890357 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meckling |first=Jonas |last2=Sterner |first2=Thomas |last3=Wagner |first3=Gernot |date=December 2017 |title=Policy sequencing toward decarbonization |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=918–922 |bibcode=2017NatEn...2..918M |doi=10.1038/s41560-017-0025-8 |issn=2058-7546 |s2cid=158217818}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pahle |first=Michael |last2=Burtraw |first2=Dallas |last3=Flachsland |first3=Christian |last4=Kelsey |first4=Nina |last5=Biber |first5=Eric |last6=Meckling |first6=Jonas |last7=Edenhofer |first7=Ottmar |last8=Zysman |first8=John |date=October 2018 |title=Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy stringency |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=861–867 |bibcode=2018NatCC...8..861P |doi=10.1038/s41558-018-0287-6 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=92543128}}</ref>   Hanyoyin zamani na yin manufofi ko yanke shawara na iya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka haifar da rikice-rikice waɗanda ke "ƙasƙantar da daidaiton manufofi da aka kafa a hukumomi" kuma bazai kasance koyaushe suna aiki ba dangane da hanawa da magance matsaloli yadda ya kamata, musamman lokacin da ake buƙatar manufofi marasa amfani, ƙa'idojin ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri waɗanda ke da buƙatu na musamman, haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen duniya da tunani da gudanarwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da amsawa ba.<ref name="stanf">{{cite news |title=Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow deforestation |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-10-reveal-sequence-policies-essential-deforestation.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref> A wannan ma'anar, "jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa a farkon lokaci" yana nufin "ra'ayin cewa abubuwan da suka faru a farkon lokaci a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin tsari suna haifar da jerin halayen da suka shafi dalili da kuma martanin da ke haifar da ci gaba daga baya". Wannan ra'ayi ne daban da tsarin manufofi domin na biyun na iya buƙatar matakai daga ɓangarori da yawa a matakai daban-daban don ci gaban jerin, maimakon "firgita", ƙarfin-ƙarfi ko kuma tasirin jerin abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin duniyar zamani mai cike da haɗin kai, shugabanci mai alkibla ɗaya ya zama mafi mahimmanci - irin wannan "yana buƙatar haɗakar matakai da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda aka ɗauko daga sassan gwamnati, masu zaman kansu, da na sa kai waɗanda ke da alkiblar ɗaukar nauyi da ƙarfin aiki iri ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlisle |first=Keith |last2=Gruby |first2=Rebecca L. |date=2019 |title=Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons |journal=Policy Studies Journal |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=927–952 |doi=10.1111/psj.12212 |issn=1541-0072 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manyan abubuwan da ke cikin manufofi sun haɗa da matakan umarni da iko, ba da damar matakai, sa ido, ƙarfafa gwiwa da kuma rashin ƙarfafa gwiwa. <ref name="10.1017/sus.2021.21" /> Manufar kimiyya, wacce ta shafi mafi kunkuntar ra'ayi na manufar da ta dogara da shaida, na iya zama mafi mahimmanci. Wani bita game da [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] a duniya a matsayin [[Jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar|babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwa]] - inda aka sami ƙaramin ci gaba, ya nuna cewa nasarar shawo kan barazanar da ke tattare da juna kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, sauyin yanayi, da asarar bambancin halittu yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa na duniya, " [[Kimiyya mai amfani|tsarin kimiyya]] da manufofinta na yau da kullun", misali don " bayar da bayanai kan shiga tsakani, tasiri ga bincike, da kuma jagorantar kuɗaɗen tallafi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |date=June 2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmc=11995256 |pmid=35594895 |s2cid=248905224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A fakaice, hanyoyin da suka shafi kimiyya da siyasa sun haɗa da kimiyya a cikin manufofi da kimiyya a cikin manufofi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Science-Policy Interface Platform |url=https://www.unmgcy.org/science-policy-interface |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=Major Group for Children and Youth}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Artificial intelligence in government]] * [[Blueprint]] * [[Distributive tendency]] * [[Iron triangle (US politics)|Iron triangle]] * [[Mandate (politics)]] * [[Multiple streams framework]] * [[Overton window]] * [[Pattern language]] * [[Policy alienation]] * [[Policy analysis]] * [[Policy Governance]] * [[Policy studies]] * [[Political science]] * [[Program evaluation]] * [[Public administration]] * [[Public health]] * [[Public policy (law)]] * [[Public policy schools]] * [[Public services]] * [[Social contract]] * [[Social welfare]] * [[Social work]] * [[Think tank]]}} == Manazarta ==   == Ƙarin karatu == *   * {{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=Daniel L. |last2=Hicks |first2=Joan Hamory |last3=Maldonado |first3=Beatriz |date=January 2016 |title=Women as policy makers and donors: female legislators and foreign aid |journal=[[European Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=41 |pages=46–60 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9930xyhojmjo813y9ynpb8sf4p84ygp Kimiyya ta Ƙarya 0 178197 967295 963018 2026-10-13T20:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967295 wikitext text/x-wiki !{{Databox}} [[File:Phrenological_organs,_1887_Wellcome_L0001965.jpg|thumb| Taswirar nazarin phrenology ta ƙarni na 19: a shekarun 1820, masana kimiyyar phren sun yi iƙirarin cewa hankali yana cikin sassan kwakwalwa, kuma an kai masa hari saboda shakkun cewa tunani ya fito ne daga rai mara zahiri. Daga baya aka yi watsi da ra'ayinsu na karanta "ƙumburi" a cikin kwanyar don annabta halayen mutum. <ref name="bowler">{{Cite book|last3=Peter J. Bowler}}</ref> <ref name="dtg6e">Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018). ''An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology''. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: {{Doi|10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011}}</ref> An fara kiran ilimin kimiyyar Phrenology da kimiyyar karya a shekarar 1843 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa haka. ]] '''Kimiyyar ƙarya''' ta ƙunshi kalamai, imani, ko ayyuka waɗanda ke da'awar cewa [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] ce amma ba su dace da hanyar kimiyya ba. {{Refn|Definition: * "A pretended or spurious science; a collection of related beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have". ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', second edition 1989. * "Many writers on pseudoscience have emphasized that pseudoscience is non-science posing as science. The foremost modern classic on the subject (Gardner 1957) bears the title ''[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]''. According to Brian Baigrie (1988, 438), '[w]hat is objectionable about these beliefs is that they masquerade as genuinely scientific ones.' These and many other authors assume that to be pseudoscientific, an activity or a teaching has to satisfy the following two criteria (Hansson 1996): (1) it is not scientific, and (2) its major proponents try to create the impression that it is scientific."<ref name="SEP section SciPse"/> * '"claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility" (p. 33). In contrast, science is "a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation" (p. 17)'{{sfnp|Shermer|1997}} (this was the [https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm definition adopted by] the [[National Science Foundation]]) Terms regarded as having largely the same meaning but perhaps less disparaging connotations include ''parascience,'' ''cryptoscience,'' and ''anomalistics.''<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael P. |last=Gordin |title=The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe |page=11 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-30443-4}}</ref>}} Kimiyyar ƙarya galibi ana siffanta ta da da'awa masu karo da juna, masu ƙari ko marasa gaskiya ; dogaro da son zuciya maimakon yunƙurin ƙaryatawa; rashin buɗe ido ga kimantawa daga wasu ƙwararru ; rashin ayyukan tsari yayin ƙirƙirar hasashe ; da kuma ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi tsawon lokaci bayan an yi watsi da hasashe na ƙarya ta hanyar gwaji. Ba iri ɗaya bane da ilimin kimiyya na banza, wanda aikin kimiyya ne na ƙarya ko na zamba . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyya da kimiyyar ƙarya yana da alaƙa da [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[falsafa]], da [[siyasa]] . <ref name="Imre-Lakatos">{{Cite web |last=Lakatos |first=Imre |year=1973 |title=Science and Pseudoscience |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/About/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscience.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725130745/http://richmedia.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/2002_LakatosScienceAndPseudoscience128.mp3 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science, Dept of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method |format=mp3}} {{Cite web |title=Science and Pseudoscience (transcript) |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728012423/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Masana falsafa suna muhawara kan yanayin kimiyya da kuma ka'idojin gabaɗaya don zana layi tsakanin ka'idodin kimiyya da imani na ƙarya, amma a cewar ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', " ƙirƙirar halitta, ilmin taurari, homeopathy, ɗaukar hoto na Kirlian, dowsing, ufology, ka'idar 'yan sama jannati ta da, musun Holocaust, bala'in Velikovskian, da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|musanta sauyin yanayi]] kimiyya ce ta ƙarya." <ref name="Stanford-Demarcations" /> Akwai tasirin da ke tattare da [[kula da lafiya]], amfani da shaidar ƙwararru, da kuma auna [[manufofin muhalli]] . Binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke bin akidun kimiyya na karya galibi ba sa nuna ƙarancin hujjoji, ma'ana sau da yawa ba sa buƙatar ƙarin shaida kafin su kai ga ƙarshe. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin son zuciya 'tsallake zuwa ƙarshe' wanda zai iya ƙara yaɗuwar imani na ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez-Ferreiro |first=Javier |last2=Barberia |first2=Itxaso |date=2021-12-21 |title=Believers in pseudoscience present lower evidential criteria |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=24352 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1124352R |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03816-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8692588 |pmid=34934119 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magance kimiyyar ƙarya wani ɓangare ne na ilimin kimiyya da haɓaka ilimin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gropp |first=Robert E. |date=1 August 2003 |title=Evolution Activists Organize to Combat Pseudoscience in Public Schools |journal=BioScience |volume=53 |issue=8 |page=700 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0700:EAOTCP]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |s2cid=84435133 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimiyyar ƙarya na iya haifar da illa mai haɗari. Misali, fafutukar hana allurar riga-kafi ta ƙarya da kuma haɓaka magungunan homeopathic a matsayin madadin magunguna na iya haifar da mutane su yi watsi da muhimman magungunan likita waɗanda ke da fa'idodi masu kyau ga lafiya, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa. <ref name="FKGbU">{{Cite web |last=Vyse |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Vyse |date=10 July 2019 |title=What Should Become of a Monument to Pseudoscience? |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209061824/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |publisher=Center for Inquiry}}</ref> <ref name="bxgBg">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2019 |title=How anti-vax pseudoscience seeps into public discourse |url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215171126/https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Salon}}</ref> <ref name="mav9B">{{Cite web |title=Anti-vaccination websites use 'science' and stories to support claims, study finds |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716200305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Johns Hopkins |publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da suka ƙi maganin likita na halal don cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na iya sanya wasu cikin haɗari. Ka'idojin ƙarya game da rarrabuwar launin fata da ƙabilanci sun haifar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . Kalmar ''kimiyya ta ƙarya'' galibi ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin ƙyama, domin tana nuna cewa ana gabatar da wani abu a matsayin kimiyya ba daidai ba ko ma a cikin yaudara. Saboda haka, masu aiki da masu fafutukar kimiyyar ƙarya suna yawan jayayya game da halayen. <ref name="Freitsch">{{Cite journal |last=Frietsch |first=Ute |date=7 April 2015 |title=The boundaries of science/ pseudoscience |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |url-status=live |journal=European History Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202501/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''pseudoscience'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ta ''pseudo'' ma'ana "ƙarya" <ref name="ipDIt">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510075346/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=12 April 2018 |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref> da kuma kalmar Turanci ''kimiyya'', daga kalmar Latin ''scientia'', ma'ana "ilimi". Duk da cewa kalmar ta fara amfani da ita tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 (misali, a shekarar 1796 ta James Pettit Andrews dangane da alchemy [ 20 ] ), ra'ayin kimiyyar ƙarya a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da kimiyya ta gaske ko ta dace ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Daga cikin farkon amfani da "kimiyyar ƙarya" akwai a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ''mujallar Northern Journal of Medicine'', fitowa ta 387 a shekarar 1844:   A farkon amfani da kalmar an yi ta ne a shekarar 1843 ta masanin ilimin halittar jiki na Faransa François Magendie, wanda ke nufin ilimin halittar jiki a matsayin " ''kimiyyar karya ta yanzu'' ". A ƙarni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin abin ƙyama don bayyana bayanin abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka yi iƙirarin cewa kimiyya ce, amma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar ingantattun shaidun gwaji ba. :: Yin watsi da batun zamba da gangan{{Spaced en dash}} kamar "rappings" na ' yan'uwan Fox a shekarun 1850 [ 23 ]{{Spaced en dash}}Alamar ƙarya ta kimiyya ta bambanta kimiyya {{'}} '''''mu''''' {{'}}, a wani ɓangare, daga kimiyya ta ƙarya {{'}} '''''su''''' {{'}}, a ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ta tabbatar da cewa {{'}} '''''amincinmu''''' {{'}} ayyukanmu, ka'idoji, da sauransu, idan aka kwatanta da na {{'}} '''''wasu''''' {{'}}, kimiyya ce. Akwai sharuɗɗa huɗu:<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) ƙungiyar ' '''''masu kimiyya na ƙarya'''''' ta tabbatar da cewa imaninta, ayyukanta, ka'idojinta, da sauransu, {{'}} '''''kimiyya ce''''' {{'}} ;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa hujjojin da ake zargin an tabbatar da su gaskiya ne;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa {{'}} '''''gaskiyar da aka tabbatar''''' {{'}} an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar kimiyya mai tsauri; kuma<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) wannan ikirarin ƙarya ne ko kuma yaudara: "Ba wai kawai shaidun da suka biyo baya sun karyata sakamakon da aka tabbatar ba ne, a'a, '''''ba a taɓa tabbatar da sakamakon ba tun farko''''' " {{Refn|{{harvp|Blum|1978|p=12}} [Yeates' emphasis]; also, see {{harvp|Moll|1902|pp=44–47}}{{sfnp|Yeates|2018|p=42}}}} Amma lokaci zuwa lokaci, amfani da kalmar ya faru ne ta hanyar fasaha da ta dace, don mayar da martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga tsaron mutum da na cibiyoyi a cikin zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref name="Still">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Still A, Dryden W |year=2004 |title=The Social Psychology of "Pseudoscience": A Brief History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-theory-of-social-behaviour_2004-09_34_3/page/265 |journal=J Theory Soc Behav |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=265–290 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00248.x}}</ref> == Alaƙa da kimiyya == === Hanyar kimiyya === [[File:The_Scientific_Method_(simple).png|thumb| Hanyar kimiyya ita ce zagayowar lura, tambaya, hasashe, gwaji, bincike da ƙarshe.]] Masana kimiyya sun yarda da wasu ƙa'idodi na asali a matsayin mizani don tantance ko tarin ilimi, hanya, ko aiki na kimiyya ne. Ya kamata a sake samar da sakamakon gwaji kuma wasu masu bincike su tabbatar da shi . [ 28 ] An yi nufin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don tabbatar da cewa ana iya sake maimaita gwaje-gwajen gwargwadon yanayi iri ɗaya, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko hasashe ko ka'ida da ta shafi abubuwan da aka bayar suna da inganci kuma abin dogaro. Ka'idoji suna buƙatar a yi amfani da hanyar kimiyya a ko'ina, kuma a sarrafa son zuciya don ko a kawar da ita ta hanyar bazuwar tsari, hanyoyin ɗaukar samfura masu adalci, rufe bincike, da sauran hanyoyi. Ana sa ran za a rubuta duk bayanan da aka tattara, gami da yanayin gwaji ko muhalli, don a duba su kuma a samar da su don sake duba takwarorinsu, wanda hakan zai ba da damar yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje ko nazari don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata sakamakon. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta mahimmanci, kwarin gwiwa, da kuskure suma muhimman kayan aiki ne na hanyar kimiyya. === Karya === A tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin falsafa Karl Popper ya jaddada ma'aunin rashin iya bambance [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] da wanda ba kimiyya ba . <ref name="Popper">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}} The German version is currently in print by Mohr Siebeck ({{ISBN|3-16-148410-X}}).</ref> Kalamai, hasashe, ko ka'idoji suna da ƙarya ko ƙarya idan akwai yiwuwar a tabbatar da ƙaryarsu, wato, idan zai yiwu a yi tunanin wani abu da aka lura ko wata hujja da ta musanta su. Popper ya yi amfani da ilmin taurari da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin misalan kimiyyar ƙarya da kuma [[Ka'idar Dangantaka|ka'idar dangantakar]] Einstein a matsayin misali na kimiyya. Ya raba abubuwan da ba kimiyya ba zuwa ga falsafa, lissafi, tatsuniyoyi, addini da kuma tsarin metaphysical a gefe guda, sannan kuma ya raba wasu abubuwa na kimiyya na karya a gefe guda. [ 31 ] Wani misali kuma da ke nuna buƙatar da'awar ƙarya an bayyana shi a cikin littafin Carl Sagan mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'' lokacin da yake magana game da wani [[Jegare|dodon]] da ba a gani da yake da shi a garejinsa. An fahimci cewa babu wani gwaji na zahiri da zai karyata ikirarin kasancewar wannan dodon. Duk wani gwaji da mutum yake tunanin za a iya ƙirƙirowa, akwai dalilin da ya sa bai shafi dodon da ba a gani ba, don haka ba za a taɓa tabbatar da cewa da'awar farko ba daidai ba ce. Sagan ya kammala da cewa; "To, menene bambanci tsakanin dodon da ba a gani, wanda ba shi da jiki, wanda ke iyo wanda ke tofa wuta mara zafi da kuma babu dodon kwata-kwata?" Ya bayyana cewa "rashin iyawarku na karyata hasashena ba abu ɗaya bane da tabbatar da gaskiya", [ 32 ] ya sake bayyana cewa ko da irin wannan ikirarin gaskiya ne, zai kasance daga cikin [[Ilmi|binciken kimiyya]] . === Ka'idojin Mertonian === A shekarar 1942, Robert K. Merton ya gano wani tsari na "ƙa'idoji" guda biyar waɗanda ke nuna ainihin kimiyya. Idan aka karya wani ƙa'ida, Merton ya ɗauki wannan kamfani a matsayin wanda ba kimiyya ba. Ka'idojinsa sune: * Asalin Halitta: Gwaje-gwaje da binciken da aka yi dole ne su gabatar da wani sabon abu ga al'ummar kimiyya. * Rarrabuwa: Dalilan masana kimiyya na yin amfani da wannan kimiyya dole ne kawai su kasance don faɗaɗa iliminsu. Bai kamata masana kimiyya su sami dalilai na kansu na tsammanin wasu sakamako ba. * Na duniya: Babu wani mutum da ya kamata ya sami damar samun bayanai game da gwaji cikin sauƙi fiye da wani mutum. Matsayin zamantakewa, addini, ƙabila, ko duk wani abu na mutum bai kamata ya zama abubuwan da ke haifar da ikon wani na karɓar ko aiwatar da wani nau'in kimiyya ba. * Shakka: Bai kamata a dogara da hujjojin kimiyya a kan imani ba. Ya kamata mutum ya riƙa yin tambayoyi a kowace shari'a da muhawara sannan ya riƙa duba kurakurai ko da'awar da ba ta dace ba. * Samun dama ga jama'a: Duk wani ilimin kimiyya da mutum ya samu ya kamata a bai wa kowa. Ya kamata a buga sakamakon kowane bincike a kuma raba shi ga al'ummar kimiyya. <ref name="Paradigms Lost">{{Cite book|last3=John Casti}}</ref> === Ƙin amincewa da matsaloli === A shekarar 1978, Paul Thagard ya gabatar da cewa kimiyyar karya tana da bambanci da kimiyya idan ta yi kasa da ci gaba fiye da ka'idojin madadin da aka daɗe ana amfani da su, kuma masu goyon bayanta sun kasa amincewa ko magance matsalolin da ke tattare da ka'idar. [ 34 ] A shekarar 1983, Mario Bunge ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan "filayen imani" da "filayen bincike" don taimakawa wajen bambance tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya da kimiyya, inda na farko galibi na mutum ne kuma na ra'ayin kansa ne, na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi wata hanya ta tsari. [ 35 ] Littafin 2018 game da [[Rashin amincewar kimiyya|shakkun kimiyya]] na Steven Novella, da sauransu. ''Jagorar Masu Sukar Duniya'' ta lissafa ƙiyayya ga suka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasalulluka na kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Steven Novella}}</ref> === Sukar kalmar === Larry Laudan ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar "pseudoscience" ba ta da wata ma'ana ta kimiyya kuma galibi ana amfani da ita ne don bayyana motsin zuciyar ɗan adam: "Idan za mu tashi tsaye kuma a ƙirga mu a gefen hankali, ya kamata mu cire kalmomi kamar 'pseudo-science' da 'marasa kimiyya' daga ƙamus ɗinmu; su kalmomi ne kawai marasa tushe waɗanda ke yin aikin motsin rai kawai a gare mu." <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Larry Laudan}}</ref> Hakazalika, Richard McNally ya ce, "Kalmar 'kimiyyar ƙarya' ta zama ba ta wuce kawai kalma mai tayar da hankali ba don yin watsi da abokan hamayyar mutum cikin sauri a cikin maganganun kafofin watsa labarai" da kuma "Lokacin da 'yan kasuwa masu ilimin warkewa suka yi iƙirari a madadin tsoma bakinsu, bai kamata mu ɓata lokacinmu muna ƙoƙarin tantance ko tsoma bakinsu ya cancanci a matsayin na ƙarya. Maimakon haka, ya kamata mu tambaye su: Ta yaya kuka san cewa tsoma bakinku yana aiki? Menene shaidarku?" <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNally RJ |year=2003 |title=Is the pseudoscience concept useful for clinical psychology? |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |url-status=live |journal=The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430162007/http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |archive-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> === Madadin ma'anar === Ga masana falsafa Silvio Funtowicz da Jerome R. Ravetz "za a iya bayyana kimiyyar karya a matsayin wacce dole ne a danne rashin tabbas na abubuwan da ke cikinta, don kada su sanya sakamakonta ya zama ba a tantance shi ba kwata-kwata." Ma'anar, a cikin littafin ''Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy'', ta yi nuni ga asarar ƙwarewar sana'a wajen sarrafa bayanai masu yawa, da kuma mummunan aikin cimma daidaito a cikin hasashe (ƙaddara) kawai a kan kuɗin yin watsi da rashin tabbas a cikin shigarwar da aka yi amfani da ita don tsara hasashen. Wannan amfani da kalmar ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu aikin kimiyyar bayan al'ada . An fahimce ta ta wannan hanyar, ana iya yaƙi da kimiyyar ƙarya ta amfani da kyawawan halaye don tantance rashin tabbas a cikin bayanai masu yawa, kamar NUSAP da&nbsp;– idan aka yi la'akari da samfurin lissafi&nbsp;- duba lafiyar jiki . == Tarihi == [[File:Venice_ast_sm.jpg|thumb| Alamomin taurari na zodiac]] Tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya shine nazarin ka'idojin kimiyyar ƙarya a tsawon lokaci. Kimiyyar ƙarya tarin ra'ayoyi ne da ke gabatar da kanta a matsayin kimiyya, yayin da bai cika sharuɗɗan da ya kamata a kira ta haka ba. A wasu lokutan yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin kimiyya mai kyau da kimiyya ta ƙarya. Wani shawara na raba tsakanin su biyun shine ka'idar karya, wanda aka fi dangantawa da masanin falsafa Karl Popper . A tarihin kimiyya da tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya, yana iya zama da wahala musamman a raba su biyun, saboda wasu kimiyya sun samo asali ne daga kimiyyar ƙarya. Misalin wannan sauyi shine kimiyyar [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]], wacce ta samo asali ne daga binciken kimiyya na karya ko na kimiyya kafin kimiyya . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya yana ƙara rikitar da tarihin kimiyya. Wasu kimiyyar karya ta zamani, kamar ilmin taurari da acupuncture, sun samo asali ne kafin zamanin kimiyya. Wasu kuma sun ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na akida, kamar Lysenkoism, ko kuma a matsayin martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga akida. Misalan wannan tsarin akida sune kimiyyar halitta da ƙira mai hankali, waɗanda aka haɓaka don mayar da martani ga ka'idar juyin halitta ta kimiyya. <ref name="GMUjf">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greener M |year=2007 |title=Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience? |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1107–09 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401131 |pmc=2267227 |pmid=18059309}}</ref> == Alamomin yiwuwar kimiyyar ƙarya == [[File:Rhustox.jpg|thumb| Shirye-shiryen homeopathic ''Rhus toxicodendron'', wanda aka samo daga gubar ivy]] Za a iya kiran wani batu, aiki, ko tarin ilimi mai ma'ana idan aka gabatar da shi a matsayin wanda ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin binciken kimiyya, amma a bayyane yake cewa bai cika waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba. [ 46 ] === Amfani da da'awar da ba a tabbatar da su ba, waɗanda aka yi ƙari ko waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba === * Tabbatar da ikirarin kimiyya wanda ba shi da tabbas maimakon daidai, kuma ba shi da takamaiman ma'auni.[47] * Tabbatar da da'awar da ba ta da ikon bayani ko babu.<ref name="Popper, Karl 1963">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}}</ref> * Rashin yin amfani da ma'anar aiki (watau, ma'anar jama'a game da masu canji, sharuɗɗa, ko abubuwa masu ban sha'awa don mutane ban da mai ma'anar su iya auna ko gwada su da kansu) [Lokaci 3] (Dubi kuma: Reproducibility). * Rashin yin amfani da ka'idar parsimony, watau, rashin neman bayani wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarin zato lokacin da bayani masu yawa zasu yiwu (Dubi: Occam's razor).[50] * Rashin yanayin iyaka: Yawancin ka'idodin kimiyya da aka goyi bayan sosai suna da iyakoki masu kyau waɗanda abubuwan da aka annabta suka yi kuma ba su aiki ba.<ref name="Hines1988">{{Cite book|last3=Terence Hines}}</ref> * Rashin ingantattun sarrafawa a cikin ƙirar gwaji, kamar amfani da placebos da Makantar sau biyu. * Rashin fahimtar ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya.<ref name="OsPUp">{{Cite web |last=Donald E. Simanek |title=What is science? What is pseudoscience? |url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425202814/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref> === Tarin hujjoji da bai dace ba === * Magana da ba su ba da izinin yiwuwar ma'ana cewa za a iya nuna su Ƙarya ne ta hanyar lura ko gwaji na jiki (Dubi kuma: Falsifiability).<ref name="Popper" /> * Tabbatar da da'awar cewa ka'idar ta annabta wani abu da ba a nuna shi ba.[54][47]Da'awar kimiyya cewa ba su ba da wani iko na tsinkaya ana ɗaukar su a mafi kyawun "ƙididdiga", ko kuma mafi munin "pseudoscience" (misali, ignoratio elenchi). * Tabbatar da cewa da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ƙarya ba dole ne ya zama gaskiya, kuma akasin haka (''Dubi: Tattaunawa daga jahilci''). * Dogaro da yawa akan shaidar, Shaidar labarai, ko gogewar mutum: Wannan shaidar na iya zama da amfani ga mahallin binciken (watau, ƙarni na zato), amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin tabbatarwa ba (misali, gwajin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga).[57] * Amfani da [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] da matani na addini kamar dai gaskiya ne, ko kuma tabbatar da shaida akan karatun irin waɗannan matani.<ref name="coker">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=Science versus Pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301104806/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Amfani da ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da suka faru daga fiction kimiyya kamar dai gaskiya ne. Wannan dabarar tana kira ga sanin da mutane da yawa suka riga sun kasance tare da tatsuniyoyin kimiyya ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="cokerSF">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=SF in pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154318/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Gabatar da bayanan da ke da alama suna tallafawa da'awar yayin da suke hanawa ko ƙin yin la'akari da bayanan da suka sabawa waɗancan da'awar.[60]Wannan misali ne na son zuciya ko karɓar cherry, karkatar da shaidu ko bayanai wanda ya samo asali daga hanyar da aka tattara bayanai. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da tasirin zaɓe. * Maimaita da'awar da ba a gwada ba ko da'awar waɗanda aka buga a baya a wasu wurare, da kuma inganta waɗannan da'awar kamar dai gaskiya ne; tarin irin waɗannan rahotanni na biyu marasa mahimmanci, waɗanda ba su ba da gudummawa ga binciken kansu ba, ana kiransu [[Tasirin Woozle]]. * Canja nauyin hujja: kimiyya ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke da'awar, ba a kan mai sukar ba. Tattaunawar "Pseudoscientific" na iya watsi da wannan ka'ida kuma yana buƙatar masu shakka su nuna fiye da wata shakka cewa da'awar (misali, da'awar game da ingancin sabon fasahar warkarwa) ƙarya ce. Ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da mummunan duniya ba, don haka wannan dabarar ba daidai ba ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan mai shakka maimakon a kan mai da'awar.<ref name="Lilienfeld">Lilienfeld SO (2004). ''Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology'' Guildford Press {{ISBN|1-59385-070-0}}</ref> * Roƙo ga holism kamar yadda ya saba da ragewa don watsar da mummunan binciken: masu goyon bayan da'awar pseudoscientific, musamman a cikin maganin kwayoyin halitta, madadin magani, naturopathy da lafiyar hankali, sau da yawa suna komawa ga "mantra na holism".[63] === Rashin budewa ga gwaji ta wasu masana === * Guje wa sake dubawa na tsara kafin yada sakamakon (wanda ake kira "kimiyya ta taron manema labarai"): <ref name="Lilienfeld" /> <ref name="58lDT">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gitanjali B |year=2001 |title=Peer review – process, perspectives and the path ahead |url=http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/peerReview.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=210–14 |pmid=11832629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193431/http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/PeerReview.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Wasu masu goyon bayan ra'ayoyin da suka saba wa ka'idodin kimiyya da aka yarda da su suna guje wa sanya ra'ayoyinsu ga sake dubawa, wani lokacin a kan dalilin cewa sake dubawa ya nuna son kai ga ka'idojin da aka kafa, kuma wani lokacin a bisa ka'idoji cewa ba za a iya kimanta maganganun da kyau ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya ba. Ta hanyar kasancewa a ware daga tsarin bita na tsara, waɗannan masu goyon baya sun watsar da damar samun ra'ayoyi masu gyara daga abokan aiki masu ilimi.[63] * Wasu hukumomi, cibiyoyi, da wallafe-wallafen da ke tallafawa binciken kimiyya suna buƙatar marubuta su raba bayanai don wasu su iya kimanta takarda da kansu. Rashin samar da isasshen bayani ga wasu masu bincike don sake haifar da da'awar yana taimakawa ga rashin buɗewa.[65] * Yin kira ga buƙatar sirri ko ilimin mallaka lokacin da aka nemi bita mai zaman kansa na bayanai ko hanyar.[65] * Ba a karfafa muhawara mai mahimmanci game da shaidar da masu goyon bayan dukkan ra'ayoyi suka bayar ba.[66] === Rashin ci gaba === * Rashin ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarin shaidar da'awarsa. {{Refn|"We can now propose the following principle of demarcation: A theory or discipline which purports to be scientific is pseudoscientific if and only if: it has been less progressive than alternative theories over a long period of time, and faces many unsolved problems; but the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and non confirmations."{{sfnp|Thagard|1978|pp=227–228}}}} Terence Hines ta gano ilmin taurari a matsayin wani abu da bai canza sosai ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata. [ 34 ] <ref name="Hines1988" /> * Rashin gyara kai: shirye-shiryen binciken kimiyya suna yin kurakurai, amma suna rage waɗannan kurakuran akan lokaci. [ 67 ] Sabanin haka, ana iya ɗaukar ra'ayoyin a matsayin na kimiyya na ƙarya domin ba a canza su ba duk da hujjoji masu karo da juna. Aikin ''Scientists Confront Velikovsky'' (1976) Jami'ar Cornell, ya kuma yi cikakken bayani game da waɗannan fasalulluka, kamar yadda aikin Thomas Kuhn ya yi, misali, ''Tsarin Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya'' (1962) wanda kuma ya tattauna wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jerin halayen kimiyyar ƙarya. * Muhimmancin kididdiga na tallafawa sakamakon gwaji ba ya inganta akan lokaci kuma yawanci yana kusa da ƙarshen mahimmancin ƙididdiga. Yawanci, dabarun gwaji suna inganta ko kuma a maimaita gwaje-gwajen, kuma wannan yana ƙara tabbatar da ƙarfi. Idan mahimmancin ƙididdiga bai inganta ba, wannan yawanci yana nuna cewa an maimaita gwaje-gwajen har sai an sami nasara saboda bambancin dama. === Keɓancewa na matsaloli === * Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu tsauri da kuma ɗabi'un kama-karya, danne rashin yarda da ra'ayi da kuma tunanin ƙungiyoyi na iya ƙara wa rungumar imani waɗanda ba su da tushe mai ma'ana. A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da imaninsu, ƙungiyar tana nuna masu suka a matsayin abokan gaba. [ 68 ] * Tabbatar da wani makirci daga al'ummar kimiyya ta yau da kullun, gwamnati, ko cibiyoyin ilimi don danne bayanan kimiyya na karya. Mutanen da ke yin waɗannan zarge-zargen sau da yawa suna kwatanta kansu da [[Galileo Galilei]] da tsanantawarsa daga Cocin Katolika na Roman; wannan kwatancen an fi sani da Galileo gambit . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsden, Brian |title=Recognizing Microstructural Fallacies |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712055955/http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=24 March 2014 |pages=22}}</ref> * Kai hari ga dalilai, hali, ɗabi'a, ko ƙwarewar masu suka, maimakon hujjojinsu (duba ''ad hominem'' ) [ 68 ] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ad Hominem and Related Fallacies |url=http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204164205/http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=philosophy.lander.edu}}</ref> === Amfani da harshe mai ɓatarwa === * Ƙirƙirar kalmomi masu kama da kimiyya don shawo kan waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba su yarda da maganganun da ƙila ba su da ma'ana ko kuma ba su da ma'ana: misali, wata yaudara da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita tana nufin ruwa da sunan da ba a cika amfani da shi ba " dihydrogen monoxide " kuma tana bayyana shi a matsayin babban sinadari a cikin mafi yawan mafita [[Dafi|masu guba]] don nuna yadda za a iya yaudarar jama'a cikin sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=A Simple Guide to Spotting Pseudoscience {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/critical-thinking-corner/202508/a-simple-guide-to-spotting-pseudoscience |website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref> Wannan yana da alaƙa da manufar technobabble a cikin almarar kimiyya. * Yin amfani da kalmomi da aka kafa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka nuna rashin sanin aikin yau da kullun a cikin fannin. == Yaɗuwar akidun ƙarya na kimiyya == Ma'aikatar AYUSH a Gwamnatin Indiya an yi ta ne da nufin haɓaka ilimi, bincike da yaɗa tsarin magungunan asali na asali a Indiya. Ma'aikatar ta fuskanci suka mai tsanani game da tsarin samar da kuɗaɗen da ba su da tabbas game da yanayin halitta kuma ko dai ba a gwada su ba ko kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba su da tasiri. Ingancin bincike bai yi kyau ba, kuma an ƙaddamar da magunguna ba tare da wani bincike mai zurfi na magunguna da gwaje-gwajen asibiti masu ma'ana kan Ayurveda ko wasu tsarin kiwon lafiya na daban ba. Babu wani ingantaccen tasiri ko tushen kimiyya na kowace irin wannan magani. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'', Carl Sagan ya tattauna damuwar gwamnatin China da jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China game da ci gaban kimiyyar karya ta Yamma da wasu tsoffin ayyukan China a China. Yana ganin kimiyyar ƙarya da ke faruwa a Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin duniya kuma yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ke haddasa ta, haɗarinta, ganewarta da kuma maganinta na iya zama na kowa da kowa. [ 76 ] Kashi mai yawa na al'ummar Amurka ba su da ilimin kimiyya, ba su fahimci ƙa'idodin kimiyya da hanyoyin da suka dace ba. {{Refn|"Surveys conducted in the United States and Europe reveal that many citizens do not have a firm grasp of basic scientific facts and concepts, nor do they have an understanding of the scientific process. In addition, belief in pseudoscience (an indicator of scientific illiteracy) seems to be widespread among Americans and Europeans."<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20150628032751/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|archive-date=28 June 2015 |year=2004|chapter=Chapter 7 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding: Public Knowledge About S&T|access-date=28 August 2013 |title=Science and Engineering Indicators 2004|author=National Science Board|location=Arlington, VA|publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref>}} {{Refn|"A new national survey commissioned by the California Academy of Sciences and conducted by Harris Interactive® reveals that the U.S. public is unable to pass even a basic scientific literacy test."<ref>{{cite press release|last1=Stone|first1=Stephanie|last2=Ng|first2=Andrew |title=American adults flunk basic science: National survey shows only one-in-five adults can answer three science questions correctly|publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018022148/http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raloff |first=Janet |date=21 February 2010 |title=Science literacy: U.S. college courses really count |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224518/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Science News |publisher=Society for Science & the Public}}</ref> {{Refn|"In a survey released earlier this year [2007], Miller and colleagues found that about 28 percent of American adults qualified as scientifically literate, which is an increase of about 10 percent from the late 1980s and early 1990s."<ref>{{cite web |last=Oswald|first=Tom|date=15 November 2007 |url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/ |title=MSU prof: Lack of science knowledge hurting democratic process|work=MSUToday |publisher=Michigan State University|access-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911201844/http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/|archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>}} A cikin ''Mujallar Koyar da Kimiyya ta Kwaleji'', Art Hobson ya rubuta, "Akidun kimiyya na karya sun bazu sosai a cikin al'adunmu har ma a tsakanin malaman kimiyyar makarantun gwamnati da editocin jaridu, kuma suna da alaƙa da rashin wayewar kimiyya." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobson |first=Art |year=2011 |title=Teaching relevant science for scientific literacy |url=http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105754/http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi wa ɗalibai 10,000 a cikin wannan mujallar ya kammala da cewa babu wata alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da imani da kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Impey C, Buxner S, Antonellis J, Johnson E, King C |year=2011 |title=A twenty-year survey of science literacy among college undergraduates |url=http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225058/http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NSF) ta fitar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da wani takarda kan kimiyya da injiniya wadda ta yi magana a takaice game da yawaitar kimiyyar ƙarya a zamanin yau. Ta ce, "imani da kimiyyar ƙarya ya yaɗu" kuma, a cikin wani bincike na Gallup, <ref>{{Cite web |last=David W. Moore |date=16 June 2005 |title=Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822003849/http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> ta bayyana cewa imani da misalan 10 da aka fi yarda da su na abubuwan ban mamaki da aka lissafa a cikin binciken "imani na kimiyya na ƙarya" ne. Abubuwan sun haɗa da "fahimtar abubuwa marasa ma'ana (ESP), cewa gidaje na iya zama masu farauta, fatalwowi, fahimtar juna, bayyananniyar fahimta, ilmin taurari, cewa mutane za su iya yin magana da matattu, mayu, sake haihuwa, da kuma yin hulɗa da mutane ". <ref name="nsf" /> Irin waɗannan imani a cikin kimiyyar ƙarya suna wakiltar rashin sanin yadda kimiyya ke aiki. Al'ummar kimiyya za ta iya ƙoƙarin isar da bayanai game da kimiyya saboda damuwa game da yadda jama'a ke fuskantar barazanar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. <ref name="nsf" /> Hukumar NSF ta bayyana cewa imani na karya a Amurka ya kara yaduwa a shekarun 1990, inda ya kai kololuwa a kusan shekarar 2001, sannan ya ragu kadan tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da imani na karya a matsayin abu daya. A cewar rahoton NSF, akwai ƙarancin ilimin batutuwan kimiyya na ƙarya a cikin al'umma kuma ana bin ayyukan kimiyya na ƙarya akai-akai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na manyan Amurkawa suna ɗaukar ilmin taurari a matsayin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=FOX News |date=18 June 2004 |title=Poll: More Believe In God Than Heaven |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/more-believe-in-god-than-heaven |url-status=live |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305093146/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,99945,00.html |archive-date=5 March 2009 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Humphrey |date=26 February 2003 |title=Harris Poll: The Religious and Other Beliefs of Americans 2003 |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?pid=359 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111214109/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359 |archive-date=11 January 2007 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> A Rasha, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21, an kashe makudan kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi kan shirye-shiryen nazarin gwaji na " filayen juyawa ", haƙo makamashi daga dutse mai daraja, nazarin " haɗakar makaman nukiliya mai sanyi ", da kuma "binciken ilmin taurari " da na waje ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Ma'aikatar Gaggawa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, da Duma ta Jiha <ref name="prezRAS2003" /> (duba [[:ru:Войсковая часть № 10003|Sashen Soja 10003]] ). A shekarar 2006, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Tsaro ta Tarayyar Rasha [[:ru:Спасский, Николай Николаевич|Nikolai Spassky]] ya buga wani labari a Rossiyskaya Gazeta, inda daga cikin muhimman fannoni na ci gaban bangaren makamashi na Rasha, aikin fitar da makamashi daga wani wuri shi ne tun farko. An amince da aikin [[:ru:Чистая вода (целевая программа)|Tsabtace Ruwa]] a matsayin wani aiki na jam'iyyar United Russia ; a cikin sigar da aka gabatar wa gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin shirin na 2010-2017 ya wuce dala biliyan 14. <ref name="13–14" /> === Wariyar launin fata === Akwai alaƙa da yawa tsakanin marubutan kimiyya na ƙarya da masu bincike da kuma asalinsu na ƙiyayya da Yahudawa, wariyar launin fata da kuma na 'yan Nazi . Sau da yawa suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don ƙarfafa imaninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan kimiyya mafi shahara shine Frank Collin, wani mutum da ya kira kansa ɗan Nazi wanda Frank Joseph ya rubuta a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="ocYkg">{{Cite web |title=Frank Joseph |url=https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716201807/https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=Inner Traditions}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukansa sun haɗa da batutuwan Atlantis, haɗuwa ta waje, da Lemuria da kuma sauran tsoffin wayewar kai, galibi tare da kalmomin [[Farin sarauta|fifikon fararen fata]] . Misali, ya yi nuni da cewa Turawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka kafin [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], kuma duk wayewar 'yan asalin Amurka an fara ta ne daga zuriyar fararen fata . <ref name="RxsMI">{{Cite web |last=Colavito |first=Jason |title=Review of "Power Places And The Master Builders of Antiquity" By Frank Joseph |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125111536/http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Jason Colavito}}</ref> Ba sabon batu ba ne cewa 'yan adawa na alt-right suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don gina akidunsu. Duk tushen ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa ya dogara ne akan kimiyyar ƙarya, ko wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya . A cikin wani kasidar da Sander Gilman ya rubuta daga Newsweek, Gilman ya bayyana ra'ayoyin da al'ummar kimiyyar karya ke bayarwa game da kin jinin Yahudawa. "Yuhudu kamar yadda suke bayyana a wannan duniyar kimiyya ta ƙarya ƙungiya ce da aka ƙirƙira ta mutane marasa kyau, wawaye ko wayo waɗanda ke amfani da kimiyya don cimma burinsu na mugunta. Sauran ƙungiyoyi ma, ana fentin su iri ɗaya a cikin 'kimiyyar launin fata', kamar yadda ake kiran kansu: Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, Irish, China da, to, duk wata ƙungiya da kake son tabbatar da cewa ta gaza kanka". Masu ra'ayin Neo-Nazis da kuma masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata galibi suna ƙoƙarin tallafawa ikirarinsu ta hanyar nazarin da ke "tabbatar" cewa ikirarinsu ya fi kawai ra'ayoyin da ba su da lahani. Misali, Bret Stephens ya buga wani shafi a jaridar The New York Times inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Yahudawan Ashkenazi suna da mafi girman hankali a tsakanin kowace ƙabila. Duk da haka, an yi ta tambaya akai-akai game da hanyoyin kimiyya da sakamakon da labarin da Stephens ya ambata ya cimma tun bayan buga shi. An gano cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin marubutan wannan binciken an gano shi ta Cibiyar Lauyoyin Talauci ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan kishin ƙasa. Mujallar ''Nature'' ta buga rubuce-rubuce da dama a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tana gargadin masu bincike game da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke neman yin amfani da ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman masana ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma wadanda ke aiki da tsohuwar kwayar halittar DNA . Wani kasidar a cikin ''Nature'', mai taken "Wariyar launin fata a Kimiyya: Taint That Lingers" ta lura cewa an yi amfani da kimiyyar [[Eugenics|eugenic]] ta farkon ƙarni na ashirin don yin tasiri ga manufofin jama'a, kamar Dokar Shige da Fice ta 1924 a Amurka, wacce ta nemi hana shige da fice daga Asiya da sassan Turai. <ref name="oRFef">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Robin |year=2019 |title=Racism in Science: The Taint That Lingers |journal=Nature |volume=570 |issue=7762 |pages=440–441 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..440N |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01968-z |s2cid=195354000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == dopu3z2rsv44jt6196zxtfm70nm8kzx Juyin Juya Halin da yawa 0 178230 967441 963200 2026-10-14T01:26:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>A [[Labarin kasa|fannin ilimin ƙasa]], '''juyin juya halin adadi''' ( '''QR''' ) {{Efn|During the 1940s–1970s, it was customary to capitalize generalized concept names, especially in [[philosophy]] ("Truth, Kindness, Beauty"), plus using capital letters when naming [[Ideology|ideologies]], movements, or schools of thought. Example: "the Automobile" as a concept, versus "the automobile in a garage"}} wani sauyi ne na tsari wanda ke neman haɓaka wata hanya mai tsauri da tsari ga fannin. Ya zo ne a matsayin martani ga rashin isasshen yanayin ƙasa na yanki don bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya. Babban ikirarin juyin juya halin adadi shine cewa ya haifar da sauyi daga yanayin ƙasa mai bayanin ( idiographic ) zuwa yanayin ƙasa mai yin dokoki ( nomothetic ). <ref name="Yano1">{{Cite journal |last=Yano |first=Keiji |date=2001 |title=GIS and quantitative geography |journal=GeoJournal |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1023/A:1014252827646 |s2cid=126943446}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru ne a shekarun 1950 da 1960 kuma ya nuna sauyi mai sauri a cikin hanyar da ke bayan binciken ƙasa, daga yanayin ƙasa na yanki zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya . <ref name="UA">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=The 'Quantitative Revolution': hard science or "inconsequential claptrap"? |url=http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224202547/http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=University of Aberdeen |series=GG3012(NS) Lecture 4}}</ref> A tarihin ilimin ƙasa, juyin juya halin adadi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare huɗu na juyin juya halin ƙasa na zamani - sauran ukun sune [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], yanayin ƙasa na yanki da kuma [[yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] . Ya ba da gudummawa ga reshen ilimin ƙasa na fasaha, wanda ya kai ga fitowar ilimin ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ya haɗa da [[Kimiyya ta Bayani na Yanayi|kimiyyar bayanai na ƙasa]], ilimin ƙasa, da nazarin sararin samaniya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murakami |first=Daisuke |last2=Yamagata |first2=Yoshiki |date=2020 |title=Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Chapter Six - Models in quantitative geography |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128131275000060 |journal=Methods and Urban Applications |pages=159–178 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0 |s2cid=213700891 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru a baya a fannin tattalin arziki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da kuma a lokaci guda a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] da sauran [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] da kuma a wani ɓangare kaɗan a [[tarihi]] . == Abubuwan da suka gabata == A ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da farkon shekarun 1950: * Al'adar yanki, wacce ta yi imanin cewa manufar ilimin ƙasa ita ce bayyana da kuma bayyana bambancin yanki na saman Duniya, ta mamaye nazarin ilimin ƙasa. * Rufe sassa da darussa da dama na ilimin ƙasa a jami'o'i ya faru, musamman ma, an yi watsi da shirin ilimin ƙasa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (wata cibiya mai matuƙar daraja) a shekarar 1948 a matsayin "yaƙin ilimi kan fannin ilimin ƙasa". <ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=N. |year=1987 |title="Academic war over the field of geography": The elimination of geography at Harvard, 1947–1951 |url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/geografias/article/view/34399 |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x |s2cid=145064363}}</ref> * Akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin yanayin ƙasa [[Yanayin ɗan adam|na ɗan adam]] da na zahiri - magana gabaɗaya game da [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam]] ya zama batun da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin bayanin da ya wuce gona da iri kuma ''ba kimiyya ba'' - an yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani bayani game da ''dalilin da ya sa'' aka yi tsari ko abubuwan da suka faru. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin ilimi kawai kuma "ba batun jami'a ba ne" <ref name="Smith" /> - akwai ƙalilan ko da akwai wani amfani da labarin ƙasa na zamani. * An ci gaba da muhawara kan menene ilimin ƙasa - [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[Art|fasaha]], ɗan adam ko [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] -. * Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, fasaha ta ƙara zama mai mahimmanci a cikin al'umma, kuma sakamakon haka, ilimin kimiyya na tushen nomothetic ya sami shahara da shahara. Duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kawo barazana ga matsayin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin wani fanni na ilimi, don haka masana ilimin ƙasa suka fara neman sabbin hanyoyin magance suka. == Juyin Juya Halin == Juyin juya halin adadi ya mayar da martani ga yanayin yanayin yanki wanda ya fi rinjaye a lokacin. Muhawara ta fi yawa (kodayake ba wai kawai ba) a Amurka, inda labarin ƙasa na yanki shine babbar makarantar falsafa. A farkon shekarun 1950, akwai ƙara fahimtar cewa tsarin binciken ƙasa da ake da shi bai isa ba wajen bayyana yadda tsarin zahiri, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa ke da tsari a sarari, da alaƙa da muhalli, ko kuma yadda sakamakon da suka samar ya zama shaida ga wani lokaci da wuri. Yawan masu nazarin ƙasa ya fara nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da tsarin gargajiya na fannin da kuma mai da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki, suna ɗaukar aikin a matsayin mai bayani sosai, mai rarrabuwa, kuma ba mai iya bayyanawa gaba ɗaya ba. Domin magance waɗannan damuwar, masu suka na farko kamar Ackerman <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ackerman |first=E.A. |date=1945 |title=Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=121–43 |doi=10.1080/00045604509357271}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> sun ba da shawarar tsara tsarin aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an yi ta muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen amfani da hanyoyin nazari a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na wannan shine muhawarar Schaefer da Hartshorne . A shekarar 1953, an buga wani littafi ''mai suna Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination'' . A cikin wannan aikin, Schaefer ya ƙi fassarorin Hartshorne na musamman game da fannin ilimin ƙasa da kuma sanya yankin a matsayin babban abin da ake nazari a kai. Madadin haka, Schaefer ya yi hasashen cewa babban burin sashen shi ne kafa dokokin siffofi ta hanyar binciken kimiyya, wato haɗa dokoki da hanyoyi daga wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin zamantakewa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan tsari. A gefe guda kuma, Hartshorne ya yi tsokaci kan sukar Schaefer a cikin jerin wallafe-wallafe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartshorne |first=Richard |date=1958 |title=The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> inda ya yi watsi da ra'ayoyin Schaefer a matsayin na ra'ayi da kuma sabanin ra'ayi. Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin bayyana da rarraba wurare da abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka ya yarda cewa akwai damar amfani da dokokin dangantaka ta gama gari domin haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya. Amma a ganinsa, bai kamata a sami wani tsari tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ba. Yayin da ake ci gaba da muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi, ana gudanar da tsarin tsarin ilimin ƙasa a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Amurka. Shirye-shiryen ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Jami'ar Washington sun kasance shirye-shirye na farko a wannan fanni. A Jami'ar Iowa, Harold McCarty ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin kafa dokokin haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin ƙasa. A Jami'ar Wisconsin, Arthur H. Robinson ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin haɓaka hanyoyin ƙididdiga don kwatanta taswira. Kuma a Jami'ar Washington, Edward Ullman da William Garrison sun yi aiki kan haɓaka fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, da kuma [[Ka'idar wuri na tsakiya|ka'idar matsayi ta tsakiya]] . Ɗaliban digiri daga Jami'ar Washington, kamar William Bunge, [[Artur Getis]], da Waldo R. Tobler sun faɗaɗa wannan aikin a duk tsawon ayyukansu, tare da littafin Bunge ''Theoretical Geography'' "wanda aka bayyana a matsayin" wataƙila babban rubutun juyin juya halin sarari-ƙimar adadi. " <ref name="Cox2001">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Kevin R. |date=2001 |title=Bunge, W. 1962: Theoretical geography: Commentary 1 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/030913201673714256 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |series=Classics in human geography revisited |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=71-73 |doi=10.1191/030913201673714256 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Goodchild2008">{{Cite book|edition=Rob}}</ref> <ref name="Getis1">{{Cite journal |last=Getis |first=Arthur |date=16 July 2008 |title=A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer's Perspective |journal=Geographical Analysis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |bibcode=2008GeoAn..40..297G |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00727.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun samar da tsarar masana ilimin ƙasa waɗanda suka kafa nazarin sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ajandar bincike a wasu cibiyoyi ciki har da Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Northwestern, Jami'ar Loyola, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Jami'ar Michigan, da sauransu. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar a shekarun 1950 da 1960 a ƙarƙashin tutar kawo 'tunanin kimiyya' ga yanayin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙaruwar amfani da ayyukan da suka dogara da dabaru, gami da jerin dabarun lissafi da ƙididdiga masu amfani da kwamfuta waɗanda suka inganta daidaito, da ayyukan da suka dogara da ka'ida don fahimtar wuri da sarari a cikin binciken yanayin ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin dabarun da suka nuna juyin juya halin adadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="UA" /> * Ƙididdiga masu bayani ; * Ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa ; * Lissafin lissafi na asali da samfura, kamar samfurin nauyi na kimiyyar zamantakewa, ko lissafin Coulomb; * Samfuran Stochastic masu amfani da ra'ayoyin [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]], kamar hanyoyin yaɗuwar sarari; * Samfuran da aka ƙayyade, misali samfuran Von Thünen da Weber na [[Ka'idar wuri|wurinsu]] . Abin da ya fi dacewa, wanda ya haɗa dabarun da ke sama, shine fifikon lambobi akan kalmomi da kuma imani cewa aikin lambobi yana da ingantaccen tarihin kimiyya. <ref name="UA" /> Ron Johnston da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Bristol sun buga tarihin juyin juya halin da ke jaddada canje-canje a cikin mayar da hankali mai mahimmanci da tushen falsafa da kuma hanyoyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ron Johnston |last2=Richard Harris |last3=Kelvyn Jones |last4=David Manley |last5=Wenfei Winnie Wang |last6=Levi Wolf |year=2019 |title=Quantitative methods I: The world we have lost – or where we started from |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132518774967 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1133–1142 |doi=10.1177/0309132518774967 |s2cid=150035396 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}; {{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Ron |last2=Harris |first2=Richard |last3=Jones |first3=Kelvyn |last4=Manley |first4=David |last5=Wang |first5=Wenfei Winnie |last6=Wolf |first6=Levi |year=2020 |title=Quantitative methods II: How we moved on – Decades of change in philosophy, focus and methods; |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132519869451 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=959–971 |doi=10.1177/0309132519869451 |s2cid=203064581 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ka'idojin ilimin halittu == Sabuwar hanyar bincike ta haifar da ci gaban fassarori game da fannoni na sarari a wurare daban-daban na halitta da al'adu. Gabaɗaya bayanai na iya ɗaukar nau'in hasashe, samfura, ko ka'idoji da aka gwada, kuma ana yin la'akari da binciken bisa ga ingancinsa na kimiyya, wanda ke mayar da ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar da ba ta da tushe . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da suka samar da tushe na ka'ida da falsafa na halal don sake mayar da hankali kan ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya shine littafin David Harvey, Bayani a fannin Geography, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. A cikin wannan aikin, Harvey ya tsara hanyoyi guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa: hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen yin amfani da bayanai daga lura; da kuma hanyar da za a iya cire bayanai daga bayanai, ta hanyar lura ta zahiri, ana tsara samfura da hasashe da za a iya gwadawa sannan daga baya a tabbatar da su su zama dokokin kimiyya. Ya sanya fifiko a kan hanyar ƙarshe. Wannan tsarin ra'ayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya fuskanci suka daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wata falsafar da Karl Popper ya gabatar wanda ya ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin tabbatarwa kuma ya dage cewa za a iya ƙaryata ra'ayin ne kawai. Duk da haka, falsafar ilimin halittu guda biyu sun nemi cimma manufa ɗaya: samar da dokoki da ka'idoji na kimiyya. Sauyin yanayin ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, musamman ma dangane da [[ka'idar wuri]] . Duk da haka, wasu masana ilimin ƙasa - kamar Ian Burton - sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da ƙididdigewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=I. |date=1963 |title=The quantitative revolution and theoretical geography |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-geographer_1963_7_4/page/151 |journal=Canadian Geographer |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=151–62 |bibcode=1963CGeog...7..151B |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0064.1963.tb00796.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> yayin da wasu - kamar Emrys Jones, Peter Lewis, da Goldledge da Amedeo - suka yi muhawara kan yuwuwar yin dokoki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Emrys |date=1956 |title=Cause and effect in human geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=369–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1956.tb01515.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Peter |date=1965 |title=Three related problems in the formulation of laws in geography |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_professional-geographer_1965-09_17_5/page/24 |journal=Professional Geographer |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=24–7 |bibcode=1965ProfG..17...24L |doi=10.1111/j.0033-0124.1965.024_v.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golledge |first=R.G. |last2=Amedeo |first2=D. |date=1968 |title=On laws in geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=760–74 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1968.tb01666.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> Wasu kuma, kamar F. Luckermann, sun soki bayanin kimiyya da aka bayar a fannin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin zato kuma ba shi da tushe na gwaji. Sakamakon haka, har ma samfuran da aka gwada sun kasa nuna gaskiya daidai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luckermann |first=F. |date=1965 |title=Geography: De facto or de jure |journal=Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science |volume=32 |pages=189–96}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya yi nasarar kawar da yanayin ƙasa na yanki daga matsayinsa mai rinjaye kuma sauyin yanayin ya bayyana ta hanyar ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallun ilimi na ƙasa da littattafan ilimin ƙasa. Amfani da sabon tsarin ya ba da damar da'a ta zama mai amfani ga sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. == Labarin ƙasa bayan juyin juya hali == Juyin juya halin adadi yana da babban tasiri wajen tsara fannin ilimin ƙasa zuwa yadda yake a yau ganin cewa tasirinsa ya haifar da yaɗuwar tunanin positist (bayan-positivist) da kuma martanin responsist na responsist. Ƙaruwar sha'awar nazarin nisa a matsayin muhimmin abu wajen fahimtar tsarin sararin samaniya na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar dokar farko ta ilimin ƙasa ta Waldo Tobler. <ref name="Tobler1">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=1970 |title=A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Economic Geography |volume=46 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.2307/143141 |jstor=143141 |s2cid=34085823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308014451/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-08 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Tobler2">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=2004 |title=On the First Law of Geography: A Reply |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |url-status=live |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=304–310 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |s2cid=33201684 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022730/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Walker1">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Robert Toovey |date=28 Apr 2021 |title=Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept |journal=Geographical Review |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=591–607 |doi=10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670 |s2cid=233620037}}</ref> Ci gaban nazarin sararin samaniya a fannin ilimin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙarin aikace-aikace a tsarin tsarawa da kuma ci gaba da haɓaka ilimin ƙasa na fasaha wanda aka bayar ga binciken ilimin ƙasa, wani muhimmin tushe na ka'ida. Amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fannin ilimin ƙasa shi ma ya haifar da sabbin ci gaba a fannin ilimin geomatics, kamar ƙirƙirar da amfani da GIS da kuma na'urar gano abubuwa daga nesa . <ref name="St. Martin1">{{Cite journal |last=St. Martin |first=Kevin |last2=Wing |first2=John |date=2007 |title=The Discourse and Discipline of GIS |journal=Cartographica |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=235–248 |doi=10.3138/carto.42.3.235}}</ref> Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru sun ba wa masana ilimin ƙasa damar tantance samfura masu rikitarwa akan cikakken tsari da kuma a kan sarari da lokaci da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittun sararin samaniya. Har zuwa wani mataki, ci gaban ilimin geomatics ya taimaka wajen ɓoye bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa]] na zahiri da na ɗan adam, kamar yadda za a iya tantance sarkakiyar yanayin ɗan adam da na halitta akan sabbin samfuran lissafi. === Suka da martani === Mayar da hankali kan tsarin kididdiga wanda juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar ya haifar da damuwa cewa dabarun za su cire 'bangaren ɗan adam' daga wani fanni. Yayin da shekarun 1970 suka waye, juyin juya halin adadi ya fuskanci ƙalubale kai tsaye. <ref name="UA" /> Martanin masu ra'ayin nuna wariya ya zo ne yayin da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suka fara fallasa rashin isassun hanyoyin adadi don bayyanawa da magance matsalolin da suka shafi launin fata, jinsi, aji da yaƙi. David Harvey ya yi watsi da ayyukan da ya yi a baya inda ya yi kira ga juyin juya halin adadi kuma ya rungumi tsarin ka'idar Marxist . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=David |date=1972 |title=Revolutionary and counter revolutionary theory in geography and the problem of ghetto formation |url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/10214/1818/1/11-Harvey.pdf |journal=Antipode |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=1972Antip...4....1H |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1972.tb00486.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba sabbin ƙananan fannoni za su fito a cikin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|ilimin yanayin ɗan adam]] don ba da gudummawa ga sabon ƙamus don magance waɗannan batutuwa, gami da [[Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci|ilimin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] da [[Yanayi na mata|ilimin yanayin mata]] . Waɗannan fannoni sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don magance abin da bincikensu ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=R |display-authors=et al. |year=2014 |title=One step forward but two steps back to the proper appreciation of spatial science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261062153 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/2043820614526818 |s2cid=131585880 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wani mai sharhi ya bayyana wannan a matsayin "gudummawa mai ban mamaki. Wannan bincike ne mai zurfi game da gadon rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a kimiyyar sararin samaniya—wanda aka sanya a cikin muhimmin aiki mai ginawa tare da rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a cikin ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyly |first=E |year=2014 |title=The new quantitative revolution |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2043820614525732 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=26–38 |doi=10.1177/2043820614525732 |s2cid=147480267 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An sami martani da yawa ga waɗannan suka, da kuma sukar da aka yi wa sabbin fannoni da suka bayyana a matsayin martani ga juyin juya halin adadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cewa masu sukar sabbin hanyoyin ba su fahimce su ba, suna sukar ayyukan da suka gabata, ko kuma suna fafutukar neman hanyoyin da ba na kimiyya ba. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Duk da cewa mutane da yawa za su yi iƙirarin cewa an maye gurbin juyin juya halin adadi da sabbin siffofi, kuma cewa hujjojin sun kasance tarihi, wataƙila za a iya kwatanta shi da rabuwar ƙasa mai yawa da yanayin ƙasa mai inganci waɗanda ke rayuwa tare kuma suna ci gaba da aro daga binciken juna. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Barnes ya nuna cewa babu wani sabani na gaske tsakanin yanayin ƙasa mai ƙima da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yana mai ambaton cewa har ma "mai sukar zamantakewa na ƙarshe", [[Karl Marx]], ya ba da muhimmanci sosai ga hanyoyin lissafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |date=2009-07-06 |title=“Not Only … But Also”: Quantitative and Critical Geography |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_professional-geographer_2009-08_61_3/page/292 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/00330120902931937}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Juyin al'adu * [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|Ƙaddamar da Muhalli]] * Ƙididdigar ƙasa * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa * Kyakkyawar niyya * Hanyoyin ƙididdigewa * Yanayin ƙasa na yanki * Kimiyyar yanki * Hanyar kimiyya * Kyautar Vautrin Lud == Ƙarin karatu == * ''Kimiyya, Falsafa da Yanayin Ƙasa na Jiki'' . Robert Inkpen, Routledge,{{ISBN|0-415-27954-2}} . * ''Bayani a fannin Geography'', David Harvey, E Arnold,{{ISBN|0-7131-5464-0}} . * ''Manyan Masu Tunani Kan Sararin Samaniya da Wuri'', Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine, Sage Publications Ltd,{{ISBN|0-7619-4963-1}} . * ''Adalci na Jama'a da Birni'', Ira Katznelson (Gabatarwa), David Harvey, Blackwell Publishers,{{ISBN|0-631-16476-6}} . * ''Al'adar Yanki: Shirye-shirye a Tarihin Kasuwanci Mai Takaici'', David N. Livingstone, Blackwell Publishers{{ISBN|0-631-18586-0}} . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216113257/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~geo337/gg3012/qrev.html 'Juyin Juya Halin Adadi': kimiyya mai ƙarfi ko "taɓarɓarewar da ba ta da wani tasiri"?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224050208/http://www.csulb.edu/~gossette/classes/g596/quant_rev.html Juyin Juya Halin Adadi a Yanayin Kasa: Lambobi, Ƙididdiga, Ka'idoji da Samfura] * * [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == mu0vok89rezday3c4bjom4p8ugjsgoi Ɗa 0 178231 967435 963220 2026-10-14T01:12:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 5 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:International_children_dressed_in_their_native_costumes_participate_in_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_-_DPLA_-_4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg|thumb|250x250px| Yara na ƙasashen duniya sanye da kayan gargajiya a Liberty Weekend]] '''Yaro''' ( pl. yara ) [[Ɗan Adam|mutum]] ne tsakanin matakan [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child">{{Cite web |title=Child |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]}}</ref> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban [[jariri]] da balaga. Kalmar kuma tana iya nufin ɗan adam da ba a haifa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/31619 |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[OED.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster.com]]}}</ref> A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ma'anar doka ta ''yaro'' gabaɗaya tana nufin [[Ƙananan (doka)|ƙarami]], a wannan yanayin a matsayin mutumin da bai kai [[Shekarun girma|shekarun zama ƙarami ba]] (akwai keɓancewa kamar, misali, shan giya da siyan giya ko da bayan shekarun zama ƙarami ne <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink? |url=https://alcohol.org/laws/underage-drinking/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Alcohol.org |language=en}}</ref> ), ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban jiki, hankali da jima'i a matsayin [[Baligi|manya]] na halitta ba. <ref name="Child" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and the law |url=https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-protection-system/children-the-law/child-protection-system/children-the-law |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=NSPCC Learning}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2018 |title=23.8: Adulthood |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.8%3A_Adulthood#:~:text=Defining%20Adulthood,-Adulthood%20is%20the&text=A%20person%20may%20be%20physically,by%20law%20until%20older%20ages. |website=LibreTexts - Biology |quote=A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.}}</ref> Yara gabaɗaya ba su da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙoƙi]] da nauyi kaɗan fiye da manya. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba. ''Yaro'' kuma zai iya bayyana dangantaka da iyaye (kamar 'ya'ya maza da mata na kowane zamani) <ref>{{Cite web |title=For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18 |url=http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072300/http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Ssa.gov}}</ref> ko, a taƙaice, wani mutum mai iko, ko kuma yana nuna zama memba na ƙungiya a cikin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko addini; yana kuma iya nuna cewa wani lokaci, wuri, ko yanayi ya shafe shi sosai, kamar a cikin "ɗan yanayi" ko "ɗan shekaru sittin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229155809/http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> == Ma'anonin ilmin halitta, shari'a da zamantakewa == [[File:Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg|thumb| Yara suna wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, zane-zanen Romawa, ƙarni na 2 AD]] A fannin kimiyyar halittu, yawanci ana bayyana yaro a matsayin mutum tsakanin haihuwa da balaga, <ref name="Child" /> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban jariri da balaga. A shari'a, kalmar ''yaro'' na iya nufin duk wanda bai kai shekarun girma ba ko kuma wani iyaka na shekaru. Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara]] ta bayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin, "Mutum ɗan ƙasa da shekara 18 sai dai idan [[Doka|dokar]] da ta shafi yaron ta cika, an samu [[Shekarun girma|rinjaye]] da wuri." <ref name="un">{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Kasashe 192 cikin 194 na mambobin sun amince da wannan. Kalmar ''yaro'' kuma tana iya nufin wanda bai kai wani ƙayyadadden shekaru da doka ta tanada ba tare da alaƙa da shekarun da ya fi girma ba. Misali, a [[Singafora|Singapore]], ana ayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 14 ba a ƙarƙashin "Dokar Yara da Matasa" yayin da shekarunsa na manya shine 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and Young Persons Act |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054418/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=21 October 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Ministry of Law]]}}</ref> A cikin Dokar Shige da Fice ta Amurka, yaro yana nufin duk wanda bai kai shekara 21 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Wasu ma'anonin Ingilishi na kalmar ''yaro'' sun haɗa da tayin (wani lokacin ana kiransa ''da ba a haifa ba'' ). A al'adu da yawa, ana ɗaukar yaro a matsayin babba bayan ya yi wani al'ada na haihuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai yi daidai da lokacin balaga ba. Yara gabaɗaya suna da 'yanci ƙasa da na manya kuma ana rarraba su a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba, kuma a bisa doka dole ne koyaushe su kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar babba ko mai kula da yara, ko iyayensu sun sake su ko a'a. == Matakan ci gaban yara == === Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya === [[File:Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG|thumb| Yara suna buga goge a cikin wani taron waƙa na rukuni, Ithaca, New York, 2011]] [[File:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg|thumb| Yara a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], 2011]] [[File:Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg|thumb| Yaro yana buga piano, 1984]] Yaronta yaro yana bin matakin [[jariri]] kuma yana farawa tare da jariri lokacin da yaro ya fara magana ko daukar matakai da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake ƙuruciya ta ƙare a kusa da shekaru 3 lokacin da yaro ya zama ƙasa da dogaro da taimakon iyaye don buƙatu na asali, ƙuruciya tana ci gaba kusan har zuwa shekaru 5 ko 6. Koyaya, a cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara, ƙuruciya ta ƙwarewa ta haɗa da jariri. A wannan matakin yara suna koyo ta hanyar lura, gwaji da sadarwa tare da wasu. Manya suna kula da tallafawa tsarin ci gaban yaro, wanda zai haifar da ikon cin gashin kai na yaro. Har ila yau, a wannan matakin, an kirkiro dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin yaro da masu ba da kulawa. Yara kuma suna fara makarantar sakandare da makarantar sakandare a wannan shekarun; sabili da haka, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa. === Yarantaka ta tsakiya === Tsakiyar yara tana farawa a kusa da shekaru 7, kuma tana ƙare a kusa da shekara 9 ko 10. Tare, ana kiran ƙuruciya ta farko da ta tsakiya shekaru masu tasowa. A wannan lokacin na tsakiya, yara suna bunkasa cikin zamantakewa da tunani. Suna kan mataki inda suke samun sabbin abokai kuma suna samun sabbin ƙwarewa, wanda zai ba su damar zama masu zaman kansu da haɓaka mutuntakarsu. A lokacin ƙuruciya, yara suna shiga shekarun makaranta, inda aka gabatar da su da wani yanayi daban da yadda aka saba da shi. Wannan sabon wuri yana haifar da sabbin ƙalubale da fuska ga yara. A lokacin shigar makaranta, rikice-rikicen hankali waɗanda ba za a lura da su ba sun bayyana. Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan sun haɗa da: autism, [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]], dyscalculia, da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].: 303-309 [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na musamman]], mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, martani ga shiga tsakani da Shirye-shiryen ilimi na mutum duk shirye-shirye ne na musamman don taimakawa yara masu nakasa.<ref name="Berger_2017" />{{Rp|310–311}} Tsakiyar yara shine lokacin da yara suka fara fahimtar alhakin kuma abokan aikinsu da iyayensu suka fara tsara su. Ayyuka da yanke shawara masu alhakin sun zo a wannan lokacin, kamar yadda kwatancin zamantakewa da wasan zamantakewa ke yi.:{{Rp|338}} A lokacin wasan zamantakewa, yara suna koyon juna da koyar da juna, sau da yawa ta hanyar lura. === Ƙarshen ƙuruciya === Preadolescence wani Matasa ne na ci gaban ɗan adam bayan ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Preadolescence ana bayyana shi a matsayin shekaru 9-12, yana ƙare tare da babban farkon balaga, tare da alamomi kamar menarche, spermarche, da kuma mafi girman saurin tsawo yana faruwa. Wadannan canje-canje yawanci suna faruwa tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 14. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman lokacin shekaru 2 kafin babban farkon balaga.Pre-mature na iya kawo ƙalubale da damuwa. Yara masu zuwa suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da duniya daga yara ƙanana a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yawanci, ra'ayinsu ya fi dacewa da rayuwa fiye da duniya mai zurfi, mai ban sha'awa na ƙuruciya. Preadolescents suna da mafi girma, mai hankali, tunani da ayyuka na gaskiya: 'mafi girman matakin ci gaba... yaro ba shi da motsin rai a yanzu.'Preadolescents na iya kallon dangantaka ɗan adam daban-daban (misali suna iya lura da kuskuren, bangaren ɗan adam na ƙididdigar iko). Tare da wannan, suna iya fara haɓaka ma'anar kansu, kuma suna da ƙaruwa na 'yancin kai: 'yana iya jin mutum, ba "kawai ɗaya daga cikin iyali ba. ' == Matakan ci gaba bayan yara == === Matasa === [[File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg|thumb|Yarinya matashiya, wanda Paolo Monti ya ɗauka]] [[Samartaka|Matasa]] yawanci ana ƙaddara ta kasance tsakanin farkon balaga da ƙuruciya ta doka: galibi daidai da shekarun matasa (13-19). Koyaya, [[balaga]] yawanci yakan fara ne kafin shekarun matasa (10 - 11 ga 'yan mata da 11 - 12 ga yara maza). Kodayake a cikin halitta yaro ɗan adam ne tsakanin matakai na [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child" /> matasa ana ɗaukar su yara bisa doka, saboda ba su da haƙƙin manya kuma har yanzu ana buƙatar su halarci makaranta a al'adu da yawa, kodayake wannan ya bambanta. Farawar balaga yana kawo canje-canje daban-daban na jiki, tunani da halayyar mutum. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya da farkon balaga ya bambanta da ƙasa da aiki, kuma har ma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ko al'ada akwai yiwuwar shekaru daban-daban waɗanda ake ɗaukar mutum ya isa ya ba da izini ga al'umma tare da wasu ayyuka. == Tarihi == [[File:Su_Han_Ch'en_001.jpg|thumb|Playing Children, ta hanyar Song dynasty Chinese artist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.]] A lokacin [[Renaissance]] na Turai, zane-zane na yara ya karu sosai, wanda ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan halin zamantakewa ga yara, duk da haka. Masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin shekarun 1600, ra'ayin yara ya fara fitowa a Turai, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Philippe Ariès}}</ref> duk da haka wasu masana tarihi kamar Nicholas Orme sun kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa ana ganin yara a matsayin mataki daban tun a kalla zamanin da. Manya sun ga yara a matsayin mutane daban-daban, marasa laifi kuma suna buƙatar kariya da horo daga manya da ke kewaye da su. Masanin falsafar Ingilishi [[John Locke]] ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen bayyana wannan sabon hali ga yara, musamman game da ka'idarsa na Tabula rasa, wanda ya ɗauki hankali a lokacin haihuwa ya zama "blank slate". Sakamakon wannan rukunan shi ne cewa an haifi tunanin yaron ba tare da komai ba, kuma aikin iyaye ne su ba yaron gaskiya. A farkon lokacin [[jari-hujja]], tasowa na babban, matsakaicin matsakaicin kasuwanci, galibi a cikin ƙasashen [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] na Jamhuriyar Dutch da [[Ingila]], ya haifar da sabon akidar iyali da ke kewaye da renon yara. Puritanism ya jaddada muhimmancin ceto na mutum da damuwa game da jin daɗin ruhaniya na yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fox VC |date=April 1996 |title=Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England. |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/20f04350242eb7f2342f8b8bb8326d76/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816657 |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=286–306}}</ref> [[File:Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton,_2005,_24.jpg|left|thumb|''The Age of Innocence'' {{Circa|1785}}/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.]] Ra'ayi na zamani na ƙuruciya tare da kansa da burin ya fara fitowa a lokacin [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]] na ƙarni na 18 da kuma lokacin Romantic wanda ya biyo baya.<ref name="cohen" /> Jean Jacques Rousseau ya tsara halin soyayya ga yara a cikin sanannen littafinsa na 1762 Emile: ko, On Education . Gina kan ra'ayoyin [[John Locke]] da sauran masu tunani na karni na 17, Jean-Jaques Rousseau ya bayyana ƙuruciya a matsayin ɗan gajeren lokaci na wuri mai tsarki kafin mutane su fuskanci haɗari da wahalar balaga. Hoton yara na Sir Joshua Reynolds ya nuna sabon halin da aka haskaka ga yara ƙanana. Hotonsa na 1788 The Age of Innocence ya jaddada rashin laifi da kuma alherin halitta na yaron kuma nan da nan ya zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a. [[File:Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sarauniyar Brazil Leopoldina (hagu) da [[Isabel, Gimbiya ta Brazil|Isabel]] (tsakiya) tare da abokiyar da ba a san ta ba, c. 1860.]] Ra'ayin yaro a matsayin wurin zama na allahntaka, tsarki, da rashin laifi an kara bayyana shi a cikin William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", wanda ya "yi amfani da shi daga rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na fastoci, ra'ayoyin pantheistic na allahntakar, da ra'ayin ruhaniya wanda ya dogara da ra'ayi na Edenic na rashin laifi da aka haɗa da ra'ayoyi na Neoplatonic na reincarnation". Wannan ra'ayi na Romantic na ƙuruciya, masanin tarihi Margaret Reeves ya ba da shawarar, yana da tarihin da ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda aka sani, tare da tushensa da za'a iya ganowa zuwa irin wannan tunanin ƙuruciya da ke yawo, alal misali, a cikin waƙoƙin neo-platonic na mawaƙa na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai Henry Vaughan (misali, "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun bambanta da ra'ayoyi masu koyarwa, ra'ayoyan Calvinist game da lalata da jarirai.[32] [[File:Vazken_Andréassian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg|thumb|'Yan kallo na Armenia a cikin 1918]] Tare da farawar [[Industrial Revolution|masana'antu]] a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1760, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin soyayya na yara da gaskiyar karuwar girman cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki, ya zama a bayyane. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ana amfani da yara na Burtaniya musamman a masana'antu da ma'adinai kuma a matsayin masu share bututun wuta, sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari don ƙananan albashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era |url=http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html |website=hiddenlives.org}}</ref> Yayin da karni ya ci gaba, saɓani tsakanin yanayin ƙasa ga yara matalauta da ra'ayin matsakaicin yaro a matsayin lokacin sauƙi da rashin laifi ya haifar da kamfen na farko don tilasta kariya ta doka ga yara. Masu gyarawa na Burtaniya sun kai farmaki ga [[aikin yara]] daga shekarun 1830 zuwa gaba, wanda [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] ya ba da mummunar bayanin rayuwar titin London. Kamfen ɗin ya haifar da Ayyukan Masana'antu, wanda ya rage cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 1901 |title=The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=2139 |pages=1871–1872 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=2507680 |pmid=20759953}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin zamani na ƙuruciya === [[File:Fountain_Fun.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin maraice na rani, Davis, California.]] [[File:A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg|thumb|Wani tsoho da jikarsa a [[Turkiyya]].]] [[File:Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg|thumb|Yaran Nepalese suna wasa da [[Kyanwa|Cats]].]] [[File:Harari_Girls,_Ethiopia_(8261348010).jpg|thumb|'Yan mata na Harari a Habasha.]] Halin zamani ga yara ya fito ne a ƙarshen karni na 19; Matsakaicin Victorian da na sama sun jaddada rawar da iyali ke takawa da tsarkakar yaro - halin da ya kasance mai rinjaye a al'ummomin Yammacin Turai tun daga lokacin. Irin wallafe-wallafen yara ya tashi, tare da yaduwar littattafai masu ban dariya, littattafan da suka dace da tunanin yaro. Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, wanda aka buga a 1865 a Ingila, alama ce a cikin jinsi; an dauke shi a matsayin "Maganar Ingilishi ta farko da aka rubuta don yara", bugawa ta buɗe "First Golden Age" na wallafe-wallafen yara. Rabin ƙarshen karni na 19 ya ga gabatar da makarantar sakandare ta yara a duk faɗin Turai, wanda ya cire yara daga wurin aiki zuwa makarantu. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa na karni na 19 ya ba da damar manufar yara a matsayin lokacin nishaɗi, farin ciki, da tunanin. 'Yan tsana da aka yi a masana'antu da gidajen' yan tsana sun faranta wa' yan mata rai kuma yara maza ne suka shirya wasanni da ayyukan. Sir Robert Baden-Powell ne ya kafa Boy Scouts a cikin 1908, wanda ya ba da yara maza da ayyukan waje da nufin bunkasa hali, zama ɗan ƙasa, da halaye na mutum. A cikin karni na 20, Philippe Ariès, masanin tarihin Faransa wanda ya kware a [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tarihin zamani]], ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuruciya ba abu ne na halitta ba, amma halittar al'umma ce a cikin littafinsa na 1960 Centuries of Childhood . A shekara ta 1961 ya wallafa wani binciken zane-zane, kaburbura, kayan gida, da bayanan makaranta, inda ya gano cewa kafin karni na 17, ana wakiltar yara a matsayin kananan manya. A shekara ta 1966, masanin falsafa na Amurka George Boas ya wallafa littafin The Cult of Childhood . Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana tarihi sun ci gaba da bincike kan yara a lokutan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ulbricht J |date=November 2005 |title=J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-education_2005-11_58_6/page/n11 |journal=Art Education |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564 |issn=0004-3125 |s2cid=190482412}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hugh Cunningham ya buga littafin Invention of Childhood, yana kallon yarantakar Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1000, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, zuwa abin da yake magana a kai a matsayin Post War Period na shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970. Yarancin yana canzawa kuma yana canzawa yayin da salon rayuwa ke canzawa da tsammanin manya ke canzawa. A zamanin yau, manya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yara kada su kasance da damuwa ko aiki, saboda rayuwa ta kasance mai farin ciki da rashin matsala. Ana ganin ƙuruciya a matsayin cakuda sauƙi, rashin laifi, farin ciki, nishaɗi, tunanin, da mamaki. Ana tunanin shi a matsayin lokacin wasa, koyo, zamantakewa, bincike, da damuwa a duniya ba tare da tsangwama mai yawa ba. "Rashin rashin laifi" wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun, kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsufa. Yawancin lokaci ana tunanin shi azaman gogewa ko lokaci a rayuwar yaro wanda ke fadada fahimtar mugunta, ciwo ko duniyar da ke kewaye da su. An nuna wannan taken a cikin litattafan To Kill a Mockingbird da Lord of the Flies . Halin almara Peter Pan shine bayyanar yarantaka wanda ba ya ƙare. == Yara masu lafiya == === Matsayin iyaye === === Lafiyar yara === Lafiyar yara ta haɗa da lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewar yara. Kula da lafiyar yara yana nufin ba su abinci mai kyau, tabbatar da cewa suna samun isasshen barci da motsa jiki, da kuma kare lafiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Health |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/childrenshealth.html |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> Yara a wasu sassan duniya galibi suna fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], wanda galibi ana danganta shi da wasu yanayi, kamar zawo, huhu da zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE |date=July 2004 |title=Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193 |pmid=15213048 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi 30.8% ne kawai na yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 23 a duk duniya ke cin abinci mai banbanci. === Kare yara === Kariya ta yara, a cewar UNICEF, tana nufin "hanawa da amsawa ga tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara - gami da cin zarafi na kasuwanci, [[Cinikin yara|fataucin mutane]], [[aikin yara]] da ayyukan gargajiya masu cutarwa, kamar yankan mata / yanka da auren yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=What is child Protection? |url=http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF)}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] tana kare ainihin' yancin yara. === Wasanni === [[File:MOPC_60.png|thumb|Yin rawa a gidan marayu na Uwar Zaman Lafiya, [[Zimbabwe]]]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar yara, jiki, zamantakewa, da jin daɗi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ginsburg KR |date=January 2007 |title=The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds |journal=Pediatrics |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |bibcode=2007Pedia.119..182G |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2697 |pmid=17200287 |s2cid=54617427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana ba wa yara damar yin amfani da jiki (gudu, tsalle, hawa, da dai sauransu), ilimi (ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ka'idojin al'umma, ɗabi'a da ilimi na gaba ɗaya) da ci gaban motsin rai (ta'a, tausayi, da abota). Wasan da ba a tsara shi ba yana ƙarfafa kerawa da tunanin. Yin wasa da hulɗa tare da wasu yara, da kuma wasu manya, suna ba da dama ga abota, hulɗar zamantakewa, rikice-rikice da ƙuduri. Koyaya, manya suna yawan (sau da yawa ba daidai ba) ɗauka cewa kusan dukkanin ayyukan zamantakewar yara ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin "wasan" kuma, ƙari, ayyukan wasan yara ba su da ƙwarewa ko ƙoƙari sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1493–1518 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2001 |title=Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pragmatics_2001-04_33_4/page/515 |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=515–543 |doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1473–76 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008}}</ref> Ta hanyar wasa ne yara a ƙuruciya ke shiga da hulɗa a duniya da ke kewaye da su. Wasan yana bawa yara damar ƙirƙirar da bincika duniyar da za su iya sarrafawa, suna cin nasarar tsoronsu yayin da suke yin rawar manya, wani lokacin tare da wasu yara ko masu kula da manya.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Wasan da ba a jagoranta ba yana bawa yara damar koyon yadda za su yi aiki a cikin rukuni, su raba, su tattauna, su warware rikice-rikice, da kuma koyon ƙwarewar kare kai. Koyaya, lokacin da manya ke sarrafa wasan, yara suna bin ka'idojin manya da damuwa kuma suna rasa wasu fa'idodi da wasan ke ba su. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman wajen bunkasa kerawa, jagoranci, da ƙwarewar rukuni.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> [[File:Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg|thumb|Ralph Hedley, ''Gasar,'' 1898. Ya nuna yara maza marasa talauci suna wasa a waje a wani yanki na karkara na Arewa maso gabashin Ingila.]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen ci gaban yara wanda [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin kowane yaro.<ref name="un" /> Yaran da ake tasowa a cikin hanzari da matsin lamba na iya iyakance fa'idodin kariya da za su samu daga wasan da yara ke yi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Farawa na wasa a cikin aji yana bawa malamai da ɗalibai damar yin hulɗa ta hanyar wasa da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Sabili da haka, wasa yana taimakawa hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa. "Tsarin wasa" yana nufin hada ilmantarwa na al'ada tare da ilmantarwa ta al'ada don samar da ingantaccen ilmantarwa ga yara tun suna ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K |date=July 2011 |title=Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms. |journal=Early Years |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.1080/09575146.2011.579070 |s2cid=154926596}}</ref> Kodayake ana ɗaukar wasa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban yara mafi kyau, yanayin yana shafar wasan su sabili da haka ci gaban su. Yara matalauta suna fuskantar rashin daidaito na muhalli yayin da suke fuskantar karancin tallafin zamantakewa, kuma iyayensu ba su da amsawa kuma sun fi iko. Yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi ba su da damar samun littattafai da kwamfutoci wanda zai inganta ci gaban su.<ref name="pmid14992634">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans GW |date=2004 |title=The environment of childhood poverty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_february-march-2004_59_2/page/n6 |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=77–92 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 |pmid=14992634}}</ref> === Al'adun titi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg|thumb|Yara a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Toronto, 1920s.]] [[Al'ada|al'adu]] titin yara suna nufin al'adun da yara ƙanana suka kirkira kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu duniyar sirrin su. Ya fi yawa a cikin yara tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu. Yana da karfi a cikin Gundumomin masana'antu na birane inda yara ke da 'yanci don yin wasa a kan tituna na dogon lokaci ba tare da kulawa ba. Yara da kansu ne suka kirkireshi kuma sun fi kiyaye shi tare da ƙananan tsangwama na manya. Al'adun tituna na yara yawanci suna faruwa ne a kan tituna masu nutsuwa da hanyoyi, da kuma hanyoyin da ke shiga cikin wuraren shakatawa na gida, wuraren wasa, scrub da hamada, da kuma shagunan gida. Sau da yawa yana sanya matsayi na tunani a wasu sassan birane (ginin gida, kerbs, abubuwan titi, da dai sauransu). Yara suna tsara takamaiman wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin wuraren taro na al'ada da wuraren shakatawa (duba: Sobel, 2001). Yankin birni wanda ba shi da fuska ko kuma an yi watsi da shi ga babba na iya samun ma'anar 'ruhun wuri' mai zurfi ga yara. Tun zuwan abubuwan jan hankali na cikin gida kamar Wasannin bidiyo, da talabijin, an nuna damuwa game da kuzari - ko ma da tsira - na al'adun titin yara. == Yanayin ƙuruciya == Yanayin yara ya haɗa da yadda (babba) al'umma ke fahimtar ra'ayin yara, hanyoyin da halayen manya da halayen ke shafar rayuwar yara, gami da yanayin da ke kewaye da yara da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. [[Yanayin yara]] yayi kama da yanayin yara wanda ke nazarin wuraren da yara ke zaune. === Rashin lalacewar yanayi === Yanayin Yanayi, kalmar da Richard Louv ya kirkira a cikin littafinsa na 2005 Last Child in the Woods, yana nufin yanayin da ke faruwa a Amurka da Kanada zuwa ga karancin lokaci don wasa a waje, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2006 |title=For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0629/p13s02-lifp.html |website=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702135326/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The University Record Online |publisher=The University of Michigan}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na halayyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burak |first=Tammie |date=2 July 2007 |title=Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/health-fitness/nutrition/article/are-your-kids-really-spending-enough-time-outdoors |access-date=22 November 2009 |website=[[Canadian Living]]}}</ref> Tare da karuwar amfani da wayoyin salula, kwamfutoci, wasannin bidiyo da talabijin, yara suna da ƙarin dalilai na zama a ciki maimakon waje bincika. "Matsakaicin yaro na Amurka yana ciyar da sa'o'i 44 a mako tare da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki". Bincike a cikin 2007 ya jawo alaƙa tsakanin raguwar yawan ziyarar National Park a Amurka da karuwar amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki ta yara.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pergams OR, Zaradic PA |date=September 2006 |title=Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices |url=https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/numbers-in-context/ |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=387–393 |bibcode=2006JEnvM..80..387P |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001 |pmid=16580127 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai sun hanzarta yanayin yanayin yanayin yara ta hanyar rage ra'ayoyin yanayi, kamar yadda yake a fina-finai na Disney.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S |date=August 2015 |title=Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films |journal=Public Understanding of Science |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=672–680 |doi=10.1177/0963662513519042 |pmid=24519887 |s2cid=43190714}}</ref> == Shekarar alhakin == Shekarar da ake la'akari da yara da ke da alhakin ayyukansu na al'umma (misali aure, jefa kuri'a, da dai sauransu) ya canza a tsawon lokaci, kuma wannan yana nunawa a hanyar da ake bi da su a kotuna. A zamanin Roman, ana ɗaukar yara a matsayin marasa laifi don laifuka, matsayin da Ikilisiya ta karɓa daga baya. A cikin karni na 19, an yi imanin cewa yara da ba su kai shekara bakwai ba za su iya aikata laifi ba. Yara daga shekaru bakwai zuwa gaba an dauke su da alhakin ayyukansu. Saboda haka, za su iya fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, a tura su kurkuku, kuma a hukunta su kamar manya ta hanyar bulala, alama ko ratayewa. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da shekarun aure sun bambanta. Har ila yau, ana jayayya da iyakar shekarun aikin soja na son rai / ba tare da son rai ba a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yun S |date=2014 |title=BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child |journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=213–257 |doi=10.1163/18781527-00501008 |s2cid=153558830 |ssrn=2556825}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[File:Kuito_class.jpg|thumb|Yara a cikin aji na waje a Bié, [[Angola]]]] [[File:Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg|thumb|Yara da ke zaune a cikin aji na Finnish a makarantar Torvinen a Sodankylä, [[Finland]], a cikin 1920s]] Ilimi, a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, yana nufin aikin ko tsari na ba da ko samun ilimi gaba ɗaya, haɓaka ikon tunani da hukunci, da shirya hankali don rayuwa mai girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Define Education |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> Ilimi na yau da kullun galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar makaranta. Wasu gwamnatoci sun amince da haƙƙin ilimi. A matakin duniya, Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) ya amince da haƙƙin kowa ga ilimi. [[Ilimi na tilas|Ilimi wajibi ne]] a mafi yawan wurare har zuwa wani shekaru, amma halartar makaranta bazai kasance ba, tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar makarantar gida ko e-koyon da aka gane a matsayin ingantaccen nau'ikan ilimi a wasu hukunce-hukunce. Yara a wasu ƙasashe (musamman a wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya) galibi ana kiyaye su daga makaranta, ko halarta ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayanai daga [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa a cikin 2011, yara miliyan 57 ba su da makaranta; kuma fiye da 20% na yara na Afirka ba su taɓa zuwa makarantar firamare ba ko kuma sun bar ba tare da kammala karatun firamare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative &#124; Basic education and gender equality |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> A cewar [[yaƙi]] rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yaki yana hana yara miliyan 28 a duk duniya samun ilimi, saboda haɗarin tashin hankali na jima'i da hare-hare a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12606912 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke hana yara daga makaranta sun hada da talauci, aikin yara, halayen zamantakewa, da kuma nesa da makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=Africa gold rush lures children out of school |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19870729 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.com – BBC News}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi wa yara == [[File:Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg|thumb|Rukunin yara maza masu fashewa a Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. [[Aikin yara|Ayyukan yara]] sun bazu har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 21, yawan aikin yara ya fi girma a Afirka.]] Halin zamantakewa ga yara ya bambanta a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1988 game da halayen Turai game da tsakiya na yara ya gano cewa Italiya ta fi mayar da hankali ga yara kuma Netherlands ba ta da hankali ga yaro, tare da wasu ƙasashe, kamar Austria, Burtaniya, Ireland da Jamus ta Yamma suna fada tsakanin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Brayfield A |date=June 1997 |title=Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-forces_1997-06_75_4/page/1239 |journal=Social Forces |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1239–1269 |doi=10.1093/sf/75.4.1239}}</ref> === Aure na yara === A cikin 2013, yawan auren yara na yara mata a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ya kai 75% a Nijar, 68% a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi, 66% a Bangladesh, da 47% a [[Indiya]]. Dangane da rahoton [[UNICEF]] na 2019 game da auren yara, kashi 37% na mata sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 a yankin Saharar Afirka, sannan Kudancin Asiya ta biyo baya a kashi 30%. An sami ƙananan matakan a Latin Amurka da Caribbean (25%), Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (18%), da Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya (11%), yayin da ƙimar a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |access-date=2020-04-27 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> Aure na yara ya fi yawa tare da 'yan mata, amma kuma ya shafi yara maza. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin mujallar Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies ya gano cewa, a duk duniya, kashi 4.5% na maza sun yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin 27.9%.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C |date=2019-07-03 |title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |issn=1745-0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwar haihuwa da yawan yara ga kowace mace === Kafin rigakafin daukar ciki ya zama a ko'ina a karni na 20, mata ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai Abstinence ko samun yara da yawa. A zahiri, damuwa game da karuwar yawan jama'a na yanzu ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da raguwar [[Mutuwar yara]] da ci gaba da haihuwa. A cikin 2017 an kiyasta yawan haihuwa na duniya ya zama yara 2.37 ga kowace mace, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, Bisignano C, Azhar GS, Castro E, Chalek J, Dolgert AJ, Frank T, Fukutaki K, Hay SI, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Nandakumar V, Pierce M, Pletcher M, Robalik T, Steuben KM, Wunrow HY, Zlavog BS, Murray CJ |date=October 2020 |title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study |journal=Lancet |volume=396 |issue=10258 |pages=1285–1306 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2 |pmc=7561721 |pmid=32679112}}</ref> yana ƙara kusan mutane miliyan 80 ga yawan duniya a kowace shekara. Don auna jimlar yawan yara, masana kimiyya galibi sun fi son kammala yawan haihuwa a shekaru 50 (CCF50). <ref name=":2" /> Kodayake yawan yara kuma yana da tasiri daga [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin al'adu]], [[Addini]], matsin lamba da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa, CCF50 ya bayyana ya fi dogara da matakin ilimi na mata, daga yara 5-8 a cikin mata ba tare da ilimi ba zuwa ƙasa da 2 a cikin mata masu shekaru 12 ko fiye na ilimi.<ref name=":2" /> == Tambayoyi == === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice suna haifar da haɗari ga kiwon lafiya, aminci, da jin daɗin yara. Akwai nau'ikan rikice-rikice da gaggawa daban-daban, misali [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] da bala'o'i. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 kimanin yara miliyan 13 sun rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] da tashin hankali a duniya. Inda rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ya zama al'ada, rayuwar kananan yara suna da matukar damuwa kuma iyalansu suna da matukar wahala wajen bayar da kulawa mai hankali da daidaituwa da kananan yara ke buƙata don ci gaban su mai lafiya.<ref name="UNICEF_2010" /> Nazarin kan tasirin gaggawa da rikici a kan lafiyar [[Lafiya|jiki]] da tunani na yara tsakanin haihuwa da shekaru 8 sun nuna cewa inda bala'in ya kasance na halitta, yawan [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] yana faruwa a ko'ina daga kashi 3 zuwa 87 cikin dari na yaran da abin ya shafa.<ref name="Shannon_1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM |date=January 1994 |title=Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_1994-01_33_1/page/80 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012 |pmid=8138525}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙimar PTSD ga yara da ke zaune a cikin yanayin rikici na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga kashi 15 zuwa 50. === Kare yara === {{Excerpt|Child protection}} === Cin zarafin yara da aikin yara === Kare yara daga cin zarafi ana daukar su a matsayin muhimmin burin zamani. Wannan ya haɗa da kare yara daga cin zarafi kamar [[aikin yara]], [[Cinikin yara|fataucin yara]] da [[sayar da yara]], [[Cin zarafin yara]], gami da karuwanci na yara da batsa na yara, [[Yara a cikin soja|Amfani da yara na soja]], da kuma wanke yara a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai kayan aiki da yawa na kasa da kasa don waɗannan dalilai, kamar: * [[Mafi munin nau'ikan Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Yara]] * [[Yarjejeniyar tsayar da mafi ƙan-ƙantar Shekaru, 1973|Yarjejeniyar Ƙananan Shekaru, 1973]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara]] * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara daga Cin zarafin Jima'i da Cin zarafin Zima'i * [[Protocol na Zabi game da shiga cikin yara a cikin rikici|Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai]] * Yarjejeniyar Kula da Hague === Canjin yanayi === {{Excerpt|Climate change and children}} == Lafiya == === Mutuwar yara === [[File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg|thumb|360x360px|Yawan mutuwar jarirai a duniya a shekarar 2012.<ref name="unicef2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Infant Mortality Rates in 2012 |url=http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref>]] A farkon karni na 17 a [[Ingila]], kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan yara sun mutu kafin su kai shekaru hudu. A lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], tsawon rayuwar yara ya karu sosai. Wannan ya ci gaba a Ingila, kuma a cikin karni na 21 yawan mutuwar yara ya fadi a duk faɗin duniya. Kimanin jarirai miliyan 12.6 'yan kasa da biyar sun mutu a duk duniya a shekarar 1990, wanda ya ragu zuwa miliyan 6.6 a shekarar 2012. Yawan mutuwar jarirai ya ragu daga mutuwar 90 ga kowane haihuwa 1,000 a cikin 1990, zuwa 48 a cikin 2012. Matsakaicin matsakaicin mutuwar jarirai yana cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, a mutuwar 98 a kowace haihuwar 1,000 - sama da ninki biyu na matsakaicin duniya.<ref name="unicef2013" /> == Dubi kuma ==   * Ɗan yaro * [[Yarinya]] * [[Bayani game da ƙuruciya]] * Amfanin yara * Bautar yara * Rashin haihuwa * Kudin kiwon yaro * [[Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da samartaka|Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya]] * Tarihin ƙuruciya ** Tarihin yara a Amurka * Manufar yaro daya, a kasar Sin 1979 zuwa 2015 * Addini da yara * [['Yancin Matasa|Hakkin matasa]] * Archaeology na yara * Al'umma da al'adu na zamanin Victorian # Matsayin yara; Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙarni na 19. == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2026__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Tushen == *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaZuba jari game da Shaida: Yanayin Duniya na Kula da Yara da Ilimi__hau____hau____hau__, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO. *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaSamar da makomar da ke da dorewa ga kowa; Rahoton kula da ilimi na duniya, 2016; Binciken jinsi__hau____hau____hau__, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|edition=Jacqueline S.}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Aikin ɗabi'a na ƙuruciya: Uwa, rayuwa ta zahiri, da al'adun masu amfani da yara na farko'' (NYU Press, 2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWODwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PP9 Littafin kan layi] duba kuma bita kan layi[https://www.shcy.org/features/books/the-moral-project-of-childhood/ Binciken kan layi] * Fass, Paula S. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya ta Amurka: Tarihin iyaye daga rayuwa a kan iyaka zuwa ga yaron da aka sarrafa (Princeton University Press, 2016). * [Hasiya] ''Tarihin Routledge na Yara a Yammacin Duniya'' (2012) a[https://books.google.com/books?id=jxf_P2GOcUEC&dq=fass+%22Childhood%22&pg=PR3 kan layi] * [Hasiya] ''Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: A cikin Tarihi da Al'umma'' (3 vol, Macmillan, 2003) * Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, da Jim Goddard. ''Manufofin kula da yara na zamani da aiki'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 kan layi] * An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka haifi yaren nan. Girlhood a Amurka: An Encyclopedia (2001) * Hutchison, Elizabeth D., da Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Tsaron jin daɗin yara: Manufofin da suka gabata, yanzu, da kuma nan gaba".''Iyalai a cikin Jama'a'' 81.6 (2000): 576-585. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Magunguna mafi kyau: Yadda Kimiyya da Lafiya ta Jama'a suka Ba Yara Makoma (WW Norton & Company, 2020) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjVDwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PT6 kan layi] * Kearney, Mary Celeste. "Coalescing: Ci gaban karatun 'yan mata. "Jaridar NWSA 21.1 (2009): 1-28. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/263654/summary sashi] * Michail, Samia. "Gaskiya martani na makaranta ga halin ƙalubalen ɗalibai: Binciken wallafe-wallafen".''Inganta makarantu'' 14.2 (2011): 156-171. [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a6198a7d46523bddb15d23e024f442ac29e9f82 kan layi] * Sorin, Reesa. ''Canjin hotuna na ƙuruciya: Sake fahimtar aikin ƙuruciya'' (Faculty of Education, Jami'ar Melbourne, 2005) [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9594881ae4f396a654957f719b1bb4e3589d0819 kan layi]. * Sorin, Reesa. "Yarinya ta hanyar idanun yaro da iyaye".''Jaridar Binciken Australiya a cikin Ilimin Yara'' na Farko 14.1 (2007). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reesa-Sorin/publication/266081356_Childhood_through_the_eyes_of_the_child_and_parent/links/5ed6138492851c9c5e725cd1/Childhood-through-the-eyes-of-the-child-and-parent.pdf kan layi] * Vissing, Yvonne. "Tarihin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yara a Amurka. " a cikin 'Yancin 'Yancin Yara a Amurka: Kalubale da Dama (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) shafuffuka 181-212.&nbsp; * Yuen, Francis K.O. ''Ayyukan zamantakewa tare da yara da iyalai: tsarin kiwon lafiya na iyali'' (Routledge, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?id=efbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 kan layi]. {{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=[[Human development (biology)|Stages of human development]]<br />Childhood}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 0cncobrm8w1ohnnvrade7v79yin7tls Ikonomi 0 178233 967454 963284 2026-10-14T02:12:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tattalin Arziki''' (/ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiːkə-/) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECONOMICS {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |url=https://lexico.com/definition/economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824032001/https://lexico.com/definition/economics |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Lexico.com}}</ref> kimiyya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke nazarin [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Krugman}}</ref> tattalin arziki yana mai da hankali kan halayyar da hulɗar jami'an tattalin arziki da kuma yadda tattalin arziki ke aiki. Microeconomics yana nazarin abin da ake kallo a matsayin muhimman abubuwan tattalin arziki, gami da wakilan mutum da kasuwanni, hulɗar su, da kuma sakamakon waɗannan hulɗar. Kowane wakili na iya haɗawa da gidaje, kamfanoni, masu siye, da masu siyarwa. Macroeconomics yana nazarin tattalin arziki a matsayin tsarin inda samarwa, rarraba, kamfani, tanadi, da kashe hannun jari ke hulɗa; da kuma abubuwan samarwa da ke shafar su, ƙasar: aiki, babban birnin, ƙasa, da kasuwanci, hauhawar farashi, Ci gaban tattalin arziki, da Manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke tasiri ga waɗannan abubuwa. Har ila yau, yana neman nazarin da kuma bayyana Tattalin arzikin duniya. Sauran bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin tattalin arziki sun haɗa da waɗanda ke tsakanin Tattalin Arziki mai kyau, suna kwatanta "abin da yake", da kuma tattalin arziki na ka'idoji, suna ba da shawarar "abin da ya kamata ya kasance"; tsakanin ka'idar tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki mai amfani; tsakanin tattalin arziki na tunani da halayyar; da kuma tsakanin tattalin arziki da kuma tattalin arzikin al'ada. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, including business, finance, cybersecurity,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kianpour |first=Mazaher |last2=Kowalski |first2=Stewart |last3=Øverby |first3=Harald |date=2021 |title=Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey |journal=Sustainability |volume=13 |issue=24 |bibcode=2021Sust...1313677K |doi=10.3390/su132413677 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> health care,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarricone |first=Rosanna |date=2006 |title=Cost-of-illness analysis |journal=Health Policy |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=51–63 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016 |pmid=16139925}}</ref> engineering and government. It is also applied to such diverse subjects as [[Laifi|crime]], education,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanushek |first=Eric A. |last2=Woessmannr |first2=Ludger |date=2007 |title=Economics of Education |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106142511/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7154 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=17 December 2020 |series=Policy Research Working Papers |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4122}}</ref> the family,<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Gary Becker}}</ref> feminism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Julie A. |author-link=Julie A. Nelson |date=1995 |title=Feminism and Economics |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.1257/jep.9.2.131 |doi-access=free}} {{Cite book|last3=Marianne A. Ferber}}</ref> law, philosophy, politics, religion,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iannaccone |first=Laurence R. |author-link=Laurence R. Iannaccone |date=September 1998 |title=Introduction to the Economics of Religion |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/262957/mod_resource/content/2/Iannaccone%20-%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=1465–1495 |jstor=2564806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209225107/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/262957/mod_resource/content/2/Iannaccone%20-%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> social institutions, war,<ref>{{Cite book|last3=William D. Nordhaus}}</ref> science, and [[Tattalin arzikin kore|the environment]]. == Ma'anar tattalin arziki == Kalmar farko don horo ita ce "Tattalin arzikin siyasa", amma tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, ana kiranta "tattalin arziki". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Girkanci {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:οἰκονομία|οἰκονομία]]}} (''oikonomia''), kalma ce don "hanyar (nomos) don gudanar da gida (oikos) ", ko a wasu kalmomi ilimin wani {{Lang|grc|οἰκονομικός}} (''oikonomikos''), ko "gidan gida ko manajan gida". Kalmomin da aka samo kamar "tattalin arziki" saboda haka sau da yawa suna nufin "karin kuɗi" ko "mai tsada". <ref name="MarshallMarshall1888">{{Cite book|last2=Mary Paley Marshall}}</ref><ref name="Jevons1879">{{Cite book|last3=William Stanley Jevons}}</ref> Ta hanyar fadadawa a lokacin, "tattalin arzikin siyasa" ita ce hanyar gudanar da polis ko jihar. Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na zamani na tattalin arziki; wasu suna nuna ra'ayoyin canzawa game da batun ko ra'ayoyi daban-daban tsakanin ma'anar tattalin arziki.<ref name="BackhouseMedema2009">{{Cite journal |last=Backhouse |first=Roger E. |last2=Medema |first2=Steven |date=Winter 2009 |title=Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=221–233 |doi=10.1257/jep.23.1.221 |jstor=27648302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masanin falsafa na Scotland [[Adam Smith]] (1776) ya bayyana abin da ake kira Tattalin arzikin siyasa a matsayin "bincike kan yanayin da abubuwan da ke haifar da arzikin kasashe", musamman kamar haka: [[Wealth|wadata]]-linkid="368" href="./Jean-Baptiste_Say" id="mw1g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say (1803), ya bambanta batun daga amfani da Manufofin jama'a, ya bayya''na'' shi a matsayin kimiyya na samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da dukiya.<ref name="Say1803">{{Cite book|last3=Jean-Baptiste Say}}</ref> A gefen satirical, Thomas Carlyle (1849) ya kirkiro "kimiyya mai banƙyama" a matsayin ma'anar tattalin arziki na gargajiya, a cikin wannan mahallin, wanda aka haɗa shi da nazarin rashin jin daɗi na Malthus (1798). John Stuart Mill (1844) ya kara iyakance batun:   [[Alfred Marshall]] ya ba da ma'anar da aka ambata a cikin littafinsa Principles of Economics (1890) wanda ya faɗaɗa bincike fiye da [[Arziƙi|wadata]] kuma daga al'umma zuwa matakin microeconomic: Lionel Robbins (1932) ya haɓaka tasirin abin da ake kira "[watakila mafi yawan ma'anar yanzu game da batun": <ref name="BackhouseMedema2009" />[p] Robbins ya bayyana ma'anar a matsayin ba ''rarrabuwa'' ba a cikin "karɓar wasu nau'ikan halayyar" amma a maimakon haka ''nazari'' a cikin "mai da hankali kan wani bangare na halayyar, nau'in da tasirin ƙarancin ya sanya.[ing][35] Ya tabbatar da cewa masana tattalin arziki na baya yawanci sun mayar da hankali ga karatunsu kan nazarin dukiya: yadda ake kirkirar dukiya (samarwa), rarraba, da cinyewa; da kuma yadda dukiya za ta iya girma.[36]Amma ya ce ana iya amfani da tattalin arziki don nazarin wasu abubuwa, kamar yaƙi, waɗanda ke waje da mayar da hankali ga al'ada. Wannan shi ne saboda yaƙi yana da burinsa ya ci nasara (a matsayin ''Ƙarshen'' da ake nema), yana haifar da farashi da fa'idodi, kuma yana amfani da ''albarkatun'' (rayuwar ɗan adam da sauran farashi) don cimma burin. Idan ba za a iya cin nasarar yaƙin ba ko kuma idan farashin da ake tsammani ya wuce fa'idodi, masu ''yanke shawara'' (idan sun kasance masu hankali) bazai taɓa zuwa yaƙi ba (ƙaddamarwa) amma a maimakon haka bincika wasu hanyoyin. Ba za a iya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya da ke nazarin wadata, yaƙi, aikata laifuka, ilimi, da kowane bangare wanda za'a iya amfani da nazarin tattalin arziki ba, amma a matsayin kimiyya wanda ke nazarin wani bangare na kowa na kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa (dukansu suna amfani da albarkatu kaɗan don cimma ƙarshen da ake nema). Wasu maganganun da suka biyo baya sun soki ma'anar kamar yadda ta wuce gona da iri, ta kasa iyakance iyakar ikonta ga nazarin kasuwa. Daga shekarun 1960, duk da haka, irin waɗannan maganganun sun ragu yayin da ka'idar tattalin arziki na haɓaka halayyar da ƙirar zaɓi mai ma'ana ya faɗaɗa yankin batun zuwa yankunan da aka bi da su a wasu fannoni. Akwai wasu zarge-zarge kuma, kamar a cikin ƙarancin ba lissafin tattalin arzikin macroeconomics na rashin aikin yi ba. Gary Becker, mai ba da gudummawa ga fadada tattalin arziki zuwa sababbin yankuna, ya bayyana hanyar da ya fi so a matsayin "haɗuwa da] zato na haɓaka halayyar, ƙa'idodin ɗorewa, da daidaitattun kasuwa, ana amfani da su ba tare da jinkiri ba. "Ɗaya daga cikin sharhin ya nuna cewa wannan magana tana mai da tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar da ba batun ba amma tare da cikakken bayani game da "tsarin zabi da nau'in hulɗar zamantakewa wanda [irin] bincike ya haɗa da shi. "Wannan tushen yana nazarin ma'anoni da yawa da aka samo a cikin ka'idodin litattafan tattalin arziki kuma ya kammala cewa rashin yarjejeniya ba ya buƙatar shafar batun da matani ke bi. Daga cikin masana tattalin arziki gabaɗaya, yana jayayya cewa wani ma'anar da aka gabatar na iya nuna hanyar da marubucin ya yi imanin cewa tattalin arziki yana tasowa, ko ya kamata ya samo asali.<ref name="BackhouseMedema2009" /> Masana tattalin arziki da yawa ciki har da wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel James M. Buchanan da Ronald Coase sun ki amincewa da ma'anar Robbins kuma suna ci gaba da ma'anonin da suka fi so kamar na Say, dangane da batun batun. Ha-Joon Chang misali ya yi jayayya cewa ma'anar Robbins za ta sa tattalin arziki ta zama ta musamman saboda duk sauran kimiyyar sun bayyana kansu dangane da yankin bincike ko abu na bincike maimakon hanyar. A cikin sashen ilmin halitta, ba a ce ya kamata a yi nazarin dukkan ilmin halitta tare da nazarin DNA ba. Mutane suna nazarin kwayoyin halitta masu rai a hanyoyi daban-daban: wasu suna yin nazarin DNA, wasu suna nazarin jikin mutum, kuma har yanzu wasu suna gina tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na halayyar dabba. Amma duk ana kiransu ilmin halitta saboda duk suna nazarin halittu masu rai. A cewar Ha Joon Chang, wannan ra'ayi cewa tattalin arziki na iya kuma ya kamata a yi nazari a hanya ɗaya kawai (alal misali ta hanyar nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka masu ma'ana kawai), kuma ci gaba da mataki ɗaya kuma sake bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin ka'idar komai, na musamman ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seung-Yoon Lee |date=4 September 2014 |title=Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151027/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |website=huffpost.com |publisher=Huffington Post |quote=}}</ref> == Tarihin tunanin tattalin arziki == === Daga zamanin d ̄ a ta hanyar physiocrats === [[File:Lorrain.seaport.jpg|alt=A seaport with a ship arriving|thumb|Hoton 1638 na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Faransa a lokacin da aka fara Kasuwanci]] Tambayoyi game da rarraba albarkatu ana samun su a cikin rubuce-rubucen mawaki na Boeotian Hesiod kuma masana tarihi da yawa na tattalin arziki sun bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin tattalin arziki na farko". Koyaya, an yi amfani da kalmar Helenanci ''oikos'' don batutuwan da suka shafi yadda za a gudanar da iyali (wanda aka fahimta a matsayin mai mallakar ƙasa, iyalinsa, da bayinsa) maimakon komawa ga wasu tsarin al'umma na rarraba albarkatu, wanda shine sabon abu na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oikos Meaning in Bible – New Testament Greek Lexicon – New American Standard |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/oikos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121115/https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/oikos.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=biblestudytools.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jameson |first=Michael H. |date=2015-12-22 |title=houses, Greek |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121120/https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3169 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3169 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref> Kodayake Xenophon, marubucin ''Oeconomicus'', masanan ilimin lissafi sun yaba da shi a matsayin tushen kalmar "tattalin arziki", malaman zamani galibi suna yaba da [[Aristotle]] a matsayin marubucin farko da ya rubuta game da tattalin arziki a wasu wurare da aka warwatsa, musamman a cikin Nicomachean Ethics, inda ake tattauna batun amfani da darajar musayar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Barry J. |date=1964 |title=Aristotle and the Development of Value Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-journal-of-economics_1964-02_78_1/page/115 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.2307/1880547 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1880547}}</ref> Joseph Schumpeter ya bayyana marubutan ilimi na ƙarni na 16 da 17, ciki har da Tomás de Mercado, Luis de Molina, da Juan de Lugo, a matsayin "da ke kudi da kowane rukuni don kasancewa 'masu kafa' tattalin arzikin kimiyya" game da ka'idar kuɗi, sha'awa, da darajar a cikin hangen nesa na doka ta halitta. Ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda daga baya aka kira su "masu kasuwanci" da "masu ilimin jiki", sun fi tasiri kai tsaye ga ci gaban batun. Dukkanin kungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da haɓaka kishin kasa na tattalin arziki da jari-hujja na zamani a Turai. Kasuwanci koyarwar tattalin arziki ce wacce ta bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-walfe, ko na 'yan kasuwa ko' yan siyasa. Ya yi imanin cewa arzikin al'umma ya dogara da tarin zinariya da azurfa. Al'ummai ba tare da samun damar samun ma'adinai ba za su iya samun zinariya da azurfa ta hanyar kasuwanci kawai ta hanyar sayar da kayayyaki a kasashen waje da kuma hana shigo da zinariya da Azurfa. Koyarwar ta yi kira ga shigo da albarkatun kasa masu arha don kayan masana'antu don fitarwa, da kuma tsarin mulki na jihar don sanya haraji kariya akan kayan masana'antun kasashen waje da kuma hana masana'antu a cikin yankuna. Physiocrats, ƙungiyar masu tunani da marubuta na Faransa na ƙarni na 18, sun haɓaka ra'ayin tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar samun kudin shiga da fitarwa. Physiocrats sun yi imanin cewa samar da aikin gona ne kawai ya haifar da wadataccen farashi, don haka noma shine tushen duk dukiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bertholet |first=Auguste |date=2021 |title=Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne |url=https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |url-status=live |journal=Annales Benjamin Constant |volume=46 |pages=78–81 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143530/https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> Don haka, sun yi adawa da manufofin mercantilist na inganta masana'antu da kasuwanci a kan kudin noma, gami da harajin shigo da kayayyaki. Physiocrats sun ba da shawarar maye gurbin karbar haraji mai tsada tare da haraji guda ɗaya akan kudin shiga na masu mallakar ƙasa. A mayar da martani game da ka'idojin kasuwanci masu yawa, 'yan wasan sun ba da shawarar manufofin laissez-faire, wanda ya yi kira ga ƙananan shiga tsakani na gwamnati a cikin tattalin arziki. [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) ya kasance masanin ilimin tattalin arziki na farko. Smith ya soki masu kasuwanci sosai amma ya bayyana tsarin physiocratic "tare da duk ajizancinsa" a matsayin "watakila mafi kyawun kusanci ga gaskiyar da aka buga" a kan batun. === Tattalin arzikin siyasa na gargajiya === [[File:AdamSmith.jpg|alt=Picture of Adam Smith facing to the right|thumb|Buga littafin [[Adam Smith]]'s The Wealth of Nations a cikin 1776 an dauke shi a matsayin tsari na farko na tunanin tattalin arziki.]] An bayyana littafin [[Adam Smith]] mai suna The Wealth of Nations a shekara ta 1776 a matsayin "haihuwar tattalin arziki a matsayin horo daban".Littafin ya gano ƙasa, aiki, da babban birnin a matsayin abubuwa uku na samarwa da manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga arzikin al'umma, ya bambanta da ra'ayi na physiocratic cewa aikin gona ne kawai ke da amfani.[55] Smith ya tattauna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na ƙwarewa ta hanyar rarraba ma'aikata, gami da haɓaka yawan aiki da riba daga kasuwanci, ko tsakanin gari da ƙasa ko a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deardorff |first=Alan V. |author-link=Alan Deardorff |date=2016 |title=Division of labor |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/d.html#DivisionOfLabor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316082342/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/d.html#DivisionOfLabor |archive-date=16 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2012 |website=Deardorffs' Glossary of International Economics |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> "Theorem" nasa cewa "rabuwa da aiki yana iyakance ta girman kasuwa" an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ka'idar ayyukan kamfanoni da masana'antu" da kuma "babban ƙa'idar tsarin tattalin arziki".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stigler |first=George J. |author-link=George J. Stigler |date=June 1951 |title=The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~allen/stigler.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1086/257075 |jstor=1826433 |s2cid=36014630 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825225559/http://www.sfu.ca/~allen/stigler.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>Ga Smith kuma an danganta shi "mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi a duk tattalin arziki" da kuma tushe na ka'idar rarraba albarkatun - cewa, a karkashin gasa, masu mallakar albarkatu (na aiki, ƙasa, da kuma babban birnin) suna neman amfanin su mafi fa'ida, wanda ke haifar da daidaituwa dawowa ga duk amfani a cikin daidaito (wanda aka daidaita don bambance-bambance da ke fitowa daga irin waɗannan dalilai kamar horo da rashin aikin yi). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stigler |first=George J. |date=December 1976 |title=The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1976-12_84_6/page/1199 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1199–1213 |doi=10.1086/260508 |jstor=1831274 |s2cid=41691663}} </ref> A cikin wata gardama da ta haɗa da "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wurare a duk tattalin arziki," Smith yana wakiltar kowane mutum kamar yadda yake ƙoƙarin amfani da duk wani babban birnin da za su iya ba da umarni don amfanin kansu, ba na al'umma ba, kuma don samun riba, wanda ya zama dole a wasu matakan don amfani da babban birnin a masana'antar cikin gida, kuma yana da alaƙa da darajar kayan aiki.[59]{{Efn|"Capital" in Smith's usage includes [[fixed capital]] and [[circulating capital]]. The latter includes wages and labour maintenance, money, and inputs from land, mines, and fisheries associated with production.{{sfn|Smith|1776|loc=Bk. II: ch. 1, 2, and 5}}}}[61]A cikin wannan: Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) ya yi amfani da manufar raguwar dawowa don bayyana yanayin rayuwa. Yawan mutane, ya yi jayayya, ya karu da lissafi, ya wuce samar da abinci, wanda ya karu da ƙididdiga. Matsi na yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri a kan iyakantaccen ƙasa ya haifar da raguwar dawowar aiki. Sakamakon, ya yi iƙirarin, ya kasance ƙananan albashi, wanda ya hana yanayin rayuwa ga mafi yawan jama'a daga tashi sama da matakin rayuwa. [mahimmanci ba ne ake buƙata] Masanin tattalin arziki Julian Simon ya soki ƙaddamarwar Malthus.   Yayinda Adam Smith ya jaddada samarwa da samun kudin shiga, [[David Ricardo]] (1817) ya mai da hankali kan rarraba kudin shiga tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, ma'aikata, da masu jari-hujja. Ricardo ya ga rikici tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, a gefe guda, da ma'aikata da babban birnin, a gefe ɗaya. Ya nuna cewa karuwar yawan jama'a da babban birnin, yana matsawa kan wadatar ƙasa, yana tura haya kuma yana riƙe da albashi da riba. Ricardo kuma shine na farko da ya bayyana kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar fa'ida ta kwatanta, bisa ga abin da kowace ƙasa ya kamata ta ƙware wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyaki wanda ke da ƙarancin farashi na samarwa, maimakon dogaro da samar da kanta kawai. An kira shi "bayani na asali" don samun riba daga kasuwanci. Da yake zuwa a ƙarshen al'adar gargajiya, John Stuart Mill (1848) ya raba kamfanin tare da masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya na baya game da rashin yiwuwar rarraba tsarin kasuwa na samun kudin shiga. Mill ya nuna bambanci tsakanin matsayi biyu na kasuwa: rarraba albarkatu da rarraba kudin shiga. Kasuwar na iya zama mai inganci wajen rarraba albarkatu, amma ba a rarraba kudaden shiga ba, ya rubuta, yana mai da shi ya zama dole ga al'umma ta shiga tsakani. Ka'idar darajar tana da mahimmanci a cikin ka'idar gargajiya. Smith ya rubuta cewa "farashin gaske na kowane abu ... shine aiki da matsala na samun shi". &nbsp;Smith ya ci gaba da cewa, tare da haya da riba, wasu farashi ban da albashi suma sun shiga farashin kayan masarufi.[68]Sauran masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya sun gabatar da bambance-bambance akan Smith, wanda ake kira 'ka'idar aiki na darajar'. Tattalin arzikin gargajiya ya mayar da hankali kan halin kowane tattalin arzikin kasuwa don daidaitawa a cikin wani matsayi na ƙarshe wanda ya ƙunshi adadi na yau da kullun na dukiyar jiki (babban birni) da kuma yawan jama'a. === Tattalin arzikin Marxian === [[File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg|alt=Photograph of Karl Marx facing the viewer|thumb|Karyatawar Marxist game da tattalin arzikin siyasa ya fito ne daga aikin masanin falsafar Jamus [[Karl Marx]] .]] Tattalin arzikin Marxist (daga baya, Marxian) ya fito ne daga tattalin arzikin gargajiya, kuma ya samo asali ne daga aikin [[Karl Marx]]. An buga kundi na farko na babban aikin Marx, {{Lang|de|[[Das Kapital]]}}, a 1867. Marx ya mayar da hankali kan ka'idar aiki na darajar da ka'idar ƙimar da ta wuce gona da iri. Marx ya rubuta cewa su hanyoyin da babban birnin ke amfani da su don cin zarafin ma'aikata. Ka'idar darajar ma'aikata ta tabbatar da cewa darajar kayan musayar an ƙayyade ta hanyar aikin da ya shiga cikin samar da shi, kuma ka'idar ƙimar da ta wuce ta nuna yadda aka biya ma'aikata kawai wani rabo na darajar da aikin su ya kirkira. Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) ya ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arzikin Marxian The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx and The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program), Rudolf Hilferding's (1877-1941) Finance Capital, [[Vladimir Lenin]] (1870-1924) 's The Development of Capitalism in Russia and Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, da Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) 's The Accumulation of Capital. === Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical === A farkonsa a matsayin kimiyyar zamantakewa, Jean-Baptiste Say ya bayyana ''tattalin arziki'' kuma ya tattauna shi a cikin littafinsa mai suna Treatise on Political Economy ko, The Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth (1803) a matsayin nazarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da dukiya. Wadannan abubuwa uku an dauke su ne kawai dangane da karuwa ko raguwar dukiya, kuma ba dangane da hanyoyin kisa ba.{{Efn|"This science indicates the cases in which commerce is truly productive, where whatever is gained by one is lost by another, and where it is profitable to all; it also teaches us to appreciate its several processes, but simply in their results, at which it stops. Besides this knowledge, the merchant must also understand the processes of his art. He must be acquainted with the commodities in which he deals, their qualities and defects, the countries from which they are derived, their markets, the means of their transportation, the values to be given for them in exchange, and the method of keeping accounts. The same remark is applicable to the agriculturist, to the manufacturer, and to the practical man of business; to acquire a thorough knowledge of the causes and consequences of each phenomenon, the study of political economy is essentially necessary to them all; and to become expert in his particular pursuit, each one must add thereto a knowledge of its processes." {{harv|Say|1803|page=XVI}}}} Ma'anar Say ta tsira a wani bangare har zuwa yanzu, an gyara ta hanyar maye gurbin kalmar "dukiya" don "kayayyaki da aiyuka" ma'ana cewa dukiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan da ba kayan abu ba. Shekaru ɗari da talatin bayan haka, Lionel Robbins ya lura cewa wannan ma'anar ba ta isa ba, saboda masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna yin amfani da ka'idoji da falsafar a wasu fannoni na ayyukan ɗan adam.{{Efn|"And when we submit the definition in question to this test, it is seen to possess deficiencies which, so far from being marginal and subsidiary, amount to nothing less than a complete failure to exhibit either the scope or the significance of the most central generalisations of all." {{harv|Robbins|2007|p=5}}}} A cikin Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, ya ba da shawarar ma'anar tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙarancin ƙarancin, wanda ke tilasta wa mutane zaɓar, rarraba albarkatun da ba su da yawa ga ƙarshen gasa, da tattalin arziki (neman mafi girman jin daɗi yayin guje wa ɓata albarkatun ƙarancin).{{Efn|"The conception we have adopted may be described as analytical. It does not attempt to pick out certain kinds of behaviour, but focuses attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity. {{harv|Robbins|2007|p=17}}}} A cewar Robbins: "Tattalin Arziki shine kimiyya wanda ke nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin dangantaka tsakanin iyaka da ƙananan hanyoyin da ke da madadin amfani".[35]Ma'anar Robbins ta ƙarshe ta zama karɓa ta manyan masana tattalin arziki, kuma ta sami hanyar shiga cikin litattafan yanzu. Kodayake ba tare da haɗin kai ba, yawancin masana tattalin arziki na yau da kullun za su yarda da wasu ma'anar Robbins, duk da cewa mutane da yawa sun tayar da mummunar ƙiyayya ga iyakar da hanyar tattalin arziki, wanda ya fito daga wannan ma'anar.[72] Wani rukuni na ka'idar da daga baya aka kira "tattalin arzikin neoclassical" an kafa shi daga kimanin 1870 zuwa 1910. Kalmar "tattalin arziki" ta shahara ne daga masana tattalin arziki na neoclassical kamar su [[Alfred Marshall]] da Mary Paley Marshall a matsayin taƙaitaccen ma'anar "kimiyya ta tattalin arziki" da kuma maye gurbin "Tattalin arzikin siyasa" na baya. <ref name="MarshallMarshall1888" /> <ref name="Jevons1879" /> Wannan ya dace da tasirin da aka yi amfani da shi a fannin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]]. Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical ya haɗa wadata da buƙata a matsayin haɗin gwiwar farashin da yawa a cikin daidaitattun kasuwa, don haka yana rinjayar rabon fitarwa da rarraba kuɗin shiga. Ya ki amincewa da ka'idar aiki ta tattalin arziki na gargajiya don tallafawa ka'idar amfani mai amfani a gefen buƙata da kuma ka'idar farashi mai zurfi a gefen wadata. A cikin karni na 20, masu ilimin neoclassical sun tashi daga ra'ayin da ya gabata wanda ya ba da shawarar auna cikakken amfani ga al'umma, suna zaɓar amfani na yau da kullun, wanda ke nuna alaƙar halayyar mutum a tsakanin mutane.<ref name="Hicks">{{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=J.R. |author-link=John Hicks |date=April 1937 |title=Mr. Keynes and the "Classics": A Suggested Interpretation |journal=Econometrica |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=147–159 |doi=10.2307/1907242 |jstor=1907242}}</ref> A cikin microeconomics, tattalin arziki neoclassical yana wakiltar karfafawa da farashi kamar yadda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanke shawara. Misali na nan da nan na wannan shine ka'idar mabukaci na buƙatun mutum, wanda ke ware tasirin farashi (a matsayin farashi) da samun kudin shiga akan adadin da ake buƙata.<ref name="Hicks" /> A cikin macroeconomics an nuna shi a cikin farkon kuma mai dorewa neoclassical kira tare da Keynesian macroeconomiics. <ref name="Hicks" /> Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical ana kiransa ''tattalin arzikin Orthodox'' a wasu lokuta ta hanyar masu sukar sa da masu tausayi. tattalin arziki zamani ya gina a kan tattalin arzikin neoclassical amma tare da gyare-gyare da yawa waɗanda ko dai sun kara ko kuma sun haɗa da bincike na baya, kamar su econometrics, ka'idar wasan, nazarin gazawar kasuwa da gasa mara kyau, da kuma Tsarin neoclassical na ci Babban tattalin arziki don nazarin masu canji na dogon lokaci da ke shafar kudaden shiga na ƙasa. Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical yana nazarin halayyar mutane, Gidaje, da kungiyoyi (wanda ake kira 'yan wasan tattalin arziki, 'yan wasa, ko wakilai) lokacin da suke sarrafawa ko amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa, waɗanda ke da madadin amfani, don cimma burin da ake so. Ana zaton wakilai suna aiki da hankali, suna da manufofi masu yawa a gani, iyakantaccen albarkatu don samun waɗannan manufofi, saitin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi, ainihin manufa mai jagora, da kuma ikon yin zaɓi. Akwai matsala ta tattalin arziki, wanda ke ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyyar tattalin arziki, lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye da 'yan wasa suka yanke shawara (zaɓin) don samun sakamako mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tesfatsion |first=Leigh |date=Winter 2002 |title=Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies from the Bottom Up |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/acealife.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Artificial Life (journal)|Artificial Life]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–82 |doi=10.1162/106454602753694765 |pmid=12020421 |s2cid=1345062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126182912/https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/acealife.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> === Tattalin arzikin Keynesian === [[File:John_Maynard_Keynes_(1929).jpg|alt=Black-and-white head shot of Keynes|thumb|John Maynard Keynes, wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin tattalin arziki" ]] Tattalin arzikin Keynesian ya samo asali ne daga John Maynard Keynes, musamman littafinsa The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), wanda ya gabatar da tattalin arzikin zamani a matsayin wani yanki na musamman. Littafin ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade kudin shiga na ƙasa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci lokacin da farashin ba su da sauƙin sauyawa. Keynes ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana, a cikin cikakkun ka'idoji, dalilin da ya sa rashin aikin yi a kasuwar ma'aikata ba zai iya gyara kansa ba saboda ƙananan "bukatar tasiri" da kuma dalilin da ya ya sa har ma da sassauci na farashi da manufofin kuɗi bazai zama marasa amfani. An yi amfani da kalmar "juyin juya hali" ga littafin a cikin tasirinsa akan nazarin tattalin arziki. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masana tattalin arziki da yawa sun bi ra'ayoyin Keynes kuma sun fadada ayyukansa. John Hicks da Alvin Hansen sun haɓaka samfurin IS-LM, tsari mai sauƙi na wasu abubuwan da Keynes ya fahimta game da daidaitattun tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Franco Modigliani da James Tobin sun haɓaka mahimman ra'ayoyi na amfani da masu zaman kansu da saka hannun jari, bi da bi, manyan abubuwa biyu na buƙatun buƙata. Lawrence Klein ya gina samfurin farko na macroeconometric, yana amfani da tunanin Keynesian a hankali ga Tattalin arzikin Amurka. === Tattalin arzikin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === Nan da nan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tattalin arzikin Keynesian shine babban ra'ayi na tattalin arziki na kafa Amurka da abokanta, kuma tattalin arzikin Marxian shine babban ra-ayi na tattalin arzikin Soviet Union da abokanta. ==== Cinikin kuɗi ==== [[File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg|thumb|243x243px|[[Milton Friedman]]]] Monetarism ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, tare da [[Milton Friedman]] a matsayin jagoran ilimi. Masu adawa da kudi sun yi jayayya cewa manufofin kudi da sauran girgizar kudi, kamar yadda aka wakilta ta hanyar ci gaban hannun jari, sun kasance muhimmiyar dalilin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, kuma saboda haka manufofin kudi sun fi muhimmanci fiye da manufofin kasafin kudi don dalilai na daidaitawa.<ref name="fed">{{Cite web |last=Bernanke |first=Ben |date=8 November 2002 |title=Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324160935/https://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=22 February 2009 |publisher=The Federal Reserve Board}}</ref> Friedman ya kuma yi shakku game da ikon bankunan tsakiya don gudanar da manufofin kuɗi masu aiki a aikace, yana ba da shawara a maimakon haka ta amfani da dokoki masu sauƙi kamar ci gaban kuɗi. Tsarin kuɗi ya yi fice a shekarun 1970 da 1980, lokacin da manyan bankunan tsakiya da dama suka rungumi manufofin kuɗi da suka yi tasiri ga tsarin kuɗi, amma daga baya aka yi watsi da su saboda sakamakon bai gamsar ba. <ref name="Historical">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Federal Reserve Board - Historical Approaches to Monetary Policy |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/historical-approaches-to-monetary-policy.htm |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |language=en}}</ref> ==== Sabon tattalin arziki na gargajiya ==== Wani kalubale mai mahimmanci ga tsarin Keynesian ya fito ne a cikin 1970s daga sabbin masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya kamar [[Robert Lucas Jr.|Robert Lucas]], Thomas Sargent, da Edward Prescott. Sun gabatar da ra'ayin tsammanin tunani a cikin tattalin arziki, wanda ke da tasiri mai zurfi ga tattaunawar tattalin arziki da yawa, gami da abin da ake kira Lucas critic da ci gaban ainihin tsarin sake zagayowar kasuwanci. ==== Sabbin Keynesians ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin shekarun 1980s, wani rukuni na masu bincike sun zama sanannun masana tattalin arziki na New Keynesian, ciki har da, da sauransu, [[George Akerlof]], Janet Yellen, Gregory Mankiw, da Olivier Blanchard. Sun karɓi ƙa'idar tsammanin tunani da sauran masu cin gashin kansu ko sababbin ra'ayoyin gargajiya, kamar samfuran da ke amfani da microfoundations da inganta halayyar, amma a lokaci guda sun jaddada muhimmancin gazawar kasuwa daban-daban a cikin aikin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda Keynes ya yi. Ba aƙalla ba, sun ba da dalilai daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya bayyana fasalulluka da aka lura da farashi da tsananin albashi, yawanci ana sanya su zama fasalullukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, maimakon ɗauka kamar yadda yake a cikin tsofaffin salon Keynesian. ==== Sabuwar hadadden neoclassical ==== Bayan shekaru da dama na tattaunawa mai zafi tsakanin Keynesians, masu ra'ayin kuɗi, sabbin masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya da sabbin masana tattalin arziki na Keynesian, wani tsari ya bayyana a shekarun 2000, wanda galibi ake kira sabon tsarin neoclassical . Ya haɗa tsammanin hankali da inganta tsarin sabuwar ka'idar gargajiya tare da sabon rawar Keynesian don taurin kai da sauran kurakuran kasuwa, kamar rashin cikakken bayani, a cikin kayayyaki, aiki, da kasuwannin bashi. An fahimci muhimmancin manufofin kuɗi wajen daidaita tattalin arziki , musamman ma wajen daidaita hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, haka kuma an fahimci dagewar da Keynesian ta yi cewa manufofin kuɗi na iya taka rawa mai tasiri wajen shafar yawan buƙatun jama'a . A tsarin aiki, haɗakarwar ta haifar da sabon nau'in samfuran da aka yi amfani da su, wanda aka sani da samfuran daidaitaccen tsarin stochastic general ma'auni (DSGE), waɗanda aka samo daga samfuran zagayowar kasuwanci na gaske amma an faɗaɗa su da sabbin fasaloli da yawa na Keynesian da sauran su. Waɗannan samfuran sun kasance masu amfani da tasiri wajen tsara manufofin kuɗi na zamani kuma yanzu sun zama manyan hanyoyin aiki a yawancin bankunan tsakiya. ==== Bayan rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ==== Bayan rikicin kuɗi na 2008, binciken tattalin arziki ya fi mai da hankali kan fahimtar da haɗa tsarin kuɗi cikin samfuran tattalin arziki mai faɗi, da kuma haskaka yadda matsaloli a ɓangaren kuɗi za su iya haifar da manyan koma bayan tattalin arziki. A cikin wannan da sauran sassan bincike, wahayi daga tattalin arzikin ɗabi'a ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ka'idar tattalin arziki ta yau da kullun. Haka kuma, bambancin da ke tsakanin wakilan tattalin arziki, misali, bambance-bambancen samun kudin shiga, yana taka rawa sosai a binciken tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guvenen |first=Fatih |title=Macroeconomics with Heterogeneity: A Practical Guide |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17622/w17622.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.nber.org |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> === Sauran makarantu da hanyoyin === Wasu makarantu ko yanayin tunani da ke magana game da wani salon tattalin arziki da ake yi a kuma ake yaɗawa daga ƙungiyoyin masana da aka san su sosai waɗanda suka shahara a duk duniya, sun haɗa da Makarantar Freiburg, Makarantar Lausanne, Makarantar Stockholm da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Chicago . A shekarun 1970 da 1980, wani lokacin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun ana raba shi zuwa tsarin ruwan gishiri na waɗannan jami'o'in da ke gabar tekun Gabas da Yammacin Amurka, da kuma tsarin makarantar Freshwater, ko Chicago . A cikin tattalin arziki na macro, akwai, a cikin tsari na gaba ɗaya na bayyanarsu ta tarihi a cikin adabi; tattalin arziki na gargajiya, tattalin arziki na neoclassical, tattalin arzikin Keynesian, haɗakar neoclassical, monetarism, tattalin arziki na zamani, tattalin arziki na sabon Keynesian da sabon haɗakar neoclassical . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodford |first=Michael |date=January 2008 |title=Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~mw2230/Convergence_AEJ.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221064431/http://www.columbia.edu/~mw2230/Convergence_AEJ.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The New Consensus}}</ref> Baya ga ci gaban tunanin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, ka'idoji daban-daban na tattalin arziki na madadin ko heterodox sun samo asali, suna sanya kansu a matsayin sabanin ka'idar gama gari. <ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Frederic S. |date=2008 |title=Heterodox Economics |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2487-1 |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da: <ref name="Lee" /> * Makarantar Austria, tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan ɗan adam, [[Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa|haƙƙin mallaka]], da kuma 'yancin yin kwangila da mu'amala don samun tattalin arziki mai bunƙasa da nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=WHAT IS AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS? |url=https://mises.org/what-austrian-economics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023162020/https://mises.org/what-austrian-economics |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> Haka kuma ya jaddada cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta taka rawa kaɗan gwargwadon iyawa (idan akwai wani rawa) a cikin tsara ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu masu hulɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2019 |title=The Austrian Theory of Efficiency and the Role of Government |url=https://mises.org/library/austrian-theory-efficiency-and-role-government-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214010751/https://mises.org/library/austrian-theory-efficiency-and-role-government-0 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Friedrich Hayek da Ludwig von Mises su ne manyan wakilan makarantar Austria guda biyu. * Tattalin arzikin bayan-Keynesian ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsauraran matakan tattalin arziki da kuma hanyoyin daidaitawa. Gabaɗaya ana danganta shi da Jami'ar Cambridge da aikin Joan Robinson . * Tattalin arzikin muhalli kamar [[Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli|tattalin arzikin muhalli]] yana nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam da yanayin halittu da suke ciki, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xepapadeas |first=Anastasios |date=2008 |title=Ecological Economics |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2141-1 |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5}}</ref> amma sabanin tattalin arzikin muhalli yana ɗaukar matsayi na adawa da ƙa'idodin tattalin arziki na gabaɗaya. Babban bambanci tsakanin ƙananan fannoni biyu shine zato game da yiwuwar maye gurbin tsakanin jarin da aka yi da na halitta . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlin |first=D. I. W. |date=2006 |title=DIW Berlin: A Matter of Opinion: How Ecological and Neoclassical Environmental Economists Think about Sustainability and Economics |url=https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.450284.de |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.diw.de |language=de}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ci gaba sun haɗa da tattalin arzikin Marxian, tattalin arzikin kundin tsarin mulki, tattalin arzikin cibiyoyi, tattalin arzikin juyin halitta, ka'idar dogaro, tattalin arziki mai tsari, ka'idar tsarin duniya, kimiyyar tattalin arziki, kimiyyar tattalin arziki, tattalin arziki na mata da tattalin arzikin halittu . Tattalin arzikin mata ya jaddada rawar da jinsi ke takawa a tattalin arziki, yana kalubalantar nazarin da ke sa jinsi ya zama ba a iya gani ko kuma wanda ke tallafawa tsarin tattalin arziki mai danne jinsi. Manufar ita ce a ƙirƙiri bincike kan tattalin arziki da kuma nazarin manufofi wanda zai haɗa kowa da kowa kuma ya san jinsi domin ƙarfafa daidaiton jinsi da kuma inganta walwalar ƙungiyoyin da aka ware. == Hanyar == === Binciken ka'ida === Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta asali ta dogara ne akan samfuran tattalin arziki na nazari. Lokacin ƙirƙirar ka'idoji, manufar ita ce a sami zato waɗanda aƙalla suke da sauƙi a cikin buƙatun bayanai, waɗanda suka fi daidai a cikin hasashe, kuma sun fi amfani wajen samar da ƙarin bincike fiye da ka'idojin da suka gabata. {{Sfn|Friedman|1953}} Duk da cewa ka'idar tattalin arziki ta neoclassical ta ƙunshi tsarin ka'ida mai rinjaye ko ta al'ada da kuma tsarin hanyoyin aiki, ka'idar tattalin arziki kuma tana iya ɗaukar nau'in wasu mazhabobi na tunani kamar a cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na heterodox . A fannin tattalin arziki mai zurfi, manyan ra'ayoyi sun haɗa da wadata da buƙata, rashin daidaito, ka'idar zaɓin tunani, farashin dama, ƙuntatawa a kasafin kuɗi, amfani, da ka'idar kamfani . Tsarin tattalin arziki na farko ya mayar da hankali kan yin koyi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canji masu yawa, amma yayin da dangantakar ta bayyana tana canzawa akan lokaci, masana tattalin arziki na macro, gami da sabbin Keynesians, sun sake fasalin samfuran su da ƙananan tushe, inda ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki na micro suka taka muhimmiyar rawa. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == 5nqzigp53irma3834v3gknr6exh3wgx Agricultural 0 178236 967410 963318 2026-10-13T23:40:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 9 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}} [[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Aikin noma na zamani: tsarin ban Ruwa na tsakiya a filin]]  {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  '''Aikin noma''' shine aikin noma ƙasa, shuka, kiwo, da girbi abinci da amfanin gona marasa abinci, da kuma samar da [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]]. Bayani mafi girma sun haɗa da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|Kiwon kifi]]. Aikin noma ya kasance babban abu ne a cikin tasowa na [[wayewa]] ɗan adam, inda noma shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gidaje ya haifar da wadataccen abinci wanda ya ba mutane damar zama a cikin birane. Yayinda mutane suka fara tattara hatsi aƙalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata, manoma masu tasowa sun fara dasa su kusan shekaru 11,500 da suka gabata. Tumaki, awaki, aladu, da shanu an yi musu gida kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. An shuka shuke-shuke da kansu a akalla yankuna 11 na duniya. A cikin karni na 20, aikin gona na masana'antu wanda ya dogara da manyan al'adu ya mamaye aikin gona. Ya zuwa 2021, [[Smallholding|ƙananan gonaki]], wanda yawancin su hekta ɗaya ne (kimanin kadada 2.5) ko ƙarami, suna samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, biyar daga cikin kowane gonaki shida a duniya sun ƙunshi ƙasa da hekta 2 (4.9 acres) kuma suna ɗaukar kusan 12% na duk ƙasar noma.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Dangane da yawan amfani da ƙasa, manyan gonaki sun fi rinjaye.<ref name="Lowder-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lowder |first=Sarah K. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Marco V. |last3=Bertini |first3=Raffaele |date=1 June 2021 |title=Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |language=en |volume=142 |bibcode=2021WoDev.14205455L |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233553897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 1% ne kawai na dukkan gonaki a duniya sun fi hekta 50 (120 kadada), sun kunshi fiye da kashi 70% na gonakin duniya.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 40% na duk ƙasar noma ta duniya ana samun ta a gonaki da suka fi hekta 1,000 (2,500 acres). <ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Gona da noma suna da tasiri sosai ga Tattalin arzikin karkara kuma suna tsara al'ummar karkara sosai, suna shafar ma'aikatan gona kai tsaye da manyan Kasuwanci da ke tallafawa gonaki da yawan manoma. Ana iya haɗa manyan kayayyakin noma a cikin [[abinci]], fiber, [[man fetur]], da albarkatun kasa (kamar roba da katako). Nau'ikan abinci sun haɗa da [[Siril|hatsi]] (ƙasa), [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], 'ya'yan itatuwa, man dafa abinci, [[nama]], [[madara]], ƙwai, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Samar da aikin gona na duniya ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 11 na abinci, <sup about="#mwt5<sup id=" mwwg="">3</sup>" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;12 July 2021&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 January 2024&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCec\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCeg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCek\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1838\" href=\"./Food_and_Agriculture_Organization\" id=\"mwCeo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Food and Agriculture Organization\">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCes\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 4 January 2024<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCew\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCe0\">12 July</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Agriculture#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Natural Fibres Initiative – DNFI.org |url=https://dnfi.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410102509/https://dnfi.org/ |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=dnfi.org}}</ref> da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na [[Katako|itace]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT. Forestry Production and Trade |url=http://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Koyaya, kusan kashi 14% na abincin duniya ya ɓace daga samarwa kafin ya kai matakin sayarwa. PIlimin noma na zamani, kiwon shuke-shuke, agrochemicals kamar magungunan kashe kwari da [[taki]], da ci gaban fasaha sun kara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]], amma kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga [[Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona|Lalacewar muhalli da muhalli]]. Zaɓin kiwo da ayyukan zamani a cikin [[Kiwo|Kiwon dabbobi]] sun kara yawan fitar da nama, amma sun haifar da damuwa game da jin daɗin dabbobi da lalacewar muhalli. Batutuwan muhalli sun haɗa da [[Hayakin da ake fitarwa daga noma|gudummawa ga canjin yanayi]], raguwar ruwa, [[Deforestation|sare daji]], juriya ta maganin rigakafi, da [[Gurbacewar Aikin Noma|sauran gurɓataccen aikin gona]]. Aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga lalacewar muhalli, kamar asarar halittu, [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]], lalacewar ƙasa, da [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], dukansu zasu iya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su sosai, kodayake wasu ƙasashe sun haramta su. == LMagana da fa'ida == Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_experimental-agriculture_1971-10_7_4/page/363 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da cewa noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'ikan halittu sun shafe shekaru miliyan 60 suna noma amfanin gona, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]] ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tururuwa da ƙwaro . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-07-29_333_6042/page/560 |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2019-08-30_365_6456/page/897 |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |s2cid=201674203 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |year=2014 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |pmc=4035915 |pmid=24757054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An tattara hatsi na daji kuma an ci shi daga akalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata. A cikin Paleolithic Levant, shekaru 23,000 da suka gabata, an lura da noman hatsi na emmer, [[sha'ir]], da oats a kusa da teku na Galili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snir |first=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS One |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da shinkafa a kasar Sin tsakanin 11,500 da 6200 BC tare da farkon sanannun noma daga 5700 BC, sannan mung, soya da azuki wake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zong |first=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |year=2007 |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |pmid=17898767 |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;An kiwon tumaki a [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] tsakanin shekaru 13,000 da 11,000 da suka gabata. An yi kiwon shanu daga aurochs na daji a yankunan Turkiyya da Pakistan na zamani kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref name="McTavish">{{Cite journal |last=McTavish, E. J. |last2=Decker, J. E. |last3=Schnabel, R. D. |last4=Taylor, J. F. |last5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmc=3625352 |pmid=23530234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aladu|Samar da alade]] ya fito ne a Eurasia, gami da Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, inda aka fara yin amfani da Alade na daji kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmc=1976408 |pmid=17855556 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[Andes]] na Kudancin Amurka, an yi amfani da dankali tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka gabata, tare da wake, coca, llamas, alpacas, da aladu. An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. F. |year=2001 |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmc=29389 |pmid=11172083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da doki a cikin Eurasian Steppes a kusa da 3500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=4 May 2022 |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Masana sun ba da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana asalin tarihi na noma. Nazarin sauyawa daga mafarauta-mai tarawa zuwa al'ummomin noma sun nuna farkon lokacin karuwa da karuwar zama; misalai sune Al'adun Natufian a Levant, da farkon Neolithic na kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan kuma, an fara dasa shuke-shuke na daji da aka girbe a baya, kuma a hankali an yi amfani da su.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-04-25_300_5619/page/597 |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. Aikin noma ya fara ne a lokacin predynastic a ƙarshen Paleolithic, bayan 10,000 BC. &nbsp;Amfanin gona na abinci shine hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da amfanin gona na masana'antu kamar flax da [[papyrus]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite journal |last=Janick, Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Acta Hort. |volume=583 |pages=23–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> A Indiya, alkama, sha'ir da jujube an yi amfani da su a shekara ta 9000 BC, ba da daɗewa ba tumaki da awaki suka biyo baya.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta, Anil K. |year=2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=59 |jstor=24107979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki a al'adun Mehrgarh daga 8000-6000 BC.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. State University of New York Press. 19. {{ISBN|0-7914-2919-9}}.</ref><ref name="harrisandgosden385">Harris, David R. and Gosden, C. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds''. Routledge. p. 385. {{ISBN|1-85728-538-7}}.</ref> An shuka auduga a karni na 5th-4th BC.<ref>Stein, Burton (1998). ''A History of India''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; KA kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. An yi amfani da shinkafa ta Asiya shekaru 8,200-13,500 da suka gabata - dangane da ƙididdigar agogon kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da shi - a kan Kogin Pearl a kudancin China tare da asalin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya daga shinkafa ''Oryza rufipogon''.<ref name="pnas1">{{Cite journal |last=Molina |first=J. |last2=Sikora |first2=M. |last3=Garud |first3=N. |last4=Flowers |first4=J. M. |last5=Rubinstein |first5=S. |last6=Reynolds |first6=A. |last7=Huang |first7=P. |last8=Jackson |first8=S. |last9=Schaal |first9=B. A. |last10=Bustamante |first10=C. D. |last11=Boyko |first11=A. R. |last12=Purugganan |first12=M. D. |year=2011 |title=Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=20 |pages=8351–8356 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8351M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1104686108 |pmc=3101000 |pmid=21536870 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="nature1">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Xuehui |last2=Kurata |first2=Nori |last3=Wei |first3=Xinghua |last4=Wang |first4=Zi-Xuan |last5=Wang |first5=Ahong |last6=Zhao |first6=Qiang |last7=Zhao |first7=Yan |last8=Liu |first8=Kunyan |last9=Lu |first9=Hengyun |last10=Li |first10=Wenjun |last11=Gu |first11=Yunli |last12=Lu |first12=Yiqi |last13=Zhou |first13=Congcong |last14=Fan |first14=Danlin |last15=Weng |first15=Qijun |display-authors=8 |year=2012 |title=A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice |journal=Nature |volume=490 |issue=7421 |pages=497–501 |bibcode=2012Natur.490..497H |doi=10.1038/nature11532 |pmc=7518720 |pmid=23034647 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Girka da Roma, manyan hatsi sune alkama, emmer, da sha'ir, tare da kayan lambu ciki har da wake, wake, da zaitun. Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC. &nbsp;Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.<ref name="Speller">{{Cite journal |last=Speller |first=Camilla F. |author-link=Camilla Speller |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=2807–2812 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2807S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107 |pmc=2840336 |pmid=20133614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mascarelli, Amanda |date=5 November 2010 |title=Mayans converted wetlands to farmland |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2010.587 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan, John |date=6 November 2013 |title=Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science |journal=Soil Horizons |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=3 |doi=10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |year=2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |pages=14694–14699 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pmid=16203994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.<ref name="Piperno">{{Cite journal |last=Piperno |first=Dolores R. |date=2011 |title=The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S-4 |pages=S453–S470 |doi=10.1086/659998 |s2cid=83061925 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, [[Tumatir|Tumar]] yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.<ref name="Murphy2011" /> An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC. &nbsp;Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can. A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1992-02_33_1/page/n59 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1974-03_34_1/page/8 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> [[Ban ruwa|Ruwa]], juyawa na amfanin gona, da [[taki]] sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da [[Taki|taki na roba]], magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]] da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janick, Jules |title=Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074054/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid, John F. |date=2011 |title=The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture |url=http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |url-status=live |journal=The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology |volume=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033809/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[File:Reindeer_herding.jpg|thumb|Garken Reindeer sun zama tushen aikin gona na kiwo ga mutane da yawa na Arctic da Subarctic.]]   Makiyaya sun haɗa da sarrafa dabbobi na gida. A cikin makiyaya, ana motsa garken dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri don neman makiyaya, abinci, da ruwa. Ana yin irin wannan noma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke cikin [[Sahara]], Asiya ta Tsakiya da wasu sassan Indiya. [[File:Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg|thumb|Yaduwar turare da hannu a Zambia]] A cikin sauya noma, an share wani karamin yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar yankewa da ƙone bishiyoyi. Ana amfani da ƙasar da aka share don shuka amfanin gona na 'yan shekaru har sai ƙasa ta zama mai ƙwarewa, kuma an watsar da yankin. An zaɓi wani yanki na ƙasa kuma an sake maimaita wannan tsari. Irin wannan aikin gona ana yin sa ne galibi a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa inda gandun daji ke sake farfadowa da sauri. Ana amfani da wannan aikin a Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da kuma Amazon Basin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shifting cultivation |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829015112/http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=[[Survival International]]}}</ref> Ana yin aikin gona don biyan bukatun iyali ko na gida kadai, tare da ɗan kaɗan don sufuri a wasu wurare. Ana yin sa sosai a Monsoon Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Kimanin manoma biliyan 2.5 sun yi aiki a cikin 2018, suna noma kusan kashi 60% na ƙasar noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--no byline--> |date=7 March 2018 |title=Chinese project offers a brighter farming future |department=Editorial |journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7695 |page=141 |bibcode=2018Natur.555R.141. |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02742-3 |pmid=29517037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Noman Zamani|Aikin noma mai zurfi]] shine noma don kara yawan aiki, tare da ƙananan raguwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan shigarwa (ruwa, taki, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da sarrafa kansa). Ana yin shi galibi a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705221311/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-date=5 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="bbcFactSheet">{{Cite web |title=BBC School fact sheet on intensive farming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503035007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-date=3 May 2007}}</ref> == Aikin noma na zamani == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/agriculture share gdp#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Share of GDP from agriculture]]|startingView=World}} === Matsayi === [[File:Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png|thumb|354x354px|Daidaitawa ga aikin gona na ƙasa a duniya (Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, 1998) ]] [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_by_region.svg|thumb|221x221px|Hanyoyin aiki na baya-bayan nan a aikin gona (ciki har da gandun daji da kamun kifi) ta yankin ]] Daga karni na ashirin zuwa gaba, noma mai zurfi ya kara yawan amfanin gona. Ya maye gurbin taki na roba da magungunan kashe kwari don aiki, amma ya haifar da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da tallafin gona. Rashin lalacewar ƙasa da cututtuka irin su tsatsa sune manyan damuwa a duniya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheat Stem Rust – UG99 (Race TTKSK) |url=http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107064545/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> kimanin kashi 40% na ƙasar noma ta duniya ta lalace sosai. Aikin noma na zamani ya tayar ko ya gamu da batutuwan muhalli, siyasa, da tattalin arziki ciki har da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]], [[Biofuel|man fetur]], kwayoyin halitta, haraji da [[Taimako na aikin gona|tallafin gona]], wanda ke haifar da wasu hanyoyin da suka dace kamar Motsi na kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{Cite journal |date=15 August 2011 |title=Ten worst famines of the 20th century |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |url-status=live |journal=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063152/http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Ayyukan noma marasa dorewa a Arewacin Amurka sun haifar da Dust Bowl na shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Peter R |last2=Sayre |first2=Ken |last3=Gupta |first3=Raj |date=12 February 2008 |title=The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=543–555 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2169 |pmc=2610169 |pmid=17720669}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami mummunar martani game da Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona na al'ada, wanda ya haifar da ƙungiyoyin aikin gona masu ɗorewa, masu sabuntawa, da masu ɗorewar aiki.<ref name="motherjones1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheierling, Susanne M. |year=1995 |title=Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1 |url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605112426/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan wannan motsi shine [[Tarayyar Turai]], wanda ya fara tabbatar da abinci na kwayoyin halitta a cikin 1991 kuma ya fara sake fasalin Manufofin Aikin Gona na yau da kullun (CAP) a cikin 2005 don fitar da tallafin gona da ke da alaƙa da kayan masarufi, wanda aka fi sani da rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=CAP Reform |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017124251/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |archive-date=17 October 2010 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Ci gaban aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta ya sabunta bincike a cikin wasu fasahohi kamar hadin gwiwar kula da kwari, zaɓaɓɓen kiwo, da aikin gona mai sarrafa muhalli. Akwai damuwa game da ƙananan amfanin gona da ke da alaƙa da aikin [[Noman Asali|noma na kwayoyin halitta]] da tasirinsa akan tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Samuel |last2=van der Heijden |first2=Marcel G. A. |date=7 September 2018 |title=A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3632 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3632K |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05956-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6128901 |pmid=30194344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Abinci mai canza kwayar halitta. A cikin shekaru 60 tsakanin 1964 da 2023, an sami mafi yawan karuwar samar da aikin gona ta hanyar karuwa, yayin da fadada ƙasar noma ta iyakance zuwa 8% kawai. A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, tsakanin 2001 da 2023, yankin noma na duniya ya ragu da hekta miliyan 78 (Mha) (-2%), tare da yankin amfanin gona yana ƙaruwa da 78 Mha da kuma ciyawa na dindindin da makiyaya suna raguwa da 151 Mha. Wadannan canje-canje suna nuna bambance-bambance na yanki. Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta ga fadada gonar amfanin gona na 69 Mha tare da asarar gandun daji 72 Mha, yayin da Latin Amurka ta ga 25 Mha na ci gaban amfanin gona tare da 85 Mha na asarar yankin gandun daji. Yaduwar aikin gona ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da [[Deforestation|sare daji]] a duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na asarar gandun daji. A cikin wannan karni, wani muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi shine cewa kimanin 3.6 Mha na gonaki ana watsar da su a kowace shekara, tare da lalacewar ƙasa mai yiwuwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan asarar. [[File:Agricultural_output_of_China.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ci gaban aikin gona na kasar Sin a shekarar 2015 US $ tun 1961]] A shekara ta 2015, aikin gona na kasar Sin ya kasance mafi girma a duniya, sannan Tarayyar Turai, Indiya da Amurka suka biyo baya.<ref name="UNCTAD2017">{{Cite web |title=UNCTADstat – Table view |url=http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020072414/http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Masana tattalin arziki suna auna jimlar yawan aiki gona, bisa ga abin da aikin gona a Amurka ya kusan sau 1.7 ya fi yawan amfanin gona fiye da yadda yake a shekarar 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Agricultural Productivity in the United States |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201021133/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/ |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=USDA Economic Research Service}}</ref> Samun amfanin gona na dogon lokaci ya fi girma lokacin da bincike da ci gaba ke fuskantar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da kayan lambu. Aikin noma ya dauki ma'aikata miliyan 873 a cikin 2021, ko kuma kashi 27% na ma'aikata na duniya, miliyan 916 a cikin 2023, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 1 027 (ko 40%) a cikin 2000. Kashi na noma a cikin GDP na duniya ya kasance mai ɗorewa a kusan 4% tun daga 2000-2023. Duk da karuwar samar da noma da yawan aiki, tsakanin mutane miliyan 702 da 828 yunwa ta shafa a cikin 2021. Rashin tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki da rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki na iya zama sakamakon rikici, matsanancin yanayi da bambancin yanayi da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Hakanan yana iya haifar da halaye na tsarin ƙasa kamar matsayin samun kudin shiga da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma tattalin arzikin siyasa.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta a aikin gona ya karu da kashi 62% tsakanin 2000 da 2021, tare da Amurka da ke lissafin rabin amfani a cikin 2021. Asusun Ci gaban Aikin Gona na Duniya ya nuna cewa karuwar aikin gona na iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita ga damuwa game da Farashin abinci da tsaron abinci gaba ɗaya, saboda kwarewar da ta dace da Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution |url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development}}</ref> [[Masifa|Bala'o'i]] sun haifar da kimanin dala tiriliyan 3.26 a cikin asarar noma sama da shekaru 33 (1991-2023), matsakaicin dala biliyan 99 a kowace shekara, tare da amfanin gona da ke ɗauke da nauyin da ya fi nauyi a tan biliyan 4.6 da suka ɓace, sannan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (2.8 biliyan), da kuma nama da madara sun rasa tan miliyan 900. === Ma'aikata === [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_(2023).svg|thumb|Ayyukan duniya a cikin noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi a cikin 2023 ]] Aikin noma yana samar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk ayyukan duniya, fiye da rabi a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma kusan kashi 60 cikin dari a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=The World Bank |place=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Yayinda kasashe ke tasowa, wasu ayyukan tarihi sun janye ma'aikata daga aikin gona, kuma sababbin abubuwan ceton ma'aikata suna kara yawan aikin gona ta hanyar rage bukatun ma'aikata a kowane sashi na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michaels |first=Guy |last2=Rauch |first2=Ferdinand |last3=Redding |first3=Stephen J. |date=2012 |title=Urbanization and Structural Transformation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-journal-of-economics_2012-05_127_2/page/535 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=535–586 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjs003 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=23251993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gollin |first=Douglas |last2=Parente |first2=Stephen |last3=Rogerson |first3=Richard |date=2002 |title=The Role of Agriculture in Development |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-economic-review_2002-05_92_2/page/160 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=160–164 |doi=10.1257/000282802320189177 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=3083394}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=W. Arthur |year=1954 |title=Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour |journal=The Manchester School |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=139–191 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x |issn=1463-6786}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, haɗuwa da samar da ma'aikata da yanayin buƙatun ma'aikata sun rage yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=FAOSTAT: Employment Indicators: Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074500/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=FAO |publication-place=Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> [[File:Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|220x220px|A kan ka'idar bangarori uku, yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona (bar mai wuya a kowane rukuni, kore) ya faɗi yayin da tattalin arziki ya zama mafi ci gaba.]] A cikin karni na 16 a Turai, tsakanin 55 da 75% na yawan jama'a sun shiga aikin gona; a karni na 19, wannan ya sauka zuwa tsakanin 35 da 65%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Robert C. |title=Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800 |url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |journal=European Review of Economic History |volume=3 |pages=1–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027195415/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe a yau, adadi bai kai kashi 10 cikin 100 ba.<ref name="LaborForce">{{Cite web |title=Labor Force – By Occupation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522214333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2013 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, wasu mutane biliyan daya, ko kuma sama da 1/3 na ma'aikatan da ke akwai, sun yi aiki a aikin gona. Wannan ya zama kusan kashi 70% na aikin yara na duniya, kuma a kasashe da yawa ya zama mafi yawan mata na kowane masana'antu.<ref name="ILO">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Safety and health in agriculture |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318105845/http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Sashin sabis ɗin ya mamaye bangaren noma a matsayin babban ma'aikaci na duniya a cikin shekara ta 2007. A kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, baƙi suna taimakawa wajen cika karancin ma'aikata a cikin ayyukan noma masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da wuyar sarrafawa. Ma'aikatan gona na kasashen waje daga mafi yawan Gabashin Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatan gona da aka biya albashi a Spain, Italiya, Girka da Portugal a cikin 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasimis |first=Charalambos |date=1 October 2005 |title=Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172236/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonseca |first=Maria Lucinda |date=November 2008 |title=New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal |journal=Population, Space and Place |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=525–535 |doi=10.1002/psp.514}}</ref> A Amurka, fiye da rabin dukkan ma'aikatan gona da aka hayar (kimanin ma'aikata 450,000) baƙi ne a cikin 2019, kodayake yawan sabbin baƙi da suka isa ƙasar don yin aiki a aikin gona ya ragu da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma karuwar albashi ya nuna wannan ya haifar da babban karancin ma'aikata a gonakin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preibisch |first=Kerry |date=2010 |title=Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-migration-review_summer-2010_44_2/page/404 |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=404–441 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00811.x |issn=0197-9183 |jstor=25740855 |s2cid=145604068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture: How immigration plays a critical role |url=https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406024221/https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=New American Economy |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Mata a cikin noma ==== A duk faɗin duniya, mata sun kasance babban ɓangare na yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona. Wannan rabon yana girma a duk yankuna masu tasowa sai dai Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya inda mata suka riga sun kasance kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Mata sun kai kashi 47 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona a yankin Sahara na Afirka, adadin da bai canza sosai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Koyaya, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta nuna cewa matsayin da alhakin mata a aikin gona na iya canzawa - alal misali, daga aikin gona zuwa aikin albashi, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga membobin gida ga masu samar da farko a cikin mahallin maza-daga-momi.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Gabaɗaya, mata suna da babban rabo na aikin gona a ƙananan matakan ci gaban tattalin arziki, kamar yadda rashin isasshen ilimi, iyakance damar samun ababen more rayuwa da kasuwanni, babban nauyin aiki da ba a biya ba da kuma damar yin aiki a yankunan karkara a waje da aikin gona yana iyakance yiwuwar mata don aikin gona. Mata da ke aiki a cikin aikin gona suna yin hakan a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Suna mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, inda ba a samun wasu hanyoyin rayuwa ba, kuma suna kula da tsananin aikinsu a yanayin yanayin yanayi da ke haifar da rikice-rikice. Mata ba su da damar shiga a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da manoma masu zaman kansu kuma suna da hannu a samar da amfanin gona mai sauki. Rashin jinsi a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa tsakanin gonakin da aka gudanar da mata da maza na girman iri ɗaya shine kashi 24. A matsakaici, mata suna samun kashi 18.4 cikin dari ƙasa da maza a aikin albashi a aikin gona; wannan yana nufin cewa mata suna karɓar cents 82 ga kowane dala da maza suka samu. Ci gaba ya kasance mai jinkiri wajen rufe gibin da mata ke samu ga ban ruwa da kuma mallakar dabbobi, ma. Mata a cikin aikin gona har yanzu suna da ƙarancin damar fiye da maza ga shigarwa, gami da ingantaccen tsaba, taki da kayan aikin inji. A kan bayanin kula mai kyau, bambancin jinsi a cikin samun damar intanet ta hannu a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici ya fadi daga kashi 25 zuwa kashi 16 cikin dari tsakanin 2017 da 2021, kuma bambancin jinsi na samun damar asusun banki ya ragu daga kashi 9 zuwa 6. Mata suna iya zama kamar maza don karɓar sabbin fasahohi lokacin da aka sanya abubuwan da suka dace kuma suna da daidaitattun damar samun ƙarin albarkatu. === Tsaro === [[File:Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG|thumb|Rollover kariya mashaya da aka gyara zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 Fordson tractorTractor na Fordson]] Aikin noma, musamman noma, ya kasance masana'antu mai haɗari, kuma manoma a duk duniya sun kasance cikin haɗarin raunin da ya shafi aiki, cututtukan huhu, asarar ji da aka haifar da hayaniya, cututsin fata, da kuma wasu cututtukani da suka shafi amfani da sinadarai da kuma hasken rana mai tsawo. A [[Aikin noma na masana'antu|gonaki masu masana'antu]], raunin sau da yawa ya haɗa da amfani da injunan noma, kuma sanannen dalilin mummunan raunin noma a kasashe masu tasowa shine fashewar tractor.<ref name="aginjury">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries |url=https://wwwa.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028181205/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona na iya zama [[Tasirin lafiya na magungunan kashe kwari|haɗari ga lafiyar ma'aikata]], kuma ma'aikatan da ke fuskantar magungunan ƙwari na iya fuskantar rashin lafiya ko samun yara tare da lahani na haihuwa.<ref name="NIOSH_pest">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402004253/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012%2D108/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin masana'antar da iyalai ke yawan aiki kuma suna zaune a gonar kanta, dukkan iyalai na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin rauni, rashin lafiya, da mutuwa.<ref name="NIOSH Agri">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agriculture |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009224012/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |archive-date=9 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Shekaru 0-6 na iya zama yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni a aikin gona; abubuwan da ke haifar da mummunan rauni tsakanin matasa ma'aikatan gona sun haɗa da nutsewa, injuna da haɗarin mota, gami da motoci masu tasowa. <ref name="NIOSH Agri" /><ref name="WeicheltGorucu2018">{{Cite journal |last=Weichelt |first=Bryan |last2=Gorucu |first2=Serap |date=17 February 2018 |title=Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org |url=http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |url-status=live |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=injuryprev–2017–042671 |doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671 |pmid=29386372 |s2cid=3371442 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427133711/http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=The PLOS ONE staff |date=6 September 2018 |title=Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303842. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203842 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6126865 |pmid=30188948 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan mutuwar aiki daga shekaru goma da suka gabata sun nuna cewa, yayin kallon dukkan masana'antu, noma yana da yawan mutuwar da suka shafi aiki ga matasa. A cikin wannan masana'antar, matasa tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 15 sun sha wahala mafi yawan raunin da ba na mutuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Barbara C. |last2=Salzwedel |first2=Marsha A. |date=2023-01-30 |title=Safeguarding youth from agricultural injury and illness: The United States' experience |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1148576L |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048576 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9922745 |pmid=36794078 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake noma yana da haɗari, binciken ya kalli gaskiyar cewa akwai fa'idodi da yawa ga girma da zama a gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Richard R. |last2=Berg |first2=Richard L. |last3=Weichelt |first3=Bryan P. |last4=Gabor |first4=Rachel M. |last5=Rudolphi |first5=Josie M. |last6=Bendixsen |first6=Casper G. |last7=VanWormer |first7=Jeffrey J. |date=April 2026 |title=A PheWAS Analysis of the Risks and Benefits of Growing Up on a Farm |journal=Journal of Agromedicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=254–262 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2025.2591079 |issn=1545-0813 |pmid=41275339}}</ref> Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta dauki aikin gona "ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɗari a duk bangarorin tattalin arziki".<ref name="ILO" /> Ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da suka mutu a kowace shekara tsakanin ma'aikatan gona ya kai akalla 170,000, sau biyu na matsakaicin sauran ayyukan. Bugu da kari, abubuwan da suka faru na mutuwa, rauni da rashin lafiya da suka shafi ayyukan noma galibi ba a bayar da rahoto ba.<ref name="ILO2">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Agriculture: A hazardous work |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041758/http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aikin Gona, 2001, wanda ke rufe kewayon haɗari a cikin aikin noma, rigakafin waɗannan haɗari da rawar da mutane da kungiyoyin da ke cikin aikin gona ya kamata su taka.<ref name="ILO" /> A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano aikin gona a matsayin bangaren masana'antu na farko a cikin Shirin Bincike na Kasa don ganowa da samar da dabarun shiga tsakani don batutuwan kiwon lafiya da tsaro na sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618084010/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: Program Description |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073850/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki ta ba da jagororin kan aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiya da aminci a aikin gona, kiwon dabbobi, aikin lambu, da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry |url=https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929143326/https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[European Agency for Safety and Health at Work]]}}</ref> Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Aikin Gona ta Amurka (ASHCA) tana kuma gudanar da taron koli na shekara-shekara don tattauna tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiberger |first=Scott |date=3 July 2018 |title=The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona |journal=[[Journal of Agromedicine]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=302–304 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2018.1485089 |issn=1059-924X |pmid=30047853 |s2cid=51721534}}</ref> === Tasirin muhalli === Yaduwa sama da hekta biliyan 4.8 a cikin 2025 - daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar duniya - noma yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da kowane bangare na tattalin arziki. Matsi a kan ƙasa, ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa sun lalata aikin da kuma yiwuwar aikin gona a nan gaba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin asarar ƙasa mai amfani da rage wadatar ruwa don noma da sauran nau'ikan samar da aikin gona. Yaduwar aikin gona yana haifar da sare daji kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar yanayin halittu masu wadataccen carbon kamar su peatlands. Kimanin kashi 64% na ƙasar noma yana cikin haɗarin gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke lalata bambancin halittu ta hanyar lalata masu shuka, yana cutar da microbiota na ƙasa kuma yana sa tsarin abinci na gona ya zama ƙasa da juriya ga kwari, pathogens da canjin yanayi. Kashi 72% na janyewar ruwan sha na duniya, adadi da aka yi hasashen zai kara tashi a nan gaba, aikin gona yana ba da gudummawa kuma yana ƙara shafar karancin ruwa. Yawan amfani da ruwan kasa da ruwan teku a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ya yadu, tare da manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da tsaro na abinci. == Fitarwa == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Value of agricultural production#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Value of agricultural production, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Value of agricultural production]]|startingView=World}} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona (a cikin sharuddan suna) bisa ga IMF da CIA World Factbook, a matakin mafi girma har zuwa 2018 |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=1,120<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=1,117|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=414|label3={{nowrap|(—) '''''{{Flagu|European Union}}'''''}}|data3=308|label4=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data4=185|label5=(04) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=162|label6=(05) '''{{Flagu|Indonesia}}'''|data6=141|label7=(06) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data7=123|label8=(07) '''{{Flagu|Russia}}'''|data8=108|label9=(08) '''{{Flagu|Pakistan}}'''|data9=76|label10=(09) '''{{Flagu|Argentina}}'''|data10=70|label11=(10) '''{{Flagu|Turkey}}'''|data11=64|label12=(11) '''{{Flagu|Japan}}'''|data12=62|label13=(12) '''{{Flagu|France}}'''|data13=59|label14=(13) '''{{Flagu|Iran}}'''|data14=57|label15=(14) '''{{Flagu|Australia}}'''|data15=56|label16=(15) '''{{Flagu|Mexico}}'''|data16=51|label17=(16) '''{{Flagu|Italy}}'''|data17=50|label18=(17) '''{{Flagu|Spain}}'''|data18=43|label19=(18) '''{{Flagu|Bangladesh}}'''|data19=41|label20=(19) '''{{Flagu|Thailand}}'''|data20=40|label21=(20) '''{{Flagu|Egypt}}'''|data21=40|caption={{resize|88%|The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the [[IMF]] and [[CIA World Factbook]].}}|isbn=978-0-309-04248-2|date=1 February 1990}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona bisa ga UNCTAD a farashin shekara ta 2005 da kuma farashin musayar, 2015 <ref name="UNCTAD2017" /> |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=500,000<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=418,455|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=196,592|label3=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data3=149,023|label4=(04) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data4=77,113|label5=(05) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=59,977}} |} * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == asj5jjr210m19bu5kgocncl2ddimdyr Magani na insulin 0 178239 967292 963344 2026-10-13T20:39:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maganin girgizar insulin''' ko '''maganin ciwon suga na insulin''' wani nau'i ne na maganin tabin hankali inda ake yi wa marasa lafiya allurar insulin mai yawa akai-akai domin haifar da ciwon suga na yau da kullun tsawon makonni da dama. Likitan tabin hankali na Austriya-Amurka Manfred Sakel ne ya gabatar da shi a shekarar 1927 kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a shekarun 1940 da 1950, musamman don [[Hauka|maganin schizophrenia]], kafin ya faɗi ƙasa a idanunsa kuma aka maye gurbinsa da magungunan neuroleptic a shekarun 1960. <ref name="Jones">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=K |year=2000 |title=Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia |url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/93/3/147.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=147–149 |doi=10.1177/014107680009300313 |pmc=1297956 |pmid=10741319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220051055/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/93/3/147.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan jiyya na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin ilimin tabin hankali a cikin shekaru arba'in na farko na ƙarni na 20. Waɗannan sun haɗa da magungunan rage radadi (maganin cardiazol/metrazol da maganin electroconvulsive ), maganin barci mai zurfi, da kuma tiyatar kwakwalwa . Maganin insulin coma da kuma magungunan girgiza an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin magungunan girgiza . == Asalin == A shekarar 1927, Sakel, wanda kwanan nan ya sami cancantar zama likita a [[Vienna]] kuma yana aiki a wani asibitin tabin hankali a [[Berlin]], ya fara amfani da allurar insulin mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (sub-coma) don magance masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da masu tabin hankali, kuma lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiyar ya sami ingantaccen fahimtar hankali bayan ya faɗi cikin suma ba zato ba tsammani, Sakel ya yi tunanin cewa maganin na iya aiki ga marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali. Bayan ya dawo Vienna, ya yi wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia magani da allurai masu yawa na insulin domin ya haifar da suma da gangan, wani lokacin kuma ya yi suma. <ref name="Sakel" /> Sakel ya bayyana sakamakon bincikensa a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1933, kuma ba da daɗewa ba wasu likitocin tabin hankali suka fara amfani da hanyoyinsa. <ref name="Sakel" /> Joseph Wortis, bayan ya ga Sakel yana yin sa a shekarar 1935, ya gabatar da shi ga Amurka. Likitocin tabin hankali na Birtaniya daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiya sun ziyarci Vienna a shekarun 1935 da 1936, kuma zuwa 1938, asibitoci 31 a Ingila da Wales suna da sassan maganin insulin. <ref name="Jones" /> A shekarar 1936, Sakel ya ƙaura zuwa New York kuma ya haɓaka amfani da maganin insulin coma a asibitocin tabin hankali na Amurka. A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, yawancin asibitocin tabin hankali a Amurka suna amfani da maganin insulin coma. == Fasaha == [[File:Insulin_Treatment_Unit_(Roundway_Hospital_circa_1951).jpg|right|thumb| Sashen maganin insulin, kusan 1951, Asibitin Roundway, Devizes, Ingila]] Maganin ciwon suga na insulin magani ne mai matuƙar wahala wanda ke buƙatar ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa da kuma wani sashe na musamman. <ref name="Jones" /> An zaɓi marasa lafiya, waɗanda kusan ba a saba gano suna da [[Hauka|cutar schizophrenia]] ba, bisa ga kyakkyawan hasashen da ƙarfin jiki don jure wa magani mai wahala. <ref name="Doroshow2007">{{Cite journal |last=Doroshow |first=DB |year=2007 |title=Performing a cure for schizophrenia: insulin coma therapy on the wards |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_2007-04_62_2/page/213 |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–43 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrl044 |pmid=17105748 |s2cid=25481965}}</ref> Babu wata ka'ida ta yau da kullun don magani. Asibitoci daban-daban da likitocin tabin hankali sun ƙirƙiro nasu ka'idoji. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> Yawanci, ana yin allurar kwanaki shida a mako na tsawon kimanin watanni biyu. An ƙara yawan insulin na yau da kullun a hankali zuwa raka'a 100-150 (raka'a 1 = 34.7 μg <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knopp |first=Jennifer L. |last2=Holder-Pearson |first2=Lui |last3=Chase |first3=J. Geoffrey |date=2018-10-13 |title=Insulin Units and Conversion Factors: A Story of Truth, Boots, and Faster Half-Truths |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=597–600 |doi=10.1177/1932296818805074 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=6501531 |pmid=30318910}}</ref> ) har sai an samar da comas, a lokacin ne za a daidaita adadin. A wasu lokutan, ana amfani da allurai har zuwa raka'a 450. <ref name="Maclay">{{Cite journal |last=Maclay |first=WS |year=1953 |title=Death Due to Treatment |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1177/003591575304600103 |pmc=1918466 |pmid=13027286}}</ref> Bayan kimanin 50 ko 60 na suma, ko kuma kafin haka, idan likitan tabin hankali ya yi tunanin cewa an sami mafi girman fa'ida, ana rage yawan insulin cikin sauri kafin a dakatar da magani. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> An rubuta darussan har zuwa shekaru 2. <ref name="Allen" /> Bayan allurar insulin, marasa lafiya za su fuskanci alamu daban-daban na raguwar glucose a jini: fitsari, bushewar fata, gumi, amai, barci ko rashin natsuwa. Idan maganin ya yi yawa sosai, za a yi ta suma. <ref name="Allen" /> Kowace suma za ta ɗauki tsawon awa ɗaya kuma za ta ƙare ta hanyar glucose ta jijiya ko kuma ta hanyar bututun hanci da na ciki. Karyewar jiki ta faru kafin ko kuma lokacin suma. Mutane da yawa za su yi jifa, birgima, nishi, girgiza, girgiza ko kuma su yi ta dukan juna. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> Wasu likitocin tabin hankali sun ɗauki farfadiya a matsayin magani, kuma a wasu lokutan ana ba wa marasa lafiya maganin electroconvulsive ko maganin cardiazol/metrazol convulsive a lokacin suma, ko kuma a ranar mako lokacin da ba a yi musu maganin insulin ba. Idan ba su cikin suma ba, ana ajiye marasa lafiya da ke cikin insulin tare a cikin rukuni kuma ana ba su kulawa ta musamman. Wani littafi mai suna "Littafin Jagora ga ma'aikatan jinya na tabin hankali," wanda likitan tabin hankali na Burtaniya Eric Cunningham Dax ya rubuta, ya umurci ma'aikatan jinya da su fitar da marasa lafiyar insulin dinsu suna yawo a waje suna shagaltar da su da wasanni da gasa, tsintar furanni da karanta taswira, da sauransu. Marasa lafiya suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai saboda akwai haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon suga bayan suma. <ref name="Jones" /> A cikin "gyaran maganin insulin", wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance cututtukan neurosis, an bai wa marasa lafiya ƙananan allurai na insulin (sub-coma). [1] == Manazarta == 33s34l2ylssc8kn5ywhlp0khrf34lks Jacob S. Kasanin 0 178247 967389 963367 2026-10-13T22:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Sergi Kasanin''' (1897-1946) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=July 1941 |title=President: 1941-42: Jacob Kasanin, M.D. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1941.tb05845.x |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=598 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1941.tb05845.x |issn=1939-0025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ɗan asalin ƙasar Rasha ne, ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ɗan Amurka wanda ya gabatar da kalmar ''acute schizoaffective psychoses'' a cikin 1933. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schizoaffective disorder {{!}} psychology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/schizoaffective-disorder |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lake |first=C. Raymond |last2=Hurwitz |first2=Nathaniel |date=2006-08-30 |title=Schizoaffective disorders are psychotic mood disorders; there are no schizoaffective disorders |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=143 |issue=2–3 |pages=255–287 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.012 |issn=0165-1781 |pmid=16857267 |s2cid=35916818}}</ref> An san shi da Yasha ga waɗanda ke kusa da shi. <ref name=":2" /> An haife shi a Slavgorod, a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1897, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kasanin |first=Jacob S. |last2=Windholz |first2=Emanuel |date=1947-01-01 |title=In Memoriam |journal=The Psychoanalytic Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=94–98 |doi=10.1080/21674086.1947.11925668 |issn=0033-2828}}</ref> kuma ya ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekara ta 1915. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Michigan da digirin farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1919, <ref name=":2" /> digirin Diktora a fannin Magunguna a shekarar 1921 da kuma digirin Master a [[Lafiyar jama'a|fannin Lafiyar Jama'a]] a shekarar 1926. <ref name=":0" /> Ya ci gaba da yin horo a fannin ilimin tabin hankali da kuma ilimin jijiyoyi a Asibitin Jihar Boston, Asibitin Psychopathic na Boston da kuma Asibitin Mount Sinai da ke New York. <ref name=":2" /> Daga 1928 zuwa 1932 ya kasance babban jami'in bincike a Asibitin Psychopathic na Boston yana nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar tabin hankali . <ref name=":2" /> Lokacin da Daraktan Sashen Tsaftar Hankali na Ƙungiyar Agaji ta Yahudawa da ke Boston, abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kansa shi ne yawan sukari a cikin jini a cikin [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|cutar encephalitis]] . <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da yake Rasha a shekarar 1930 ya saba da Lev Vygotsky da aikinsa. Ya fassara aikinsa mai suna "Thought In Schizophrenia" zuwa Turanci. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1933 a cikin mujallar The American Journal of Psychiatry ya buga wata takarda mai taken '"Maganin Hauka Mai Tsanani na Schizoaffective" <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kasanin |first=J. |date=1933-07-01 |title=The acute schizoaffective psychoses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1933-07_90_1/page/97 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=97–126 |doi=10.1176/ajp.90.1.97 |issn=0002-953X}}</ref> wanda ya gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na 88 na Ƙungiyar Masu Hauka ta Amurka a [[Philadelphia]] a watan Mayu ko Yuni 1932. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond Lake |first=C. |date= |title=Jacob Kasanin (1897–1946) and Schizoaffective Disorder |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302232499 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> A cikin labarinsa Kasanin ya bayyana bincike guda 9 da suka shafi cututtukan schizophrenia ko Psychotic da kuma alamun Affective . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marneros |first=A. |date=2003 |title=The schizoaffective phenomenon: the state of the art |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum |volume=108 |issue=418 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.7.x |issn=0065-1591 |pmid=12956811 |s2cid=15632654}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Asibitin Michael Reese, ya gudanar da bincike tare da Eugenia Hanfmann kan cutar Schizophrenia, yana tunanin cewa wannan ya biyo bayan aikin Vygotsky kuma Gidauniyar Masonic ce ta ba shi tallafin kuɗi. Tare suka rubuta Tunanin Tunani a Schizophrenia, daga nan aka ƙirƙiro wani gwaji mai suna Gwajin Hanfmann-Kasanin. [1] Daga 1939 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Kula da Lafiyar Dan Adam a Asibitin Mount Zion da ke [[San Francisco]] kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na Asibiti a Makarantar Magunguna ta UCSF . Ya kuma shiga aikin asibiti na sirri. <ref name=":2" /> Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin tabin hankali ta Amurka daga 1941 zuwa 1942. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tabin hankali zuwa kwamandan rundunar sojoji ta 9. Ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1946. <ref name=":2" /> == Littattafai == * Kasanin, Yakubu. "Kwankwason sukari a cikin cututtukan kwakwalwa: II. ƘUNGIYOYIN SCHIZOPHRENIC (DEMENTIA PREACOX)." ''Taskar Nazarin Jijiyoyi da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (Chicago)'' 16.4 (1926): 414-19 * Kasanin J., Knapp E. ''Abubuwan waje da ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin amsawar Kottmann'', 1926 * Kasanin J., Petersen JN ''Psychosis a matsayin alamar farko ta annoba encephalitis'', 1926 * ''Ciwon Hauka Mai Tsanani na Schizoaffective'' . Mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka 90, 1933 <ref name=":1" /> * ''Ka'idar Pavlov game da Schizophrenia'', 1932 * Bowman KM, Kasanin J. ''Ciwon Sanyi na Tsarin Mulki'', 1933 * Kasanin J., Hanfmann E. ''Nazarin gwaji kan samuwar ra'ayi a cikin schizophrenia.'' ''Binciken adadi na sakamakon'' . Mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka 95, ss. 35–48, 1938 * Hanfmann E., Kasanin J. ''Tunani mai zurfi a cikin ilimin schizophrenia'' . New York: Takaitattun Labarai game da Cututtukan Jijiyoyi da Hankali, 1942 * ''Harshe da Tunani a Cutar Schizophrenia'', 1944 * ''Ka'idojin Maganin Yaƙi Neuroses'' Mujallar Amurka ta Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam 104, 1947 * Kasanin JS (ed.), ''Harshe da Tunani a cikin Schizophrenia.'' ''Takardu da aka tattara'' . Tare da Gabatarwa daga Nolan DC Lewis, Jami'ar California Press, Berkeley da Los Angeles 1951 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] g1xpwjhw4oq30k9ltewfgveshq8kjh3 Tushen farko 0 178339 967268 963759 2026-10-13T19:18:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pompeii-couple.jpg|right|thumb|Wannan [[Painting|zane]]-zanen bango da aka samo a cikin birnin Romawa na Pompeii misali ne na tushen tushe na farko game da mutane a Pompeii a zamanin Roman (Hoton Terentius Neo).]] [[File:Diario_de_Anne_Frank,_Iglesia_de_San_Nicolás,_Kiel,_Alemania,_2019-09-10,_DD_22.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin [[Anne Frank]] misali ne na tushen rubutu na farko, musamman don nazarin yakin duniya na biyu.]]{{Databox}} A cikin nazarin [[Tarihi]] a matsayin horo na ilimi, tushen farko (wanda ake kira '''asalin asali''') kayan tarihi ne, takarda, jarida, rubutun hannu, tarihin rayuwa, rikodin, ko duk wani tushen bayanai da aka kirkira a lokacin da ake binciken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=primary source |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primary%20source |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin tushen asali na bayanai game da batun. Ana iya amfani da irin wannan ma'anar a cikin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu da sauran fannoni na ilimi, kodayake fannoni daban-daban suna da ma'anoni daban-ара. A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], tushen farko na iya zama mutum mai ilimin kai tsaye game da halin da ake ciki, ko takardar da irin wannan mutumin ya rubuta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peace |first=Kristin |title=Journalism: Primary Sources |url=http://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/c.php?g=287355&p=1915752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181232/https://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/c.php?g=287355&p=1915752 |archive-date=Jan 18, 2018 |access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Pepperdine University}}</ref> An rarrabe tushe na farko daga tushe na biyu, wanda ke fassara, nazari, ko in ba haka ba yin sharhi game da tushe na asali. Gabaɗaya, asusun da aka rubuta bayan gaskiyar tare da fa'idar hangen nesa na biyu ne. Tushen na biyu na iya zama tushen farko dangane da yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, abin tunawa shine tushen farko lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin rayuwar marubucin ko dangantakar mutum, amma wannan rubutun ya zama tushen na biyu idan aka yi amfani dashi don bincika yanayin al'adu ko zamantakewa. Don haka, rukunin "na farko" da "na biyu" suna da dangi kuma sun dogara da yanayin tarihi da manufar binciken. "Na farko" da "na biyu" ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin kalmomin dangi, tare da tushe da aka rarraba bisa ga takamaiman mahallin tarihi da abin da ake nazarin.{{Rp|118–246}} == Tushen rarraba == Za'a iya la'akari da tushe da yawa ko dai na farko ko na biyu, dangane da mahallin da ake bincika su. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin tsakanin tushe ''na farko'' da na biyu yana da ra'ayi da mahallin, don haka ainihin ma'anoni suna da wuyar yin. Binciken littafi, lokacin da ya ƙunshi ra'ayin mai bita game da [[Littafi|littafin]] maimakon taƙaitaccen littafin, ya zama tushen farko. <ref name="Princeton">{{Cite web |last=Princeton |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Princeton}}</ref><ref name="VirginiaTech">{{Cite web |last=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}</ref> Idan wani rubutu na tarihi ya tattauna tsoffin takardu don samun sabon ƙarshen tarihi, ana ɗaukarsa tushen farko don sabon ƙarshe. Misalan da tushen zai iya zama na farko da na biyu sun haɗa da wani obituary ko bincike na kundin mujallar da ke ƙidaya yawan labaran kan wani batu.<ref name="Duffin" /> Ko ana ɗaukar tushen a matsayin na farko ko na biyu a cikin wani mahallin da aka ba shi na iya canzawa, dangane da halin yanzu na ilimi a cikin filin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henige |first=David |year=1986 |title=Primary Source by Primary Source? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethnohistory_summer-1986_33_3/page/292 |journal=Ethnohistory |publisher=Ethnohistory, Vol. 33, No. 3 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=292–312, at 292 |doi=10.2307/481816 |jstor=481816 |pmid=11616953 |quote=[T]he term 'primary' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process ''in the present state of our knowledge''. Indeed, in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative.…[H]istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as 'primary' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure.}}</ref> Misali, idan takarda tana nufin abinda ke cikin [[wasika]] da ta gabata amma ba a gano ta ba, ana iya ɗaukar wannan takarda "na farko", tunda abu ne mafi kusa da sanannen tushe; amma idan an sami wasikar daga baya, ana iya la'akari da ita "na biyu".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henige|1986}}.</ref> A wasu lokuta, dalilin gano rubutu a matsayin "mahimmanci" na iya komawa daga gaskiyar cewa babu kwafin asalin asalin da ya wanzu, ko kuma shine mafi tsufa don bayanin da aka ambata. == Muhimmancin rarraba tushen == === Tarihi === [[File:Donfelipe.jpg|right|thumb|360x360px|Daga wasika daga Philip II, Sarkin Spain, karni na 16]] A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi, muhimmiyar manufa ta rarraba tushe ita ce ta tantance 'yancin kansu da amintacce. A cikin mahallin kamar rubuce-rubucen tarihi, kusan koyaushe yana da kyau a yi amfani da tushe na farko kuma "idan babu wanda yake, kawai tare da taka tsantsan ne [[Author|marubucin]] zai iya ci gaba da amfani da tushu na biyu".Sreedharan ya yi imanin cewa tushe na farko suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da baya kuma suna "magana da kansu" a hanyoyin da ba za a iya kama su ba ta hanyar tace tushen na biyu. === Sauran fannoni === Kodayake ana amfani da kalmomin tushen farko da ''tushe na biyu'' sau da yawa yayin tattauna ra'ayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi Tarihin tarihi, ana iya amfani da shi ga wasu fannoni da yawa. Misali, ana iya amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin don gano tarihin ka'idodin kimiyya, abubuwan wallafe-wallafen, da sauran bayanan da aka ba da su daga marubuci zuwa wani. A cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, tushen farko, ko "littattafai na farko", shine asalin wallafe-wallo na sabon bayanan masanin kimiyya, sakamakon, da ka'idoji.[1] A cikin Tarihin siyasa, tushe na farko takardu ne kamar rahotanni na hukuma, jawabai, litattafai, posters, ko wasiƙu daga mahalarta, dawowar zaben hukuma, da asusun shaidu. A cikin tarihin ra'ayoyi ko Tarihin ilimi, manyan tushe sune littattafai, litattafai, da wasiƙu da masu ilimi suka rubutun; waɗannan masu ilimi na iya haɗawa da masana tarihi waɗanda littattafansu da litattafan su ne tushen farko ga masanin tarihi na ilimi, kodayake su ne tushen tushe na biyu a cikin nasu fannoni. A cikin Tarihin addini, tushen farko shine matani na addini da bayanin bukukuwan addini da al'adu.[2] Nazarin Tarihin al'adu na iya haɗawa da tushen almara kamar [[Ƙagaggen Labari|litattafai]] ko wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi tushe na farko sun haɗa da kayan tarihi kamar [[Hoto|hotuna]], labarai, tsabar kudi, zane-zane ko gine-gine da aka kirkira a lokacin. Masana tarihi na iya ɗaukar rahotanni da tambayoyi a cikin la'akari. Ana iya raba rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban zuwa nau'o'i uku: * '''Tushen Labari''' ko '''tushen wallafe-wallafen''' suna ba da labari ko saƙo. Ba'a iyakance su ga tushen almara ba (wanda zai iya zama tushen bayanai don halayen zamani) amma sun haɗa da littattafai, fina-finai, tarihin rayuwa, manyan ayyukan falsafa, da Ayyukan kimiyya. * '''Tushen diflomasiyya''' sun haɗa da takardun shaida da sauran takardun shari'a waɗanda yawanci suna bin tsarin da aka saita. * '''Takardun zamantakewa''' sune bayanan da kungiyoyi suka kirkira, kamar rajistar haihuwa da bayanan haraji. A cikin tarihin tarihi, lokacin da nazarin tarihi ke ƙarƙashin binciken tarihi, tushen na biyu ya zama tushen farko. Don tarihin tarihin masanin tarihi, wallafe-wallafen masanin tarihi za su kasance tushen tushe. Ana iya ɗaukar fina-finai na takardun shaida a matsayin tushen na biyu ko tushen farko, dangane da yadda mai yin [[Documentary film|Fim din]] ke canza asalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cripps |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Cripps (film historian) |year=1995 |title=Historical Truth: An Interview with Ken Burns |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1995-06_100_3/page/741 |journal=American Historical Review |publisher=The American Historical Review, Vol. 100, No. 3 |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=741–764 |doi=10.2307/2168603 |jstor=2168603}}</ref> Laburaren Kwalejin Lafayette yana ba da bayani game da tushe na farko a fannoni da yawa na binciken: <blockquote>Ma'anar tushen farko ya bambanta dangane da horo na ilimi da mahallin da aka yi amfani da shi. * A cikin ilimin bil'adama, ana iya bayyana tushen farko a matsayin wani abu da aka halicce ko dai a lokacin da ake nazarin ko kuma bayan haka ta mutane da ke tunani game da sa hannunsu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin. * A cikin [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], za a fadada ma'anar tushen farko don haɗawa da Bayanan lambobi waɗanda aka tattara don nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, abubuwan da suka faru, da mahallinsu. * A cikin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]], ana iya bayyana tushen farko a matsayin rahoton binciken asali ko ra'ayoyi. Wadannan tushe galibi suna bayyana a cikin nau'ikan labaran bincike tare da sassan kan hanyoyin da sakamakon. </blockquote> == Neman tushe na farko == Kodayake yawancin mahimman bayanai sun kasance a hannun masu zaman kansu, wasu suna cikin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, ƙungiyoyin tarihi, da tarin na musamman. Wadannan na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri. Wasu suna da alaƙa da jami'o'i da kwalejoji, yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati ne. Kayan da suka shafi yanki ɗaya na iya kasancewa a cibiyoyi daban-daban. Wadannan na iya zama nesa da asalin asalin takardar. Misali, ɗakin karatu na Huntington a California yana da takardu da yawa daga Ƙasar Ingila. A wasu lokuta, ana tattara tushe na farko tare don bugawa, tsari da aka sani da gyaran takardu. A Amurka, ana iya dawo da kwafin dijital na tushen farko daga wurare da yawa. [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]] yana kula da tarin dijital da yawa inda za'a iya dawo da su. Wasu misalai sune American Memory da Chronicling America . Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa tana da tarin dijital a cikin Digital Vaults. Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Amurka tana bincike a duk faɗin tarin tushen dijital na ɗakunan karatu da yawa, ɗakunan ajiya, da gidajen tarihi. Har ila yau, Tarihin Intanet yana da kayan tushe na farko a cikin tsari da yawa. A cikin Burtaniya, Tarihin Kasa yana ba da bincike mai ƙarfi na nasa kundin da kuma wasu ɗakunan ajiya iri-iri da aka jera a kan Access to Archives index. Ana samun kwafin dijital na nau'ikan takardu daban-daban a National Archives (ciki har da wasiƙu) daga DocumentsOnline. Yawancin takardun da ke akwai suna da alaƙa da Ingila da Wales. Wasu kwafin dijital na tushe na farko suna samuwa daga National Archives of Scotland. Yawancin tarin Ofisoshin Rubuce-rubuce na County an haɗa su a cikin Access to Archives, yayin da wasu suna da nasu kundin yanar gizo. Yawancin Ofisoshin Rubuce-rubuce na County za su samar da kwafin dijital na takardu. A wasu yankuna, Europeana ta tsara kayan dijital daga ko'ina cikin Turai yayin da World Digital Library da Flickr Commons suna da abubuwa daga ko'inaan duniya. Trove yana da tushe na farko daga Ostiraliya. Yawancin kayan tushe na farko ba a ƙididdige su ba kuma ana iya wakiltar su ne kawai a kan layi tare da rikodin ko neman taimako. Dukkanin kayan da aka ƙididdige da waɗanda ba a ƙididdige su ba za a iya samun su ta hanyar kundin littattafai kamar WorldCat, kundin Library of Congress, kundin National Archives, da sauransu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 56cljqnidjotjz1xxxllrlb5my85vxw Centrosaurus 0 178342 967397 963772 2026-10-13T23:08:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Centrosaurus''''' / SEN -troh- SOR -əs ; lit.​​​​​SEN​lit. ' ) wani nau'in dinosaur ne na centrosaurine ceratopsid daga [[Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu|zamanin]] Campanian na marigayi Cretaceous na [[Kanada]] . An gano gawarsa a cikin Tsarin Dinosaur Park, tun daga shekaru miliyan 76.5 zuwa 75.5 da suka wuce. <ref name="ABS09">{{Cite journal |last=Arbour, V.M. |first=V. M. |author-link=Victoria Arbour |last2=Burns, M. E. |last3=Sissons, R. L. |year=2009 |title=A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur ''Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus'' Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=1117–1135 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29.1117A |doi=10.1671/039.029.0405 |s2cid=85665879}}</ref> Nau'in kuma nau'in da kawai ake ganin yana da inganci a yau shine '''''Centrosaurus apertus''''' . == Ganowa da kuma sanya suna == [[File:Centrosaurus.png|left|thumb|200x200px|Maido da rayuwa]] An gano ragowar Centrosaurus na farko kuma masanin burbushin halittu Lawrence Lambe ne ya ba da suna a cikin Kogin Red Deer a Alberta. Sunan Centrosaurus yana nufin "tsuntsu mai kaifi" (daga Girkanci kentron, κέντρον, "ma'ana" da sauros, σαῦρος, "tsuntsaye") kuma yana nufin, jerin ƙananan ƙaho da aka sanya a gefen murfin su, ba ƙaho na hanci ba (waɗanda ba a sani ba lokacin da aka sanya sunan dinosaur). Ba za a rikita jinsin ba tare da Stegosaur Kentrosaurus, wanda sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ɗaya. Daga baya, an sami manyan ƙasusuwan ''Centrosaurus'' a cikin Dinosaur Provincial Park, kuma a Alberta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gadaje sun kai daruruwan mita kuma suna dauke da dubban mutane na kowane zamani da dukkan matakan kammala. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a bayyana yawan mutane da yawan mutane idan sun mutu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin haye kogi mai ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus">"Centrosaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 135. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.</ref> Binciken dubban burbushin ''Centrosaurus'' kusa da garin [[Alberta]]" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hilda, Alberta">Hilda, Alberta, an yi imanin cewa shine mafi girman gado na ƙasusuwan dinosaur da aka taɓa ganowa. Yankin yanzu an san shi da Hilda mega-bonebed. Saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin jinsuna har ma da samfurori na centrosaurines, an yi muhawara da yawa game da wane nau'o'i da jinsuna suna da inganci, musamman ko ''Centrosaurus'' da / ko ''Monoclonius'' suna da ingantattun jinsuna, ba za a iya ganewa ba, ko kuma yiwuwar membobin kishiyar jinsi. A cikin 1996, Peter Dodson ya sami isasshen bambanci tsakanin ''Centrosaurus'', ''Styracosaurus'', da ''Monoclonius'' don tabbatar da nau'o'i daban-daban kuma cewa ''Styracosaurus'' yayi kama da ''Centrosaurus'' fiye da ko dai yayi kama da ''Monoclonius''. [[File:Annual_report_of_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_for_the_year_(1916)_(17810089074).jpg|left|thumb|Kashi na "''Monoclonius nasicornus''"]] Dodson ya yi imanin cewa wani nau'in ''Monoclonius'', ''M. nasicornus'', na iya kasancewa ''Styracosaurus'' mace.<ref name="Dodson1">Dodson, P. (1996). ''The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 197–199. {{ISBN|0-691-02882-6}}.</ref> An bi bincikensa a wani bangare, tare da wasu masu bincike ba su yarda da ''''Monoclonius'' nasicornus'' a matsayin mace ''Styracosaurus'' ko Monoclonium a matsayin ingantaccen nau'i ba. Duk da yake an ba da shawarar dimorphism na jima'i don ƙarin ceratopsian, ''Protoceratops'', babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi don dimorphalism na jima'in a cikin kowane ceratopsid. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dodson |first=P |title=Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in ''Protoceratops'' |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=50 |pages=929–940}} </ref><ref name="TML98">{{Cite journal |last=Lehman |first=T. M. |year=1998 |title=A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur ''Pentaceratops sternbergi'' from New Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_1998-09_72_5/page/894 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=894–906 |bibcode=1998JPal...72..894L |doi=10.1017/S0022336000027220 |s2cid=132807103}}</ref><ref name="SRT97">{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=S. D. |last2=Ryan, M.J. |last3=Tanke, D.H. |year=1997 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=293–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran sun haɗa da ''C. nasicornus'' tare da ''C. apertus'', ko kuma sun dauke shi nau'in ''Centrosaurus'' daban: ''Centrosaurus nasicornus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=L.S. |year=1930 |title=Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=133–159}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar a matsayin kakannin kai tsaye na ''Styracosaurus albertensis'' . Wani binciken 2014 na canje-canje yayin girma a cikin ''Centrosaurus'' ya kammala cewa ''C. nasicornus'' ƙarami ne na ''C. apertus'', wanda ke wakiltar matakin ci gaba na tsakiya.<ref name="centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014">{{Cite journal |last=Frederickson |first=J. A. |last2=Tumarkin-Deratzian |first2=A. R. |year=2014 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in ''Centrosaurus apertus'' |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |doi=10.7717/peerj.252 |pmc=3933270 |pmid=24688836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in ''C. brinkmani'', wanda aka bayyana a shekara ta 2005, an tura shi zuwa sabon nau'in ''Coronosaurus'' a shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M. J. |last2=Evans |first2=D. C. |last3=Shepherd |first3=K. M. |last4=Sues |first4=H. |year=2012 |title=A new ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (middle Campanian) of Alberta |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue=10 |page=1251 |bibcode=2012CaJES..49.1251R |doi=10.1139/e2012-056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == [[File:Centrosaurus_Scale.svg|left|thumb|Kwatanta girman da mutum]] ''Centrosaurus'' manyan dinosaur ne, kodayake ba su da girma kamar wasu danginsu, sun kai tsawon mita 5-5.5 (16-18 da kuma 2-2.5 metric ton (2.2-2.8 gajeren ton) a cikin jiki da ke saman gaɓoɓin jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=Roger B. J. |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Carrano |first3=Matthew T. |last4=Mannion |first4=Philip D. |last5=Sullivan |first5=Corwin |last6=Upchurch |first6=Paul |last7=Evans |first7=David C. |date=2014-05-06 |title=Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=4011683 |pmid=24802911 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar sauran centrosaurines, ''Centrosaurus'' yana da babban ƙaho guda ɗaya a kan hanci.<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus" /> Wadannan ƙahoni sun lankwasa gaba ko baya dangane da samfurin. An rage kayan ado na gashin kai yayin da dabbobi suka tsufa.<ref name="centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014" /> Yankin ya kasance ɗan gajeren idan aka kwatanta da jimlar tsawon kwanyar kuma zai iya girma zuwa sama da rabin mita (68.8 cm) a cikin tsofaffi da manya mafi girma.<ref name="centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014" />&nbsp; ''Centrosaurus'' ya bambanta ta hanyar samun manyan ƙaho guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙugiya gaba a kan murfin. Ana kuma samun ƙananan ƙaho biyu a kan idanu. Farin ''Centrosaurus'' sun kasance matsakaici, tare da manyan fenestrae da ƙananan ƙaho a gefen waje.<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus" /> == Rarraba == [[File:Centrosaurus_parietal_hook_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg|thumb|Babban ƙugiya na tsinkaye na tsinkayen ''Centrosaurus''', wanda shine halayyar ganewar asali na wannan nau'in]] [[File:Centrosaurus_skulls.png|thumb|Cikakken kwanyar da aka shirya a cikin tsari na ontogenetic]] Halitta ta ''Centrosaurus'' ta ba da sunanta ga dangin Centrosaurinae. Iyalansa mafi kusa sun bayyana su ne ''Styracosaurus'' da ''Monoclonius'' . Ya yi kama da na ƙarshe na waɗannan cewa wasu masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi la'akari da su don wakiltar dabba ɗaya.<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus" /> Sauran mambobi na Centrosaurinae sun hada da ''Pachyrhinosaurus'', <ref name="Dodson90" /> <ref name="RyanRussell05">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M.J. |last2=A.P. Russell |year=2005 |title=A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_2005-07_42_7/page/1369 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1369–1387 |bibcode=2005CaJES..42.1369R |doi=10.1139/e05-029 |s2cid=128478038 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Avaceratops, <ref name="Ryan07" /> ''Einiosaurus'', <ref name="Ryan07">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M.J. |year=2007 |title=A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_2007-03_81_2/page/376 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=376–396 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=130607301}}</ref> ''Albertaceratops'' <ref name="RyanRussell05" /> da ''Achelousaurus''.<ref name="RyanRussell05" /> cladogram ɗin da aka gabatar a ƙasa yana wakiltar nazarin phylogenetic na Chiba et al. (2017): <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kentaro Chiba |last2=Michael J. Ryan |last3=Federico Fanti |last4=Mark A. Loewen |last5=David C. Evans |year=2018 |title=New material and systematic re-evaluation of ''Medusaceratops lokii'' (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=272–288 |bibcode=2018JPal...92..272C |doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.62 |s2cid=134031275}}</ref>{{clade|{{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Diabloceratops eatoni]]'' |2=''[[Machairoceratops cronusi]]'' }} |2={{clade |label1 =[[Nasutoceratopsini]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Avaceratops lammersi]]'' (ANSP 15800) |2=MOR 692 |3=CMN 8804 |4=''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' |5=Malta new taxon }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Xenoceratops foremostensis]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Sinoceratops zhuchengensis]]'' |2=''[[Wendiceratops pinhornensis]]'' }} |2=''[[Albertaceratops nesmoi]]'' |3=''[[Medusaceratops lokii]]'' |label4=[[Eucentrosaura]] |4={{clade |label1 =[[Centrosaurini]] |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Rubeosaurus ovatus]]'' |2=''[[Styracosaurus albertensis]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Coronosaurus brinkmani]]'' |2={{clade |2=''[[Spinops sternbergorum]]'' |1='''''Centrosaurus apertus''''' }} }} }} |label2 =[[Pachyrhinosaurini]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Einiosaurus procurvicornis]]'' |label2 =[[Pachyrostra]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Achelousaurus horneri]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]'' |2=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%|label1=[[Centrosaurinae]]}} == Paleobiology == [[File:Centrosaurus.JPG|left|thumb|Hotunan AMNH 5427, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria[[Gidajen tarihi na Victoria|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Victoria]]]] Kamar sauran ceratopsids, an daidaita jawunan ''Centrosaurus'' don shear ta hanyar kayan tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Binciken manyan gadoji na ''Centrosaurus'' a Kanada ya nuna cewa dabbobi ne masu zaman kansu kuma suna iya tafiya a cikin manyan garken.<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus" /> An san gado na ƙashi wanda ya ƙunshi ''Centrosaurus'' da ''Styracosaurus'' daga Tsarin Dinosaur Park a cikin abin da ke yanzu Alberta. Wataƙila mutuwar jama'a ta samo asali ne daga dabbobi marasa makiyaya da suka taru a kusa da rami a lokacin fari.<ref name="RR90">{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=R. R. |year=1990 |title=Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaios_1990-10_5_5/page/394 |journal=PALAIOS |publisher=SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=394–41 |bibcode=1990Palai...5..394R |doi=10.2307/3514834 |jstor=3514834}}</ref> An samo ''Centrosaurus'' a ƙasa a cikin tsari fiye da ''Styracosaurus'', yana nuna cewa ''Styracosaurus'' ya maye gurbin ''Centrosaurus'' yayin da yanayin ya canza a tsawon lokaci. [[File:Centrosaurus_herd.jpg|thumb|Maido da garken da ke yin iyo, kamar yadda mega-bonebeds suka yi la'akarimega-ƙashin ƙasusuwa]] Babban murfin da ƙahonin hanci na ceratopsians suna daga cikin kayan ado na fuska na musamman na dukkan dinosaur. Ayyukansu sun kasance batun muhawara tun lokacin da aka gano dinosaur na farko. Ka'idoji na yau da kullun game da aikin ceratopsian frills da ƙaho sun haɗa da kariya daga masu cin nama, yaƙi a cikin jinsin, da nuni na gani. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 game da raunin kwanyar ''Triceratops'' da ''Centrosaurus'' ya gano cewa raunin ƙashi a kan kwanyar ya fi haifar da yaƙi na intraspecific (yaƙi daga ƙaho zuwa ƙaho) maimakon hare-haren predatory. Yankin ''Centrosaurus'' sun yi tsayi sosai don amfani da su don kare kansu daga masu cin nama, kodayake mafi kauri, mai ƙarfi na ''Triceratops'' na iya samo asali don kare wuyansu. Ana iya amfani da murfin ''Centrosaurus'' "don gane jinsuna da / ko wasu nau'ikan nuni na gani".<ref name="Farkeetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Farke |first=A.A. |last2=Wolff |first2=E.D.S. |last3=Tanke |first3=D.H. |author-link3=Darren Tanke |year=2009 |title=''Evidence of Combat in ''Triceratops |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4252F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004252 |pmc=2617760 |pmid=19172995 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ilimin Paleopathology === Wani samfurin ''Centrosaurus apertus'' da aka gano daga Dinosaur Provincial Park a shekarar 1989 an gano yana da [[osteosarcoma]] mai rauni a cikin fibula na dama. Binciken raunin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a cikin ƙashi ya nuna cewa ciwon daji ya kai matakin tashin hankali. Ciwon daji zai haifar da mummunan rauni wanda zai sa ceratopsian ya fi fuskantar haɗari ga farauta. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yana cikin garken ya ba da damar ''Centrosaurus'' ya rayu fiye da yadda za a sa ran dabba da ta kamu da irin wannan mummunar cuta. An yi imanin cewa mutum da kansa ya mutu ne daga nutsewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da gadon kasusuwa na ''Centrosaurus'' inda aka samo shi. Wannan samfurin ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan dinosaur da aka samu tare da ciwon daji mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ekhtiari |first=S. |last2=Chiba |first2=K. |last3=Popovic |first3=S. |last4=Crowther |first4=R. |last5=Wohl |first5=G. |last6=Wong |first6=A. K. O. |last7=Tanke |first7=D. H. |last8=Dufault |first8=D. M. |last9=Geen |first9=O. D. |last10=Parasu |first10=N. |last11=Crowther |first11=M. A. |last12=Evans |first12=D. C. |date=2020 |title=First case of osteosarcoma in a dinosaur: a multimodal diagnosis |journal=The Lancet Oncology |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1021−1022 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30171-6 |pmid=32758461 |s2cid=225473251}}</ref> == Paleobiology == [[File:Centrosaurus_skin.jpg|thumb| Siffar fata ta AMNH 5427]] Thomas M. Lehman ya lura cewa ba a sami burbushin ''Centrosaurus'' a wajen kudancin Alberta ba duk da cewa suna cikin dinosaurs na Judithian mafi yawa a yankin. <ref name="lehman" /> Manyan tsuntsayen ciyawa kamar su ceratopsian da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin marigayi Cretaceous suna da "ƙananan wurare masu faɗi" duk da girman jikinsu da kuma yawan motsi. <ref name="lehman" /> Wannan takaitaccen rarrabawa ya bambanta sosai da namun daji na zamani waɗanda manyan dabbobin da ke cin ciyawa ke rayuwa a cikinsu "na yau da kullun ... sun mamaye kusan kowace nahiya." Daga baya an bayyana sinadarin burbushin ''C. apertus'' daga sassan Tsarin Wurin Shakatawa na Dinosaur da ke Saskatchewan . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demers-Potvin |first=A. V. |last2=Larsson |first2=H. C. E. |year=2024 |title=Occurrence of ''Centrosaurus apertus'' (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) in Saskatchewan, Canada, and expanded dinosaur diversity in the easternmost exposure of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1155 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2023-0125}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tsarin lokaci na binciken ceratopsian == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://dinosaurpictures.org/Centrosaurus-pictures ''Centrosaurus''] a Bayanan Hotunan Dinosaur * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050215224946/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/dinos/de_4/5a7939c.htm ''Centrosaurus'', daga Dinosaur Encyclopaedia a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 2gk6od0u6tbkwddomlvc1akqzvkptew Susan Brown (masanin lissafi) 0 178343 967298 963786 2026-10-13T21:08:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Susan North Brown (22 Disamba 1937 - 11 Agusta 2017) farfesa ce a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London <ref name="UCLNewsletter">{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017|title=Professor Susan Brown|date=8 September 2017|website=University College London}}</ref> kuma babbar mai bincike a fannin makanikan ruwa. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/research/fluid-mechanics| website=UCL| title=Fluid Mechanics| date=24 May 2018|publisher=University College London}}</ref> == Bayani da aiki == Yana da wuya a iya tantance ainihin lokacin da Susan Brown ta yi aiki, amma wata wasiƙar labarai da Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyyar Jiki na UCL ya buga jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarta ta bayar da tsarin nasarorin da ta samu a aikinta kuma ta nuna yadda abokan aiki da ɗalibai suka ɗauke ta da muhimmanci. <ref name="UCLNewsletter">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Professor Susan Brown |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 |website=University College London}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Oxford tsawon shekaru biyu, a fannin nazarin sinadaran ruwa - sannan ta koma Jami'ar Durham don kammala digirinta na DPhil a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin ta yi Lakcoci na wucin gadi a Durham da Newcastle kuma a shekarar 1964 ta fara Lakcoci wanda ya fara daɗe tana hulɗa da UCL . Daga karatunta ta ci gaba zuwa matsayin Karatu a shekarar 1971 kuma aka naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa a shekarar 1986. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 Jaridar sashen da aka ambata a baya] wadda ta yi bayani game da nasarorin da ta samu bayan rasuwarta ta bayyana imanin cewa Brown ita ce mace ta farko a Burtaniya da aka naɗa a matsayin farfesa a fannin Lissafi, amma an ɗaukaka Joan E. Walsh zuwa farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1974. <ref name="UCLWomenInMathematics">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=UCL Women in Mathematics |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516093028/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> == Bincike == Sashen Brown ya bayyana ta a matsayin wata malamar makaranta mai hazaka kuma wacce take da suna a duniya saboda bincikenta. <ref name="UCLNewsletter" /> Ta yi haɗin gwiwa mai amfani a fannin samar da wutar lantarki tare da abokin aikin UCL Keith Stewartson —wanda shi ma ya isa UCL a shekarar 1964. Da yake ambato daga wasiƙar labarai ta sashen da aka ambata a baya, "Sun buga takardu 29 tare kuma sun jagoranci ci gaban farko na ka'idar 'sau uku-beck', wanda, bi da bi, ya ba da damar warware tambayoyi masu daɗewa a cikin kwararar da ba ta da tabbas, kuma ya magance muhimman aikace-aikacen iska mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa. Wani yanki da Brown ya shahara musamman shine jerin tattaunawa kan mahimman matakai, musamman tasirin danko da rashin layi da aikace-aikacen ga kwararar ƙasa kamar jiragen sama na yanayi." <ref name="UCLNewsletter" /> <ref name="UCLWomenInMathematics" /> Google- [https://scholar.google.com/ Scholar] ya lissafa takardu da dama na "SN Brown, K Stewartson" kuma an lissafa da yawa daga cikinsu a ƙasa. == Mutuwa == Brown ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, yana da shekaru 79, a [[Landan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan North Brown's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=susan-north-brown&pid=186452746 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |author-link2=Keith Stewartson |year=1969 |title=Laminar Separation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-fluid-mechanics_1969_1/page/45 |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |bibcode=1969AnRFM...1...45B |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000401}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hocking |first=L. M. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |last3=Stuart |first3=J. T. |author-link3=J. T. Stuart |last4=Brown |first4=S. N. |year=1972 |title=A nonlinear instability burst in plane parallel flow |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-fluid-mechanics_1972-02-22_51_4/page/705 |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=705 |bibcode=1972JFM....51..705H |doi=10.1017/S0022112072001326 |s2cid=122808105}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=On finite amplitude Benard convection in a cylindrical container |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A |volume=360 |issue=1703 |pages=455–469 |bibcode=1978RSPSA.360..455B |doi=10.1098/rspa.1978.0079 |s2cid=122462197}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=The evolution of the critical layer of a rossby wave. Part II |url=https://archive.org/details/geophysical-and-astrophysical-fluid-dynamics_1978_10_1-2/page/1 |journal=Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=1978GApFD..10....1B |doi=10.1080/03091927808242627}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] 17ryrtjm1efg8oqj41mzgj9nqldbkgs Ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci 0 178352 967269 963843 2026-10-13T19:21:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na maganin''' ( '''LCST''' ) ko '''ƙananan zafin jiki mai haɗawa''' shine zafin jiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙasa da abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda za a iya canzawa a kowane ma'auni. Kalmar ''ƙasa'' tana nuna cewa LCST ƙaramin iyaka ce ga tazara tsakanin zafin jiki na ɗan bambanci, ko kuma rashin daidaituwa ga wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa kawai. Halin lokaci na mafita na polymer muhimmiyar dukiya ce da ke cikin ci gaba da ƙira na mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka shafi polymer. Sau da yawa hanyoyin polymer masu rikitarwa suna nuna iyakoki biyu na solubility, yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci (UCST) da LCST, dukansu biyu sun dogara da nauyin molar da matsin lamba. A yanayin zafi a ƙasa da LCST, tsarin yana da rikice-rikice gaba ɗaya a duk rabo, yayin da a sama da LCSD ke da rikicewar ruwa. A cikin zane-zanen mataki na abubuwan haɗin, LCST shine mafi ƙarancin rabo na lanƙwasa spinodal mai lanƙwasa da binodal (ko haɗuwa). Gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan matsin lamba, yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar matsin lamba. Ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, wanzuwar LCST ba ta da yawa kamar wanzuwar yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci na sama (UCST), amma wasu lokuta akwai. Misali, tsarin triethylamine -water yana da LCST na 19&nbsp;°C, don haka waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu za su iya canzawa a duk ma'aunin ƙasa da 19&nbsp;°C amma ba a yanayin zafi mafi girma ba. Tsarin ruwa na nicotine yana da LCST na 61&nbsp;°C, da kuma UCST na 210&nbsp;°C a matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ruwan ruwa zai iya wanzuwa a wannan zafin. Saboda haka, ana iya canza sassan a duk ma'auni ƙasa da 61.&nbsp;°C da sama da 210&nbsp;°C (a matsanancin matsin lamba), kuma yana iya canzawa kaɗan a cikin tazara daga 61 zuwa 210&nbsp;°C. <ref name="Atkins" /> <ref name="White" /> == Cakuda masu narkewar polymer == [[File:LCST-UCST_plot.svg|thumb|350x350px| Wani labari na yanayin tsarin mafita na biyu na polymer wanda ya haɗa da LCST da UCST.]] Wasu hanyoyin polymer suna da LCST a yanayin zafi sama da UCST. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai tazara tsakanin zafin jiki da kuma yanayin zafi, tare da ɗan bambanci a yanayin zafi mafi girma da ƙasa. A yanayin mafita na polymer, LCST kuma ya dogara ne akan matakin polymerization na polymer, rarrabuwar abubuwa da rassan da kuma akan abun da polymer ɗin ya ƙunsa da tsarinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin polymers da aka fi nazari a kansu waɗanda ruwan da ke cikin su ke nuna LCST shine poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . Ko da yake ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan sauyi na mataki yana faruwa ne a {{Convert|32|Celsius}}, <ref name="Halperin">{{Cite journal |last=Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM |year=2015 |title=Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research. |journal=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl |volume=54 |issue=51 |pages=15342–67 |doi=10.1002/anie.201506663 |pmid=26612195}}</ref> ainihin yanayin zafi na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 10&nbsp;°C (ko ma fiye da haka) ya danganta da yawan polymer, <ref name="Halperin" /> nauyin molar na sarƙoƙin polymer, watsewar polymer da kuma sassan ƙarshe. <ref name="Halperin" /> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan polymer, kamar gishiri ko sunadarai, na iya canza zafin wurin girgije. <ref name="Kolouchová 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kolouchová |first=Kristýna |last2=Lobaz |first2=Volodymyr |last3=Beneš |first3=Hynek |last4=de la Rosa |first4=Victor R. |last5=Babuka |first5=David |last6=Švec |first6=Pavel |last7=Černoch |first7=Peter |last8=Hrubý |first8=Martin |last9=Hoogenboom |first9=Richard |last10=Štěpánek |first10=Petr |last11=Groborz |first11=Ondřej |year=2021 |title=Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions |journal=Polymer Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=12 |issue=35 |pages=5077–5084 |doi=10.1039/d1py00843a |issn=1759-9954 |s2cid=238937814 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Zhang Furyk Sagle Cho 2007 pp. 8916–8924">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Furyk |first2=Steven |last3=Sagle |first3=Laura B. |last4=Cho |first4=Younhee |last5=Bergbreiter |first5=David E. |last6=Cremer |first6=Paul S. |year=2007 |title=Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight† |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=8916–8924 |doi=10.1021/jp0690603 |issn=1932-7447 |pmc=2553222 |pmid=18820735}}</ref> Wani monomer wanda homo- da co-polymers ke nuna halayen LCST a cikin maganin shine 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter? |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=2850–2859 |bibcode=2013JPoSA..51.2850W |doi=10.1002/pola.26674 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2012-02-08 |title=Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2sm06743a |journal=Soft Matter |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2737–2745 |bibcode=2012SMat....8.2737W |doi=10.1039/c2sm06743a |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-02-19 |title=Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter? |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2py21032k |journal=Polymer Chemistry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1893–1902 |doi=10.1039/c2py21032k}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Georgiou |first=Theoni K. |last2=Vamvakaki |first2=Maria |last3=Patrickios |first3=Costas S. |last4=Yamasaki |first4=Edna N. |last5=Phylactou |first5=Leonidas A. |date=2004-09-10 |title=Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2221–2229 |doi=10.1021/bm049755e |pmid=15530036}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2010-02-15 |title=Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-polymer-science-part-a-polymer-chemistry_2010-02-15_48_4/page/775 |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=775–783 |bibcode=2010JPoSA..48..775W |doi=10.1002/pola.23825 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> LCST ya dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen polymer da kuma a yanayin copolymers, rabon monomer, da kuma yanayin hydrophobic ko hydrophilic na polymer. Zuwa yanzu, an gano misalai sama da 70 na polymers marasa ionic tare da LCST a cikin ruwan magani. == Tushen jiki == Babban abin da ke bambanta LCST da sauran halayen cakuda shine cewa rabuwar lokaci ta LCST tana faruwa ne ta hanyar entropy mara kyau na hadawa . Tunda haɗa matakai biyu ba zato ba tsammani ne a ƙasa da LCST ba kuma ba a sama ba, canjin makamashin Gibbs kyauta (ΔG) don haɗa waɗannan matakai biyu yana da korau a ƙasa da LCST kuma yana da kyau a sama, kuma canjin entropy ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) yana da korau ga wannan tsarin haɗuwa. Wannan ya bambanta da yanayin da aka saba gani kuma mai sauƙin fahimta inda entropies ke tuƙi haɗuwa saboda ƙaruwar yawan da kowane abu ke samu yayin haɗuwa. Duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa ɗabi'ar LCST na iya tasowa daga entropy mai kyau na haɗuwa, muddin entropy na haɗuwa ya yi ƙasa a yankin da ke da tazara mai daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Jordan |last2=Mahfouz |first2=Ahmed |date=June 2025 |title=Thermodynamic Properties of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Mixtures and Their Application in Energy-Water Systems |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/cp/d5cp02285a |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |publisher=RSC |pages= |doi=10.1039/D5CP02285A |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin kyawun entropy na haɗuwa wanda ke da alhakin LCST yana da ɗaya daga cikin asali biyu na zahiri. Na farko shine haɗa hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu kamar mu'amala mai ƙarfi ta polar ko haɗin hydrogen, wanda ke hana haɗuwa bazuwar. Misali, a cikin tsarin ruwa na triethylamine, kwayoyin amine ba za su iya samar da haɗin hydrogen da juna ba sai dai tare da kwayoyin ruwa kawai, don haka a cikin ruwan suna ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kwayoyin ruwa tare da asarar entropy. Haɗuwa wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da digiri 19 °C ba saboda entropy ba ne, amma saboda enthalpy na samuwar haɗin hydrogen. An nuna cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent (s) mai ƙarfi, mai cikakken bayani game da yanayin halitta, da kuma alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin LCST ta isa ta kai ga LCST. <ref name="AssociativePoly">Dhamankar, S., Webb, M., A., ACS Macro Lett. 2024, 13, 7, 818–825</ref> Abu na biyu na zahiri wanda zai iya haifar da LCST shine tasirin matsi, musamman a cikin tsarin polymer-solvent. Ga tsarin da ba na polar ba kamar polystyrene a cikin cyclohexane, an lura da rabuwar lokaci a cikin bututun da aka rufe (a matsin lamba mai yawa) a yanayin zafi da ke kusantar ma'aunin ruwa-turɓaya mai mahimmanci na sinadarin narkewar abinci. A irin wannan yanayin zafi, sinadarin narkewar abinci yana faɗaɗa da sauri fiye da polymer, wanda sassansa suna da alaƙa da juna. Saboda haka, haɗuwa yana buƙatar takurawar sinadarin sinadarai don dacewa da polymer, wanda ke haifar da asarar entropy.<ref name=Cowie/> == Ka'ida == A cikin tsarin kididdiga, ana iya yin kwaikwayon LCST ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar samfurin ruwa mai lattice, wani faɗaɗa na ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins, wanda ya haɗa da guraben aiki, don haka yana da alhakin yawan canzawa da tasirin matsi. Sabbin ƙarin bayani game da ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins sun nuna cewa haɗa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent kawai ta hanyar ilimin lissafi ya isa don lura da LCST. == Hasashen LCST (θ) == Akwai ƙungiyoyi uku na hanyoyi don daidaitawa da kuma annabta LCSTs. Rukunin farko ya gabatar da samfura waɗanda suka dogara da tushen ka'ida mai ƙarfi ta amfani da bayanan gwaji na ruwa-ruwa ko tururi-ruwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar bayanai na gwaji don daidaita sigogin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ikon hasashen abubuwa. Wata hanya kuma tana amfani da lissafin gwaji wanda ke haɗa θ (LCST) da halayen sinadarai na jiki kamar yawa, halaye masu mahimmanci da sauransu, amma yana fama da rashin kyawun cewa waɗannan halaye ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F |last2=Saeki |first2=S |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=T |year=1999 |title=Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_polymer_1999-05_40_10/page/2779 |journal=Polymer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2779–2785 |doi=10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vetere |first=A |year=1998 |title=An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=4463–4469 |doi=10.1021/ie980258m}}</ref> Sabuwar hanyar da Liu da Zhong suka gabatar ta haɓaka samfuran layi don hasashen θ(LCST) ta amfani da ma'aunin haɗin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya dogara ne kawai akan tsarin narkewa da polymer. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices |journal=Eur Polym J |volume=41 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=634–638 |doi=10.1021/ie049367t}}</ref> Hanyar ƙarshe ta tabbatar da cewa hanya ce mai matuƙar amfani a binciken tsarin adadi-aiki/haƙƙin mallaka (QSAR/QSPR) don polymers da mafita na polymer. Nazarin QSAR / QSPR ya ƙunshi yunƙurin rage abin gwaji da kuskure a cikin ƙirar mahaɗan da ke da ayyuka/halayen da ake so ta hanyar kafa alaƙar lissafi tsakanin ayyukan/halayen da ake sha'awa da sigogin da za a iya aunawa ko lissafi, kamar su topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, ko fihirisar lantarki. Kwanan nan an buga samfuran QSPR don hasashen θ (LCST) ta amfani da bayanan kwayoyin halitta (na lantarki, na kimiyyar lissafi da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melagraki |first=G. |last2=Afantitis |first2=A. |last3=Sarimveis |first3=H. |last4=Koutentis |first4=P.A. |last5=Markopoulos |first5=J. |last6=Igglessi-Markopoulou |first6=O. |year=2007 |title=A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors |journal=J Mol Model |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z |pmid=16738871 |s2cid=28218975}}</ref> Ta amfani da ingantattun samfuran QSPR, ana iya rage lokacin gwaji da ƙoƙari sosai yayin da ake iya samun ingantattun kimantawa na θ (LCST) don mafita na polymer kafin a haɗa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. == Duba kuma == * Zafin zafi mai mahimmanci na maganin sama * Canjin Coil-globule == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] epw7smi8nrw8poiq6a6k33rg3974lsh Arabinoxylan 0 178356 967306 963859 2026-10-13T21:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arabinoxylan''' wani nau'i ne na hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides |url=https://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/wallmab/Hemicel/hemi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416010812/https://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/wallmab/Hemicel/hemi.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |website=uga.edu |publisher=University of Georgia}}</ref> xylan da aka samo a bangon sel na farko da na biyu na tsire-tsire wanda ban da xylose ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na wani [[sukari]] na pentose, arabinose. Kalmar arabinoxylan yawanci tana nufin feruloyl-arabinoxylan daga ciyawa da sauran commelinids da ke dauke da sassan phenolic ferulic acid wanda zai iya fuskantar Haɗin oxidative (a cikin wannan hanyar kamar sassan lignin) wanda ke samar da crosslinks tsakanin sarkar arabinoxylen da kuma lignin. Yayinda aka gano arabinose da ke da alaƙa da xylan a cikin tsire-tsire marasa commelinid, ba a bayar da rahoton ferulic acid a kan waɗannan ba kuma ba kamar feruloyl-arabinoxylan ba waɗannan arabinoxylans ba monophyletic ba ne. Sauran wannan labarin yana nufin feruloyl-arabinoxylan daga bangon tantanin halitta na ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan commelinid. == Tsarinsa == Kamar yadda yake tare da duk xylan, kashin baya na sarkar arabinoxylan ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na 1,4-linked β-D-xylopyranosyl raka'a. A cikin arabinoxylan da yawa daga cikin waɗannan raka'a na xylose suna da alaƙa da 3-daidaitawa tare da raka'a guda ɗaya na α-L-arabinofuranosyl kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan arabinose bi da bi suna da ragowar ferulic acid da aka haɗa da ester.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcotuli |first=Ilaria |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yves S.-Y. |last3=Lahnstein |first3=Jelle |last4=Yap |first4=Kuok |last5=Burton |first5=Rachel Anita |last6=Blanco |first6=Antonio |last7=Fincher |first7=Geoffrey Bruce |last8=Gadaleta |first8=Agata |date=13 April 2016 |title=Structural Variation and Content of Arabinoxylans in Endosperm and Bran of Durum Wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.) |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=64 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2892 |bibcode=2016JAFC...64.2883M |doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103 |issn=0021-8561 |pmid=27018210 |access-date=5 February 2023 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan sassan feruloyl na iya fuskantar haɗin oxidative wanda ke samar da ferulic acid dehydrodimers kuma mai yiwuwa mafi girma oligomers wanda ke tsallaka sarkar arabinoxylan. Wannan yanayin haɗin giciye shine babban fasalin bangon sel na farko da na biyu a cikin ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan commelinid. Saboda muhimmancinsa a cikin abinci, an yi nazarin tsarin arabinoxylan daga hatsi da sauran hatsi sosai. Musamman, arabinoxylan daga alkama endosperm wanda ke haifar da farin gari yana da tsari mai sauƙi fiye da na mafi yawan kyallen takarda.Baya ga siffofin tsarin da aka bayyana a sama, yana da raka'a na xylose da aka maye gurbin su da 2 da 3-linked arabinose raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dervilly-Pinel |first=G |display-authors=et al |year=2004 |title=Investigation of the distribution of arabinose residues on the xylan backbone of water-soluble arabinoxylans from wheat flour |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_carbohydrate-polymers_2004-01-22_55_2/page/171 |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.09.004}}</ref> Saboda ƙananan ƙetare a cikin bangon tantanin halitta, wasu daga cikin wannan endosperm arabinoxylan ana iya cire su cikin ruwa, yana haifar da fiber na abinci mai narkewa. Arabinoxylans daga kyallen takarda ban da endosperm sun fi rikitarwa. Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin ƙashin baya na xylan tare da glucuronic acid resides da sauran sukari kuma waɗannan polymers na arabinoxylan ana kiransu glucuronarabinoxylans ko heteroxylans. Dukkanin kasusuwa da sauran sukari na gefe za a iya acetylated. Ana iya yin acylated da ragowar Arabinosyl tare da phenolics ban da ferulic acid, musamman p-coumaric acid amma kuma sinapinic acid da sauransu. Wadannan ragowar arabinosyl masu haɗin kai ana maye gurbinsu akai-akai tare da sukari mai haɗin kai 2. A cikin ganuwar sel na lignified, akwai shaidar da ta dace cewa za'a iya haɗa ragowar feruloyl a kan arabinoxylan a cikin polymer na lignin, yana ƙara ƙin yarda da narkewa. Arabinoxylans galibi suna taka rawa a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka. Har ila yau, su ne tafkunan adadi mai yawa na ferulic acid da sauran phenolic acids waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su. Phenolic acids na iya shiga cikin tsaro ciki har da kariya daga cututtukan fungal. Arabinoxylans suna daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da fiber na abinci wanda ba a narkawa da kuma wanda aka nuna don yin amfani da fa'idodi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Izydorczyk |first=MS |last2=Dexter |first2=JE |year=2008 |title=Barley β-glucans and arabinoxylans: Molecular structure, physicochemical properties, and uses in food products–a Review |journal=Food Research International |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=850–868 |bibcode=2008FdRI...41..850I |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2008.04.001}}</ref> Bugu da kari, arabinoxylans, saboda haɗin phenolic acid, an nuna sunada aikin Antioxidant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=RS |last2=Muralikrishna |first2=G |year=2006 |title=Water soluble feruloyl arabinoxylans from rice and ragi: changes upon malting and their consequence on antioxidant activity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytochemistry_2006-01_67_1/page/91 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=91–9 |bibcode=2006PChem..67...91R |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.036 |pmid=16289622}}</ref> Ikon musayar ion da viscosity suma suna da wani bangare na alhakin tasirin su na metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guillon |first=F |last2=Champ |first2=M |year=2000 |title=Structural and physical properties of dietary fibres, and consequences of processing on human physiology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_food-research-international_2000_33_3-4/page/233 |journal=Food Research International |volume=33 |issue=3–4 |pages=233–245 |bibcode=2000FdRI...33..233G |doi=10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00038-7}}</ref> == Arabinoxylan mai canzawa (MGN-3) == Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti sun kuma bincika damar hana kamuwa da kwayar cuta. A cikin binciken da aka yi da gangan, makanta sau biyu, wanda aka sarrafa placebo wanda ya shafi tsofaffi, ƙarin yau da kullun tare da [[MGN-3]] an haɗa shi da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na cututtukan mura (9/40 a cikin rukunin placebo da 2/40 a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar magani). Wannan tasirin kariya yana da alaƙa da haɓaka aikin cytotoxic na NK cell da haɓaka bayyanar alamar degranulation CD107a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elsaid |first=Ahmed F. |last2=Agrawal |first2=Sudhanshu |last3=Agrawal |first3=Anshu |last4=Ghoneum |first4=Mamdooh |date=2021 |title=Dietary Supplementation with Biobran/MGN-3 Increases Innate Resistance and Reduces the Incidence of Influenza-like Illnesses in Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=4133 |doi=10.3390/nu13114133 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=8618540 |pmid=34836388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == olq4yoqluee63lm9r5xw450d2pi0gcz Sakamakon cututtukan cututtukani 0 178358 967396 963876 2026-10-13T23:06:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:C4R4.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Iyaye cyclobutadiene (R = H) yana da sauƙin dimerizes amma R = ''tert''-butyl derivative yana da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Günther Maier |last2=Stephan Pfriem |last3=Ulrich Schäfer |last4=Rudolf Matusch |year=1978 |title=Tetra-tert-butyltetrahedrane |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=520–1 |doi=10.1002/anie.197805201}}</ref>]] Tasirin steric ya samo asali ne daga tsarin sararin samaniya na atoms. Lokacin da atoms suka zo kusa tare yawanci akwai hauhawar makamashi na kwayoyin. Tasirin Steric shine hulɗar da ba ta da alaƙa wanda ke tasiri ga siffar (haɗin kai) da kuma amsawa ions da kwayoyin. Tasirin Steric ya haɗa da Tasirin lantarki, wanda ke nuna siffar da kuma amsawar kwayoyin. Ƙarfin ƙin yarda tsakanin girgije na lantarki yana haifar da ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin da aka daidaita ta hanyar da ba kamar caji ba ya janyo hankalin kuma kamar caji ya hana. == Matsalar Steric == [[File:Regioselective_tritylation.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Regioselective dimethoxytrityl na rukuni na farko na 5'-hydroxyl na thymidine a gaban rukuni na biyu na 3'-hydroxy kyauta sakamakon cikas na steric saboda rukuni na dimethoxytityl da zoben ribose (Py = pyridine). ]] Rashin hanawar cututtukan shine sakamakon tasirin cututtukan yajanyo cututtuka. Matsalar steric ita ce raguwar halayen sinadarai saboda yawan steric. Yawancin lokaci ana nuna shi a cikin halayen intermolecular, yayin da tattaunawar tasirin steric sau da yawa yakan mai da hankali kan hulɗar intramolecular. Sau da yawa ana amfani da cikas na Steric don sarrafa zaɓin, kamar rage saurin amsawar da ba a so. Harkokin da ke tsakanin kungiyoyi masu kusanci na iya shafar kusurwoyin haɗin gwiwa. Matsalar steric tana da alhakin siffar da aka lura da Rotaxanes da ƙananan ƙimar racemization na 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl da binaphthyl derivatives. == Matakan kaddarorin steric == Saboda tasirin steric yana da tasiri mai zurfi a kan kaddarorin, an tantance kaddarorin steric na maye gurbin ta hanyoyi da yawa. === Bayanan ƙimar === === Darajar A === A-darajar suna ba da wani ma'auni na yawancin masu maye gurbin. Ana samun ƙimar A-darajar daga ma'aunin ma'auni na cyclohexanes. <ref name="ElielWilen">E.L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mander, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley, New York (1994). {{ISBN|81-224-0570-3}}</ref> Har zuwa inda mai maye gurbin yake son matsayin ma'auni yana ba da ma'aunin girmansa. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;" !Mai maye gurbin !Darajar A |- |H |0 |- |CH<sub>3</sub> |1.74 |- |CH2CH<sub>3</sub> |1.75 |- |CH (CH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>2</sub> |2.15 |- |C (CH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>3</sub> |>4 |- |} === Yanayin rufin === Yanayin zafi na rufin ( <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>) ma'auni ne na kaddarorin steric na monomers wanda ya ƙunshi polymer. <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>shine zafin jiki inda yawan polymerization da depolymerization daidai suke. Sterically hana monomers ba da polymers tare da low <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>'s, wanda yawanci ba shi da amfani. {| class="wikitable" !Ɗaya daga cikin !Yanayin zafi na rufin (°C) !Tsarinsa |- |ethylene |610 |CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub> |- |isobutylene |175 |CH<sub>2</sub>=CMe<sub>2</sub> |- |1,3-butadiene |585 |CH<sub>2</sub>=CHCH<sub>2</sub> |- |isoprene |466 |CH<sub>2</sub>=C (Ni) CH=CH<sub>2</sub> |- |styrene |395 |PhCH=CH<sub>2</sub> |- |α-methylstyrene |66 |PhC (Me) =CH<sub>2</sub> |} === Hanyoyin kusurwa === [[File:ConeAng.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Hanyar haɗin kai]] Angles na Ligand cone sune ma'auni na girman ligands a cikin ilimin sinadarai. An bayyana shi azaman kusurwar da aka kafa tare da ƙarfe a saman da kuma ƙwayoyin hydrogen a gefen ƙwanƙwasa (duba adadi). <ref name="tolman1970">{{Cite journal |last=Tolman |first=Chadwick A. |date=1970-05-01 |title=Phosphorus ligand exchange equilibriums on zerovalent nickel. Dominant role for steric effects |url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_1970-05-20_92_10/page/2956 |journal=[[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=2956–2965 |bibcode=1970JAChS..92.2956T |doi=10.1021/ja00713a007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin phosphine na yau da kullun !Ligand !Kusurwa (°) |- |PH<nowiki><sub id="mwwg">3</sub></nowiki> |87 |- |P (OCH<nowiki><sub id="mwxw">3</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mwyA">3</sub></nowiki> |107 |- |P (CH<nowiki><sub id="mwzQ">3</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mwzg">3</sub></nowiki> |118 |- |P (CH<sub>2</sub>) <sub>3</sub><sub>3</sub> |132 |- |P (C<nowiki><sub id="mw2Q">6</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mw2w">3</sub></nowiki> |145 |- |P (Cycle-C<nowiki><sub id="mw4A">6</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mw4g">3</sub></nowiki> |179 |- |P (''t''-Bu) <sub>3</sub> |182 |- |P (2,4,6-3" href="./Mesityl" id="mw6w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mesityl">Me3C6H<sub>2</sub>) 3 |212 |} == Ma'ana da aikace-aikace == Sakamakon cututtukan suna da mahimmanci ga [[Kimiyya|ilimin sinadarai]], ilmin sunayensu, da [[Ilimin Magunguna|ilimin magunguna]]. A cikin ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta, tasirin steric kusan na duniya ne kuma yana shafar ƙimar da ƙarfin kunnawa na mafi yawan halayen sunadarai zuwa digiri daban-daban. A wasu lokuta, tasirin steric ya zama dole don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kwayoyin. A cikin na Günther Maier, manyan maye gurbin suna daidaita ainihin kwayar halitta saboda lalacewa zai tilasta maye gurbin kusa da juna.<ref name="MaierOrig">{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=G. |last2=Pfriem |first2=S. |last3=Schäfer |first3=U. |last4=Matusch |first4=R. |year=1978 |title=Tetra-''tert''-butyltetrahedrane |journal=[[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=520–521 |doi=10.1002/anie.197805201}}</ref> {{Visible anchor|corset effect}}Sabanin haka, jan hankali na maye gurbin na iya daidaita kwayoyin; ana kiran waɗannan kwayoyin "rarrabuwar-rarrabawa". A cikin ilimin sinadarai, ana amfani da tasirin steric sau da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halitta kamar enzymes, inda za'a iya binne shafin [[Catalysis|catalytic]] a cikin babban tsarin furotin. A cikin ilimin likitanci, tasirin steric yana ƙayyade yadda kuma a wane adadin magani zai yi hulɗa tare da kwayoyin halitta da aka yi niyya.<gallery widths="160" heights="100" class="skin-invert-image" caption="Prominent sterically hindered compounds"> File:BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png|Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, a widely used stabilizer in polymers. File:Tricyclohexylphosphine-2D-skeletal.png|alt=Tricyclohexylphosphine, a bulky phosphine ligand used in homogeneous catalysis and, with B(C6F5)3, comprises the classic frustrated Lewis pair.|Tricyclohexylphosphine, a bulky phosphine ligand used in homogeneous catalysis and, with B(C<nowiki><sub id="mwARk">6</sub></nowiki>F<nowiki><sub id="mwARo">5</sub></nowiki>)<nowiki><sub id="mwARs">3</sub></nowiki>, comprises the classic frustrated Lewis pair.<ref>Stephan, Douglas W. "Frustrated Lewis pairs": a concept for new reactivity and catalysis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1535–1539. {{Doi|10.1039/b802575b}}</ref> File:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.svg|2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is used industrially as UV stabilizers and antioxidants for hydrocarbon-based products ranging from petrochemicals to plastics. File:LMW-HA(L)S-1_100.svg|Hindered amine light stabilizers are widely used in polymers. File:Ti(OiPr)4.png|Titanium isopropoxide is a monomer, the corresponding titanium ethoxide is a tetramer. File:OkazakiRSeOH.png|An isolable selenenic acid owing to steric protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=Kei |last2=Nagahama |first2=Michiko |last3=Mizushima |first3=Tadashi |last4=Shimada |first4=Keiichi |last5=Kawashima |first5=Takayuki |last6=Okazaki |first6=Renji |year=2001 |title=The First Direct Oxidative Conversion of a Selenol to a Stable Selenenic Acid: Experimental Demonstration of Three Processes Included in the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase |journal=Organic Letters |volume=3 |issue=22 |pages=3569–3572 |doi=10.1021/ol016682s |pmid=11678710}}</ref> </gallery> [[File:Triterbutilamin.JPG|thumb|Sakamakon steric na tri- (tert-butyl) amine yana sa halayen electrophilic, kamar samar da tetraalkyl cation, mai wahala. Yana da wahala ga electrophiles su kusanci sosai don ba da damar kai farmaki ta hanyar nitrogen guda biyu (an nuna nitrogen a cikin shuɗi) ]] * Ka'idar haɗari * Ƙarfin intramolecular * Ragewa da aka haifar da Sterically * Saurin amsawa yana hanzarta sakamakon cikas a cikin Tasirin Thorpe-Ingold * Van der Waals strain, wanda aka fi sani da steric strain == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ldumvme1aaqn1pa58pcm8k2vn29iumz Binciken tarihi 0 178401 967278 965301 2026-10-13T19:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Binciken ajiya wani nau'in bincike ne wanda ya haɗa da neman da kuma cire shaida daga bayanan ajiya. Ana iya gudanar da waɗannan bayanan ko dai a cikin cibiyoyin tattarawa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Council on Archives |title=Multilingual Archival Terminology |url=http://www.ciscra.org/mat/mat/term/64 |website=International Council on Archives}}</ref> kamar ɗakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi, ko kuma a cikin kulawar ƙungiyar (ko kungiya ta gwamnati, kasuwanci, iyali, ko wata hukuma) wacce ta samo asali ko ta tara su, ko kuma ta maye gurbin (canja, ko kuma ɗakunan ajiya na cikin gida). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Society of American Archivists |title=A glossary of archival and records terminology |url=https://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/i/institutional-archives}}</ref> Ana iya bambanta bincike na tarihi da (1) bincike na biyu (wanda ba a fahimta ba a cikin ɗakin karatu ko kan layi), wanda ya haɗa da ganowa da tuntuɓar tushen sakandare da suka shafi batun bincike; da kuma (2) tare da wasu nau'ikan bincike na farko da bincike na kwarewa kamar Aikin gona da gwaji. == Tarihin kungiyoyin adana bayanai == Tsohon tarihin sun kasance na daruruwan shekaru. Misali, a Turai, an kafa Babban Tarihin Crown na Aragon a cikin 1318, ko Tarihin Asirin Vatican wanda aka fara a karni na 17 kuma yana dauke da takardun jihar, littattafan asusun papal, da wasikun papal wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 8. An kafa Archives Nationales a Faransa a cikin 1790 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da mallakar da ta samo asali daga AD 625, kuma sauran tarihin Turai suna da irin wannan asalin. Tarihi a cikin duniyar zamani, yayin da kwanan nan, na iya riƙe kayan da ke dawowa ƙarni da yawa, alal misali, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Amurka da farko a cikin 1934. [1] NARA ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da tarin da suka samo asali daga kafa Amurka a karni na 18. Daga cikin tarin NARA akwai sanarwar 'yancin kai, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, da kwafin Magna Carta. British National Archives (TNA) ya gano tarihinsa zuwa kirkirar Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Jama'a a 1838, yayin da aka kafa wasu jihohi da hukumomin ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Jami'o'i wani wuri ne na adana kayan tarihi da tarin rubuce-rubuce. Yawancin jami'o'i suna da kayan tarihi waɗanda ke ba da labarin kasuwancin jami'ar. Wasu jami'o'i kuma suna da ɗakunan ajiya ko tarin rubuce-rubuce waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan wani bangare ko wani na al'adun jihar ko ƙasar da jami'ar take. Makarantu da cibiyoyin addini, da kuma karatun gida da tarin tarihi, gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyi na bincike na iya riƙe ɗakunan ajiya. Dalilin da ya sa aka nuna faɗin da zurfin tarihin shine don ba da ra'ayi game da matsalolin da masu binciken tarihin ke fuskanta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ɗakunan ajiya suna da adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce. Misali, Tarihin Asirin Vatican yana da sama da mil 52 na adana kayan tarihi. Yawancin ɗakunan ajiya yanzu suna karɓar canja wurin dijital, wanda kuma zai iya gabatar da ƙalubale don nuni da samun dama. == Hanyoyin bincike na tarihi == Binciken tarihi yana cikin zuciyar mafi yawan ilimi da sauran nau'ikan binciken tarihi na asali; amma ana gudanar da shi akai-akai (tare da hanyoyin bincike na layi daya) a wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], gami da karatun wallafe-wallafen, rhetoric, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], da Nazarin ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L'Eplattenier |first=Barbara E. |date=2009 |title=An Argument for Archival Research Methods: Thinking Beyond Methodology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_college-english_2009-09_72_1/page/67 |journal=College English |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |jstor=25653008}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Catherine |date=January 2000 |title=The archaeology of business networks: the use of archival records in case study research |journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |doi=10.1080/0965254x.2000.10815560 |s2cid=52203137}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya zama mahimmanci a wasu nau'ikan bincike marasa ilimi, kamar gano iyalai na haihuwa ta hanyar tallafi, da bincike na aikata laifuka. Bayanan da cibiyoyin adana bayanai ke riƙewa suna da amfani a cikin binciken kimiyya da kuma kafa haƙƙin jama'a. Baya ga horo, irin hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin binciken ajiya na iya bambanta dangane da ƙungiyarsa da kayan aikinsa. Misali, a cikin ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda ke da adadi mai yawa na kayan da ba a sarrafa su ba, mai bincike na iya samun shawarwari kai tsaye tare da ma'aikatan ajiya waɗanda suke da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tarin da ƙungiyarsu don zama da amfani saboda suna iya zama tushen bayanai game da kayan da ba su da tsari ko kayan da suka danganci su a wasu ɗakunan ajiyar ajiya da wuraren ajiya. Lokacin da ba a tsara wani ajiya gaba ɗaya ba ko kuma ya dace da horo ɗaya, masu bincike, alal misali masu ilimin asali, na iya dogaro da hanyoyin sadarwar al'ada ko na al'ada don tallafawa bincike ta hanyar raba bayanai game da takamaiman ƙungiyar ɗakunan ajiya da tarin tare da juna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duff |first=Wendy |last2=Johnson |first2=Catherine |date=January 2003 |title=Where Is the List with All the Names? Information-Seeking Behavior of Genealogists |journal=The American Archivist |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.17723/aarc.66.1.l375uj047224737n |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yakel |first=Elizabeth |date=2004 |title=Seeking Information, Seeking Connections, Seeking Meaning: Genealogists and Family Historians |url=http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper205 |journal=Information Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128012047/http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper205 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Gudanar da bincike a wani ajiya == [[File:Hoover-Archive-Reading-Room.jpg|thumb|Gidan karatu na Cibiyar Hoover da Tarihin Tarihi. Gidan karatu sarari ne a cikin ajiya inda masu amfani zasu iya bincika kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikata.]] Binciken ajiya gabaɗaya ya fi rikitarwa kuma yana cin lokaci fiye da bincike na biyu, yana gabatar da ƙalubale wajen ganowa, ganowa da fassara takardun da suka dace. Kodayake ɗakunan ajiya suna da irin waɗannan fasalulluka da halaye suna iya bambanta a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Duk da yake ɗakunan ajiya na jama'a na iya samun umarni waɗanda ke buƙatar su kasance masu sauƙi kamar yadda zai yiwu, wasu nau'ikan, kamar kamfanoni, na addini, ko ɗakunan ajiyar masu zaman kansu, za su sami digiri daban-daban na samun dama da ganowa.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu kayan za a iya ƙuntata su ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar waɗanda ke ƙunshe da bayanai masu mahimmanci ko waɗanda aka rarraba, ayyukan da ba a buga ba, ko kuma yarjejeniyar da aka sanya tare da mai ba da kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright and Unpublished Material {{!}} Society of American Archivists |url=https://www2.archivists.org/publications/brochures/copyright-and-unpublished-material |access-date=2018-11-27 |website=www2.archivists.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ajiya galibi na musamman ne, kuma mai bincike dole ne ya kasance a shirye don tafiya don isa gare su. Ko da lokacin da kayan suna samuwa a cikin tsarin dijital akwai ƙuntatawa a kansu wanda ke hana su samun dama daga shafin yanar gizon. === Neman tarin kayan tarihi === Kafin bincike na kan layi, kundin ƙungiyar sun kasance muhimmiyar kayan aiki don gano kayan aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da ɗakunan ajiya. A Amurka, masu bincike sun yi amfani da National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections don gano wuraren ajiya kodayake yawancin bayanansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsarin kan layi. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na cibiyoyin adana bayanai ta hanyar bincike na kan layi. Bugu da kari, tashoshin kamar Europeana, Digital Public Library of America da National Library of Australia's Trove suna ba da haɗin kai ga cibiyoyin membobin. A Burtaniya, JISC ta dauki bakuncin ArchivesHub, yayin da [https://www.oclc.org/research/themes/research-collections/archivegrid.html ArchiveGrid] na OCLC ke ba da tashar jiragen ruwa ta duniya ga yawancin cibiyoyin da ke da ɗakin karatu, waɗanda ke amfani da MARC a matsayin kayan aiki don mallakar su. Kungiyar Masu Kula da [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060511/http://www.archivescanada.ca/ Tarihin Kanada] (ACA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin software na Artefactual don ƙirƙirar ArchivesCanada, yayin da Australian Society of Archivists suka yi amfani da wannan software don Directory of Archives a Australia. An samar da wasu kayan aikin bincike na kan layi da yawa don sauƙaƙe bincike da ganowa, gami da Location Register of English Literary Manuscripts and Letters, jagorancin ArchiveSearch ga kayan ajiya a cibiyoyin Cambridge, Burtaniya, da CARTOMAC: Archives littéraires d'Afrique. Idan ba za a iya samun tarihin ta hanyar bincike na kan layi ko tarin da aka jera a fili ba za a yi amfani da shi ba, mai bincike na iya bin diddigin wanzuwarsa ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar bin kalaman da nassoshi na wasu masu bincike. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kayan da kamfanoni ko wasu kungiyoyi ke riƙewa waɗanda ba za su iya amfani da mai adana bayanai ba don haka ba su san girman ko abinda ke cikin kayan su ba.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin ƙuntataccen tarihin, ana iya ƙuntata damar ne kawai ga mutanen da ke da wasu takaddun shaida ko alaƙa da cibiyoyi kamar jami'o'i sannan kuma kawai ga waɗanda ke da wani matakin. Wadanda ba su da takardun shaida masu mahimmanci na iya buƙatar neman wasiƙun gabatarwa daga mutum ko ma'aikata don samar da ajiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24zy243j0h1fsvgp7mpxvljgny8cqpt Paleobiota na Tsarin Yixian 0 178412 967449 964052 2026-10-14T01:59:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 9 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin Yixian''' ( simplified Chinese ) wani yanki ne na ilmin ƙasa a Jinzhou, Liaoning, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.6 a farkon zamanin Cretaceous (matakin Barremian - Aptian ). An san ta da burbushin halittu daban-daban, waɗanda aka lissafa a ƙasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dinosaurs, pterosaurs, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye masu ruwa da tsaki, kifi, da kuma nau'ikan halittu marasa ƙashi daban-daban. An raba Tsarin Yixian zuwa ƙananan sassa kamar haka: (shekaru daga Zhong et al., 2021 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhong |first=Yuting |last2=Huyskens |first2=Magdalena H |last3=Yin |first3=Qing-Zhu |last4=Wang |first4=Yaqiong |last5=Ma |first5=Qiang |last6=Xu |first6=Yi-Gang |date=2021-04-12 |title=High-precision geochronological constraints on the duration of 'Dinosaur Pompeii' and the Yixian Formation |journal=National Science Review |volume=8 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwab063 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8288181 |pmid=34691675}}</ref> sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban) * Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma) ("Jingangshan Bed") ("Dawangzhangzi Bed") * Na'urar Lava ta Sama * Unit Jianshangou (125.46 Ma) * Ƙananan Rukunin Lava * Lujiatun Unit (125.76–125.68 Ma) == Sauropods == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | | | | | | | |- | ''Dongbeititan'' | ''D. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Bayan wani lokaci na ciwon baya <ref name="Wangetal07">{{Cite journal |last=Wang, X. |last2=You, H. |last3=Meng, Q. |last4=Gao, C. |last5=Chang, X. |last6=Liu, J. |year=2007 |title=''Dongbeititan dongi'', the first sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=911–916 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..911W |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb01013.x |s2cid=128812879}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- |cf. ''Euhelopus'' | cf. ''E.'' sp. | | Gadon Lujiatun | Hakoran da aka ware <ref name="titanosaurteeth">{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=P.M. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2007 |title=Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16138/files/PAL_E2969.pdf |journal=[[Palaeoworld]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=265–271 |bibcode=2007Palae..16..265B |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.001}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Honggang |last2=Yin |first2=Yalei |last3=Pei |first3=Rui |last4=Zhou |first4=Changfu |date=2024-04-27 |title=Early-diverging Titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) Teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Southeastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=303–310 |bibcode=2024AcGlS..98..303Z |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |issn=1000-9515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform |[[File:EuhelopusDB2.jpg|frameless]] |- |- | ''Liaoningotitan'' | ''L. sinensis'' | | |Kusan cikakken kwarangwal <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang-fu Zhou |last2=Wen-hao Wu |last3=Toru Sekiya |last4=Zhi-ming Dong |year=2018 |title=A new Titanosauriformes dinosaur from Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China |url=http://sjdz.jlu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract9375.shtml |journal=Global Geology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=327–333 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2018.02.001 |doi-broken-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- | ''Ruixinia'' | ''R. zhangi'' | Beipiao | | kwarangwal mai sassauƙa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mo |first=Jinyou |last2=Ma |first2=Feimin |last3=Yu |first3=Yilun |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2022-12-09 |title=A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122003135 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=144 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=254524890 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Tsarin dinosaur na Somphospondylan | |- |Sauropoda spp. | | |Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Kashin baya da haƙora da aka ware <ref name="xu&norell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Norell |first2=M.A. |year=2006 |title=Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-journal_2006-09_41_3-4/page/419 |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> | An samo nau'in sauropods ɗaya ko fiye, wataƙila titanosaurs, daga Tsarin Yixian, kodayake yawancinsu ba a bayyana su ba <ref name="titanosaurteeth" /> | |- |} == Ornithischians == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Ankylosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoningosaurus'' | ''L. mai rikitarwa'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Ƙangaren kwanyar [da] kwarangwal." | Ƙaramin ankylosaur |[[File:Liaoningosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |} === Masu maganin Ceratopsian === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoceratops'' | ''L. yanzigouensis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "[Biyu] kusan cikakke ƙoƙon kai, daga yara zuwa manya." | Ceratopsian |[[File:Liaoceratops_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Psittacosaurus'' | ''P. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Dubban samfura a cikin Gadon Lujiatun, ba a cika samun su ba a Gadon Jianshangou | Ceratopsian | rowspan="2" |[[File:Psittacosaurus_lujiatunensis_BW.jpg|frameless]] |} === Ornithopods === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Bolong'' | ''B. yixianensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | A nearly complete skeleton. | An iguanodontian ornithopod | [[File:Bolong_TD.png|frameless]] |- |''Changmiania''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yuqing |last2=Wu |first2=Wenhao |last3=Dieudonné |first3=Paul-Emile |last4=Godefroit |first4=Pascal |date=2020-09-08 |title=A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=8 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9832 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=7485509 |pmid=33194351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''C. liaoningensis'' | |Lujiatun Bed |Two nearly complete skeletons |A basal ornithopod that may have dug burrows | [[File:Changmiania_specimen_PMOL_LFV022.png|frameless]] |- | ''Haolong''<ref name="Haolong">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Wu |first2=W. |last3=Mao |first3=L. |last4=Bertozzo |first4=F. |last5=Dhouailly |first5=D. |last6=Robin |first6=N. |last7=Pittman |first7=M. |last8=Kaye |first8=T. G. |last9=Manucci |first9=F. |last10=He |first10=X. |last11=Wang |first11=X. |last12=Godefroit |first12=P. |year=2026 |title=Cellular-level preservation of cutaneous spikes in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1038/s41559-025-02960-9}}</ref> | ''H. dongi'' | Jianchang | Jianshangou Unit | Nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument | A hadrosauroid ornithopod | [[File:Haolong_dongi.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jeholosaurus'' | ''J. shangyuanensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | "Skull with associated vertebrae and hindlimb, skull with cervical vertebrae." |An ornithopod |[[File:Jeholosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Jinzhousaurus'' | ''J. yangi'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton." | An ornithopod | [[File:Jinzhousaurus_yangi.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Magungunan Jijiyoyi == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Avialans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Abitusavis''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Min Wang |last2=Zhiheng Li |last3=Qingguo Liu |last4=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2020 |title=Two new Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph birds provide insights into the taxonomy and divergence of Yanornithidae (Aves: Ornithothoraces) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=21 |pages=1805–1827 |bibcode=2020JSPal..18.1805W |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1836050 |s2cid=229320421}}</ref> |''A. lii'' |Ningcheng | |"Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name=":1" /> | | |- | ''Archaeorhynchus'' | ''A. spathula'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An early, advanced short-tailed bird (ornithuran)<ref name="zhou&zhang2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zhonghe |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |year=2006 |title=A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=363–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00234.x |s2cid=85222311}}</ref> | |- | ''Changchengornis'' | ''C. hengdaoziensis''<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | A confuciusornithid |[[File:Changchengornis_550_CER.JPG|frameless]] |- | rowspan="5" | ''Confuciusornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. chuonzhous'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat">Smith, J.B., Harris, J.D., Omar, G.I., Dodson, P. and You, H. (2001). "Biostratigraphy and avian origins in northeastern China. Appendix: Biota of the Yixian Formation and the endemicity of its taxa." In Gauthier, J. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), ''New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom.'' New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. {{ISBN|0-912532-57-2}}.</ref> | |- | ''C. dui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "[Two] skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | |- | ''C. feducciai''<ref name="cfeducciai">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Zihui |last2=Gao |first2=Chunling |last3=Meng |first3=Qingjin |last4=Liu |first4=Jinyuan |last5=Hou |first5=Lianhai |last6=Zheng |first6=Guangmei |year=2009 |title=Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of ''Confuciusornis'' from China |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=783–790 |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..783Z |doi=10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x |s2cid=21418230}}</ref> | | Jianshangou Bed | | | |- | ''C. sanctus''<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds | "Hundreds of complete skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | A primitive short-tailed bird (pygostylian), also present in the Jiufotang Formation |[[File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. suniae'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | |- | ''Dalingheornis'' | ''D. liweii'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An Enantiornithine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zihui |first=Zhang |last2=Lianhai |first2=HOU |last3=Yoshikasu |first3=Hasegawa |last4=O'Connor |first4=Jingmai |last5=Martin |first5=Larry D. |last6=Chiappe |first6=Luis M. |year=2010 |title=The first Mesozoic heterodactyl bird from China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00285.x |s2cid=129069702}}</ref> | |- | ''Eoenantiornis'' | ''E. buhleri'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton." | An entantiornithine | |- | ''Eogranivora'' | ''E. edentulata'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton with skull"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiaoting Zheng |last2=Jingmai K. O'Connor |last3=Xiaoli Wang |last4=Yan Wang |last5=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2018 |title=Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1871 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2494 |pmc=5805944 |pmid=29386367}}</ref> | An ornithuromorph |[[File:Eogranivora_edentulata.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''[[Iteravis]]''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''I. huchzermeyeri''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | An ornithuromorph; previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Jiufotang Formation by Ju et al., 2021<ref name="Ju2021">{{Cite journal |last=Ju |first=Shu-bin |last2=Wang |first2=Xu-ri |last3=Liu |first3=Yi-chuan |date=June 2021 |title=A reassessment of ''Iteravis huchzermeyeri'' and ''Gansus zheni'' from the Jehol Biota in western Liaoning |journal=China Geology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.31035/cg2020066 |issn=2589-9430}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Jinzhouornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. yixianensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | A pygostylian, a junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. zhangjiyingia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''C. sanctus'' | |- | ''Jixiangornis'' | ''J. orientalis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | | A basal avialan, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="jijietal2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ji |last2=Ji |first2=Ji |last3=Zhang |first3=You |last4=Zhang |first4=Wang |last5=Yuan |year=2002 |title=A new avialian bird - ''Jixiangornis orientalis'' gen. et sp. nov. - from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, NE China |journal=Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences) |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=723–736}}</ref> | |- | ''Hongshanornis'' | ''H. longicresta'' | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds<ref name="hongshan2014">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L. M. |last2=Zhao |first2=B. |last3=O'Connor |first3=J. K. |last4=Chunling |first4=G. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Habib |first6=M. |last7=Marugan-Lobon |first7=J. |last8=Meng |first8=Q. |last9=Cheng |first9=X. |year=2014 |title=A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird ''Hongshanornis longicresta'': Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |bibcode=2014PeerJ...2.e234C |doi=10.7717/peerj.234 |pmc=3898307 |pmid=24482756 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |Four specimens<ref name="hongshan2014" /> | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |last2=Gao, K.-Q. |last3=Chiappe, L.M. |year=2010 |title=A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity |url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..311O |doi=10.1080/02724631003617498 |s2cid=53489175}}</ref> |[[File:Hongshanornis.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Jibeinia''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''J. luahera''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- | ''Liaoningornis'' | ''L. longidigitris'' | | Lujiatun Bed | "Partial skeleton." | An enantiornithine.<ref name="oconnor2012">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |year=2012 |title=A revised look at ''Liaoningornis longidigitris'' (Aves) |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–37}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoningornis_048.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Liaoxiornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. delicatus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Considered a ''nomen dubium'' because the name is based on remains of a hatchling entantiornithine and cannot be confidently matched with the adult form.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L.M. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2007 |title=Juvenile Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China: Implications for Enantiornithine Ontogeny |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169246 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3594 |page=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3594[1:JBFTEC]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85871695}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoxiornis_delicatus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Lingyuanornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. parvus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior objective synonym of ''Liaoxiornis delicatus'', a ''nomen dubium''.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007" /> | |- | ''Longicrusavis'' | ''L. houi'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10" /> | |- | ''Longirostravis'' | ''L. hani'' | | bed unknown | | An enantiornithine | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Protopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''P. fengningensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds">{{Cite journal |last=Jin |first=Fan |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |last3=Li |first3=Zhiheng |last4=Zhang |first4=Jiangyong |last5=Li |first5=Chun |last6=Zhou |first6=Zhonghe |year=2008 |title=On the horizon of ''Protopteryx'' and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=18 |pages=2820–2827 |bibcode=2008SciBu..53.2820J |doi=10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5 |s2cid=133507763}}</ref> | |- | ''Mirusavis'' | ''M. parvus'' | | | Partial skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Min |last2=O'Connor |first2=Jingmai K |last3=Bailleul |first3=Alida M |last4=Li |first4=Zhiheng |date=2020-06-01 |title=Evolution and distribution of medullary bone: evidence from a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/7/6/1068/5681418 |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1068–1078 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz214 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8289052 |pmid=34692126}}</ref> | An immature female enantiornithine preserved with medullary bone tissue.<ref name=":0" /> | |- |''Sapeornis''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Chunling |last2=Chiappe |first2=Luis M. |last3=Zhang |first3=Fengjiao |last4=Pomeroy |first4=Diana L. |last5=Shen |first5=Caizhi |last6=Chinsamy |first6=Anusuya |last7=Walsh |first7=Maureen O. |date=September 2012 |title=A subadult specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis and a taxonomic reassessment of sapeornithids |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1103–1112 |bibcode=2012JVPal..32.1103G |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |issn=0272-4634 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |''S. chaoyangensis'' | | |Nearly complete skeleton.<ref name=":9" /> |A subadult omnivoropterygid with preserved feathers.<ref name=":9" /> | |- | ''Shanweiniao'' | ''S. cooperorum'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An enantiornithine.<ref name="O'connoretal.2009">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Jingmai K. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Chiappe |first3=L.M. |last4=Gao |first4=C. |last5=Meng |first5=Q. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=188–204 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..188O |doi=10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371 |s2cid=196607241}}</ref> |[[File:Shanweiniao_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Vescornis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''V. hebeiensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- |''Yixianosaurus'' |''Y. longimanus'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | |An anchiornithid | |- | ''Zhongornis'' | ''Z. haoae'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A primitive avialan with a short but non-pygostylian tail<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=C. |last2=Chiappe |first2=L.M. |last3=Meng |first3=Q. |last4=O'Connor |first4=J.K. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2008 |title=A new basal lineage of Early Cretaceous birds from China and its implications on the evolution of the avian tail |journal=Palaeontology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=775–791 |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..775G |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x |s2cid=85431224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Yixianosaurus_longimanus.png|frameless]] |} === Compsognathids === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Huadanosaurus''<ref name="Qiu2025">{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaolin |last3=Jiang |first3=Shunxing |last4=Meng |first4=Jin |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |date=2025-02-22 |title=Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies in theropod dinosaurs |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaf068 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=11970238 |pmid=40191255 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''H. sinensis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen missing the feet and end of the tail |A compsognathid | [[File:Huadanosaurus_sinensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''Huaxiagnathus'' | ''H. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A compsognathid | |- | ''Sinocalliopteryx'' | ''S. gigas'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A large compsognathid |[[File:Sinocalliopteryx_gigas_feeding_on_the_primitive_bird_Confuciusornis_-_journal.pone.0044012.g008.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinosauropteryx'' |''S. lingyuanensis''<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen |A compsognathid |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_lingyuanensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''S. prima'' | Beipiao & Lingyuan | Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds | Four nearly complete specimens<ref name="sinocolour2010">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Fucheng |last2=Kearns |first2=Stuart L. |last3=Orr |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Benton |first4=Michael J. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |last6=Johnson |first6=Diane |last7=Xu |first7=Xing |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaolin |year=2010 |title=Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/22432/2/41064696.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=463 |issue=7284 |pages=1075–1078 |bibcode=2010Natur.463.1075Z |doi=10.1038/nature08740 |pmid=20107440 |s2cid=205219587}}</ref> | A compsognathid. The first non-avian dinosaur found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_with_Dalinghosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''S.''? sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Beipiao | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | One specimen (GMV 2124) with partial skull, postcrania, and preserved feathers | style="background:#fbdddb;" | An unnamed coelurosaur originally described as a specimen of ''Sinosauropteryx'', later suggested to be a new genus and species,<ref name="jietalnewsinosaur">{{Cite journal |last=Shu'an |first=JI |last2=Chunling |first2=GAO |last3=Jinyuan |first3=LIU |last4=Qingjin |first4=Meng |last5=Qiang |first5=JI |year=2007 |title=New material of ''Sinosauropteryx'' (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from Western Liaoning, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=177–182 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..177J |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00942.x |s2cid=131019046}}</ref> probably a tyrannosauroid.<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |} === Dromaeosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Changyuraptor''<ref name="GangEtAl2015">{{Cite journal |last=Gang Han |last2=Luis M. Chiappe |last3=Shu-An Ji |last4=Michael Habib |last5=Alan H. Turner |last6=Anusuya Chinsamy |last7=Xueling Liu |last8=Lizhuo Han |name-list-style=amp |date=15 July 2014 |title=A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5, Article number: 4382 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4382H |doi=10.1038/ncomms5382 |pmid=25025742 |s2cid=205327789 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''C. yangi'' | Jianchang | | A complete articulated specimen with extensive feathering.<ref name="GangEtAl2015" /> | A dromaeosaurid | [[File:Changyuraptor.png|frameless]] |- | ''Graciliraptor'' | ''G. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | An incomplete specimen. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Graciliraptor.jpg|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" | ''Sinornithosaurus'' | ''S. haoiana'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |Might be a junior synonym of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''. |- | ''S. millenii'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Three specimens with skulls and postcrania, two with preserved feathers. Feathered integument is also preserved.<ref name="table-10-1-198" /> |A dromaeosaurid, the first ever found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinornithosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Tianyuraptor'' | ''T. ostromi'' | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Tianyuraptor_restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Zhenyuanlong''<ref name="zhenyuanlong">{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=Junchang |last2=Brusatte |first2=Stephen L. |year=2015 |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511775L |doi=10.1038/srep11775 |pmc=4504142 |pmid=26181289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''Z. suni'' | Jianchang | | One nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers, including long tail feathers and large wing feathers. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Zhenyuanlong_life_restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Zhongjianosaurus''<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Qin |first2=Zi-Chuan |year=2017 |title=A new tiny dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning and niche differentiation among the Jehol dromaeosaurids |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071120/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> | ''Z. yangi'' | Lingyuan | | A partial skeleton includes an arm, legs, vertebrae, ribs, and most of the tail.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> | A microraptorian dromaeosaurid with very long legs.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> |[[File:Zhongjianosaurus_yangi.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed dromaeosaurid | Specimen NGMC 91 | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | Complete specimen with feather imprints | A juvenile dromaeosaurid that may be a specimen of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senter |first=Phil |year=2011 |title=Using creation science to demonstrate evolution 2: morphological continuity within Dinosauria (supporting information) |url=https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/bio_wp/1 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2197–2216 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02349.x |pmid=21726330 |s2cid=41172539 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TurneretalBAMNH">{{Cite journal |last=Alan Hamilton Turner, Peter J. Makovicky and Mark Norell |year=2012 |title=A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5399588 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=371 |pages=1–206 |doi=10.1206/748.1 |s2cid=83572446}}</ref> Informally nicknamed "Dave". |} === Ornithomimosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Hexing'' | ''H. Qingyi'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun | | Wani nau'in ornithomimosaur na asali | |- | ''Shenzhousaurus'' | ''S. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "Kwankwalin da aka haɗa da kuma kwarangwal da ba a cika ba." | Asalin ornithomimosaur |[[File:Shenzhousaurus.jpg|frameless|''[[Shenzhousaurus]]'']] |} === Oviraptorosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="3" | ''Caudipteryx'' | ''C. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | One partial postcranium with feather imprints | rowspan="3" | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''C. zoui'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Common, only over a small region |[[File:Caudipteryx2mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | ''C.'' sp.<ref name="caudisp">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Wang |last2=Zhang |last3=Xu |year=2000 |title=Important features of ''Caudipteryx'' - evidence from two nearly complete new specimens |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200901/W020090813372420272632.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |language=zh |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=241–254}}</ref> | | | | |- | ''Incisivosaurus'' | ''I. gauthieri'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | A skull and partial cervical<ref name="table-8-1-166" /> | An oviraptorosaur |[[File:Incisivosaurus_(pencil_2013).png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningyuansaurus'' | ''N. wangi'' | | | Complete skeleton with feather impressions.<ref name="ningyuansaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Ji Qiang |last2=Lü Jun-Chang |last3=Wei Xue-Fang |last4=Wang Xu-Ri |year=2012 |title=A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Regional Geology of China |issue=12 |pages=2102–2107}}</ref> | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''Protarchaeopteryx'' | ''P. robusta'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton, at least [two] individuals." | A possible relative of ''Incisivosaurus'' |[[File:Protarchaeopteryx-reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Similicaudipteryx'' | ''S. yixianensis'' | | | Two specimens | An oviraptorosaur, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="simili2">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=X. |last3=You |first3=H. |year=2010 |title=Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-04-29_464_7293/page/1338 |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1338–1341 |bibcode=2010Natur.464.1338X |doi=10.1038/nature08965 |pmid=20428169 |s2cid=205220207}}</ref> | |- | ''Xingtianosaurus'' | ''X. ganqi'' | Liaoning | Dakangpu Bed | One nearly complete specimen (IVPP V13390), minus the head | An oviraptorosaur<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rui Qiu |last2=Xiaolin Wang |last3=Qiang Wang |last4=Ning Li |last5=Jialiang Zhang |last6=Yiyun Ma |year=2019 |title=A new caudipterid from the Lower Cretaceous of China with information on the evolution of the manus of Oviraptorosauria |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6431Q |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42547-6 |pmc=6483983 |pmid=31024012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |} === Therizinosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna ! Hotuna |- | ''Beipiaosaurus'' | ''B. rashin tsammani'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | kwarangwal mara cikakke tare da bawon fata | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Beipiaosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Kayrasaurus'' <ref name="Kayrasaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Liao |first=Chun-Chi |last2=Freimuth |first2=William J. |last3=Zanno |first3=Lindsay E. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2026-09-10 |title=A new therizinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and ecomorphological patterns among early therizinosaurians |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2026.2710287 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref> | ''K. changliensis'' | Beipiao | | Kusan cikakken kwarangwal har da kwanyar kai; babu ƙafafuwan baya | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Kayrasaurus_changliensis.png|frameless]] |- |''Jianchangosaurus'' | ''J. yixianensis'' | Jianchang | | Wani samfurin yara kusan cikakke tare da gashin fuka-fukai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pu |first=Hanyong |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Yoshitsugu |last3=Lü |first3=Junchang |last4=Xu |first4=Li |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Chang |first6=Huali |last7=Zhang |first7=Jiming |last8=Jia |first8=Songhai |date=2013-05-29 |title=An Unusual Basal Therizinosaur Dinosaur with an Ornithischian Dental Arrangement from Northeastern China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863423P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063423 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3667168 |pmid=23734177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Jianchangosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |} === Troodontids === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- |''Daliansaurus'' |''D. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Lujiatun Bed |A very complete specimen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Caizhi |last2=Lü |first2=Junchang |last3=Liu |first3=Sizhao |last4=Kundrát |first4=Martin |last5=Brusatte |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Gao |first6=Hailong |date=2017-06-01 |title=A New Troodontid Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/41311178/shen_2003_F_.pdf |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=763–780 |bibcode=2017AcGlS..91..763S |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13307 |issn=1755-6724 |s2cid=129939153}}</ref> |A troodontid |[[File:Daliansaurus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jianianhualong'' | ''J. tengi'' | Beipiao | Dawangzhangzi Bed |A very complete specimen with feather impressions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Currie |first2=Philip |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Xing |first4=Lida |last5=Meng |first5=Qingjin |last6=Lü |first6=Junchang |last7=Hu |first7=Dongyu |last8=Yu |first8=Congyu |date=2017-05-02 |title=Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814972X |doi=10.1038/ncomms14972 |pmc=5418581 |pmid=28463233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | A troodontid |[[File:Jianianhualong_Restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Liaoningvenator'' |''L. curriei'' |Beipiao | |A very complete specimen. |A troodontid |[[File:Liaoningvenator.png|frameless]] |- | ''Mei'' | ''M. long'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A small troodontid fossilized in a sleeping position |[[File:Meilong_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinovenator'' | ''S. changii'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | Three specimens with partial skulls and postcrania.<ref name="white2009">{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Matt |year=2009 |title=The subarctometatarsus: intermediate metatarsus architecture demonstrating the evolution of the arctometatarsus and advanced agility in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Alcheringa |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=2009Alch...33....1W |doi=10.1080/03115510802618193 |s2cid=85276956}}</ref> Hundreds of additional specimens known but undescribed. | A troodontid |[[File:Sinovenator_(update).png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinusonasus'' | ''S. magnodens'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A troodontid |[[File:Sinusonasus.png|frameless]] |- | Undescribed deinonychosaur/possible troodontid | | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | One specimen with feather imprints | A possible troodontid.<ref name="xunorell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xu |last2=Norell |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=Non-avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-journal_2006-09_41_3-4/page/419 |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> | |- | Undescribed troodontid | Specimen CAGS-IG01-004 | | Lujiatun Bed | Skull and partial skeleton | A troodontid similar to ''Mei''.<ref name="hwangetal2004abs">{{Cite journal |last=Hwang |last2=Norell |last3=Ji |last4=Gao |year=2004 |title=A new troodontid from the lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=73A–74A}}</ref> | |} === Tyrannosaurs da sauran theropods === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dilong'' | ''D. paradoxus'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Bed | Rare | A tyrannosauroid |[[File:Dilong_TJV_50.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | ''Grallator'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | lower Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Footprints belonging to the ''Grallator'' form taxon, belonging to a small theropod. Of known Yixian theropods, the footprints most closely match ''Caudipteryx''.<ref name="xingetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L.D. |last2=Harris |first2=J.D. |last3=Feng |first3=X.Y. |last4=Zhang |first4=Z.J. |year=2009 |title=Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers |journal=Geological Bulletin of China |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=705–712}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Raptorex''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''R. kriegsteini''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | A tyrannosaurid, probably from higher Mongolian strata. | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Scansoriopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''S. heilmanni''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Initially reported from the Dawangzhangzi Bed, probably from the Daohugou Beds instead.<ref name="Wangetal06">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |last3=He |first3=H. |last4=Jin |first4=F. |last5=Wang |first5=Y. |last6=Wang |first6=Y. |last7=Zhang |first7=J. |last8=Xu |first8=X. |last9=Zhang |first9=F. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=2369–2376 |bibcode=2005ChSBu..50.2369W |doi=10.1007/BF03183749 |s2cid=198142479}}</ref> | |- | ''Yutyrannus'' | ''Y. huali'' | | Unknown | Three nearly complete skeletons of various ages | A large tyrannosauroid<ref name="yutyrannus">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Wang |first2=K. |last3=Zhang |first3=K. |last4=Ma |first4=Q. |last5=Xing |first5=L. |last6=Sullivan |first6=C. |last7=Hu |first7=D. |last8=Cheng |first8=S. |last9=Wang |first9=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |url=http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=484 |issue=7392 |pages=92–95 |bibcode=2012Natur.484...92X |doi=10.1038/nature10906 |pmid=22481363 |s2cid=29689629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134949/http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> |[[File:Yutyrannus_huali.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed theropod | Not yet described | Yixian | Lujiatun Bed | Partial post-cranial skeleton<ref name="dongbetitan_bite">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L. |last2=Bell |first2=P.R. |last3=Currie |first3=P.J. |last4=Shibata |first4=M. |last5=Tseng |first5=K. |last6=Dong |first6=Z. |year=2012 |title=A sauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol group, China |journal=Lethaia |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=500–506 |bibcode=2012Letha..45..500X |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00310.x}}</ref> | A possible allosauroid<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Q. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |year=2008 |title=A new Theropod from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=164A |doi=10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459 |s2cid=220405736}}</ref> | |- |} == Pterosaurs == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Beipiaopterus'' | ''B. chenianus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Boreopterus'' | ''B. cuiae'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopterid | |- | ''Cathayopterus'' | ''C. grabaui'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Dendrorhynchoides''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=D.W.E. |year=2020 |title=A review of the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Anurognathidae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67707 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1676–1692 |bibcode=2020AcGlS..94.1676H |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.14585 |s2cid=225169094 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ''D. curvidentatus'' | | | |An anurognathid | |- | ''Elanodactylus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=C |year=2009 |title=New material of ''Elanodactylus prolatus'' Andres & Ji, 2008 (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=255 |issue=3 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0022}}</ref> | ''E. prolatus'' | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | rowspan="2" |''Eopteranodon'' |''E. lii''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=J.C. |last2=B.K. Zhang |year=2005 |title=New pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning |journal=Geological Review |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=458–462}}</ref> |Beipiao | | |A tapejarid | |- |''E. yixianensis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Xinjun |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Kellner |first3=Alexander W. A. |last4=Cheng |first4=Xin |last5=Costa |first5=Fabiana R. |last6=Wang |first6=Xiaolin |date=2023-09-01 |title=A new species of Eopteranodon (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123001015 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=149 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14905573Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105573 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=258531568 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |A tapejarid | |- | ''Eosipterus'' | ''E. yangi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Feilongus'' | ''F. youngi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Feilongus_NT.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Gegepterus'' | ''G. changae''<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Gladocephaloideus'' | ''G. jingangshanensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Gladocephaloideus_jingangshanensis.PNG|frameless]] |- |''Haopterus'' | ''H. gracilis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A mimodactylid | [[File:HaopterusGracilis-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Luchibang''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Fitch |first2=Adam J. |last3=Ma |first3=Feimin |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2020-03-04 |title=An unusual new genus of istiodactylid pterosaur from China based on a near complete specimen |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/2931-a-new-istiodactylid-pterosaur |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.26879/1015 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=243055980 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Fitch |first3=Adam J. |last4=Xu |first4=Yizhi |last5=Xu |first5=Xing |date=2024-08-16 |title=A reassessment on Luchibang xingzhe: A still valid istiodactylid pterosaur within a chimera |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5273-luchibang-is-a-chinese-chimera |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.26879/1359 |issn=1094-8074 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''L. xingzhe'' | | |One partial skull |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Moganopterus'' | ''M. zhuiana'' | | Lujiatun bed? | |A ctenochasmatid |[[File:Moganopterus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningchengopterus'' | ''N. liuae'' | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A pterodactyloid<ref name="LJ09">{{Cite journal |last=Lü J. |year=2009 |title=A baby pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83....1L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00001.x |s2cid=85074573}}</ref> |[[File:Ningchengopterus_liuae.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Nurhachius'' |''N.'' sp. | |Jingangshan Member<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ozeki |first=Masanori |last2=Unwin |first2=David M. |last3=Bell |first3=Phil R. |last4=Li |first4=Daqing |last5=Xing |first5=Lida |date=2023-06-26 |title=A new pterosaur specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China: The oldest fossil record of Nurhachius |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1625–1638 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=259677697 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |An incomplete specimen<ref name=":6" /> |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Pterofiltrus'' | ''P. qiui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid<ref name="pterofiltrus">{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=S. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2011 |title=A new ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, western Liaoning, China |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v83n4/10.pdf |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1243–1249 |doi=10.1590/s0001-37652011000400011 |pmid=22146956}}</ref> | |- |''Yixianopterus'' |''Y. jingangshanensis'' | | | |An istiodactyliform | |- | ''Zhenyuanopterus'' | ''Z. longirostris'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopteridm<ref name="ACX10">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=J. |year=2010 |title=A new boreopterid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=241–246 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..241L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00204.x |s2cid=140600398}}</ref> may be adult form of ''Boreopterus''. | |- |} == Misc. reptiles == === Choristoderans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Hyphalosaurus'' | ''H. lingyuanensis'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | [[File:Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''H. baitaigouensis'' | | Jingangshan Bed | Thousands of specimens | | |- | ''Monjurosuchus'' | ''M. splendens'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | |[[File:Monjurosuchus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Sinohydrosaurus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''S. lingyuanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis'' | |- |} === Lizards === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dalinghosaurus'' | ''D. longidigitus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A lizard related to shinisaurs | [[File:DalinghesaurusLongidigitus-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Liushusaurus'' | ''L. acanthocaudata''<ref name="evens&wang2010">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=S.E. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |year=2010 |title=A new lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) with exquisite preservation of soft tissue from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=81–95 |bibcode=2010JSPal...8...81E |doi=10.1080/14772010903537773 |s2cid=56046960}}</ref> | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A lizard related to [[Tsaka|geckos]] and skinks | |- | ''Xianglong'' | ''X. zhaoi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A gliding lizard related to chameleons and dragon lizards |[[File:Xianglong_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Yabeinosaurus'' | ''Y. tenuis'' | | Dawangzhangzi & Jingangshan Beds | |A lizard related to geckos and skinks | |- |} === Turtles === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Manchurochelys'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''M. liaoxiensis''<ref name="chenetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=P. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Cao |first4=M. |last5=Li |first5=W. |last6=Wu |first6=S. |last7=Shen |first7=Y. |year=2005 |title=Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China |journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=298–312 |bibcode=2005ScChD..48..298C |doi=10.1360/04yd0038 |s2cid=130825449}}</ref> | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Ordosemys liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1">{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=H. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2004 |title=Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China: New Specimens and Systematic Revision |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/177942 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3438 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2004)438<0001:OTCFTY>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=55873696}}</ref> | |- | ''M. manchoukuoensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | Jingangshan Bed | | | |- | ''Ordosemys'' | ''O. liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Manchuroche.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Dabbobi masu shayarwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}}Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka jera a ƙasa an tattara su a cikin binciken da Meng da abokan aiki suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2006, sai dai in ba haka ba.<ref name="mengetall2006">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=J. |last2=Hu |first2=Y. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2006 |title=The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-journal_2006-09_41_3-4/page/439 |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=439–463 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..439J |doi=10.1002/gj.1054 |s2cid=84397126}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''Acristatherium'' |''A. yanensis''<ref name="acristatherium">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Y. |last2=Meng |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2010 |title=New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=229–236 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..229H |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0203 |pmc=2842663 |pmid=19419990}}</ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Wani mai ba da labariEutherian | |- |''Akidolestes'' |''A. cifellii'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |spalacotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Gidajen ruwa<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Bi |first=Shundong |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaoting |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaoli |last4=Cignetti |first4=Natalie E. |last5=Yang |first5=Shiling |last6=Wible |first6=John R. |date=2018 |title=An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0210-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=558 |issue=7710 |pages=390–395 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..390B |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=29899454 |s2cid=49183466 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' |''A. zhoui'' |Nincheng |Gidan Jianshangou | |Wani mai ba da labari | |- |''Chaoyangodens''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shilin Hou |last2=Jin Meng |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal from the early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Liaoning, China |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=59 |issue=5–6 |pages=546–553 |bibcode=2014ChSBu..59..546H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-0088-2 |s2cid=129366743}}</ref> |''C. Li'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |A eutriconodont | |- |''Eomaia'' |''E. scansoria'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Wani kabilar tribosphenidan, mai yiwuwa euTherian ko stem-therian |[[File:Live_reconstruction_of_Cretophasmomima_melanogramma_-_journal.pone.0091290.g007.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Gobiconodon'' |''G. zofiae'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gidagobiconodont |[[File:Gobiconodon.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''G. luoianus''<ref name="Yuan">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Thierry |last2=Smith |first2=Richard |last3=Zhang |first3=Xingliao |last4=Xi |first4=Yunhong |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Ji |first6=Qiang |last9=Yuan Chongxi, Xu Li, Zhang Xingliao, Xi Yunhong, Wu Yanhua and Ji Qiang |year=2009 |title=A New Species of ''Gobiconodon'' (Mammalia) from Western Liaoning, China and its Implication for the Dental Formula of ''Gobiconodon'' |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=207–211 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83..207Y |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00035.x |s2cid=129667303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Lujiatun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |A gobiconodont; ƙaramin ma'anar ''G. zofiae'' | |- |''Yeholodens'' |''J. jenkinsi'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |A eutriconodont |[[File:Jeholodens_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Juchilestes''<ref name="Gao2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=CL |last2=Wilson |first2=GP |last3=Luo |first3=ZX |last4=Maga |first4=AM |last5=Meng |first5=Q |last6=Wang |first6=X |last9=Chun-Ling Gao, Gregory P. Wilson, Zhe-Xi Luo, A. Murat Maga, Qingjin Meng and Xuri Wang |year=2010 |title=A new mammal skull from the Lower Cretaceous of China with implications for the evolution of obtuse-angled molars and 'amphilestid' eutriconodonts |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=237–246 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..237G |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1014 |pmc=2842676 |pmid=19726475}}</ref> |''J. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Amphidontid | |- |''[[Jueconodon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mao |first=F. |last2=Zhang |first2=C. |last3=Liu |first3=C. |last4=Meng |first4=J. |date=2021 |title=Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7855 |pages=577–582 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..577M |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=33828300 |s2cid=233183060}}</ref> |''J. cheni'' | | | |A eutriconodont | |- | rowspan="2" |''Maotherium'' |''M. sinensis'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''M. asiaticus''<ref name="Martin & Ruf 2009"> {{Cite journal |last=Martin, Thomas |last2=Ruf, Irina |year=2009 |title=On the mammalian ear |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-10-09_326_5950/page/243 |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5950 |pages=243–244 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..243M |doi=10.1126/science.1181131 |pmid=19815765 |s2cid=26545052}} </ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''[[Meemannodon]]'' |''M. lujiatunensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida | |- |''Origolestes'' |''O. lii'' | | | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Ningchengodon'' |''N. foxi'' |Ningcheng |Kogin Ningcheng |Wani likitan hakora na dama. |A symmetrodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Repenomamus'' |''R. giganticus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida |[[File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''R. robustus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Babban gobiconodont, wanda ya ci kananan dinosaur | |- |''Sinobaatar'' |''S. lingyuanensis'' |Lingyuan |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Mai amfani da yawa | |- |''Sinodelphys'' |''S. szalayi'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Therian, da farko an fassara shi azaman metatherian kuma daga baya an sake fassara shi a matsayin eutherian | |- |''Yanoconodon''<ref name="yanoconodon">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Z. |last2=Chen |first2=P. |last3=Li |first3=G. |last4=Chen |first4=M. |year=2007 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15542/files/PAL_E2954.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=288–93 |bibcode=2007Natur.446..288L |doi=10.1038/nature05627 |pmid=17361176 |s2cid=4329583}}</ref> |''Y. allini''<ref name="yanoconodon" /> |Fengning <ref name="yanoconodon" /> | | |Eutricondondont |[[File:Yanoconodon_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Zhangheotherium'' |''Z. quinquecuspidens'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |} == Dabbobi masu rai da ruwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Callobatrachus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. sanyanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Sihetun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' |[[File:Callobatrachus.png|frameless]] |- |''Laccotriton'' |''L. subsolanus'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- | rowspan="2" |''Liaobatrachus'' |''L. grabaui'' |Sihetun |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''L. zhaoi'' |Beipiao da Heitizigou |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Mesophryne'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''M. beipiaoensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Beipiao da Heitizigou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' | |- |''Sinerpeton'' |''S. fengshanensis'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- |} == Kifi == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |Hybodontoidea indet. |Iyali, jinsin da jinsin da ba a tantance su ba | | | |Wani elasmobranch da aka sani daga wani dorsal fin spine <ref name="zhang2007shark">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=Two shark finspines (Hybodontoidea) from the Mesozoic of North China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=277–280 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..277Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.005}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Lycoptera'' |''L. dabbidi'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang Formation & Huajiying FormationTsarin Huajiying | rowspan="3" |Wani nau'in osteoglossiform |[[File:Lycoptera_reconstruction.jpg|frameless]] |- |''L. muroii'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''L. sinensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''Mesomyzon'' |''M. mengae'' | | | |Lambarlamprey |[[File:Mesomyzon_NT_small.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Peipiaosteus'' |''P. tsoro'' | |Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi Bed |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang |Kifi na peipiaosteid da ke da alaƙa da sturgeons | |- |''Protopsephurus'' |''P. liui'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang & Huajiying Formations |Kifi mai suna paddlefishKifi na paddlefish |[[File:Protopsephurus_liui.JPG|frameless]] |- |''Sinamia'' |''S. liaoningensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwabowfin |[[File:Sinamia.JPG|frameless]] |- |''[[Yanosteus]]'' |''Y. longidorsalis'' | | |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Huajiying |Peipiaosteid | |- |} == Naman dabbobi marasa ƙashi na Tsarin Yixian == Nau'in halittu marasa ƙashi da aka lissafa a ƙasa ya biyo bayan wani bincike da Chen da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2005, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="chenetal2005" /> === Arachnids === Nau'in arachnid da aka lissafa a ƙasa suna bin kundin bayanai da Dunlop, Penney da Jekel suka tattara a shekarar 2010, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | rowspan="4" | ? ''Araneus'' | ''A.'' ? ''aethus'' | | | | rowspan="4" | Gizo-gizo masu sakawa na Orb | |- | ''A.'' ? ''beipiaoensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''liaoxiensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''reheensis'' | | | | |- | ''[[Cretaraneus|Cretaranus]]'' | ''C. liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizon Nephiline | |- | ? ''Gnaphosa'' | ''G.'' ? ''liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizo na ƙasa | |- | ''[[Jeholia|Yeholiya]]'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xuan |first=Qiang |last2=Cai |first2=Chenyang |last3=Huang |first3=Yuangeng |last4=Huang |first4=Diying |date=24 January 2025 |title=First Mesozoic scorpion from China and its ecological implications |journal=Science Bulletin |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=1941–1944 |bibcode=2025SciBu..70.1941X |doi=10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.035 |pmid=39924406}}</ref> | ''J. longchengi'' | | | | Kunama mai kama da buthoid | |- | ? ''Theridion'' | ''T.'' ? ''atalus'' | | | | Gizo-gizo mai tauri | |- |} === Ƙwaro (Coleoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Anoixis]]'' |''A. complanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010">{{Cite journal |last=Huali |first=C. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=New Fossil Elaterids (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Elateridae) From the Jehol Biota in China |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=866–874 |doi=10.1603/AN09076 |s2cid=55827291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Apoclion]]'' |''A. antennatus'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Kwararrun kwari <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''A. clavatus'' | | | | |- |''A. dolini'' | | | | |- |''[[Coptoclava]]'' |''C. longipoda'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Desmatinus]]'' |''D. cognatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Fortiseode]]'' |''F. pervalimand'' | | | |Wani kwari na [[Eodromeinae|eodromeine]] trachypachid | |- |''Haske'' |''G. orthochilus'' | | | |Kwango mai laresid scarab <ref name="baietal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bai |first=M. |last2=Krell |first2=F.T. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Yang |first4=X. |year=2010 |title=A New, Weil-Preserved Species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=676–679 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..676M |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00229.x |s2cid=140694460}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Hydrophilopsia]]'' |''H. gracilis'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Hydrophiloid ruwa scavenger beetles <ref name="prokinetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Prokin |first=A. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Martin |first3=F. |year=2010 |title=New Mesozoic Water Scavenger Beetles from the Yixian Formation in China (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea) |journal=Annales Zoologici |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |doi=10.3161/000345410X516821 |s2cid=51491869}}</ref> | |- |''H. hydraenoides'' | | | | |- |''H. shatrovskiyi'' | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Lasiosyne]]'' |''L. inteera'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Henan |last2=Zhao |first2=Yanchen |last3=Chang |first3=Huali |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2022-08-13 |title=Two new species of Lasiosyne from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Coleoptera, Lasiosynidae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002002 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005336G |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105336 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558114 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''L. parva'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3" /> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''Liaoximordella'' |''L. hongi'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''Mirimordella'' |''M. gracilicruralis'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="liuetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=M. |last2=Lu |first2=W. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new fossil mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1415 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1415.1.6 |s2cid=4494968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Oxyporus (beetle)|Oxyporus]]'' |''O. yixianus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna oxyporin rove <ref name="yue2011">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Solodovnikovb |first3=A. |year=2011 |title=The oldest fossil species of the rove beetle subfamily Oxyporinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Early Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, China) and its phylogenetic significance |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=2 |bibcode=2011JSPal...9..467Y |doi=10.1080/14772019.2010.493049 |s2cid=83787190}}</ref> | |- |''[[Paradesmatus]]'' |''P. dilatatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai lamba desmati <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Parageotrupes|Ƙungiyoyin Parageotrupes]]'' |''P. incanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna Geotrupine scarab <ref name="nikolajev">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolajev |first=G.V. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |year=2010 |title=New Genus of the Subfamily Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupindae) from the Jehol Biota |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=673–675 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..673N |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00260.x |s2cid=83650978}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinocupes]]'' |''S. validus'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Sinosperchopsis]]'' |''S. silinae'' | | | |Wani kwari mai cin ruwa mai suna hydrophiloid <ref name="prokinetal2010" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Sinoxytelus]]'' |''S. taƙaitaccen'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Oxyteline rove beetles <ref name="yuestaphylinids2010">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=Three new Mesozoic Staphylinids (Coleoptera) from Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31...61Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.005}}</ref> | |- |''S. euglypheus'' | | | | |- |''S. longisetosus'' | | | | |- |} === Dabbobi masu kama da dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- | rowspan="2" |''Chenops''<ref name="Hegna">{{Cite journal |last=Hegna |first=Thomas A. |last2=Dong |first2=REN |last9=Thomas A. Hegna, Ren Dong |year=2010 |title=Two New "Notostracans", ''Chenops'' gen. nov. and ''Jeholops'' gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=886–894 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..886H |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00232.x |s2cid=85023596}}</ref> |''C. oblongus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Notostracans | rowspan="2" |[[File:Chenops_yixianensis.jpg|frameless]] |- |''C. yixianensis'' | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Cricoidoscelosus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. Aethus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Crayfishes from the Jehol biota |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/45/24 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=45 |issue=24 |pages=689–719}}</ref>'' [2] | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Cypridea]]'' |''C.'' (''Cypridea'') liaoningensis''haɗin kai'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="5" |Ostracods | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') ''sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') veridica arguta''gaskiya mai ma'ana'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''Ulwellia'') ''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Damonella]]'' |''D. kyakkyawa'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Darwinula'' |''D. leguminella'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Diestheria|Abinci]]'' |''D. jeholensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="3" |Clam shrimps | |- |''D. yixianensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |D?sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Eosestheria]]'' |''E. jingangshanensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | rowspan="5" |Clam shrimps | |- |''E. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |''E.'' da kuma. ''tsakiya'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''E. ovata'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''E. sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Eosestheriopsis]]'' |''E. gujialingensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''Yeholops''<ref name="Hegna" /> |''J. hongi'' | | | |Wani abu mai suna notostracan |[[File:Jeholops_Chenops.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Liaoningogriphus]]'' |''L. quadripartitus'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Tsuntsushrimp | |- |''[[Lycopterocypris]]'' |''L. infantilis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Mantelliana]]'' |''M.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"<nowiki><i id="mwD3k">Mongolarachne</i></nowiki>" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"M" ''Chaoyangensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidajen Dawangzhangzi | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul A. Selden |last2=Alison N. Olcott |last3=Matt R. Downen |last4=Dong Ren |last5=Chungkun Shih |last6=Xiaodong Cheng |year=2019 |title=The supposed giant spider ''Mongolarachne chaoyangensis'', from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, is a crayfish |url=http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/yixiancrayfish2019.pdf |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=515–522 |bibcode=2019Plegy...2..515S |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.15 |s2cid=208124459}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mongolianella]]'' |Ka duba littafin nan. ''dabino'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Palaeocambarus'' |''P. lasisi'' | | | |Kayan kifi |[[File:BMNH_IMG_5554_Cricoidoscelosus_aethus.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Rhinocyrpis]]'' |''R. jurassica'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Timiriasevia]]'' |''T. jianshangouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |?''[[Yanjiestheria]]'' |Y?''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''[[Yanshania]]'' |''Y. dabeigouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |} === Dragonflies (Odonata) === {{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Nau'in dragonfly da aka jera a ƙasa sun bi bita da Zhang, Ren da Panf suka tattara a cikin 2008, sai dai idan an lura da hakan.<ref name="zhangrenpang2008">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=B. Ren |last2=Pang |first2=H. |year=2008 |title=''Telmaeshna paradoxica'' gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil dragonfly (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1681 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1681.1.6}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Abrohemeroscopus]]'' |''A. Yana cin abinci'' | | | |dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Aeschnidium]]'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A. heishankowense'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#fbdddb;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia heishankowense'' <ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A.'' sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Archaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''A. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake rarraba shi a matsayin ''Yixiangomphus labius'', <ref name="zhang2000" /> wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="lin1994">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q. |year=1994 |title=Cretaceous insects of China |url=https://archive.org/details/cretaceous-research_1994-06_15_3/page/305 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=305–316 |bibcode=1994CrRes..15..305L |doi=10.1006/cres.1994.1019}}</ref> | |- |''[[Bellabrunetia]]'' |''B. catherinae'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Chrysogomphus]]'' |''C. beipiaoensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Dissurus|Rashin jituwa]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''D. liaoyuanensis''<ref name="lin1994" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymph da ba a kiyaye shi sosai ba <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Dracontaeschnidium]]'' |''D. gabas'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Hebeiaeschnidia]]'' |''H. fengningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Huaxiagomphus]]'' |''H. taushanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly <ref name="lin1994" /> | |- |''[[Liogomphus]]'' |''L. yixianensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Mesocordulia]]'' |''M. boreala'' | | | |Wani dragonfly mai kama da corduliid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Palaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Wani dragonfly, wanda aka sake rarraba shi a matsayin na ''Yixiangomphus labius'', wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000" /><ref name="lin1994" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Parapetala]]'' |''P. liaoningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''P. yixianensis'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Daran |last2=Zhang |first2=Xin |last3=Zhang |first3=Haichun |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2022-08-13 |title=New Lower Cretaceous aeshnopteran dragonflies from western Liaoning, NE China (Odonata: Anisoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001884 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005324Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105324 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | | |- |''[[Protoliupanshania]]'' |''P. wangi'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | |Wani dragonfly na [[liupanshaniid]] | |- |''[[Pseudocymatophlebia]]'' |''P. bisecta'' |Gundumar Ningcheng<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Ren |first2=Dong |last3=Shi |first3=Chaofan |date=June 2023 |title=New petalurid dragonfly (Odonata: Aktassiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001374 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=151 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15105609Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105609 |s2cid=259601344 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | |Wani samfurin da aka adana sosai.<ref name=":4" /> |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Pseudoliupanshania]]'' |''P. magnanicellula'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Pseudosamarura|Ƙarya mai ƙamshi]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. largina''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori, nymph <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Rudiaeschna]]'' |''R. limnobia'' | | | |Wani dragonfly aeshnid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinaeschnidia'' |''S. heishankowense'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Manya da nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. cancellosa''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. heishankowense'' <ref name="fleck">{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=G. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2003 |title=Revision of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae (Odonata: Anisoptera) |journal=Zoologica |volume=153 |pages=1–170}}</ref> | |- |''S.'' sp. | | |Samfurori marasa tabbas <ref name="zhang2000" /> |An ba da wasu samfurori na nymph nasu jinsuna da jinsuna ko da yake mai yiwuwa sun kasance ''S. heishankowense'' amma ba a kiyaye su sosai ba don tabbatar da su <ref name="zhang2000" /> |[[File:Sinaeschnidia-Tianjin_Natural_History_Museum.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinaktassia]]'' |''S. tangi''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.-B. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Huang |first3=D.-Y. |year=2010 |title=Sinaktassia tangi, a new Chinese Mesozoic genus and species of Aktassiidae (Odonata: Petaluroidea) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2359 |issue=1 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2359.1.5}}</ref> | | | |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Sinogomphus]]'' |''S. taoshanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Sinojagoria]]'' |''S. imperfecta'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sopholibellula]]'' |''S. amoena'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Tsuntsaye | |- |''S. a tsaye'' | | | | |- |''[[Stylaeschnidium]]'' |''S. rarum'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Telmaeshna]]'' |''T. mai rikitarwa'' |Beipiao | | |Dragonfly | |- |''Turanophlebia'' |''T. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Rui |last2=Zheng |first2=Daran |date=2022-11-23 |title=A new tarsophlebiid dragonfly from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, NE China (Insecta: Odonatoptera, Panodonata) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002889 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=143 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105424 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=253875737 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":5" /> | |Wani tarsophlebiid dragonfly. | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Yixiangomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Y. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2000 |title=The discovery of aeschnidiid nymphs (Aeschnidiidae, Odonata, Insecta) |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=1031–1038 |bibcode=2000ChSBu..45.1031Z |doi=10.1007/bf02884986 |s2cid=85282862}}</ref> | |} === Tsuntsaye (Diptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Alleremonomus]]'' |''A. xingi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''[[Atalosciophila]]'' |''A. yanensis'' | | | |Gnat na mycetophilid <ref name="zhang2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New mesosciophilid gnats (Insecta: Diptera: Mesosciophilidae) in the Daohugou biota of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=297–301 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..297Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.007}}</ref> | |- |''[[Chironomaptera]]'' |''C. gregaria'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai fashewaFantasma Midge | |- |''[[Gigantoberis]]'' |''G. liaoningensis'' | | | |sojan ya tashi <ref name="huang&lin2007soldier">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=D. |last2=Lin |first2=Q. |year=2007 |title=A new soldier fly (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeast China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=317–321 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..317H |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.006}}</ref> | |- |''[[Lichnoplecia]]'' |''L. kovalevi'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="zhangflies2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New Mesozoic Protopleciidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=289–296 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..289Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.009}}</ref> | |- |''[[Palaepangonius]]'' |''P. eupterus'' | | | |Tsuntsu na doki <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protapiocera]]'' |''P. megista'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai zaman kansa <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protempis]]'' |''P. minti'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protonemestrius]]'' |''P. jurassicus'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai laushi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |} === Wasps (Hymenoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abropelecinus]]'' |''A. annulatus'' |Beipiao | | |An [[Iscopininae|iscopinine]] pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=H. |last2=Shih |first2=C. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Liu |first4=C. |year=2011 |title=New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China) |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=463–468 |doi=10.2478/v10096-010-0028-x |s2cid=84767798 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Angaridyela]]'' |''A. robusta'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A sawfly | |- |''[[Azygopelecinus]]'' |''A. clavatus'' |Beipiao | | | An iscopinine pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Chengdeserphus]]'' |''C. petidatus'' | | | |A proctotrupid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Cretevania'' |''C. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" |Beipiao | | | rowspan="3" |Hatchet wasps<ref name="zhangwasps2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=H. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Wang |first3=D. |last4=Zhang |first4=Y. |year=2007 |title=Some hatchet wasps (Hymenoptera, Evaniidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..310Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.003}}</ref> | |- |''C. pristine'' |Jianshangou bed | | |- |''C. vesca'' | | | |- |''[[Hoplitolyda]]'' |''H. duolunica'' | | | |The largest known sawfly ever<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |date=2013-05-03 |title=Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto Largest Sawfly from the Mesozoic of China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...862420G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0062420 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3643952 |pmid=23671596 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Liaotoma]]'' |''L. linearis'' | | | |A [[Xyelotomidae|xyelotomid]] woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Manlaya]]'' |''M. flexuosus'' | | | |An aulacid woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" |''Procretevania'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Cretevania'' spp.<ref name="Peñalver">{{Cite journal |last=Enrique Peñalver |last2=Jaime Ortega-Blanco |last3=André Nel |last4=Xavier Delclòs |year=2010 |title=Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=809–827 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..809P |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00257.x |s2cid=83716591}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. pristine'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. vesca'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Rudisiricius]]'' |''R. belli'' | | | | rowspan="3" | Praesiricid sawflies<ref name="gaoetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=T. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2010 |title=The first Praesiricidae (Hymenoptera) from Northeast China |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=148–153 |bibcode=2010AnSEF..46..148G |doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697650 |s2cid=88390334}}</ref> | |- |''R. celsus'' | | | | |- |''R. crassinodus'' | | | | |- |''[[Scolichneumon]]'' |''S. rectivenius'' | | | |An ichneumonoid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Sinopelecinus]]'' |''S. viriosus'' | | | |A pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Tanychora]]'' |''T. exquisita'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |An ichneumon wasp | |- |} === Other insects === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abrigramma]]'' |''A. calophleba'' | | | |A kalligrammatid lacewing<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Wang |first2=Yongjie |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2014-06-09 |title=Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=126 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..126Y |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-126 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4113026 |pmid=24912379 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Abrigramma_calophleba_holotype_A.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Alloraphidia]]'' |''A. bliquivenatica''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | | | | rowspan="2" |Snakeflies | rowspan="2" | |- |''A. longistigmasa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |- |''[[Archeraphidia]]'' |''A. shangyuanensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Baissopterus]]'' |''B. liaoningensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Caenoephemera]]'' |''C. shangyuanensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A mayfly<ref name="lin&huang2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.B. |last2=Huang |first2=D.Y. |year=2001 |title=Description of ''Caenophemera shangyuanensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-entomologist_november-december-2001_133_6/page/747 |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |volume=133 |issue=6 |pages=747–754 |bibcode=2001CaEnt.133..747L |doi=10.4039/Ent133747-6 |s2cid=85742721}}</ref> |- |''[[Caloraphidia]]'' |''C. glossophylla'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="ren2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |year=2002 |title=Progress in the study of Mesozoic fossil insects during the last decade in China |journal=Acta Entomologica Sinica |volume=45 |pages=234–240}}</ref> | |- |''[[Choromyrmeleon]]'' |''C. othneius'' | | | |An antlion<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Circulaboilus]]'' |''C. aureus'' | | | |A grig<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=L.-M. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Wang |first3=Z.-H. |year=2007 |title=New Prophalangopsids from Late Mesozoic of China (Orthoptera, Prophalangopsidae, Aboilinae) |journal=Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=412–422}}</ref> |- |''Cretophasmomima'' |''C. melanogramma'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Maomin |last2=Béthoux |first2=Olivier |last3=Bradler |first3=Sven |last4=Jacques |first4=Frédéric M. B. |last5=Cui |first5=Yingying |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-03-19 |editor-last=Srygley |editor-first=Robert B. |title=Under Cover at Pre-Angiosperm Times: A Cloaked Phasmatodean Insect from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...991290W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0091290 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3960115 |pmid=24646906 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Cretophasmomima_melanogramma.png|center|frameless|''Cretophasmomima'', a stick insect]] |- |?''[[Ephemeropsis (animal)|Ephemeropsis]]'' |?''E. trisetalis'' | |Jianshangou and Jingangshan beds | |A mayfly. Chinese specimens probably represent species of ''Epicharmeropsis''<ref name="huangren2007" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Epicharmeropsis]]'' |''E. hexavenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Sinitshenkova |first3=N. D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2007 |title=New genus and species of Hexagenitidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Yixian Formation, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1629 |pages=39–50 |bibcode=2007Zoot.16299.1.3H |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1629.1.3 |s2cid=85843454}}</ref> |Pingquan | | | rowspan="2" |Mayflies |- |''E. quadrivenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007" /> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |[[File:Epicharmeropsis.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Hagiphasma]]'' |''H. paradoxa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A stick insect | |- | rowspan="6" |''[[Ilerdocossus]]'' |''I. beipiaoensis'' | | | | rowspan="6" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=F. |last2=Heads |first2=S.W. |last3=Martill |first3=D.M. |year=2005 |title=New Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=837–844 |bibcode=2005CrRes..26..837M |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2005.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yuling |last2=Chen |first2=Jun |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Cretaceous palaeontinids (Insecta, Hemiptera) from northeast China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019566711830291X |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=95 |pages=130–137 |bibcode=2019CrRes..95..130L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.007 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=134455637 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |''I. exiguus'' | | | |- |''I. exquisitus'' | | | |- |''I. fengningensis'' | | | |- |''I. hui'' | | | |- |''I. pingquanensis'' | | | |- |''[[Ithigramma]]'' |''I. multinervia'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-f.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Kalligramma'' |''K. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |- |''[[Karatavoblatta]]'' |''K. formosa'' | | | |A cockroach<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaoaphidia]]'' |''L. fornicata'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaonemobius]]'' |''L. tanae'' | | | |A sword-tail cricket<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Longicellochrysa]]'' |''L. yixiana'' | | | |A mesochrysopid lacewing<ref name="renmakarkin2010">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |last2=Makarkin |first2=V.N. |last3=Yang |first3=Q. |year=2010 |title=A new fossil genus of Mesochrysopidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2523 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2523.1.3 |s2cid=73522770}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mesascalaphus]]'' |''M. yangi'' | | | |An owlfly<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Mesolygaeus]]'' |''M. laiyangensis'' | | | |A water bug<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Metabittacus]]'' |''M. colosseus'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A scorpionfly<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen, Peiji |last2=Wang, Qifei |last3=Zhang, Haichun |last4=Cao, Meizhen |last5=Li, Wenben |last6=Wu, Shunqing |last7=Shen, Yanbin |title=论义县组尖山沟层（Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China） |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553517 |language=zh}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Miracossus]]'' |''M. gongi'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005" /> |- |''M. ingentius'' | | | |- |''[[Nipponoblatta]]'' |''N. acerba'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A cockroach |- |''[[Oloberotha]]'' |''O. sinica'' | | | |A beaded lacewing<ref name="ren2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" |''Oregramma'' |''O. aureolosa'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-e.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''O. illecebrosa'' | | | |[[File:Oregramma_illecebrosa.png|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Pseudopulex'' |''P. magnus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |last5=Wang |first5=Shuo |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-08-27 |title=The first flea with fully distended abdomen from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=168 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..168G |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0168-1 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4154525 |pmid=25158612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Tai-ping |last2=Shih |first2=Chung-kun |last3=Xu |first3=Xing |last4=Wang |first4=Shuo |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2012 |title=Mid-Mesozoic Flea-like Ectoparasites of Feathered or Haired Vertebrates |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=732–735 |bibcode=2012CBio...22..732G |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.012 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=22445298 |s2cid=15965145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |''P. tanlan'' | | | |[[File:Pseudopulex_tanlan_2_(cropped).jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Renphasma'' |''R. sinica'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nel |first=André |last2=Delfosse |first2=Emmanuel |date=2011 |title=A New Chinese Mesozoic Stick Insect |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=429–432 |bibcode=2011AcPaP..56..429N |doi=10.4202/app.2009.1108 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=84240218 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Renphasma_sinica.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Saurophthirus'' |''S. exquisitus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |last5=Gao |first5=Taiping |date=2020 |title=A new flea from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=65 |doi=10.4202/app.00680.2019 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=213622677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''S. laevigatus'' | | | |[[File:Saurophthirid-flea-Saurophthirus-laevigatus-Zhang-Shih-Rasnitsyn-and-Gao-sp-nov.png|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinochresmoda]]'' |''S. magnicornia'' | | | |A chresmodid water-skiing insect<ref name="zhangetal2008a">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=X. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Pang |first3=H. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2008 |title=A new genus and species of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Gryllones) from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1702 |pages=26–40 |bibcode=2008Zoot.17022.1.2Z |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1702.1.2 |s2cid=83282286}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinosharaperla]]'' |''S. zhaoi'' |Beipiao | | |A stonefly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Y. |last2=Sinitshenkova |first2=N.D. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new genus and species of stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=322–326 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..322L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.003}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinoviparosiphum]]'' |''S. lini'' | | | |An aphid<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sophogramma]]'' |''S. lii'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name="yangetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Q. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Dong |first3=R. |year=2009 |title=An exceptionally well-preserved fossil Kalligrammatid from the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1732–1737 |bibcode=2009SciBu..54.1732Y |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0284-2 |s2cid=84821055}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Yang_2014_Sophogramma_lii.png|center|frameless]] |- |''S. pingquanica'' | | | | |- |''[[Tetraphelerus]]'' |''T. laetus'' | | | |A moth<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Tyrannopsylla]]'' |''T. beipiaoensis'' | | | |A stem-flea<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=DiYing |last2=Engel |first2=Michael S. |last3=Cai |first3=ChenYang |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2013-03-25 |title=Mesozoic giant fleas from northeastern China (Siphonaptera): Taxonomy and implications for palaeodiversity |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=58 |issue=14 |pages=1682–1690 |bibcode=2013ChSBu..58.1682H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-5769-3 |issn=1001-6538 |s2cid=53578959 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Varicapitatus]]'' |''V. sinuolatus'' |"Huangbanjigou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dai |first=Rui |last2=Du |first2=Sile |last3=Ren |first3=Dong |last4=Yao |first4=Yunzhi |date=2022-07-31 |title=New Cretaceous Bugs from Northeastern China Imply the Systematic Position of Pachymeridiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |journal=Insects |volume=13 |issue=8 |page=689 |doi=10.3390/insects13080689 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=9408836 |pmid=36005314 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | | |A hemipteran | |- |Unnamed [[Vitimotauliidae]] |Unnamed | | | |A caddisfly pupa, likely belonging to the [[Vitimotauliidae]]<ref name="davisengel&ren2010">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=S.R. |last2=Engel |first2=M.S. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=A pupal caddisfly from the Early Cretaceous of China (Trichoptera) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=396–399 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31..396D |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.05.001}}</ref> | |- |} === Molluscs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Amplovalvata]]'' |''A.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Arguniella]]'' |''A. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Jiufotang da Fuxin Formations[[Fuxin Formation|Tsarin Fuxin]] | |- |''A. yanshanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- |<nowiki><i id="mwFkM">Bitiniya</i></nowiki> |''B. haizhouensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Corbicula'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. anderssoni'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium jeholense'' | |- |''Gyraulus'' |''G.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kwango mai laushikwari mai laushi | |- |''[[Probaicalia]]'' |''P. vitimensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Ptychastylus]]'' |''P. harpaeformis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="2" |Gastropods | |- |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''filipi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sphaerium'' |''S. anderssoni'' | | rowspan="3" |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kyakkyawan yatsan hannu, wanda yake a cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. selenginense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- |?''Rayuwa'' |Za a iya samun hakan?duba. ''matsumotoi'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Kwango | |- |} == Tsarin Tsarin Yixian == === Conifers === An tattara bishiyoyin coniferous da ciyayi da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Wang da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Brachyphyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cephalotaxopsis]]'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cunninghamia'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Elatides]]'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Elatocladus'' |''E. leptophyllus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Conifers of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''E. manchurica''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoningocladus]]'' |''L. boii'' | |Jingangshan Bed | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Pagiophyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityocladus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityolepis]]'' |''P.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityophyllum]]'' |''P.'' cf. ''lindstroemi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityostrobus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Podozamites'' |''P. lanceolatus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Schizolepis]]'' |''S. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Sequoia'' |''S.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Taxus'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Torreya'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Yanliaoia]]'' | ''Y. sinensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Ferns === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cladophlebis'' |''C. spp.''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Coniopteris'' |''C.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Onychiopsis]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''O. elongata''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''O. psilotoides'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''O. psilotoides''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Ruffordia'' |''R.''? sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Flowering plants === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="3" |''Archaefructus'' |''A. eoflora'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A primitive, aquatic angiosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Archaefructus_liaoningensis.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. sinensisis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Callianthus]]'' |''C. dilae''<ref name="wangzhengflower2009">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=S. |year=2009 |title=The earliest normal flower from Liaoning Province, China |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=800–811 |bibcode=2009JIPB...51..800W |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00838.x |pmid=19686377}}</ref> |Liaoning | | |A plant with true flowers | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Davallia'' |''D.''? ''niehhutzuensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''[[Erenia]]''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''E. stenoptera''</small><ref name="wangzhengflower2009" /> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Liaoning | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Actually a specimen of ''Callianthus'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Leefructus'' |''L. mirus''<ref name="leefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Wang |first3=H. |last4=Chen |first4=Z. |year=2011 |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-03-31_471_7340/page/625 |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue=7340 |pages=625–628 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..625S |doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178 |s2cid=205224036}}</ref> | | | |A eudicot | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoxia]]'' |''L. chenii''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Potamogeton'' |''P.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Ranunculus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''R. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''Potamogeton jeholensis'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Sinocarpus]]'' |''S. decussatus'' | | | |A primitive eudicot | |- |} === Ginkgos === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Bayera'' |''B.'' duba. ''Gracilis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''B. orientalis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Czekanowskia]]'' |''C. mai tsayi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgo'' |''G. sunaye''<ref name="ginkgoapodes">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=S. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |year=2004 |title=A new Mesozoic ''Ginkgo'' from western Liaoning, China and its evolutionary significance |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=131 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–103 |bibcode=2004RPaPa.131...91Z |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.002}}</ref> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgoites'' |''G. sibiricus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Leptostrobus]]'' |''L.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''[[Nageiopsis]]'' |N?sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Phoenicopsis|Bayanan Phoenicopsis]]'' |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''Augustifolia''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Solenites|Solemnites]]'' |''S.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Sphenobaiera'' |''S. longifola''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Wasu shuke-shuke === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Archaeamphora'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''A. longerervia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Da farko an bayyana shi a matsayin [[Pitcher Plant|shukar tukwane]], wani bincike daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama ƙwari a kan ''Liaoningocladus'' . |[[File:Archaeamphora_fossils.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Chaoyangia (plant)|Chaoyangia]]'' | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="archaefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Zheng |first3=S. |last4=Zhou |first4=Z. |year=1998 |title=In Search of the First Flower: A Jurassic Angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-11-27_282_5394/page/1692 |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5394 |pages=1692–1695 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5394.1692 |pmid=9831557}}</ref> | | | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''[[Chaoyangicarpus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙaramin ma'anar ''Chaoyangia liangii'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Ephedra'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Gymnosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Equisetum'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Wutsiyar doki | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Eragrosites]]'' | ''E. canji'' <ref name="archaefructus" /> | | | | Gymnosperm mai ciyayi kamar gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Siphonospermum]]'' | ''S. simplex'' <ref name="simplex">{{Cite journal |last=Rydin |first=C. |last2=Friis |first2=E.M. |year=2010 |title=A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: ''Siphonospermum simplex'' gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..183R |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-183 |pmc=2900273 |pmid=20565755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Tyrmia]]'' | ''T.'' sp. <ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |Bennettite | |- |} == Manazarta == rwrrhh17a0dtftr8ns9srxugr00m3u7 Tashar sodium ta epithelial 0 178452 967386 964200 2026-10-13T22:38:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 5 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar sodium ta epithelial''' ( '''ENaC''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''tashar sodium mai saurin amsawa ga amiloride''', tashar ion ce mai ɗaure da membrane wanda za a iya ratsawa zuwa ions na sodium (  ). An haɗa shi a matsayin heterotrimer wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi guda uku masu kama da juna α ko δ, β, da γ, <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2016 |title=Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases |journal=Gene |volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=95–132 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061 |pmc=4756657 |pmid=26772908}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi an haɗa su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu: ''SCNN1A'', ''SCNN1B'', ''SCNN1G'', da ''SCNN1D'' . ENaC yana da hannu musamman wajen sake sha sinadarin sodium a hanyoyin tattara nephrons na koda . Baya ga kasancewarsa a cikin cututtuka inda daidaiton ruwa a cikin membranes na epithelial ke da matsala, gami da kumburin huhu, cystic fibrosis, COPD da COVID-19, nau'ikan ENaC masu kariya suna aiki azaman mai karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> Famfon da ke cikin epithelia masu tauri suna ɗauke da tashoshin sodium waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da babban ƙarfinsu ga amiloride mai hana diuretic . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="PUB00001528">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garty H |date=May 1994 |title=Molecular properties of epithelial, amiloride-blockable Na+ channels |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=522–8 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.8.8.8181670 |pmid=8181670 |s2cid=173677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00003784">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le T, Saier MH |year=1996 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) family |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-membrane-biology_july-september-1996_13_3/page/149 |journal=Molecular Membrane Biology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=149–57 |doi=10.3109/09687689609160591 |pmid=8905643}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00002932">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M |date=November 1995 |title=Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1995-11-17_270_46/page/27411 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=270 |issue=46 |pages=27411–4 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411 |pmid=7499195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin suna shiga tsakani na matakin farko na sake shan sinadarin sodium mai aiki wanda ke da mahimmanci don kiyaye yanayin gishirin jiki da ruwa. <ref name="PUB00001528" /> A cikin ƙasusuwan da ke da ƙashin baya, hanyoyin suna sarrafa sake shan sodium a cikin glandar koda, hanji, huhu da gumi; suna kuma taka rawa a fahimtar ɗanɗano. Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna da alaƙa da tsarin halitta kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga masu karɓar zafi na P2X, waɗanda ke aiki lokacin da suka gano ATP. == aiki == ENaC yana cikin membrane na ƙwayoyin epithelial masu rarrafe musamman a cikin koda (musamman a cikin tubule mai tarin), [[huhu]], fata, <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A |date=June 2017 |title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756 |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=733–748 |doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3 |pmid=28130590 |s2cid=8504408}}</ref> hanyoyin haihuwa na maza da mata da kuma hanji . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="2012-Enuka">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A |date=March 2012 |title=Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=339–53 |doi=10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1 |pmid=22207244 |s2cid=15178940}}</ref> <ref name="Sharma-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2018 |title=Localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis, Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa |journal=Journal of Molecular Histology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.1007/s10735-018-9759-2 |pmid=29453757 |s2cid=3761720}}</ref> === Tsarin daidaita ma'aunin sodium === ==== Koda da hanji ==== Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna sauƙaƙa sake shaƙar Na⁺ a cikin membranes na epithelia a cikin nephron na distal, hanyoyin numfashi da haihuwa da glandar exocrine . Tunda yawan Na⁺ ion babban abin da ke tantance osmolarity na ruwan da ke cikin sel, canje-canje a yawan Na⁺ yana shafar motsin ruwa da kuma girman ruwa da hawan jini. Aldosterone ya ƙara shigar da ENaCs cikin membranes na apical a cikin koda {{Rp|page=358}}haka kuma hanjin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Negussie |first=Abel B. |last2=Dell |first2=Annika C. |last3=Davis |first3=Bruce A. |last4=Geibel |first4=John P. |date=2022-05-22 |title=Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022: An Update |journal=Cells |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=1712 |doi=10.3390/cells11101712 |issn=2073-4409 |pmc=9139964 |pmid=35626748 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin koda, ana hana shi ta hanyar peptide na atrial natriuretic, wanda ke haifar da natriuresis da diuresis. Ana iya toshe shi ta hanyar amfani da ko dai triamterene ko amiloride, waɗanda ake amfani da su a fannin likitanci don yin aiki azaman diuretics . ==== Kwakwalwa ==== Tashoshin Na+ na Epithelial (ENaCs) a cikin kwakwalwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hawan jini. <ref name="Sharma_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma K, Haque M, Guidry R, Ueta Y, Teruyama R |date=September 2017 |title=Effect of dietary salt intake on epithelial Na<sup>+</sup> channels (ENaC) in vasopressin magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=595 |issue=17 |pages=5857–5874 |doi=10.1113/JP274856 |pmc=5577521 |pmid=28714095}}</ref> Kwayoyin halittar Vasopressin (VP) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita martanin neuroendocrine da autonomic don kula da homeostasis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Yawan shan gishiri a abinci yana haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin bayyanar da ayyukan ENaC wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin aiki na ƙwayoyin VP. <ref name="Sharma_2017" /> Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin yadda cin abinci mai gishiri ke shafar ayyukan ƙwayoyin VP ta hanyar aikin ENaC. Tashoshin ENaC a cikin kwakwalwa suna da hannu a cikin amsawar hawan jini ga sodium na abinci. === Ciliary epithelium === Nazarin immunofluorescence mai inganci ya nuna cewa a cikin hanyar numfashi da kuma hanyar haihuwa ta mace, ENaC tana nan a kan dukkan tsawon cilia wanda ke rufe saman ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawan ciliated. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Saboda haka, a cikin waɗannan epithelia tare da motile cilia, ENaC yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da osmolarity na ruwan periciliary, kuma aikinsa yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye yawan ruwa a zurfin da ake buƙata don motsi na cilia. A cikin hanyar numfashi, wannan motsi yana da mahimmanci don share saman mucosa, kuma a cikin hanyar haihuwa ta mace, motsi na cilia yana da mahimmanci don motsi na oocytes. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Sabanin ENaC, ba a samun CFTR wanda ke daidaita jigilar ion chloride akan cilia ba. Waɗannan binciken sun saba wa hasashen da aka yi a baya cewa ENaC yana raguwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da CFTR. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cystic fibrosis (CF), CFTR ba zai iya rage ENaC ba, wanda ke haifar da yawan shan iska a cikin huhu da kuma sake kamuwa da cututtukan huhu. An yi hasashen cewa yana iya zama tashar ion mai gate ligand . <ref name="pmid14988660">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horisberger JD, Chraïbi A |year=2004 |title=Epithelial sodium channel: a ligand-gated channel? |journal=Nephron Physiology |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1159/000076406 |pmid=14988660 |s2cid=24608792}}</ref> === Fata === A cikin yadudduka na fata na epidermal, ENaC yana bayyana a cikin keratinocytes, sebaceous gland, da ƙwayoyin tsoka masu santsi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta, ENaC galibi yana cikin cytoplasm. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin glandar gumi ta eccrine, ENaC tana da yawa a cikin membrane mai fuska wanda ke fuskantar lumen na bututun gumi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> Babban aikin ENaC a cikin waɗannan bututun shine sake ɗaukar ions na Na⁺ waɗanda ke fitowa daga gumi. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da maye gurbi na ENaC wanda ke haifar da nau'in pseudohypoaldosteronism na tsarin I, marasa lafiya na iya rasa adadi mai yawa na ions na Na⁺, musamman a yanayin zafi. === Taɓawa === Homologues na tashoshin ion masu fahimtar acid (ASIC) na dangin ENaC suna haifar da jin taɓawa a cikin marasa ƙashi (gami da samfurin halittar <nowiki><i id="mwoA">C. elegans</i></nowiki> ), kuma an yi imanin cewa sune ke haifar da kwararar membrane da ke aiki a cikin dabbobi masu girma. ASIC yana bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na ganglia na dabbobi masu girma, kuma taɓawa da jin zafi suna canzawa amma ba a kawar da su ba a cikin dabbobin da ba su da ASIC, yana nuna cewa tashoshi suna daidaita motsin ji yayin da ba sa ƙarƙashin kunna mai karɓar sigina a cikin dabbobi masu girma (yanzu ana tsammanin PIEZO2 ne ke aiwatar da wannan). === Ɗanɗano === ENaC yana nan a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta na masu karɓar ɗanɗano inda wataƙila yana shiga cikin fahimtar [[Dandano|gishiri]] da tsami . {{Rp|page=677}}A cikin beraye, kusan dukkan ɗanɗanon gishirin yana shiga cikin ENaC, yayin da da alama ba shi da wani tasiri sosai ga mutane: Kimanin kashi 20 cikin ɗari na iya samun amincewa da tashar sodium ta epithelial.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}} Nau'ikan ENaC masu tsari suma suna aiki azaman masu karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. An fara tabbatar da wannan rawar ta amfani da nazarin motsin rai na ɗan adam don tantance tasirin 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate akan fahimtar ɗanɗanon gishirin gishirin gishirin tebur, sodium chloride (NaCl). 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate wani sinadari ne da aka gano yana kunna ENaC mai kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> == Biochemistry == === Zaɓin ion === Bincike ya nuna cewa tashar ENaC tana iya shiga cikin ruwa  da&amp;nbsp; ions, amma ba shi da ikon shiga cikin&amp;nbsp; ,&amp;nbsp; ko&amp;nbsp; ions. <ref name="Kellenberger">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Happle R |date=October 1990 |title=Ptychotropism as a cutaneous feature of the CHILD syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_1990-10_23_4/page/763 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=23 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=763–6 |doi=10.1016/0190-9622(90)70285-p |pmid=2229513}}</ref> <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I |date=February 2017 |title=ASIC and ENaC type sodium channels: conformational states and the structures of the ion selectivity filters |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890906 |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=284 |issue=4 |pages=525–545 |doi=10.1111/febs.13840 |pmid=27580245 |s2cid=24402104}}</ref> === Tsarin gini === [[File:ENaC_membrane_side_eng.svg|left|thumb|250x250px| Zane da ke nuna tsarin ƙananan sassa]] [[File:Humanenacbetatransmembranecolored.png|thumb| Jerin β-subunit na ENaC na ɗan adam tare da yankuna biyu masu canza launi (ja: acidic, blue: basic, yellow: uncharged polar, kore: hydrophobic nonpolar)]] ENaC ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa guda uku daban-daban: α,&nbsp;β,&nbsp;γ. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="pmid16192417">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loffing J, Schild L |date=November 2005 |title=Functional domains of the epithelial sodium channel |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=3175–81 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005050456 |pmid=16192417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk ƙananan sassa uku suna da mahimmanci don jigilar su zuwa ga tarin hanyoyin aiki na membrane. <ref name="pmid21209000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Hanukoglu I, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2011 |title=Identification of the roles of conserved charged residues in the extracellular domain of an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunit by alanine mutagenesis |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology |volume=300 |issue=4 |pages=F887-97 |doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00648.2010 |pmid=21209000 |s2cid=869654}}</ref> Tashar C-terminus na kowane ƙaramin ENaC tana ɗauke da tsarin PPXY wanda idan aka canza ko aka goge a cikin ƙaramin β- ko γ-ENaC yana haifar da ciwon Liddle, wani nau'in [[hawan jini]] na mutum wanda ke mamaye jiki. Tsarin cryoEM na ENaC yana nuna cewa tashar furotin ce mai heterotrimeric kamar tashar ion mai fahimtar acid 1 (ASIC1), wacce take cikin iyali ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noreng S, Bharadwaj A, Posert R, Yoshioka C, Baconguis I |date=September 2018 |title=Structure of the human epithelial sodium channel by cryo-electron microscopy |journal=eLife |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.39340 |pmc=6197857 |pmid=30251954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17882215">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jasti J, Furukawa H, Gonzales EB, Gouaux E |date=September 2007 |title=Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 A resolution and low pH |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-09-20_449_7160/page/316 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7160 |pages=316–23 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..316J |doi=10.1038/nature06163 |pmid=17882215}}</ref> Kowanne daga cikin ƙananan sassan ya ƙunshi helice guda biyu na transmembrane da kuma madauki ɗaya na extracellular. Amino- da carboxy-termini na dukkan polypeptides guda uku suna cikin cytosol . Tsarin lu'ulu'u na ASIC1 da nazarin mutagenesis da wurin ya jagoranta sun nuna cewa ENaC yana da tashar ion ta tsakiya wacce take tare da tsakiyar ma'aunin daidaito a tsakanin ƙananan raka'a uku. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b" /> <ref name="Edelheit-2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Ben-Shahar R, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2014 |title=Conserved charged residues at the surface and interface of epithelial sodium channel subunits--roles in cell surface expression and the sodium self-inhibition response |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=281 |issue=8 |pages=2097–111 |doi=10.1111/febs.12765 |pmid=24571549 |s2cid=5807500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da tsari, sunadaran da ke cikin wannan iyali sun ƙunshi kusan ragowar amino acid 510 zuwa 920. An yi su ne da yankin N-terminus na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta sannan sai yankin transmembrane, babban madauri na extracellular, ɓangaren transmembrane na biyu, da kuma wutsiyar C-terminal intracellular. <ref name="PUB00002871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Snyder PM, McDonald FJ, Stokes JB, Welsh MJ |date=September 1994 |title=Membrane topology of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=269 |issue=39 |pages=24379–83 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51094-8 |pmid=7929098 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== δ-subunit ==== Bugu da ƙari, akwai na huɗu, wanda ake kira δ-subunit, wanda ke da kamanceceniya sosai tsakanin jerin α-subunit kuma yana iya samar da tashar ion mai aiki tare da β- da γ-subunits. Irin wannan δ-,&nbsp;β-,&nbsp;γ-ENaC yana bayyana a cikin pancreas, testes, huhu, da kuma ovaries . Har yanzu ba a san aikinsu ba. === Iyalai === Sodium na epithelial ( Iyalin tashar ) (ENaC) na cikin dangin ENaC/P2X. <ref name="url_TCDB">{{Cite web |title=ATP-gated P2X Receptor Cation Channel (P2X Receptor) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.A.7 |website=Functional and Phylogenetic Classification of Membrane Transport Proteins |publisher=Saier Lab. Group, UCSD and SDSC}}</ref> Masu karɓar ENaC da P2X suna da irin wannan tsarin 3-d kuma suna da kamanceceniya. <ref name="pmid22286036">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen JS, Reddy V, Chen JH, Shlykov MA, Zheng WH, Cho J, Yen MR, Saier MH |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of transport protein superfamilies: superiority of SuperfamilyTree programs over those based on multiple alignments |journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1159/000334611 |pmc=3290041 |pmid=22286036}}</ref> Membobin epithelial Iyalan channel (ENaC) sun kasu kashi huɗu, waɗanda ake kira alpha, beta, gamma da delta. <ref name="PUB00003784" /> Sunadaran suna nuna yanayin da aka bayyana a fili, kowannensu yana da sassan transmembrane (TM) guda biyu (TMS), waɗanda aka raba ta da babban madauri na extracellular. A cikin yawancin sunadaran ENaC da aka yi nazari a kansu zuwa yanzu, yankunan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kiyayewa kuma suna ɗauke da ragowar cysteine da yawa, tare da yankunan amphipathic TM na C-terminal da ke gefe, waɗanda aka yi hasashen za su ba da gudummawa ga samuwar pores na hydrophilic na hadaddun sunadaran tashar oligomeric. Ana tsammanin cewa yankunan da aka kiyaye su sosai a waje suna aiki a matsayin masu karɓa don sarrafa ayyukan tashoshin. Sunadaran ENaC na ƙashi daga ƙwayoyin epithelial suna taruwa sosai a kan bishiyar phylogenetic; kuma ana samun homologues na ENaC marasa ƙarfin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa. Sunadaran C. elegans da yawa da aka jera, gami da tsutsotsi masu degenerin, suna da alaƙa mai nisa da sunadaran ƙashi da kuma juna. Sunadaran ENaC na Vertebrate suna kama da degenerins na ''elegans na Caenorhabditis'' : <ref name="PUB00002871" /> deg-1, del-1, mec-4, mec-10 da unc-8. Ana iya canza waɗannan sunadaran don haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyi, kuma ana tsammanin suna samar da tashoshin sodium. == Halittar Halitta == Tsarin exon-intron na kwayoyin halitta guda uku da ke ɗauke da ƙananan raka'o'i uku na ENaC ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci duk da bambancin jerin su. <ref name="pmid9813171">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Strautnieks SS, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A |date=November 1998 |title=Gene structure of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel beta subunit |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemical-and-biophysical-research-comms_1998-11-09_252_1/page/208 |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=252 |issue=1 |pages=208–13 |doi=10.1006/bbrc.1998.9625 |pmid=9813171}}</ref> * SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, SCNN1D Akwai tashoshi guda huɗu masu alaƙa da sinadarin amiloride masu alaƙa: * ACCN1, ACCN2, ACCN3, ACCN4 == Muhimmancin asibiti == [[File:Amilorid_-_Amiloride.svg|thumb|200x200px| Tsarin amiloride, wani abin toshe hanyar sadarwa]] Hulɗar ENaC da CFTR yana da mahimmanci ga cututtukan cystic fibrosis . CFTR wata hanyar transmembrane ce da ke da alhakin jigilar chloride da lahani a cikin wannan furotin da ke haifar da cystic fibrosis, wani ɓangare ta hanyar haɓaka tashar ENaC idan babu CFTR mai aiki. A cikin hanyoyin iska, CFTR yana ba da damar ''fitar'' da sinadarin chloride, kuma sodium ions da ruwa suna biyo baya ba tare da wata matsala ba. Duk da haka, idan babu CFTR mai aiki, tashar ENaC za ta ƙaru, kuma za ta ƙara rage fitar da gishiri da ruwa ta hanyar sake shan ions na sodium. Saboda haka, matsalolin numfashi a cikin cystic fibrosis ba wai kawai suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin sinadarin chloride ba, amma maimakon haka, ƙaruwar sinadarin sodium da sake sha ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ajiyar majina mai kauri da bushewa, wanda ke taruwa a cikin hanyoyin numfashi, yana hana musayar iskar gas kuma yana ba da damar tattara ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="pmid15077107">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mall M, Grubb BR, Harkema JR, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC |date=May 2004 |title=Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=487–93 |doi=10.1038/nm1028 |pmid=15077107 |s2cid=45366866}}</ref> Duk da haka, ƙaruwar CFTR ba ya gyara tasirin ENaC mai yawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubb BR, O'Neal WK, Ostrowski LE, Kreda SM, Button B, Boucher RC |date=January 2012 |title=Transgenic hCFTR expression fails to correct β-ENaC mouse lung disease |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology |volume=302 |issue=2 |pages=L238-47 |doi=10.1152/ajplung.00083.2011 |pmc=3349361 |pmid=22003093}}</ref> Wataƙila wasu sunadaran da ke hulɗa da juna suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye aikin ion a cikin kyallen epithelial na huhu, kamar tashoshin potassium, aquaporins ko Na/K-ATPase. <ref name="pmid21975871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toczyłowska-Mamińska R, Dołowy K |date=February 2012 |title=Ion transporting proteins of human bronchial epithelium |journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=426–32 |doi=10.1002/jcb.23393 |pmid=21975871 |s2cid=31970069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin glandar gumi, CFTR shine ke da alhakin sake shan chloride a cikin bututun gumi. Ion sodium suna bin su ta hanyar ENaC ba tare da wata matsala ba sakamakon canjin lantarki da kwararar chloride ke haifarwa. Wannan yana rage asarar gishiri da ruwa. Idan babu kwararar chloride a cikin cystic fibrosis, ions na sodium ba sa gudana ta hanyar ENaC, wanda ke haifar da asarar gishiri da ruwa mai yawa. (Wannan gaskiya ne duk da ƙaruwar tasirin tashar ENaC, domin kwararar da ke cikin hanyoyin gumi tana da iyaka ta hanyar saurin lantarki da aka kafa ta hanyar kwararar chloride ta hanyar CFTR.) Saboda haka, fatar marasa lafiya tana da ɗanɗanon gishiri, kuma ana amfani da wannan don taimakawa wajen gano cutar, a baya da kuma a yau ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen lantarki na zamani. Samun sauye-sauyen aiki ga ƙananan sassan β da γ yana da alaƙa da cutar Liddle . Amiloride da triamterene magunguna ne masu rage sinadarin potassium waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu toshe hanyar sodium ta epithelial . == Fasahar kere-kere ta halittu == Bayyanar ENaC a cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da guba ta hanyar cytotoxic, wanda ke haifar da shan sodium, kumburin ƙwayoyin halitta da mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, yana rikitar da samar da layukan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi don nazarin ENaC. Fasahar Chromovert ta ba da damar samar da layin ƙwayoyin ENaC mai ɗorewa ta amfani da na'urorin bincike na fluorogenic da kuma cytometry na kwarara don duba ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa don ware ƙwayoyin cuta masu wuya waɗanda ke da ikon bayyana ENaC aiki, kwanciyar hankali da kuma aiki.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Epithelial+sodium+channel at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{InterPro content|IPR001873}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nvto2w2ttn6esh4l6zub8uq6xk3b2oy Jerin dabbobi na gida 0 178496 967421 966741 2026-10-14T00:14:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967421 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin yana ba da '''jerin dabbobi na gida''', <ref name="Table of Domesticated Animals">{{Cite web |title=How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals? |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075011/http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2009-04-23}}</ref> kuma ya haɗa da jerin dabba waɗanda suke ko suna iya kasancewa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar tsarin domestication da dabbobi waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai zurfi da mutane fiye da farauta mai sauƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'o'in da aka yi amfani da su, ba a kula da su ba amma an tsara su a kan sikelin kasuwanci, ko kuma yawanci da aka kama a daji, aƙalla a wasu lokuta an tsare su, kuma ana iya sarrafa su. Don a dauke su akaisu cikin gidaje, yawancin jinsuna sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci na kwayoyin halitta, halayyar hali da yanayin halittan su daga kakanninsu na daji, yayin da wasu suka canza kadan daga kakanninsu na daji duk da daruruwan ko dubban shekaru na yiwuwar zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Abubuwa da yawa suna ƙayyade yadda saurin kowani canji zai iya faruwa a cikin jinsin, amma ba koyaushe akwai sha'awar inganta jinsin daga yanayin daji ba. Domestication tsari ne na sannu a hankali, don haka babu wani lokaci na ainihi a cikin tarihin jinsin da aka ba shi lokacin da za'a iya la'akari da shi ya zama cikakke. Zooarchaeology ya gano nau'o'i uku na dabbobin gida: [[File:Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg|alt=A felis catus|thumb|Katin[[Kyanwa|cat]]]] # Dabbobi (dogs, [[Kyanwa|Cats]], ferrets, hamsters, da dai sauransu) # [[Dabbobin Kiwo|Dabbobi]] (kayan [[Saniya|shanu]], [[Rago|tumaki]], [[aladu]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], da dai sauransu) # Dabbobi masu aiki (dawakai, [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], [[jaki]], da dai sauransu) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S163–S174 |doi=10.1086/659964 |s2cid=128906192}}</ref> == Dabbobi na gida == {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" !Species and subspecies !Wild ancestor ! data-sort-type="number" |Date !Location of origin !Purposes !Image !Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes !Extent in the wild vs. captivity !Taxon group |- |[[Kare|Domestic dog]] (''Canis familiaris'')<ref name="Gentry2004">{{Cite journal |last=Gentry, A. |last2=Clutton-Brock, J. |last3=Groves, C. P. |author-link3=Colin Groves |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006}}</ref> |Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (''Canis lupus'' ssp.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fan |first=Zhenxin |last2=Silva |first2=Pedro |last3=Gronau |first3=Ilan |last4=Wang |first4=Shuoguo |last5=Armero |first5=Aitor Serres |last6=Schweizer |first6=Rena M. |last7=Ramirez |first7=Oscar |last8=Pollinger |first8=John |last9=Galaverni |first9=Marco |last10=Ortega Del-Vecchyo |first10=Diego |last11=Du |first11=Lianming |last12=Zhang |first12=Wenping |last13=Zhang |first13=Zhihe |last14=Xing |first14=Jinchuan |last15=Vilà |first15=Carles |year=2016 |title=Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–173 |doi=10.1101/gr.197517.115 |pmc=4728369 |pmid=26680994}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-29999" |13,000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sablin |first=Mikhail V. |last2=Khlopachev |first2=Gennady A. |year=2002 |title=The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2002-12_43_5/page/795 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=795–799 |doi=10.1086/344372 |s2cid=144574445}}</ref><ref name="thalmann2013" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Z.-L. |last2=Oskarsson |first2=M. |last3=Ardalan |first3=A. |last4=Angleby |first4=H. |last5=Dahlgren |first5=L.-G. |last6=Tepeli |first6=C. |last7=Kirkness |first7=E. |last8=Savolainen |first8=P. |last9=Zhang |first9=Y.-P. |date=May 2012 |title=Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA |journal=Heredity |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=507–514 |bibcode=2012Hered.108..507D |doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.114 |issn=1365-2540 |pmc=3330686 |pmid=22108628}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guo-Dong |last2=Zhai |first2=Weiwei |last3=Yang |first3=He-Chuan |last4=Wang |first4=Lu |last5=Zhong |first5=Li |last6=Liu |first6=Yan-Hu |last7=Fan |first7=Ruo-Xi |last8=Yin |first8=Ting-Ting |last9=Zhu |first9=Chun-Ling |last10=Poyarkov |first10=Andrei D. |last11=Irwin |first11=David M. |date=January 2016 |title=Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world |journal=Cell Research |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1038/cr.2015.147 |issn=1748-7838 |pmc=4816135 |pmid=26667385}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crapon de Caprona |first=Marie-Dominique |last2=Savolainen |first2=Peter |date=2013 |title=Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs |journal=ISRN Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=2013 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.5402/2013/621836 |s2cid=56914841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Turai|Europe]]<ref name="thalmann2013">{{Cite journal |last=Thalmann |first=O. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Cui |first3=P. |last4=Schuenemann |first4=V. J. |last5=Sawyer |first5=S. K. |last6=Greenfield |first6=D. L. |last7=Germonpré |first7=M. B. |last8=Sablin |first8=M. V. |last9=López-Giráldez |first9=F. |last10=Domingo-Roura |first10=X. |last11=Napierala |first11=H. |last12=Uerpmann |first12=H. -P. |last13=Loponte |first13=D. M. |last14=Acosta |first14=A. A. |last15=Giemsch |first15=L. |display-authors=29 |year=2013 |title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-11-15_342_6160/page/871 |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=871–4 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..871T |doi=10.1126/science.1243650 |pmid=24233726 |s2cid=1526260}}</ref> in different places in Asia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets |[[File:Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi_600.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame (with exceptions), significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well |Domestic and feral dogs both very common,<ref name="Coppinger, Ray 2001" /> ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Rago|Domestic sheep]] (''Ovis aries'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Possibly the Armenian mouflon (''Ovis gmelini gmelini'') | data-sort-value="-8900" |11 000 BCE to 9000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2008 |title=Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=33 |pages=11597–11604 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10511597Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801317105 |pmc=2575338 |pmid=18697943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Anatolia, [[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Aladu|Domestic pig]] (''Sus domesticus'') |Anatolian boar (''Sus scrofa libycus''),<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2017 |title=The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-domestication-of-pigs-170665 |access-date=26 July 2017 |publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]}}</ref> Northern Chinese boar (''Sus scrofa moupinensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2005 |title=Pig Domestication in Ancient China |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Research_work/Archaeological_sciences_and_tec/2013/1025/30259.html |access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-9005" |9400 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giuffra |first=E. |last2=Kijas |first2=J. M. |last3=Amarger |first3=V. |last4=Carlborg |first4=O. |last5=Jeon |first5=J. T. |last6=Andersson |first6=L. |year=2000 |title=The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression |journal=Genetics |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=1785–91 |doi=10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785 |pmc=1461048 |pmid=10747069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |last10=Willerslev |first10=Eske |last11=Rowley-Conwy |first11=Peter |last12=Andersson |first12=Leif |last13=Cooper |first13=Alan |year=2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–21 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frantz |first=Laurent A F. |last2=Schraiber |first2=Joshua G. |last3=Madsen |first3=Ole |last4=Megens |first4=Hendrik-Jan |last5=Cagan |first5=Alex |last6=Bosse |first6=Mirte |last7=Paudel |first7=Yogesh |last8=Crooijmans |first8=Richard P M A. |last9=Larson |first9=Greger |last10=Groenen |first10=Martien A M. |year=2015 |title=Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1141–1148 |doi=10.1038/ng.3394 |pmid=26323058 |s2cid=205350534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotchner |first=Tracie |date=October 14, 2014 |title=The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable? |url=http://www.radiopetlady.com/radio-pet-lady-blog/info/the-pig-pet-idea-project-plausible-or-unimaginable/ |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Radio Pet Lady Network |publisher=[[Radio Pet Lady Network]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073000/http://www.radiopetlady.com/radio-pet-lady-blog/info/the-pig-pet-idea-project-plausible-or-unimaginable/ |archive-date=23 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Sow_with_piglet.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Saniya|European cattle]] or taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cailey Rizzo |title=Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/animals/junkyard-bulls-spain |website=www.travelandleisure.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Govan |first=Fiona |date=26 October 2016 |title=Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20161026/bulls-replace-guard-dogs-at-scrap-yard-in-valencia |website=www.thelocal.es}}</ref> |Eurasian aurochs (''Bos primigenius primigenius'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wendorf |first=Fred |last2=Schild |first2=Romuald |year=1998 |title=Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=97–123 |doi=10.1006/jaar.1998.0319}}</ref><ref>Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626225631/http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-date=2009-06-26 |access-date=2009-04-17}}, {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131108091027.htm |access-date=2020-01-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets |[[File:Koe_in_weiland_bij_Gorssel.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes. Some female breeds featuring larger, pronounced udder |Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Akwiya|Domestic goat]] (''Capra hircus'') |Bezoar ibex (''Capra aegagrus aegagrus'') | data-sort-value="-10000" |8000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S221–S235 |doi=10.1086/659307 |s2cid=8202907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vigne |first=Jean-Denis |year=2011 |title=The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009/ |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=334 |issue=3 |pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009 |pmid=21377611 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guard Goat |url=http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072222/http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets |[[File:Capra,_Crete_4.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (''Bos indicus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Indian aurochs (''Bos primigenius namadicus'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets |[[File:Female_zebu_cattle.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Kyanwa|Domestic cat]] or house cat (''Felis catus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Common North African wildcat (''Felis lybica lybica'')<ref name="Driscoll07">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca |first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=D. W. |date=2007 |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5612713 |pmid=17600185}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-7900" |8000–7500 BCE<ref name="Driscoll07" /> | style="text-align:center;" |the Near East | style="text-align:center;" |meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets |[[File:Jammlich_crop.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Kaza|Domestic chicken]] (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') |Indian red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus murghi'') with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (''Gallus sonneratii'') | data-sort-value="-6000" |6000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Barbara |last2=Zhou |first2=Ben-Xiong |year=1989 |title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_worlds-poultry-science-journal_1989-11_45_3/page/205 |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=205–218 |doi=10.1079/WPS19890012}}</ref>1650 to 1250 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]] and Southeast Asia/Thailand<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Poltava_chicken_breed_female.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes |Extremely common in captivity, common in the wild |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'') |Montane guinea pig (''Cavia tschudii'') | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Caviaklein.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |[[Jaki|Domestic donkey]], domestic ass or burro (''Equus asinus'') |African wild ass (''Equus africanus''), including subspecies Nubian (''E. a. africanus'') and Somali wild ass (''E. a. somaliensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2010 |title=Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/identity-of-pompeii%E2%80%99s-mystery-horse-revealed |access-date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beja-Pereira, Albano |display-authors=etal |date=18 June 2004 |title=African Origins of the Domestic Donkey |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=1781 |page=1781 |doi=10.1126/science.1096008 |pmid=15205528 |s2cid=12783335 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Roger Blench, {{Cite web |title=The history and spread of donkeys in Africa |url=https://www.animaltraction.net/donkeys/donkeys-blench-history.pdf}}&nbsp;{{Small|(235&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Nubia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Donkey_1_arp_750px.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Gayal or Mithun (''Bos frontalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Gaur (''Bos gaurus'') with significant introgression from other ''Bos'' species<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu1 |first=Dong-Dong |last2=Ding |first2=Xiang-Dong |last3=Wang |first3=Sheng |last4=Wójcik |first4=Jan M. |last5=Zhang |first5=Yi |last6=Tokarska |first6=Małgorzata |last7=Li |first7=Yan |last8=Wang |first8=Ming-Shan |last9=Faruque |first9=Omar |last10=Nielsen |first10=Rasmus |last11=Zhang |first11=Qin |last12=Zhang |first12=Ya-Ping |date=July 2018 |title=Pervasive introgression facilitated domestication and adaptation in the Bos species complex |url=https://nielsen-lab.github.io/pdfs/papers/bos.pdf |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1139–1145 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1139W |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y |pmid=29784979 |s2cid=29154258 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mohan |last2=Baruah |first2=K K |last3=Rajkhowa |first3=C |date=1 January 2014 |title=Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride |url=https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/1/mond26006.html#:~:text=Mithun%20is%20considered%20as%20the,an%20individual%20in%20the%20society. |journal=Livestock Research for Rural Development |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Southeast Asia, Northeast India | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung |[[File:Bos_gaurus_(Gayal)_male.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic duck (''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus'') |[[Kwakkwa|Common mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pekin_Ducks_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Very common in captivity, widespread wild populations |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild water buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]], Mainland Southeast Asia, [[Filipin|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show |[[File:Water_Buffalo,_Phayao_Lake.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unchanged from the wild animal |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Dromedary or Arabian camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=This is why people drink camel urine |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/06/11/bad-news-for-anyone-who-likes-to-drink-camel-urine-5240920/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref> |Unknown | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Yankin Larabawa|Arabia]], the Horn of Africa | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Western honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') including subspecies German (''A. m. mellifera''), Italian (''A. m. ligustica''), Carniolan (''A. m. carnica''), Caucasian (''A. m. caucasia''), Greek (''A. m. cecropia''), Saharan (''A. m. sahariensis'') and Egyptian honey bees (''A. m. lamarckii'') | align="center" | - | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE <small>(the modern era for ''A. m. mellifera'', the 1880s for ''A. m. ligustica'', uncertain for ''A. m. carnica'', ''A. m. caucasia'', ''A. m. cecropia'', ''A. m. sahariensis'' and ''A. m. lamarckii'')</small> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] (including [[Jamus|Germany]], [[Italiya|Italy]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] and the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]), [[Georgia]], [[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research |[[File:Bee-apis.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> |Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details |'''6a''' ''Hymenoptera'' |- |Domestic horse (''Equus caballus'') |Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (''Equus ferus''), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (''E. f. ferus'')†<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2016 |title=The Genetic History of Horses |url=https://genestogenomes.org/the-genetic-history-of-horses/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=[[Genes to Genomes]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-3500" |4000-3500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warmuth |first=Vera |last2=Eriksson |first2=Anders |last3=Bower |first3=Mim Ann |last4=Barker |first4=Graeme |last5=Barrett |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Hanks |first6=Bryan Kent |last7=Li |first7=Shuicheng |last8=Lomitashvili |first8=David |last9=Ochir-Goryaeva |first9=Maria |last10=Sizonov |first10=Grigory V. |last11=Soyonov |first11=Vasiliy |last12=Manica |first12=Andrea |date=2012 |title=Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=21 |pages=8202–8206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111122109 |pmc=3361400 |pmid=22566639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] or [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, leather, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration |Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Bali cattle (''Bos javanicus domesticus'') |Banteng (''Bos javanicus'')<ref name="BaliCattle1" /> | data-sort-value="-3500" |3500 BCE<ref name="BaliCattle1">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamad |first=Kusdiantoro |last2=Olsson |first2=Mia |last3=van Tol |first3=Helena T. A. |last4=Mikko |first4=Sofia |last5=Vlamings |first5=Bart H. |last6=Andersson |first6=Göran |last7=Rodríguez-Martínez |first7=Heriberto |last8=Purwantara |first8=Bambang |last9=Paling |first9=Robert W. |date=2009-05-13 |title=On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5490M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005490 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2677627 |pmid=19436739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Bali, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show |[[File:Banteng_Domesticated_Bali_Bull.PNG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic silkmoth (''Bombyx mori'') |Wild silkmoth (''Bombyx mandarina'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, animal feed, pets |[[File:Silkworms3000px.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes, flightless |Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Eri silkmoth (''Samia ricini'') |Ailanthus silkmoth (''Samia cynthia'') and wild eri silkmoth (''Samia canningi'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |date uncertain | style="text-align:center;" |[[Indiya|India]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, pets |[[File:At_Mariposario_del_Drago_2022_006.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes |Common in captivity |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domestica'') |[[Tantabara|Rock dove]] (''Columba livia'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |the Mediterranean Basin | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Homing_pigeon.jpg|130x130px]] |Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds |Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (''Anser anser domesticus'' and ''A. cygnoides domesticus'') |Greylag goose (''Anser anser'') and swan goose (''A. cygnoides'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE for ''A. anser'', date uncertain for ''A. cygnoides'' | style="text-align:center;" |[[Misra|Egypt]] (''A. anser''), [[Sin|China]] (''A. cygnoides'') | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Neugierige_Hausgans.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic yak (''Bos grunniens'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild yak (''Bos mutus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |Tibet, [[Nepal]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:The_Yak.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic Bactrian camel (''Camelus bactrianus'') |Wild Bactrian camel (''Camelus ferus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] ([[Afghanistan]]) | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Temee.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Llama (''Lama glama'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Guanaco (''Lama guanicoe cacsilensis'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Pack_llamas_posing_near_Muir_Trail.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Alpaca (''Lama pacos'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Vicuña (''Lama vicugna mensalis'')<ref name="books.google" /> | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Corazon_Full.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic guineafowl (''Numida meleagris domesticus'') |West African helmeted guineafowl (''Numida meleagris galeatus'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea fowl |url=http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623052252/http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-date=2010-06-23 |access-date=2010-01-25 |website=www.thecozynest.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Domesticated_Guineafowl_-_geograph.org.uk_-_543901.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unaltered from the wild population |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog†<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrigh |first=Romina S. |last2=Fugassa |first2=Martín H. |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego |url=http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=317 |pages=14–18 |bibcode=2013QuInt.317...14P |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121042/http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> |Culpeo or Andean fox (''Lycalopex culpaeus'') | data-sort-value="-9999" |date uncertain<ref>{{Cite book|last3=:fr:Louis-Ferdinand Martial}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Argentina]], [[Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, guarding, warmth, pets |[[File:Fuegian_dog_(1863).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Extinct |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic ferret (''Mustela furo'') |Common polecat (''Mustela putorius putorius'') and Mediterranean polecat (''M. p. aureola'') | data-sort-value="-1500" |1500 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=James |title=The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret |url=http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102407/http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2006-09-12 |publisher=PetPeoplesPlace.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]], Iberia | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Ferret_2008.png|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata domestica'') |Wild Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata sylvestris'') | data-sort-value="-690" |700–600 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:MuscovyDuck.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Common in captivity, feral populations rare |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (''Streptopelia risoria'') |African collared dove (''Streptopelia roseogrisea'') | data-sort-value="-500" |500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, show, pets |[[File:Feral_Barbary_Dove.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in both captivity and feral populations |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo domesticus'') |South Mexican wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo'') | data-sort-value="180" |180 CE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:White_turkeys.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') |Prussian carp ''(Carassius gibelio)'' | data-sort-value="300" |300 CE to 400 CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Gullfiskur.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |Domestic rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'') |Iberian rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |title=New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits |url=https://phys.org/news/2014-08-reveals-wild-rabbits-genetically.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |publisher=[[Phys]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="600" |600 CE<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2005 |title=Interesting Rabbit Domestication History |url=http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153939/http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-date=Oct 5, 2023 |website=The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:EnglishSpotRabbitChocolate1(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Koi (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') |Amur carp (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Ojiya_Nishikigoi_no_Sato_ac_(3).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, considerable physical changes |Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |- |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') or Domesticated quail |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11~12th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, research, pets |[[File:Japanese_Quail.jpg|161x161px]] |considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Domestic canary (''Serinus canaria domestica'') |Wild canary (''Serinus canaria canaria'') | data-sort-value="1450" |the 15th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary Islands]], [[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets |[[File:Zwei_Kanarienvögel.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Society finch or Bengalese finch (''Lonchura striata domestica'') |White-rumped munia or striated finch (''Lonchura striata swinhoei'') with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (''Euodice malabarica'') | data-sort-value="1717" |unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svanberg |first=Ingvar |year=2008 |title=Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (''Lonchura domestica'') |journal=Der Zoologische Garten |volume=77 |issue=5–6 |pages=334–344 |bibcode=2008DZGar..77..334S |doi=10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |pets, show, research |[[File:Rbruni.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; both parent species common in the wild |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Fancy mouse or laboratory mouse (''Mus musculus domestica'') |Western European house mouse (''Mus musculus domesticus''), Japanese house mouse (''Mus musculus molossinus'') | data-sort-value="1600" |1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=Feb 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Mice |url=https://www.afrma.org/historymse.htm |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association}}</ref> the 18th Century (Japan) | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Turai|Europe]], [[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, racing, research, show, pets |[[File:Minimouse.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Fancy rat or laboratory rat (''Rattus norvegicus domestica'') |Brown rat (''Rattus norvegicus'') | data-sort-value="1840" |the 19th century CE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=February 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Rats |url=https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313223915/https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |archive-date=Mar 13, 2024 |website=American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, research, show, pets |[[File:Ratte-Vache.jpeg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical and psychological changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Domestic mink (''Neogale vison domesticus'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decuypere |first=E. |title=Is the Mink Domesticated? |url=http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143748/http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref> |Eastern mink (''Neogale vison vison''), Kenai mink (''N. v. melampeplus'') and Alaskan mink (''N. v. ingens'') | data-sort-value="1845" |Early 1860s | style="text-align:center;" |Cassadaga Lakes, New York | style="text-align:center;" |fur, hunting, pest control, pets |[[File:Norka_amerykańska_(neovison_vison)_(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and psychological changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domesticated silver fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |Red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') | data-sort-value="1951" |late 19th century to 20th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |Prince Edward Island/[[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] ([[Rasha|Russia]])<ref name="Statham2011">{{Cite journal |last=Statham |first=Mark J. |last2=Trut |first2=Lyudmila N. |last3=Sacks |first3=Ben N. |last4=Kharlamova |first4=Anastasiya V. |last5=Oskina |first5=Irina N. |last6=Gulevich |first6=Rimma G. |last7=Johnson |first7=Jennifer L. |last8=Temnykh |first8=Svetlana V. |last9=Acland |first9=Gregory M. |last10=Kukekova |first10=Anna V. |date=May 2011 |title=On the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of Russian silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes): THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN SILVER FOXES |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x |pmc=3101803 |pmid=21625363}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |fur, pelts, research, pets |[[File:Silberfuchs_08.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |} == Tame, dabbobin da aka yi da su a gida, da kuma dabbobin == Saboda wasu siffofi da ba a bayyana su ba game da abin da ke tattare da domestication, akwai wasu nau'o'in da za a iya ko kuma ba za a iya zama cikakke ba. Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'in da mutane ke amfani da su sosai don kasuwanci, amma ba a canza su sosai daga nau'in dabbobi na daji ba. Dabbobi da yawa a kan wannan tebur na biyu aƙalla sun ɗan canza daga nau'ukan dabbobi na daji saboda hulɗarsu mai yawa da mutane, ko da yake ba har zuwa inda ake ɗaukar su a matsayin siffofi daban-daban ba (saboda haka, babu kakannin daji daban-daban da aka lura) ko kuma ba za su iya tsira ba idan an sake gabatar da su cikin daji. Kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shafi na rukuni na Taxon sune: * '''1a:''' ''Artiodactyla'' ban da ''Bovidae'', '''1b:''' ''Bovidae'', 3c: Carnivora, '''1d:''' Rodentia, 1e: ''Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa'' * 2a: Anseriformes, '''2b:''' Galliformes, '''2c:''' Columbiformes, '''2d:''' Passeriformes, na 2: ''Psittaciformes'', '''2f:''' ''Palaeognathae'', '''2g:''' Accipitridae, 2h: ''Sauran [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]'' * '''3a:''' Macizai, '''3b:''' ''[[Kadangare|Lacertilia]]'', '''3c:''' ''[[Afifiya|Testudines]]'', '''3d:''' ''Sauran Dabbobi masu rarrafe'' * '''4a:''' ''[[Kwaɗo|Anura]]'', '''4b:''' Sauran amphibians''Sauran dabbobi masu rai da ruwa'' * '''5a:''' ''Cyprinidae'', '''5b:''' ''Carangiforms'' ''', 5c:''' ''Anabantiforms'', '''5d:''' ''Salmonidae'', 5e: ''Sauran [[kifi]]'' * '''6a:''' ''Hymenoptera'', '''6b:''' ''Lepidoptera'', 7c: ''[[Kyankyaso|Blattodea]]'', '''6d:''' ''Sauran kwari'', 6e: Sauran arthropods''Sauran [[Arthropod|ƙwayoyin cuta]]'' * '''7a:''' ''Mollusca'', '''7b:''' ''Annelida'', '''7c:''' ''Sauran [[Dabba|Dabbobi]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Jerin shuke-shuke na gida * Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8eso3q2gso4msd2y7sj9zy86vb7mka4 Gonyautoxin 0 178499 967387 964463 2026-10-13T22:40:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gonyautoxins''' ( '''GTX''' ) wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu guba iri ɗaya waɗanda algae ke samarwa ta halitta. Suna cikin rukunin saxitoxins, babban rukuni na neurotoxins tare da kwayar halitta wadda kuma ake kira saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX) da decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). A halin yanzu an sanya ƙwayoyin cuta guda takwas ga rukunin gonyautoxins, wanda aka sani da gonyautoxin 1 (GTX-1) ga gonyautoxin 8 (GTX-8). Cin gonyautoxins ta hanyar cin mollusks da algae mai guba ya gurɓata na iya haifar da wata cuta ta ɗan adam da ake kira gubar kifin da ke ɗauke da gurguwar ƙwayoyin cuta (PSP). == Majiyoyin halitta == Ana samar da Gonyautoxins ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar nau'ikan dinoflagellates na ruwa da yawa ( Alexandrium sp., Gonyaulax sp., Protogonyaulax sp.). <ref name="gift-tiere">{{Cite book | last1 = Habermehl | first1 = G. | title = Gift-Tiere und ihre Waffen: Eine Einführung für Biologen, Chemiker und Mediziner Ein Leitfaden für Touristen | date=2013}}</ref><ref name="THMD">[http://www.hmdb.ca The Human Metabolome Database]</ref> Gubar da ke haifar da gurɓataccen kifin da waɗannan gubobi ke haifarwa yana da alaƙa da furannin dinoflagellate da aka sani da "ja tides", duk da cewa launin ruwan ba lallai ba ne. Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke iya samar da guba ya yi ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin yawan da za a iya gani a gani. <ref name="alkaloids">{{Cite journal | title=Marine Alkaloids|last1=Christophersen|first1=C.|journal = The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology | volume = 24 | date=24 May 1986 }}</ref> Bayan haka, kifin shellfish yana ɗauke da gubobi kuma yana yin bioaccumulation . == Tsarin gini == A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar saxitoxins, gonyautoxins suna da tsarinsu bisa ga kwarangwal na 2,6-diamino-4-methyl-pyrrolo[1,2-c]-purin-10-ol (wanda kuma aka sani da kwarangwal na Saxitoxin-gonyautoxin). Kwayoyin halittar daban-daban suna bambanta da juna ne kawai ta hanyar maye gurbinsu, wasu daga cikinsu kawai ta hanyar stereoisomerism kamar GTX-2 da GTX-3. <ref name="THMD" /> <ref name="TRC">{{Cite web |title=Toronto Research Chemicals website |url=http://www.trc-canada.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970601191256/http://www.trc-canada.com/ |archive-date=1997-06-01 |access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> Ana iya gano Gonyautoxins ta hanyar amfani da High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), wanda aka gwada akan beraye. , A shekara ta 2009 an ƙirƙiro wani maganin rigakafi na monoclonal don gano gonyautoxin 2 ko 3 a cikin kayayyakin ruwa. An auna iyakar ganowa da ƙasa da microgram 0.74 a kowace millilita. <ref name="icelesa">{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=Y. |last2=Wang |first2=H. |last3=Xiang |first3=J. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. |last5=He |first5=W. |last6=Deng |first6=N. |last7=Yang |first7=H. |date=2009 |title=A sensitive immunosorbent bio-barcode assay combining PCR with icELISA for detection of gonyautoxin 2/3 |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=657 |issue=2 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.045 |pmid=20005334}}</ref> == Tsarin == Duk da cewa ana samun gonyautoxins ta halitta, ana kuma san hanyar haɗa wasu daga cikinsu. Misali, ana iya haɗa Gonyautoxin 2 daga [[L-serine methyl ester]], ta hanyar gonyautoxin 3. A wannan tsari da farko, ana yi wa L-serine methyl ester magani da aldehyde, don ya iya mayar da martani ga rufe tsarin zoben. Allyl da aka samar yana da [[Deprotected|kariya]] ta hanyar ƙara [[ <sub>SO3</sub> <sub>CH2</sub> CCl <sub>3</sub> ]]. <ref name="synth">{{Cite journal |last=Mulcahy |first=V. M. |last2=Du Bois |first2=J. |date=2008 |title=A Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)-Gonyautoxin 3 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=130 |issue=38 |pages=12630–12631 |bibcode=2008JAChS.13012630M |doi=10.1021/ja805651g |pmc=2597710 |pmid=18759394}}</ref> Daga baya, ana bin wani martanin RH-catalyzed amino acid tare da guanidine, wanda ke samar da firam ɗin GTX-3 mai tricyclic. Ana gyara tsaka-tsakin martani da dama a cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar amfani da ƙungiyoyi uku masu kariya. Cire waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yana ba da [[11β-hydrosaxitoxin]] a matsayin samfuri, wanda daga nan za a haɗa shi da sinadarin sulfate a cikin barasa na C 11. Ana samar da GTX-2 ta hanyar sanya samfurin a cikin ruwan da ke da pH 8, domin a ci gaba da samun epimerization a C11. <ref name="synth" /> == Guba da rashin lafiya == === Toxicology === Kamar kowace cuta ta hanyar saxitoxin, gonyautoxins suna haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani kuma suna haifar da wata cuta da aka sani da gubar kifi mai kama da gurgu (PSP). <ref name="alkaloids">{{Cite journal |last=Christophersen |first=C. |date=24 May 1986 |title=Marine Alkaloids |journal=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology |volume=24}}</ref> Ga mutane, ana ba da allurai 1-4&nbsp;mg na waɗannan guba sun riga sun mutu. Kifin Shellfish na iya ƙunsar fiye da microgram 10 na gonyautoxin a kowace gram 100 na nauyinsa, wanda hakan ke haifar da cewa shan wasu mussels na iya zama haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kowace shekara ana samun rahotannin kusan shari'o'i 2000 na PSP, wanda kusan kashi 15% daga cikinsu suna ƙarewa da mutuwa. <ref name="algal">{{Cite journal |last=Van Dolah |first=F. M. |date=2000 |title=Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=108 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=133–141 |bibcode=2000EnvHP.108S.133V |doi=10.1289/ehp.00108s1133 |pmc=1637787 |pmid=10698729}}</ref> === Tsarin aiki === A matsayin neurotoxins, gonyautoxins suna shafar tsarin juyayi . Suna iya ɗaurewa da babban ƙarfi a wurin 1 na α-subunit na tashoshin sodium masu dogaro da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin membrane na postsynaptic . Waɗannan tashoshi suna da alhakin fara ƙarfin aiki, bayan synapse . Haɗa sinadarin PSP yana hana samar da waɗannan ƙarfin da kuma yaɗuwar su, don haka yana toshe aikin synaptic. <ref name="saxitoxin">{{Cite journal |last=Andrinolo |first=D. |last2=Michea |first2=L. F. |last3=Lagos |first3=N. |date=1999 |title=Toxic effects, pharmacokinetics and clearance of saxitoxin, a component of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), in cats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1999-03_37_3/page/447 |journal=Toxicon |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |bibcode=1999Txcn...37..447A |doi=10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00173-1 |pmid=10080350 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Alamomin === Alamomin su ne alamun da ake gani na gubar kifi a cikin kifi. Yana farawa da farfadiya a fuska, wanda daga baya zai bazu a jiki. Wannan zai biyo bayan jin kasala da ciwon kai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, akwai yiwuwar [[vertigos]] . Bayan lokaci, bugun jini yana ƙaruwa kuma ciwon tsoka yana faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, makanta da matsalolin gani suma alamu ne masu yiwuwa. Mutuwa ta fi faruwa a cikin sa'o'i goma sha biyu na farko, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurguwar hanyar numfashi. Yawancin marasa lafiya da suka sami damar yin barci na ɗan lokaci, za su tsira daga gubar. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> === Maganin tsarkakewa === Canjin halitta a jikin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a matsayin cirewar sinadarai daga jiki ta hanyar oxidizing kwayar gonyautoxin. Kayayyakin da aka samar sune wasu nau'ikan gonyautoxins da aka yi oxidized. A mataki na biyu na kawar da gubobi, glucuronidation yana faruwa wanda ke samar da [[Glucuronic gonyautoxin|glucuronic-GTX]], wanda ke da karuwar hydrophilicity idan aka kwatanta da GTX kuma don haka ana iya fitar da shi cikin sauƙi. <ref name="saxitoxin" /> === Magani === Tunda ba a sami wani maganin kashe guba ba tukuna, maganin yana cikin jerin alamun farko na gubar kifin da ke da gurguwar nama. Baya ga yiwuwar numfashi ta wucin gadi, maganin da [[gawayi]] ma zaɓi ne saboda wannan sinadarin yana iya shanye gubar kifin. Wataƙila maganin da aka tattauna sosai game da neostigmine, ephedrine, ko [[Amphetamine|DL-amphetamine]] na iya taimakawa. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> == Sauran amfani == Ana iya amfani da Gonyautoxins a matsayin magani ga tsagewar dubura mai tsanani ko ta yau da kullun. Guba na taimakawa tsoka wajen hutawa da kuma kashe radadi. A wani bincike, zubar jinin marasa lafiya da aka sanya wa guba ya tsaya cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gurguwar da aka samu na ɗan lokaci a wurin allurar, wanda da alama yana ɗaukar sama da mako guda. <ref name="fissure">{{Cite journal |last=Garrido |first=R. |last2=Lagos |first2=N. |last3=Lattes |first3=K. |last4=Abedrapo |first4=M. |last5=Bocic |first5=G. |last6=Cuneo |first6=A. |last7=Chiong |first7=H. |last8=Jensen |first8=C. |last9=Azolas |first9=R. |last10=Henriquez |first10=A. |last11=Garcia |first11=C. |date=2005 |title=Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diseases-of-the-colon-rectum_2005-02_48_2/page/335 |journal=Diseases of the Colon and Rectum |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=335–340 |doi=10.1007/s10350-004-0893-4 |pmid=15812585}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gubar kifin guragu mai gurgunta * Ƙarfin aiki * [[Furen algal mai lahani|Furen algae mai cutarwa]] * Saxitoxin == Manazarta == bzyz3ffh0yp13a4a9khv5itmtaae08x Ƙungiyar Bullet 0 178534 967339 964552 2026-10-13T21:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Harsashi''' ( '''1E 0657-56''' ) ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu masu karo da taurari . A takaice dai, sunan ''Bullet Cluster'' yana nufin ƙaramin rukuni, wanda ke ƙaura daga babban rukuni. Yana a nisan radial mai motsi na {{Convert|1.141|Gpc|e9ly}} . Tunani na farko da aka sani game da wannan rukunin ya fito ne daga wata takarda ta 1992 mai taken, "Binciken Einstein Slew". <ref name="ESS">{{Cite journal |last=Elvis |first=Martin |last2=Plummer |first2=David |last3=Schachter |first3=Jonathan |last4=Fabbiano |first4=G. |date=1992 |title=The Einstein Slew Survey |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=80 |page=257 |bibcode=1992ApJS...80..257E |doi=10.1086/191665}}</ref> Abinda yake da takamaiman bayanin kula ga masu ilimin taurari, saboda ana da'awar nazarin ruwan tabarau na Bullet Cluster don samar da shaidar da ta dace game da wanzuwar abu mai duhu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Anthony |last3=Markevich |first3=Maxim |year=2004 |title=Weak lensing mass reconstruction of the interacting cluster 1E0657-558: Direct evidence for the existence of dark matter |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-04-01_604_2/page/596 |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=604 |issue=2 |pages=596–603 |arxiv=astro-ph/0312273 |bibcode=2004ApJ...604..596C |doi=10.1086/381970 |s2cid=12184057}}</ref><ref name="Markevitch1">{{Cite journal |last=M. Markevitch |last2=A. H. Gonzalez |last3=D. Clowe |last4=A. Vikhlinin |last5=L. David |last6=W. Forman |last7=C. Jones |last8=S. Murray |last9=W. Tucker |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-05-10_606_2/page/819 |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=606 |issue=2 |pages=819–824 |arxiv=astro-ph/0309303 |bibcode=2004ApJ...606..819M |doi=10.1086/383178 |s2cid=119334056}}</ref> Binciken wasu haɗarin tarin taurari, kamar MACS J0025.4-1222, kamar haka suna tallafawa kasancewar abu mai duhu.<ref name="Brada2008">{{Cite journal |last=Brada |first=M |last2=Allen |first2=S. W |last3=Ebeling |first3=H |last4=Massey |first4=R |last5=Morris |first5=R. G |last6=von der Linden |first6=A |last7=Applegate |first7=D |date=2008 |title=Revealing the Properties of Dark Matter in the Merging Cluster MACS J0025.4-1222 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2008-11-10_687_2/page/959 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=687 |issue=2 |page=959 |arxiv=0806.2320 |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..959B |doi=10.1086/591246 |s2cid=14563896}}</ref> == Bayani == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_DECam_(noirlab2603a).jpg|left|thumb| Ƙungiyar Harsashi da DECam ta ɗauka hotonta. Ya ƙunshi tarin taurari guda biyu waɗanda ke karo, ɗaya yana tafiya ta cikin ɗayan, kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.7 na haske a cikin tarin taurarin Carina. ]] Manyan sassan rukunin biyu— taurari, iskar gas da kuma ma'aunin duhu—suna yin aiki daban-daban yayin karo, wanda hakan ke ba da damar yin nazarinsu daban-daban. Taurarin taurarin, waɗanda ake iya gani a cikin haske mai gani, ba su yi tasiri sosai ba sakamakon karonsu, kuma yawancinsu sun ratsa ta kai tsaye, suna raguwa da ƙarfin juyi amma ba a canza su ba. Iskar gas mai zafi ta ɓangarorin biyu da suka haɗu, waɗanda aka gani a cikin X-ray, tana wakiltar yawancin abubuwan baryonic, ko "talakawa", a cikin nau'in cluster. Iskar gas ɗin da ke cikin tsakiyar rukuni suna hulɗa ta hanyar lantarki, wanda ke sa iskar gas ɗin ƙungiyoyin biyu su yi jinkiri fiye da taurari. An gano ɓangaren na uku, wato abu mai duhu, a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau na abubuwan baya, kamar yadda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da mafi kyawun ka'idar nauyi a cikin dangantaka ta gabaɗaya . <ref name="Markevitch1"/><ref>{{cite conference |author1=Markevitch, M. |author2=Randall, S. |author3=Clowe, D. |author4=Gonzalez, A. |author5=Bradac, M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Dark Matter and the Bullet Cluster |conference=36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly |date=16–23 July 2006 |location=Beijing, China |type=abstract |url=http://cosis.net/abstracts/COSPAR2006/02655/COSPAR2006-A-02655.pdf |access-date=2 September 2007 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083631/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/COSPAR2006/02655/COSPAR2006-A-02655.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yana ba da goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa yawancin nauyin nauyi a cikin rukunin rukuni yana cikin nau'i biyu na abubuwa masu duhu marasa karo, waɗanda suka ketare yankunan iskar gas yayin karo. [[File:1e0657_scale.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Hoton X-ray (ruwan hoda) da aka ɗora a kan hoton haske da ake iya gani (galaxies), tare da rarrabawar abubuwa da aka ƙididdige daga ruwan tabarau na nauyi (shuɗi)]] Ƙungiyar Bullet tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin taurari da [[Temperature|aka fi sani]] . Yana samar da wani tsari mai kyau ga samfuran sararin samaniya, wanda zai iya bambanta a yanayin zafi fiye da yadda aka annabta yanayin zafin rukuninsu. An lura daga [[Duniya]], ƙaramin rukuni ya ratsa ta tsakiyar rukunin 150&nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, ƙirƙirar " raƙuman girgiza mai siffar baka wanda ke kusa da gefen dama na ƙungiyar" wanda aka kafa a matsayin "70"&nbsp;Miliyoyin iskar gas na Kelvin a cikin ƙaramin rukuni sun haƙa ta hanyar 100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Miliyoyi na iskar gas na kelvin a cikin babban rukuni a cikin saurin kusan 10&nbsp;miliyan&nbsp;km/h (6)&nbsp;mil miliyan a kowace awa)". Fitowar hasken girgizar baka daidai yake da kuzarin 10&nbsp;nau'ikan quasars na yau da kullun. A cewar Greg Madejski: A cewar Eric Hayashi: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya yi iƙirarin cewa saurin karowar "bai dace da hasashen samfurin LCDM ba". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee, Jounghun |last2=Komatsu, Eiichiro |year=2010 |title=Bullet Cluster: A Challenge to LCDM Cosmology |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=718 |issue=1 |pages=60–65 |arxiv=1003.0939 |bibcode=2010ApJ...718...60L |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/60 |s2cid=119250064}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi daga baya ya gano cewa karo ya yi daidai da kwaikwayon LCDM, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Robert |last2=Davé |first2=Romeel |last3=Nagamine |first3=Kentaro |date=2015-09-01 |title=The rise and fall of a challenger: The Bullet Cluster in Lambda cold dark matter simulations |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=452 |issue=3 |pages=3030–3037 |arxiv=1410.7438 |bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.3030T |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1433 |issn=0035-8711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da rashin daidaiton da ya gabata wanda ya samo asali daga ƙananan kwaikwayo da kuma hanyar gano nau'i-nau'i. Aikin da aka yi a baya yana da'awar cewa Bullet Cluster bai yi daidai da tsarin sararin samaniya na yau da kullun ba ya dogara ne akan kimantawar kuskure na saurin faɗuwa bisa ga saurin girgizar da ke cikin iskar gas mai fitar da X-ray. <ref name=":0" /> Dangane da nazarin girgizar da haɗin gwiwar ya haifar, an yi jayayya kwanan nan cewa ƙarancin saurin haɗin gwiwa ~3,950&nbsp;km/s ya yi daidai da tasirin Sunyaev-Zeldovich da bayanan X-ray, muddin dai daidaiton zafin electron da ion da ke ƙasa ba abu ne da ke faruwa nan take ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Mascolo, L. |last2=Mroczkowski |last3=Churazov, E. |last4=Markevitch, M. |last5=Basu, K. |last6=Clarke, T.E. |last7=Devlin, M. |last8=Mason, B. |last9=Randall, S.W. |last10=Reese, E.D. |last11=Sunyaev, R. |last12=Wik, D.R. |display-authors=6 |year=2019 |title=An ALMA+ACA measurement of the shock in the Bullet Cluster |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=628 |pages=A100 |arxiv=1907.07680 |bibcode=2019A&A...628A.100D |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936184 |s2cid=197545195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == A matsayin shaida akan gyaran nauyi == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_gravitational_potential_in_MOND.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Duk da gyaran nauyi, MOND har yanzu tana buƙatar abu mai duhu don dacewa da abubuwan da aka lura. Layukan fari suna nuna ƙarfin nauyi da aka auna ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau, gajimare masu ruwan hoda suna nuna iskar X-ray mai zafi, ɗigon launuka masu cikakken haske taurari ne da wasu taurari na gaba, shuɗi shine rarrabawar abubuwa masu duhu. Hoton ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga Angus et al. 2006. <ref name="AngusBC">{{Cite journal |last=Angus |first=Garry W. |last2=Shan |first2=Huan Yuan |last3=Zhao |first3=Hong Sheng |last4=Famaey |first4=Benoit |date=2007-01-01 |title=On the Proof of Dark Matter, the Law of Gravity, and the Mass of Neutrinos |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=654 |issue=1 |pages=L13–L16 |arxiv=astro-ph/0609125 |bibcode=2007ApJ...654L..13A |doi=10.1086/510738 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bullet Cluster ta zama babban ƙalubale ga dukkan ka'idojin da ke gabatar da mafita mai kyau ga matsalar da ta ɓace, gami da canjin yanayin Newtonian (MOND). <ref name="CloweBC">{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Bradač |first2=Maruša |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Markevitch |first4=Maxim |last5=Randall |first5=Scott W. |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Zaritsky |first7=Dennis |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=648 |issue=2 |pages=L109–L113 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608407 |bibcode=2006ApJ...648L.109C |doi=10.1086/508162 |s2cid=2897407}}</ref> Masana ilmin taurari sun auna rarrabawar taurari da iskar gas a cikin tarin tarukan ta amfani da hasken [[Haske|da ake iya gani]] da hasken X-ray, bi da bi, sannan suka tsara tasirin nauyi ta amfani da ruwan tabarau na jan hankali. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hotunan da ke hannun dama, iskar X-ray tana tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke gefen hanya. A lokacin karo, iskar X-ray ta yi mu'amala da kuma rage gudu, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke wucewa ta juna, domin nisan da ke tsakaninsu yana da yawa. Ƙarfin nauyi yana bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da suka fi mayar da hankali kan taurarin, ba a kan iskar X-ray ba, inda yawancin al'ada take. A cikin ΛCDM, mutum zai yi tsammanin cewa kowanne rukuni yana da halo mai duhu wanda zai ratsa juna yayin karo (idan aka yi la'akari da cewa abu mai duhu ba shi da karo). Wannan tsammanin ga abu mai duhu bayani ne bayyananne game da daidaitawa tsakanin kololuwar ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray wanda aka gano a ma'aunin ƙididdiga na 8 σ . Wannan shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da kuma al'adar da Clowe et al. suka yi iƙirarin cewa ''"Shaidar Kai Tsaye ta Kasancewar Matter Mai Duhu"'' tana jayayya cewa ka'idojin nauyi da aka gyara ba su yi bayani a kai ba. <ref name="CloweBC" /> Duk da haka, wannan binciken da Clowe da abokan aikinsa suka yi bai yi wani yunƙuri na yin nazarin Bullet Cluster ta amfani da MOND ko wata ka'idar nauyi da aka gyara ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan shekarar, Angus da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa MOND hakika tana sake haifar da bambanci tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray a cikin wannan tsarin da ba shi da siffa mai faɗi sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=G.W. Angus |last2=B. Famaey |last3=H. Zhao |name-list-style=amp |date=September 2006 |title=Can MOND take a bullet? Analytical comparisons of three versions of MOND beyond spherical symmetry |journal=Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. |volume=371 |issue=1 |pages=138–146 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606216v1 |bibcode=2006MNRAS.371..138A |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10668.x |s2cid=15025801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin MOND, mutum zai yi tsammanin "bacewar taro" zai mayar da hankali kan yankuna waɗanda ke fuskantar saurin gudu ƙasa da <sub>0</sub>, wanda, a yanayin Bullet Cluster, ya dace da yankunan da ke ɗauke da taurarin, ba iskar X-ray ba. Duk da haka, MOND har yanzu ta kasa yin cikakken bayani game da wannan rukunin, kamar yadda take yi da duk sauran tarin taurari, saboda sauran ragowar taro a yankuna da dama na Bullet Cluster. <ref name="AngusBC" /> Mordehai Milgrom, wanda ya fara gabatar da shirin MOND, ya wallafa wani bayani a intanet na ikirarin cewa Bullet Cluster ya tabbatar da wanzuwar abu mai duhu. Ya yi jayayya cewa halayen da aka lura da su na Bullet Cluster na iya faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da ba a gano ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa dukkan tarin taurari na iya ɗaukar nauyin gajimaren iskar hydrogen mai sanyi wanda yayi daidai da nauyin baryons da ake gani wanda zai iya bayyana gazawar MOND a cikin tarin taurari. <ref name="j070">{{Cite journal |last=Milgrom |first=Mordehai |date=2015-12-21 |title=Ultra-diffuse cluster galaxies as key to the MOND cluster conundrum |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/454/4/3810/18509089/stv2202.pdf |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=454 |issue=4 |pages=3810–3815 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2202 |issn=0035-8711 |access-date=2025-03-09 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin waɗannan gajimare masu sanyin hydrogen ba su da wuya su wanzu duk da haka saboda ra'ayoyin AGN waɗanda ke hana iskar hydrogen sanyaya. <ref name="b913">{{Cite journal |last=Fabian |first=A. C. |date=1994 |title=Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=277–318 |bibcode=1994ARA&A..32..277F |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425 |issn=0066-4146}}</ref> <ref name="z146">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=M. |last2=Gaspari |first2=M. |last3=McNamara |first3=B. R. |last4=Tremblay |first4=G. R. |date=2018-05-01 |title=Revisiting the Cooling Flow Problem in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters of Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=858 |issue=1 |page=45 |arxiv=1803.04972 |bibcode=2018ApJ...858...45M |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aabace |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban na nauyi kamar MOG <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=J.R. |last2=Moffat |first2=J.W. |year=2007 |title=The Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows Modified Gravity in the absence of Dark Matter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=382 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |arxiv=astro-ph/0702146 |bibcode=2007MNRAS.382...29B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> da Many-body gravity (MBG), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=S |year=2025 |title=Many body gravity and the bullet cluster |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650525000039 |journal=Astroparticle Physics |volume=167 |arxiv=2501.05126 |bibcode=2025APh...16703080G |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103080 |issn=0927-6505 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> waɗanda ke da'awar cewa suna iya bayyana raunin ruwan tabarau na nauyi na ƙungiyar harsashi. == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar Galaxy * Ƙungiyar galaxy * Abell 520 – wani irin tarin taurari wanda duhu da haske suka rabu a lokacin wani babban karo * NGC 1052-DF2 * Jerin ƙungiyoyin taurari da ƙungiyoyi == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Bradač |first=Maruša |last2=Clowe |first2=Douglas |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Marshall |first4=Phil |last5=Forman |first5=William |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Markevitch |first7=Maxim |last8=Randall |first8=Scott |last9=Schrabback |first9=Tim |last10=Zaritsky |first10=Dennis |year=2006 |title=Strong and Weak Lensing United. III. Measuring the Mass Distribution of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1ES 0657−558 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2006-12-01_652_2/page/937 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=652 |issue=2 |pages=937–947 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608408 |bibcode=2006ApJ...652..937B |doi=10.1086/508601 |s2cid=119388532}} * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0306/devil/ Bedeviling Devil's Advocate Cosmology] (The Chandra Chronicles) August 21, 2006 * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/ 1E 0657-56: NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Combined image of x-rays, visual and DM * Harvard [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/media/bullet.mpg animation of the collision] showing how the dark matter and normal matter become separated. * Harvard [http://cxc.harvard.edu/symposium_2005/proceedings/files/markevitch_maxim.pdf Harvard Symposium: Markevitch PDF] 36 color images and text slides modelling the existence of Dark Matter from Bullet cluster data * NASA: [https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2006/06-096.html NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Archived 2017-06-25 at the Wayback Machine (NASA Press Release 06-096) Aug. 21, 2006 * Scientific American [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015185726/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000EB9FD-823F-14EB-823F83414B7F0000 Scientific American] article ''Science News August 22, 2006 Colliding Clusters Shed Light on Dark Matter'' that includes a movie of a simulation of the collision == Manazarta == rgc27pb2yf5xbngb0rrwzu7hnlfa646 Calcium nitrate 0 178537 967408 964597 2026-10-13T23:25:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967408 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Calcium nitrate''' wani fili ne na inorganic tare da tsarin Ca (NO3) 2.  Yana samar da ruwan Ca (NO3) 2·xH2O.  Maganin anhydrous, wanda ba a yawan haɗuwa da shi, yana shan danshi daga iska don ba da tetrahydrate. Dukansu nau'ikan anhydrous da hydrated sune gishiri mara launi. Hydrated calcium nitrate, wanda kuma ake kira ''Norgessalpeter'' (Norwegian salpeter), galibi ana amfani dashi azaman bangare a cikin [[taki]], amma yana da wasu aikace-aikace. '''Nitrocalcite''' shine sunan ma'adinai wanda shine hydrated calcium nitrate wanda ke samuwa a matsayin efflorescence inda tururi ke hulɗa da gangare ko dutse a cikin yanayin bushe kamar a cikin ɗakuna ko koguna. An san gishiri iri-iri da suka haɗa da calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate da calcium potassium nitrate. == Fitarwa da amsawa == An kirkiro Norgessalpeter a Notodden, [[Norway]] a cikin 1905 ta hanyar Birkeland-Eyde. Yawancin calcium nitrate na duniya yanzu ana yin su ne a Porsgrunn. Ana samar da shi ta hanyar magance dutse mai laushi tare da nitric acid: :   Har ila yau, samfurin matsakaici ne na Odda Process: :   Hakanan ana iya shirya shi daga maganin ruwa na ammonium nitrate, da Calcium hydroxide: :   Kamar alaƙa da alkaline ƙasa ƙarfe nitrates, calcium nitrate yana lalacewa a kan dumama (farawa a {{Convert|500|C|F}} ° C (932 ° F)) don saki nitrogen dioxide: : 2 Ca (NO3) 2 → 2 CaO + 4 NO2 + O2 ΔH = 369 kJ/mol  Tare da urea, calcium nitrate yana samar da adduct 1:4 wanda ake amfani dashi azaman taki: :   == Aikace-aikacen == === Amfani da aikin gona === Matsayin taki (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) ya shahara a cikin [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]] da kasuwancin hydroponics; ya ƙunshi ammonium nitrate da [[ruwa]], a matsayin "gishiri biyu" 5Ca (NO3) 2·NH4NO3·10H2O.  Wannan ana kiransa calcium ammonium nitrate kuma sau da yawa ana amfani da sunan calcium nitrate prill kamar yadda koyaushe yake zuwa a cikin nau'in (granular). An kuma san maganganun da ba su da ammoniya: Ca (NO3) 2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) da kuma ruwa-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca.  Hakanan ana ba da tsarin ruwa (9-0-0 + 11 Ca). Wani nau'in iska mai ɗorewa shine urea mai rikitarwa Ca (NO3) 2·4[OC (NH2) 2], wanda aka sayar da shi a matsayin Calurea .   Ana amfani da calcium nitrate don sarrafa wasu cututtukan shuke-shuke. Misali, ana amfani da narkewar calcium nitrate (da calcium chloride) don sarrafa daci da kuma tabo a cikin itatuwan apple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bitter Pit and Cork Spot |url=https://hort.uwex.edu/articles/bitter-pit-and-cork-spot/ |website=University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension |publisher=UW-Madison, Dept of Horticulture}}</ref> === Maganin ruwa mai guba === [[File:Calcium_nitrate,_waste_water_treatment.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Rukunin gyaran ruwa]] Ana amfani da calcium nitrate a cikin ruwan sharar gida don rigakafin fitar da wari. Ruwan sharar gida ya dogara ne akan kafa ilmin halitta a cikin tsarin ruwan sharar gida. A gaban nitrate, metabolism na sulfates ya tsaya, don haka ya hana samar da hydrogen sulfide.<ref name="BENTZEN">{{Cite journal |last=Bentzen |first=G |last2=Smith |first2=A |last3=Bennett |first3=D |last4=Webster |first4=N |last5=Reinholt |first5=F |last6=Sletholt |first6=E |last7=Hobson |first7=J |year=1995 |title=Controlled dosing of nitrate for prevention of H<sub>2</sub>S in a sewer network and the effects on the subsequent treatment process |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-science-and-technology_1995_31_7/page/293 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=293 |doi=10.1016/0273-1223(95)00346-O}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana cinye kwayoyin halitta masu sauƙin lalacewa, wanda in ba haka ba zai iya haifar da yanayin anaerobic a ƙasa da kuma fitar da ƙanshi kanta. Har ila yau, manufar ta dace da maganin laka.<ref name="EINARSEN">{{Cite journal |last=Einarsen, A.M. |last2=ÆeesØy, A. |last3=Rasmussen, A. I. |last4=Bungum, S. |last5=Sveberg, M. |year=2000 |title=Biological prevention and removal of hydrogen sulphide in sludge at Lillehammer Wastewater Treatment Plant |url=https://archive.org/details/water-science-and-technology_2000_41_6/page/175 |journal=Water Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.2166/wst.2000.0107}}</ref> === Kyakkyawan ƙira === Ana amfani da calcium nitrate a cikin kayan kwalliya don hanzarta saitin. Wannan amfani tare da kankare da turmi ya dogara ne akan sakamako biyu. Ioni na calcium yana hanzarta samar da hydroxide na calcium kuma ta haka ne hazo da saiti. Ana amfani da wannan tasirin kuma a cikin masu yin amfani da yanayi mai sanyi da kuma wasu kayan kwalliya.<ref name="JUSTNES2010">Justines, H. (2010) "Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete Admixture" Concrete Magazine, Vol 44, No. 1, p.34. {{ISSN|0010-5317}}</ref> Ioni na nitrate yana haifar da samar da hydroxide na ƙarfe, wanda ke da kariya ya rage lalatawar ƙarfafa ƙarfe.<ref name="ALMOUDI">{{Cite journal |last=Al-Amoudi |first=Omar S.Baghabra |last2=Maslehuddin |first2=Mohammed |last3=Lashari |first3=A.N |last4=Almusallam |first4=Abdullah A |year=2003 |title=Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in contaminated concrete |journal=Cement and Concrete Composites |volume=25 |issue=4–5 |pages=439 |doi=10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00084-7}}</ref> === Latex mai ƙuntatawa === Calcium nitrate wani abu ne na yau da kullun a cikin samar da latex, musamman a cikin matakai na nutsewa. Calcium nitrate da aka narkawa wani bangare ne na maganin wanka. Tsohon mai dumi an tsoma shi cikin ruwan da ke tattare da shi kuma fim mai laushi na ruwan da ke nutsewa ya kasance a kan tsohon. Lokacin da yanzu nutsewar tsohon a cikin latex calcium nitrate zai karya daidaituwa na maganin latex kuma latex zai taru a kan tsohon.<ref name="DAFADER">{{Cite journal |last=Dafader |first=N. C. |last2=Jolly |first2=Y. N. |last3=Haque |first3=M. E. |last4=Akhtar |first4=F. |last5=Ahmad |first5=M. U. |date=April 1999 |title=The Role of Coagulants on the Preparation of Dipped film from Radiation Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex |journal=Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=267–274 |doi=10.1080/03602559909351576}}</ref> === Kayan sanyi === Rushewar calcium nitrate tetrahydrate yana da matukar zafi (mai sanyaya). Saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da calcium nitrate tetrahydrate a wasu lokuta don fakitin sanyi mai sabuntawa. === Gishiri mai narkewa don canja wurin zafi da ajiya === Ana iya amfani da calcium nitrate a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakuda gishiri. Misali shine cakuda binary na calcium nitrate da potassium nitrate ko cakuda ternary ciki har da sodium nitrate. [mafi kyawun tushen da ake buƙata] Ana iya amfani da waɗannan gishiri masu narkewa don maye gurbin man fetur a cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da hasken rana don canja wurin zafi, amma galibi ana amfani da su a ajiyar zafi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ra4zpn8qqy6vbbjyp2vo1zv18v0g6bi Adon Papyrus 0 178539 967347 964609 2026-10-13T21:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adon [[papyrus]]''', wanda aka fi sani da Aramaic [[Saqqara]] Papyrus, papyrus ne na Aramaic wanda aka samo a 1942 a Saqqara . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porten |first=Bezalel |date=1981 |title=The Identity of King Adon |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=36–52 |doi=10.2307/3209735 |jstor=3209735 |s2cid=165242277}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horn |first=Siegfried |date=1968 |title=Where and When Was the Aramaic Saqqara Papyrus Written? |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/auss/vol6/iss1/3 |journal=Andrews University Seminary Studies |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shea |first=William H. |date=1976 |title=Adon's Letter and the Babylonian Chronicle |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-american-schools-of-oriental-research_1976-10_223/page/61 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=223 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.2307/1356723 |jstor=1356723 |s2cid=163401332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=John |date=1949 |title=A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.2307/3209182 |jstor=3209182 |s2cid=186537648}}</ref> André Dupont-Sommer ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1948. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} A halin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar (J. 86984=3483). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An kuma san shi da '''KAI 266''' da '''TAD A1.1'''. == Bayanan littattafai == * {{Cite journal |last=Dussaud |first=René |date=1949 |title=A. Dupont-Sommer. — Un papyrus araméen d'époque saïte découvert à Saqqarah |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1949_num_26_1_8410_t1_0152_0000_4 |journal=Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=152–153}} * {{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=John |date=1949 |title=A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.2307/3209182 |jstor=3209182 |s2cid=186537648}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fitzmyer |first=Joseph A. |date=1965 |title=The Aramaic Letter of King Adon to the Egyptian Pharaoh |journal=Biblica |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=41–55 |jstor=42641032}} == Manazarta == 2swsb8n2526x4a9s59entq7th7xeoyf Lobamba 0 178542 967204 964618 2026-10-13T15:48:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 967204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lobamba''' gari ne a [[Eswatini]] wanda ke tsakanin manyan biranen Eswatini guda biyu, [[Mbabane]] da Manzini . Tana cikin yankin Hhohho, inda Mbabane ke zama birni mafi kusa da ita, sannan kogin Lusushwana ke zama kogin mafi kusa. Tana tsakanin Ezulwini da Mahlanya kuma tana gaban Elangeni. Wannan gari yana da muhimmancin al'adu a Eswatini domin yana da wurare masu mahimmanci. Tana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na majalisar dokoki, na gargajiya, na ruhaniya, na majalisar dokokin Eswatini, da kuma Ludzidzini Royal Village, gidan [[Ntfombi na Eswatini|Sarauniya Ntfombi]], Uwar Sarauniya . <ref>Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA485 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 485.</ref> Tana da nisan kilomita goma daga fadar Sarki Mswati ta uku, wato Fadar Lozitha. Kuma yana da filin wasa na Somhlolo National Stadium . == Bayani == Lobamba tana cikin yammacin ƙasar <ref name="Haggett p. 2477">Peter Haggett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6plpd_4AZfgC&pg=PA2477 Encyclopedia of World Geography]''. Marshall Cavendish; 1 July 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7289-6}}. p. 2477.</ref> a cikin dajin "Kwarin Sama", ko Kwarin Ezulwini . <ref name="Armstrong p. 582">Kate Armstrong. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y4c1a6GSQ8cC&pg=PA582 South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-970-2}}. p. 582.</ref> Yana da {{Convert|16|km|mi|0}} daga [[Mbabane]], a gundumar Hhohho kuma tana da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yanayi mai zafi sosai]] tare da lokacin rani mai danshi da kuma lokacin hunturu mai bushewa. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> [[Fayil:Sobhuza.jpg|thumb| Sobhuza II]] A shekarar 1997, yawan jama'arta ya kai 3,625. Yawan jama'arta a shekarar 2006 ya kai 11,000. <ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA706 Britannica Book of the Year 2010]''. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; 1 March 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-61535-366-8}}. p. 706.</ref> A faɗin ƙasar, kashi 84.3% na mutanen ƙasar 'yan [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] ne, yayin da kashi 9.9% kuma 'yan Zulu ne. Sauran su ne Tsonga (2.5%), Indiya (1.6%) da sauransu (1.7%). Harsunan hukuma na ƙasar sune [[Harshen Swazi|Swazi]] da [[Turanci]] . <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> == Tarihi == An kira yankuna biyu Lobamba, an kafa yankin farko da ake kira "Old Lobamba" a shekarar 1750 a kudancin Eswatini. Maudu'in wannan labarin shine sulhu da Sobhuza II ya ƙirƙiro a yankin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar. <ref>Laurel L. Rose. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ev7uqavYvGoC&pg=PA65 The Politics of Harmony: Land Dispute Strategies in Swaziland]''. Cambridge University Press; 31 January 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-521-39296-9}}. p. 65.</ref> [ nb 1 ] A shekarar 1903, bayan Yaƙin Boer, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karɓi iko da Eswatini, kuma daga nan wani sarki ya yi mata mulka. A shekarar 1921 Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu ya zama shugaban Eswatini, wanda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Burtaniya. <ref>Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA485 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 485, 488.</ref> Eswatini ta sami 'yancin kai daga gwamnatin Birtaniya a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1968, wanda Yarima Makhosini ya sanar a wani bikin shanu da ke Lobamba. Shi ne firayim minista na farko a ƙasar kuma jikan Sobhuza na ɗaya . Da samun 'yancin kai, Eswatini ta kasance memba a cikin haƙƙinta na [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka|Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka]] (OAU), [[Kasashen common wealth|Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya]], da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="Akyeampong p. 233">Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA233 Dictionary of African Biography]''. Oxford University Press; 2 February 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-19-538207-5}}. p. 233–234.</ref> An mayar da shi masarautar tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sobhuza na Biyu, <ref name="Twentieth Century Africa">Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA488 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 488.</ref> wanda ke zaune a gidan sarauta, ko kuma kraal, a Lobamba. <ref name="Twentieth Century Africa" /> == Gwamnati == [[File:Mswati_III_King_of_Eswatini.jpg|thumb| Mswati na Uku, Sarkin Eswatini<br /><br /><br /><br /> Afrilu 1986 - yanzu]] Lobamba ita ce cibiyar majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin [[Eswatini]] . === Majalisar Eswatini === An mayar da ita reshe na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisa ta Commonwealth a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1965, kuma ranar samun 'yancin kai ita ce 1 ga Janairu, 1968. Sarki Mswati na Uku ne ya sanya hannu kan kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2005. [[Jerin Sarakuna na Eswatini|Sarki]] ne ke naɗa firayim minista da majalisar. Akwai dakunan taro guda biyu: Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki. A wasu lokutan ginin majalisar yana buɗe ga baƙi. <ref name="Murphy p. 592">Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA592 Lonely Planet Southern Africa]''. Lonely Planet; 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-545-2}}. p. 592.</ref> Lobamba kuma tana da Inkhundla, inda mazauna za su iya samun ayyuka kamar rajistar takardar shaidar haihuwa, fasfo, katunan shaida, da sauran takardu na ƙasa. === Fadar Jihar Embo === Turawan Birtaniya ne suka gina Fadar Sarautar Embo domin ta zauna da Sobhuza II, wacce ta yi aure [[Auren mata da yawa|da yawa]], tare da yara 600. Ba a buɗe shi ga baƙi ba kuma ba a yarda a ɗauki hotuna ba. <ref name="Armstrong p. 582" /> <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> === Gidajen sarauta === Sarki Mswati na uku yana zaune a Fadar Lozitha, kimanin {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} daga birnin. Yana ziyartar Royal Kraal, ko Gidan Sarauta na Ludzidzini, a lokacin bukukuwan [[Umhlanga (bikin)|rawa]] da Incwala na Umhlanga. <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> Ƙauyen sarauta ya haɗa da Sarautar Sarauniyar Sarauniya, ƙungiyoyin zama, da kuma wurin faretin bukukuwa. == Kayayyakin more rayuwa == === Jami'an tsaro === [[File:Caricature_of_William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne_(1859-1942).jpg|thumb| Lord Selborne, Babban Kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu ya sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekarar 1907 don abin da ya zama Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Eswatini.]] Lobamba tana da ofishin 'yan sanda kuma Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Eswatini ce ke kula da ita. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, Lord Selborne, Babban Kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu ya sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekarar 1907 don abin da ya zama Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Eswatini. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Eswatini a shekarar 1968, an sake wa rundunar suna zuwa Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Swaziland. An ƙara canza sunansa wanda hakan ya sa ya zama hidima, maimakon ƙarfi. === Ilimi === Akwai makarantu huɗu a Lobamba, makarantun firamare biyu da kuma makarantun sakandare biyu. Da farko, akwai Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Lomba. [1] Haka kuma, akwai Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙasa ta Lobamba, Makarantar Firamare ta St Mary da Makarantar Sakandare ta St Mary. === Lafiya da walwala === Gwamnati tana samar da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don magance [[Yankin da ke cikin cuta (epidemiology)|cututtuka]] da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|rashin abinci mai gina jiki da]] ke addabar mutane. Fanshon ritaya, nakasa da kuma fanshon da suka tsira ana samun su ta hanyar tsarin jin daɗinsu. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> Lobamba tana da asibitoci guda biyu: Asibitin Lobamba da Asibitin St Mary waɗanda ke ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga membobin al'umma amma ba'a iyakance ga mazauna Lobamba ba. Akwai cibiyar al'umma ta Matasa da kuma wurin kula da yara inda yara ke zuwa wasa da cin abinci. Kasancewar ofishin 'yan sanda yana taimakawa wajen rage aikata laifuka a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama amintacce ga mutane, kuma kusa da shi akwai ofishin kashe gobara wanda ke kusantar da ayyukan gaggawa ga mutane. === Sufuri === Yawancin tituna a Eswatini ba su da rufin asiri, amma akwai kyawawan hanyoyi da ke haɗa manyan garuruwa, <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> ciki har da babbar hanyar MR3 da titin MR103. <ref name="Armstrong p. 582" /> Akwai ƙananan filayen jirgin sama na gida da kuma layin dogo da ke aiki tsakanin Eswatini da Mozambique. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> Filin jirgin saman Matsapha yana {{Convert|23|km|mi}} daga Lobamba. Filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi kusa a cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje shine Filin jirgin sama na Maputo da ke Mozambique, wanda ke da {{Convert|216|km|mi}} nesa. Ɗaya daga cikin masu yawon buɗe ido a Eswatini shine Swazi Trails, wanda ke ziyartar ƙauyen sarauta na Lobamba, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, da cibiyoyin sana'o'i. Nabo Bashoa yana gudanar da rangadin bas. <ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA801 South Africa]''. Rough Guides; 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-853-6}}. Ncwala and Umhlanga ceremonies. p. 801.</ref> == Al'adu da abubuwan jan hankali == {{Lobamba City map}} === Muhimman abubuwan jan hankali === # Majalisar Dokokin Eswatini # Filin Wasan Ƙasa na Somhlolo # [[King Sobhuza II Memorial Park|Wurin Tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza II]] # National Museum of Eswatini - Eswatini National Trust Commission # [[Tsarkakakken Gandun Daji na Mlilwane|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane]] # Mandzana - maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi === Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini === An gina Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini, wanda ke Lobamba kusa da ginin Majalisar Dokoki, a shekarar 1972 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a shekarar 1986 da 1990. Majalisar Gidajen Tarihi ta Duniya ta sanya gidan tarihin ya zama wata cibiya mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1974. <ref name="SNTC" /> Gidan tarihin yana ɗauke da wani abin tunawa ga Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> da kuma kayan tarihi na [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana da tarin hotuna da suka haɗa da mutanen Yankin [[Mbabane]] da Manzini da kuma masu mulkin [[Kasa Afrika|mallaka na Birtaniya]] . Wani kan [[Krishna]] na ƙarni na 16, wanda aka gano a kusa, yana cikin reshen tarihin halitta kuma yana ba da shaidar ciniki da gabas . Fikafikin tarihin halitta ya haɗa da dioramas [[Highveld|na highveld]] da lowveld don kwatanta nau'ikan halittun Eswatini daban-daban kuma yana nuna dabbobin dare da ba a saba gani ba. Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi sun haɗa da tasirin muhalli da al'adu. Wurin da aka gina wani gidan Swazi yana wajen gidan tarihi. === Filin wasa na Somhlolo === Haka kuma kusa da ginin Majalisar akwai [[Somhlolo stadium|filin wasa na Somhlolo]] don ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran manyan taruka. [[File:Mlilwane_Wildlife_Sanctuary_in_Eswatini_01.jpg|thumb| [[Tsarkakakken Gandun Daji na Mlilwane|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane]]]] === Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane === A wajen Lobamba akwai wurin ajiye namun daji na Mlilwane wanda ke da hanyoyin hawan dawaki da hawa dutse, yawon shakatawa na kekuna a tsaunuka, sansanonin hanyoyin karkara da kuma yin sansani a cikin kogo. A duk faɗin wurin shakatawa akwai damarmaki don kallon dabbobin daji, ciki har da barewa, raƙumin dawa, dawakin zebra, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa. <ref>Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA584 Lonely Planet Southern Africa]''. Lonely Planet; 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-545-2}}. p. 584.</ref> === Wurin Tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza II === An kafa wurin tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu, wanda shi ne shugaban 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1968. Ana ba da labarin rayuwar sarki ta hanyar baje kolin hotuna. Motocin sarki uku na da suna a gidan tarihi kuma kabarin nasa yana cikin wurin shakatawa. === Malkern Valley === Malkerns Valley sanannen cibiyar fasaha ce ta tarihi da fasaha, wacce ke kusa da Malkerns Valley.{{Convert|7|km|mi}} kudu da Lobamba. <ref>James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&pg=PA588 South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 15 September 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-375-1}}. p. 588.</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Bukukuwa === Lobamba ta shahara da bukukuwa biyu da ake gudanarwa a can: [[Umhlanga (bikin)|Rawar Reed]], da ake yi a watan Agusta da Satumba don girmama Uwar Sarauniya, da kuma Incwala, <ref name="EB" /> <ref>James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&pg=PA613 South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 15 September 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-375-1}}. p. 613.</ref> a watan Disamba da Janairu don girmama Sarki. Waɗannan bukukuwan sun haɗa da rawa, waƙa, da bukukuwa tare da kayan gargajiya. <ref>"Ncwala and Umhlanga ceremonies." In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA805 South Africa]''. Rough Guides; 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-853-6}}. p. 805.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Amincewa ta Ƙasa ta Swaziland - tana gudanar da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini   == Ƙarin karatu == * Dlamini, Barka da zuwa (27 ga Yuni, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241229002517/http://www.times.co.sz/news/88837-majahodvwa-takes-potshot-at-colleague.html "Majahodvwa ya ɗauki potshot a abokin aiki"] . ''Lokacin Eswatini'' . An shiga Afrilu 7, 2014. * O'Cuneen, Pamela (Yuni 1, 2013). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/party-time-in-lobamba/story-e6frg8rf-1226653962214 "Lokacin biki a Lobamba"] . ''Ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya'' . An shiga Afrilu 7, 2014. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == jqhjhfrwzxe9acsc3lrpor20i54vphn Rubutun Amman Citadel 0 178543 967393 964621 2026-10-13T23:01:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Amman Citadel''' shine mafi tsufa da aka sani a cikin abin da ake kira Harshen Ammonawa. An gano shi a 1961 a cikin Amman Citadel, kuma Siegfried Horn ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1968. A lokacin da aka gano shi ne na uku mafi tsawo Semitic dutse rubutun da aka samu a Kudancin Levant, bayan Mesha Stele da Siloam rubutun. An san rubutun da KAI 307. Ya zuwa 1969, an nuna rubutun a Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Jordan . <ref name="Horn" /> == Bayyanawa == An zana rubutun a cikin fararen dutse mai laushi na kimanin 26 × 19 cm (10" × 71⁄2") a girman, tare da ɓangarorin rubutun da suka ɓace. &nbsp;Yawancin haruffa suna bayyane a sarari, kuma dutsen yana da alamun lalacewa kuma saboda haka mai yiwuwa ba a fallasa shi ga abubuwa ba. Rubutun ya ƙunshi layi takwas. Yankin hagu da na dama na rubutun sun ɓace, kuma layin ƙasa ba ya haɗa da ƙarshen rubutun. Ana tunanin layin saman shine farkon rubutun tunda akwai sarari a sama da shi. A cikin layi takwas, an nuna haruffa 93, waɗanda aka fassara su don yadawa tsakanin kusan kalmomi 33.[1] Girman da siffar haruffa daban-daban sun bambanta sosai, suna nuna cewa rubutun ya fito ne daga marubucin novice. Harafi da yawa da siffofi masu ban mamaki, alal misali ḥēt yana da katako biyu kawai, idan aka kwatanta da uku na yau da kullun, kama da Stele na Mesha. Thet ne kawai giciye bar a cikin da'ira (maimakon al'ada), kuma ʿayin ya riga ya ɗan buɗe (maimakon), ke faruwa a cikin rubutun Phoenician kawai daga ƙarni na 5. An fahimci cewa rubutun gini ne, kodayake saboda yanayin raguwar rubutun, fassarar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas. Ginin da William Fulco ya yi ya ɗauka cewa rubutun ya shafi babban allahn Ammonawa Milcom, ya dawo da wasika guda ɗaya da ta ɓace don samar da sunan. == Rubutun == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Rubuce-rubucen Tel Siran <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Henry O. |last2=Zayadine |first2=Fawzi |date=December 1973 |title=The Tell Siran Inscription |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-american-schools-of-oriental-research_1973-12_212/page/5 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=212 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.2307/1356304 |jstor=1356304 |s2cid=163378372}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahlström |first=G.W. |date=1984 |title=The Tell Sīrān Bottle Inscription |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/peq.1984.116.1.12 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1179/peq.1984.116.1.12 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> !Rubuce-rubuce !Asalin asali (haruffa na Phoenician) !Rubutun haruffa na Ibrananci !Rubutun haruffa na Latin !Fassarar Turanci (Fulco 1978) |- |'''Layin 1''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤋𐤊𐤌.𐤁𐤍𐤄.𐤋𐤊.𐤌𐤁𐤀𐤕.𐤎𐤁𐤁𐤕[𐤌...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] מ]לכם . בנה . לך . מבאת . סבבת...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...m]'''lkm.bnh.lk.mb’t.sbbt'''[...]}} |[...Mi]lkom, ya gina maka ƙofofin yankin[...] |- |'''Layin 2''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤊𐤊𐤋.𐤌𐤎𐤁𐤁.𐤏𐤋𐤊.𐤌𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤕𐤍[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] ככל . מסבב . עלך . מת ימתן [...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''kkl.msbb.‘lk.mtymtn'''[...]}} |[...] cewa duk wanda ya yi maka barazana tabbas zai mutu[...] |- |'''Layin 3''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤊𐤇𐤃.𐤀𐤊𐤇𐤃𐤌.𐤅𐤊𐤋.𐤌𐤏𐤓𐤁[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]כחד . אכחדם . וכל . מערב [...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''kḥd.’kḥdm.wkl.m‘rb'''[...]}} |[...] Tabbas zan hallaka su, da duk wanda ya shiga[...] |- |'''Layin 4''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[𐤌]𐤅𐤁𐤊𐤋.𐤎𐤃𐤓𐤕.𐤉𐤋𐤍𐤍.𐤑𐤃𐤒‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|ובכל . סדרת . ילנן . צדק[ם...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|'''wbkl.sdrt.ylnn.ṣdq'''[m...]}} |[...]kuma a cikin dukkan ginshiƙanta masu adalci za su zauna[...] |- |'''Layin 5''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤋.𐤕𐤃𐤋𐤕.𐤁𐤈𐤍.𐤊𐤓𐤄[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] ל . תדלת . בטן כרה[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''l.tdlt.bṭn.krh'''[...]}} |[...] za a rataye kayan ado daga ƙofofinta[...] |- |'''Layin 6''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤄.𐤕𐤔𐤕𐤏.𐤁𐤁𐤍.𐤀𐤋𐤌[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]ה תשתע . בבן . אלם[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''h.tšt‘.bbn.’lm'''[...]}} |[...] za a miƙa shi a cikin tashar ta[...] |- |'''Layin 7''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤄.𐤅𐤍[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]ושלוה ונ[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''wšlwh.wn'''[...]}} |[...] da aminci[...] |- |'''Layin 8''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...𐤋𐤌]𐤔𐤋𐤌.𐤋𐤄.𐤅𐤔[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[... לם]שלם לה וש[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''šlm.lh.wš'''[lm...]}} |[...] zaman lafiya a gare ku da kuma pe[ace...] |} == Bayanan littattafai == *   * Cross, Frank Moore (1969). "Littattafai na Epigraphic akan 'Ammān Citadel Inscription'. ''BASOR'' '''193''', shafi na 13-19.&nbsp; * Fulco, William J. (1978). "Rubuce-rubucen 'Ammān Citadel: Sabon Haɗin". ''BASOR'' '''230''', shafuffuka na 39-43.&nbsp; * Horn, Siegfried (1969). "Rubuce-rubucen Ammān Citadel". ''BASOR'' '''193''', shafi na 2-13.&nbsp; * {{Cite journal |last=Shea |first=William H. |year=1981 |title=The Amman Citadel Inscription Again |journal=[[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]] |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=105–110 |doi=10.1080/00310328.1981.11910756}} == Shafukan yanar gizo == * [http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/westsem/citadel.html Rubutun Amman Citadel] a kchancon.com == Manazarta == pcio4ssfa5xpgljducyz6bi4yo7ctrq Placenta accreta spectrum 0 178554 967447 964656 2026-10-14T01:44:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 7 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967447 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Placenta_accreta.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nau'o'in placenta accreta da yaduwarsu. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Obstetrics|Masu haihuwa]] |} '''Placenta accreta spectrum''' (PAS), wanda kuma ake kira ''placenta mai mannewa'' shine yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda ke faruwa lokacin da duk ko wani ɓangare na placenta ya haɗu da ''myometrium'' (tsakiyar tsoka na bangon mahaifa) yayin daukar ciki. An fara rubuta wannan yanayin a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita a 1927. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jauniaux |first=Eric |last2=Jurkovic |first2=Davor |last3=Hussein |first3=Ahmed M. |last4=Burton |first4=Graham J. |date=2022-09-01 |title=New insights into the etiopathology of placenta accreta spectrum |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00167-3/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=227 |issue=3 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2022.02.038 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=35248577 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Gynecology da Obstetrics (FIGO) ta bayyana maki uku, waɗanda da farko aka kira su ''accreta'', ''Increta'', da percreta don tsananin tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jauniaux |first=Eric |last2=Ayres-de-Campos |first2=Diogo |last3=Langhoff-Roos |first3=Jens |last4=Fox |first4=Karin A. |last5=Collins |first5=Sally |last6=FIGO Placenta Accreta Diagnosis and Management Expert Consensus Panel |date=2019 |title=FIGO classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders, |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijgo.12761 |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |language=en |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=20–24 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.12761 |issn=1879-3479 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haɗuwa mara kyau ga myometrium, PAS yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari na zubar da jini mai yawa, zubar da jinin jini mai tsanani, a lokacin ƙoƙarin isar da farji. Wannan yana haifar da mutane da yawa don isar da su ta hanyar Sashe na caesarean.<ref name=":0" /> Bukatar ƙarin jini yana da yawa, kuma ana buƙatar cire mahaifa ta hanyar tiyata (hysterectomy) a wasu lokuta don sarrafa zubar da jini mai barazana ga rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Zachary L. |last2=Sehgal |first2=Shailen S. |last3=Arsdalen |first3=Keith N. Van |last4=Goldstein |first4=Irwin S. |year=2014 |title=Placenta Percreta With Invasion into the Urinary Bladder |journal=Urology Case Reports |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–32 |doi=10.1016/j.eucr.2013.11.010 |pmc=4733000 |pmid=26955539}}</ref> Yawan placenta accreta yana ƙaruwa, har ma sun fi girma a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":0" /> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa placenta accreta ya shafi 1 cikin mata 272 tare da binciken fitar da asibiti a Amurka.<ref name="rate">{{Cite journal |last=Society of Gynecologic Oncology |last2=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine |last3=Cahill |first3=Alison G. |last4=Beigi |first4=Richard |last5=Heine |first5=R. Phillips |last6=Silver |first6=Robert M. |last7=Wax |first7=Joseph R. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=219 |issue=6 |pages=B2–B16 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.042 |issn=1097-6868 |pmid=30471891 |s2cid=53793068 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, karuwar yaduwar PAS a cikin shekaru da yawa ya kasance babban dalilin cututtuka da mutuwa tsakanin mata masu juna biyu, kuma ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da karuwar haihuwa ta hanyar caesarean.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Karin A. |last2=Shamshirsaz |first2=Alireza A. |last3=Carusi |first3=Daniela |last4=Secord |first4=Angeles Alvarez |last5=Lee |first5=Paula |last6=Turan |first6=Ozhan M. |last7=Huls |first7=Christopher |last8=Abuhamad |first8=Alfred |last9=Simhan |first9=Hyagriv |last10=Barton |first10=John |last11=Wright |first11=Jason |last12=Silver |first12=Robert |last13=Belfort |first13=Michael A. |date=2015-12-01 |title=Conservative management of morbidly adherent placenta: expert review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937815003981 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=213 |issue=6 |pages=755–760 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.034 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=25935779 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Halitta == Pathogenesis na PAS ya haɗa da samar da wani abu mai ƙarfi da zurfi da ke da alaƙa da bango na mahaifa ta hanyar placenta. Bugu da kari, akwai yiwuwar rashin decidua basalis da ci gaban da ba cikakke ba na Layer na Nitabuch. Da ke ƙasa akwai nau'o'i uku na placenta accreta spectrum, wanda za'a iya rarrabe shi ta hanyar zurfin shiga cikin bango na mahaifa. {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Irin wannan !Kashi !Bayyanawa |- |Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta |75–78% |Placenta ''Chorionic villi'' yana da ƙarfi ga myometrium, maimakon a ƙuntata shi a cikin decidua basalis; duk da haka, ba ya shiga ciki. Wannan nau'in yanayin yana da kusan kashi 75% na dukkan lokuta. |- |Placenta Increta |17% |Yana faruwa ne lokacin da placenta ''Chorionic villi'' ya mamaye cikin ''myometrium''. |- |Kwayar halitta |5–7% |Hanyar mafi haɗari na yanayin tana faruwa ne lokacin da placenta ''Chorionic villi'' ya shiga cikin dukkan myometrium, kuma ya mamaye ta hanyar perimetrium (serosa na mahaifa) zuwa bango na mahaifa. Wannan bambancin na iya haifar da placenta da ke haɗe da wasu gabobin kamar su rectum ko urinary bladder. |- |} Mata suna fuskantar cututtukan da suka fi girma tare da placenta percreta idan aka kwatanta da placenta accreta da increta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pather |first=Selvan |last2=Strockyj |first2=Sasha |last3=Richards |first3=Antony |last4=Campbell |first4=Neil |last5=de Vries |first5=Brad |last6=Ogle |first6=Robert |date=2014 |title=Maternal outcome after conservative management of placenta percreta at caesarean section: A report of three cases and a review of the literature |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajo.12149 |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=84–87 |doi=10.1111/ajo.12149 |issn=1479-828X |pmid=24471850 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokuta na placenta percreta, inda mahaifar ta shiga cikin ciki da kuma ta hanyar myometrium zuwa ga bututun ko rectum, ana ba da shawara sosai don kauce wa duk wani yunkuri na cire placenta.<ref name=":1" /> Barin kwayar halitta ''a wurin'', ba cire shi ba bayan haihuwa, ya kasance wani ɓangare na gudanarwar ra'ayin mazan jiya na PAS da aka tattauna daga baya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Diagnosis == Lokacin da aka yi bincike na antepartum na placenta accreta, yawanci ya dogara ne akan binciken ultrasound a cikin watanni uku na biyu ko na uku. Binciken sonographic wanda zai iya nuna alamar placenta accreta sun hada da: G * Rashin yankin hypo-echoic na yau da kullun * Multiple vascular lacunae (rashin daidaituwa na vascular) a cikin placenta, yana ba da "Swiss cuku" bayyanar * Jinin jini ko kwayar halitta da ke ratsa uterine-placental margin, myometrial-bladder interface, ko ƙetare uterine serosa * Retroplacental myometrial kauri na <1 mm&nbsp; * Jiragen ruwa masu yawa da aka gani tare da ikon 3-dimensional Doppler a cikin hangen nesa Binciken ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kuma yana shafar bambancin mai lura da juna; <ref name="pmid25425372">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bowman ZS, Eller AG, Kennedy AM, Richards DS, Winter TC, Woodward PJ, Silver RM |date=December 2014 |title=Interobserver variability of sonography for prediction of placenta accreta |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=2153–8 |doi=10.7863/ultra.33.12.2153 |pmid=25425372 |s2cid=22246937 |doi-access=}}</ref> gazawar ganewar asali da rashin ganewar asali sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta masu shakku yana yiwuwa a yi ma'aunin nukiliya (MRI) na kwatangwalo, wanda ke da kyakkyawar fahimta da takamaiman wannan cuta.<ref name="pmid24515654">{{Cite journal |vauthors=D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A |date=July 2014 |title=Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.1002/uog.13327 |pmid=24515654 |s2cid=9237117}}</ref> Binciken MRI da ke da alaƙa da placenta accreta sun haɗa da bands T2 masu duhu, kumburawar mahaifa, da asarar duhu T2 dubawa.<ref name="BalcacerPahade2016">{{Cite journal |last=Balcacer |first=Patricia |last2=Pahade |first2=Jay |last3=Spektor |first3=Michael |last4=Staib |first4=Lawrence |last5=Copel |first5=Joshua A. |last6=McCarthy |first6=Shirley |year=2016 |title=Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Sonography in the Diagnosis of Placental Invasion |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1445–1456 |doi=10.7863/ultra.15.07040 |issn=0278-4297 |pmid=27229131 |s2cid=46662788 |doi-access=}}</ref> Kodayake akwai rahotanni na musamman na placenta accreta da aka gano a cikin farkon watanni uku ko a lokacin zubar da ciki < shekaru 20 na ciki, darajar tsinkaya na farkon watanni uku na ultrasound don wannan ganewar asali ba a sani ba. Mata da ke da placenta previa ko "placenta mai ƙasƙanci" wanda ke rufe alamar mahaifa a farkon cikin ciki ya kamata a yi amfani da hotunan biye-biye a cikin watanni uku tare da mai da hankali ga yiwuwar kasancewar placenta accreta. Duk da wahalar gano PAS, akwai abubuwa masu haɗari da yawa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen ganowa. == Abubuwan haɗari == Wani muhimmin haɗari ga placenta accreta shine placenta previa a gaban alamar mahaifa. Placenta previa wani abu ne mai haɗari mai zaman kansa ga placenta accreta. Ƙarin abubuwan haɗari da aka ruwaito don placenta accreta sun haɗa da shekarun uwa da yawa, wasu tiyata na mahaifa na baya, curettage na mahaifa, radiation na mahaifa، Ablation na endometrial, ciwon Asherman, leiomyomata, anomalies na mahaifa. Duk wani abu mai banƙyama a cikin bangon mahaifa, ko yana sama ko zurfi, na iya haifar da PAS, saboda wannan abu mai ban mamaki yana taimaka wa blastocyst don dasa shi a kan bangon mahaija a wannan wuri.<ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon yanayin yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Cutar Asherman daga aikin tiyata na mahaifa da ya gabata, musamman daga fadadawa da curettage na baya, (wanda ake amfani dashi don alamomi da yawa ciwo har da [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]], zubar da jini, da zubar jini bayan haihuwa), myomectomy, <ref name="Capella">{{Cite journal |last=Capella-Allouc |first=S. |last2=Morsad |first2=F |last3=Rongières-Bertrand |first3=C |last4=Taylor |first4=S |last5=Fernandez |first5=H |year=1999 |title=Hysteroscopic treatment of severe Asherman's syndrome and subsequent fertility |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1230–3 |doi=10.1093/humrep/14.5.1230 |pmid=10325268 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko sashin caesarean.<ref name="Al Serehi">{{Cite journal |last=Al-Serehi |first=A |last2=Mhoyan |first2=A |last3=Brown |first3=M |last4=Benirschke |first4=K |last5=Hull |first5=A |last6=Pretorius |first6=DH |year=2008 |title=Placenta accreta: An association with fibroids and Asherman syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ultrasound-in-medicine_2008-11_27_11/page/1623 |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1623–8 |doi=10.7863/jum.2008.27.11.1623 |pmid=18946102 |s2cid=833810}}</ref> An yi la'akari da haihuwar ta hanyar caesarean shine babban abin da ke haifar da mata don bunkasa PAS da placenta previa saboda lalacewar nama daga haihuwar.<ref name=":0" /> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan haihuwa a Amurka ta hanyar sashi na caesarean. Binciken tsarin ya gano cewa bayar da kwayar cutar ta kara yawan abin da ya faru na placenta previa. Bugu da ƙari, matan da ke da placenta previa da akalla haihuwar caesarean 3 sun fi dacewa da haɓaka placenta accreta fiye da waɗanda ke da previa kuma ba su da tarihin haihuwar caisarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Nicole E. |last2=Fu |first2=Rongwei |last3=Guise |first3=Jeanne-Marie |date=2011-09-01 |title=Impact of multiple cesarean deliveries on maternal morbidity: a systematic review |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(11)00763-0/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=205 |issue=3 |pages=262.e1–262.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.035 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=22071057 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani yanke shawara mai laushi na iya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan mamayewar trophoblastic. Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa yawan abin da ya faru ya fi girma lokacin da tayin ya zama mace. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da ƙananan placenta, placenta na baya, lahani na haihuwa ko na mahaifa (kamar uterine septa), leiomyoma, yaduwar placenta (ciki har da ciki na cornual). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimonovitz |first=S |last2=Hurwitz, A |last3=Dushnik, M |last4=Anteby, E |last5=Geva-Eldar, T |last6=Yagel, S |date=September 1994 |title=Developmental regulation of the expression of 72 and 92 kd type IV collagenases in human trophoblasts: a possible mechanism for control of trophoblast invasion. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_1994-09_171_3/page/832 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=832–8 |doi=10.1016/0002-9378(94)90107-4 |pmid=7522400}}</ref><ref name="acog">{{Cite journal |last=ACOG Committee on Obstetric |first=Practice |date=January 2002 |title=ACOG Committee opinion. Number 266, January 2002: placenta accreta. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2002-01_99_1/page/169 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=169–70 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01748-3 |pmid=11777527}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu sama da shekaru 35 waɗanda suka yi wani sashi na caesarian kuma yanzu suna da placenta previa da ke rufe da alamar mahaifa suna da damar 40% na placenta accreta, wanda ya zo tare da kowane rikitarwa. == Matsalolin PAS == * Lalacewar gabobin gida (misali, hanji, bututu, mahaifa da tsarin jijiyoyi a cikin retroperitoneum da bangon gefen pelvic daga shigar da placental da cire shi) * zubar da jini bayan tiyata wanda ke buƙatar tiyata akai-akai * Amniotic fluid embolism * Matsalolin (kamar dilutional coagulopathy, consumptive coagulupathy, halayen jini mai tsanani, raunin huhu da ke da alaƙa da jini, ciwon damuwa mai tsanani na numfashi, da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki) wanda ya haifar da ƙarin jini mai yawa, crystalloids, da sauran masu fadada girma * thromboembolism na bayan tiyata, [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], gazawar gabobin multisystem, da [[Mutuwar uwa]]. Ba a san ainihin abin da ya faru na mutuwar uwa da ke da alaƙa da placenta accreta da matsalolin ta ba, amma yana da mahimmanci, <ref name="pmid26642997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Selman AE |date=April 2016 |title=Caesarean hysterectomy for placenta praevia/accreta using an approach via the pouch of Douglas |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=815–9 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.13762 |pmc=5064651 |pmid=26642997}}</ref> musamman idan fitsari yana da hannu. <ref name="pmid12050959">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Washecka R, Behling A |date=April 2002 |title=Urologic complications of placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hawaii-medical-journal_2002-04_61_4/page/66 |journal=Hawaii Medical Journal |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=66–9 |pmid=12050959}}</ref> == Magani da gudanarwa == === Magani === Magani na iya zama haihuwa ta hanyar sashi na caesarean da hysterectomy na ciki idan an gano placenta accreta kafin haihuwa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Oyelese |first=Yinka |last2=Smulian |first2=John C. |year=2006 |title=Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, and Vasa Previa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2006-04_107_4/page/927 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=927–41 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 |pmid=16582134 |s2cid=22774083}}</ref> Ana amfani da Oxytocin da maganin rigakafi don gudanar da aikin tiyata. Lokacin da aka raba placenta tare da mayar da hankali, cire placenta na iya zama mai ma'ana idan matsayin uwa ya kasance mai ɗorewa. Idan yana da mahimmanci a ceci mahaifar mace (don daukar ciki na gaba) to, sakewa a kusa da kwayar halitta na iya samun nasara. Magani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya zama adana mahaifa amma bazai yi nasara ba kuma yana da haɗarin rikitarwa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Hanyoyin sun hada da: * Barin kwayar halitta a cikin mahaifa da curettage na mahaifa. An yi amfani da Methotrexate a wannan yanayin. * Intrauterine balloon catheterization don matsawa jijiyoyin jini * Embolisation na tasoshin pelvic * Ƙarƙashin jijiyar iliac na ciki * Ƙarƙashin jijiyoyin mahaifa A lokuta inda akwai mamayewar kwayar cuta da jijiyoyin jini a cikin hanji, ana bi da shi ta hanyar da ta yi kama da ciki na ciki kuma ana kauce wa cire kwayar cutawa. Koyaya, wannan na iya buƙatar hysterectomy da / ko Cystectomy na ɓangare. Idan mai haƙuri ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da haihuwa ta hanyar jima'i, ana kiyaye kayan jini don ƙarin jini da likitan anesthesiologist a shirye a lokacin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee On Obstetric |first=Practice |year=2002 |title=Placenta accreta Number 266, January 2002 Committee on Obstetric Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-gynecology-obstetrics_2002-04_77_1/page/77 |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=77–8 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7292(02)80003-0 |pmid=12053897 |s2cid=42076480}}</ref> === Gudanarwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya === Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya na PAS wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don kauce wa hysterectomy, cirewar mahaifa gaba ɗaya. Barin placenta ''a wurin'' kuma ba cire shi ba shine babban hanyar, musamman ga waɗanda ke fuskantar placenta percreta, kamar yadda binciken ya nuna cewa yana iya rage yawan zubar da jini ko haɗarin raunin nama wanda zai iya haifar da hysterectomy.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, wannan hanya ce mai amfani ga uwaye da ke son haihuwa da yawa a nan gaba. Kodayake wannan hanyar ta yi nasara, binciken ya nuna cewa barin placenta ''a wurin'' ya haifar da wasu mummunan sakamako, gami da jinkirin zubar da jini, endomyometritis, da [[sepsis]] (rashin lafiya na tsarin da zai iya haifar da rashin aiki na jiki). Bincike na tsari ya nuna nau'o'i daban-daban game da sakamakon kashi na mata tare da placenta ''a wurin'': <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> * Kashi 61% sun sami rikitarwa na baya-bayan nan * 22-58% da ake buƙata hysterectomy * 60-65% ana buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin * Kashi 51 cikin 100 sun samu zubar da jini bayan haihuwa * 42% sun fuskanci manyan cututtuka * Kashi 78% sun riƙe mahaifarsu Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an yi amfani da methotrexate don taimakawa wajen sake shan kwayar halitta a lokuta na kwayar halitta. Ya nuna nasara wajen taimakawa wajen rage vascularity na mahaifa bayan ciki. Koyaya, mata a kan methotrexate ba za su iya shayar da nono ba, wanda zai iya yin mummunar tasiri ga haɗin uwa, haɗewar jariri, da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa.<ref name=":1" /> Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka bar placenta ''a wurin'', yana buƙatar la'akari da haɗarin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci da kuma sa ido na dogon lokaci. Ana ba da shawarar ba da shawara mai kyau kafin a gudanar da wannan hanyar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Kodayake tsarin yana da haɗari mai yuwuwa, ana kula da kulawar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a hankali tare da sakamako mai kyau a wasu lokuta na fasalin placenta accreta (PAS). == Rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya == Babu bincike mai yawa game da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da mata tare da Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS). Koyaya, yawancin binciken da ke akwai sun gano cewa babu bambanci a cikin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya a cikin sakamakon uwa na PAS don cututtukan jarirai, lokacin ganewar asali, da kuma kula da cututtukani da aka tsara, tsakanin kabilanci da kabilanci daban-daban. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya har ma bayan bayanan suna daidaitawa don dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, shekaru, ma'aikata da BMI.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Alexa |last2=Lambert |first2=Calvin |last3=Yanik |first3=Megan |last4=Nathan |first4=Lisa |last5=Rosenberg |first5=Henri M. |last6=Tavella |first6=Nicola |last7=Bianco |first7=Angela |last8=Futterman |first8=Itamar |last9=Haberman |first9=Shoshana |last10=Griffin |first10=Myah M. |last11=Limaye |first11=Meghana |last12=Owens |first12=Thomas |last13=Brustman |first13=Lois |last14=Wu |first14=Haotian |last15=Dar |first15=Pe'er |date=2024-07-01 |title=Investigation of health inequities in maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients with placenta accreta spectrum: a multicenter study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589-9333(24)00112-5 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM |language=English |volume=6 |issue=7 |doi=10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101386 |issn=2589-9333 |pmid=38761887 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin rashin lafiyar zamantakewa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da PAS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tavella |first=Nicola Francesco |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Henri Mitchell |last3=Mills |first3=Alexandra |last4=Owens |first4=Thomas |last5=Brustman |first5=Lois |last6=Doulaveris |first6=Georgios |last7=Haberman |first7=Shoshana |last8=Limaye |first8=Meghana |last9=Janevic |first9=Teresa |last10=Jessel |first10=Rebecca Hope |last11=Bianco |first11=Angela Teresa |date=2024-10-13 |title=Examining associations between social vulnerability and maternal morbidity among a multicentre cohort of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorder in New York City |journal=BMJ Public Health |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjph-2024-001083 |issn=2753-4294 |pmc=11816871 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya na kabilanci da launin fata da rashin daidaito a cikin zamantakewa dangane da PAS labari ne mai kyau; duk da haka, ana buƙatar gudanar da bincike don gano idan wasu dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma samun damar kiwon lafiya zasu iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na kiwon lafiyar PAS. Wannan binciken zai kasance mai fa'ida musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar baƙi, tunda suna fuskantar abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieto Calvache |first=Albaro José |last2=Hidalgo |first2=Alejandra |last3=López |first3=María Camila |last4=Vergara-Galliadi |first4=Lina María |last5=Nieto-Calvache |first5=Alejandro Solo |date=December 2022 |title=Placenta accreta spectrum in vulnerable population: How to provide care for pregnant refugees struggling to access affordable healthcare |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=35 |issue=25 |pages=5031–5034 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2021.1874906 |issn=1476-4954 |pmid=33455510}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Rahoton ya ce yawan haihuwar placenta ya karu daga kimanin 0.8 cikin 1000 a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa 3 cikin 1000 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} . Rahotanni da suka faru sun karu tare da karuwar yawan haihuwa, tare da yawan 1 a cikin ciki 4,027 a cikin shekarun 1970s, 1 a cikin 2,510 a cikin shekarun 1980, da 1 a cikin 533 na 1982-2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Committee on Obstetric Practice |title=Placenta Accreta |url=http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Placenta_Accreta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123013603/http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Placenta_Accreta |archive-date=2016-11-23 |access-date=2014-08-22 |website=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ACOG ta kiyasta cewa abin da ya faru ya karu sau 10 a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref name="acog" /> Hadarin placenta accreta a cikin haihuwa na gaba bayan sashi na cesarean shine 0.4-0.8%. Ga marasa lafiya tare da placenta previa, haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan sassan cesarean da suka gabata, tare da ƙimar 3%, 11%, 40%, 61%, da 67% na farko, na biyu, na uku, na huɗu, da na biyar ko mafi yawan sassan Cesarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silver |first=R.M. |last2=Landon |first2=M.B. |last3=Rouse |first3=D.J. |last4=Leveno |first4=K.J. |last5=Spong |first5=C.Y. |last6=Thom |first6=E.A. |last7=Moawad |first7=A.H. |last8=Caritis |first8=S. N. |last9=Harper |first9=M. |last10=Wapner |first10=R. J. |last11=Sorokin |first11=Y |last12=Miodovnik |first12=M |last13=Carpenter |first13=M |last14=Peaceman |first14=A. M. |last15=O'Sullivan |first15=M. J. |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2006-06_107_6/page/1226 |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=1226–32 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84 |pmid=16738145 |s2cid=257455}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa placenta accreta ya shafi 1 cikin mata 272 tare da binciken fitar da asibiti a Amurka, mafi girma fiye da duk wani binciken da aka buga a baya.<ref name="rate" /> Bayani game da yawan ci gaban placenta accreta da rikitarwa ba a tattara shi ba. A cikin 2026 an ruwaito cewa binciken da aka yi a Amurka da Isra'ila ya ba da shawarar yaduwar daya daga cikin 111 na dukkan mata masu juna biyu. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mata masu juna biyu su san wannan yanayin, abubuwan haɗarinsa, magani da gudanarwa, don tabbatar da lafiyarsu da lafiyar jaririnsu, da kuma hana rikitarwa a duk lokacin daukar ciki. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.preventaccreta.org/ Gidauniyar Accreta ta Kasa] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5vm2gtaas1f8magafg0icafdsykw2j0 Sashe na kwayar cuta 0 178555 967402 964667 2026-10-13T23:20:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967402 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin]] [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], abubuwan abiotic ko abubuwan abiotics sune abubuwan da ba su da rai da kuma sassan jiki na muhalli waɗanda ke shafar halittu masu rai da aikin yanayin halittu. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta da abubuwan da ke tattara su suna haifar da ilimin halitta gaba ɗaya. Suna shafar nau'o'in halittu masu yawa, a duk nau'ukan yanayin muhalli, kamar dabbobi na Ruwa ko na ƙasa. [[Ɗan Adam|Mutane]] na iya [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|yin ko canza]] abubuwan abiotic a cikin yanayin jinsin. Misali, [[taki]] na iya shafar mazaunin [[Dodon kodi|kwari]], ko iskar gas din da mutane ke amfani da ita na iya canza matakan pH na ruwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin jiki da albarkatun da ba su da rai waɗanda ke shafar kwayoyin halitta masu rai dangane da girma, kulawa, da haifuwa. Ana rarraba albarkatun a matsayin abubuwa ko abubuwa a cikin mahalli da wani kwayoyin ke buƙata kuma an cinye su ko kuma ba a samu su ba don amfani da wasu kwayoyin. Rashin lalacewar abu yana faruwa ta hanyar sinadarai ko matakai na jiki, misali hydrolysis. Dukkanin abubuwan da ba su da rai na tsarin halittu, kamar Yanayin yanayi da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]], ana kiransu abubuwan abiotic. == Abubuwan da suka shafi == A cikin ilimin halitta, abubuwan abiotic na iya haɗawa da [[ruwa]], [[haske]], [[Rashin haske|radiation]], [[Temperature|zafin jiki]], [[danshi]], yanayi, [[Acid|acidity]], salinity, hazo, tsawo, ma'adanai, raƙuman ruwa, [[ruwan sama]], abubuwan gina jiki na oxygen, da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. Yanayin macroscopic sau da yawa yana tasiri ga kowane ɗayan da ke sama. Hakanan ana iya la'akari da matsin lamba da [[Sauti|raƙuman sauti]] a cikin mahallin ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa. Abubuwan halittu a cikin yanayin teku sun haɗa da bayyanar iska, substrate, tsabtace ruwa, Hasken rana da raƙuman ruwa.<ref name="National Geographic Education">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Ocean Abiotic Factors |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/Ocean_Abiotic_Factors_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025354/https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/Ocean_Abiotic_Factors_1.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-05-05 |publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Yi la'akari da bambance-bambance a cikin injiniyoyi na tsirrai na C3, C4, da CAM a cikin daidaita kwararrar [[carbon dioxide]] zuwa Tsarin Calvin-Benson dangane da abubuwan damuwa na abiotic. Tsire-tsire na C3 ba su da hanyoyin sarrafa photorespiration, yayin da tsire-tsaire na C4 da CAM ke amfani da enzyme na PEP carboxylase daban don hana photorespiration, don haka kara yawan amfanin matakai na [[photosynthesis]] a wasu mahalli masu ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chuali |last2=Guo |first2=Longyun |last3=Li |first3=Yixue |last4=Wang |first4=Zhuo |date=2012 |title=Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis |journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=6 |issue=59 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-6-S2-S9 |pmc=3521184 |pmid=23281598 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubisco and C4 Plants |url=http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/066/Rubisco%20and%20C4%20plants.pdf?v=1353967268963 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324164154/http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/066/Rubisco%20and%20C4%20plants.pdf?v=1353967268963 |archive-date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2017-05-05 |website=RSC: Advancing the Chemical Sciences |publisher=RSC}}</ref> == Misalan == Yawancin Archea suna buƙatar yanayin zafi mai yawa, matsin lamba, ko ƙididdigar sinadarai masu ban mamaki kamar sulfur; wannan saboda ƙwarewarsu ne a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Bugu da kari, ƙwayoyin cuta sun samo asali ne don tsira a zafin jiki, danshi, da kwanciyar hankali na mahallinsu.<ref name="UWC">{{Cite web |title=Abiotic Components |url=http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425160041/http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/SCI_ED/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm |archive-date=2005-04-25 |publisher=Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, [[University of the Western Cape]]}}</ref> Misali, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin samun ruwa da danshi tsakanin gandun daji da hamada. Wannan bambanci a cikin wadatar ruwa yana haifar da bambancin halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan abiotic suna canza nau'in da ke akwai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar iyakokin abin da nau'in zasu iya rayuwa a cikin muhalli da kuma rinjayar gasa tsakanin nau'o'i biyu. Abubuwan halittu irin su salinity na iya ba da nau'i nau'in gasa akan wani, haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance da canji na nau'in zuwa kuma daga masu fafatawa da ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunson |first=William A. |date=November 1991 |title=The Role of Abiotic Factors in Community Organization |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1991-11_138_5/page/1067 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=1067–1091 |doi=10.1086/285270 |jstor=2462508 |s2cid=84867707}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Sashe na kwayoyin halitta, wani bangare mai rai na tsarin halittu wanda ke shafar da kuma tsara shi. * Abiogenesis, tsari na sannu a hankali na ƙara rikitarwa na wadanda ba su da rai a cikin abubuwa masu rai. * Tsarin nitrogen * Tsarin phosphorus == Bayanan da aka ambata == r1vg5j4gynvo4u759pjm1itp2ociif5 Ceratitis capitata 0 178680 967453 965521 2026-10-14T02:10:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwaro na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwaro ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf |access-date=2026-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621140957/https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-entomology_1986-06_79_3/page/614 |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-insect-physiology_1995-08_41_8/page/705 |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-insect-physiology_1988_34_2/page/91 |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Fisher KT, Hill AR, Sproul AN |date=1985 |title=Eradication of ''Ceratitis Capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00228.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref>   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == acugpxgykspnj6x8wxnc8rptkw7kt2p Cutar ƙwayar cuta ta De Quervain 0 178682 967271 965358 2026-10-13T19:32:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 11 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De Quervain's thyroiditis, '''wanda aka fi sani da ''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis'' ko '''''giant cell thyroiditis'''''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na ''glandar thyroid''. De Quervain thyroiditis yana tattare da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, kumburin makoshi, da ciwon wuya. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. Cutar ''De Quervain's thyroiditis'' na da alaka da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da ''mumps'', ''adenovirus'', da ''enterovirus''. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. Ana gano cutar ''De Quervain thyroiditis'' ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na ''C-reactive'' da kuma yawan ''erythrocyte''. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan ''glucocorticoid'' don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomin gane cuta == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1971-07_51_1/page/97 |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2006-05-15_73_10/page/1769 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2003-06-26_348_26/page/2646 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Siloli == De Quervain's thyroiditis na da alaka da ƙwayoyin cutab [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da ''mumps'', <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> ''adenovirus'', <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> ''Epstein-Barr virus'', <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus|''cytomegalovirus'']], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> ''coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1991-06-15_114_12/page/n138 |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-endocrinology-and-metabolism_1967-09_27_9/page/1275 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.''<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-endocrinology-and-metabolism_1977-08_45_2/page/270 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyoyin kamuwa == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken gano cuta == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cytopathology_1994-02_5_1/page/33 |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2000-02-15_61_4/page/1047 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2006-05-15_73_10/page/1769 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-06-29_359_9325/page/2275 |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ultrasound-in-medicine_2013-03_32_3/page/505 |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == h9pahxp9mamjg8jizo9gxrwx30nkain Binciken cututtukan MRNA 0 178751 967415 965505 2026-10-13T23:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Workflow_of_Blood-based_mRNA_Tests_on_Cancers.svg|thumb|350x350px| Aikin gwajin mRNA na jini akan takamaiman cututtukan daji.]] Fasahar '''gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA''' hanyoyin gano cututtuka ne ta amfani da RNAs na manzo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Junhong |last2=Grosely |first2=Rosslyn |last3=Prabhakar |first3=Arjun |last4=Lapointe |first4=Christopher P. |last5=Wang |first5=Jinfan |last6=Puglisi |first6=Joseph D. |date=2018-06-20 |title=How Messenger RNA and Nascent Chain Sequences Regulate Translation Elongation |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=87 |pages=421–449 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014818 |issn=1545-4509 |pmc=6594189 |pmid=29925264}}</ref> a matsayin kayan aikin gano ƙwayoyin halitta don gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin DNA na majiyyaci da takamaiman siffofin halittunsu. An yi amfani da fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA a fannin likitanci sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman kan gano ciwace-ciwacen da wuri (kamar cutar kansar ƙwayoyin koda, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Xing |last2=Tian |first2=Feng |last3=Guo |first3=Fei |last4=Zhang |first4=Fangxing |last5=Zhang |first5=Huiyong |last6=Ji |first6=Jin |last7=Zhao |first7=Lin |last8=He |first8=Jingyi |last9=Xiao |first9=Yutian |last10=Li |first10=Longman |last11=Wei |first11=Chunmeng |last12=Huang |first12=Caihong |last13=Li |first13=Yexin |last14=Zhang |first14=Feng |last15=Yang |first15=Bo |date=2022-08-25 |title=Circulating exosomal mRNA signatures for the early diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=270 |doi=10.1186/s12916-022-02467-1 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=9404613 |pmid=36002886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> cutar kansar hanta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tsutsumi |first=M. |last2=Sakamuro |first2=D. |last3=Takada |first3=A. |last4=Zang |first4=S. |last5=Furukawa |first5=T. |last6=Taniguchi |first6=N. |date=May 1996 |title=Detection of a unique γ-glutamyl transpeptidase messenger RNA species closely related to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans: A new candidate for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/abstract/1996/05000/Detection_of_a_unique___glutamyl_transpeptidase.24.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=1093–1097 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230524 |issn=0270-9139 |pmid=8621139}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Omar |first=Haniza |last2=Lim |first2=Chun Ren |last3=Chao |first3=Samuel |last4=Lee |first4=Michelle Mei Lin |last5=Bong |first5=Chin Wei |last6=Ooi |first6=Edie Jian Jiek |last7=Yu |first7=Choon Geok |last8=Tan |first8=Soek Siam |last9=Abu Hassan |first9=Muhammad Radzi |last10=Menon |first10=Jayaram |last11=Muthukaruppan |first11=Raman |last12=Singh |first12=Mandeep |last13=Nik Abdullah |first13=Nik Azim |last14=Ooi |first14=Boon Phoe |last15=Ding |first15=Robert Phooi Huat |date=February 2015 |title=Blood gene signature for early hepatocellular carcinoma detection in patients with chronic hepatitis B |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000112 |issn=1539-2031 |pmid=25569223 |s2cid=20567541}}</ref> [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar nono]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Čelešnik |first=Helena |date=2023-02-08 |title=Blood-Based mRNA Tests as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for Personalised Medicine in Breast Cancer |journal=Cancers |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=1087 |doi=10.3390/cancers15041087 |pmc=9954278 |pmid=36831426 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da [[Ciwon daji na prostate|cutar kansar prostate]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Moul |first=Judd W. |last2=Merseburger |first2=Axel S. |last3=Srivastava |first3=Shiv |date=June 2002 |title=Molecular markers in prostate cancer: the role in preoperative staging |journal=Clinical Prostate Cancer |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |doi=10.3816/cgc.2002.n.006 |issn=1540-0352 |pmid=15046712}}</ref> ). Ana iya amfani da fasahar a nau'ikan samfura daban-daban dangane da yadda samfuran ke cikin sauƙin isa da kuma ko samfuran suna ɗauke da mRNA da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtuka. Misali, a cikin cutar kansar hanta, <ref name=":0" /> kyallen da aka cire a lokacin tiyatar suna da kyau ga gwajin mRNA don yin bincike. Daga cikin waɗannan samfuran da aka fi amfani da su, samfurin jini yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙin isa ta hanyar hanyar da ba ta da amfani sosai. cututtukan da ke lalata jiki. An yi amfani da jini wajen gano wasu cututtuka da wuri, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wurdinger |first=Thomas |last2=In 't Veld |first2=Sjors G. J. G. |last3=Best |first3=Myron G. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Platelet RNA as Pan-Tumor Biomarker for Cancer Detection |journal=Cancer Research |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1371–1373 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3684 |issn=1538-7445 |pmid=32075797 |s2cid=211215420}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imamura |first=Taisuke |last2=Komatsu |first2=Shuhei |last3=Ichikawa |first3=Daisuke |last4=Kawaguchi |first4=Tsutomu |last5=Miyamae |first5=Mahito |last6=Okajima |first6=Wataru |last7=Ohashi |first7=Takuma |last8=Arita |first8=Tomohiro |last9=Konishi |first9=Hirotaka |last10=Shiozaki |first10=Atsushi |last11=Morimura |first11=Ryo |last12=Ikoma |first12=Hisashi |last13=Okamoto |first13=Kazuma |last14=Otsuji |first14=Eigo |date=2016-07-07 |title=Liquid biopsy in patients with pancreatic cancer: Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=22 |issue=25 |pages=5627–5641 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5627 |issn=2219-2840 |pmc=4932201 |pmid=27433079 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamar ciwon huhu mara ƙanana <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotunno |first=Melissa |last2=Hu |first2=Nan |last3=Su |first3=Hua |last4=Wang |first4=Chaoyu |last5=Bertazzi |first5=Pier Alberto |last6=Caporaso |first6=Neil |last7=Taylor |first7=Phil R. |last8=Landi |first8=Maria Teresa |date=2012-10-20 |title=A blood-based gene expression signature of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jco.2012.30.30_suppl.69 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=30_suppl |page=69 |doi=10.1200/jco.2012.30.30_suppl.69 |issn=0732-183X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da ciwon daji na neuroendocrine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malczewska |first=Anna |last2=Bodei |first2=Lisa |last3=Kidd |first3=Mark |last4=Modlin |first4=Irvin M. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Blood mRNA Measurement (NETest) for Neuroendocrine Tumor Diagnosis of Image-Negative Liver Metastatic Disease |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=867–872 |doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01804 |issn=1945-7197 |pmid=30358858}}</ref> == Bayani == Duk da cewa maganin zamani ya daɗe yana bunƙasa, har yanzu muna fuskantar ƙalubale da dama na likitanci. Misali, a cikin ciwon nono, ana duba yanayin jiki guda uku na gargajiya akai-akai don maganin da aka yi niyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Targeted therapy for breast cancer |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/treatment/targeted-therapy |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Canadian Cancer Society |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, ga ciwon nono mai nau'i uku, babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun da za a iya ganowa wanda zai bar shi da mummunan hasashen da kuma yawan mace-mace. Ana amfani da fasahar zamani kamar mRNA don magance irin waɗannan matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya waɗanda har yanzu suke wanzuwa a yau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheung |first=Ka Wan Emily |last2=Choi |first2=Sin-Yu Rachel |last3=Lee |first3=Lok Ting Claire |last4=Lee |first4=Nga Lam Ella |last5=Tsang |first5=Hin Fung |last6=Cheng |first6=Yin Tung |last7=Cho |first7=William Chi Shing |last8=Wong |first8=Elaine Yue Ling |last9=Wong |first9=Sze Chuen Cesar |date=July 2019 |title=The potential of circulating cell free RNA as a biomarker in cancer |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=579–590 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2019.1633307 |issn=1744-8352 |pmid=31215265 |s2cid=195066095}}</ref> === Hanyoyi da aka saba amfani da su wajen gano cututtuka bisa ga mRNA === ; Jerin RNA (jerin RNA) : RNA-seq wata fasaha ce mai yawan amfani da RNA wadda ke ba masana kimiyya damar yin bayanin dukkan RNA ( transcriptome ). Saboda haka, za a iya gano sabbin rubuce-rubuce da matakin bayyana kwayoyin halitta bisa ga ɗakunan karatu na cDNA . Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don gano cutar kansa da kuma tantance magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nie |first=Yue-Hua |last2=Liu |first2=Xiao-Dan |last3=Huang |first3=Ruixue |last4=Xie |first4=Da-Fei |last5=Yin |first5=Wen-Jun |last6=Guan |first6=Hua |last7=Yu |first7=Zi-Jian |last8=Zhou |first8=Ping-Kun |date=2019 |title=Analysis of mRNA Expression Patterns in Peripheral Blood Cells of 3 Patients With Cancer After the First Fraction of 2 Gy Irradiation: An Integrated Case Report and Systematic Review |journal=Dose-Response |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/1559325819833474 |issn=1559-3258 |pmc=6393837 |pmid=30833875}}</ref> ; Juyawan rubutun polymerase sarkar amsawa (RT-PCR) : RT-PCR hanya ce ta gano mRNA da ake amfani da ita sosai. Yana ba da damar jujjuyawar mRNA zuwa cDNA don ƙarin ganewa da cancanta. A farkon shekarar 1992, an yi amfani da RT-PCR a cikin bayyanar kwayar halittar PSA a cikin jinin gefe don gano cutar kansa ta prostate da wuri. <ref name=":3" /> ; PCR na Dijital (dPCR) : dPCR hanya ce ta auna daidaiton ma'aunin farko na mRNA. Ana iya amfani da shi don nazarin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da na epigenetic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molnár |first=Béla |last2=Galamb |first2=Orsolya |last3=Kalmár |first3=Alexandra |last4=Barták |first4=Barbara Kinga |last5=Nagy |first5=Zsófia Brigitta |last6=Tóth |first6=Kinga |last7=Tulassay |first7=Zsolt |last8=Igaz |first8=Péter |last9=Dank |first9=Magdolna |date=June 2019 |title=Circulating cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis - an update |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=477–498 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2019.1613891 |issn=1744-8352 |pmid=31046485 |s2cid=143434977}}</ref> ; Haɗakarwa a cikin wuri (ISH) : ISH hanya ce ta gani ta hanyar amfani da nama don gano mRNA da aka yi niyya a cikin samfuran. "Nama" za a iya ɗaukar samfurin jini. A cikin cutar sankarar myeloid mai tsanani, an yi amfani da ISH a kan samfuran jini na gefe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Gouill |first=S. |last2=Talmant |first2=P. |last3=Milpied |first3=N. |last4=Daviet |first4=A. |last5=Ancelot |first5=M. |last6=Moreau |first6=P. |last7=Harousseau |first7=J. L. |last8=Bataille |first8=R. |last9=Avet-Loiseau |first9=H. |date=April 2000 |title=Fluorescence in situ hybridization on peripheral-blood specimens is a reliable method to evaluate cytogenetic response in chronic myeloid leukemia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_2000-04_18_7/page/1533 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1533–1538 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2000.18.7.1533 |issn=0732-183X |pmid=10735902}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Za a iya taƙaita tsarin aikin gano cutar da aka yi da mRNA a matsayin matakai masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Katie |last2=McAneney |first2=Helen |last3=Smyth |first3=Laura J. |last4=Bailie |first4=Caitlin |last5=McKee |first5=Shane |last6=McKnight |first6=Amy Jayne |date=28 April 2020 |title=A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=107 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01376-x |issn=1750-1172 |pmc=7189570 |pmid=32345347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Mengjie |last2=Hussain |first2=Abid |last3=Yang |first3=Haiyin |last4=Zhang |first4=Jinchao |last5=Liang |first5=Xing-Jie |last6=Huang |first6=Yuanyu |date=1 January 2023 |title=mRNA-based modalities for infectious disease management |journal=Nano Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=672–691 |bibcode=2023NaRes..16..672Z |doi=10.1007/s12274-022-4627-5 |issn=1998-0000 |pmc=9258466 |pmid=35818566}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Katie |last2=McAneney |first2=Helen |last3=Smyth |first3=Laura J. |last4=Bailie |first4=Caitlin |last5=McKee |first5=Shane |last6=McKnight |first6=Amy Jayne |date=December 2020 |title=A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/180078/new-workflow-for-the-analysis-of-mrna-therapeutics/ |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=107 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01376-x |pmc=7189570 |pmid=32345347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Tarin samfurin cutar da aka yi niyya: Samfuran fasahar mRNA na iya zama [[jini]], [[fitsari]], al'adar ƙwayoyin halitta, biopsy na nama, wanke alveola na bronchial, yau, ruwan cerebrospinal . Babban ƙa'idar samun samfuran halitta don gano cututtukan da suka dogara da mRNA shine cewa samfuran sun dace, masu sauƙin isa, masu kiyayewa, masu ɗabi'a da kuma mafi ƙarancin cutarwa. Bugu da ƙari, don wani takamaiman bincike, ya kamata a tattara samfuran cikin wani lokaci don tabbatar da inganci da rage gurɓatattun abubuwa. # Sarrafa RNA: Wannan matakin ya haɗa da cire RNA, juyawar rubutu zuwa cDNA, faɗaɗawa da ganowa. Manufar sarrafa RNA ita ce a cancanta da kuma ƙididdige kwayoyin halittar da ake zargi don ƙarin bincike. # Binciken Bayanai: Bayan samun ingantattun bayanai daga matakin ƙarshe, za a yi amfani da fasahar bioinformatics don ƙarin nazarin bayanan. Akwai kayan aiki da software daban-daban don nazarin bayanai, gami da daidaita bayanai, nazarin ƙididdiga, da kuma yin samfuri. Manufar ita ce a zaɓi takamaiman kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran cututtuka da waɗanda ba na cututtuka ba. Waɗannan kwayoyin halittar da aka zaɓa za a iya gano su a matsayin alamun gano cututtuka don ƙarin tabbatarwa. # Tabbatar da alamar mRNA: Ana zaɓar alamun mRNA ta hanyar hanyoyin bioinformatic. Saboda haka, ya kamata a gwada su da samfuran gaske tare da gwaji mai inganci akan samfuran da aka gano na gaske tare da ganewar asibiti mai tsabta da tsabta. # Amfani da na'urar asibiti: Ana iya gudanar da hanyar ganewar asali ta mRNA don takamaiman cututtuka tare da wasu gwaje-gwajen asibiti don cimma cikakken kimantawa game da yanayin majiyyaci. Gwajin da aka yi bisa mRNA zai iya bai wa ma'aikatan lafiya fassarar matakan RNA da kuma taimakawa wajen samun ƙarin shawarwari kan magani. == Halaye == === Babban hankali === A ɗauki ciwon nono a matsayin misali. Jin daɗin gwajin duban nono na gargajiya na duban nono na iya kaiwa kashi 76%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Hai-long |last2=Zhou |first2=Jiao-qun |last3=Chen |first3=Qiang |last4=Deng |first4=Yong-chuan |date=2021-07-02 |title=Comparison of the sensitivity of mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and combinations of these imaging modalities for the detection of small (≤2 cm) breast cancer |journal=Medicine |language=en-US |volume=100 |issue=26 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000026531 |pmc=8257894 |pmid=34190189}}</ref> Duk da yake ana amfani da hanyar gano mRNA ta jini, ƙarfin ji zai iya kaiwa kashi 80.6%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aarøe |first=Jørgen |last2=Lindahl |first2=Torbjørn |date=2010 |title=Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood cells for early detection of breast cancer |journal=Breast Cancer Res |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=R7 |doi=10.1186/bcr2472 |pmc=2880427 |pmid=20078854 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ma'aunin cancanta da adadi === Fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA tana ba da damar auna mRNA a cikin wasu samfuran, kamar cutar sankarar bargo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gabert |first=J. |last2=Beillard |first2=E. |last3=van der Velden |first3=V. H. J. |last4=Bi |first4=W. |last5=Grimwade |first5=D. |last6=Pallisgaard |first6=N. |last7=Barbany |first7=G. |last8=Cazzaniga |first8=G. |last9=Cayuela |first9=J. M. |last10=Cavé |first10=H. |last11=Pane |first11=F. |last12=Aerts |first12=J. L. E. |last13=De Micheli |first13=D. |last14=Thirion |first14=X. |last15=Pradel |first15=V. |date=December 2003 |title=Standardization and quality control studies of 'real-time' quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fusion gene transcripts for residual disease detection in leukemia - a Europe Against Cancer program |journal=Leukemia |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=2318–2357 |doi=10.1038/sj.leu.2403135 |issn=0887-6924 |pmid=14562125 |s2cid=8961807}}</ref> === Jagorar maganin da aka keɓance === Kamar yadda wasu fasahohi kamar RNA-seq za su iya samar da cikakken bayanin mutum, ana iya haɓaka ganewar cutar da ta dogara da mRNA a fannin likitanci na musamman. A cikin ciwon nono na HER-2, gano matakan bayyanar mRNA na ERBB2 yana da amfani wajen hasashen martanin da za a bayar ga magungunan da ke ɗauke da HER2. === Hanyar gano cutar da kuma hasashenta da wuri === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi da mRNA ta fi saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka kuma ta keɓance ga wasu cututtuka. Ko da yake babu wata alama da ke bayyana, fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi da mRNA na iya zama hanyar tantancewa don canje-canjen farko a matakan RNA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Mark |date=2008 |title=Novel blood-based, five-gene biomarker set for the detection of colorectal cancer |journal=Clin Cancer Res |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1801 |pmid=18203981}}</ref> An lura da yawan bayyanar mRNA na metadherin a cikin jini a cikin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji na hanji]] kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin bambance-bambancen matakan histological <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdel Ghafar |first=Muhammad Tarek |last2=Gharib |first2=Fatma |last3=Abdel-Salam |first3=Sherief |last4=Elkhouly |first4=Reham Abdelkader |last5=Elshora |first5=Ahmed |last6=Shalaby |first6=Khaled H. |last7=El-Guindy |first7=Dina |last8=El-Rashidy |first8=Mohamed Ali |last9=Soliman |first9=Nema A. |last10=Abu-elenin |first10=Mira Maged |last11=Allam |first11=Alzahraa A. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Role of serum Metadherin mRNA expression in the diagnosis and prediction of survival in patients with colorectal cancer |journal=Molecular Biology Reports |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=2509–2519 |doi=10.1007/s11033-020-05334-5 |issn=1573-4978 |pmid=32088817 |s2cid=211234528}}</ref> == Manazarta == men8b32u0gg0s3s9xdhyqbpy5rk7zhb 8-Hydroxyguanosine 0 178754 967458 965526 2026-10-14T02:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 8-Hydroxyguanosine ( 8-OHG ) wani nau'in nucleoside ne na RNA wanda aka samo daga guanosine . Haɗa tushen da aka yi wa oxidation yawanci yana da illa ga tantanin halitta, amma tantanin halitta ya ƙirƙiro hanyoyin hana haɗa RNA da aka yi wa oxidized. Ana amfani da auna matakan 8-hydroxyguanosine a matsayin alamar alama ta damuwa ta oxidative da ke haifar da lalacewar RNA. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cattley RC, Glover SE |title=Elevated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in hepatic DNA of rats following exposure to peroxisome proliferators: relationship to carcinogenesis and nuclear localization |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_carcinogenesis_1993-12_14_12/page/2495 |journal=Carcinogenesis |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2495–2499 |year=1993 |pmid=8269617 |doi=10.1093/carcin/14.12.2495}}</ref>Ana iya gano matakan da suka ƙaru na 8-OHG a cikin samfuran nama kuma su zama alamun alamun cutar da za a yi amfani da su don tantance cutar da wuri. == Halittar Halitta da Sakamakon Halitta == Nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga RNA na tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da samuwar 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nunomura |first=Akihiko |last2=Moreira |first2=Paula I. |last3=Castellani |first3=Rudy J. |last4=Lee |first4=Hyoung-Gon |last5=Zhu |first5=Xiongwei |last6=Smith |first6=Mark A. |last7=Perry |first7=George |date=2012-06-06 |title=Oxidative damage to RNA in aging and neurodegenerative disorders |journal=Neurotoxicity Research |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=231–248 |doi=10.1007/s12640-012-9331-x |issn=1476-3524 |pmid=22669748}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa mai yawa na oxidative, ƙwayoyin halitta suna tara matakan 8-OHG mafi girma a cikin RNA fiye da 8-oxo-dG a cikin DNA. Wannan bambancin zai iya kasancewa saboda dalilai da dama na tsari da muhalli. Ba kamar DNA ba, RNA galibi yana da single-stranded wanda ba shi da kariyar ƙarin haɗin hydrogen. Bugu da ƙari, babban ɓangare na RNA na tantanin halitta yana kusa da mitochondria, yana fallasa shi ga babban tushen ROS na tantanin halitta. Halin RNA na haɗuwa da ions na Fe2 <sup>+ shi</sup> ma yana ƙara haɗarin RNA ga lalacewar oxidative. Iron ɗin yayin da yake ɗaure da RNA, yana hulɗa da hydrogen peroxide ( <sub>H2O2</sub> ) ta hanyar sinadaran <sub>Fenton</sub>, kuma yana samar da free radicals, wanda ke haifar da iskar shaka ta RNA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Min |last2=Gong |first2=Xin |last3=Alluri |first3=Ravi Kumar |last4=Wu |first4=Jinhua |last5=Sablo |first5=Tene' |last6=Li |first6=Zhongwei |date=2012-03-01 |title=Characterization of RNA damage under oxidative stress in Escherichia coli |journal=Biological Chemistry |volume=393 |issue=3 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1515/hsz-2011-0247 |issn=1437-4315 |pmc=3404489 |pmid=22718628}}</ref> Baya ga iskar shaka ta RNA kai tsaye ta hanyar ROS, ana iya samar da 8-OHG ta hanyar haɗa ribonucleotides da aka yi oxidized ta hanyar RNA polymerase yayin kwafi. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan tarin 8-OHG yana kawo cikas ga ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tsoma baki da kuma rage yawan sinadarin furotin. Kasancewar 8-OHG a cikin rubutun mRNA yana kuma kawo cikas ga amincin fassara yayin da 8-OHG zai iya haɗawa da adenine da cytosine, wanda ke haifar da haɗakar amino acid mara kyau a cikin sarkar polypeptide mai girma. Bugu da ƙari, haɗar tushen oxidized a cikin mRNA yana da wuya ya tsaya a ribosome, yana rage samar da furotin kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga tarin furotin. Domin hana lalacewa mai yawa daga ribonucleotides na oxidative, ƙwayoyin halitta sun daidaita hanyoyin rage tasirin illa. <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da ake rubutawa, RNA polymerase ta halitta tana haɗa 8-OH-GTP a ƙanƙantar da sauri idan aka kwatanta da takwararta ta yau da kullun ba tare da lalacewar oxidative ba. Bugu da ƙari, enzymes a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta kamar MutT suna sauƙaƙe samar da 8-OH-GTP zuwa 8-oxo-GMP, wanda ke rage yiwuwar haɗa shi cikin RNA. Idan aka haɗa tushen oxidized cikin RNA, sauyawar tantanin halitta tana aiki daga fassara zuwa lalacewa ta amfani da takamaiman sunadaran kamar PNPase, YB-1, da HNRNPD waɗanda ke ɗaure da kuma ɓoye RNA da ya lalace. Duk da cewa an tsara matakan kariya sosai, wanzuwar ainihin tsarin gyara don RNA mai oxidized har yanzu ba a warware shi ba. == Alamar Halitta == A lokacin damuwa ta oxidative, ana samar da 8-OHG a adadi mai yawa wanda ke aiki a matsayin alamar cutar oxidative. Tunda 8-OHG kuma ana juyawa cikin sauri a cikin jiki, wannan yana bawa 8-OHG damar aiki a matsayin alamar "mai dorewa", yana ba da damar hango girman lalacewar oxidative a lokacin da ake ciki. <ref name=":0" /> Marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon daji na hanji suna nuna yawan 8-OHG a cikin fitsari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Cheng |last2=Chen |first2=Qin |last3=Chen |first3=Jiani |last4=Yu |first4=Jiekai |last5=Hu |first5=Yiqiu |last6=Zhang |first6=Suzhan |last7=Zheng |first7=Shu |date=2020-01-01 |title=8-Hydroxyguanosine as a possible RNA oxidative modification marker in urine from colorectal cancer patients: Evaluation by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157002321931178X |journal=Journal of Chromatography B |volume=1136 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121931 |issn=1570-0232 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Baya ga ciwon daji, ana kuma ganin 8-OHG a cikin manyan matakai a cikin tsofaffi, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, da cututtukan da ke haifar da jijiyoyin jini, ciki har da cutar Alzheimer da cutar Parkinson. Saboda haka, gano 8-OHG a cikin fitsari na iya zama alamar cutar da ba ta da illa ga jiki don gano cutar da wuri. == Duba kuma == * 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine == Manazarta == 1bljlsvypstwa6osg6vi2hdmxbg63do Trypsin 0 178769 967395 965663 2026-10-13T23:04:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trypsins''' wani nau'in enzyme ne wanda sau da yawa ke aiki azaman Enzymes na narkewa a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi. Su ne wani nau'in protease wanda ke nufin suna aiki ta hanyar taimakawa wajen karya alaƙa tsakanin amino acid a cikin sunadarai. Tripsins na narkewa wani bangare ne na matsakaici na narkewar furotin, inda suke yanke dogon sarkar [[Amino acid]] zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori kusa da farkon ƙananan hanji. Fiye da haka, trypsins sune enzymes na [[Trypsin-3|3]]" href="./Serine_protease" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Serine protease">serine protease daga dangin PA, kuma a cikin mutane akwai nau'ikan gargajiya guda uku: trypsin 1, 2, da 3. Trypsins an kafa su ne a cikin ƙananan hanji lokacin da aka kunna proenzymes da aka samar da pancreas, wanda aka sani da trypsinogens, tare da taimakon enteropeptidase, protease da aka samu a cikin hanji. Trypsin yana yanke sarkar [[peptide]] galibi a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] na amino acid lysine da arginine. Ana amfani dashi sosai a aikace-aikacen biotechnology da yawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da bincike. Ayyukan enzymatic na trypsin galibi ana kiransa trypsinogen proteolysis ko tripsinization, kuma sunadarai da aka narke ko kuma aka bi da trypsin an ce an yi musu trypsinized. Wilhelm Kühne ne ya gano Trypsin a 1876. Yawancin kafofin ba daidai ba ne suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kühne ya samo sunan trypsin daga kalmar Helenanci ta Dā don shafawa, ''tripsis'', saboda an fara ware enzyme ta hanyar shafa pancreas da gilashin foda da barasa; a zahiri Kühne mai suna trypsin ne daga kalmar Helenaki ta Dā ''trýpto'', ma'ana "Na karya" ko "Na karya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girolami |first=Gregory S. |date=2024 |title=Origin and Likely Etymology of the Word 'Trypsin' |journal=Bull. Hist. Chem. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=59–60}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin duodenum, trypsin yana haɓaka hydrolysis na haɗin peptide, yana rushe sunadarai zuwa ƙananan peptides. Ana ƙara amfani da samfuran peptide a cikin amino acid ta hanyar wasu proteases, suna ba da su don shawo kan jini. Gyara abinci na Tryptic wani mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin furotin, saboda sunadarai gabaɗaya sun fi girma da za a shawo kansu ta hanyar lining na ƙananan hanji.<ref name="tdmu.edu.ua">{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015<!--last mod date from page info--> |title=Digestion of Proteins |url=http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2%20course/Elective%20course%20(Clinical%20biochemistry)/10.%20METABOLISM%20OF%20AMINOACIDS.%20DIGESTION%20OF%20%20PROTEINS..htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808171058/http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |website=Elective course (Clinical biochemistry) |publisher=Ternopil National Medical University}}</ref> Ana samar da Trypsin a matsayin zymogen trypsinogen mara aiki a cikin pancreas. Lokacin da ake motsa pancreas ta hanyar cholecystokinin, sai a ɓoye shi a cikin ɓangaren farko na ƙananan hanji (duodenum) ta hanyar bututun pancreatic. Da zarar a cikin ƙananan hanji, enzyme enterokinase (wanda ake kira enteropeptidase) yana kunna trypsinogen a cikin trypsin ta hanyar rarraba proteolytic. Tripsin sannan ya kunna ƙarin trypsin, Chymotrypsin da carboxypeptidase. == Hanyar aiki == Tsarin enzyme ɗin yayi kama da na sauran sunadarai masu ɗauke da sinadarin serine. Waɗannan enzymes suna ɗauke da wani sinadari mai suna catalytic triad wanda ya ƙunshi histidine -57, aspartate -102, da serine -195. <ref name="pmid16003488">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Polgár L |date=October 2005 |title=The catalytic triad of serine peptidases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_2005-10_62_19-20/page/2161 |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=19–20 |pages=2161–72 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5160-x |pmc=11139141 |pmid=16003488 |s2cid=3343824}}</ref> Wannan triad mai catalytic an daɗe ana kiransa da tsarin relay na caji, wanda ke nufin cire protons daga serine zuwa histidine da kuma daga histidine zuwa aspartate, amma saboda shaidar da NMR ta bayar cewa nau'in serine mai alkoxide da ke haifar da shi zai fi ƙarfin jan proton fiye da zoben imidazole na histidine, tunanin yanzu yana da'awar cewa serine da histidine kowannensu suna da daidai gwargwado na proton, suna samar da gajerun haɗin hydrogen masu ƙarancin shinge tare da su.   Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙarfin nucleophilicity na wurin aiki na serine yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa kai hari ga amide carbon yayin proteolysis. Hawan enzyme da trypsin ke haifarwa yana da kyau a yanayin zafi, amma yana buƙatar kuzarin kunnawa mai mahimmanci (ba shi da kyau a fannin motsa jiki ). Bugu da ƙari, trypsin ya ƙunshi "ramin oxianion" wanda aka samar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hydrogen na amide na baya na Gly-193 da Ser-195, waɗanda ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ke daidaita cajin mara kyau wanda ke taruwa akan oxygen na amide bayan harin nucleophilic akan planar amide carbon ta hanyar iskar oxygen na serine yana sa carbon ɗin ya ɗauki yanayin tetrahedral. Irin wannan daidaito na wannan matsakaicin tetrahedral yana taimakawa wajen rage shingen makamashi na samuwarsa kuma yana tare da rage ƙarfin kuzari na yanayin sauyawa. Daurewar yanayin sauyawa muhimmin abu ne a cikin sinadaran enzyme. Rashin aspartate mara kyau (Asp 189) wanda ke cikin aljihun catalytic (S1) na trypsin yana da alhakin jan hankali da daidaita lysine da / ko arginine, kuma, saboda haka, yana da alƙawarin takamaiman enzyme. Wannan yana nufin cewa trypsin yafi rarraba sunadarai a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] (ko "gefen C-terminal") na [[Amino acid]] lysine da arginine sai dai idan ko dai an ɗaure shi da C-terminar proline, <ref name="urlwww.promega.com">{{Cite web |date=2007-04-01 |title=Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin |url=http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519223600/http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-date=2003-05-19 |access-date=2009-02-08 |publisher=promega.com}}</ref> kodayake manyan bayanai na spectrometry suna ba da shawarar rarraba yana faruwa har ma da proline.<ref name="pmid18067249">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez J, Gupta N, Smith RD, Pevzner PA |date=January 2008 |title=Does trypsin cut before proline? |url=http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=300–5 |doi=10.1021/pr0705035 |pmid=18067249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233625/http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> Trypsin ana ɗaukarsa endopeptidase, watau, rarraba yana faruwa a cikin sarkar polypeptide maimakon a ƙarshen amino acid da ke ƙarshen [[Peptide|polypeptides]]. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Tripsin dabba yana da mafi kyawun zafin jiki na kimanin 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chelulei Cheison S, Brand J, Leeb E, Kulozik U |date=March 2011 |title=Analysis of the effect of temperature changes combined with different alkaline pH on the β-lactoglobulin trypsin hydrolysis pattern using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS |url=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1470049 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=1572–81 |bibcode=2011JAFC...59.1572C |doi=10.1021/jf1039876 |pmid=21319805}}</ref> &nbsp;Sabanin haka, Atlantic cod yana da nau'ikan trypsins da yawa don kifin poikilotherm ya tsira a yanayin jiki daban-daban. Cod trypsins sun haɗa da trypsin I tare da kewayon aiki na 4 zuwa 65 ° C (39 zuwa 149 ° F) da kuma mafi girman aiki a {{Convert|55|°C|°F}} ° C (131 ° F), da kuma trypsin Y tare da kewaye na 2 zuwa 30 ° C (36 zuwa 86 ° F) kuma mafi girman aikin a {{Convert|21|°C|°F}} ° C (70 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gudmundsdóttir A, Pálsdóttir HM |year=2005 |title=Atlantic cod trypsins: from basic research to practical applications |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–88 |bibcode=2005MarBt...7...77G |doi=10.1007/s10126-004-0061-9 |pmid=15759084 |s2cid=42480996}}</ref> A matsayin furotin, trypsin yana da nauyin kwayoyin daban-daban dangane da tushen. Misali, an bayar da rahoton nauyin kwayoyin 23.3 kDa don trypsin daga tushen shanu da alade. Ayyukan trypsin ba su da tasiri daga mai hana enzyme tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK, wanda ke kashe Chymotrypsin. Ya kamata a adana Trypsin a yanayin sanyi sosai (tsakanin -20 da -80 °C) don hana autolysis, wanda kuma ana iya hana shi ta hanyar adana trypsin a pH 3 ko ta amfani da trypsin da aka gyara ta hanyar [[Reductive methylation|rage methylation]]. &nbsp;Lokacin da aka daidaita pH zuwa pH 8, aikin ya dawo. == Isozymes == Wadannan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam suna ƙunshe da sunadarai tare da aikin enzymatic na trypsin: {| |- valign="top" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin 1|protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9475|Symbol=[[Trypsin 1|PRSS1]]|AltSymbols=TRY1|EntrezGene=5644|OMIM=276000|RefSeq=NM_002769|UniProt=P07477|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=32|LocusSupplementaryData=-qter}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-2|protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9483|Symbol=[[PRSS2]]|AltSymbols=TRYP2|EntrezGene=5645|OMIM=601564|RefSeq=NM_002770|UniProt=P07478|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=35|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-3|protease, serine, 3 (mesotrypsin)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9486|Symbol=[[PRSS3]]|AltSymbols=PRSS4|EntrezGene=5646|OMIM=613578|RefSeq=NM_002771|UniProt=P35030|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=9|Arm=p|Band=13|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |} Sauran isoforms na trypsin kuma ana iya samun su a wasu kwayoyin. == Muhimmancin asibiti == Ayyukan trypsin daga tsagewar proteolytic na trypsinogen a cikin pancreas na iya haifar da jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da narkewar kai, wanda ke haifar da pancreatitis. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon cutar autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis shine rashi a cikin jigilar trypsin da sauran enzymes na narkewa daga pancreas. Wannan yana haifar da rikicewar da ake kira meconium ileus, wanda ya haɗa da toshewar hanji (ileus) saboda meconium mai kauri, wanda yawanci ya rushe ta hanyar trypsin da sauran proteases, sannan ya wuce cikin datti.<ref name="pmid11729110">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noone PG, Zhou Z, Silverman LM, Jowell PS, Knowles MR, Cohn JA |date=December 2001 |title=Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/4b29bf69m |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1310–9 |doi=10.1053/gast.2001.29673 |pmid=11729110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Trypsin yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin pancreases, kuma ana iya tsarkake shi cikin sauƙi. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin matakai daban-daban na biotechnology. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na al'adun nama, ana amfani da trypsin don sake farfado da ƙwayoyin da ke manne da bango na al'adu na sel yayin aiwatar da girbi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) |url=http://www.stemcell.com/en/Products/All-Products/TrypsinEDTA-025.aspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |publisher=Stem Cell Technologies}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan sel suna mannewa a bangarorin da kasa na tasa lokacin da aka shuka su ''in vitro''. Ana amfani da Trypsin don rarraba sunadarai da ke riƙe da ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa tasa, don a iya cire ƙwayoyin daga faranti. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta (alal misali, kafin gyarawa da rarraba tantanin halitta). Ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rushe casein a cikin madarar nono. Idan an kara trypsin a cikin maganin madara foda, rushewar casein yana haifar da madara ta zama mai haske. Za'a iya auna yawan amsawa ta hanyar amfani da adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don madara ta juya mai haske. Ana amfani da Trypsin a cikin binciken halittu yayin gwaje-gwaje na proteomics don narke sunadarai cikin peptides don nazarin spectrometry, misali narkewar in-gel. Trypsin ya dace da wannan musamman, tunda yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadyadaddun, saboda yana narkewa ne kawai da haɗin peptide wanda ƙungiyar carbonyl ke ba da gudummawa ko dai ta hanyar arginine ko lysine. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don narkar da jini a cikin nau'in microbial da kuma magance kumburi a cikin nau-cikin hanta. A cikin likitan dabbobi, trypsin sinadarin ne a cikin kayan shafawa na rauni, kamar Debrisol, don narkar da gawawwakin da pus a cikin raunuka a cikin dawakai, shanu, karnuka, da cats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debrisol |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/debrisol.html |publisher=drugs.com}}</ref> A Indiya, ana ba da Trypsin - Chymotrypsin don rage kumburi yayin laryngitis da farfadowa. Amfani a waje da Indiya ba a rubuce shi da kyau ba kuma yawancin takardun da aka rubuta game da tasirinsa a cikin yanayin da aka ambata a sama an ba da kuɗin ne daga Torrent Pharmaceuticals wanda shine babban alama wanda ke yin waɗannan allunan a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah D, Mital K |date=2017 |title=The Role of Trypsin:Chymotrypsin in Tissue Repair |journal=Advances in Therapy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1007/s12325-017-0648-y |pmc=5778189 |pmid=29209994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin - Chymotrypsin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions & More &#124; CARE Hospitals |url=https://www.carehospitals.com/medicine-detail/trypsin-chymotrypsin}}</ref> === A cikin abinci === Shirye-shiryen protease na kasuwanci yawanci sun ƙunshi cakuda nau'ikan enzymes na protease daban-daban waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da trypsin. Ana amfani da waɗannan shirye-shiryen sosai a cikin sarrafa abinci: <ref name="urlProtease - GMO Database">{{Cite web |date=2010-07-10 |title=Protease - GMO Database |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164346/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-date=2015-02-24 |access-date=2012-01-01 |website=GMO Compass |publisher=European Union}}</ref> * a matsayin enzyme na yin burodi don inganta aikin gurasar * a cikin cire kayan yaji da dandano daga kayan lambu ko sunadarai na dabba da kuma a cikin masana'antar sauce * don sarrafa samar da ƙanshi a cikin cuku da kayan madara * don inganta yanayin kayan kifi * don mai da hankali ga nama * a lokacin sanyi na giya * a cikin samar da abinci mai guba inda proteases ke rushe takamaiman sunadarai masu guba a cikin wadanda ba su da guba, alal misali, ana amfani da proteases don samar da abinci na jariri mai guba daga madarar saniya, don haka rage haɗarin jarirai da ke fama da rashin lafiyan madara. == Mai hana Trypsin == Don hana aikin trypsin mai aiki a cikin pancreas, wanda zai iya zama mai lalacewa sosai, masu hanawa kamar BPTI da SPINK1 a cikin pancrea da α1-antitrypsin a cikin serum suna nan a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariya daga kunnawa mara kyau. Duk wani trypsin da aka kafa da wuri daga trypsinogen mara aiki sai mai hanawa ya ɗaure shi. Ma'amala da furotin-furotin tsakanin trypsin da masu hana shi yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙuntataccen ɗaure, kuma trypsin yana ɗaure da wasu daga cikin masu hanawa kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Voet D, Voet JG | title = Biochemistry | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/396 396–400] | edition = 2nd | year = 1995 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-0-471-58651-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/396 }}</ref> Ya bambanta da kusan dukkanin sanannun tarurrukan furotin, wasu hadaddun trypsin da aka ɗaure ta masu hana shi ba sa sa iya rarraba bayan magani tare da 8M urea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levilliers N, Péron M, Arrio B, Pudles J | title = On the mechanism of action of proteolytic inhibitors. IV. Effect of 8 M urea on the stability of trypsin in trypsin-inhibitor complexes | url = https://archive.org/details/archives-of-biochemistry-and-biophysics_1970-10_140_2/page/474 | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 140 | issue = 2 | pages = 474–83 | date = October 1970 | pmid = 5528741 | doi = 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90091-3 }}</ref> Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki azaman kayan aiki yayin magance cututtukan metabolism da kiba. An san cututtukan metabolism, kiba, da kuma yawan kiba don kara yaduwar cututtukat da ba za a iya yaduwa ba.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cristina Oliveira de Lima V, Piuvezam G, Leal Lima Maciel B, Heloneida de Araújo Morais A |date=December 2019 |title=Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders? |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2018.1542387 |pmc=6327991 |pmid=30734596}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don rage wannan lamarin ciki har da amfani da masu hana trypsin. Wadannan masu hanawa suna da damar rage hanji, nono, fata, da ciwon daji na prostate ta hanyar aikin kariya ta radiyo da anticarcinogenic. Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki a matsayin hanyoyin sarrafawa don sarrafa sakin neutrophil proteases da kuma guje wa mummunar lalacewar nama.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019" /> Dangane da yanayin zuciya da ke da alaƙa da aikin serine protease mara amfani, masu hana trypsin na iya toshe ayyukansu a cikin tarin platelet, fibrinolysis, coagulation, da jini. Ayyuka da yawa na masu hana trypsin sun haɗa da kasancewa masu hana protease don aikin AMP.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Souza Nascimento AM, de Oliveira Segundo VH, Felipe Camelo Aguiar AJ, Piuvezam G, Souza Passos T, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KS, de Araújo Morais AH |date=December 2022 |title=Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=749–759 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2022.2039918 |pmc=8856033 |pmid=35168466}}</ref> Duk da yake hanyoyin aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na masu hana trypsin ba su da tabbas, binciken ya yi niyyar nazarin hanyoyin su a matsayin aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin maganin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Bincike da binciken microscopy sun nuna tasirin antibacterial a kan membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Masu hana Trypsin daga fata na amphibian sun nuna ci gaban mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya shafi bangon tantanin halitta da membrane na ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Nazarin ya kuma bincika ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin trypsin inhibitor peptides, sunadarai, da ''E. coli''. Sakamakon ya nuna isasshen rigakafin ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, masu hana trypsin dole ne su cika wasu ka'idoji da za a yi amfani da su a cikin abinci da jiyya.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> == Sauran hanyoyin Trypsin == Gyaran Trypsin na karin matrix na salula al'ada ce a cikin al'adun salula. Koyaya, wannan lalacewar enzymatic na sel na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ƙwayoyin halitta da alamomi na farfajiyar, musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa fiye da trypsin kamar Accutase wanda ba ya tasiri ga alamun farfajiyar kamar cd14, cd117, cd49f, cd292 .<ref name="pmid23481571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quan Y, Yan Y, Wang X, Fu Q, Wang W, Wu J, Yang G, Ren J, Wang Y |date=2012 |title=Impact of cell dissociation on identification of breast cancer stem cells |journal=Cancer Biomarkers |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=125–33 |doi=10.3233/CBM-130300 |pmid=23481571}}</ref><ref name="pmid30983404">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skog M, Sivlér P, Steinvall I, Aili D, Sjöberg F, Elmasry M |date=May 2019 |title=The Effect of Enzymatic Digestion on Cultured Epithelial Autografts |journal=Cell Transplantation |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=638–644 |doi=10.1177/0963689719833305 |pmc=7103596 |pmid=30983404}}</ref> Koyaya Accutase yana rage matakan farfajiyar FasL da Mai karɓar fas a kan macrophages, waɗannan masu karɓa suna da alaƙa da Cytotoxicity na tantanin halitta a cikin tsarin rigakafi kuma suna iya sauƙaƙa mutuwar tantanin halitta mai alaƙa da apoptosis.<ref name="pmid35383242">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai TY, Cao J, Ou-Yang P, Tsai CY, Lin CW, Chen CC, Tsai MK, Lee CY |date=April 2022 |title=Different methods of detaching adherent cells and their effects on the cell surface expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=5713 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.5713L |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-09605-y |pmc=8983651 |pmid=35383242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase kuma na iya zama madadin Trypsin a aikace-aikacen proteomic.<ref name="Samodova_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samodova D, Hosfield CM, Cramer CN, Giuli MV, Cappellini E, Franciosa G, Rosenblatt MM, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV |date=December 2020 |title=ProAlanase is an Effective Alternative to Trypsin for Proteomics Applications and Disulfide Bond Mapping |journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2139–2157 |doi=10.1074/mcp.tir120.002129 |pmc=7710147 |pmid=33020190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase wani ''Aspergillus niger'' fungus protease ne wanda zai iya cimma babban aikin proteolytic da takamaiman don narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase, acidic prolyl-endopeptidase protease, wanda aka yi nazari a matsayin An-PEP, an lura da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don bayyana takamaiman sa.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase ya yi kyau sosai a aikace-aikacen LC-MS tare da gajeren lokacin narkewa da pH mai zafi sosai.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar nazarin halittu   == Haɗin waje == * Bayanan MEROPS na kan layi don peptidases da masu hana su: Trypsin 1 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.151 S01.151] An adana shi 2008-04-05 a , Trypsin 2 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.258 S01.258] An adana masa 2019-09-19 a Wayback Engine, Trypsina 3 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.174 S01.174] An adana mata 2019-0919 a ">Wayback Machine * Trypsin Inhibitors da Trypsin Test Method a Sigma-Aldrich * Trypsina cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 63kx3vdl49wuiz0ks0gwo7rxf996zsp Nuna bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia 0 178866 967442 966150 2026-10-14T01:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a Wikipedia''' shine yawan ra'ayoyi da batutuwa na maza, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru cewa maza sun fi mata iya zama [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|masu ba da gudummawa ga aikin sa]] kai kuma su zama batun labaran [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] . {{As of|2024|6}} , Wikipedia ta Ingilishi tana da kusan tarihin rayuwar mata 400,000, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 20% na jimlar tarihin rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandek |first=Barbara |date=2023-03-01 |title=Closing the gender gap: Women in Red’s efforts to add more women to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/01/closing-the-gender-gap-women-in-reds-efforts-to-add-more-women-to-wikipedia/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Wikipedia ba ta da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a fannin masu karatu, duk da haka labaran batutuwa da daidaikun mutane suna karkata ga maza. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 80% na masu gyara Wikipedia a duniya maza ne, kashi 14% mata ne, kashi 5% kuma ba su da bambancin jinsi, kuma kashi 4% sun zabi kin bayyana jinsinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights 2024 Report |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/Community_Insights_2024_Report#Gender |access-date=8 September 2026 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 wanda ya shafi harsuna 12 na Wikipedia da wasu ayyukan [[Gidauniyar Wikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]], kashi 90% na masu amsa 3,734 sun bayar da rahoton jinsinsu a matsayin namiji, kashi 8.8% a matsayin mace, da kuma kashi 1% a matsayin sauran; daga cikin masu bayar da gudummawa ga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kashi 84.7% an gano su a matsayin maza, kashi 13.6% a matsayin mata, da kuma kashi 1.7% a matsayin sauran (jimillar masu amsa 88). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Insights/2018 Report/Contributors - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights/2018_Report/Contributors |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, [[Katherine Maher]], shugabar Wikimedia Foundation a lokacin, ta ce aikin da ƙungiyarta ta yi shi ne mata sun kai kashi 15-20% na jimillar masu bayar da gudummawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa, a watan Afrilun 2017, kashi 41% na tarihin rayuwar da aka zaba domin a goge su mata ne duk da cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na tarihin rayuwar da aka buga mata ne. [1] Ganuwa da isa ga mata a Wikipedia yana da iyaka, inda wani rahoto na 2015 ya gano cewa shafukan mata galibi "suna da alaƙa da maza". [2] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] An gano harsunan da ake ɗauka a matsayin masu nuna bambancin jinsi, masu yawan magana, ko kuma waɗanda suka shafi jinsi a cikin labaran da suka shafi mata. [3] Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi yana ɗaya daga cikin sukar da aka fi yi wa Wikipedia, wani lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na sukar da aka fi yi game da nuna bambanci a tsarin Wikipedia . A shekarar 2015, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar da cewa kundin tarihin ya gaza cimma burinsa na riƙe kashi 25% na mata a matsayin editoci. An ƙirƙiro shirye-shirye kamar [[Taron Gyaran Shafukan Wikipedia|edita-a-thons]] da kuma [[Women in Red]] don ƙarfafa editocin mata da kuma ƙara yawan labaran batutuwan mata. <ref name="tnw">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Cara |year=2019 |title=This physicist has written over 500 biographies of women scientists on Wikipedia |url=https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804235220/https://thenextweb.com/tech/2019/03/19/physicist-has-written-over-500-biographies-female-scientists-wikipedia/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=thenextweb.com |publisher=[[The Next Web]]}}</ref> == Nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin shiga == === Kokarin auna bambancin jinsi === Binciken farko da aka yi kan kasancewar mutane a duk duniya a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa kashi 13% na dukkan editocin mata ne, wanda bayan wani bincike na gaba a shekarar 2011, aka rage shi zuwa kashi 9% a duk duniya. A Amurka, wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa kashi 15% na masu bayar da gudummawa mata ne. <ref name="torres" /> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 6% na editocin da suka yi gyare-gyare sama da 500 mata ne, inda matsakaicin editan maza ke da gyare-gyare sau biyu. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-size: 80%" |Kwatanta sakamakon da aka samu na yawan masu karatu da editoci na Wikipedia daga binciken Pew da aka gudanar a duk fadin kasar da kuma binciken WMF/UNU-MERIT (UNU) na jerin masu canji daban-daban a cikin binciken biyu. Lambobin da aka gyara ga editoci suna ɗauka cewa son zuciya ga editoci iri ɗaya ne da son zuciya ga masu karatu, kuma, a cikin ginshiƙi mafi kyau, son zuciya ya tabbata ga editoci a wajen Amurka. An sake buga tebur daga wannan tushe. <ref name="PLOS">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Benjamin Mako |last2=Shaw |first2=Aaron |last3=Sánchez |first3=Angel |date=26 June 2013 |title=The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=6 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865782H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065782 |pmc=3694126 |pmid=23840366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ! scope="col" | Mai canzawa ! scope="col" | Masu karatu a Amurka (Pew) ! scope="col" | Masu Karatu a Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin Amurka adj. ! scope="col" | Editocin (UNU) ! scope="col" | Editocin adireshi. |- ! scope="row" | Mace | 49.0 | 39.9 | 17.8 | 22.7 | 12.7 | 16.1 |- ! scope="row" | An yi aure | 60.1 | 44.1 | 30.9 | 36.3 | 33.2 | 38.4 |- ! scope="row" | Yara | 36.0 | 29.4 | 16.4 | 27.6 | 14.4 | 25.3 |- ! scope="row" | Baƙi | 10.1 | 14.4 | 12.1 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 7.4 |- ! scope="row" | Ɗalibi | 17.7 | 29.9 | 46.0 | 38.5 | 47.7 | 40.3 |} A shekara ta 2010, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNU-MERIT sun haɗu sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sakamakon wani bincike na Wikipedia na duniya. [1] Wani labarin jaridar New York Times ya ambaci wannan haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, wanda ya nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 13% na masu ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia mata ne. Sue Gardner, babbar darakta a gidauniyar a wancan lokacin, ta ce ƙara bambancin ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da sanya kundin tarihin ya zama "mai kyau gwargwadon iyawarsa". Abubuwan da labarin ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda ke hana mata yin gyara sun haɗa da "masana'antar son gaskiya mai cike da damuwa", alaƙa da "taron masu kutse masu himma", da kuma buƙatar kasancewa "a buɗe ga mutane masu wahala, masu rikici, har ma da masu son nuna wariya ga wasu". [2] A shekarar 2013, an daidaita sakamakon binciken don nuna son kai ga rashin amsawa ta hanyar Hill da Shaw ta amfani da dabarar kimanta maki don ba da shawarar gyara sama ga bayanan da aka samu daga binciken da kuma ba da shawarar sabuntawa ga kididdigar da ake bincike a kai, wanda ya ba da kashi 22.7% (17.8% ba a daidaita ba) ga manyan editocin mata na Amurka da kuma kashi 16.1% (12.7% ba a daidaita ba) ga duk editocin mata na Amurka. [3] A watan Fabrairun 2011, jaridar New York Times ta biyo bayan jerin ra'ayoyi kan batun a ƙarƙashin tutar, "Ina Matan Ke Cikin Wikipedia?" [1] Susan C. Herring, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar bayanai da harsuna, ta ce ba ta yi mamakin gibin jinsi da masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia ke da shi ba. Ta ce yanayin da ake yawan samun cece-kuce a shafukan "magana" na labarin Wikipedia, inda ake tattauna abubuwan da ke cikin labarin, ba shi da kyau ga mata da yawa, "idan ba tsoro ba ne kai tsaye". [2] Joseph M. Reagle ya mayar da martani makamancin haka, yana mai cewa haɗakar "al'adar ɗan damfara mai son ɓoye ra'ayi", tare da tasirin da ba shi da kyau na wasu tsirarun membobin da ke rikici a cikin al'umma, na iya sa ya zama ba shi da kyau. Ya ce, "za a iya amfani da akidar da maganganun 'yanci da budewa (a) don danne damuwa game da maganganun da ba su dace ba ko na batanci a matsayin 'takunkumi' da kuma (b) don yin la'akari da rashin shigar mata a matsayin kawai batun fifiko da zabi na kansu." [3] Justine Cassell ta ce duk da cewa mata suna da ilimi kamar maza, kuma suna iya kare ra'ayinsu, "har yanzu haka lamarin yake a cikin al'ummar Amurka cewa muhawara, jayayya, da kuma kare matsayin mutum sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matsayin maza, kuma amfani da waɗannan salon magana na iya haifar da ƙima mara kyau." [4] A watan Afrilun 2011, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gudanar da bincikenta na farko na Wikipedia na rabin shekara. Ya nuna cewa kashi 9% na editocin Wikipedia mata ne. Ta kuma ruwaito cewa, "Sabanin ra'ayin wasu, bayananmu sun nuna cewa mata kaɗan ne suka fi yin rubutu game da editocinsu suna jin kamar an ci zarafinsu, kuma kaɗan ne kawai ke jin cewa Wikipedia yanayi ne na jima'i." <ref name="WES2011">{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Wikipedia Editors Study: Results From ''The Editor Survey, April 2011'' |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226041321/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |website=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, wata takarda da aka buga a watan Oktoban 2011 a taron kasa da kasa kan Wikis da Open Collaboration ta gano shaidar da ke nuna cewa Wikipedia na iya samun "al'adar da za ta iya zama mai tsauri ga mata." Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa akwai kuma "gibin ƙwarewar intanet" dangane da editocin Wikipedia. Marubutan sun gano cewa mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa a Wikipedia maza ne masu ƙwarewa sosai kuma babu gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara marasa ƙwarewa, kuma sun kammala da cewa "gibin ƙwarewa" yana ƙara ta'azzara gibin jinsi tsakanin masu gyara. [1] A tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2014, mata sun kai kashi 61% na mahalarta kwasa-kwasan kwaleji da shirin Wiki Education Foundation ya shirya, wanda ya haɗa da gyara Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar karatu. An gano cewa gudummawar da suka bayar ta sauya abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia daga al'adun gargajiya da STEM zuwa kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma ilimin ɗan adam. [2] A shekarar 2015, Katherine Maher, wacce ta gaje Gardner a matsayin darakta ta Wikimedia Foundation, ta yi jayayya cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "yana nuna al'umma gaba daya". Misali, ta lura cewa Wikipedia ta dogara ne akan [[Tushen na biyu|wasu majiyoyi na biyu]] waɗanda ke da irin wannan son zuciya. Ta yarda cewa tsarin gyara Wikipedia yana gabatar da nasa son zuciya, musamman ganin cewa batutuwan da suka shahara a tsakanin editocinta maza galibi suna jawo ƙarin gyare-gyare. <ref name="kmaher">{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Katherine |date=18 October 2018 |title=Wikipedia is a mirror of the world's gender biases |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2018/10/18/wikipedia-mirror-world-gender-biases/ |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa mata da ke shiga cikin wani gwaji ta hanyar gyara wani shafi mai kama da Wikipedia suna kallon sauran editoci a matsayin maza, kuma suna kallon amsoshinsu a matsayin mafi mahimmanci fiye da idan ɗayan editan bai nuna bambancin jinsi ba . Binciken ya kammala da cewa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shane-Simpson |first=Christina |last2=Gillespie-Lynch |first2=Kristen |date=January 2017 |title=Examining potential mechanisms underlying the Wikipedia gender gap through a collaborative editing task |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |url-status=live |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=66 |pages=312–328 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.043 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170109/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01612306/document |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>   Wani bincike da Heather Ford da Judy Wajcman suka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya lura cewa bincike kan nuna wariya ga jinsi na ci gaba da nuna cewa matsalar na cikin gibin mata. Sabanin haka, babban hujjarsu ta nuna cewa nazarin kayayyakin more rayuwa a fannin fasahar mata yana ba da damar a ɗauki nazarin jinsi zuwa wani mataki. Yana duba batutuwa uku a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa: manufofin abun ciki, software, da kuma tsarin aiki na doka. Yana nuna cewa za a iya samun ci gaba ta hanyar canza wannan al'adar [[Tattalin arzikin ilimi|samar da ilimi]] ta hanyar ƙarfafa ilimi daban-daban, rage shingayen fasaha ga gyarawa, da kuma magance sarkakiyar manufofin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=Heather |last2=Wajcman |first2=Judy |date=2017 |title='Anyone can edit', not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |url-status=live |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=511–527 |doi=10.1177/0306312717692172 |pmid=28791929 |s2cid=32835293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228081909/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/68675/ |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin kasidarsu ta watan Fabrairun 2018, "Bututun Rashin Daidaito a Shiga ta Intanet: Shari'ar Gyaran Wikipedia", Shaw da Hargittai sun kammala daga bincikensu cewa magance matsalolin rashin daidaito a shiga ciki har da nuna wariya ga jinsi yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan batutuwa banda rashin daidaito. [1] Sun ba da shawarar a mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa mahalarta daga dukkan fannoni na ilimi, matakan ƙwarewa, da kuma shekaru don taimakawa Wikipedia ta inganta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa sanar da ƙarin mata cewa Wikipedia kyauta ce ta gyarawa kuma a buɗe take ga kowa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kawar da nuna wariya ga jinsi. [1] A watan Maris na 2018, masanin lissafi Marie A. Vitulli ta rubuta a cikin ''Sanarwar Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka'', "Kashi na mata masu gyara a Wikipedia ya kasance ƙasa sosai." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vitulli |first=Marie A. |date=March 2018 |title=Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=330–334 |arxiv=1710.11103 |doi=10.1090/noti1650 |s2cid=119259241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303142204/http://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201803/rnoti-p330.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Noopur Raval, wanda ya yi digirin digirgir a UC Irvine, ya rubuta a cikin littafin "The Encyclopedia Must Fail!– Notes on Queering Wikipedia" cewa "yin dandamali a bude ba ya fassara zuwa daidaiton shiga, sauƙin shiga, ko karɓar al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai." [1] A shekarar 2017, masu bincike Matthew A. Vetter da Keon Mandell Pettiway sun ce rinjayen mazan fararen fata da na jinsi-jinsi a tsakanin editocin Wikipedia ya haifar da "share jinsi da asalin jinsi marasa tsari", ban da mata masu jinsi-jinsi, kuma "maganganun da ke tsakanin androcentric da heteronormative" na gyaran Wikipedia bai isa ya ba da damar "jinsi da asalin jinsi-jinsi masu bambanci su shiga cikin amfani da harshe da gina ilimi ba." [2] === Dalilai === [[File:Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg|alt=Sue Gardner street portrait|left|thumb| Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation, [[Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner,]] ta bayar da rahoto kan dalilai tara, wadanda mata masu gyara Wikipedia suka bayar, a cikin wani rubutu kan rashin mata masu gyara a Wikipedia. <ref name="Gardner110219">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Sue |date=19 February 2011 |title=Nine Reasons Why Women Don't Edit Wikipedia, In Their Own Words |url=http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718103642/http://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/ |archive-date=18 July 2015 |website=suegardner.org |type=blog}}</ref>]] Binciken Collier da Bear ya nuna cewa bambancin da ke tsakanin adadin gudummawar na iya faruwa ne saboda dalilai uku: (1) yawan rikice-rikice a cikin tattaunawa, (2) rashin son yanayi mai mahimmanci, da kuma (3) rashin kwarin gwiwa wajen gyara ayyukan wasu masu ba da gudummawa. <ref name="nytimes20jun2015">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Lih |date=20 June 2015 |title=Can Wikipedia Survive? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621032208/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=www.nytimes.com |quote=...the considerable and often-noted gender gap among Wikipedia editors; in 2011, less than 15 percent were women.}}</ref> Wani sharhi da aka buga kan gibin jinsi a Wikipedia ya gano manyan rukunoni uku na waɗannan abubuwan a cikin adabin ilimi: 'matsalar mata' (zargin halayen mata), 'tasirin madubi' (zargin al'umma amma uzuri Wikipedia), da kuma 'matsalar tsari' (zargin al'ummar edita ta asali da maza suka mamaye). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferran-Ferrer |first=Núria |last2=Boté-Vericad |first2=Juan-José |last3=Minguillón |first3=Julià |date=16 December 2023 |title=Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review |url=https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87476/63565 |journal=El Profesional de la información |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.3145/epi.2023.nov.17 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Jaridar New York Times ta nuna cewa yawan shigar mata a Wikipedia na iya yin daidai da sauran "dandalin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya nuna cewa kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata a Wikipedia sun shiga cikin harkar, wanda aka lura cewa ya kusa da kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata a sauran "dandalolin jagoranci na jama'a". [1] [2] Sarah Stierch, wata mai bincike a Wikipedia, ta yarda cewa "abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare" ga masu bayar da gudummawa a Wikipedia su kasance ba sa bayyana jinsinsu. [3] Al'adar da ake ganin ba ta da maraba da ita da kuma jure wa kalaman tashin hankali da cin zarafi suma dalilai ne da aka gabatar na bambancin jinsi. [4] A cewar wani bincike na 2013, [5] wani dalili na gibin jinsi a Wikipedia shine gazawar jawo hankalin mata da kuma riƙe editocinsu, wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga labaran Wikipedia. Haka kuma, Wikipedia "...masu gyara da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin mata suna fuskantar cin zarafi" daga wasu editocin Wikipedia. [6] Tsohuwar babbar daraktar Wikimedia Foundation [[Sue Gardner|, Sue Gardner,]] ta ambaci dalilai tara da ya sa mata ba sa gyara Wikipedia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsokaci daga mata [[Al'ummar Wikipedia|editocin Wikipedia]] : <ref name="Gardner110219" /> # Rashin sauƙin amfani a cikin hanyar gyara . # Rashin isasshen lokacin hutu . # Rashin amincewa da kai . # Ƙiyayya ga rikici da rashin son shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsawo. # Imani da cewa gudummawar da suka bayar za ta yi yawa a mayar da ita ko a goge ta. # Wasu suna ganin yanayinsa gaba ɗaya yana nuna ƙiyayya ga wasu . # Al'adar Wikipedia ta jima'i ce ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. # Ana kiran namiji da suna ba daidai ba ne ga matan da harshensu na asali yake da jinsi na nahawu . # Damar da ake da ita ta hulɗa da jama'a kaɗan ne kuma salon maraba ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran shafuka. Duk da cewa adadin masu karatu mata da maza a Wikipedia ya yi daidai da kashi (47%), mata ba su da yawan masu karatu (16%). Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa akwai wata al'ada da aka kafa a Wikipedia wadda ke hana mata shiga. [1] [2] Lam da abokan aikinsa sun danganta wannan al'ada da rashin daidaito a cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin maza da mata da aka wakilta kuma aka gyara, yanayin da mata masu amfani da su ke da shi na ƙara himma a fannoni na zamantakewa da al'umma na Wikipedia, da kuma ƙaruwar yiwuwar cewa sabbin editocin mata za su koma ga gyare-gyare, da/ko kuma cewa labaran da ke da yawan editocin mata sun fi zama masu jayayya. [1] An kuma danganta wannan batu da ra'ayoyin jama'a game da yadda bayanai da bayanai ya kamata su kasance. Tunda Wikipedia tana da tsammanin "ƙwararre", [ana buƙatar hujja] marubuta Joan Schwartz da Terry Cook sun ce ƙa'idodin ƙwararru galibi ana ƙirƙira su ne ta hanyar mizanin abin da ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu rinjaye ke jin daɗi, kuma suna shafar mata da mutanen launin fata fiye da maza. [1] Sau da yawa takaddama game da ikon hukumomi yana da mahimmanci a tattauna yayin tantance ko ya kamata a yi jayayya kan gabatarwa ko a'a. A shekarar 2019, Schlomit Aharoni Lir ta bayyana tsarin "mummunan da'irar", inda ta nuna yadda matakai biyar na mummunan suna, rashin suna, tsoro, wariya da kin amincewa - ke inganta juna, ta yadda mata ba za su iya bayar da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizon ba. Domin mata da yawa su shiga Wikipedia, mai binciken ya bayar da shawarar dasa "Da'irar Nagarta" wacce ta ƙunshi rashin suna, alaƙa da kafofin sada zumunta, manufofin haɗa kai, gogewa mai laushi da cin zarafi mai nuna alama. [1] A cikin Rahoton Daidaito Jinsi na Wikimedia a shekarar 2018, kashi 14% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun gano rashin lafiyar al'umma {{Efn|A term meaning the opposite of [[community well-being]], with respect to the Wikipedia [[online community]].}} a matsayin babban ƙalubale wajen zama edita a Wikipedia. A cikin binciken, an bayyana lafiyar al'umma a matsayin [[Cin-zarafi|cin zarafi]], rashin goyon bayan aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma rashin bambancin shugabanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender equity report 2018/Barriers to equity - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gender_equity_report_2018/Barriers_to_equity |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> Bayan duba shaidun da suka kama daga ƙananan hare-hare zuwa hare-hare kai tsaye, Hukumar Amintattu ta Wikipedia ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a watan Mayu na 2020 don ɗaukar tsarin daidaitawa na yau da kullun don yaƙi da cin zarafi da kuma kiyaye ƙa'idodin al'umma na Wikipedia. An bai wa gidauniyar aikin kammala daftarin wannan shirin kafin ƙarshen shekarar 2020, kuma zai haɗa da haramtawa masu amfani da ke shiga cikin cin zarafin jinsi, samar da tallafi da al'ummomi ga dukkan jinsi, saka ƙarin albarkatu a cikin Ƙungiyar Amincewa da Tsaro, da ƙari. [1] [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] Collier da Bear a shekarar 2012 sun taƙaita dalilin da yasa mata ke yin shinge a Wikipedia da kalmomi uku: rikici, suka da amincewa. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa "Idan al'umma ta jure wa al'adar rikici da maza ke ganin kawai 'masu gasa' ne ko kuma masu wayo da kuma yin barkwanci, to za su iya rasa fa'idodi da dama da mata masu bayar da gudummawa za su iya kawowa a teburin tattaunawa." [1] Suka tana nufin rashin son mata su gyara aikin wani da kuma barin wani ya gyara aikinsu; kwarin gwiwa yana nuna cewa mata galibi ba sa da kwarin gwiwa sosai game da ƙwarewarsu da iyawarsu wajen gyara da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga wani aiki. [1] Manufar Wikipedia ta kyauta don gyarawa tana ba wa masu amfani da dandamali mai buɗewa, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yanayin gasa da mahimmanci na iya iyakance kwarin gwiwar mata na shiga. [1] Ta hanyar nazarin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Wikipedia, Ford da Wajcman sun nuna wani dalili da zai iya ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a Wikipedia. Gyara a Wikipedia yana buƙatar "takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da iko waɗanda suka ƙunshi ilimin ko tsarin ilimin halittu na Wikipedia". [1] Ana ɗaukar mutanen da ke da wannan ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a matsayin waɗanda za su iya samun matsayi mai ƙarfi a Wikipedia. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan galibi maza ne. [1] Bugu da ƙari, yayin da suke nazarin tsarin manufofin Wikipedia dalla-dalla, masu binciken sun kammala da cewa sarkakiyar da ke tattare da shi da kuma tushen shari'a suna ba wa wasu masu amfani babban tasiri a muhawarar abun ciki. Wannan rinjayen zai iya raba waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da waɗannan bayanai, musamman yana hana mata da sabbin mahalarta shiga. [1] Misali na asusun kai tsaye na nuna bambanci na jinsi ya fito ne daga mai amfani da Wikipedia Lightbreather, inda ta ba da labarin samun hotunan batsa da ke da alaƙa da sunanta na mai amfani a matsayin hanyar lalata gudummawar da ta bayar a Wikipedia.<ref name="PalingAtlantic">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=21 October 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai cin zarafi ga mutanen [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] . Waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'umma galibi ana cin zarafin su idan aka bayyana asalinsu a bainar jama'a. Misali, wani mai gudanarwa a shafin Wikipedia ya toshe wani edita, kawai saboda sunan mai amfani na mutumin ya nuna cewa shi wani ɓangare ne na al'ummar LGBT. == Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin abun ciki == A cikin 2016, Wagner da abokan aikinsa [1] sun gano cewa rashin daidaiton jinsi yana bayyana kansa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da rashin daidaiton iyaka don haɗa wani labarin kan mutum, son kai na yau da kullun, son kai na harshe, da rashin daidaiton tsari. Marubutan sun gano cewa mata masu tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia sun fi maza shahara, kuma sun gabatar da wasu bayanai guda uku da za a iya bayarwa game da bincike na gaba: 1) cewa editoci sun fi rubuta game da jinsinsu, 2) cewa maza sun fi rubuta labarai game da kansu, da kuma 3) cewa kafofin waje suna sa mata ba su bayyana ba. [1] Dangane da son zuciya a fannin yau da kullum, tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi iyali, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga tarihin rayuwar mata da aka haifa kafin shekarar 1900. Marubutan sun kuma gano bambance-bambancen tsari dangane da meta-data da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo, waɗanda ke da sakamako ga ayyukan neman bayanai. === Ƙirƙirar da goge labarin === Of the 1,960,452 biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in September 2023, only 385,236 or 19.65% were about women. A watan Yulin 2006, Stacy Schiff ta rubuta wani kasida ''a New Yorker'' game da Wikipedia mai taken "Ku San Duk". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=24 July 2006 |title=Know It All |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri labarin Wikipedia game da ita a ranar ɗaya. A cewar Timothy Noah, a bayyane yake ba ta shahara a ƙa'idodin Wikipedia ba, duk da lashe kyautar Guggenheim da Pulitzer Prize shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. An nuna rubutunta da labarinta game da ita a cikin WikiProject don magance son zuciya na tsarin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias#Selection_based_on_notability_of_article_topics |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Wikipedia ta Turanci da wasu bugu biyar na harsuna da masu bincike suka yi nazari a kansu, rabon labarai game da mata da labarai game da maza ya fi na sauran bayanai uku. Duk da haka, bincike da aka yi da ilimin harsunan kwamfuta ya kammala da cewa yadda aka bayyana mata da maza a cikin labaran yana nuna son kai, tare da labaran da suka shafi mata sun fi amfani da kalmomi da suka shafi jinsi da iyali. Masu binciken sun yi imanin cewa wannan alama ce da editocin Wikipedia ke ɗaukar namiji a matsayin "jinsi mara komai" (a wata ma'anar, ana ɗauka cewa "namiji" sai dai idan an ƙayyade shi ta wata hanya, misali na namiji a matsayin al'ada ). [1] Wani suka da aka yi wa tsarin Wikipedia, daga wani editan jaridar Guardian na 2014, shi ne cewa yana da wahalar yanke hukunci game da "abin da ke da muhimmanci". Domin kwatanta wannan batu, sun lura cewa shafin da ke nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na batsa ya fi tsari fiye da shafin da ke nuna mata marubuta . [2] Mujallar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta buga bincike da Reagle da Lauren Rhue suka yi wanda ya yi nazari kan labaran da aka bayar, wakilcin jinsi, da tsawon labarin dubban batutuwa na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi da Encyclopædia Britannica ta yanar gizo (har zuwa watan Yunin 2010). Sun kammala da cewa Wikipedia ta samar da ingantaccen bayani da kuma dogon labarai gabaɗaya, cewa Wikipedia yawanci tana da labarai da yawa kan mata fiye da Britannica a zahiri, amma labaran Wikipedia kan mata sun fi ɓacewa fiye da labaran maza dangane da Britannica . Wato, Wikipedia ta mamaye Britannica a tarihin rayuwarta, amma fiye da haka idan ana maganar maza. Hakazalika, mutum zai iya cewa Britannica ta fi daidaito a cikin waɗanda ta yi sakaci da rufewa fiye da Wikipedia. Ga dukkan ayyukan tunani, tsawon labarin bai bambanta ba dangane da jinsi. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2023 ta amfani da Wikidata don auna abubuwan da ke ciki ya gano cewa Britannica, wacce ta ƙunshi tarihin rayuwa 50,479, ta ƙunshi 5,999 daga cikinsu game da mata, kimanin kashi 11.88%. Binciken ya kwatanta adadi da kashi 18.22% na tarihin rayuwa a cikin ayyukan Wikimedia waɗanda mata ne, yana ambaton bayanan 2021. [2] Wani bincike da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Minnesota da wasu jami'o'i uku suka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa labaran da mata suka gyara, "wadanda ake kyautata zaton sun fi jan hankalin mata", sun "yi gajeru sosai" a matsakaici fiye da na maza ko kuma na maza da mata. [3] [4] [[File:A_side-by-side_comparison_of_the_portion_of_available_biographies_about_women_on_Wikipedia_versus_the_portion_of_women_biographies_nominated_for_deletion_from_January_2017_to_February_2020.gif|thumb| Kwatanta ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia idan aka kwatanta da ɓangaren tarihin rayuwa na mata da aka zaɓa don gogewa daga Janairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2020, Francesca Tripodi]] A watan Oktoban 2018, lokacin da Donna Strickland ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, rubuce-rubuce da dama sun ambaci cewa ba ta da shafin Wikipedia a baya. An gabatar da daftarin aiki, amma an ƙi amincewa da shi saboda rashin nuna "muhimman bayanai (ba kawai ambaton ambato ba) game da batun". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2 October 2018 |title=Nobel physics prize winners include first female laureate for 55 years – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226083859/https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2018/oct/02/nobel-prize-in-physics-2018-live |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da masanin ilimin zamantakewa Francesca Tripodi ya gudanar a shekarar 2021, an zabi tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a matsayin wadanda ba a san su sosai ba. <ref name="Tripodi2021">{{Cite journal |last=Tripodi |first=Francesca |year=2021 |title=Ms. Categorized: Gender, notability, and inequality on Wikipedia |journal=New Media & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1687–1707 |doi=10.1177/14614448211023772 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=237883867 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin 2024 na {{Interlanguage link|Khandaker Tasnim Huq}} da {{Interlanguage link|Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia}} A shafin Wikipedia da ke magana da Turanci, an kuma nuna cewa an samu nasarar share sunayen mata da kashi 34% cikin sauri bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar mata fiye da bayan an ƙirƙiri tarihin rayuwar maza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandaker Tasnim Huq |last2=Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia |date=20 June 2024 |title=Gender Gap in Wikipedia: Are Women Vanishing Soon? |url=https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/gender-gap-in-wikipedia-are-notable-women-vanishing-soon.pdf}}</ref> === Ganuwa ga labarin === Wani bincike da Claudia Wagner ta jagoranta a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata a Wikipedia a Turanci ba a bayyane yake ba kamar tarihin rayuwar maza, kuma ya kammala da cewa wannan bambanci ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa al'umma tana haɗa labaran maza da kyau. [1] A shekarar 2023, wani bincike da Akhil Arora, Robert West da Martin Gerlach suka gudanar ya nuna cewa tarihin rayuwar mata ya fi yawa a cikin labaran marayu (labaran da ba za a iya samun damarsu ta wasu labarai ba): a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, mata suna wakiltar kashi 19% na tarihin rayuwa, amma kuma suna wakiltar kashi 29% na tarihin rayuwa marayu. [2] Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa kayan marayu ba a ganinsu sosai fiye da sauran. [2] === Abubuwan da ke cikin labarin === Duk da cewa yawancin hankali ya ta'allaka ne akan gibin da ke tsakanin tarihin rayuwar maza da mata a Wikipedia, wasu bincike sun kuma mayar da hankali kan ilimin harsuna da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna. A shekarar 2020, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Harsunan Kwamfuta ta gudanar da nazarin rubutu game da nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin labaran Wikipedia. Binciken ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata sun ƙunshi ƙarin jimloli masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya mace" yayin da ake ambaton maza ta amfani da kalmomi masu alaƙa da jinsi kamar "masanin kimiyya". Binciken ya kammala da cewa nuna wariya ga jinsi gaba ɗaya yana raguwa ga kimiyya da labarai masu da hankali kan iyali, yayin da yake ƙaruwa ga abubuwan fasaha da ƙirƙira. [1] [2] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa, a Wikipedia ta Ingilishi, kalmar "saki" ta bayyana fiye da sau huɗu a cikin labaran tarihin rayuwa game da mata fiye da maza. A cewar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, "Ba mu san dalili sosai ba, amma wataƙila abubuwa da yawa ne, ciki har da yadda ake bayyana rayuwar mata ta hanyar dangantakarsu da maza a tarihi". <ref name="kmaher" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 kan rahotannin shugabannin manyan kamfanoni na Fortune 1000 ya gano cewa akwai nuna wariya ga mata a fannin jinsi. Binciken ya binciki gudummawar da aka samu daga sabbin editoci da waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa kuma ya gano cewa sabbin editoci sun fi gabatar da bayanai da suka shafi mata, amma masu amfani da suka daɗe suna ramawa fiye da kima idan suka mayar da martani ga waɗannan gyare-gyaren. An gano cewa labaran da ƙungiyar editoci masu tasowa da suka bambanta suka rubuta sun fi nuna rashin daidaito. [1] Mutane masu canza jinsi da waɗanda ba su da bambancin jinsi biyu suna fuskantar cin zarafi kan bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. Misali, idan shahararrun mutane suka fito a matsayin masu canza jinsi, galibi ana nuna musu wariya kuma ana gabatar da karin magana a kansu don muhawara. Misalai masu kyau na waɗannan muhawara sun haɗa da Chelsea Manning a shekarar 2013 da Caitlyn Jenner a shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka lalata sunayensu da suka ayyana kansu kuma aka koma ga sunayensu na baya. [1] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa labaran da suka shafi mata masu canza jinsi da mutanen da ba su da jinsi biyu suna da kaso mafi girma na labarinsu da aka keɓe ga sashin "Rayuwar Kai", wanda galibi ke mai da hankali kan asalin jinsin mutumin: "Ma'anar cewa asalin jinsi wata siffa ce mai mahimmanci ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin wataƙila tana nuna 'ɓarɓarewa', inda ake bambanta mutane ko kuma ana yi musu lakabi da waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idar zamantakewa ba, wanda galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin mahallin jinsi ko yanayin jima'i". [2] A wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022, an gano cewa labaran da maza suka rubuta sun fi yawa fiye da na mata. Bugu da ƙari, wallafe-wallafen da mata suka zama manyan marubuta ba su da yawa da za a iya ambaton su a Wikipedia. Bayanin da marubutan suka bayar game da wannan shine homophily, wanda shine ra'ayin cewa mutane suna fifita wasu mutane ko aiki irin nasu. Wannan na iya bayyana son zuciya da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ambato saboda galibin editocin Wikipedia maza ne, don haka suna iya fifita wallafe-wallafen maza. [1] == Martani == Wasu masana ilimi da 'yan jarida sun soki Wikipedia saboda kasancewarta mafi yawan maza masu bayar da gudummawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reagle |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Reagle |date=7 January 2013 |title='Free as in sexist?': Free culture and the gender gap |url=http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520205049/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/4291/3381 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2013 |title=Joseph Reagle on the gender gap in geek culture |url=http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015917/http://surprisinglyfree.com/2013/02/26/joseph-reagle-2/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=Surprisingly Free}}</ref> da kuma rashin samun labarai masu yawa game da mata ko batutuwa masu mahimmanci ga mata. A lokacin da take rubuta wa ''Slate'' a shekarar 2011, mai sharhi kan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Heather Mac Donald ta kira rashin daidaiton jinsi a Wikipedia a matsayin "ba matsala ba wajen neman mafita mara kyau". Mac Donald ya yi iƙirarin cewa, "Bayani mafi sauƙi game da bambancin yawan shiga cikin Wikipedia - da kuma wanda ya dace da ƙwarewar yau da kullun - shine, a matsakaici, maza da mata suna da sha'awa daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da suka fi so na yin amfani da lokacin hutunsu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mac Donald |first=Heather |date=9 February 2011 |title=Wikipedia Is Male-Dominated. That Doesn't Mean It's Sexist. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107205929/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2011/02/wikipedia_is_maledominated_that_doesnt_mean_its_sexist.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, [[Sue Gardner]], babbar darakta ta Gidauniyar Wikimedia a lokacin, ta ce game da gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta magance shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." <ref name="Huang130811">{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Keira |date=11 August 2013 |title=Wikipedia fails to bridge gender gap |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195821/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1295872/wikipedia-fails-bridge-gender-gap |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, [[Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales,]] wanda ya kafa Wikipedia, ya sanar a wata hira da BBC game da shirin Gidauniyar Wikimedia na "ninki biyu" kan gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata a Wikipedia. Wales ta ce Gidauniyar za ta kasance a buɗe ga ƙarin masu amfani da ita da kuma ƙarin sauye-sauyen software. A cikin littafin Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men, Caroline Criado Perez ta lura cewa shafukan Wikipedia da yawa waɗanda ke nuni ga ƙungiyoyin maza ko ayyukansu an jera su a matsayin marasa jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Ingila ), yayin da shafukan ƙungiyoyi ko ayyuka makamantan su ga mata an yi su ne musamman ga jinsi ( ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta mata ta Ingila ).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Caroline Criado Perez}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an yi wa Wikipedia kallon "mai nuna son kai na editocinta na al'umma."  A shekarar 2025, Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Farfesa kuma Wakilin Rector na Jagorancin Sashen Daidaito na Jami'ar Universitat de Barcelona (UB), ta kira nuna wariya ga jinsi a Wikipedia "tsari ne" kuma "tsawon shekaru goma", inda ta hada bincike don bayyana dalilin da ya sa irin wannan nuna wariya ta faru . Ferran-Ferrer ya gabatar da wasu abubuwa da za su iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar: ƙarin editocin mata, bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin masu ba da gudummawa, ingantaccen watsa labarai game da mata a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, jagororin edita masu sauƙin samu, da kuma al'adar maraba da ƙarfafawa ga sabbin editoci. [1] == Kokarin magance wariya tsakanin jinsi == [[File:Giants_in_the_field_of_Women_in_the_Arts_2.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb| Mahalarta taron gyara fasaha na mata na shekarar 2013 a Washington, DC]] === Gidauniyar Wikimedia === Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dage a hukumance, tun akalla shekarar 2011 lokacin da Gardner ke matsayin babban darakta, cewa akwai nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin aikin. An yi wasu yunƙurin magance matsalar amma Gardner ya nuna takaicinsa game da matakin nasarar da aka samu. Ta kuma lura cewa "a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin hutu da mata ke da shi, sun fi shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa maimakon gyara Wikipedia. 'Mata suna ganin fasaha a matsayin kayan aiki da suke amfani da shi don cimma ayyuka, maimakon wani abu mai daɗi a cikin kanta. ' [1] [2] A cikin 2011, Gidauniyar ta kafa burin samun kashi 25 cikin 100 na masu ba da gudummawa su gane a matsayin mata nan da 2015. [3] A watan Agusta na 2013, Gardner ya ce, "Ban warware shi ba. Ba mu warware shi ba. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba ta warware shi ba. Maganin ba zai fito daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba." [1] A shekarar 2017, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ware tallafin dala $500,000 don gina yanayi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa ga bambancin ra'ayi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Fundraising Report - Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042716/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=foundation.wikimedia.org}}</ref> An ce VisualEditor, wani aiki da Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa wanda ke ba da damar yin gyare-gyare irin na WYSIWYG a Wikipedia, an yi shi ne a wani ɓangare don rage gibin da ke tsakanin jinsi da mata. <ref name="Slate Middleton">{{Cite journal |last=Bosch |first=Torie |date=13 July 2012 |title=Kate Middleton's wedding gown and Wikipedia's gender gap. |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203174753/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/13/kate_middleton_s_wedding_gown_and_wikipedia_s_gender_gap_.html |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Godiya ga tallafin Wikimedia Foundation, a watan Maris na 2021 an fitar da wani nau'in alpha na Humaniki, wanda ke ba da nau'ikan kididdigar gibin jinsi iri-iri bisa ga [[Wikidata]] . Ana sabunta kididdigar ta atomatik yayin da aka samar da sabbin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=Humaniki March Update: Public Launch of Alpha Release |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/15/humaniki-march-update-public-launch-of-alpha-release/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Wikimedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Asusun Bincike na Wikimedia ya ba da tallafin wani aiki na shekara guda mai suna " [[Cover Women]] ". Yana nazarin yadda ake nuna mata da ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a babban shafin Wikipedia. Mutane da yawa, musamman mata a fannin ilimi, suna ƙirƙirar muƙaloli na masana kimiyya mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Enhancing Representational Equity on Wikipedia {{!}} Omnia |url=https://omnia.sas.upenn.edu/story/heather-sharkey-enhancing-representational-equity-on-wikipedia |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=omnia.sas.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, masana ilmin halittu mata a cibiyoyin ilimi a Amurka yanzu sun fi samun damar shiga shafin Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia’s gender gap has flipped for one group of scientists |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/wikipedia-s-gender-gap-has-flipped-one-group-scientists |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> === Kokarin da masu amfani ke jagoranta === An shirya shirye-shiryen gyara na musamman don ƙara yawan labaran mata a Wikipedia da kuma ƙarfafa mata su gyara Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoeffel |date=11 February 2014 |title=Closing Wikipedia's Gender Gap – Reluctantly |url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902160836/http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/closing-wikipedias-gender-gap-reluctantly.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Gidauniyar Wikimedia ce ke tallafawa waɗannan tarurrukan, wanda wani lokacin ke ba da masu ba da shawara da fasaha don taimakawa wajen jagorantar sabbin editoci ta hanyar wannan tsari. Wasu misalai na gyaran da aka mayar da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa sun haɗa da masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi mata 'yan Australiya da mata a tarihin Yahudawa . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Kleeman |first=Jenny |date=26 May 2016 |title=The Wikipedia wars: does it matter if our biggest source of knowledge is written by men? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2015/05/wikipedia-has-colossal-problem-women-dont-edit-it |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=www.newstatesman.com |language=en}}</ref> Wani shiri na farko na ƙirƙirar sararin "mata kaɗai" ga editocin Wikipedia a farkon 2015 ya fuskanci adawa sosai daga masu amfani da Wikipedia. <ref name="PalingAtlantic" /> Wasu masu amfani sun yi ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wannan wuri da maza suka mamaye ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin tallafi ga mata masu amfani da Wikipedia, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da WikiWomen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WikiWomen's User Group - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiWomen%27s_User_Group |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>  Wannan rukunin ba wai kawai ana amfani da shi don tallata mata wajen gyara da bayar da gudummawa a kan ƙarin shafuka ba, har ma don ƙara ƙarin shafuka game da mata waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'umma gabaɗaya. An ƙaddamar da aikin Wikipedia Teahouse da nufin samar da yanayi mai sauƙin amfani ga sabbin shiga, tare da takamaiman burin ƙara wa mata shiga cikin Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Tea & Sympathy: Crafting Positive New User Experiences on Wikipedia |url=http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213415/http://dub.washington.edu/pubs/364 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |website=washington.edu |publisher=Proc. CSCW '13, 23–27 February 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015, an ƙaddamar da WikiProject [[Women in Red]] a kan sigar Ingilishi ta Wikipedia, inda aka mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sabbin labarai game da mata masu shahara. Galibi ta hanyar gyaran da ake yi a kowane wata ta hanyar intanet, Women in Red tana ƙarfafa editoci su shiga cikin faɗaɗa ayyukan Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Improving gender balance on Wikipedia |url=http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012125221/http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/aug/wikithon/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙoƙarin wannan aikin, zuwa watan Yunin 2018 an ƙara wasu sabbin tarihin rayuwar mata 17,000 a cikin Wikipedia. Yawancin Wikiprojects sun himmatu wajen tallata gudummawar editoci kan nazarin jinsi da mata, wanda ya haɗa da " mata WikiProject, WikiProject feminism, WikiProject nazarin jinsi, da kuma WikiProject da ke yaƙi da son zuciya/rabon jinsi ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=K. |year=2017 |title=Why women should be editing Wikipedia |journal=Women's Studies Journal |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=94–99 |issn=0112-4099 |oclc=14929028}}</ref> Faɗaɗawa fiye da jinsi biyu na maza/mata, Wikiproject LGBT yana ƙirƙirar sarari don "sake/rubuta haɗa da wakilcin al'adun LGBTQ cikin babban yankin Wikipedia". <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Matthew |first=Vetter |last2=Pettiway |first2=Keon |date=20 November 2018 |title=Hacking Hetero/Normative Logics: Queer Feminist Media Praxis in Wikipedia |url=https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |url-status=live |journal=Technoculture |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014030646/https://tcjournal.org/vol7/hacking-hetero-normative-logics |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, wata mai shirya gyara-a-thon mai suna [[Sarah Osborne Bender]] ta yi wa ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' bayani kan yadda maza ke cire shafukan Wikipedia game da shugabannin mata. "Na rubuta wani labari a Wikipedia game da wata mace mai tallan kayan tarihi, washegari kuma na sami saƙo yana cewa an goge shi saboda ba 'mutum ce mai daraja' ba, amma wani a cikin al'ummarmu ya ba ni shawara kan yadda zan gyara shi don shafin ya ci gaba da kasancewa". Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Mayun 2026 wanda aka nuna a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society ya ruwaito cewa, a cikin ƙidayar masana ilmin halitta mata da maza waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sassan dukkan jami'o'in R1 na Amurka, mata ba su da "ƙarancin bayyanar su a dandamali fiye da takwarorinsu maza har zuwa 2018", amma yanayin ya koma baya a 2022, kuma "mata sun fi maza samun tarihin rayuwarsu da kashi 25%". Bugu da ƙari, tarihin rayuwar mata a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ya fi na maza tsayi. Marubutan wannan littafin sun lura cewa "daga cikin tarihin rayuwar mata 163 da aka ƙirƙira tun 2015, editocin Wikipedia 78 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red, editocin 16 ne suka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Women in Red (duk da haka, 14 daga cikinsu mutane ne suka ƙirƙira su waɗanda suma ɓangare ne na aikin Women in Red), kuma 13 daga cikinsu ɗalibai ne da aka yi wa rijista a matsayin ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a kwasa-kwasan jami'a waɗanda ke buƙatar/ƙarfafa gwiwa su ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia." [1] Wani littafi da aka buga a watan Agusta na 2026 ya mayar da hankali kan labaran masana Jamusawa a Wikipedia ta Jamus kuma ya gano cewa farfesoshi mata da alama suna da "damar samun tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia fiye da takwarorinsu maza", tare da tasirin da aka mayar da hankali a fannin STEM . Marubutan sun kuma lura cewa "faɗaɗɗun hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙwararru na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tarihin rayuwar Wikipedia, yayin da suke ƙara yiwuwar a nuna su a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin gyara Wikipedia", yayin da suka lura cewa farfesoshi mata za su iya amfana daga shirye-shiryen da suka himmatu wajen rubuta tarihin rayuwa game da mata a Wikipedia, gami da ayyukan FemNetz da WomenEdit a Berlin, da kuma ƙungiyar "Wanene ke rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa?" a Switzerland . [1] === Jess Wade === A shekarar 2022, wani labari a mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAz0">VICE</i></nowiki> ya yi cikakken bayani kan yadda Jessica Wade ta ƙirƙiri fiye da rubuce-rubuce 1,700 na Wikipedia kan mata masana kimiyya tun daga shekarar 2017 ga mata da yawa waɗanda ba a lura da gudummawarsu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=18 November 2022 |title=I've Made More Than 1,700 Wikipedia Entries on Women Scientists and I'm Not Yet Done |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wikipedia-pages-women-scientists-jessica-wade-stem/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> Wade ya bayar da babbar gudummawa ga wani kamfen na Wikipedia wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙirƙirar labaran Wikipedia game da fitattun mata masu ilimi, domin haɓaka abin koyi ga mata a cikin STEM. <ref name="1Cxjc">{{Cite web |last= |year=2017 |title=Jess Wade – CSHL WiSE |url=http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820110414/http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/jess-wade/ |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=cshlwise.org |publisher=[[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] Harbour |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last=Zdanowicz |first=Christina |year=2018 |title=A physicist has written more than 280 Wikipedia entries to elevate women in science |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123225217/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/health/scientist-women-wikipedia-entries-trnd/index.html |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wade ya ƙirƙiri sabbin labarai na tarihin rayuwa a Wikipedia don ɗaga martabar mata a STEM. <ref name="tnw" /> <ref name="pride">{{Cite web |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=2 January 2019 |title=This Scientist Is Updating Wikipedia with Women, POC, & LGBTQ+ History |url=https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820105152/https://www.pride.com/news/2019/1/02/scientist-updating-wikipedia-women-poc-lgbtq-history |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=pride.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa sama da 900 a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Physicist writes 900 Wikipedia entries to boost diversity in science |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527160929/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-02-11/physicist-writes-900-wikipedia-entries-to-boost-diversity-in-science/ |archive-date=27 May 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> Zuwa watan Janairun 2021, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 1,200. Zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, ya wuce 2,100. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta buga wani rubutu mai taken "Hoton ramin baƙi misali ne kawai na kare mata a kimiyya", [1] wanda Zaringhalam da Wade suka rubuta tare, suna fafutukar ganin an ƙara karrama matan da ke ba da gudummawa ga kimiyya. Bayan an fitar da hoton farko na wani ramin baƙi, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun yi bikin rawar da Katie Bouman ta taka wajen jagorantar ƙirƙirar tsarin sarrafa hotuna. [2] Jaridar ta jaddada ikon kafofin sada zumunta kamar Twitter da kuma rumbun adana bayanai na haɗin gwiwa kamar Wikipedia wajen yaba wa gudummawar kimiyya ta mata. A matsayin misali na rashin isasshen bayani a cikin Wikipedia ta Ingilishi game da mata a fannin kimiyya, labarin ya nuna goge tarihin rayuwar Clarice Phelps . Wade ya ƙirƙiri wani ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Phelps a Wikipedia a watan Satumba na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=A deleted Wikipedia page speaks volumes about its biggest problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429091704/https://www.fastcompany.com/90339700/a-deleted-wikipedia-page-speaks-volumes-about-its-biggest-problem |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Fastcompany.com}}</ref> Share wannan labarin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2019 <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis |first=Claire |date=25 April 2019 |title=What a Deleted Profile Tells Us About Wikipedia's Diversity Problem |url=https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162539/https://undark.org/2019/04/25/wikipedia-diversity-problem/ |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=Undark.org}}</ref> ya haifar da dogon tattaunawa kan edita da kuma sake maido da shi da kuma sake goge shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadeque |first=Samira |date=29 April 2019 |title=Wikipedia doesn't think this Black female scientist is notable enough for a page |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430042820/https://www.dailydot.com/irl/wikipedia-clarice-phelps/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=dailydot.com |publisher=The Daily Dot}}</ref> Katrina Krämer ta rubuta a cikin ''Duniyar Kimiyyar Halitta'' :   Wade ta shaida wa Chemistry World cewa ta yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashin tantancewar da masu binciken kimiyya suka yi daga rahoton da aka wallafa a Wikipedia abin takaici ne, tana mai bayyana ra'ayinta cewa tana karɓar bayanai daga ma fitattun mutane a kafofin watsa labarai. [1] Zuwa watan Janairun 2020, an cimma matsaya kan dawo da wannan labarin, domin a wancan lokacin sabbin majiyoyi sun fara samuwa. [2] Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, daga cikin kasidu 600 game da masana kimiyya mata da Wade ya rubuta, an goge guda 6 saboda rashin cika ka'idojin Wikipedia na shahara. [1] === Wasu kamfanoni === A shekarar 2013, FemTechNet ta ƙaddamar da "Wikistorming" a matsayin wani aiki da ke ba da tallafin karatu ga mata kuma yana ƙarfafa gyaran Wikipedia a matsayin wani ɓangare na koyarwar makaranta da kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=feminist wiki-storming – FemTechNet |url=https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401012841/https://femtechnet.org/docc/feminist-wiki-storming/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2014, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta sanar da cewa za ta kashe dala $200,000 don nazarin bambancin jinsi a Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322971 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322971&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1322934 - Collaborative Research: Wikipedia and the Democratization of Academic Knowledge |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322934&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, [[Jennifer C. Edwards]], shugabar sashen tarihi a Kwalejin Manhattan, ta bayyana cewa cibiyoyin ilimi za su iya amfani da ayyukan Wikipedia kamar nazarin gibin jinsi na kundin bayanai da kuma rufe batutuwan mata don zaburar da ɗalibai su canza rashin daidaiton jinsi na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-teacher_2015-05_48_3/page/409 |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |issn=0018-2745 |jstor=24810523}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Angela Fan, mai bincike a Meta Platforms, ta sanar da wani samfurin manhaja mai buɗewa wacce za ta iya ƙirƙirar daftarin tarihin rayuwa irin na Wikipedia wanda "wata rana zai taimaka wa editocin Wikipedia ƙirƙirar dubban rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa masu inganci ga muhimman mutane waɗanda ba sa cikin shafin", ciki har da mata. == Duba kuma == * Nuna wariya ga launin fata a Wikipedia * Bambancin yanki akan Wikipedia * Nuna bambancin jinsi na ƙarni na biyu * [[Wikipidiya|Tsarin son kai a cikin Wikipedia]] == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Jennifer C. |date=2015 |title=Wiki Women: Bringing Women into Wikipedia through Activism and Pedagogy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-teacher_2015-05_48_3/page/409 |journal=The History Teacher |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=409–436 |jstor=24810523 |ref=none}} === Yaɗa labarai === * Bort, Julie (15 Fabrairu 2014) [http://www.businessinsider.com/growing-army-of-women-take-on-wikipedia-2014-2 "Ƙaruwar Rundunar Mata Suna Ɗauki Matsalar Launin Mata ta Wikipedia"] . Mai bincike a fannin kasuwanci. An dawo da shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2022. * * * * * * * * * * - Gabatarwa da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa ra'ayoyi takwas. * === Bincike da shawara === * {{Cite web |last=Glott |first=Ruediger |last2=Schmidt |first2=Philipp |last3=Ghosh |first3=Rishab |date=March 2010 |title=Wikipedia Survey: Overview Results |url=http://www.wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414165445/http://wikipediasurvey.org/docs/Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2010 |access-date=11 August 2014 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Maximilian |display-authors=etal. |date=10 February 2015 |title=Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators |url=http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119131203/http://wigi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Cornell University Library |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Tripp |first=Dawn Leonard |date=13 January 2015 |title=How to Edit Wikipedia: Lessons from a Female Contributor |url=http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209033907/http://anitaborg.org/news/blog/how-to-edit-wikipedia-lessons-from-a-female-contributor/ |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Anita Borg Institute |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hinnosaar |first=Marit |date=July 2019 |title=Gender Inequality in New Media: Evidence from Wikipedia |url=http://www.carloalberto.org/assets/working-papers/no.411.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |volume=163 |pages=262–276 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.020 |s2cid=182928068 |ref=none}} *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |title=Wiki Loves Women |url=https://www.wikiloveswomen.org/ |language=en-US}} {{Wikipedia|state=expanded}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kx3zbzjdk4pv9xwm73tahu3cmku6oq7 Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zurfi 0 178868 967286 966154 2026-10-13T20:12:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967286 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Databox}}  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], '''tsarin kiwon lafiya mai cire kuɗi mai yawa''' ( '''HDHP''' ) tsarin [[inshorar lafiya]] ne mai ƙarancin kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma ƙarin kuɗaɗen cire kuɗi fiye da tsarin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya. An yi shi ne don ƙarfafa wa masu amfani da shi gwiwa kan harkokin kiwon lafiya . Kasancewa cikin wani nau'in inshorar lafiya (HDHP) shi ma wani abu ne da ake buƙata don samun asusun ajiyar lafiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=High-Deductible Health Plans |url=http://www.health401k.com/2011/09/high-deductible-health-plans/ |access-date=25 May 2011 |publisher=Health 401k}}</ref> Wasu tsare-tsaren HDHP suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin "lafiya", waɗanda aka bayar kafin a biya kuɗin da za a cire. Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai cire kuɗi mai yawa wani nau'i ne na inshorar bala'i, wanda aka yi niyya don biyan diyya ga [[Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro|cututtuka masu bala'i]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2012 |title=Publication 969 |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p969.pdf |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> Yawan ɗaukar marasa lafiya na HDHPs yana ƙaruwa tun lokacin da aka kafa su a 2004, ba wai kawai tare da ƙaruwar zaɓuɓɓukan ma'aikata ba, har ma da ƙara yawan zaɓuɓɓukan gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claxton |first=G |title=Employer Health Benefits: 2016 Annual Survey |url=https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2016-Annual-Survey |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, HDHPs sun wakilci kashi 29% na jimillar ma'aikatan da aka rufe a Amurka; duk da haka, ba a fahimci tasirin irin wannan tsarin fa'ida sosai ba. <ref name="waters">Waters, T.M., Chang, C.F., Cecil, W.T., Kasteridis, P., and Mirvis, D. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6773.2010.01191.x "Impact of High-Deductible Health Plans on Health Care Utilization and Costs"], ''[[Health Services Research (journal)|Health Services Research]]'' 46(1), pp. 155-172, Wiley-Blackwell, Feb. 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2020. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01191.x}}</ref> <ref name="borah">Borah, B.J., Burns, M.E., and Shah, N.D. [[doi:10.1002/hec.1757|"Assessing the impact of high deductible health plans on health‐care utilization and cost: a changes‐in‐changes approach"]], ''[[Health Economics]]'' 20(9), pp. 1025-1042, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., June 1, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2020. {{Doi|10.1002/hec.1757}}</ref> == Mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da za a cire da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da za a cire daga aljihu == Shiga cikin wani tsari na HDHP wanda ya cancanta wajibi ne ga asusun ajiyar lafiya da sauran shirye-shiryen da ke da fa'idar haraji. Tsarin cancanta an bayyana shi a matsayin tsarin lafiya wanda ke da mafi ƙarancin cirewa ba ƙasa da wani ƙaramin cirewa da IRS ta ayyana ba, da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da za a kashe daga aljihu wanda ba zai wuce wani matsakaicin aljihu da IRS ta ayyana ba, wanda Hukumar Harajin Cikin Gida za ta iya gyarawa kowace shekara don nuna canjin farashin rayuwa . Bisa ga umarnin da aka bayar na fom ɗin IRS 8889, "wannan iyaka ba ta shafi cire kuɗi da kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ba na hanyar sadarwa ba idan shirin yana amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta masu samar da kayayyaki. Madadin haka, cire kuɗi da kuɗaɗen aljihu kawai don ayyuka a cikin hanyar sadarwa ya kamata a yi amfani da su don tantance ko an kai iyakar." {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="2" |Single ! colspan="2" |Family |- !Minimum deductible (single) !Maximum out-of-pocket (single) !Minimum deductible (family) !Maximum out-of-pocket (family) |- |2009 |$1,150 |$5,800 |$2,300 |$11,600 |- |2010 |$1,200 |$5,950 |$2,400 |$11,900 |- |2011 |$1,200 |$5,950 |$2,400 |$11,900 |- |2012 |$1,200 |$6,050 |$2,400 |$12,100 |- |2013 |$1,250 |$6,250 |$2,500 |$12,500 |- |2014 |$1,250 |$6,350 |$2,500 |$12,700 |- |2015 |$1,300 |$6,450 |$2,600 |$12,900 |- |2016 |$1,300 |$6,550 |$2,600 |$13,100 |- |2017 |$1,300 |$6,550 |$2,600 |$13,100 |- |2018 |$1,350 |$6,650 |$2,700 |$13,300 |- |2019 |$1,350 |$6,750 |$2,700 |$13,500 |- |2020 |$1,400 |$6,900 |$2,800 |$13,800 |- |2021 |$1,400 |$7,000 |$2,800 |$14,000 |- |2022 |$1,400 |$7,050 |$2,800 |$14,100 |- |2023 |$1,500 |$7,500 |$3,000 |$15,000 |- |2024 |$1,600 |$8,050 |$3,200 |$16,100 |- |2025 |$1,650 |$8,300 |$3,300 |$16,600 |- |2026 |$1,700 |$8,500 |$3,400 |$17,000 |} == Tasiri kan ayyukan rigakafi da amfani == Idan mai saye ya sayi inshorar lafiya, akwai haɗarin haɗarin ɗabi'a domin mai saye zai iya amfani da kulawar lafiya da yawa saboda an cire cikakken kuɗin kulawa (watau yana da ƙarancin kuɗin kulawa fiye da kasuwa ta buɗe). Masu fafutukar kula da lafiya na masu amfani da kayayyaki (CDHC) kamar HDHPs suna aiki ne bisa hujjar cewa za a iya guje wa zaɓin da marasa lafiya suka yi ba tare da shiri ba idan aka ɗora musu alhakin kuɗi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi mai yawa da kuma cire kuɗi daga asusunsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilensky |first=G. R. |date=1 January 2006 |title=Consumer-Driven Health Plans: Early Evidence And Potential Impact On Hospitals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_january-february-2006_25_1/page/n181 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=174–185 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.25.1.174 |pmid=17694602}}</ref> Duk da haka, a aikace, bincike ya nuna cewa HDHP na iya haɓaka halaye kamar guje wa ziyartar [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kulawa ta rigakafi]] da rage kulawar da ake buƙata ta hanyar motsa jiki, musamman ga waɗanda ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun ko ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/Health-Savings-Accounts.aspx |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=www.treasury.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>  == Tasirin kuɗin kai na mutum == Domin cancantar shiga HDHP a shekarar 2023, dole ne tsarin mutum ɗaya ya kasance yana da aƙalla kuɗin da za a cire daga tsarin, kuma dole ne tsarin iyali ya kasance yana da aƙalla kuɗin da za a cire daga tsarin. Jimillar kuɗaɗen da HDHP ke kashewa a kowace shekara (gami da cire kuɗi, biyan kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa, da inshorar haɗin gwiwa) ba zai iya wuce $7,500 ga mutum ɗaya ba ko $15,000 ga iyali. <ref name="IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-24" /> (Wannan iyaka ba ta shafi ayyukan da ba na hanyar sadarwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdus |first=S. |last2=Selden |first2=T. M. |last3=Keenan |first3=P. |date=5 December 2016 |title=The Financial Burdens Of High-Deductible Plans |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2297–2301 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0842 |pmid=27920319}}</ref> ) Saboda tsadar farashin HDHPs, karuwar farashin da za a kashe a aljihu na iya zama mai wahala musamman ga iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=High Deductible Health Plans |url=http://www.health401k.com/2011/09/24/high-deductible-health-plans/ |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Health 401k}}</ref> A matsayin wata hanya ta ƙoƙarin rage farashin kulawa, masu riƙe da manufofin HDHP na iya ba da gudummawa ga asusun ajiyar lafiya (HSA) tare da kuɗin shiga kafin haraji. <ref name="health.usnews.com">{{Cite web |last=Renter |first=E |title=Should you Roll the Dice on a High-Deductible Health Plan? |url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-insurance/articles/2014/11/10/should-you-roll-the-dice-on-a-high-deductible-health-plan |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Gudummawar HSA, ba kamar sauran motocin saka hannun jari masu cin gajiyar haraji ba, suna ba da fa'idar haraji sau uku - gudummawar da za a cire haraji, ci gaba ba tare da haraji ba, da kuma cire haraji ba tare da haraji ba don kuɗaɗen likita masu cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=S |date=2 May 2016 |title=IRS Sets 2017 HSA Contribution Limits |url=https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/benefits/pages/irs-sets-2017-hsa-contribution-limits.aspx |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=SHRM}}</ref> Iyakokin da masu riƙe da manufofin bayar da gudummawa za su iya yi wa HSA a shekarar 2024 su ne $4,150 (ɗaya) da $8,300 (iyali) <ref name="IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-24" /> tare da gudummawar kama-karya ta $1,000 ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 55 ko sama da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurber |first=E |title=How to attract the high-deductible patient |url=https://www.advisory.com/research/market-innovation-center/the-growth-channel/2013/12/how-to-attract-the-high-deductible-patient |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=www.advisory.com}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke tasowa == Adadin mutanen da suka yi rajista a cikin HDHPs yana ƙaruwa, amma wannan wataƙila ya faru ne saboda hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya da kuma canjin farashi ga masu amfani - ba saboda gaskiyar cewa HDHPs dole ne su samar da kulawa mafi kyau ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claxton |first=G |title=Employer Health Benefits: 2016 Annual Survey |url=https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2016-Annual-Survey |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> == Girman HDHPs == Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai yawan cire kuɗi (HDHPs) yana da ƙarancin kuɗin da ake biya amma yana da babban kuɗin da ake biya, inshorar haɗin gwiwa da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin da ake biya daga aljihu. Saboda ƙarancin farashi a gaba, HDHPs suna ƙara samun karɓuwa a wurin ma'aikata, inda kashi 24% ke bayar da wani nau'in HDHP a 2013 (sama da kashi 5% a 2007). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Snapshots: The Prevalence and Cost of Deductibles in Employer Sponsored Insurance |url=https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/snapshots-the-prevalence-and-cost-of-deductibles-in-employer-sponsored-insurance/}}</ref> A cikin wannan tsari, mutum yana ɗaukar duk kuɗin likita har sai an biya mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da za a cire. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ( ACA ), wadda aka zartar a shekarar 2010, ta haifar da faɗaɗar HDHPs sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2017 |title=CDC: Nearly 40% of US adults have high-deductible health plans |url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/cdc-nearly-40-of-us-adults-have-high-deductible-health-plans.html}}</ref> == Raba farashi da siyan farashi da kuma buƙatar masu amfani == Ka'idar tattalin arziki da ke bayan HDHPs ita ce 'raba farashi', "hanyar ba da kuɗi ga kula da lafiya wanda ke buƙatar wasu kuɗaɗen kai tsaye don ayyukan da marasa lafiya ke yi." Ƙara yawan kuɗin da za a cire daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi wata hanya ce da ake ganin za a rage farashin kula da lafiya ta hanyar rage yawan amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Yayin da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa daga aljihun masu inshora da ma'aikata suka canza daga masu inshora da ma'aikata zuwa daidaikun mutane da ma'aikata, masu amfani za su ƙara nuna wariya a cikin kayayyakin inshorarsu kuma su shiga cikin babban matakin siyan farashi. Masu amfani da kayayyaki za su kuma kwatanta darajar ayyukan likitanci da ake bayarwa a wani wuri idan aka kwatanta da wani wajen yanke shawara kan inda za a nemi ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Idan aka haɗa, HDHPs ya kamata su rage amfani da harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma hana hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya na ƙasa. Nasarar wannan ka'ida ta dogara ne akan ikon marasa lafiya na yanke shawara mai kyau game da siyan lafiyarsu <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ginsburg |first=PB |date=2007 |title=Shopping for price in medical care |journal=Health Affairs |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=208–216 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.w208 |pmid=17284467}}</ref> kamar yadda suke yi wa kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=E |title=Increased health care cost sharing works as intended: It burdens patients who need care the most |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/bp358-increased-health-care-cost-sharing-works/}}</ref> Tare da yawan kuɗin da ake cirewa daga asusun ajiyar kuɗi, masu amfani suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen la'akari da farashi yayin zaɓar masu samar da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, wannan tsarin tattalin arziki bai tabbata ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa membobin HDHP da tsare-tsaren gargajiya suna da yuwuwar siyan magani a farashi mai rahusa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siniako |first=AD |date=2016 |title=High-Deductible Health Plan Growth, and Shopping for Health Care: Enrollees with Skin in the Game |journal=JAMA |volume=176 |issue=3 |pages=395–397 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7554 |pmc=6081744 |pmid=26784644}}</ref> Masu amfani da kayayyaki suna zaɓar kula da lafiya saboda dalilai daban-daban kuma ba duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da abubuwan more rayuwa ba ne ke dacewa da siyan farashi. Masu bincike sun bayyana yanayi guda biyar waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ingantaccen siyan farashi fiye da wasu. <ref name=":1" /> # Ayyukan ba su da rikitarwa. # Bukatar ayyukan ba gaggawa ba ce. # An riga an yi gwajin cutar. # Farashin da aka haɗa su ne abin da ake buƙata don hidimar. # Tsarin fa'idodin inshora yana ba da kwarin gwiwa don zaɓar masu samar da ƙananan farashi. == Tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba na raba farashi == Duk da cewa HDHPs ababen hawa ne masu amfani ga mai amfani da ya dace, akwai damuwa cewa marasa lafiya na iya jinkirta kulawa saboda tsadar farashi, sau da yawa don cutar da kansu. Idan marasa lafiya suka dage kulawar da ake buƙata ko ta rigakafi (ziyarar marasa lafiya, gwaje-gwajen asibiti da gwajin gano cutar), suna iya ƙarewa a ɗakunan gaggawa na asibitoci ko ɗakunan magani. Canjin barin kulawa da wuri don zuwa asibiti mai tsanani da kuma mai matuƙar amfani da albarkatu daga baya ya ƙara yawan kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=B |date=19 May 2016 |title=21 statistics on high-deductible health plans |url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/21-statistics-on-high-deductible-health-plans.html}}</ref> Har zuwa kashi 43% na marasa lafiya da aka yi wa inshora sun ce sun jinkirta ko kuma sun tsallake gwaje-gwaje ko jiyya da likitoci suka ba da shawarar yi saboda yawan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan. <ref name=":0" /> Wani ƙarin ƙa'idar tattalin arziki da aka fi dangantawa da HDHPs shine Asusun Tanadin Lafiya (HSA). HSAs asusun ajiya ne da aka keɓe daga haraji wanda mutanen da ke da HDHPs ke ba da kuɗi don biyan kuɗin likita/kuɗaɗen da za su biya nan gaba wanda yanzu suke da alhakinsa. "An gabatar da HSA a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar fa'idodin magunguna ta Medicare, asusun ajiyar lafiya ne wanda ba shi da ƙuntatawa, mallakar ma'aikaci, kuma a buɗe yake ga duk wanda ya yi rajista a cikin [HDHP] kuma ba a riga an rufe shi da inshorar gwamnati ko ta masu zaman kansu ba" <sup>5</sup> . An tsara HSAs ne don rage nauyin kuɗi na ƙaruwar raba kuɗi da ya shafi HDHPs, amma an takaita yin rajista a HSA. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 61.6% na waɗanda suka yi rajista a HDHP ba su da HSA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdus |first=S |date=2016 |title=The Financial Burdens of High-Deductible Plans |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2297–2301 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0842 |pmid=27920319}}</ref> == Tasiri ga likita, asibiti da kuma samar da kayan aikin asibiti == Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen da ke da HDHPs sau da yawa suna barin ko jinkirta kulawa saboda karuwar raba farashi, kuma wannan yakan haifar da marasa lafiya da ke gabatarwa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi daga baya cikin mummunan yanayi. [ana buƙatar hujja] . Wannan tsari yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ɓangaren samar da lafiya [ana buƙatar hujja] . Asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna ɗaukar ƙarin basussuka masu yawa bayan zuwan HDHP yayin da marasa lafiya ke fitar da kuɗin da za su cire daga asusunsu jim kaɗan bayan an kwantar da su a asibiti don kulawa kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗin da za su biya. [ana buƙatar hujja] . Tare da karuwar raba farashi, asibitoci suna karɓar ƙarin kuɗi kai tsaye daga marasa lafiya; daga 2011 zuwa 2014, adadin kuɗin da masu amfani ke biya ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya ya ƙaru da kashi 193 cikin ɗari bisa ga wani bincike da aka gudanar a rahoton shekara-shekara na "Trends in Healthcare Payments: 2014" daga InstaMed. [1] Daga likitoci/masu samar da kayan asibiti, HDHP ta tilasta wa cibiyoyi su zama masu sanin ya kamata yayin da marasa lafiya (saboda siyan farashi) ke yin nasu binciken kuma su fahimci zaɓuɓɓukan da suke da su. [2] Idan marasa lafiya da ke da HDHPs suka daina kulawa ta farko, wannan zai rage yawan da kuma kudaden shiga da za su iya samarwa. Hakan kuma yana nufin cewa, daga baya, nauyin da kuma tsananin kulawar da ake bayarwa a kowane lokaci ya fi yawa. Haka nan ma ga ƙwararru waɗanda ke ganin ƙarancin marasa lafiya ana duba su da kuma kula da su (kwayar cutar kansa, mammograms, gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun, da sauransu) sannan su ƙare da mummunan yanayi (kuma ana iya hana su). A cikin dogon lokaci, farashi da nauyin koyaushe suna ƙaruwa [ana buƙatar hujja] . Likitoci suna fama da matsalar tsadar magani, wanda hakan ya sa suka zaɓi ko suka ƙi hulɗar likita ko kuma yin amfani da hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita fiye da fa'idodin lafiyar mutum. [ana buƙatar hujja] . == Duba kuma == * Kalmomin kalmomi a fannin kiwon lafiya * [[Rashin lafiya mai ban tsoro|Cutar bala'i]] * [[Kula da lafiya]] * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * Inshorar lafiya a Amurka * [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Manufar lafiya]] * Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi * [[Lafiyar jama'a]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 788a2qgdcdd4i1rja8kr9inuup1cniw Gelada 0 178930 967350 966380 2026-10-13T21:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gelada (wanda aka fi sani da *Theropithecus gelada*; a harshen Amharic: *č̣əlada*; a Oromo: *Jaldeessa daabee*), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da birin mai-kirji-mai-launin-jini ko kuma birin *baboon* na nau'in gelada, nau'in biri ne na Tsohuwar Duniya (Old World monkey) da ake samu a tsaunukan Habasha kawai, inda yake rayuwa a tsayin mita 1,800 zuwa 4,400 (ƙafa 5,900 zuwa 14,400) sama da matakin teku. Shi ne kaɗai nau'in halitta mai rai da ya rage a cikin rukunin *Theropithecus*, sunan da aka samo daga kalmomin Girkanci masu ma'anar "birin-dabba" (*thēro-píthēkos*).[1][2] Kamar takwarorinsa na kusa a rukunin *Papio* (wato biran *baboon*), wannan biri yana rayuwa ne galibi a ƙasa, inda yake cinye mafi yawan lokacinsa yana neman abinci a filayen ciyawa; ciyawa ce kuma ke samar da kusan kashi 90 na abincinsa. Yana da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da fuska mai duhu da gashin ido. Manya maza suna da gashi mai tsawo a bayansu da kuma jan fata mai haske wanda ya yi kama da saurin saurin sautin a cikin kirjin su. Har ila yau, mata suna da fata mai tsabta amma ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, sai dai a lokacin Estrus, lokacin da yake haskakawa kuma yana nuna "kusa" na blisters cike da ruwa. Maza suna da matsakaicin {{Cvt|18.5|kg}} kg (41 kuma mata suna da matsakaici {{Cvt|11|kg}} kg (24 a cikin nauyi. Tsawon kai-jiki yana da 50-75 cm (20-30 in) tare da wutsiya na 30-50 cm (12-20 in). Gelada tana da tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa. Rukunin haifuwa da maza sune ƙungiyoyi biyu na asali. Ƙungiya ta ƙunshi haɗuwa da raka'a masu yawa na haihuwa da raka'o'in maza; al'umma ta ƙunshi ƙungiya ɗaya zuwa huɗu. A cikin raka'a na haihuwa mata suna da alaƙa da juna. Maza za su ƙaura daga ƙungiyar haihuwarsu don ƙoƙarin sarrafa ɗayan nasu kuma mata a cikin ɗayan na iya zaɓar tallafawa ko adawa da sabon namiji. Lokacin da maza fiye da ɗaya suke cikin ɗayan, ɗaya ne kawai zai iya yin jima'i da mata. Gelada tana da nau'o'i daban-daban na muryoyin da ake zaton suna kusa da rikitarwa ga na mutane. An yi tunanin yawan geladas ya ragu daga 440,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 200,000 a cikin 2008. Duk da asarar nauyi, an lissafa shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi. == Tarihi da juyin halitta == [[File:Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_gehörig_(1835)_Theropithecus_gelada.png|left|thumb|Bayanan Rüppell game da nau'in (1835) ]] Tun daga shekara ta 1979, ana sanya gelada a cikin jinsinta (''Theropithecus''), kodayake wasu binciken kwayar halitta sun nuna cewa ya kamata a haɗa wannan [[biri]] tare da danginsa na baboon (genus ''Papio''); <ref name="Goodman">{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=M. |last2=Porter |first2=C. A. |last3=Czelusniak |first3=J. |last4=Page |first4=S. L. |last5=Schneider |first5=H. |last6=Shoshani |first6=J. |last7=Gunnell |first7=G. |last8=Groves |first8=C. P. |year=1998 |title=Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates Based on DNA Evidence Complemented by Fossil Evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_1998-06_9_3/page/585 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=585–598 |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..585G |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0495 |pmid=9668008 |s2cid=23525774}}</ref> wasu masu bincike sun rarraba jinsin har ma da nisa daga ''Papio''. Duk da yake Theropithecus gelada shine kawai nau'in da ke rayuwa na jinsinsa, daban-daban, an san manyan nau'o'in daga tarihin burbushin halittu: <nowiki><i id="mwSw">T. brumpti</i></nowiki>, ''T. darti'' da ''T. oswaldi'', wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin jinsin ''Simopithecus''. <ref name="Hughes">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=K. |last2=Elton |first2=S. |last3=O'Regan |first3=J. |date=Jan 2008 |title=Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=43–77 |bibcode=2008JHumE..54...43H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004 |issn=0047-2484 |pmid=17868778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=W. |year=1972 |title=The first complete skull of ''Simopithecus darti'' from Makapansgat, South Africa, and its systematic position |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=395–400 |bibcode=1972JHumE...1..395M |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(72)90116-9}}</ref> ''Theropithecus'', yayin da aka ƙuntata a halin yanzu zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]], an kuma san shi daga burbushin burbushin da aka samo a Afirka da Bahar Rum zuwa Asiya, gami da Afirka ta Kudu, Malawi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Aljeriya, Morocco, Spain, da Indiya (mafi daidai a Mirzapur, Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadari, Turkana, Makapansgat, da Swartkrans). == Manazarta == q5ze0j6easyet698228n2fgfskbbify Tarihin Fez 0 178962 967416 966546 2026-10-13T23:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967416 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarihin Fez ya fara ne da kafuwar Idris I da Idris II a ƙarshen karni na 8 da farkon karni na 9 AZ. Da farko ya kunshi yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da masu fafatawa a kan iyakar da ke adawa da abin da yanzu ake kira [[Oued Fes]]. Da farko mazaunin yawancin mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]] (Amazigh), raƙuman ruwa na yawancin baƙi [[Larabawa]] daga Ifriqiya ([[Tunisiya]]) da al-Andalus ([[Ispaniya|Spain]] / [[Portugal]]) a tsawon lokaci sun ba da sabon birni halayyar Larabawa. Bayan faduwar [[Daular Idrisid]], an yi hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin Zenata daban-daban da suka haɗa kai da ko dai Fatimid Caliphate ko Umayyad Caliphate na Cordoba. A cikin karni na 11 sultan Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] ya ci yankin kuma ya haɗa ƙauyukansa guda biyu cikin abin da ke yau Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). A karkashin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads bayan su, duk da rasa matsayin babban birnin ga [[Marrakesh]], birnin ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta arewacin Morocco kuma ya sami suna don ilimin addini da ayyukan kasuwanci. Fez ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Marinid (karni na 13-15), ta sake dawo da matsayinta na babban birnin siyasa. A cikin 1276 sultan na Marinid Abu Yusuf Yaqub ya kuma kafa wani birni na sarauta daban, Fes el-Jdid ("Sabon Fes"), a yammacin Fes el'Bali, inda har yanzu fadar sarauta take a yau. An gina sabbin Madrasas da Masallatai da yawa a fadin Fez, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsira a yau, yayin da aka dawo da wasu gine-gine. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa na birnin ya karu kuma an kafa Mellah (Yarda huɗu) a gefen kudu na wannan sabon gundumar. Bayan juyin mulkin Marinid, Fez ta fuskanci lokutan raguwa da wadata kuma sau da yawa ta yi gasa da Marrakesh don tasirin siyasa da al'adu. Birnin ya sake tashi cikin tasiri a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban birnin sultanate na Alaouite har zuwa 1912, lokacin da ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci a Maroko. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta tura babban birnin zuwa Rabat, inda ya kasance a yau, kuma Fes ya sami raguwar siyasa. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun gina sabon birni, Ville Nouvelle, zuwa kudu maso yamma, wanda ya girma zuwa abin da ke yanzu mafi yawan birnin Fez na zamani. == Tushen a ƙarƙashin Idrisids (karni na 7 zuwa 8) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_1_-_early_11th_century_(pre-Almoravid).png|left|thumb|Kimanin sake ginawa na asalin ƙauyuka biyu na Fez: ''Al-'Aliya'' da ''Madinat Fas'' (ganuwar yau da kullun da aka nuna a launin toka) ]] An fara kafa birnin ne a cikin shekara ta 789 a matsayin Madinat Fas a gefen kudu maso gabashin Kogin Jawhar (wanda yanzu ake kira Kogin Fez) ta Idris I, wanda ya kafa Daular Idrisid. Ɗansa, Idris II, [1] ya gina wani yanki da ake kira Al-'Aliya a bakin kogin da ke adawa a 809 kuma ya ƙaura babban birninsa a nan daga Walili (Volubilis) . [2]: 35 [3]: 35 [4]: 83 Wadannan ƙauyuka (Madinat Fas da Al-'Aliya) nan ba da daɗewa ba za su bunkasa zuwa wurare biyu masu ganuwa da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, sau da yawa suna rikici da juna. Yawan jama'a na farko sun hada da Berbers, tare da daruruwan mayaƙan Larabawa daga Kairouan waɗanda suka zama ƙungiyar Idris II.[2][4] [[File:Mausolée_de_Moulay_Idriss_II_13102019_004.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na Moulay Idris II a Fez a yau; an sake gina ginin da ke kewaye da shi sau da yawa amma yana kan asalin shafin Masallacin Shurafa]] Arab emigration to Fez increased afterwards, including Andalusi families of mixed [[Larabawa|Arab]] and Iberian descent<ref>{{Google books|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together}} p. 55</ref> who were expelled from Córdoba in 817–818 after a rebellion against the Al-Hakam I{{Rp|46}} as well as Arab families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion in 824. The Andalusians mainly settled in ''Madinat Fas'', while the Tunisians found their home in ''Al-'Aliya''. These two waves of immigrants gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of ''<nowiki/>'Adwat Al-Andalus'' and ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin''.{{Rp|51}} With the influx of [[Larabci|Arabic]]-speaking Andalusians and Tunisians, the majority of the population was Arab, but rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settled there throughout this early period, mainly in ''Madinat Fas'' (the Andalusian quarter) and later in Fes Jdid during the Marinid period.<ref>{{Google books|title=Realm of Saints}}</ref> The city also had a strong Jewish community, probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to [[Yahudanci|Judaism]], as well as a small remaining [[Kiristanci|Christian]] population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of ''Al-'Aliya'' known as ''Funduq el-Yihoudi'' (near the later Bab Guissa).<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|42–44}} Yankin ya amfana daga ruwa mai yawa, kuma kowannensu daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu an sanye shi da kayan aikin birni. Masallatai na farko na birnin sune Masallacin Sharifs (ko Masallacin Shurafa) da Masallacin Sheikhs (ko Masalcin al-Anouar); duk da haka, ba su wanzu a cikin asalin su ba. Masallacin Sharifs ya zama wurin binne Idris II bayan mutuwarsa kuma daga baya ya zama Zawiya na Moulay Idris II wanda ke wanzu a yau, yayin da Masallacin al-Anouar ya bar ƙananan raguwa. A cewar daya daga cikin manyan tushe na farko a wannan lokacin, ''Rawd al-Qirtas'' na [[Ibn Abi Zar]], a cikin 859 [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin]] ("Masallacin mutanen daga Kairouan') [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al-Fihri]], 'yar wani attajiri ne ta kafa shi. 'Yar'uwarta, Mariam, an kuma san ta da kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin ('Masallacin Andalusians') a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Bayan mutuwar Idris II a cikin 828, an raba yankin daular tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbar, Muhammadu, ta karbi Fez, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun yi ƙoƙari su rabu da jagorancinsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mutane. Kodayake mulkin Idrisid ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ji daɗin zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ali ibn Muhammad da Yahya ibn Muhammad, ya sake raguwa a ƙarshen karni na 9.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> == Mulkin Zenata da gasa ta mulkin mallaka (karni na 10 zuwa 11) == A cikin karni na 10, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba da Khalifancin Fatimid na Ifriqiya (Tunisia) sun kalubalanci birnin, wadanda suka mallaki birnin ta hanyar abokan ciniki na Zenata.[1][2][3] Fatimids sun kwace birnin a cikin 927 kuma sun kori Idrisids gaba daya, bayan haka aka sanya Miknasa (ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Zenata) a can. Birnin, tare da yawancin arewacin Morocco, sun ci gaba da canza hannun tsakanin wakilan Córdoba da wakilan Fatimids na shekaru da yawa. Bayan wani nasarar da aka samu amma na ɗan lokaci na Fatimid na Maroko a cikin 979 da Buluggin ibn Ziri, sojojin Al-Mansur na Córdoba sun sake dawo da yankin, suna fitar da Fatimids har abada.[3] [[File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|thumb|[[Jami'ar al-Karaouine|Masallacin Qarawiyyin]] (rufin kore a cikin wannan hoton) an faɗaɗa shi a kusa da 956, kuma an ƙara sabon [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] (hagu) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Abd al-Rahman III[[Abd al-Rahman na uku]]]] Duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na wannan zamanin, an ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin. A cikin 956 masallacin Qarawiyyin ya fadada sosai ta hanyar gwamnan Zenata na yankin, Ahmed ibn Abi Said, tare da kudade da Abd al-Rahman III na Córdoba ya bayar. A lokaci guda, an ba da Masallacin Qarawiyyin da Masallafin Andalusiyyin sabbin minarets, wanda ya zama sauƙaƙe na minaret Abd al-Rahman III da aka gina don Babban Masallacin Córdoba a cikin wannan shekaru goma.{{Rp|62}} Daga 980 (ko daga 986 <ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref>), daular Zenata daga kabilar Maghrawa ce ta mallaki Fez, wadanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa da Khalifancin Córdoba. Sun ci gaba da wannan iko har ma bayan faduwar Khalifanci a farkon karni na 11 har zuwa zuwan Almoravids.: 16 <ref name=":0523" />: 91 <ref name=":0523" /> A karkashin ikon Zenata Fez ya ci gaba da girma duk da cewa rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu, ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'', sun tashi a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa. [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], mai mulkin farko na sabuwar daular, yana da mulkin matsala.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Koyaya, zuriyar Ibn Atiyya Dunas Ibn Hamama, wanda ke mulki tsakanin 1037 da 1049, yana da alhakin manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa da ake buƙata don karɓar yawan jama'ar Fez.<ref name=":3322">{{Cite journal |last=Madani |first=Tariq |date=1999 |title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès |journal=Archéologie islamique |volume=8-9 |pages=119–142}}</ref> Ya haɓaka yawancin kayan aikin rarraba ruwa na Fez, wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Marcos Cobaleda |first=Maria |last2=Villalba Sola |first2=Dolores |date=2018 |title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=591–623 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596 |s2cid=219625871 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na goma, Ibn Hawqal, ana zuba ruwa a cikin suqs kowane dare na rani don tsaftace ƙasa. An kuma kai ruwa zuwa wuraren wanka na jama'a da kuma ma'adanai 300. Birnin ya girma da sauri kuma a ƙarshen 900s, yana da kimanin mazauna 100,000. Sauran gine-ginen da aka gina a lokacinsa sun hada da hammams (gidajen wanka), masallatai, da gadoji na farko a kan Oued Bou Khrareb (yawanci an sake gina shi a cikin lokutan baya).[1][2][3][4][5] Don haka, biranen biyu sun ƙara haɗuwa da juna: sararin samaniya tsakanin su biyu ya cika da sababbin gidaje kuma har zuwa gadoji shida a fadin kogi sun ba da damar sauƙin zirga-zirga tsakanin gabar biyu.[4]: 36 Shekaru goma bayan Dunas, duk da haka, tsakanin 1059 da 1061, ƙauyuka biyu masu adawa na birnin sun mallaki juna ta hanyar sarakuna biyu na Zenata daban: Al-'Aliya yana ƙarƙashin ikon wani sarkin mai suna 'Ajisa kuma Madinat Fas yana ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan'uwansa el-Ftouh. Dukansu 'yan uwan sun ƙarfafa gabarsu, kuma an adana sunayensu a ƙofofin birni biyu har zuwa yau: Bab Guissa a arewa da Bab Fuhto a kudu.[1]: 50 A cikin 1062, sarkin Hammadid Buluggin ibn Muhammad ya jagoranci balaguro a kan Maghrawa kuma ya kama Fez na watanni da yawa kafin ya tafi. [6][7] Daga baya aka kashe shi a kan hanyar dawowarsa zuwa gabas kuma Fez ya koma ikon Maghrawa daga baya.[7][8]: 43–49  [[File:Fes_walls_history_2_-_early-mid_13th_century_(Almohad_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a zamanin Almohad, bayan hadin kan ƙauyuka biyu na asali ta Almoravids a ƙarni da ya gabata kuma bayan sake gina ganuwar birni a farkon ƙarni na 13]] Almoravids, wadanda suka samo asali daga kudu, sun ci gaba zuwa yankin kusa da Fez a farkon 1060s. A cikin 1063, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], sun fara dogon nasarar soja a yankin don kayar da Maghrawa, waɗanda suka kasance babban juriya ga mulkin su. Mai mulkin Maghrawa na karshe na Fez, Mu'ansir Ibn Ziri, ya kasance cikas mai ɗorewa.: 43-49 Da yake ba zai iya ɗaukar Fez da sauri ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci wasu garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi da farko kafin ya sake mayar da hankali kan kewaye birnin. Mu'ansir ya gudu daga Fez kafin Almoravids su iya kama shi a cikin watanni na baya na 1063 . <ref name=":4" />: 46 Ibn Tashfin ya nada wani memba na kabilarsa a matsayin gwamnan birnin kuma ya bar garuruwan 400 Lamtuna tribesmen don kare shi, sannan ya fara ci gaba da kamfen a arewacin Morocco. Lokacin da ba ya nan, Ibn Ziri ya dawo, ya sake kwace birnin bayan kewaye, kuma ya kashe gwamnan Ibn Tashfin. Almoravids sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kewaye birnin da kafa shinge. A ƙarshe, an kashe Ibn Ziri a wani hari da aka yi musu, amma Zenata na yankin ya ci gaba da tsayayya kuma ya taru a kusa da sabon shugaba, wani mutum mai daraja daga Taza mai suna Qasim Ibn Abd al-Rahman . Har yanzu ba zai iya karbar birnin ba, Ibn Tashfin ya ci gaba da matsa lamba amma ya zaɓi a maimakon haka ya ci gaba le nasarar da ya yi a yankunan da ke kewaye da shi da arewacin Morocco, don kawar da juriya a waje da birnin da farko. Wannan ya shafe shi daga 1064 har zuwa 1070. <ref name=":4" /> : 43–49 : 43–49  Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Maris 1070 (462 AH). : 49 (Wasu tushe sun ba da kwanan wata a matsayin 1069.<ref name=":0523" />: 51 : 82) Akwai wasu saɓani da rashin tabbas a cikin tushen tarihi, duk da haka, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun nuna nasarar karshe zuwa 1074 ko 1075. <ref name=":0523" /> : 39, 337 <ref name=":4" />:: 110  Almoravids sun kori birnin kuma sun kashe yawancin Zenata, kodayake da alama Fez kanta ba ta sha wahala sosai ba.: 49 : 51-52 A cikin wannan shekarar da aka ci nasara, Ibn Tashfin a ƙarshe ya haɗa ''Madinat Fas'' da ''Al-'Aliya'' cikin birni ɗaya. <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 51-52 An lalata ganuwar da ta raba su, an gina gadoji da ke haɗa su ko kuma an gyara su, kuma an gina sabon zagaye na ganuwar wanda ya mamaye biranen biyu. An gina kasbah (birni), wanda daga baya aka sani da Kasbah Bou Jeloud, a gefen yammacin birnin (a yammacin Bab Bou Jeloud a yau) don gidan gwamnan birnin da garuruwa.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /><ref name=":422" /><ref name=":4" />: 50-51 Tare da taimakon injiniyoyi daga Cordoba, Ibn Tashfin ya kuma inganta tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tashoshi da suka rabu daga manyan tashoshin da Dunas Ibn Hamama ya yi a baya.<ref name=":3322" /><ref name=":422" /> A karkashin kulawar sarkin Almoravid na baya [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]] mafi girma fadadawa da gyaran Babban Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya faru ne tsakanin 1134 da 1143. : 20 Ko da yake an tura babban birnin zuwa Marrakesh a ƙarƙashin Almoravids, Fez ta sami suna don ilimin shari'a na [[Malikiyya|Maliki]] kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Tasirin Almoravid a kan tsarin birnin ya kasance kamar yadda ake la'akari da Yusuf Ibn Tashfin a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ya kafa Fez na biyu.<ref name=":4" /> : 51 : 51  [[File:Fes_medina_walls_DSCF3737.jpg|thumb|Ragowar Ganuwar birni a gefen arewacin Fes el-Bali, waɗanda aka sake gina su a lokacin Almohad (karni na 12) ]] A cikin 1145 ko 1146 shugaban Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya kewaye kuma ya ci birnin a lokacin da Almohad ya hambarar da Almoravids. [1]: 54-55 [2] [3]: 71-72 [4] Birnin, karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Almoravid Yahya Ibn al-Sahrawiyya, ya yi tsayayya sosai kuma an kama birnin ne kawai bayan wani hari mai tsanani inda Almohads suka yanke ruwan garin. A ƙarshe masu kewaye sun shrifa birnin tare da taimakon 'Abdallah Ibn Khiyyar al-Jayyani, mai kula da kudi na Almoravid (mushrif), wanda ya sauya amincinsa kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin su. [1]: 72 Saboda tsayayyar da suka haɗu da ita, Almohads masu nasara sun rama ta hanyar rushe ganuwar birnin, sun kashe mafi yawan Almoravids, kuma sun lalata gidaje da yawa.[3][4]: 54–55 [3]: 72 [2] Koyaya, saboda ci gaba da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja na Fez [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur daga baya ya ba da umarnin sake gina ganuwar.: 36 :{{Rp|606}} Tun lokacin da birnin ya girma a halin yanzu, sabon bangon Almohad ya fi na tsoffin ganuwar Almoravid girma. <ref name=":422" /><ref name=":422" />:{{Rp|607}} Wanda ya gaje shi Muhammad al-Nasir ya kammala ganuwar a cikin 1204, <ref name=":55" /> yana ba su siffar su ta ainihi kuma yana kafa kewayon Fes el-Bali har zuwa yau. <ref name=":422" /> Almohads sun sake gina Kasbah Bou Jeloud a shafin yanar gizon tsohon kasbah na Almoravid.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56 A lokacin Ya'qub al-Mansur an ba da kasbah tare da sabon [[Masallacin Ikilisiya|Masallacin ikilisiya]], Masallacin Bou Jeloud, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye a yau (tare da gyare-gyare na baya). <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Terrasse |first=Henri |date=1964 |title=La mosquée almohade de Bou Jeloud à Fès |url=https://archive.org/details/al-andalus_1964_29_2/page/355 |journal=Al-Andalus |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=355–363}}</ref> A kusa, Almohads sun kuma gina kasbah na farko da ke zaune a shafin da ke yanzu Kasbah an-Nouar. <ref name=":55" /> :{{Rp|109}} Muhammad al-Nasir ya sake gina kuma ya faɗaɗa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin tsakanin 1203 da 1207. {{Rp|}} It is in this period that the city begins to be referred to as a major city and acquires a high reputation among contemporary writers like al-Idrisi and [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|al-Marrakushi]].<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Rowson}}</ref> Under Almohad rule the city grew to become one of the largest in the world between 1170 and 1180, with an estimated 200,000 people living there.<ref>{{Google books|title=Morocco 2009}} (p.252)</ref>  Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. The city's economy was prosperous and multiple industries, such as the [[Jima|tanneries]], thrived.: 56–59  Each industry was generally concentrated in a particular neighbourhood or neighbourhoods; an arrangement which remained for most of the city's history. Most industries were established near the center but some, like the [[Tukwane|potters]], were established in the outer districts because they needed more room.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 56–59  The [[Kogin Sebou|Sebou River]] (into which the Fez River flows) was used to bring goods to the city; boats navigated the river from the Atlantic coast up to a point near the city, before unloading and finishing the journey overland.: 192  Fez, along with other major cities in the region, also played a role in [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|trans-Saharan trade]]. Multiple trade routes existed, but caravans that took the route through Sijilmasa would usually continue from there to either Fez or [[Tlemcen]]. From Fez, goods could then travel further north to the [[Yankin Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] and to Al-Andalus.<ref name=":23" />: 201  By the end of the Almohad era, Fez had thus become not only a center of local and regional trade but also a center of consumption and an exporter of its own products.<ref name=":23" />: 202  == Zamanin zinariya a ƙarƙashin Marinids (karni na 13-15th) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_3_-_late_14th_or_15th_century_(Marinid_period).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez, gami da sabon cibiyar Fes el-Jdid, a cikin karni na 14 a ƙarƙashin Marinids]] Fez ta sake samun matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta zama babban birnin Maroko a lokacin Daular Marinid, daular Zenata Berber, tsakanin karni na 13 da 15. Shugaban Marinid Abu Yahya ya kewaye kuma ya kama Fez a cikin 1248, tare da wasu biranen, bayan ya kayar da sojojin Almohad a gabashin Morocco. Jama'ar birane na gargajiya na birnin sun yi tsayayya da mulkin Marinids, duk da haka, kuma sun sake tawaye a cikin 1250, kodayake sun kasa fitar da ikon Marinid.[1]::104 [2]::156 Marinids da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da Yagmurasan, mai mulkin Zayyanid na Tlemcen, don kula da Sijilmasa, amma bayan 1272 sun karɓi birnin gaba ɗaya, suna ba su damar riƙe iko da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da suka wuce can kuma suna ci gaba da karkatar da su zuwa Fez. [3] [[File:Fes_-_Palau_Reial_-_Bab_El_Seba_des_N.JPG|thumb|Bab as-Sebaa, wanda yanzu aka sani da Bab Dekkakin, ita ce ƙofar arewacin Fes el-Jdid, wanda aka gina a cikin 1276]] Marinids da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin tsoffin kasbahs na Almohad na Fez (Kasbah Bou Jeloud da Kasbah an-Nouar) da kuma a kan tudun da ke kallon arewacin birnin. Wannan tudun, inda rushewar Kabarin Marinid har yanzu suna tsaye, babban fadar sarauta da kagara ne inda mai mulkin Marinid ya zauna, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin wannan ya kasance a yau.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delaroziere |first2=Jean |date=1983 |title=Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=245–318}}</ref> A cikin 1276 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya gina sabon birni na gudanarwa ko birni na sarauta a yammacin tsohon birni, a kan ƙasa mafi girma da ke kallon shi. Baya ga sanya karin nisa tsakanin sultan da yawan jama'a masu tayar da hankali, wani dalili na gina sabon birni shine cewa Almohad kasbahs, wadanda suka kasance tsananin sansanin soja, ba su da sararin da ake buƙata don kafa kotun sarauta da kuma gidan sojojin Marinid. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ya ci Marrakesh (1269) kuma ya ci Almohad na ƙarshe a Tinmal (1275). Gina sabon gidan sarauta ya kasance abin damuwa ne na daular Arewacin Afirka da Andalusi da ke son nuna ikonsu, don haka harsashin sabon birni ya nuna sabon zamanin mulkin Marinid.: 61–63 : 105–106  The new city was named ''al-Madinat al-Bayda'' (Arabic: المدينة البيضاء, lit. 'the White City'), but it soon became known as Fes el-Jdid (Arabic: فاس الجديد, romanized: Fās al-Jadīd, lit. 'New Fez'), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali (Arabic: فاس البالي, lit. 'Old Fez').: 61  The new city included the royal palace of the sultans (the <nowiki><i id="mwAq4">Dar al-Makhzen</i></nowiki>), the administrative offices of the state, and the headquarters of the army.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62  The city had its own main mosque, the Great Mosque, and its own set of fortified walls and gates. Most of its outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers.<ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |last2=Delarozière |first2=Jean |date=1978 |title=El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda |pages=51–61}}</ref> Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the Old Mechouar) over the Oued Fes, between two gates, Bab es-Sebaa (Arabic: باب السبع, lit. 'Gate of the Lion') and Bab al-Qantara (Arabic: باب القنطرة, lit. 'Gate of the Bridge'). Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as ''Hims'' and later converted into the Jewish ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'', was also added to the south.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />: 62–66  In 1287 Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (son of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub) created a vast pleasure garden, known as Al-Mosara, to the north, just outside the city but encompassed by its own protective wall. The gardens were watered via an aqueduct which drew water from the Oued Fes through an enormous ''noria'' (type of water wheel), approximately 26 meters in diameter, which was located on the west side of Bab es-Sebaa. Although the gardens and the water wheel have since disappeared, traces of the former aqueduct are visible in the western wall of the New Mechouar today and also in the large octagonal towers of Bab Segma, one of the former gates to the garden.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":011">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> [[File:Fes_Medersa_Bou_Inania_Mosaique.jpg|thumb|Bou Inania Madrasa, mafi mahimmancin madrasa da Marinids suka gina a Fez (karni na 14) ]] Fez ya kai shekarunsa na zinariya a zamanin Marinid. Daga wannan lokacin ne sunan birnin a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimi ya samo asali ne. Shugabannin Marinid sun kafa [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] na farko a Maroko a nan a cikin birni. Madrasas sun zama alama ce ta gine-ginen Marinid, tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na al'adun Andalusian da Almohad. Tsakanin 1271 da 1357 an gina akalla madrasas bakwai a Fez, waɗanda ake la'akari da su daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen Maroko da wasu daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da aka yi wa ado a Fez. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Saffarin Madrasa a cikin 1271, sannan Sahrij Madrasa a 1321, [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] da Sba'iyin madrasas a cikin 1323, da Mesbahiya Madrasa a shekara ta 1346. Dukkanin wadannan madrasas an gina su ne a kusa da masallatai na Qarawiyyin ko Andalusiyyin kuma an tsara su ne don tallafawa waɗancan tsofaffin cibiyoyin, musamman ta hanyar samar da gidaje ga ɗalibai daga waje da birnin.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wani madrasa a kusa da Babban Masallacin Fes el-Jdid a cikin 1320, kodayake wannan cibiyar ba ta taɓa yin nasara wajen yin gasa da tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a Fes el - Bali. <ref name=":0" />:{{Rp|114}} Madrasa mai zaman kanta kawai (na wani lokaci) shine babban Bou Inania Madrasa, wanda Sultan Abu Inan ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1355, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masallacin Jumma'a kuma yana cikin yammacin Fes el-Bali. A halin yanzu, malamai da yawa suna la'akari da cewa babban matsayi na Qarawiyyin a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ilimi ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 13-14th, lokacin da tsarin karatun ya kasance mafi girma kuma matsayinsa ya kai sabon matsayi bayan ƙarni na fadadawa da kuma kulawar ƙwararrun.[1][2][3]::141 Daga cikin batutuwan da aka koyar a wannan lokacin ko jim kadan bayan haka akwai batutuwan addini na gargajiya kamar Alkur'ani da Fiqh (dokar Islama) da kuma sauran kimiyyar kamar harshe, rhetoric, logic, magani, lissafi, astronomy da geography.[3][4][1][5]:455 [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], sanannen masanin tarihi da falsafa, ya shafe lokaci a Fez bayan 1354. Ya fara ne a matsayin sakataren Sultan Abu Inan amma daga baya ya shiga cikin makircin siyasar daular Marinid, yana ciyar da lokaci a kurkuku a ƙarshen mulkin Abu Inan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldūn - The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Battuta]] ya kuma ratsa birnin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Sijilmasa a karni na 14 kuma ya bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ibn al-Khatib, mawaki da marubucin Andalusi, ya kuma shafe lokaci a nan yana bin maigidansa na [[Nasrid]] Muhammad V zuwa gudun hijira na 'yan shekaru tsakanin 1358 da 1362. Bayan ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a Granada ya sake guduwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka kuma an zarge shi da ridda, daga ƙarshe an gurfanar da shi a gaban Fez kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake kurkuku a 1375; an ruwaito cewa an ƙone jikinsa a gaban Bab Mahrouk kuma an binne shi a makabartar da ke kusa.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Jews_of_Fez.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa na Fez a cikin shekarun 1900. [[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]] ita ce yankin gargajiya na Yahudawa na birnin tun daga karni na 15.]] Yankin Yahudawa na Fez, ''[[Mellah na Fez|Mellah]]'' (Arabic), an kirkireshi ne a Fes el-Jdid a wani lokaci a lokacin Marinid. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da yanayin da aka kafa shi ba, <ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |date=1987 |title=Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive |url= |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=66 |issue=66 |pages=113–143 |doi=10.2307/1595913 |jstor=1595913}}</ref> amma masana da yawa sun nuna cewa an canja wurin yawan Yahudawa daga Fes el-Bali zuwa sabon Mellah zuwa karni na 15, lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Musamman, kafofin Yahudawa sun bayyana canja wurin a matsayin sakamakon "sake ganowa" jikin Idris II a cikin zuciyar birnin a cikin 1437, wanda ya sa yankin da ke kewaye - ko kuma yiwuwar dukan birnin - ya sami matsayin "mai tsarki" (''haram''), yana buƙatar a cire wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga yankin.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_society-of-architectural-historians-journal_2001-09_60_3/page/310 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> A cikin 1438, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga <nowiki><i id="mwA5M">shurafāʾ</i></nowiki>, Sultan Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq ya sanya 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin ''qaysāriyya'' (babban kasuwar Fes el Bali, kusa da wurin binciken) ya bar su kuma ya koma Mellah.<ref name=":75" /> Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun zaɓi zama Musulmai kuma su ci gaba da gidajensu da abubuwan rayuwa a Tsohon Fes. Sun kafa wata kungiya da ake kira 'yan ta'adda.[6] Yawancin Yahudawa na Fessi sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a duk lokacin da ya gabata, amma juyin juya hali ya karu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar. Iyalai masu iko, kamar su Bannānī, Ibn Shaqrūn, Bannīs, Barrāda, da Gassūs, sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref name=":75" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Vanessa Paloma |title=Muslim Descendants of Jews in Morocco: Identity and Practice |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/200999815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لهذه الأسباب أسلمت الكثير من العائلات اليهودية المغربية عبر التاريخ |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/183546 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=مغرس}}</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na Fes da farko sun kunshi Yahudawa na asali (wanda aka sani da ''Toshavim'') amma Yahudawa na Sephardic daga yankin Iberian (wanda aka fi sani da ''Megorashim'') sun haɗu da su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, musamman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain a 1492. Ruwa da ya biyo baya na Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya / Andalusi da ke ƙaura zuwa Fez da Arewacin Afirka ya kara yawan Yahudawa a cikin birni kuma ya canza zamantakewar al'umma, kabilanci, da kuma tsarin harshe.<ref name=":133" /> Har ila yau, kwararar baƙi ta sake farfado da ayyukan al'adun Yahudawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yayin da suke raba al'umma tare da kabilanci na tsararraki da yawa.<ref name=":133" /> A shekara ta 1526, Fez ta dauki bakuncin al'ummomin Sephardic daban-daban, tare da uku daga Castile da daya daga [[Sevilla|Seville]], wanda ke riƙe da ainihi daban. ''Megorashim'' na asalin Mutanen Espanya sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Mutanen Espanya yayin da 'yan asalin Morocco ''Toshavim'', waɗanda ke magana da [[Larabci]] kuma suna da al'adun Larabawa da Berber, sun bi al'adun su. Membobin al'ummomin biyu sun bauta a majami'u daban-daban har ma an binne su daban. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18 ne al'ummomin biyu suka haɗu tare, tare da [[Larabci]] ya zama babban yaren dukan al'umma yayin da Mutanen Espanya (Sephardic) ''Minhag'' ya zama mai rinjaye a cikin aikin addini.<ref name=":73" /> Tashin hankali na Maroko na 1465 ya hambarar da Sultan na karshe na Marinid. A cikin 1472 Wattasids, wani daular Zenata wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin viziers a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Marinid, ya yi nasara a matsayin sarakunan Maroko daga Fez.[1]: 114-115 [2] Sun ci gaba da tsarin jihar Marinid kuma sun ci gaba da manufofinta, amma ba su iya sarrafa duk Morocco ba.[3]: 15 [1]: 207-209 Ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jiki ta Fez ba.[4] == Raguwa a ƙarƙashin Saadians (karni na 16 da farkon 17) == [[File:Fes_walls_history_4_-_early_17th_century_(Saadian_period).png|left|thumb|Canje-canje ga Fez a ƙarƙashin Saadians: an gina manyan birane da yawa a kusa da yankin, kuma lambun Mosara ya faɗi cikin raguwa]] A cikin karni na 16 Saadians (ko Saadis) sun hau mulki a kudancin Morocco kuma sun kalubalanci Wattasids. A halin yanzu, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta zo kusa da Fez bayan cin nasarar [[Aljeriya]] a karni na 16. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1549 sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh ya dauki Fez kuma ya kori sultan na karshe na Wattasid Ali Abu Hassun . Daga baya sun sake karbar birnin a shekara ta 1554 tare da goyon bayan Ottoman, amma wannan sake cin nasara ba ta da tsawo kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka ci Wattasids a Yaƙin Tadla da Saadians. Ottomans za su yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Morocco bayan kisan Mohammed ash-Sheikh a 1558, amma ɗansa Abdallah al-Ghalib ya dakatar da su a yakin Wadi al-Laban a arewacin Fez . Saboda haka, Maroko ta kasance ita kadai ce jihar Arewacin Afirka da ta kasance a waje da ikon Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=3. North Africa, 1504-1799. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219212840/http://www.bartleby.com/67/822.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. [[Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi|Abd al-Malik]], ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa [[Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi|Abu Abdullah]] daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ya gaje shi.<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> [[File:Borj_Nord_DSCF2747.jpg|thumb|Bayan mutuwar Abdallah al-Ghalib sabon gwagwarmayar iko zai fito. Abd al-Malik, ɗan'uwan Abdallah, ya nemi goyon bayan Ottoman kuma ya kori dan uwansa Abu Abdullah daga mulki a shekara ta 1576. Wannan na ƙarshe zai gudu zuwa Portugal inda ya nemi sarki Sebastian na Portugal don taimako don sake dawo da kursiyinsa. Wannan zai haifar da yakin Wadi al-Makhazin (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Alcácer Quibir ko yakin Sarakuna Uku) inda sojojin Abd al-Malik za su kayar da sojojin Portugal masu mamayewa tare da goyon bayan abokansa na Ottoman, don tabbatar da 'yancin Maroko. Abd al-Malik da kansa ya mutu a lokacin yakin kuma Ahmad al-Mansur ya gaje shi.[1]Borj Nord, wani sansanin soja na Saadian da aka gina a karni na 16 yana kallon Fez daga arewa]] Saadians, wadanda suka sake amfani da Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu, ba su kula da yawa ga Fez ba, ban da kayan ado na wanka da aka kara a farfajiyar Masallacin Qarawiyyin a lokacin su. Wataƙila a lokacin Saadian ne tsoffin lambunan sarauta na Marinids, Mosara, suka fada cikin rashin amfani kuma suka fara ɓacewa.<ref name=":32" /> Wataƙila sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali tare da mazaunan garin, Saadians sun gina sabbin sansanoni da yawa a kusa da birnin waɗanda suka bayyana cewa an yi niyyar riƙe iko akan yawan mutanen yankin. Yawancin su suna kan tudu da ke kallon Fes el-Bali, daga inda za su iya samun damar bombarding birnin da canons. Wadannan sun hada da Kasbah Tamdert, kawai a cikin ganuwar birni kusa da Bab Ftouh, da kuma tsaunuka na Borj Nord (''Borj al-Shamali'') a kan tsaunuka zuwa arewa, Borj Sud (Borja al-Janoub) a kan tuddai zuwa kudu, da Borj Sheikh Ahmed zuwa yamma, a wani batu a cikin ginshiƙan Fes el-Jdid wanda ya fi kusa da Fes el. Wadannan an gina su ne a ƙarshen karni na 16, galibi Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] ne. <ref name=":25" /><ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> An kuma gina wasu ginshiƙai guda biyu, Borj Twil da Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', tare da ganuwar Fes el-Jdid a kudancin Borj Sheikh Ahmed . <ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" /> Borj Nord, Borj Sud, da waɗannan bastions (wani lokacin ana kiransu bastioun a cikin [[Larabci]]) na Fes el-Jdid su ne kawai ganuwar a Fez don nuna tasirin [[Turai]] (watakila Portuguese) a cikin ƙirarsu, an sabunta su don zama kariya a zamanin gunpowder. Wasu daga cikinsu ana iya gina su ne tare da taimakon fursunonin yaki na Kirista na Turai daga nasarar da Saadians suka yi a kan Portuguese a shekara ta 1578. <ref name=":25" /> Bayan dogon lokaci mai ban sha'awa na Ahmad al-Mansur, jihar Saadian ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza da wadanda zasu iya maye gurbinsa. Fez ya zama wurin zama na iko ga 'yan'uwa da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya da sauran dangin da ke mulki daga Marrakesh kuma biranen biyu sun sauya hannun sau da yawa har sai rikici ya ƙare a cikin 1627 . <ref name=":05222" /> A wannan lokacin, mazaunan garin suna da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali tare da Chraga, ƙabilar Larabawa wacce Saadians suka kafa a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita a matsayin dakarun garuruwa (wanda aka sani da ''Guich'' ko "sojoji"). A shekara ta 1611 yawan mutanen garin sun tayar da kayar baya har ma sun kashe yawancin Chraga a bayyane don rama laifuffukan da wasu mambobinsu suka aikata.: 81-82 Duk da sake haɗuwa da mulkin bayan 1627, Saadians sun kasance cikin cikakkiyar raguwa kuma Fez ta riga ta sha wahala sosai daga maimaitawa da sakewa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":0523" /> Yayin da sultanate na Saadian ya rushe, duka birnin da kuma kasar da ta fi girma sun sauka cikin rikici. Yankunan biyu na birnin, ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-''Qarawiyyin'''' da ''<nowiki/>'Adwat al-Andalusiyyin'' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ''al-'Adwat''), sun fada cikin rikice-rikice da ke tunatar da tarihin farko na birnin, yayin da sabbin rikice-rikicen suka bunkasa tsakanin dangin daban-daban a cikin yammacin (Qarawiyyi). Fes el-Jdid, wanda shine cibiyar gwamnatin hukuma, ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya da Fes el'Bali, tsohon birni.<ref name="Le Tourneau 19495" />{{Rp|82}} A shekara ta 1641, Muhammad al-Haj na Sanhaja Amazigh Dilā' tsarin Sufi na Tsakiyar Atlas ya mamaye Fes. : 88 Wannan lokacin ya kasance da wahala musamman ga Yahudawa na Fessi. Wani tarihin Yahudawa na lokacin ya ba da labarin cewa a cikin 1646 an umarci majami'u su rufe kuma daga baya an lalata su, sun lalace, ko kuma sun hallaka su.<ref name=":211" />: 88-89 Birnin bai karɓi Dilā' ba, kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1651 sun yi tawaye kuma sun gayyaci Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Alaouite na farko, don karɓar iko da birnin.{{Rp|82–83}}{{Rp|229}} == Lokacin Alaouite na farko (karni na 17 da 18) == [[File:Cherratine_DSCF6208.jpg|thumb|[[Cherratine Madrasa|Madrasa ta Cherratine]], wanda Moulay Rashid ya gina a cikin 1670]] kawai lokacin da wanda ya kafa jihar Alaouite ta gaba, Moulay Rashid, ya ɗauki Fez a cikin 1666 cewa birnin ya ga farfadowa kuma ya sake zama babban birnin, duk da cewa a takaice.[1] Moulay Rashid ya fara dawo da birnin bayan dogon lokaci na sakaci. Ya gina Kasbah Cherarda (wanda aka fi sani da Kasbah al-Khemis) a arewacin Fes el-Jdid da na fadar sarauta don ya ba da babban ɓangare na dakarunsa na kabilarsa.[2][1] Ya kuma mayar da shi ko sake gina abin da aka sani da Kasbah an-Nouar, wanda ya zama wurin zama na mabiyansa daga yankin Tafilalt (gidan kakannin Alaouite). Saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san kasbah da Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah na mutane daga Tafilalt"). [2] Moulay Rashid ya kuma gina babban sabon madrasa, Cherratine Madrasa, a cikin 1670 .[3] Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1672 an binne shi a cikin Mausoleum na Sidi Harazem, a cikin makabartar kudancin birnin a waje da Bab Ftouh . [4] Bayan mutuwarsa Fez ya sake fuskantar wani lokaci mai duhu. Moulay Isma'il, wanda ya gaje shi, a bayyane yake bai son birnin ba - watakila saboda tawaye a can a farkon mulkinsa [1] - kuma ya zaɓi Meknes da ke kusa a matsayin babban birninsa a maimakon haka. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ya ɗora haraji mai nauyi a kan mazaunan garin kuma wani lokacin ma ya tilasta wa wasu daga cikin jama'arta su sake gina wasu biranen a kasar. Duk da haka, ya dawo ko sake gina wasu manyan abubuwan tunawa a cikin birni, kamar Zawiya na Moulay Idris II . [1] [[File:Fez,_Porte_de_Dar-Debibagh_IMG27348.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar Dar Dbibegh, fadar da aka gina a waje da birnin ta [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]] a cikin 1729 (hoton daga 1920s) ]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il abubuwa sun kara muni yayin da Morocco ta shiga cikin rikici da kuma shekaru da yawa na rikici tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya don maye gurbinsa. Fez ta sha wahala musamman daga rikice-rikice da aka yi akai-akai tare da Udayas (ko Oudayas), ƙabilar ''Guich'' (ƙabilar mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a matsayin garuruwa da rundunar soja) da Moulay Isma'il ya kafa a Kasbah Cherarda. Sultan [[Abdallah na Maroko|Moulay Abdallah]], wanda ya yi mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ya yi amfani da Fez a matsayin babban birni, an fara maraba da shi a cikin 1728-29 a matsayin abokin gaba na Udayas, amma dangantakar da ke tsakanin shi da yawan mutanen garin ta yi saurin fushi saboda zaɓin gwamnan da ya yi. Nan da nan ya gina wani fadar sarauta a cikin ƙauyen, Dar Dbibegh, inda ya zauna a maimakon haka. Kusan kusan shekaru talatin da suka gabata birnin ya kasance cikin rikici na dindindin tare da Udayas da Alaouite sultans. Farawa da mulkin Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah, tsakanin 1757 da 1790, ƙasar ta daidaita kuma Fez a ƙarshe ta sake samun wadata. Kodayake an raba matsayinta tare da Marrakesh, ya kasance babban birnin Maroko na sauran zamanin Alaouite har zuwa karni na 20. Udayas, wanda ya kasance nauyi ga yawan mutanen Fez, ya zama babban ƙalubale ga ikon sabon sultan, kuma a cikin 1760 an tilasta Muhammad ibn Abdallah ya yi tafiya tare da sojoji zuwa Fez inda ya kama shugabanninsu kuma ya hallaka sojojin su, ya kashe yawancin sojojin su. Bayan haka sultan ya kirkiro sabon, ƙarami sosai, rundunar Udaya wacce aka ba da sabbin kwamandoji kuma aka ajiye su a Meknes a maimakon haka.{{Rp|240}} ɗan gajeren lokaci na rikici a ƙarƙashin Moulay Yazid (ya yi mulki 1790-1792) da Moulay Slimane (ya yi sarauta 1792-1822), tare da sarakuna a Fez sun rasa iko da mafi yawan sauran Morocco tsakanin 1790 da 1795. [1]: 241-242 Sarautar Moulay Yazid ta kasance bala'i musamman ga birnin. An dawo da kabilar Udayas a matsayin garuruwa na gida. A cikin waɗannan sheAkwaikaru biyu sultan ya tilasta dukan al'ummar Yahudawa su koma wani yanki mai budewa kusa da Kasbah Cherarda, arewacin Fes el-Jdid.[2] Sojojin kabilanci da ke da alaƙa da sultan sun mamaye Mellah, babban majami'arta an maye gurbinsa da masallaci, kuma gundumar kanta ta ragu har abada.[3][4] Sai kawai bayan mutuwar Moulay Yazid ne babban musulmi qadi (alƙali) na Fez ya ba da umarnin a mayar da Mellah ga al'ummar Yahudawa, tare da rushe masallacin da sojojin Yazid suka gina. [[File:Fes_walls_history_5_-_circa_1913_(after_Alaouite_additions).png|left|thumb|Tsarin Fez a farkon karni na 20, bayan mafi yawan manyan abubuwan da aka kara a zamanin Alaouite zuwa birnin, kamar Kasbah Cherarda da sabbin ganuwar da Moulay Hasan ya gina don haɗa tsoffin da sabbin biranen]] Tsarin [[Tijaniyyah|Tijani]] Sufi, wanda [[Ahmad al-Tijani]] (d. 1815), ya fara, yana da cibiyar ruhaniya a Fez bayan al-Tejani ya koma nan daga Aljeriya a cikin 1789. :{{Rp|244}} Umurnin ya bazu da sauri tsakanin manyan marubuta na Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka kuma ''ulama'' suna da tasirin addini, ilimi, da siyasa a Fez da bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigaglia |first=Andrea |date=2013–2014 |title=Sufi Revival and Islamic Literacy: Tijaniyya Writings in Twentieth-Century Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/9668574 |journal=Annual Review of Islam in Africa |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages= |via=}}</ref> Har zuwa karni na 19 birnin kuma shine kawai cibiyar masana'antu ta fezzes (wanda aka fi sani da ''tarboosh''). Har ila yau, wadatar al'ummar Yahudawa ta inganta sosai a karni na 19 lokacin da fadada hulɗa da kasuwanci tare da Turai ya ba da damar ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Yahudawa su sanya kansu a tsakiyar hanyoyin cinikayya na duniya a Maroko.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Gilson Miller |first=Susan |last2=Petruccioli |first2=Attilio |last3=Bertagnin |first3=Mauro |date=2001 |title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_society-of-architectural-historians-journal_2001-09_60_3/page/310 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=310–327 |doi=10.2307/991758 |jstor=991758}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya haifar da budewa ta zamantakewa da canji a cikin dandano da halayen, musamman tsakanin Yahudawa masu arziki, waɗanda suka gina gidaje masu alatu a saman Mellah . <ref name=":72" /> Hakazalika, iyalai masu arziki na Musulmai da fitattun mutane sun gina manyan gidajensu, musamman a cikin gundumomin lambu na ''al-'Uyun'' a yankin kudu maso yammacin Fes el-Bali. Misalan daga ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 sun haɗa da Dar Moqri, Dar Glaoui, Dar Mnebhi da Dar Jama'i.{{Rp|222}} A shekara ta 1873, don mayar da martani ga yunkurin Sultan Hassan I na gabatar da harajin kasuwa da ake kira ''Mukūs'' ({{Lang|ar|المكوس}}), ƙungiyoyin masana'antun fata na Fes sun jagoranci tawaye wanda ya zama tashin hankali. [[File:New_mechouar.jpg|thumb|Sabon Mechouar wanda Moulay Hassan ya kirkira (ƙarshen karni na 19) a ƙofar arewacin Fadar Sarauta; a hagu shine ƙofar Dar al-Makina]] Babban canji na karshe ga yanayin Fez kafin karni na 20 an yi shi ne a lokacin mulkin Sultan Hasan I, wanda a ƙarshe ya haɗa Fes el-Jdid da Fes el'Bali ta hanyar gina hanyar da aka kewaye tsakanin su.[1][2] A cikin wannan sabon gangaren, tsakanin biranen biyu, an gina sabbin lambuna da fadar bazara da sarakuna da manyan al'ummomin babban birnin suka yi amfani da su, kamar Jnan Sbil Gardens da fadar Dar Batha. [1] [3] Moulay Hassan ya kuma fadada tsohuwar fadar sarauta kanta, ya kara ƙofar ta har zuwa wurin da Tsohon Mechouar yake yanzu yayin da yake ƙara Sabon Mechouar, tare da Dar al-Makina, zuwa arewa. Wannan ya haifar da raba unguwar Moulay Abdallah zuwa arewa maso yamma daga sauran Fes el-Jdid.[3] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ssqho03g0xcef2zgefx6nrck9sawbew Duiker 0 178980 967431 966554 2026-10-14T00:54:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani]] (20261013sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 967431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}}{{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />{{cladogram|align=left|title=|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012|cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade|label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck]] |2=[[Sitatunga]] }} |2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]] |2={{clade|label1= |1=[[Klipspringer]] |2={{clade |1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]] |2={{clade |2={{clade |1= [[Blue duiker]] |2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Common duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Abbott's duiker]] |2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Jentink's duiker]] |2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }} |2=[[Zebra duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Aders's duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Red-flanked duiker]] |2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Harvey's duiker]] |2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }} |2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Black duiker]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Ogilby's duiker]] |2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}{{Automatic taxobox}}<templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />{{cladogram|align=left|title=|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012|cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade|label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck]] |2=[[Sitatunga]] }} |2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]] |2={{clade|label1= |1=[[Klipspringer]] |2={{clade |1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]] |2={{clade |2={{clade |1= [[Blue duiker]] |2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Common duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Abbott's duiker]] |2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Jentink's duiker]] |2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }} |2=[[Zebra duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Aders's duiker]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Red-flanked duiker]] |2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Harvey's duiker]] |2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }} |2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Black duiker]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Ogilby's duiker]] |2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}duiker (IPA: /ˈdaɪkər/) ƙaramin dabba ne mai matsakaici wanda ke da asalin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, yayin da Duiker na yau da kullun shine kawai duiker na daji kuma yana zaune a cikin savannah. Dabbobi 22 da suka wanzu, ciki har da uku waɗanda wasu lokuta ake bi da su a matsayin ƙananan, sun samar da kabilar Cephalophini (wanda aka rarraba a matsayin iyalin Cephalolophina Duikers suna jin kunya, yawanci dabbobi masu zaman kansu da suka saba da motsawa ta hanyar murfin da aka rufe. Kodayake da farko masu bincike, suna kuma cin 'ya'yan itace kuma a wasu lokuta dabbobi. Suna aiki a matsayin masu watsa iri, kuma yawancin jinsuna suna fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin da kuma yawan farauta don [[Naman daji|nama na daji]]. Sunan gama gari "duik" ya fito ne daga kalmar Afrikaans duik, ko Dutch duiken - dukansu suna nufin "tsuntsu", [1] wanda ke nufin aikin dabbobi su nutse cikin ciyayi akai-akai don rufewa. [2] == Bayyanawa == [[File:Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola) '' kwarangwal a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Osteology]] Duikers suna da jin kunya sosai, halittu masu rikitarwa tare da sha'awar murfin da ya fi yawa; waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da suka fi budewa, alal misali, suna da sauri su ɓace cikin daji don kariya; saboda ƙarancin su da yawan jama'a, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da duikers ba. Don haka, ƙarin ƙididdigar sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka fi nazarin su: jan gandun daji, shuɗi, mai launin rawaya, da kuma launin toka na yau da kullun ana lura da su. Duikers sun kasance daga + 1⁄2 ) blue duiker zuwa {{Convert|70|kg|lb}} kg (150 yellow-backed duiker. {{Convert|3|kg|lb}}Girman jiki ya yi daidai da adadin abinci da girman abinci. Abubuwan da ke tattare da jikin mutum kamar siffar kai da wuyansa suma suna iyakance adadin da girman abincin da ake ci. "Bambance-bambance na anatomical... suna sanya ƙarin ƙuntatawa akan cin abinci" wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen hanyoyin abinci tsakanin nau'ikan duiker daban-daban.<ref name="Newing" /> Tare da jikinsu ƙasa kuma tare da gajerun ƙahoni, ana gina duikers na gandun daji don kewayawa yadda ya kamata ta cikin gandun daji masu yawa kuma da sauri su nutse cikin daji lokacin da aka yi barazana. Tun da yake duiker mai launin toka na yau da kullun yana zaune a wuraren da suka fi budewa, kamar savannah, yana da kafafu masu tsawo da ƙahoni masu tsaye, wanda ke ba shi damar gudu da sauri da kuma nesa mai tsawo; maza ne kawai, waɗanda suka fi rikici da yanki, suna nuna ƙahoni. Duikers kuma suna da glandun preorbital masu tasowa, waɗanda suke kama da raguwa a ƙarƙashin idanunsu, ko kuma a cikin yanayin duikers masu launin shudi, glandun pedal a kan ƙafafun.<ref name="Jarman" /> Maza suna amfani da ɓoye daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin don nuna yankunansu. == Tarihi da ilimin lissafi == Duikers sun kasu kashi biyu bisa ga mazauninsu - gandun daji da daji duikers. Dukkanin nau'ikan gandun daji suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, yayin da kawai sanannun daji duiker, [[Gada|launin toka na yau da kullun]] (na jinsin ''Sylvicapra'') ya mamaye savannah. kabilar Cephalophini (tsohon subfamily Cephalolophinae) ta ƙunshi nau'o'i uku da nau'o-nau'i 22, uku dangi cikinsu wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'o" na sauran nau'oʼin. Wadannan nau'o'in guda uku sun hada da ''Cephalophus'' (nau'i 15 da nau'o-nau'i uku), ''Philantomba'' (nau'o'i uku) da ''[[Gada|Sylvicapra]]'' (nau'in daya). Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Burtaniya John Edward Gray ne ya fara bayyana iyalin a cikin 1871 a cikin Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] "''cephal''" mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga haɗuwa da sabon kalmar Latin cephal, ma'ana kai, da kalmar Helenanci ''lophos'', ma'anar ƙwanƙwasawa. Dabbobi uku da ake jayayya da su a cikin ''Cephalophus'' sune Duiker na Brooke (''C. brookei''), Ruwenzori duiker (''C. rubidis''), da kuma Duiker mai fararen kafafu (''C. crusalbum''). An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'in Ogilby's duiker (''C. nigrifrons''), masanin ilimin muhalli na Burtaniya Peter Grubb ya ɗaukaka duiker na Brooke zuwa matsayin jinsin a shekarar 1998. Matsayinta a matsayin jinsin ya kara da shi a cikin littafin 2002 da Grubb da abokin aiki Colin Groves suka wallafa. Koyaya, masu ilimin dabbobi kamar Jonathan Kingdon suna ci gaba da bi da shi a matsayin nau'in jinsin. Ruwenzori duiker gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in Duiker mai baƙar fata (''C. nigrifrons''). Koyaya, manyan bambance-bambance daga wani tseren iri ɗaya, ''C. n. kivuensis'', wanda yake da tausayi a kan tsaunukan Ruwenzori, ya jagoranci Kingdon ya ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama nau'in daban-daban gaba ɗaya. Grubb ya bi da duiker mai fararen kafafu a matsayin nau'in duiker na Ogilby a cikin 1978, amma shi da Groves sun dauke shi a matsayin nau" mai zaman kansa bayan sake duiker a cikin 2011. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grubb |first=P. |date=1978 |title=A new antelope from Gabon |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=373–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01048.x}}</ref> Wannan ya goyi bayan binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2003. Wani binciken phylogenetic na 2001 ya raba ''Cephalophus'' zuwa nau'o'i uku daban-daban - manyan duikers, gabashin Afirka ja duikers da yammacin Afirka ja duakers. Abbott's duiker (''C. spadix''), [[Bay duiker]] (''C. dorsalis''), Jentink's duoker (''C. jentinki'') da yellow-backed duiker (c. silvicultor) an rarraba su a matsayin giant duikers. Red duikers na gabashin Afirka sun haɗa da duiker mai baƙar fata (''C. nigrifrons''), Duiker na Harvey (''C. harveyi''), duiker mai ja (''C. rufilatus''), duiker ja (C,''C. natalensis''), Ruwenzori duiker, da duiker fararen ciki (''C. leucogaster''). Ƙungiya ta uku, ja duikers na yammacin Afirka, sun haɗa da baƙar fata (''C. niger''), duiker na Ogilby, Duiker na Peters (''C. callipygus''), da Duiker na Weyns (''C. Weinsi''). Koyaya, matsayin nau'o'i biyu, Duiker na Aders da duiker na zebra, sun kasance masu shakka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=B.J. |last2=Robinson |first2=T.J. |year=2001 |title=Retrieval of four adaptive lineages in duiker antelope: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences and fluorescence in situ hybridization |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2001-09_20_3/page/409 |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=409–25 |bibcode=2001MolPE..20..409V |doi=10.1006/mpev.2001.0962 |pmid=11527467}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Anne R. Johnston (na Jami'ar Orleans) da abokan aiki sun gina cladogram na subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker) bisa ga nazarin mitochondrial.<ref name="johnston">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=A.R |last2=Anthony |first2=N.M |year=2012 |title=A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily ''Cephalophinae'': evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene |journal=[[BMC Evol. Biol.]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=120 |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..120J |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-120 |pmc=3523051 |pmid=22823504 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="johnston2">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=A.R. |last2=Morikawa |first2=M. K. |last3=Ntie |first3=S. |last4=Anthony |first4=N. M. |date=2011 |title=Evaluating DNA barcoding criteria using African duiker antelope (''Cephalophinae'') as a test case |journal=[[Conservation Genetics]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1173–82 |bibcode=2011ConG...12.1173J |doi=10.1007/s10592-011-0220-2 |issn=1572-9737 |s2cid=22520513}}</ref> === Nau'o'in === * '''Ƙabilar Cephalophini''' :* Halitta ''Cephalophus'' ::* Abbott duiker, ''C. spadix'' ::* Duiker na Aders, ''C. adersi'' ::* [[Bay duiker]], ''C. dorsalis'' ::* Black duiker, ''C. niger'' ::* Duiker mai baƙar fata, ''C. nigrifrons'' ::* Brooke's duiker, ''C. brookei'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na Ogilby's duoker) ::* Duiker na Harvey, ''C. harveyi''[[File:Cephalophus_sylvicultor_sylvicultor2.jpg|right|thumb|Duiker mai launin rawaya]] ::* Jentink duiker, ''C. jentinki'' ::* Duiker na Ogilby, ''C. ogilbyi'' ::* Mai ba da labari na Peters, ''C. callipygus'' ::* Red-flanked duiker, ''C. rufilatus'' ::* Red Forest duiker, ''C. natalensis'' ::* Ruwenzori duiker, ''C. rubidus'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na duiker mai baƙar fata ko duiker mai ja) ::* Duiker na Weyns, ''C. Weinsi'' ::* White-bellied duiker, ''C. leucogaster'' ::* White-legged duiker ''C. crusalbum'' (watakila wani nau'i ne na Ogilby's duiker) ::* Duiker mai launin rawaya, C. silvicultor''C. mai kula da gandun daji'' ::* Zebra duiker, ''C. zebra'' :* Halitta ''Philantomba'' ::* Blue duiker, ''P. Monticola'' ::* Mawakin Maxwell, ''P. maxwellii'' ::* Duiker na Walter, ''P. walteri'' :* Halitta ''Sylvicapra'' ::* [[Gada|Duiker na yau da kullun]], ''S. grimmia'' == Halin da ake ciki == A waje da haifuwa, duikers suna kadaici, suna nuna kansu sosai kuma sun fi son yin aiki kadai. Wannan na iya bayyana, a wani bangare, iyakantaccen girman jima'i wanda yawancin nau'in duiker suka nuna, ban da duiker na yau da kullun, wanda mata suka fi maza girma. === Ma'amala === A shekara ta 2001, binciken Helen Newing a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] game da hulɗar duikers ya gano cewa girman jiki, fifiko na mazauni, da kuma tsarin aiki sune manyan abubuwan da suka bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan duikers guda bakwai. Wadannan bambance-bambance na musamman ga kowane nau'in duiker suna ba su damar kasancewa tare ta hanyar iyakance haɗuwa. Koyaya, kodayake har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da wasu nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari ba, saboda sake lalacewa da raguwar mazauninsu ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, irin wannan ƙwarewar niches suna raguwa a hankali kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan jama'a. Saboda girman danginsu da yanayin da aka tanada, tsarin karewa na farko na duikers shine ɓoyewa daga masu cin nama. Duikers an san su da matsanancin jin kunya, suna daskarewa a ƙaramin alamar barazana kuma suna nutsewa cikin daji mafi kusa. Halin zamantakewar Duikers ya haɗa da kiyaye isasshen nesa tsakanin mutane.<ref name="Jarman" /> Koyaya, ya bambanta da yanayin da aka kiyaye, duikers sun fi tsananin fushi yayin da suke hulɗa da yankuna; suna nuna yankinsu da matansu da ɓoyewa daga ƙwayoyin su na preorbital kuma suna yaƙi da sauran duikers waɗanda ke kalubalantar ikonsu. Maza masu duikers na yau da kullun, musamman matasa maza, suna nuna yankunansu ta hanyar yin fitsari. Ga waɗancan duikers waɗanda ke tafiya su kaɗai, suna zaɓar yin hulɗa tare da wasu duikers sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara, kawai don manufar jima'i.[1] Kodayake duikers a wasu lokuta suna kafa ƙungiyoyi na wucin gadi don tattara 'ya'yan itace da suka fadi, saboda ba a san komai game da yadda suke hulɗa da kuma shafar juna ba, ƙayyade waɗanne dalilai ne da suka fi taimakawa ga haɗarin su yana da wahala.[2] Duikers sun fi son zama su kaɗai ko a matsayin nau'i-nau'i don kauce wa gasa da ke fitowa daga zama a cikin babban rukuni. Sun kuma samo asali don zama masu cin abinci masu yawa, suna cin abinci ne kawai a kan takamaiman sassa na shuke-shuke. A zahiri, a cikin bincikensa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman rukuni da salon ciyarwa, P.J. Jarman ya gano cewa mafi yawan abincin kwayoyin halitta, mafi yawan abincinsa zai kasance, kuma saboda haka, mafi ƙanƙanta ƙungiyar ta zama. === Abinci === [[File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Cephalophus_harveyi.png|thumb|Masu bincike da makiyaya; Philip Sclater, 1894]] Duikers da farko masu bincike ne maimakon makiyaya, suna cin ganyayyaki, tsiro, tsaba, [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]], buds, da bark, kuma sau da yawa suna bin garken [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] ko dakarun [[Biri|birai]] don amfani da 'ya'ya itacen da suka sauke. Suna ƙara abincin su da nama: duikers na iya cinye kwari da gawa har ma da gudanar da kama doki ko kananan tsuntsaye daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Tunda abinci shine abin da ke yanke shawara, wurare daban-daban na tushen abinci galibi suna nuna rarraba duikers. Yayinda suke cin abinci a kan tsire-tsire masu yawa, suna zaɓar cin takamaiman sassan tsire-shire waɗanda suka fi gina jiki. Saboda haka, don ciyar da su yadda ya kamata, dole ne su saba da yankinsu kuma su saba da yanayin ƙasa da rarraba takamaiman tsire-tsire. Saboda irin waɗannan dalilai, duikers sake daidaitawa da sababbin mahalli da mazaunan mutane da kuma sare daji ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba.[tone] Ƙananan nau'o'in, alal misali blue duiker, yawanci suna cin tsaba daban-daban, yayin da manya ke cin abinci a kan manyan 'ya'yan itace. Tun da yake blue duikers suna da ƙananan gaske, sun fi dacewa wajen narke ƙananan [[Ingancin Abinci|Abubuwa masu inganci]]. Karɓar mafi yawan ruwan su daga abincin da suke ci, duikers ba sa dogara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wuraren da ba su da ruwa. === Ayyuka === Duikers na iya zama na rana, na dare, ko duka biyun. Tun da yawancin tushen abinci yana samuwa a rana, duiker evolution ya fassara mafi yawan duikers a matsayin na rana. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin girman jiki da [[Bacci|Tsarin bacci]] a cikin duikers; yayin da karami zuwa matsakaici duikers suna nuna karuwar aiki da cin abinci a lokacin rana, manyan duikers sun fi aiki da dare. Wani banda ga wannan shine duiker mai launin rawaya, mafi girman jinsin, wanda ke aiki a rana da dare.<ref name="Newing" /> === Rarraba da yawa === Ana samun Duikers da tausayi a yankuna daban-daban. Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], suna haifar da yankuna masu haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan duikers na gandun daji. Kodayake "girman jiki shine babban abin da ke tattare da bayyana mahimman ma'auni na kowane nau'in", sau da yawa yana nuna rarraba da yalwar duikers a cikin wani wurin zama da aka ba shi, rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan duikers da yawa wanda ya dogara da rarraba da yawa sau da yawa. Misali, blue duiker da red forest duiker suna zaune tare a cikin wani karamin yanki na Mossapoula ([[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]). Duk da yake ana ganin duikers masu launin shudi akai-akai fiye da duikers na gandun daji a yankin da ake farauta da yawa na Mossapoula, ana lura da duikors na gandun dajin ja a yankunan da ba a yi amfani da su ba kamar yammacin Dja Reserve na [[Kamaru]]. == Muhalli == Tsaro na duikers yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mahimmanci tare da muhalli. Rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin yana haifar da gasa da ba a taɓa gani ba, duka na musamman da na intraspecific. Kafin shiga tsakani, tsarin albarkatun musamman wanda manyan duikers ke amfani da wani nau'in abinci da ƙananan duikers a kan wani, yana aiki kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yanayin rana da na dare na duikers; wannan yana ba da damar wasu su raba niche ba tare da gasa ta musamman ba. Hakazalika, suna rage gasa ta intraspecific ta hanyar kasancewa kadai, masu zaman kansu, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen halaye na cin abinci. A sakamakon haka, rushewar ma'auni na gasa a cikin wani mazaunin sau da yawa yana haifar da tasirinsa ga ma'aunin gasa a wani mazaunin.<ref name="Newing" /> Hakazalika, [[Bay duiker|Bay]] da duikers na Peters na iya zama tare saboda tsarin barcin su daban-daban. Wannan yana bawa duikers na Peters damar cin 'ya'yan itace da rana, kuma bay duikers su ci abin da ya rage da dare. Sakamakon irin wannan tsarin rayuwa, tsarin narkewar bay duiker ya samo asali ne don cinye sauran abinci marasa inganci. Another critical influence that duikers have on the environment is acting as "[[Watsewar iri|seed dispersers]] for some plants". They maintain a mutualistic relationship with certain plants; the plants serve as a nutritious and abundant food source for the duikers, and simultaneously benefit from the extensive dispersal of their seeds by the duikers.  == Karewa == [[File:Duiker_at_San_Antonio,_TX_Zoo,_2014_DSCN0701.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Red-flanked duiker a San Antonio Zoo a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]]]] Duikers suna zaune a cikin wani yanayi inda ko da canji mai zurfi a cikin tsarin rayuwarsu na iya tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye. Biyu daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar duiker kai tsaye sune asarar mazaunin da wuce gona da iri. Ci gaba da birane da kuma tsarin "canjin aikin gona" a hankali yana karɓar yawancin wuraren zama na duikers; a lokaci guda, yawan amfani da shi yana ba da izinin wuce gona da iri na wasu nau'o'in da ke hulɗa, wanda ke haifar da rushewar rayuwa tare. A cikin yankunan gandun daji na Afirka, mutane ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne suna farautar duikers don fatarsu, nama, da ƙaho a ƙimar da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Halin yawan jama'a ga dukkan nau'ikan duikers, ban da duiker na yau da kullun da mafi ƙanƙanta blue duiker, suna raguwa sosai; Aders' kuma musamman manyan nau'ikan Duiker kamar Jentink's da Abbott's duikers، yanzu ana ɗaukar su cikin haɗari ta IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Yawan amfani da duikers yana shafar yawan jama'arsu da kwayoyin da suka dogara da su don rayuwa. Misali, tsire-tsire da suka dogara da duikers don watsa iri na iya rasa hanyar haifuwa ta farko, da sauran kwayoyin da suka dogara ga waɗannan tsire-shuke kamar yadda albarkatun su za su sami babban tushen abinci. Sau da yawa ana kama Duikers don [[Naman daji|nama na daji]]. A zahiri, duikers suna ɗaya daga cikin dabbobin da aka fi farauta dangane da adadi da biomass a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Misali, a yankunan da ke kusa da gandun daji na Afirka, saboda mutane ba sa kiwon [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]], mutane da yawa na kowane aji sun dogara da nama a matsayin tushen furotin su Ga waɗannan mutane, idan yanayin yawanci ya ci gaba da irin wannan babban, tasirin raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin duikers zai zama mai tsanani ga waɗannan kwayoyin su zama tushen abinci mai aminci. Baya ga babban buƙata na nama na daji, dokar farauta da ba a tilasta ba barazana ce ga nau'o'i da yawa, gami da duiker. Yawancin mafarauta sun yi imanin cewa raguwar yawan dabbobi ya faru ne saboda yawan cinyewa. Sakamakon kai tsaye na farauta sun haɗa da yawan amfani da nau'in da aka yi niyya da kuma farauta ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba ko nau'in jinsuna masu ban mamaki (saboda farauta ba ta da mahimmanci). Don kauce wa wannan sakamakon, hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su na kiyaye duikers sune ƙuntataccen damar da kiwo. Ƙuntataccen damar ya haɗa da sanya ƙuntatawa na lokaci ko na sarari akan duikers na farauta. Ƙuntatawa na lokaci sun haɗa da rufe wasu lokutan, kamar babban lokacin haihuwa, don farauta; Ƙuntatawa ta sarari sun haɗa da ƙuntata wasu yankuna inda ake samun duikers masu haɗari.<ref name="Newing" /> An yi amfani da kiwo na kamawa kuma galibi ana kallon shi azaman mafita don tabbatar da rayuwar yawan duiker; duk da haka, saboda ƙananan yawan haifuwa na duikers, koda tare da kariya da masu kiyayewa suka bayar, kiwo na bauta ba zai kara yawan yawan yawan jama'a ba.<ref name="Newing" /> Babban ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar kiyaye duikers shine rashin isasshen ilimi game da waɗannan kwayoyin, haɗe da Yawan jama'a su na musamman. Bukatar ba wai kawai a fahimci yawan jama'ar su sosai ba, har ma da kafa hanyoyin da za a rarrabe tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban. === Masana'antar nama === Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gano sayar da nama na duiker kamar yadda yake ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar Filoviruses kamar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]], inda Georges et al., 1999. WHO ta lura cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cuta galibi yana fitowa ne daga yanka da shirya nama, kuma cin nama da aka dafa da kyau ba ya haifar da haɗari. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8nsldn0xgwbzsij6t0zi9va0sh9oyhe Ali Daei 0 179142 967167 967112 2026-10-13T13:25:23Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Ƙaura zuwa Turai */ 967167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ali Daei''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1969) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne kuma manajan Iran wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar kasar Iran tsakanin 2000 da 2006 kuma ya taka leda a Bundesliga na Arminia Bielefeld, [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] da Hertha Berlin . An dauke shi a matsayin babban dan wasan kwallon kafa na Iran a kowane lokaci da kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa daga [[Asiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=The all-time greatest Asian footballers - ranked |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-greatest-asian-footballers-of-all-time-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211075953/https://www.90min.com/posts/the-greatest-asian-footballers-of-all-time-ranked |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=90min.com}}</ref> Daei ita ce babbar mai zira kwallaye a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya (108). Wani dan wasan gaba mai tsayi, Daei ya kasance mai zira kwallaye, wanda aka sani da daidaito da iyawarsa a cikin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2009 |title=The giants of the game |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensyoutholympic/news/the-giants-the-game-1002634 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103027/https://www.fifa.com/womensyoutholympic/news/the%2Dgiants%2Dthe%2Dgame%2D1002634 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2020 |publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye na duniya a duniya tare da kwallaye 108 har sai [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] ya karya rikodin sa a 2021 kuma ya tafi na uku bayan [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] ya sake wucewa a 2024. A lokacin aikinsa na wasa, an nada Daei a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekara ta 2001. Bayan ya yi ritaya, Daei ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kwallon Kafa na [[FIFA]] tsakanin 2007 da 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Football Committee |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/standingcommittees/committee=1882038.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625051756/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/standingcommittees/committee=1882038.html |archive-date=25 June 2011 |access-date=30 July 2007 |website=fifa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:حذف نام علی دایی از کمیته فوتبال فیفا |url=http://fararu.com/fa/news/146067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411154035/http://fararu.com/fa/news/146067 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |publisher=fararu.com |language=fa}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na kwallon kafa na Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Kewell, Hong, Daei among AFC's first Hall of Fame inductees |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-asia-halloffame/kewell-hong-daei-among-afcs-first-hall-of-fame-inductees-idINKCN0J50YG20141121 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901182718/https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-asia-halloffame/kewell-hong-daei-among-afcs-first-hall-of-fame-inductees-idINKCN0J50YG20141121 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=14 December 2020 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Daei a Ardabil, Daular Iran, ga dangin Azerbaijan na Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uddin |first=Rayhan |date=27 June 2021 |title=Ali Daei: The Iranian icon set to be dethroned by Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ali-daei-cristiano-ronaldo-iran-portugal-goalscoring-record-international |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129192138/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ali-daei-cristiano-ronaldo-iran-portugal-goalscoring-record-international |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |quote=Born to Iranian Azeri parents in the ancient northwestern city of Ardabil, Daei's father did not want him to pursue football until he graduated from high school.}}</ref> Daei ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aryamehr a Injiniyan kayan aiki (Metallurgical) tare da BSc. digiri. Ya fara aikinsa na wasa yana da shekaru 19 tare da kulob din garinsu Esteghlal Ardabil . Kungiyarsa ta gaba ita ce Taxirani FC a [[Tehran]], inda ya buga wasa na kakar wasa daya, kafin ya shiga wani kulob din da ke Tehran, Bankin Tejarat . Ya yi aiki tare da Bankin Tejarat ya dauki shekaru hudu, inda ya zira kwallaye 49 a wasanni 75.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title=علی دایی و مرحوم حجازی در تیم بانک تجارت |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/253509/sport/premiere-league |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727024253/https://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/253509/sport/premiere-league |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=khabaronline.ir |language=fa}}</ref> === Ƙaura zuwa Turai === Bayan nasarar da ya samu tare da Bank Tejarat FC, a cikin 1994, Daei ya shiga ɗayan manyan kulob din Tehran, Persepolis . Ya zira kwallaye 23 a wasanni 38 na kulob din daga shekara ta alif 1994 zuwa 1996. Bayan rawar da ya taka a gasar cin Kofin Asiya a shekarar 1996, ya koma Al Sadd a kakar 1996-1997 kafin ya shiga kungiyar Bundesliga Arminia Bielefeld a shekarar 1997 tare da abokin wasan Iran Karim Bagheri . Duk da haka a Bayern, ya sami kansa a cikin tsari mai yawa. Wannan, haɗe da jadawalin tawagar Iran, Daei ya sami ɗan gajeren lokaci don yin wasa. Daei bai gamsu da matsayinsa na kulob din ba kuma ya yanke shawarar komawa Hertha BSC kafin karshen kwangilarsa ta shekaru uku lokacin da Bayern ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a 1999. Daei ya zama dan wasan Asiya na farko da ya fito a wasan UEFA Champions League . Ya zira kwallaye na farko da na biyu a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1999 a wasan rukuni da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], wanda Hertha ta lashe 2-1 . Ya kuma zira kwallaye a 1-1 draw a kan [[AC Milan|A.C. Milan]] a [[San Siro Stadium|San Siro]] . A Hertha ya kasance dan wasa mai tasiri sosai tun lokacin da yake daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a tawagar, wadanda za su cika burin Hertha na Bundesliga da UEFA Champions League. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 28d00tka0fzx8pqg8ilwuao2jvnvroe 967168 967167 2026-10-13T13:26:33Z Baby juuu 38856 967168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ali Daei''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif 1969) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne kuma manajan Iran wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar kasar Iran tsakanin 2000 da 2006 kuma ya taka leda a Bundesliga na Arminia Bielefeld, [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] da Hertha Berlin . An dauke shi a matsayin babban dan wasan kwallon kafa na Iran a kowane lokaci da kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa daga [[Asiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=The all-time greatest Asian footballers - ranked |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-greatest-asian-footballers-of-all-time-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211075953/https://www.90min.com/posts/the-greatest-asian-footballers-of-all-time-ranked |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=90min.com}}</ref> Daei ita ce babbar mai zira kwallaye a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya (108). Wani dan wasan gaba mai tsayi, Daei ya kasance mai zira kwallaye, wanda aka sani da daidaito da iyawarsa a cikin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2009 |title=The giants of the game |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensyoutholympic/news/the-giants-the-game-1002634 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103027/https://www.fifa.com/womensyoutholympic/news/the%2Dgiants%2Dthe%2Dgame%2D1002634 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2020 |publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye na duniya a duniya tare da kwallaye 108 har sai [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] ya karya rikodin sa a 2021 kuma ya tafi na uku bayan [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] ya sake wucewa a 2024. A lokacin aikinsa na wasa, an nada Daei a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekara ta 2001. Bayan ya yi ritaya, Daei ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kwallon Kafa na [[FIFA]] tsakanin 2007 da 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Football Committee |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/standingcommittees/committee=1882038.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625051756/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/standingcommittees/committee=1882038.html |archive-date=25 June 2011 |access-date=30 July 2007 |website=fifa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:حذف نام علی دایی از کمیته فوتبال فیفا |url=http://fararu.com/fa/news/146067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411154035/http://fararu.com/fa/news/146067 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |publisher=fararu.com |language=fa}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na kwallon kafa na Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Kewell, Hong, Daei among AFC's first Hall of Fame inductees |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-asia-halloffame/kewell-hong-daei-among-afcs-first-hall-of-fame-inductees-idINKCN0J50YG20141121 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901182718/https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-asia-halloffame/kewell-hong-daei-among-afcs-first-hall-of-fame-inductees-idINKCN0J50YG20141121 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=14 December 2020 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Daei a Ardabil, Daular Iran, ga dangin Azerbaijan na Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uddin |first=Rayhan |date=27 June 2021 |title=Ali Daei: The Iranian icon set to be dethroned by Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ali-daei-cristiano-ronaldo-iran-portugal-goalscoring-record-international |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129192138/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ali-daei-cristiano-ronaldo-iran-portugal-goalscoring-record-international |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |quote=Born to Iranian Azeri parents in the ancient northwestern city of Ardabil, Daei's father did not want him to pursue football until he graduated from high school.}}</ref> Daei ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aryamehr a Injiniyan kayan aiki (Metallurgical) tare da BSc. digiri. Ya fara aikinsa na wasa yana da shekaru 19 tare da kulob din garinsu Esteghlal Ardabil . Kungiyarsa ta gaba ita ce Taxirani FC a [[Tehran]], inda ya buga wasa na kakar wasa daya, kafin ya shiga wani kulob din da ke Tehran, Bankin Tejarat . Ya yi aiki tare da Bankin Tejarat ya dauki shekaru hudu, inda ya zira kwallaye 49 a wasanni 75.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title=علی دایی و مرحوم حجازی در تیم بانک تجارت |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/253509/sport/premiere-league |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727024253/https://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/253509/sport/premiere-league |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=khabaronline.ir |language=fa}}</ref> === Ƙaura zuwa Turai === Bayan nasarar da ya samu tare da Bank Tejarat FC, a cikin 1994, Daei ya shiga ɗayan manyan kulob din Tehran, Persepolis . Ya zira kwallaye 23 a wasanni 38 na kulob din daga shekara ta alif 1994 zuwa 1996. Bayan rawar da ya taka a gasar cin Kofin Asiya a shekarar 1996, ya koma Al Sadd a kakar 1996-1997 kafin ya shiga kungiyar Bundesliga Arminia Bielefeld a shekarar 1997 tare da abokin wasan Iran Karim Bagheri . Duk da haka a Bayern, ya sami kansa a cikin tsari mai yawa. Wannan, haɗe da jadawalin tawagar Iran, Daei ya sami ɗan gajeren lokaci don yin wasa. Daei bai gamsu da matsayinsa na kulob din ba kuma ya yanke shawarar komawa Hertha BSC kafin karshen kwangilarsa ta shekaru uku lokacin da Bayern ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a 1999. Daei ya zama dan wasan Asiya na farko da ya fito a wasan UEFA Champions League . Ya zira kwallaye na farko da na biyu a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1999 a wasan rukuni da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], wanda Hertha ta lashe 2-1 . Ya kuma zira kwallaye a 1-1 draw a kan [[AC Milan|A.C. Milan]] a [[San Siro Stadium|San Siro]] . A Hertha ya kasance dan wasa mai tasiri sosai tun lokacin da yake daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a tawagar, wadanda za su cika burin Hertha na Bundesliga da UEFA Champions League. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] agjq5b5tzdutjp4qwh86tsx14lolckx Harshen Khmer 0 179146 967122 967121 2026-10-13T11:59:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 967122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Khmer''' ( / kə ˈ mər / kə-MAIR ; {{Lang|km|ខ្មែរ}}, UNGEGN : {{Transl|km|Khmêr}} {{IPA|km|kʰmae|}} ) harshe ne na Austroasiatic wanda mutanen Khmer ke magana da shi a asali kuma harshe ne na hukuma da kuma harshen ƙasa na Cambodia . Mutanen Khmer kuma suna jin yaren sosai a Gabashin Thailand da Isan, [[Tailan|Thailand]], da kuma yankunan Kudu maso Gabas da Mekong na [[Vietnam]] . An yi wa Khmer tasiri sosai a [[Sanskrit]] da Pali musamman a cikin rajistar sarauta da addini, ta hanyar Hindu da Buddha, saboda Tsohon Khmer shine harshen daular tarihi ta Chenla da Angkor . Yawancin masu magana da harshen Khmer suna magana da harshen ''Central Khmer'', yaren tsakiyar yankin inda Khmer ya fi yawa. A cikin Cambodia, ana samun lafazin yanki a wurare masu nisa amma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'ikan Khmer na Tsakiya. Banda biyu akwai yaren babban birnin [[Phnom Penh]], da kuma na Khmer Khe a lardin Stung Treng, waɗanda duka sun bambanta sosai da na Tsakiyar Khmer don a ɗauke su daban-daban na Khmer. A wajen Cambodia, 'yan kabilar Khmer suna magana da yaruka guda uku daban-daban waɗanda suka fito daga yankunan da suka kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Khmer a tarihi. 'Yan Khmer sama da miliyan ɗaya ne ke magana da yaren Arewacin Khmer a yankunan kudancin Arewa maso Gabashin Thailand kuma wasu masana harshe suna ɗaukar su a matsayin yare daban. Khmer Krom, ko Southern Khmer, shine yaren farko na Khmer na Vietnam, yayin da Khmer da ke zaune a tsaunukan Cardamom masu nisa suna magana da yare mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda har yanzu yana nuna fasalin yaren Tsakiyar Khmer . Harshen Khmer galibi harshe ne mai nazari, mai ware harshe . Babu wani juyi, haɗuwa ko ƙarshen harafi . Madadin haka, ana amfani da barbashi da kalmomi masu taimako don nuna alaƙar nahawu. Tsarin kalmomi gabaɗaya shine batun-fi'ili-abu, kuma masu gyara suna bin kalmar da suke gyarawa. Masu rarraba suna bayyana bayan lambobi lokacin da ake amfani da su don ƙirga sunaye, kodayake ba koyaushe suke daidai da harsuna kamar [[Sinanci|Sinanci ba]] . A cikin Khmer da ake magana da shi, tsarin sharhin batu abu ne gama gari, kuma dangantakar zamantakewa da aka fahimta tsakanin mahalarta tana tantance waɗanne ƙamus, kamar karin magana da girmamawa, suka dace. Khmer ya bambanta da harsunan makwabta kamar Burmese, [[Yaren Thai|Thai]], [[Harshen Lao|Lao]], da Vietnamese saboda ba harshe ne mai sautin magana ba. Ana jaddada kalmomi a kan harafin ƙarshe, don haka kalmomi da yawa sun dace da tsarin Mon-Khmer na harafin da aka damu da ƙaramin harafi kafin. An rubuta harshen a cikin rubutun Khmer, abugida ya fito daga rubutun Brahmi ta hanyar rubutun Pallava na kudancin Indiya, tun aƙalla ƙarni na 7. Siffa da amfani da rubutun ya ci gaba a cikin ƙarni; fasalulluka na zamani sun haɗa da sigar baƙaƙen da aka yi amfani da su don rubuta gungu da kuma rarraba baƙaƙen zuwa jeri biyu tare da wasulan da ke ciki daban-daban. == Rarrabawa == Khmer memba ne na dangin harshen Austroasiatic, dangin autochthonous a yankin da ya miƙe daga yankin Malay zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa Gabashin Indiya. An yi nazarin Austroasiatic, wanda ya haɗa da Mon, Vietnamese da Munda, tun daga 1856 kuma an fara gabatar da shi a matsayin iyali na harshe a 1907. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=David |year=1964 |title=A survey of Austroasiatic and Mon-Khmer comparative studies |url=http://www.mksjournal.org/ |journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]] |volume=1 |pages=149–163 |access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Duk da yawan bincike, har yanzu akwai shakku game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin harsunan Austroasiatic. Diffloth ya sanya Khmer a cikin reshen gabashin harsunan Mon-Khmer . A cikin waɗannan tsare-tsaren rarrabuwa, dangin kwayoyin halittar Khmer mafi kusanci sune harsunan Bahnaric da Pearic . Rarrabawa na baya-bayan nan suna shakkar ingancin rukunin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Mon-Khmer kuma suna sanya harshen Khmer a matsayin reshensa na Austroasiatic mai nisan da ya dace da sauran rassan iyali 12. == Yaɗuwar ƙasa da yaruka == Mutane 13 ne ke yaren Khmer&nbsp;mutane miliyan a Cambodia, inda ita ce harshen hukuma. Haka kuma harshe ne na biyu ga yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ƙabilun tsaunuka na asali a can. Bugu da ƙari, akwai masu magana da Khmer miliyan ɗaya 'yan asalin kudancin [[Vietnam]] (ƙidayar 1999) <ref>{{Ethnologue18|khm|Central Khmer}}</ref> da 1.4&nbsp;miliyan a arewa maso gabashin [[Tailan|Thailand]] (2006). <ref>{{Ethnologue18|kxm|Northern Khmer}}</ref> Yaren Khmer, kodayake ana iya fahimtar juna, wani lokacin ana samun bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin masu magana daga [[Phnom Penh]] (babban birnin Cambodia), yankin karkara na Battambang, yankunan Arewa maso Gabashin Thailand da ke kusa da Cambodia kamar lardin Surin, tsaunukan Cardamom, da kudancin Vietnam. <ref name="SIDWELL">{{Cite web |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2006 |title=Khmer/Cambodian |url=http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Khmer-Cambodian.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119044006/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Khmer-Cambodian.html |archive-date=2011-01-19 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=Mon-Khmer.com |publisher=Australian National University |format=lecture}}</ref> <ref name="JoP">{{Cite journal |last=Wayland |first=Ratree |last2=Jongman |first2=Allard |date=2003 |title=Acoustic correlates of breathy and clear vowels: the case of Khmer |url=https://kuppl.ku.edu/sites/kuppl.drupal.ku.edu/files/images/general/jongman/Wayland%20%26%20Jongman%2003.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Phonetics |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=181–201 |doi=10.1016/s0095-4470(02)00086-4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://kuppl.ku.edu/sites/kuppl.drupal.ku.edu/files/images/general/jongman/Wayland%20%26%20Jongman%2003.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Yaren suna samar da ci gaba wanda ke gudana kusan arewa zuwa kudu. Khmer na Cambodia na yau da kullun yana da fahimta da sauran amma mai magana da Khmer Krom daga Vietnam, misali, yana iya samun matsala sosai wajen sadarwa da ɗan Khmer ɗan asalin lardin Sisaket a Thailand. Ga tsarin rarrabuwa mai zuwa wanda ke nuna ci gaban yarukan Khmer na zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferlus |first=Michel |year=1992 |title=Essai de phonétique historique du khmer (du milieu du premier millénaire de notre ère à l'époque actuelle) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00927221v2/document |journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]] |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=7–28}}</ref> == Zamanin tarihi == [[Fayil:AncientKhmerScript.jpg|thumb|An sassaka dutse a Tsohon Khmer]] Nazarin harsuna na harshen Khmer ya raba tarihinsa zuwa lokaci uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu, zamanin Tsohon Khmer, an raba shi zuwa zamanin Kafin Angkorian da Angkorian. Khmer na Kafin Angkorian shine tsohon harshen Khmer daga 600 zuwa 800&nbsp;CE. Harshen Angkorian Khmer shine harshen da ake magana da shi a Daular Khmer tun daga ƙarni na 9 har zuwa ƙarni na 13. <ref name="Jacobs">{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Judith |date=1993 |title=The deliberate use of foreign vocabulary by the Khmer: changing fashions, methods, and sources |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1993deliberate.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630054754/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1993deliberate.pdf |archive-date=Jun 30, 2023 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Karni masu zuwa sun ga canje-canje a [[Morphology|fannin siffa]], [[Phonology|tsarin sauti]] da ƙamus . Harshen wannan lokacin sauyi, daga kusan ƙarni na 14 zuwa na 18, ana kiransa da Middle Khmer kuma an aro shi daga Thai a cikin littafin adabi. <ref name="Jacobs" /> Khmer na zamani an samo shi ne daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa yau. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna matakan tarihi na Khmer da aka amince da su a al'ada. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pcofbrd5jvaberm1sqz48ohikesktsr Nuhu Eile 0 179147 967124 2026-10-13T12:02:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368433488|Noah Eile]]" 967124 wikitext text/x-wiki   Noah Johannes Eile (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Bristol City na EFL . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Malmo FF === An haife shi a Lund, Eile ya fara aikinsa tare da Bjärreds IF, kafin ya shiga Malmö FF yana da shekaru 12. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, kwangilar har zuwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=Fyra spelare skriver A-kontrakt |url=https://www.mff.se/fyra-spelare-skriver-a-kontrakt/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Eile ya fara bugawa Allsvenskan a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2021 a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Degerfors IF, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jo Inge Berget a minti na 79.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=FEM SPANINGAR: "MFF kan ha hittat en pärla i Abubakari" |url=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/fem-spaningar-mff-kan-ha-hittat-en-parla-i-abubakari/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=fotbollskanalen.se}}</ref> === Mjällby === A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2022, an ba da rancen Eile ga kungiyar Allsvenskan Mjällby AIF a kan rancen dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=Noah Eile lånas ut till Mjällby AIF |url=https://www.mff.se/noah-eile-lanas-ut-till-mjallby-aif/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an sake ba da rancen Eile ga Mjällby a kan yarjejeniyar rancen har zuwa 19 ga Yulin shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officiellt: Mjällby AIF lånar Noah Eile - på nytt |url=https://fotbolltransfers.com/nyheter/officiellt-mjallby-aif-lanar-noah-eile--pa-nytt/166433 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=fotbolltransfers.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2023, Eile ya zira kwallaye na farko a matsayin mai sana'a a nasarar 2-1 a kan BK Häcken . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Häcken helt borta från guld – förlorade mot Mjällby |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/abnB0E/bk-hacken-helt-borta-fran-guld-forlorade-mot-mjallby-aif |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=aftonbladet.se}}</ref> === New York Red Bulls === A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2024, Eile ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Major League New York Red Bulls kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=New York Red Bulls sign center back Noah Eile |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-red-bulls-sign-center-back-noah-eile |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=mlssoccer.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2024, Eile ya fara bugawa New York wasa, ya bayyana a matsayin mai farawa kuma yana kula da takarda mai tsabta a wasan buɗewa na kakar, 0-0 draw a kan Nashville SC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=Nashville SC Remains Unbeaten in GEODIS Park Home Openers After Scoreless Draw with Red Bulls |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-remains-unbeaten-in-geodis-park-home-openers |access-date=25 February 2024 |publisher=nashvillesc.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2025, Eile ya zira kwallaye na farko ga New York, a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan [[CF Montreal]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vazzano |first=Andrew |date=2025-04-26 |title=MATCH RECAP, pres. by Provident Bank: Red Bulls Top Montréal, 1-0, at Sports Illustrated Stadium |url=https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/news/match-recap-pres-by-provident-bank-red-bulls-top-montreal-1-0-at-sports-illustrated-stadium |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=New York Red Bulls |language=en}}</ref> === Birnin Bristol === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2026, Eile ta koma kulob din EFL Championship na Bristol City, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bristol City sign Horvat and Eile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c1je9gg45j9o |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Noah ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2026 a wasan da suka doke Charlton Athletic da ci 2-1.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Eile ta taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa na Sweden daban-daban, gami da Kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Sweden. Tare da 'yan kasa da shekara 17, ya shiga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a gasar zakarun Turai ta U17 a shekarar 2019. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Svenska Cupen]], [[U.S. Open Cup]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Malmö FF |2021 |Allsvenskan |3 |0 |0 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Mjällby AIF (rashin kuɗi) |2022 |Allsvenskan |22 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- |2023 |Allsvenskan |24 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !46 !1 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !52 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |New York Red Bulls |2024 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |29 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7{{Efn|Five appearances in [[MLS Cup playoffs]], two appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}} |0 |36 |0 |- |2025 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |30 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3{{Efn|Appearances in Leagues Cup}} |0 |36 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !59 !1 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !10 !0 !72 !1 |- |Birnin Bristol |2025–26 |Gasar cin kofin EFL |15 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !123 !3 !10 !0 !1 !0 !10 !0 !144 !3 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] e8i7qv09ojtpi0ginq7ee507epbi8io 967125 967124 2026-10-13T12:03:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 967125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Noah Johannes Eile (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Bristol City na EFL .</nowiki> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Malmo FF === An haife shi a Lund, Eile ya fara aikinsa tare da Bjärreds IF, kafin ya shiga Malmö FF yana da shekaru 12. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, kwangilar har zuwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=Fyra spelare skriver A-kontrakt |url=https://www.mff.se/fyra-spelare-skriver-a-kontrakt/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Eile ya fara bugawa Allsvenskan a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2021 a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Degerfors IF, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jo Inge Berget a minti na 79.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=FEM SPANINGAR: "MFF kan ha hittat en pärla i Abubakari" |url=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/fem-spaningar-mff-kan-ha-hittat-en-parla-i-abubakari/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=fotbollskanalen.se}}</ref> === Mjällby === A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2022, an ba da rancen Eile ga kungiyar Allsvenskan Mjällby AIF a kan rancen dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=Noah Eile lånas ut till Mjällby AIF |url=https://www.mff.se/noah-eile-lanas-ut-till-mjallby-aif/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an sake ba da rancen Eile ga Mjällby a kan yarjejeniyar rancen har zuwa 19 ga Yulin shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officiellt: Mjällby AIF lånar Noah Eile - på nytt |url=https://fotbolltransfers.com/nyheter/officiellt-mjallby-aif-lanar-noah-eile--pa-nytt/166433 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=fotbolltransfers.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2023, Eile ya zira kwallaye na farko a matsayin mai sana'a a nasarar 2-1 a kan BK Häcken . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Häcken helt borta från guld – förlorade mot Mjällby |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/abnB0E/bk-hacken-helt-borta-fran-guld-forlorade-mot-mjallby-aif |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=aftonbladet.se}}</ref> === New York Red Bulls === A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2024, Eile ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Major League New York Red Bulls kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=New York Red Bulls sign center back Noah Eile |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-red-bulls-sign-center-back-noah-eile |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=mlssoccer.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2024, Eile ya fara bugawa New York wasa, ya bayyana a matsayin mai farawa kuma yana kula da takarda mai tsabta a wasan buɗewa na kakar, 0-0 draw a kan Nashville SC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=Nashville SC Remains Unbeaten in GEODIS Park Home Openers After Scoreless Draw with Red Bulls |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-remains-unbeaten-in-geodis-park-home-openers |access-date=25 February 2024 |publisher=nashvillesc.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2025, Eile ya zira kwallaye na farko ga New York, a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan [[CF Montreal]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vazzano |first=Andrew |date=2025-04-26 |title=MATCH RECAP, pres. by Provident Bank: Red Bulls Top Montréal, 1-0, at Sports Illustrated Stadium |url=https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/news/match-recap-pres-by-provident-bank-red-bulls-top-montreal-1-0-at-sports-illustrated-stadium |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=New York Red Bulls |language=en}}</ref> === Birnin Bristol === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2026, Eile ta koma kulob din EFL Championship na Bristol City, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bristol City sign Horvat and Eile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c1je9gg45j9o |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Noah ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2026 a wasan da suka doke Charlton Athletic da ci 2-1.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Eile ta taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa na Sweden daban-daban, gami da Kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Sweden. Tare da 'yan kasa da shekara 17, ya shiga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a gasar zakarun Turai ta U17 a shekarar 2019. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Svenska Cupen]], [[U.S. Open Cup]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Malmö FF |2021 |Allsvenskan |3 |0 |0 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Mjällby AIF (rashin kuɗi) |2022 |Allsvenskan |22 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- |2023 |Allsvenskan |24 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !46 !1 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !52 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |New York Red Bulls |2024 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |29 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7{{Efn|Five appearances in [[MLS Cup playoffs]], two appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}} |0 |36 |0 |- |2025 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |30 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3{{Efn|Appearances in Leagues Cup}} |0 |36 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !59 !1 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !10 !0 !72 !1 |- |Birnin Bristol |2025–26 |Gasar cin kofin EFL |15 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !123 !3 !10 !0 !1 !0 !10 !0 !144 !3 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] <references /> js7w5kltzvbuola912b5uif9f9vhj9a 967126 967125 2026-10-13T12:04:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 967126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Noah Johannes Eile (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Bristol City na EFL .</nowiki> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Malmo FF === An haife shi a Lund, Eile ya fara aikinsa tare da Bjärreds IF, kafin ya shiga Malmö FF yana da shekaru 12. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, kwangilar har zuwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=Fyra spelare skriver A-kontrakt |url=https://www.mff.se/fyra-spelare-skriver-a-kontrakt/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Eile ya fara bugawa Allsvenskan a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2021 a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Degerfors IF, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jo Inge Berget a minti na 79.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=FEM SPANINGAR: "MFF kan ha hittat en pärla i Abubakari" |url=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/fem-spaningar-mff-kan-ha-hittat-en-parla-i-abubakari/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=fotbollskanalen.se}}</ref> === Mjällby === A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2022, an ba da rancen Eile ga kungiyar Allsvenskan Mjällby AIF a kan rancen dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=Noah Eile lånas ut till Mjällby AIF |url=https://www.mff.se/noah-eile-lanas-ut-till-mjallby-aif/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an sake ba da rancen Eile ga Mjällby a kan yarjejeniyar rancen har zuwa 19 ga Yulin shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officiellt: Mjällby AIF lånar Noah Eile - på nytt |url=https://fotbolltransfers.com/nyheter/officiellt-mjallby-aif-lanar-noah-eile--pa-nytt/166433 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=fotbolltransfers.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2023, Eile ya zira kwallaye na farko a matsayin mai sana'a a nasarar 2-1 a kan BK Häcken . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Häcken helt borta från guld – förlorade mot Mjällby |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/abnB0E/bk-hacken-helt-borta-fran-guld-forlorade-mot-mjallby-aif |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=aftonbladet.se}}</ref> === New York Red Bulls === A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2024, Eile ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Major League New York Red Bulls kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=New York Red Bulls sign center back Noah Eile |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-red-bulls-sign-center-back-noah-eile |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=mlssoccer.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2024, Eile ya fara bugawa New York wasa, ya bayyana a matsayin mai farawa kuma yana kula da takarda mai tsabta a wasan buɗewa na kakar, 0-0 draw a kan Nashville SC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=Nashville SC Remains Unbeaten in GEODIS Park Home Openers After Scoreless Draw with Red Bulls |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-remains-unbeaten-in-geodis-park-home-openers |access-date=25 February 2024 |publisher=nashvillesc.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2025, Eile ya zira kwallaye na farko ga New York, a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan [[CF Montreal]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vazzano |first=Andrew |date=2025-04-26 |title=MATCH RECAP, pres. by Provident Bank: Red Bulls Top Montréal, 1-0, at Sports Illustrated Stadium |url=https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/news/match-recap-pres-by-provident-bank-red-bulls-top-montreal-1-0-at-sports-illustrated-stadium |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=New York Red Bulls |language=en}}</ref> === Birnin Bristol === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2026, Eile ta koma kulob din EFL Championship na Bristol City, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bristol City sign Horvat and Eile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c1je9gg45j9o |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Noah ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2026 a wasan da suka doke Charlton Athletic da ci 2-1. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Eile ta taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa na Sweden daban-daban, gami da Kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Sweden. Tare da 'yan kasa da shekara 17, ya shiga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a gasar zakarun Turai ta U17 a shekarar 2019. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Svenska Cupen]], [[U.S. Open Cup]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Malmö FF |2021 |Allsvenskan |3 |0 |0 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Mjällby AIF (rashin kuɗi) |2022 |Allsvenskan |22 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- |2023 |Allsvenskan |24 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !46 !1 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !52 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |New York Red Bulls |2024 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |29 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7{{Efn|Five appearances in [[MLS Cup playoffs]], two appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}} |0 |36 |0 |- |2025 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |30 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3{{Efn|Appearances in Leagues Cup}} |0 |36 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !59 !1 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !10 !0 !72 !1 |- |Birnin Bristol |2025–26 |Gasar cin kofin EFL |15 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !123 !3 !10 !0 !1 !0 !10 !0 !144 !3 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] <references /> qqh1628ig8kt50ijgt4iqfth0lpw838 Nuno Gomes 0 179148 967127 2026-10-13T12:07:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378514746|Nuno Gomes]]" 967127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nuno Miguel Soares Pereira Ribeiro''' OIH (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1976), wanda aka fi sani da '''Nuno Gomes''', tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. An yi masa laƙabi da ''Gomes'' a lokacin ƙuruciya bayan Fernando Gomes, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinagre |first=Hugo |date=2 January 2019 |title=Nuno Gomes: "Tive propostas de Itália e Inglaterra. Respondi que só falavamos depois de me reunir com o Benfica" |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: "I had offers from Italy and England. I replied that there would only be conversations after I met with Benfica" |url=https://playboy.pt/playtalks/nuno-gomes-tive-propostas-de-italia-e-inglaterra-respondi-que-so-falavamos-depois-de-me-reunir-com-o-benfica/ |access-date=6 April 2020 |publisher=[[Playboy]] |language=pt}}</ref> kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi shahara a ƙasar a shekarun 1990 da 2000; ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye a raga a kulob da ƙasa, kuma yana da ikon zama ɗan wasa mai kyau, yana tara taimako da yawa a tsawon aikinsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magrini |first=Matteo |date=26 June 2009 |title=Esclusiva TMW – Nuno Gomes, il Livorno ci pensa |trans-title=TMW exclusive – Nuno Gomes, Livorno are contemplating him |url=http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/esclusiva-tmw-nuno-gomes-il-livorno-ci-pensa-157770web |access-date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Tutto Mercato Web |language=it}}</ref> wanda aka kashe galibi tare da Benfica, wanda ya zira kwallaye 166 a wasanni 398 a cikin shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2011 |title=Nuno Gomes: na história, de qualquer forma |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: in history, anyway |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/nuno-gomes-na-historia-de-qualquer-forma |access-date=28 March 2017 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Gomes ya wakilci Portugal a gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] biyu da [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] uku. Ya taimaka wa tawagar kasa ta kammala na biyu a [[UEFA Euro 2000|Yuro 2000]]">Yuro 2004 da na uku a Euro 2000, kuma ya lashe manyan wasanni 79.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=Nuno Gomes quer equipa nacional inspirada |trans-title=Nuno Gomes wants inspired national team |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundial-2014/nuno-gomes-quer-equipa-nacional-inspirada_d687120 |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] |language=pt}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Boavista da Benfica === An haife shi a Amarante, Gomes ya kafa sunansa tare da Boavista, inda ya fara bugawa Premier Liga a kakar 1994-95, yana da shekaru 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2000 |title=Nuno Gomes: de Amarante para Florença |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: from Amarante to Florence |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/geral/16-07-2000/nuno-gomes-de-amarante-para-florenca |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Ya tattara azurfa na farko yayin da tawagarsa ta doke Benfica don ɗaga Taça de Portugal a shekarar 1997, inda ya zira kwallaye kuma ya lashe kyautar kisa a nasarar 3-2 a wasan karshe; shi da abokin wasan Erwin Sánchez sun riga sun amince da canja wurin zuwa abokan adawar.<ref name="Taca">{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Luís Pedro |date=18 February 2022 |title=Nuno Gomes: «Nesse Boavista-Benfica, ainda alguém disse que tentei chutar para fora» |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: "In that Boavista-Benfica, someone even said that I tried to shoot off target" |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/taca-de-portugal/historia-de-um-jogo/nuno-gomes-nesse-boavista-benfica-ainda-alguem-disse-que-tentei-chutar-para-fora |access-date=1 February 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Gomes ya kasance mai zira kwallaye na huɗu a Shekarar da ta gabata a Estádio do Bessa, kafin ya koma Benfica. A cikin yakin neman zabe na 1998-99 ya zira kwallaye 34 a duk gasa, a matsayi na uku a gasar. === Fiorentina === After three seasons at Benfica, his Euro 2000 exploits earned Gomes a €17 million move to Fiorentina. He won the Coppa Italia over [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] in his first year, scoring in a 1–1 draw in the second leg of the final at home, which allowed his team to clinch the title 2–1 on aggregate; however, his second season was less successful, as financial collapse by the ''Viola'' and their subsequent relegation precipitated a 2002 return to his previous club on a four-year deal as a free agent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2002 |title=Club may go out of business if funding isn't found |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/news/2002/0801/1412898.html |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2002 |title=Benfica sign Gomes |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/2172187.stm |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Benfica === Jerin raunin da ya samu ya iyakance Gomes zuwa kasa da wasanni 70 daga 2002 zuwa 2005, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2003 |title=Early finish for Nuno Gomes |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7b3aa0a5c6-5a8d59597d7b-1000--early-finish-for-nuno-gomes/ |access-date=7 April 2020 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> amma har yanzu ya taimaka wa Benfica ta lashe kofin cikin gida a 2003-04 da kuma gasar a kakar wasa mai zuwa - a cikin karshen, ya ba da gudummawa ga kwallaye bakwai daga wasanni 23. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matos Pereira |first=Rui |date=5 November 2003 |title=Nuno Gomes enjoys happy return |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/025a-0eaad27467e7-f4a1e7fafa8d-1000--nuno-gomes-enjoys-happy-return/ |access-date=26 May 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Calhau |first=Pedro |date=14 June 2005 |title=Nuno Gomes, recordista: de 1994 a 2005, todos os golos |trans-title=Nuno Gomes, recordman: from 1994 to 2005, all the goals |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/nuno-gomes-recordista-de-1994-a-2005-todos-os-golos |access-date=3 April 2025 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Ya ji daɗin kakar wasa mafi kyau a 2005-06, inda ya zira kwallaye 15 a gasar, ciki har da biyu a cikin nasarar da ya yi a kan Porto (2-0) da kuma hat-trick a kan União de Leiria, ya kammala na biyu a cikin jerin masu zira kwallayi kuma ya kara da Supertaça Candido de Oliveira, inda ya zira kwallo daya da ya yi da Vitória de Setúbal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2005 |title=Nuno Gomes inspires Benfica |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=352927.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001121800/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=352927.html |archive-date=1 October 2014 |access-date=26 May 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref name="SC">{{Cite web |last=Pietra |first=Hugo |date=13 August 2005 |title=Benfica earn Super Cup success |url=https://www.uefa.com/news/01ac-0f8478daedb8-4537bc5b9a58-1000--benfica-earn-super-cup-success/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> [[File:Nuno_Gomes_(1388215345).jpg|left|thumb|Gomes suna murna da burin Benfica a 2007]] Daga 2006-07 zuwa gaba, Gomes ya fuskanci gwagwarmaya mai tsanani don farawa: ya zira kwallaye sau shida kawai a gasar, kuma zai sha wahala sosai bayan sanya hannu kan Paraguayan Óscar Cardozo a lokacin rani mai zuwa. Koyaya, har yanzu memba ne mai mahimmanci na tawagar, ya gama kamfen ɗin tare da kwallaye tara gabaɗaya, ya ba da kyaftin din ga mashahurin Rui Costa a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Nuno Gomes entrega a braçadeira a Rui Costa |trans-title=Nuno Gomes gives armand to Rui Costa |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/benfica/nuno-gomes-entrega-a-bracadeira-a-rui-costa_d253504 |access-date=20 October 2017 |publisher=Rádio e Televisão de Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> === Braga === Benfica ta saki Gomes a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011, bayan kulob din ya yanke shawarar kada ya sabunta kwangilarsa; duk da haka, an ba shi matsayi a cikin tsarin gudanarwa, nan da nan ko kuma lokacin da ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2011 |title=Nuno Gomes deixa Benfica |trans-title=Nuno Gomes leaves Benfica |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01f2-0e78b4ff1912-45e8e1d7f9e9-1000--nuno-gomes-deixa-benfica/ |access-date=15 June 2011 |publisher=UEFA |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2011 |title=Benfica legend Nuno Gomes set to part ways with the Portuguese club |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/737426-benfica-legend-nuno-gomes-set-to-part-ways-with-the-portuguese-club |access-date=24 October 2011 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya sanya hannu tare da ɗan'uwansa na farko Braga . A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, Gomes ya zira kwallaye a wasan da ya ci Gil Vicente.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Liga round-up |url=http://www.portugoal.net/index.php/more-liga-sagres-news/27255-liga-round-up |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=PortuGOAL}}</ref> A lokacin da ya yi wasa da Minho, an fi amfani da shi azaman madadin. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[Coppa Italia]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[Football League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Boavista |1994–95 |Gasar Farko |17 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |22 |2 |- |1995–96 |Gasar Farko |28 |7 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |30 |8 |- |1996–97 |Gasar Farko |34 |15 |5 |4 | colspan="2" | - |6 |2 |45 |21 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !79 !23 !8 !5 ! colspan="2" |- !10 !3 !97 !31 |- | rowspan="4" |Benfica |1997–98 |Gasar Farko |33 |18 |6 |4 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |40 |22 |- |1998–99 |Gasar Farko |34 |24 |2 |3 | colspan="2" | - |7 |7 |43 |34 |- |1999–2000 |Gasar Farko |34 |18 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 |41 |20 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !101 !60 !10 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !13 !8 !124 !76 |- | rowspan="3" |Fiorentina |2000–01 |[[Serie A|Jerin A]] |30 |9 |3 |4 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |33 |13 |- |2001–02 |Jerin A |23 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |2 |311<sup>'''1'''</sup> |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !53 !14 !4 !4 ! colspan="2" |- !6 !2 !64 !20 |- | rowspan="10" |Benfica |2002–03 |Gasar Farko |28 |9 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |29 |9 |- |2003–04 |Gasar Farko |21 |7 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |5 |29 |12 |- |2004–05 |Gasar Farko |23 |7 |5 |2 | colspan="2" | - |6 |3 |34 |12 |- |2005–06 |Gasar Farko |29 |15 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |422<sup>'''2'''</sup> |17<sup>'''2'''</sup> |- |2006–07 |Gasar Farko |24 |6 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |14 |4 |41 |13 |- |2007–08 |Gasar Farko |25 |7 |3 |1 |0 |0 |8 |1 |36 |9 |- |2008–09 |Gasar Farko |24 |7 |1 |0 |2 |1 |6 |1 |33 |9 |- |2009–10 |Gasar Farko |13 |3 |2 |0 |2 |0 |6 |1 |23 |4 |- |2010–11 |Gasar Farko |6 |4 |1 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |8 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !193 !65 !23 !7 !5 !2 !53 !15 !275 !90 |- |Braga |2011–12 |Gasar Farko |20 |6 |2 |0 |2 |0 |5 |0 |29 |6 |- |Blackburn Rovers |2012–13 |Gasar cin kofin |18 |4 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !464 !172 !49 !24 !7 !2 !87 !28 !609 !227 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] jcotj0alwumm2spkgqqzgdxqsdpt013 967128 967127 2026-10-13T12:08:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 967128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuno Miguel Soares Pereira Ribeiro''' OIH (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1976), wanda aka fi sani da '''Nuno Gomes''', tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. An yi masa laƙabi da ''Gomes'' a lokacin ƙuruciya bayan Fernando Gomes, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinagre |first=Hugo |date=2 January 2019 |title=Nuno Gomes: "Tive propostas de Itália e Inglaterra. Respondi que só falavamos depois de me reunir com o Benfica" |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: "I had offers from Italy and England. I replied that there would only be conversations after I met with Benfica" |url=https://playboy.pt/playtalks/nuno-gomes-tive-propostas-de-italia-e-inglaterra-respondi-que-so-falavamos-depois-de-me-reunir-com-o-benfica/ |access-date=6 April 2020 |publisher=[[Playboy]] |language=pt}}</ref> kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi shahara a ƙasar a shekarun 1990 da 2000; ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye a raga a kulob da ƙasa, kuma yana da ikon zama ɗan wasa mai kyau, yana tara taimako da yawa a tsawon aikinsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magrini |first=Matteo |date=26 June 2009 |title=Esclusiva TMW – Nuno Gomes, il Livorno ci pensa |trans-title=TMW exclusive – Nuno Gomes, Livorno are contemplating him |url=http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/esclusiva-tmw-nuno-gomes-il-livorno-ci-pensa-157770web |access-date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Tutto Mercato Web |language=it}}</ref> wanda aka kashe galibi tare da Benfica, wanda ya zira kwallaye 166 a wasanni 398 a cikin shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2011 |title=Nuno Gomes: na história, de qualquer forma |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: in history, anyway |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/nuno-gomes-na-historia-de-qualquer-forma |access-date=28 March 2017 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Gomes ya wakilci Portugal a gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] biyu da [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] uku. Ya taimaka wa tawagar kasa ta kammala na biyu a [[UEFA Euro 2000|Yuro 2000]]">Yuro 2004 da na uku a Euro 2000, kuma ya lashe manyan wasanni 79.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=Nuno Gomes quer equipa nacional inspirada |trans-title=Nuno Gomes wants inspired national team |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundial-2014/nuno-gomes-quer-equipa-nacional-inspirada_d687120 |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] |language=pt}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Boavista da Benfica === An haife shi a Amarante, Gomes ya kafa sunansa tare da Boavista, inda ya fara bugawa Premier Liga a kakar 1994-95, yana da shekaru 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2000 |title=Nuno Gomes: de Amarante para Florença |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: from Amarante to Florence |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/geral/16-07-2000/nuno-gomes-de-amarante-para-florenca |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Ya tattara azurfa na farko yayin da tawagarsa ta doke Benfica don ɗaga Taça de Portugal a shekarar 1997, inda ya zira kwallaye kuma ya lashe kyautar kisa a nasarar 3-2 a wasan karshe; shi da abokin wasan Erwin Sánchez sun riga sun amince da canja wurin zuwa abokan adawar.<ref name="Taca">{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Luís Pedro |date=18 February 2022 |title=Nuno Gomes: «Nesse Boavista-Benfica, ainda alguém disse que tentei chutar para fora» |trans-title=Nuno Gomes: "In that Boavista-Benfica, someone even said that I tried to shoot off target" |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/taca-de-portugal/historia-de-um-jogo/nuno-gomes-nesse-boavista-benfica-ainda-alguem-disse-que-tentei-chutar-para-fora |access-date=1 February 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Gomes ya kasance mai zira kwallaye na huɗu a Shekarar da ta gabata a Estádio do Bessa, kafin ya koma Benfica. A cikin yakin neman zabe na 1998-99 ya zira kwallaye 34 a duk gasa, a matsayi na uku a gasar. === Fiorentina === After three seasons at Benfica, his Euro 2000 exploits earned Gomes a €17 million move to Fiorentina. He won the Coppa Italia over [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] in his first year, scoring in a 1–1 draw in the second leg of the final at home, which allowed his team to clinch the title 2–1 on aggregate; however, his second season was less successful, as financial collapse by the ''Viola'' and their subsequent relegation precipitated a 2002 return to his previous club on a four-year deal as a free agent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2002 |title=Club may go out of business if funding isn't found |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/news/2002/0801/1412898.html |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2002 |title=Benfica sign Gomes |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/2172187.stm |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Benfica === Jerin raunin da ya samu ya iyakance Gomes zuwa kasa da wasanni 70 daga 2002 zuwa 2005, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2003 |title=Early finish for Nuno Gomes |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7b3aa0a5c6-5a8d59597d7b-1000--early-finish-for-nuno-gomes/ |access-date=7 April 2020 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> amma har yanzu ya taimaka wa Benfica ta lashe kofin cikin gida a 2003-04 da kuma gasar a kakar wasa mai zuwa - a cikin karshen, ya ba da gudummawa ga kwallaye bakwai daga wasanni 23. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matos Pereira |first=Rui |date=5 November 2003 |title=Nuno Gomes enjoys happy return |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/025a-0eaad27467e7-f4a1e7fafa8d-1000--nuno-gomes-enjoys-happy-return/ |access-date=26 May 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Calhau |first=Pedro |date=14 June 2005 |title=Nuno Gomes, recordista: de 1994 a 2005, todos os golos |trans-title=Nuno Gomes, recordman: from 1994 to 2005, all the goals |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/nuno-gomes-recordista-de-1994-a-2005-todos-os-golos |access-date=3 April 2025 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Ya ji daɗin kakar wasa mafi kyau a 2005-06, inda ya zira kwallaye 15 a gasar, ciki har da biyu a cikin nasarar da ya yi a kan Porto (2-0) da kuma hat-trick a kan União de Leiria, ya kammala na biyu a cikin jerin masu zira kwallayi kuma ya kara da Supertaça Candido de Oliveira, inda ya zira kwallo daya da ya yi da Vitória de Setúbal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2005 |title=Nuno Gomes inspires Benfica |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=352927.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001121800/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=352927.html |archive-date=1 October 2014 |access-date=26 May 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref name="SC">{{Cite web |last=Pietra |first=Hugo |date=13 August 2005 |title=Benfica earn Super Cup success |url=https://www.uefa.com/news/01ac-0f8478daedb8-4537bc5b9a58-1000--benfica-earn-super-cup-success/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> [[File:Nuno_Gomes_(1388215345).jpg|left|thumb|Gomes suna murna da burin Benfica a 2007]] Daga 2006-07 zuwa gaba, Gomes ya fuskanci gwagwarmaya mai tsanani don farawa: ya zira kwallaye sau shida kawai a gasar, kuma zai sha wahala sosai bayan sanya hannu kan Paraguayan Óscar Cardozo a lokacin rani mai zuwa. Koyaya, har yanzu memba ne mai mahimmanci na tawagar, ya gama kamfen ɗin tare da kwallaye tara gabaɗaya, ya ba da kyaftin din ga mashahurin Rui Costa a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Nuno Gomes entrega a braçadeira a Rui Costa |trans-title=Nuno Gomes gives armand to Rui Costa |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/benfica/nuno-gomes-entrega-a-bracadeira-a-rui-costa_d253504 |access-date=20 October 2017 |publisher=Rádio e Televisão de Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> === Braga === Benfica ta saki Gomes a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011, bayan kulob din ya yanke shawarar kada ya sabunta kwangilarsa; duk da haka, an ba shi matsayi a cikin tsarin gudanarwa, nan da nan ko kuma lokacin da ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2011 |title=Nuno Gomes deixa Benfica |trans-title=Nuno Gomes leaves Benfica |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01f2-0e78b4ff1912-45e8e1d7f9e9-1000--nuno-gomes-deixa-benfica/ |access-date=15 June 2011 |publisher=UEFA |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2011 |title=Benfica legend Nuno Gomes set to part ways with the Portuguese club |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/737426-benfica-legend-nuno-gomes-set-to-part-ways-with-the-portuguese-club |access-date=24 October 2011 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya sanya hannu tare da ɗan'uwansa na farko Braga . A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, Gomes ya zira kwallaye a wasan da ya ci Gil Vicente.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Liga round-up |url=http://www.portugoal.net/index.php/more-liga-sagres-news/27255-liga-round-up |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=PortuGOAL}}</ref> A lokacin da ya yi wasa da Minho, an fi amfani da shi azaman madadin. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[Coppa Italia]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[Football League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Boavista |1994–95 |Gasar Farko |17 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |22 |2 |- |1995–96 |Gasar Farko |28 |7 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |30 |8 |- |1996–97 |Gasar Farko |34 |15 |5 |4 | colspan="2" | - |6 |2 |45 |21 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !79 !23 !8 !5 ! colspan="2" |- !10 !3 !97 !31 |- | rowspan="4" |Benfica |1997–98 |Gasar Farko |33 |18 |6 |4 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |40 |22 |- |1998–99 |Gasar Farko |34 |24 |2 |3 | colspan="2" | - |7 |7 |43 |34 |- |1999–2000 |Gasar Farko |34 |18 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 |41 |20 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !101 !60 !10 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !13 !8 !124 !76 |- | rowspan="3" |Fiorentina |2000–01 |[[Serie A|Jerin A]] |30 |9 |3 |4 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |33 |13 |- |2001–02 |Jerin A |23 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |2 |311<sup>'''1'''</sup> |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !53 !14 !4 !4 ! colspan="2" |- !6 !2 !64 !20 |- | rowspan="10" |Benfica |2002–03 |Gasar Farko |28 |9 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |29 |9 |- |2003–04 |Gasar Farko |21 |7 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |5 |29 |12 |- |2004–05 |Gasar Farko |23 |7 |5 |2 | colspan="2" | - |6 |3 |34 |12 |- |2005–06 |Gasar Farko |29 |15 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |422<sup>'''2'''</sup> |17<sup>'''2'''</sup> |- |2006–07 |Gasar Farko |24 |6 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |14 |4 |41 |13 |- |2007–08 |Gasar Farko |25 |7 |3 |1 |0 |0 |8 |1 |36 |9 |- |2008–09 |Gasar Farko |24 |7 |1 |0 |2 |1 |6 |1 |33 |9 |- |2009–10 |Gasar Farko |13 |3 |2 |0 |2 |0 |6 |1 |23 |4 |- |2010–11 |Gasar Farko |6 |4 |1 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |8 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !193 !65 !23 !7 !5 !2 !53 !15 !275 !90 |- |Braga |2011–12 |Gasar Farko |20 |6 |2 |0 |2 |0 |5 |0 |29 |6 |- |Blackburn Rovers |2012–13 |Gasar cin kofin |18 |4 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !464 !172 !49 !24 !7 !2 !87 !28 !609 !227 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] <references /> 2yi5porhjtcx1i53bs7pt1ll41szl1b Steve Robinson (kwallon kwando) 0 179149 967139 2026-10-13T12:38:24Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366913726|Steve Robinson (basketball)]]" 967139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Steve Arnette Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1957) tsohon kocin kwando ne na kwalejin Amurka. Matsayinsa na karshe ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Arizona . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Brian |title=Arizona men’s basketball assistant coach Steve Robinson announces retirement |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/arizona-men-s-basketball-assistant-coach-steve-robinson-announces-retirement/ar-AA1DyP2s |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Robinson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Tulsa daga 1995 zuwa 1997 da Jami'ar Jihar Florida daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance mataimakin Roy Williams na tsawon shekaru 26, ciki har da sau biyu a Jami'ar Kansas (1988-1995 da 2002-2003), kuma a Arewacin Carolina bayan Williams ya tashi daga Kansas a 2003. Robinson ya taimaka wa Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina zuwa lambobin yabo uku na NCAA Division, a 2005, 2009, da 2017. A matsayinsa na kocin, Robinson ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa Gasar NCAA sau uku, sau biyu tare da Tulsa kuma sau ɗaya tare da Jihar Florida. A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi suna WAC Mountain Division Coach of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEVE ROBINSON |url=https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=2185 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |publisher=GoHeels.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == Robinson ya girma a Roanoke, Virginia kuma ya halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William Fleming . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar jiki daga Jami'ar Radford a 1981, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara a shekarar 1985. Robinson da matarsa, Lisa, suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 'ya'yan mata Shauna da Kiaya da' ya'ya maza Tarron da Denzel . Denzel ya buga wasanni biyu ga Tar Heels . == Rubuce-rubucen kocin == {{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=|conference=|postseason=|poll=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball|Tulsa Golden Hurricane]]|conference=[[Missouri Valley Conference]]|startyear=1995|endyear=1996}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference tournament|season=[[1995–96 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1995–96]]|name=[[1995–96 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]]|overall=23–8|conference=12–6|confstanding=3rd|postseason=[[1996 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I first round]]}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball|Tulsa Golden Hurricane]]|conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]|startyear=1996|endyear=1997}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1996–97]]|name=[[1996–97 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]]|overall=23–10|conference=12–4|confstanding=2nd|postseason=[[1997 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I second round]]}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=Tulsa|overall=46–18 ({{Winning percentage|46|18}})|confrecord=24–10 ({{Winning percentage|24|10}})}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Florida State Seminoles men's basketball|Florida State Seminoles]]|conference=[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]|startyear=1997|endyear=2002}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[1997–98 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1997–98]]|name=[[1997–98 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team|Florida State]]|overall=18–14|conference=6–10|confstanding=T–6th|postseason=[[1998 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I second round]]}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[1998–99 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1998–99]]|name=Florida State|overall=13–17|conference=5–11|confstanding=T–7th|postseason=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1999–00]]|name=Florida State|overall=12–17|conference=6–10|confstanding=T–6th|postseason=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[2000–01 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2000–01]]|name=Florida State|overall=9–21|conference=4–12|confstanding=8th|postseason=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2001–02]]|name=Florida State|overall=12–17|conference=4–12|confstanding=T–7th|postseason=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=Florida State|overall=64–86 ({{Winning percentage|64|86}})|confrecord=25–55 ({{Winning percentage|25|55}})}} {{CBB Yearly Record End|overall=110–104 ({{Winning percentage|110|104}})}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1947&path=mbball Tarihin Arewacin Carolina Tar Heels] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129021255/http://www.kusports.com/basketball/nextcoach/robinson.html Rayuwar Kansas Jayhawks] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] d2uqbvp4w6eikov439hhaiyyo48hb87 967143 967139 2026-10-13T12:40:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Rubuce-rubucen kocin */ 967143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Steve Arnette Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1957) tsohon kocin kwando ne na kwalejin Amurka. Matsayinsa na karshe ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Arizona . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Brian |title=Arizona men’s basketball assistant coach Steve Robinson announces retirement |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/arizona-men-s-basketball-assistant-coach-steve-robinson-announces-retirement/ar-AA1DyP2s |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Robinson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Tulsa daga 1995 zuwa 1997 da Jami'ar Jihar Florida daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance mataimakin Roy Williams na tsawon shekaru 26, ciki har da sau biyu a Jami'ar Kansas (1988-1995 da 2002-2003), kuma a Arewacin Carolina bayan Williams ya tashi daga Kansas a 2003. Robinson ya taimaka wa Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina zuwa lambobin yabo uku na NCAA Division, a 2005, 2009, da 2017. A matsayinsa na kocin, Robinson ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa Gasar NCAA sau uku, sau biyu tare da Tulsa kuma sau ɗaya tare da Jihar Florida. A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi suna WAC Mountain Division Coach of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEVE ROBINSON |url=https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=2185 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |publisher=GoHeels.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == Robinson ya girma a Roanoke, Virginia kuma ya halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William Fleming . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar jiki daga Jami'ar Radford a 1981, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara a shekarar 1985. Robinson da matarsa, Lisa, suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 'ya'yan mata Shauna da Kiaya da' ya'ya maza Tarron da Denzel . Denzel ya buga wasanni biyu ga Tar Heels . == Rubuce-rubucen kocin == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1947&path=mbball Tarihin Arewacin Carolina Tar Heels] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129021255/http://www.kusports.com/basketball/nextcoach/robinson.html Rayuwar Kansas Jayhawks] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] q9dxaywgaxthdqav2yr1o8rkivlc3mx 967144 967143 2026-10-13T12:40:24Z Aluja 30485 967144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Arnette Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1957) tsohon kocin kwando ne na kwalejin Amurka. Matsayinsa na karshe ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Arizona . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Brian |title=Arizona men’s basketball assistant coach Steve Robinson announces retirement |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/arizona-men-s-basketball-assistant-coach-steve-robinson-announces-retirement/ar-AA1DyP2s |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Robinson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Tulsa daga 1995 zuwa 1997 da Jami'ar Jihar Florida daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance mataimakin Roy Williams na tsawon shekaru 26, ciki har da sau biyu a Jami'ar Kansas (1988-1995 da 2002-2003), kuma a Arewacin Carolina bayan Williams ya tashi daga Kansas a 2003. Robinson ya taimaka wa Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina zuwa lambobin yabo uku na NCAA Division, a 2005, 2009, da 2017. A matsayinsa na kocin, Robinson ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa Gasar NCAA sau uku, sau biyu tare da Tulsa kuma sau ɗaya tare da Jihar Florida. A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi suna WAC Mountain Division Coach of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEVE ROBINSON |url=https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=2185 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |publisher=GoHeels.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == Robinson ya girma a Roanoke, Virginia kuma ya halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William Fleming . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar jiki daga Jami'ar Radford a 1981, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara a shekarar 1985. Robinson da matarsa, Lisa, suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 'ya'yan mata Shauna da Kiaya da' ya'ya maza Tarron da Denzel . Denzel ya buga wasanni biyu ga Tar Heels . == Rubuce-rubucen kocin == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1947&path=mbball Tarihin Arewacin Carolina Tar Heels] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129021255/http://www.kusports.com/basketball/nextcoach/robinson.html Rayuwar Kansas Jayhawks] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] k5bna1xkbbwxtu8m527lqp2ujxdgr42 967148 967144 2026-10-13T12:43:51Z Aluja 30485 /* Rubuce-rubucen kocin */ 967148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Arnette Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1957) tsohon kocin kwando ne na kwalejin Amurka. Matsayinsa na karshe ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Arizona . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Brian |title=Arizona men’s basketball assistant coach Steve Robinson announces retirement |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/arizona-men-s-basketball-assistant-coach-steve-robinson-announces-retirement/ar-AA1DyP2s |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Robinson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Tulsa daga 1995 zuwa 1997 da Jami'ar Jihar Florida daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance mataimakin Roy Williams na tsawon shekaru 26, ciki har da sau biyu a Jami'ar Kansas (1988-1995 da 2002-2003), kuma a Arewacin Carolina bayan Williams ya tashi daga Kansas a 2003. Robinson ya taimaka wa Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina zuwa lambobin yabo uku na NCAA Division, a 2005, 2009, da 2017. A matsayinsa na kocin, Robinson ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa Gasar NCAA sau uku, sau biyu tare da Tulsa kuma sau ɗaya tare da Jihar Florida. A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi suna WAC Mountain Division Coach of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEVE ROBINSON |url=https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=2185 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |publisher=GoHeels.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == Robinson ya girma a Roanoke, Virginia kuma ya halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William Fleming . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar jiki daga Jami'ar Radford a 1981, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara a shekarar 1985. Robinson da matarsa, Lisa, suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 'ya'yan mata Shauna da Kiaya da' ya'ya maza Tarron da Denzel . Denzel ya buga wasanni biyu ga Tar Heels . == Rubuce-rubucen kocin == {{CBB Yearly Record Start | type = | conference = | postseason = | poll = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball|Tulsa Golden Hurricane]] | conference = [[Missouri Valley Conference]] | startyear = 1995 | endyear = 1996 }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference tournament | season = [[1995–96 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1995–96]] | name = [[1995–96 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]] | overall = 23–8 | conference = 12–6 | confstanding = 3rd | postseason = [[1996 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I first round]] }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball|Tulsa Golden Hurricane]] | conference = [[Western Athletic Conference]] | startyear = 1996 | endyear = 1997 }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1996–97]] | name = [[1996–97 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]] | overall = 23–10 | conference = 12–4 | confstanding = 2nd | postseason = [[1997 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I second round]] }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Tulsa | overall = 46–18 ({{Winning percentage|46|18}}) | confrecord = 24–10 ({{Winning percentage|24|10}}) }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Florida State Seminoles men's basketball|Florida State Seminoles]] | conference = [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] | startyear = 1997 | endyear = 2002 }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1997–98 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1997–98]] | name = [[1997–98 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team|Florida State]] | overall = 18–14 | conference = 6–10 | confstanding = T–6th | postseason = [[1998 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I second round]] }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1998–99 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1998–99]] | name = Florida State | overall = 13–17 | conference = 5–11 | confstanding = T–7th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1999–00]] | name = Florida State | overall = 12–17 | conference = 6–10 | confstanding = T–6th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[2000–01 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2000–01]] | name = Florida State | overall = 9–21 | conference = 4–12 | confstanding = 8th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2001–02]] | name = Florida State | overall = 12–17 | conference = 4–12 | confstanding = T–7th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Florida State | overall = 64–86 ({{Winning percentage|64|86}}) | confrecord = 25–55 ({{Winning percentage|25|55}}) }} {{CBB Yearly Record End | overall = 110–104 ({{Winning percentage|110|104}}) }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1947&path=mbball Tarihin Arewacin Carolina Tar Heels] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129021255/http://www.kusports.com/basketball/nextcoach/robinson.html Rayuwar Kansas Jayhawks] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] qbiju9yrk3xcf3bheelqcmuyuhp5u51 967152 967148 2026-10-13T12:45:32Z Aluja 30485 967152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Steve Arnette Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1957) tsohon kocin kwando ne na kwalejin Amurka. Matsayinsa na karshe ya kasance a matsayin mataimakin kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Arizona . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Brian |title=Arizona men’s basketball assistant coach Steve Robinson announces retirement |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/arizona-men-s-basketball-assistant-coach-steve-robinson-announces-retirement/ar-AA1DyP2s |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Robinson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin kwallon kwando na maza a Jami'ar Tulsa daga 1995 zuwa 1997 da Jami'ar Jihar Florida daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance mataimakin Roy Williams na tsawon shekaru 26, ciki har da sau biyu a Jami'ar Kansas (1988-1995 da 2002-2003), kuma a Arewacin Carolina bayan Williams ya tashi daga Kansas a 2003. Robinson ya taimaka wa Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina zuwa lambobin yabo uku na NCAA Division, a 2005, 2009, da 2017. A matsayinsa na kocin, Robinson ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa Gasar NCAA sau uku, sau biyu tare da Tulsa kuma sau ɗaya tare da Jihar Florida. A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi suna WAC Mountain Division Coach of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEVE ROBINSON |url=https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=2185 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |publisher=GoHeels.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == Robinson ya girma a Roanoke, Virginia kuma ya halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William Fleming . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar jiki daga Jami'ar Radford a 1981, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara a shekarar 1985. Robinson da matarsa, Lisa, suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 'ya'yan mata Shauna da Kiaya da' ya'ya maza Tarron da Denzel . Denzel ya buga wasanni biyu ga Tar Heels . == Rubuce-rubucen kocin == {{CBB Yearly Record Start | type = | conference = | postseason = | poll = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball|Tulsa Golden Hurricane]] | conference = [[Missouri Valley Conference]] | startyear = 1995 | endyear = 1996 }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = conference tournament | season = [[1995–96 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1995–96]] | name = [[1995–96 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]] | overall = 23–8 | conference = 12–6 | confstanding = 3rd | postseason = [[1996 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I first round]] }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball|Tulsa Golden Hurricane]] | conference = [[Western Athletic Conference]] | startyear = 1996 | endyear = 1997 }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1996–97]] | name = [[1996–97 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]] | overall = 23–10 | conference = 12–4 | confstanding = 2nd | postseason = [[1997 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I second round]] }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Tulsa | overall = 46–18 ({{Winning percentage|46|18}}) | confrecord = 24–10 ({{Winning percentage|24|10}}) }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead | name = [[Florida State Seminoles men's basketball|Florida State Seminoles]] | conference = [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] | startyear = 1997 | endyear = 2002 }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1997–98 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1997–98]] | name = [[1997–98 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team|Florida State]] | overall = 18–14 | conference = 6–10 | confstanding = T–6th | postseason = [[1998 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Division I second round]] }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1998–99 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1998–99]] | name = Florida State | overall = 13–17 | conference = 5–11 | confstanding = T–7th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|1999–00]] | name = Florida State | overall = 12–17 | conference = 6–10 | confstanding = T–6th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[2000–01 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2000–01]] | name = Florida State | overall = 9–21 | conference = 4–12 | confstanding = 8th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry | championship = | season = [[2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2001–02]] | name = Florida State | overall = 12–17 | conference = 4–12 | confstanding = T–7th | postseason = }} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal | name = Florida State | overall = 64–86 ({{Winning percentage|64|86}}) | confrecord = 25–55 ({{Winning percentage|25|55}}) }} {{CBB Yearly Record End | overall = 110–104 ({{Winning percentage|110|104}}) }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1947&path=mbball Tarihin Arewacin Carolina Tar Heels] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129021255/http://www.kusports.com/basketball/nextcoach/robinson.html Rayuwar Kansas Jayhawks] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] qnd6rebkw5dhn7nw6s06rjcsxt03rsh Te'Cory Couch 0 179150 967171 2026-10-13T13:35:00Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379816219|Te'Cory Couch]]" 967171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere. An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]], kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci. A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] lum6j3140hzaeq96otfjzmyajw2pf9c 967172 967171 2026-10-13T13:37:10Z Aluja 30485 967172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere. An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]], kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci. A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 7g43lu38yhv8aov4pjbfcy7zj1s1pfz 967174 967172 2026-10-13T13:40:03Z Aluja 30485 967174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere. An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]], kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci. A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 9e232nqw1mia6vufzp3ioyaghw1j3lj 967175 967174 2026-10-13T13:42:35Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 967175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere.<ref name="TMH">{{Cite news |last=Degnan |first=Susan Miller |date=November 11, 2020 |title=CB Couch makes major impact for Hurricanes that belies his size |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/188543881/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Miami Herald |page=15A}}</ref> An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]], kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci. A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] bi8ftge7leihdn1zki8j6k9vhr6kotj 967176 967175 2026-10-13T13:43:49Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 967176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere.<ref name="TMH">{{Cite news |last=Degnan |first=Susan Miller |date=November 11, 2020 |title=CB Couch makes major impact for Hurricanes that belies his size |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/188543881/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Miami Herald |page=15A}}</ref> An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Callahan |first=Ryan |date=April 16, 2018 |title=Four-star athlete Couch flips from Vols to Michigan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/188545279/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel |page=3B}}</ref> kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci. A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] t91w95az5e6przegumij2zfoigxfqdi 967178 967176 2026-10-13T13:45:46Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 967178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere.<ref name="TMH">{{Cite news |last=Degnan |first=Susan Miller |date=November 11, 2020 |title=CB Couch makes major impact for Hurricanes that belies his size |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/188543881/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Miami Herald |page=15A}}</ref> An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Callahan |first=Ryan |date=April 16, 2018 |title=Four-star athlete Couch flips from Vols to Michigan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/188545279/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel |page=3B}}</ref> kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Degnan |first=Susan Miller |date=March 19, 2023 |title=Bulked-up CB Couch ready for 'fierce' competition in UM defensive backfield |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/188544382/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Miami Herald |pages=29A, 39A}}</ref> A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] phyoy3w1pklry873jzeegf7pz66ioek 967179 967178 2026-10-13T13:46:05Z Aluja 30485 /* Manazarta */ 967179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Te'Cory Couch''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Buffalo Bills na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Miami Hurricanes . == Rayuwa ta farko == Couch ya halarci Chaminade-Madonna Prep a Hollywood, Florida . A wasan karshe da ya yi tare da Chaminade-Madonna, ya yi rikodin katsewa biyu don jagorantar tawagarsa don lashe lambar yabo ta 3A ta biyu a jere.<ref name="TMH">{{Cite news |last=Degnan |first=Susan Miller |date=November 11, 2020 |title=CB Couch makes major impact for Hurricanes that belies his size |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/188543881/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Miami Herald |page=15A}}</ref> An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari huɗu kuma da farko ya himmatu ga [[Jami'ar Tennessee|Tennessee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Callahan |first=Ryan |date=April 16, 2018 |title=Four-star athlete Couch flips from Vols to Michigan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/188545279/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel |page=3B}}</ref> kafin ya juya zuwa Michigan kuma ya sake zuwa Miami don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivins |first=Andrew |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Breaking: CB Couch Commits to Miami |url=https://247sports.com/article/breaking-hollywood-chaminade-madonna-prep-four-star-cornerback-tecory-couch-commits-to-miami-completing-the-flip-from-michigan-for-mark-richt-and-the-hurricanes--119093208/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=247sports.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Couch ya buga wasa a Miami daga 2019 zuwa 2023. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 13 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kuma ya yi jimillar takwas. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na uku, a bayan Al Blades Jr. da D. J. Ivey . An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman matasan, yana wasa da kusurwa da aminci.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Degnan |first=Susan Miller |date=March 19, 2023 |title=Bulked-up CB Couch ready for 'fierce' competition in UM defensive backfield |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/188544382/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |work=The Miami Herald |pages=29A, 39A}}</ref> A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da 156 tackles da hudu interceptions a cikin 32 aiki fara ga Hurricanes. Ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2024. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=10 1/8|weight=185|dash=4.51|ten split=1.56|twenty split=2.56|shuttle=4.59|cone drill=7.14|vertical=33.0|broad ft=10|broad in=4|arm span=31 1/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1030276&DraftYear=2024 |title=Te'Cory Couch College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref>}}Couch ya sanya hannu tare da Buffalo Bills a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Glab |first2=Maddy |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Get to know these 12 undrafted free agent signings for Bills rookie minicamp |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/get-to-know-these-12-undrafted-free-agent-signings-for-bills-rookie-minicamp |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Bills}}</ref> Ya taka leda a cikin kakar wasa ta farko, jimillar sau goma sha biyu, sau ɗaya don asarar, sack ɗaya, da kuma sau ɗaya a lokacin wasanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |date=July 18, 2025 |title=90 Buffalo Bills players in 90 days: DB Te’Cory Couch |url=https://www.buffalorumblings.com/2025/7/18/24468798/90-buffalo-bills-players-in-90-days-defensive-back-tecory-couch-2025-nfl-offseason |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Buffalo Rumblings}}</ref> Bills sun dakatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta bayan an kammala wasan kwaikwayo kuma an sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ryan |last2=Maiorana |first2=Sal |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Buffalo Bills practice squad is complete and includes a collection of familiar faces |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/08/28/buffalo-bills-practice-squad-signings-rules-salary-mike-white-frank-gore-jr/74977521007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=Democrat & Chronicle}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar 2024, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da wasu 'yan wasa takwas don ajiyewa / kwangila na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towle |first=Kam |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Bills sign 9 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://billswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/bills/2025/01/31/bills-sign-9-players-to-reserve-future-contracts/78082325007/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BillsWire}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Couch ya sami rauni a cikin kwatangwalo a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Chicago Bears . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Bills' Te'Cory Couch: Injures hamstring |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/bills-tecory-couch-injures-hamstring/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> An dakatar da shi washegari kuma ya amince da sasantawar rauni a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Te'Cory Couch: Agrees to injury settlement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/tecory-couch-agrees-to-injury-settlement/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=CBS Sports}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Bills sun sanya hannu kan Couch da Kingsley Jonathan zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrino |first=Matt |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Bills just made 3 defensive roster moves after their huge win against the Chiefs |url=https://www.syracuse.com/buffalo-bills/2025/11/bills-just-made-a-3-defensive-roster-moves-after-their-huge-win-against-the-chiefs.html |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=syracuse.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Bills announce 2026 reserve/future signings |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-announce-2026-reserve-future-signings |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2026, Bills sun dakatar da Couch a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills release 21 players, place 2 players on IR, 1 player on suspended |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-release-21-players-place-2-players-on-ir-1-player-on-suspended |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Alec |last2=Maynard |first2=Mike |title=Bills sign 17 players to the 2026 practice squad |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-17-players-to-the-2026-practice-squad |access-date=4 September 2026 |website=BuffaloBills.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.buffalobills.com/team/players-roster/te-cory-couch/ Rayuwar Buffalo Bills] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/tecory-couch-4/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 2ojw98tmf741knig9b0s2z3jxfvry4m Harshen Jarawa (Andaman Islands) 0 179151 967184 2026-10-13T14:10:10Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371674990|Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)]]" 967184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=Jarawa|nativename=Aong ॳङ्|pronunciation={{ipa|[əŋ]|}}|states=[[India]]|region=[[Andaman Islands]]; interior and south central Rutland island, central interior and south interior of South Andaman island, Middle Andaman island, west coast, 70 square km reserve.|ethnicity=[[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]|speakers=266, 70% of ethnic population|date=2001–2002|ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlAgRweCUoUC&dq=Kudmi+Mahato+language&pg=PA36 |title=Forest, Government, and Tribe |isbn=9788180694066 |last1=Paty |first1=Chittaranjan Kumar |year=2007 |page=102|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>|speakers2=|familycolor=Andamanese|fam1=[[Ongan languages|Ongan]]|fam2=[[Jangil#Language|Jangil]]–Jarawa?|script=Unwritten, sometimes transcribed with [[Devanagari]].|iso3=anq|notice=IPA|glotto=jara1245|glottorefname=Jarawa (India)}}'''Järawa''' (ko '''Jarwa''', asalinsa '''Aong''' [əŋ]) yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Ongan . Mutanen jarawa ne suke magana dashi wadan ke zaune a ciki da kudancin tsakiyar Tsibirin Rutland, tsakiya na ciki, da kudancin kudancin tsibirin Andaman, da yammacin gabar Tsibirin Andaman na Tsakiya ne ke magana da shi.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} ''Järawa'' na nufin "baƙi" a cikin Aka-Bea, yaren da ya ƙare yanzu na abokan gaba na gargajiya. Kamar mutane da yawa a duniya, suna kiran kansu "mutane" a cikin yarensu, ''aong.'' Harshen Jarawa na Tsibirin Andaman an dauke shi mai rauni. == Tarihi == Jarawa yare ne da al'ummomin mafarauta da masu tarawa ke amfani da shi waɗanda ke zaune a yammacin gabar tekun Tsibirin Andaman . {{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} Baya ga samun tarihi a matsayin mafarauta-mai cin abinci-masu kamun kifi na gargajiya, suna kuma da suna a matsayin mayaƙa da masu kare yankinsu. Jarawas sun sami nasarar tsira a matsayin wata kabila duk da cewa suna fama da asarar yawan jama'a daga [[Cutar|Cututtukan cututtuka]] na waje waɗanda ba su da rigakafi.{{Sfn|Sreenathan|Rao|Bednarik|2008}} Jarawas a halin yanzu suna da yawan mutane 270 da suka rage. Babban barazanar su ita ce babbar hanya, Andaman Trunk Road, da ke gudana ta cikin yankinsu da kuma ajiyar murabba'in kilomita 1,028 na gandun daji masu tsayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jarawa History |url=http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029134245/http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> Ana zaton kakannin Jarawa sun kasance wani ɓangare na masu hijiran ɗan adam na farko da ya yi nasara daga Afirka [dubious - discussion].  A yau, tsibirin Andaman sun kasance daban-daban, kuma dubban mazauna Indiya da yawa yanzu suna zaune a tsibirin.<ref name=":1" /> Harshen ya fito ne daga yaren iyaye da aka sani da Proto-Ongan . Daga cikin wannan kewayon, Little Andamanese ma ya samo asali. Onge, Jarawa, da kuma mai yiwuwa Sentinelese duk sun rabu da Little Andamanese, don haka suna raba irin waɗannan halaye a cikin al'adu da harshe.{{Sfn|Zide|Pandya|1989}} == Yankin da aka rarraba == Harshen Jarawa ba harshe ba ne na hukuma. Ba a san wani yare ko wani nau’in harshe da ya samo asali daga harshen Jarawa ba((((((((The language descends from a parent language known as [[:en:Ongan_languages|Proto-Ongan]]. From within this wide range, Little Andamanese also evolved. [[:en:Önge_language|Onge]], Jarawa, and presumably [[:en:Sentinelese_language|Sentinelese]] all branched off Little Andamanese, thus sharing similar characteristics in culture and language)))))))). Akwai nau’o’i biyu na harshen Jarawa. Ana magana da ɗaya daga cikinsu a yankin arewacin Middle Andaman da kudancin Middle Andaman. == Sauti da sauti == === Sautin sautin === {| class="wikitable" ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- !Kusa | align="center" |i |  | align="center" |u |- !Tsakanin Tsakiya | align="center" |e | align="center" |ɘ | align="center" |o |- !Tsakanin |  | align="center" |ə |  |- !Bude |  | align="center" |a |  |} Harshen Jarawa yana amfani da kusa (babban), tsakiya, da buɗewa don rarrabe tsakanin tsawo na wasula. Ga matsayin harshe, suna nuna wasula a matsayin gaba, tsakiya, da baya. Ga matsayin leɓba, ana nuna wasula a matsayin zagaye ko ba a zagaye ba. Ana iya rarraba sautin a cikin harshe zuwa rukuni uku: # Sautin gaba guda biyu - [i] da [e] # Sautin baya guda biyu - [u] da [o] # Sautin tsakiya guda uku - , da kuma[a] Har ila yau, akwai sautuka biyu na tsakiya, [ɛ] da [ɔ], amma ba a bayyana matsayinsu ba tukuna. Saboda abubuwan da suka faru suna da iyaka sosai, ba a san yadda ake amfani da su da kuma matsayinsu ba. === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Glottal |- !{{Small|plain}} !{{Small|[[labialization|lab.]]}} !{{Small|plain}} !{{Small|[[labialization|lab.]]}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n̪ | | |ɲ |ŋ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !{{Small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |p |t̪ | |ʈ |c |k | | | |- !{{Small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |b |d̪ | |ɖ |ɟ |ɡ | | | |- !{{Small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}} | |t̪ʰ | |ʈʰ |cʰ |kʰ |kʷʰ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |ɸ | | | |ʃ | | |h |hʷ |- ! colspan="2" |Trill/Flap | | |r |ɽ | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |w | |l |(ɭ) |j | | | | |} === Halaye === Daga cikin dukkan sassan 28, murya da murya marasa murya suna nan tare da murya mara murya. Nasals, trills, retroflex flap, lateral da retroflex laterals duk suna faruwa a cikin wannan harshe. Har ila yau, akwai nau'o'i biyu a cikin harshen Jarawa, waɗannan su ne labial da palatal, tare da wasu fricatives kamar pharyngeal fricative da bilabial fricative. Har ila yau, akwai sassan labialised guda biyu, kamar su pharyngeal fricative da murya mara murya aspirated velar plosive.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} Bambancin kalma-farko tsakanin {{IPA|/p/}} da {{IPA|/b/}} yana ɓacewa, tare da {{IPA|/p/}} ya zama {{IPA|/b/}} (lura cewa a Onge {{IPA|/p/}} ba ya nan). {{Sfn|Blevins|2007}} Kalmomin Jarawa aƙalla monosyllabic ne, kuma kalmomin abun ciki aƙalla bimoraic ne.{{Sfn|Blevins|2007}}Mafi girman sassan sune CVC.{{Sfn|Blevins|2007}} {{IPA|/c/}} muryoyi intervocalically a cikin mahalli da aka samo, {{IPA|/ə/}} syncopates lokacin da wani wasali ya biyo baya a fadin iyakar morpheme, /ə / ya zama {{IPA|[o]}} lokacin da syllable na gaba yana da wasali na zagaye, kuma ana iya share dukkan sassan a cikin magana mai sauri.{{Sfn|Blevins|2007}} Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna ƙananan nau'i-nau'i.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin wasula /i/ da /u/: * /hiyu/ = 'baƙar fata' * /innə-gə cew/ = 'yana da ƙanshi mai kyau' * /hulu/ = 'mai zafi' * /unnə/ = 'koma gida' Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin wasali /e/ da /o/: * /tape/ = 'wata' * /tapo/ = 'mai kyau' Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin /o/ da /a/: * /topo/ = 'macijin' * /tapo/ = 'mai kyau' Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin wasali /a/ da /ə/: * /hwawə/ = 'ruwa' * /hwəwə/ = 'boar daji' == Harshen harshe == === Yanayin Yanayi === Dangane da ƙayyadaddun, Jarawa yana da nau'i mai sauƙi yayin da yake ɗaukar prefixes da suffixes. Nau'o'in prefixes guda biyu sune: * Wanda yake wakilci wanda ke haɗe da aikatau, adjectives, da sunaye * Wanda ke nuna ma'anar ko ma'ana, kuma yana haɗe da kalmomi kawai. Suffixes suna da niyyar isar da yawa lokacin da aka haɗa su da sunaye ko bayyana yanayi, tsari, da shaidar lokacin da aka haɗe su da kalmomi. Lokacin da aka haɗa su da adjectives, suna iya nuna ko dai jihar ko shaida.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} A cikin Jarawa, morpheme na iya zama tushen kyauta wanda ya wanzu da kansa kamar yadda yake a cikin /napo/ ma'anar 'kifi'. Hakanan yana iya zama tushen iyaka wanda ke faruwa tare da prefixes kamar a cikin /ən-oɖə/ ma'anar 'gashi'. Kalmomin kamar /ən-ətəhə/ ma'anar 'zauna' na iya zama tushen da aka ɗaure. A lokuta biyu, ko dai tushen suna don 'gashi' ko tushen magana don 'zauna', ba zai iya faruwa da kansa ba idan suna nufin mutane. Dole ne a gabatar da tushen da aka ɗaure tare da wasu nau'ikan.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} An gano Jarawa yana da nau'ikan kalmomi guda shida: * Sunaye * Kalmomin * Wakilan sunaye * Adjectives * Adverbs * Matsayi Sunaye, aikatau, adjectives da adverbs suna buɗewa inda sunaye da aikatau suke da yawa kuma adjectives ne da adverbs kaɗan ne. Postpositions da sunayen suna rufe azuzuwan tare da ƙananan lexemes. Tsarin yawan kalmomi a cikin kowane aji a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa kamar haka: postposition, wakilci, adverb, adjective, aikatau, da suna. Akwai nau'ukan sunaye guda uku: sunayen mutum (sunan), sunayen nunawa, da sunayen tambaya. Hanyar mutum na farko na sunayen mutum sune 'mi', nau'in mutum na biyu shine 'ŋi ~ ni ~ ən', kuma nau'in motho na uku shine 'hi ~ əhi'.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} === Rubuce-rubuce === Jarawa yana amfani da nau'ukan tsari daban-daban guda biyu: sassan da ba su da kalma inda masu suna ko adjectives ke aiki a matsayin shugaban maganganu da sassan magana inda kalmomi sune shugaban maganganun, tare da mahimman muhawara. Dukkanin nau'ukan sassan suna da tsarin morphological da syntactic daban-daban.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} A cikin eh ko a'a, duk tambayoyin suna farawa da ka. An gabatar da tsarin a matsayin: ka + [batun] + + [verb]. /Onə<sup>h</sup>-le/ na iya nufin 'me ake yi' ko 'me ya sa', /ŋi onəhə-Le/ na nufin 'Me kake yi?' kuma /ŋi on 9:2ə-le ɖ-iche/ na nufin' me ya sa ka yi hakan?'{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} == Tsarin rubuce-rubuce == Jarawas ba su da tsarin rubutu. A cikin kayayyaki da aka lura, layin da ke da guguwa za su wakilci teku sabili da haka zane-zane ko hotuna ne kawai za a zana don sadarwa.{{Sfn|Sreenathan|Rao|Bednarik|2008}}CIIL, Mysore ta gabatar da gyare-gyaren Devanagari da rubutun Latin don yaren Jarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2000 |title=CIIL, Jarawa Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1578}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omniglot, Jarawa Alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/jarawa.htm}}</ref> Adadin karatu da rubutu a [[Harshen Uwa|L1]] don Jarawas yana ƙasa da 1%. == Misalan amfani na yau da kullun == Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna jimloli na yau da kullun da kalmomin dangi.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} === Kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su === * /mi bəī-jə/: I/Za mu tafi. * /mi omohə/: Ni/Muna barci. * /mi ŋ-əjojəba/: Na gan ka. === Kalmomin dangi === * Uba: /ummə/ * Mahaifiyar: /kaja/ * Miji: /a:gi/ * Matar: /əŋa:p/ * Babbar 'yar'uwa: /a:mi/ * Babban Ɗan'uwa: /a:pə/ * Ɗa / Yarinya: /ajə/ * Ƙaramin ɗan'uwa / 'yar'uwa: /aikhwaʹ/ == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] at1mxt1cltrl73zf6csedcbtp1wil6c 967185 967184 2026-10-13T14:11:24Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 967185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=Jarawa|nativename=Aong ॳङ्|pronunciation={{ipa|[əŋ]|}}|states=[[India]]|region=[[Andaman Islands]]; interior and south central Rutland island, central interior and south interior of South Andaman island, Middle Andaman island, west coast, 70 square km reserve.|ethnicity=[[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]|speakers=266, 70% of ethnic population|date=2001–2002|ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlAgRweCUoUC&dq=Kudmi+Mahato+language&pg=PA36 |title=Forest, Government, and Tribe |isbn=9788180694066 |last1=Paty |first1=Chittaranjan Kumar |year=2007 |page=102|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>|speakers2=|familycolor=Andamanese|fam1=[[Ongan languages|Ongan]]|fam2=[[Jangil#Language|Jangil]]–Jarawa?|script=Unwritten, sometimes transcribed with [[Devanagari]].|iso3=anq|notice=IPA|glotto=jara1245|glottorefname=Jarawa (India)}}'''Järawa''' (ko '''Jarwa''', asalinsa '''Aong''' [əŋ]) yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Ongan . Mutanen jarawa ne suke magana dashi wadan ke zaune a ciki da kudancin tsakiyar Tsibirin Rutland, tsakiya na ciki, da kudancin kudancin tsibirin Andaman, da yammacin gabar Tsibirin Andaman na Tsakiya ne ke magana da shi.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} ''Järawa'' na nufin "baƙi" a cikin Aka-Bea, yaren da ya ƙare yanzu na abokan gaba na gargajiya. Kamar mutane da yawa a duniya, suna kiran kansu "mutane" a cikin yarensu, ''aong.'' Harshen Jarawa na Tsibirin Andaman an dauke shi mai rauni. == Tarihi == Jarawa yare ne da al'ummomin mafarauta da masu tarawa ke amfani da shi waɗanda ke zaune a yammacin gabar tekun Tsibirin Andaman . {{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} Baya ga samun tarihi a matsayin mafarauta-mai cin abinci-masu kamun kifi na gargajiya, suna kuma da suna a matsayin mayaƙa da masu kare yankinsu. Jarawas sun sami nasarar tsira a matsayin wata kabila duk da cewa suna fama da asarar yawan jama'a daga [[Cutar|Cututtukan cututtuka]] na waje waɗanda ba su da rigakafi.{{Sfn|Sreenathan|Rao|Bednarik|2008}} Jarawas a halin yanzu suna da yawan mutane 270 da suka rage. Babban barazanar su ita ce babbar hanya, Andaman Trunk Road, da ke gudana ta cikin yankinsu da kuma ajiyar murabba'in kilomita 1,028 na gandun daji masu tsayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jarawa History |url=http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029134245/http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> Ana zaton kakannin Jarawa sun kasance wani ɓangare na masu hijiran ɗan adam na farko da ya yi nasara daga Afirka [dubious - discussion].  A yau, tsibirin Andaman sun kasance daban-daban, kuma dubban mazauna Indiya da yawa yanzu suna zaune a tsibirin.<ref name=":1" /> Harshen ya fito ne daga yaren iyaye da aka sani da Proto-Ongan . Daga cikin wannan kewayon, Little Andamanese ma ya samo asali. Onge, Jarawa, da kuma mai yiwuwa Sentinelese duk sun rabu da Little Andamanese, don haka suna raba irin waɗannan halaye a cikin al'adu da harshe.{{Sfn|Zide|Pandya|1989}} == Yankin da aka rarraba == Harshen Jarawa ba harshe ba ne na hukuma. Ba a san wani yare ko wani nau’in harshe da ya samo asali daga harshen Jarawa ba. Akwai nau’o’i biyu na harshen Jarawa. Ana magana da ɗaya daga cikinsu a yankin arewacin Middle Andaman da kudancin Middle Andaman. == Sauti da sauti == === Sautin sautin === {| class="wikitable" ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- !Kusa | align="center" |i |  | align="center" |u |- !Tsakanin Tsakiya | align="center" |e | align="center" |ɘ | align="center" |o |- !Tsakanin |  | align="center" |ə |  |- !Bude |  | align="center" |a |  |} Harshen Jarawa yana amfani da kusa (babban), tsakiya, da buɗewa don rarrabe tsakanin tsawo na wasula. Ga matsayin harshe, suna nuna wasula a matsayin gaba, tsakiya, da baya. Ga matsayin leɓba, ana nuna wasula a matsayin zagaye ko ba a zagaye ba. Ana iya rarraba sautin a cikin harshe zuwa rukuni uku: # Sautin gaba guda biyu - [i] da [e] # Sautin baya guda biyu - [u] da [o] # Sautin tsakiya guda uku - , da kuma[a] Har ila yau, akwai sautuka biyu na tsakiya, [ɛ] da [ɔ], amma ba a bayyana matsayinsu ba tukuna. Saboda abubuwan da suka faru suna da iyaka sosai, ba a san yadda ake amfani da su da kuma matsayinsu ba. === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Glottal |- !{{Small|plain}} !{{Small|[[labialization|lab.]]}} !{{Small|plain}} !{{Small|[[labialization|lab.]]}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n̪ | | |ɲ |ŋ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !{{Small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |p |t̪ | |ʈ |c |k | | | |- !{{Small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |b |d̪ | |ɖ |ɟ |ɡ | | | |- !{{Small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}} | |t̪ʰ | |ʈʰ |cʰ |kʰ |kʷʰ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |ɸ | | | |ʃ | | |h |hʷ |- ! colspan="2" |Trill/Flap | | |r |ɽ | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |w | |l |(ɭ) |j | | | | |} === Halaye === Daga cikin dukkan sassan 28, murya da murya marasa murya suna nan tare da murya mara murya. Nasals, trills, retroflex flap, lateral da retroflex laterals duk suna faruwa a cikin wannan harshe. Har ila yau, akwai nau'o'i biyu a cikin harshen Jarawa, waɗannan su ne labial da palatal, tare da wasu fricatives kamar pharyngeal fricative da bilabial fricative. Har ila yau, akwai sassan labialised guda biyu, kamar su pharyngeal fricative da murya mara murya aspirated velar plosive.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} Bambancin kalma-farko tsakanin {{IPA|/p/}} da {{IPA|/b/}} yana ɓacewa, tare da {{IPA|/p/}} ya zama {{IPA|/b/}} (lura cewa a Onge {{IPA|/p/}} ba ya nan). {{Sfn|Blevins|2007}} Kalmomin Jarawa aƙalla monosyllabic ne, kuma kalmomin abun ciki aƙalla bimoraic ne.{{Sfn|Blevins|2007}}Mafi girman sassan sune CVC.{{Sfn|Blevins|2007}} {{IPA|/c/}} muryoyi intervocalically a cikin mahalli da aka samo, {{IPA|/ə/}} syncopates lokacin da wani wasali ya biyo baya a fadin iyakar morpheme, /ə / ya zama {{IPA|[o]}} lokacin da syllable na gaba yana da wasali na zagaye, kuma ana iya share dukkan sassan a cikin magana mai sauri.{{Sfn|Blevins|2007}} Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna ƙananan nau'i-nau'i.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin wasula /i/ da /u/: * /hiyu/ = 'baƙar fata' * /innə-gə cew/ = 'yana da ƙanshi mai kyau' * /hulu/ = 'mai zafi' * /unnə/ = 'koma gida' Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin wasali /e/ da /o/: * /tape/ = 'wata' * /tapo/ = 'mai kyau' Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin /o/ da /a/: * /topo/ = 'macijin' * /tapo/ = 'mai kyau' Wadannan suna nuna bambancin tsakanin wasali /a/ da /ə/: * /hwawə/ = 'ruwa' * /hwəwə/ = 'boar daji' == Harshen harshe == === Yanayin Yanayi === Dangane da ƙayyadaddun, Jarawa yana da nau'i mai sauƙi yayin da yake ɗaukar prefixes da suffixes. Nau'o'in prefixes guda biyu sune: * Wanda yake wakilci wanda ke haɗe da aikatau, adjectives, da sunaye * Wanda ke nuna ma'anar ko ma'ana, kuma yana haɗe da kalmomi kawai. Suffixes suna da niyyar isar da yawa lokacin da aka haɗa su da sunaye ko bayyana yanayi, tsari, da shaidar lokacin da aka haɗe su da kalmomi. Lokacin da aka haɗa su da adjectives, suna iya nuna ko dai jihar ko shaida.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} A cikin Jarawa, morpheme na iya zama tushen kyauta wanda ya wanzu da kansa kamar yadda yake a cikin /napo/ ma'anar 'kifi'. Hakanan yana iya zama tushen iyaka wanda ke faruwa tare da prefixes kamar a cikin /ən-oɖə/ ma'anar 'gashi'. Kalmomin kamar /ən-ətəhə/ ma'anar 'zauna' na iya zama tushen da aka ɗaure. A lokuta biyu, ko dai tushen suna don 'gashi' ko tushen magana don 'zauna', ba zai iya faruwa da kansa ba idan suna nufin mutane. Dole ne a gabatar da tushen da aka ɗaure tare da wasu nau'ikan.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} An gano Jarawa yana da nau'ikan kalmomi guda shida: * Sunaye * Kalmomin * Wakilan sunaye * Adjectives * Adverbs * Matsayi Sunaye, aikatau, adjectives da adverbs suna buɗewa inda sunaye da aikatau suke da yawa kuma adjectives ne da adverbs kaɗan ne. Postpositions da sunayen suna rufe azuzuwan tare da ƙananan lexemes. Tsarin yawan kalmomi a cikin kowane aji a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa kamar haka: postposition, wakilci, adverb, adjective, aikatau, da suna. Akwai nau'ukan sunaye guda uku: sunayen mutum (sunan), sunayen nunawa, da sunayen tambaya. Hanyar mutum na farko na sunayen mutum sune 'mi', nau'in mutum na biyu shine 'ŋi ~ ni ~ ən', kuma nau'in motho na uku shine 'hi ~ əhi'.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} === Rubuce-rubuce === Jarawa yana amfani da nau'ukan tsari daban-daban guda biyu: sassan da ba su da kalma inda masu suna ko adjectives ke aiki a matsayin shugaban maganganu da sassan magana inda kalmomi sune shugaban maganganun, tare da mahimman muhawara. Dukkanin nau'ukan sassan suna da tsarin morphological da syntactic daban-daban.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} A cikin eh ko a'a, duk tambayoyin suna farawa da ka. An gabatar da tsarin a matsayin: ka + [batun] + + [verb]. /Onə<sup>h</sup>-le/ na iya nufin 'me ake yi' ko 'me ya sa', /ŋi onəhə-Le/ na nufin 'Me kake yi?' kuma /ŋi on 9:2ə-le ɖ-iche/ na nufin' me ya sa ka yi hakan?'{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} == Tsarin rubuce-rubuce == Jarawas ba su da tsarin rubutu. A cikin kayayyaki da aka lura, layin da ke da guguwa za su wakilci teku sabili da haka zane-zane ko hotuna ne kawai za a zana don sadarwa.{{Sfn|Sreenathan|Rao|Bednarik|2008}}CIIL, Mysore ta gabatar da gyare-gyaren Devanagari da rubutun Latin don yaren Jarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2000 |title=CIIL, Jarawa Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1578}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omniglot, Jarawa Alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/jarawa.htm}}</ref> Adadin karatu da rubutu a [[Harshen Uwa|L1]] don Jarawas yana ƙasa da 1%. == Misalan amfani na yau da kullun == Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna jimloli na yau da kullun da kalmomin dangi.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012}} === Kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su === * /mi bəī-jə/: I/Za mu tafi. * /mi omohə/: Ni/Muna barci. * /mi ŋ-əjojəba/: Na gan ka. === Kalmomin dangi === * Uba: /ummə/ * Mahaifiyar: /kaja/ * Miji: /a:gi/ * Matar: /əŋa:p/ * Babbar 'yar'uwa: /a:mi/ * Babban Ɗan'uwa: /a:pə/ * Ɗa / Yarinya: /ajə/ * Ƙaramin ɗan'uwa / 'yar'uwa: /aikhwaʹ/ == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 16c0nd4ljn0al1r9ytg38o1kcjmdffn Harshen Mama 0 179152 967189 2026-10-13T14:17:53Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332894856|Mama language]]" 967189 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mama''', ko '''Kantana''', yaren Jarawan ne da ake magana a [[Najeriya]]. Adadin masu magana ba a bayyane yake ba. An buga adadi na 20,000 a 1973.<ref>{{Ethnologue18|mma|Mama}}</ref> A cikin 2011, "Kantana" (watakila yare ɗaya) an ce yana da masu magana 2,000-3,000, galibi sun((((((The number of speakers is unclear. A figure of 20,000 was published in 1973.<ref>{{e18|mma|Mama}}</ref> In 2011, "Kantana" (presumably the same language) was said to have 2,000–3,000 speakers)))) wuce shekaru 25.<ref name="ISOproposal">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2011-171_jkt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907000403/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2011-171_jkt.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-07 |access-date=2015-02-20}}</ref> Ƙididdigar ƙabilar a ƙididdigar shekara ta 2006 ta kasance 6,000-9,000. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Harsunan Jarawa]] 7shlomoeg77j9vocvyldg8nl40y22pr 967190 967189 2026-10-13T14:19:37Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 967190 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mama''', ko '''Kantana''', yaren Jarawan ne da ake magana a [[Najeriya]]. Adadin masu magana ba a bayyane yake ba. An buga adadi na 20,000 a 1973.<ref>{{Ethnologue18|mma|Mama}}</ref> A cikin 2011, "Kantana" (watakila yare ɗaya) an ce yana da masu magana 2,000-3,000, galibi suwuce shekaru 25.<ref name="ISOproposal">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2011-171_jkt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907000403/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2011-171_jkt.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-07 |access-date=2015-02-20}}</ref> Ƙididdigar ƙabilar a ƙididdigar shekara ta 2006 ta kasance 6,000-9,000. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Harsunan Jarawa]] o64qg4ifkzhks6qv71y1hnzg93deucb Gidajen Fasaha na hangen nesa 0 179153 967235 2026-10-13T16:47:00Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359622688|Vision Tech Camps]]" 967235 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Vision Tech Camps''' kamfani ne na Bay Area wanda ke ba da sansanonin kwamfuta na lokacin bazara da ayyukan bayan makaranta, yana koyar da ɗalibai tsakanin shekaru 7 zuwa 17 a cibiyoyin Vision Tech da makarantun yankin a duk faɗin Bay Area. == Tarihi == An kafa Vision Tech Camps a San Ramon, California ta hannun Anita Khurana a shekara ta 2000, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.visiontechcamps.com/about-us |website=Vision Tech Camps}}</ref> inda aka fara bayar da shirye-shiryen makaranta da sansanonin fasaha ga makarantu a cikin Gundumar Makarantar San Ramon Valley Unified . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women to Watch |url=http://www.diablomag.com/May-2008/Women-to-Watch/ |website=Diablo magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Students learn to program games at sold-out design class |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_widesearch=yes&p_multi=EBTC%7cCC%7cOKTB%7cCFAB%7cHDRB%7cTVHB%7c&p_product=EBTNP&p_theme=ebtnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=allfields(Students%20learn%20to%20program%20games%20at%20sold-out%20design%20class)%20AND%20date(2006)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=2006&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(%22Students%20learn%20to%20program%20games%20at%20sold-out%20design%20class%22)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |website=Newsbank}}</ref> Daga baya Vision Tech ta buɗe cibiyarta ta farko a Danville, California, sannan ta faɗaɗa zuwa wata cibiya a Saratoga, California a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saratoga Shorts |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/my-town/ci_25854080/saratoga-shorts-saratoga-eats-neighborhood-food-truck-event |website=Mercury News}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Vision Tech Camps ta sanar da sabon wuri a El Cerrito, California da ke hidimar yankin Berkeley . == Darrussa == Darussan Vision Tech sun haɗa da ƙirar wasannin bidiyo, shirye-shirye, [[Injinia.|injiniyanci]], robotics, sansanonin minecraft da bugu na 3d . <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Tech Camps |url=https://www.visiontechcamps.com/all-tech-camps |website=Vision Tech Camps}}</ref> == Manazarta == mwc46i6k7pn5ab6fwmzpykpqcny69au 967236 967235 2026-10-13T16:47:26Z Arcdanumma047 38699 967236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vision Tech Camps''' kamfani ne na Bay Area wanda ke ba da sansanonin kwamfuta na lokacin bazara da ayyukan bayan makaranta, yana koyar da ɗalibai tsakanin shekaru 7 zuwa 17 a cibiyoyin Vision Tech da makarantun yankin a duk faɗin Bay Area. == Tarihi == An kafa Vision Tech Camps a San Ramon, California ta hannun Anita Khurana a shekara ta 2000, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.visiontechcamps.com/about-us |website=Vision Tech Camps}}</ref> inda aka fara bayar da shirye-shiryen makaranta da sansanonin fasaha ga makarantu a cikin Gundumar Makarantar San Ramon Valley Unified . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women to Watch |url=http://www.diablomag.com/May-2008/Women-to-Watch/ |website=Diablo magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Students learn to program games at sold-out design class |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_widesearch=yes&p_multi=EBTC%7cCC%7cOKTB%7cCFAB%7cHDRB%7cTVHB%7c&p_product=EBTNP&p_theme=ebtnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=allfields(Students%20learn%20to%20program%20games%20at%20sold-out%20design%20class)%20AND%20date(2006)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=2006&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(%22Students%20learn%20to%20program%20games%20at%20sold-out%20design%20class%22)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |website=Newsbank}}</ref> Daga baya Vision Tech ta buɗe cibiyarta ta farko a Danville, California, sannan ta faɗaɗa zuwa wata cibiya a Saratoga, California a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saratoga Shorts |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/my-town/ci_25854080/saratoga-shorts-saratoga-eats-neighborhood-food-truck-event |website=Mercury News}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Vision Tech Camps ta sanar da sabon wuri a El Cerrito, California da ke hidimar yankin Berkeley . == Darrussa == Darussan Vision Tech sun haɗa da ƙirar wasannin bidiyo, shirye-shirye, [[Injinia.|injiniyanci]], robotics, sansanonin minecraft da bugu na 3d . <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Tech Camps |url=https://www.visiontechcamps.com/all-tech-camps |website=Vision Tech Camps}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3ezrzek4zijvm3dk7s7zi33ygba748c Earthworm 0 179154 967276 2026-10-13T19:43:36Z Galadanchi123 50022 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379987578|Earthworm]]" 967276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''tsutsa''' mai suna [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] ne mai zama a ƙasa wanda ke cikin phylum Annelida . Kalmar ita ce Sunan gama gari ga mafi yawan membobin aji (ko Ƙananan aji, dangane da marubucin) Oligochaeta . A cikin tsarin gargajiya, sun kasance a cikin tsari na Opisthopora tun lokacin da ƙwayoyin maza suka buɗe bayan ƙwayoyin mata, kodayake sassan maza na ciki sun riga mata. Nazarin cladistic na ka'idoji sun sanya su a cikin suborder Lumbricina na tsari Haplotaxida, amma wannan na iya canzawa. Sauran sunayen maganganu don tsutsotsi sun haɗa da "dew-worm", "rainworm", ""nightcrawler", da "angleworm" (daga amfani da shi azaman angling hookbait). Ana kuma kiran manyan tsutsotsi na ƙasa Megadriles (wanda ke fassara zuwa "babban tsutsotsi") kamar yadda ya saba da microdriles ("ƙananan tsutsotsi") a cikin iyalai Tubificidae (semiaquatic), Lumbricidae da Enchytraeidae (na ƙasa). Megadriles suna da bambancin clitellum (mafi girma fiye da na microdriles) da kuma tsarin vascular tare da capillaries na gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omodeo |first=Pietro |year=2000 |title=Evolution and biogeography of megadriles (Annelida, Clitellata) |url=https://z-library.ec/book/w9Jaq2lNLD |journal=[[Italian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=179–201 |doi=10.1080/11250000009356313 |s2cid=86293273 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> Ana samun tsutsotsi a cikin ƙasa mai laushi, mai wadataccen takin mai, cin abubuwa iri-iri na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya haɗa da detritus, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hendrix |first=Paul F. |last2=Parmelee |first2=Robert W. |last3=Crossley |first3=David A. Jr |last4=Coleman |first4=David C. |last5=Odum |first5=Eugene P. |last6=Groffman |first6=Peter M. |date=June 1986 |title=Detritus food webs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247843211 |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=374–380 |doi=10.2307/1310259 |jstor=1310259 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> masu rai protozoa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonkowski |first=Michael |last2=Schaeffer |first2=Matthias |date=March–April 1997 |title=Interactions between earthworms and soil protozoa: a trophic component in the soil food web |url=https://z-library.ec/book/gyxjO5K5Lo |journal=[[Soil Biology and Biochemistry]] |volume=29 |issue=3–4 |pages=499–502 |bibcode=1997SBiBi..29..499B |doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00107-1 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> Nematodes, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=M. C. |last2=Senapati |first2=Bikram K. |last3=Mishra |first3=C. C. |date=May 1980 |title=Nematode feeding by tropical earthworms |url=https://z-library.ec/book/MXlB0a2P96 |journal=[[Oikos (journal)|Oikos]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=322–325 |bibcode=1980Oikos..34..322D |doi=10.2307/3544291 |jstor=3544291 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Clive A. |last2=Fletcher |first2=K. E. |date=November 1988 |title=Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in organic-matter breakdown |url=https://z-library.ec/book/D927B22PyZ |journal=[[Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment]] |volume=24 |issue=1–3 |pages=235–247 |bibcode=1988AgEE...24..235E |doi=10.1016/0167-8809(88)90069-2 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> fungi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonkowski |first=Michael |last2=Griffiths |first2=Bryan S. |last3=Ritz |first3=Karl |date=November 2000 |title=Food preferences of earthworms for soil fungi |url=https://www.academia.edu/73123856 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=666–676 |bibcode=2000Pedob..44..666B |doi=10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70080-3 |issn=1873-1511 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> da algae (ciki har da diatoms da cyanobacteria). [3]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atlavinytė |first=Olešė |last2=Pocienė |first2=Ċ. |date=November 1973 |title=The effect of earthworms and their activity on the amount of algae in the soil |url=https://archive.org/details/atlavinyte-pociene-1973 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=445–455 |bibcode=1973Pedob..13..445A |doi=10.1016/S0031-4056(23)02132-7 |issn=1873-1511 |access-date=17 August 2026}}</ref> Tsarin narkewar ƙasa yana gudana tsawon jikinsa.<ref name="Edwards1977" /> Suna daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cin ganyayyaki da coprophages, kuma suna aiki kai tsaye a matsayin [[abinci]] ga masu amfani da yawa (predation) a cikin yanayin halittu (misali naman alade, moles, blackbirds, centipedes), kwari na ƙasa, flatworms. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hendriksen |first=Niels B. |date=October 1990 |title=Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms |url=https://www.academia.edu/27854671 |journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |bibcode=1990BioFS..10...17H |doi=10.1007/BF00336119 |issn=1432-0789 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=David L. |last2=Hartenstein |first2=Roy |last3=Neuhauser |first3=Edward F. |date=March 1980 |title=Coprophagic relations among the earthworms ''Eisenia foetida'', ''Eudrylus eugeniae'' and ''Amynthas'' spp. |url=https://archive.org/details/kaplan-et-al.-1980 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=74–84 |doi=10.1016/S0031-4056(23)03521-7 |issn=1873-1511 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jelaska |first=Lucija Šerić |last2=Symondson |first2=William O. C. |year=2016 |title=Predation on epigeic, endogeic and anecic earthworms by carabids active in spring and autumn |journal=Periodicum Biologorum |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |doi=10.18054/pb.2016.118.3.4709 |issn=1849-0964 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boag |first=Brian |last2=Yeates |first2=Gregor W. |date=October 2001 |title=The potential impact of the New Zealand flatworm, a predator of earthworms, in western Europe |url=https://z-library.ec/book/r98qxll1yD |journal=[[Ecological Applications]] |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1276–1286 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1276:TPIOTN]2.0.CO;2 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Günther |first=Babett |last2=Rall |first2=Björn C. |last3=Ferlian |first3=Olga |last4=Scheu |first4=Stefan |last5=Eitzinger |first5=Bernhard |date=October 2014 |title=Variations in prey consumption of centipede predators in forest soils as indicated by molecular gut content analysis |url=https://z-library.ec/book/OLw0mRkl9e |journal=[[Oikos (journal)|Oikos]] |volume=123 |issue=10 |pages=1192–1198 |bibcode=2014Oikos.123.1192G |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00868.x |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> Ana amfani da datti (fuskar fuska, mucus), ma, a matsayin [[Abinci|Tushen abinci]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salmon |first=Sandrine |last2=Ponge |first2=Jean-François |date=November 2001 |title=Earthworm excreta attract soil springtails: laboratory experiments on ''Heteromurus nitidus'' (Collembola: Entomobryidae) |url=https://www.academia.edu/47898476 |journal=[[Soil Biology and Biochemistry]] |volume=33 |issue=14 |pages=1959–1969 |bibcode=2001SBiBi..33.1959S |doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00129-8 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> Earthworms suna nuna Tsarin jiki na bututu-cikin bututu na waje tare da sassan ciki masu dacewa, kuma yawanci suna da setae a duk sassan. Suna da tsarin jigilar ruwa guda biyu da aka yi da ruwa na coelom wanda ke motsawa a cikin coelom mai cike da ruwa da kuma tsarin sauƙin, rufewa, da numfashi (numfashi) ta hanyar numfashi na fata.[1] A matsayin invertebrates masu taushi, ba su da kwarangwal na gaskiya, amma tsarin su yana kiyayewa ta hanyar ɗakunan coelom masu cike da ruwa waɗanda ke aiki azaman kwarangwal. Earthworms suna da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda ya kunshi ganglia biyu a sama da baki, daya a kowane gefe, wanda aka haɗa da jijiya axial da ke gudana tare da tsawonta zuwa neurons na motsi da sel masu ji a kowane sashi. Yawancin masu karɓar chemoreceptors suna mai da hankali kusa da bakinsa. Tsokoki masu tsayi da tsokoki masu tsawo da ke gefen kowane sashi sun bar tsutsotsi su motsa. Irin wannan tsokoki suna layi a cikin bututun ciki, kuma ayyukansu suna motsa abincin da aka narke zuwa ga hanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vassileva |first=P. V. |last2=Stoyanov |first2=I. N. |last3=Vassilev |first3=V. I. |year=1982 |title=On the contractile activity of the alimentary canal of the earth worm (''Lumbricus terrestris'') |url=https://z-library.ec/book/eXqWjKrj9K |journal=[[Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C|Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, Comparative Pharmacology]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=127–129 |doi=10.1016/0306-4492(82)90023-5 |access-date=17 August 2026}}</ref> Yawancin tsutsotsi sune hermaphrodites: kowane tsutsotsi yana ɗauke da gabobin haifuwa na namiji da na mace da kuma ƙwayoyin jima'i. Lokacin da suke yin jima'i, ƙwayoyin ƙasa guda biyu za su musayar [[maniyyi]] kuma su shayar da kwai na juna. Koyaya, yawancin nau'ikan tsutsotsi na ƙasa suna da parthenogenetic, musamman a cikin iyalin Lumbricidae (misali tsutsotsi na gwaji Eisenia fetida). == Yanayin jikin mutum == === Hanyar da aiki === [[File:Earthworm_head.svg|thumb|450x450px|Kan tsutsotsi]] Depending on the species, an adult earthworm can be from {{Convert|10|mm|in}} long and {{Convert|1|mm|in}} wide to {{Convert|3|m|ft}} long and over {{Convert|25|mm|in}} wide, but the typical ''Lumbricus terrestris'' grows to about {{Convert|360|mm|in}} long. Probably the longest worm on confirmed records is ''Amynthas mekongianus'' that extends up to 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) in the mud along the banks of the 4,350&nbsp;km (2,700&nbsp;mi) Mekong River in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blakemore |first=Robert J. |last2=Csuzdi |first2=Csaba |last3=Ito |first3=Masamichi T. |last4=Kaneko |first4=Nobuhiro |last5=Paoletti |first5=Maurizio G. |last6=Spiridonov |first6=Sergei E. |last7=Uchida |first7=T. |last8=Van Praagh |first8=Beverley D. |year=2007 |title=''Megascolex (Promegascolex) mekongianus'' Cognetti, 1922: its extent, ecology and allocation to ''Amynthas'' (Clitellata/Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) |url=https://opuscula.elte.hu/PDF/Tomus36/3_Blakemore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Opuscula Zoologica |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=19–30 |issn=2063-1588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730205120/http://opuscula.elte.hu/PDF/Tomus36/3_Blakemore.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Daga gaba zuwa baya, ainihin siffar tsutsa shine bututun cylindrical-in-a-tube, an raba shi zuwa jerin sassan (wanda ake kira metamers) wanda ke raba jiki. Furrows galibi ana iya gani a waje a jikin da ke rarraba sassan. Dorsal pores da nephridiopores suna fitar da ruwa wanda ke da danshi kuma yana kare farfajiyar tsutsotsi, yana ba shi damar numfashi.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Sai dai ga baki da sassan hanci, kowane ɓangaren yana ɗauke da gashi mai kama da gashi wanda ake kira setae na gefe wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rataye sassan jiki yayin motsi. Dabbobi na iya samun nau'i-nau'i huɗu na setae a kowane sashi ko fiye da takwas wani lokacin suna samar da cikakken da'irar setae a kowace sashi.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Ana amfani da setae na musamman na ventral don rataye maciji ta hanyar shiga cikin jikin matansu.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Gabaɗaya, a cikin jinsin, yawan ɓangarorin da aka samo sun dace da samfurori, kuma an haifi mutane tare da yawan ɓangarori da za su kasance a duk rayuwarsu, girma a cikin girman ta hanyar faɗaɗa ɓangarorin yanzu maimakon ta ƙara sabbin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Kuo Hua |last2=Pratt |first2=Karl C. |year=1931 |title=Do earthworms grow by adding segments? |url=https://z-library.ec/book/ELR54KDQXV |journal=[[The American Naturalist]] |volume=65 |issue=696 |pages=31–48 |bibcode=1931ANat...65...31S |doi=10.1086/280345 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Sashe na farko na jiki (kashi na 1) yana nuna baki na tsutsotsi kuma, a kan baki, wani nau'i mai nama da ake kira prostomium, wanda ke rufe ƙofar lokacin da tsutsotsi ke hutawa, amma kuma ana amfani dashi don jin da kuma jin abubuwan da ke kewaye da tsutsotsi.<ref name="Laverack1960">{{Cite journal |last=Laverack |first=M. S. |date=May 1960 |title=Tactile and chemical perception in earthworms. I. Responses to touch, sodium chloride, quinine and sugars |url=https://z-library.ec/book/7y34x2g8XJ |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=155–156 |doi=10.1016/0010-406X(60)90047-5 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Wasu nau'o'in tsutsotsi na iya amfani da prostomium mai kamawa don kamawa da ja abubuwa kamar ciyawa da ganye a cikin ramin su. Wani tsutsa mai girma yana haɓaka ƙwayoyin glandular mai kama da bel, wanda ake kira clitellum, wanda ke rufe ɓangarori da yawa zuwa gaban dabba. Wannan wani bangare ne na tsarin haihuwa kuma yana samar da kwai. Sashe na baya ya fi yawanci cylindrical kamar sauran jiki, amma dangane da nau'in, yana iya zama quadrangular, octagonal, trapezoidal, ko shimfiɗa. Sashe na ƙarshe ana kiransa periproct; anus na earthworm, ɗan gajeren tsagewa a tsaye, ana samunsa a wannan ɓangaren. [[File:Annelid_redone_w_white_background.svg|alt=A segment of an earthworm posterior to the clitellum including all of the segmental structures|center|700x700px|Wani sashi na tsutsa na baya ga clitellum ciki har da dukkan tsarin sassan]] A waje na wani mutum sashi ne m cuticle a kan fata, yawanci pigmented ja zuwa launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke da musamman sel cewa ɓoye mucus a kan cuticle don kiyaye jiki da kuma sauƙaƙe motsi ta cikin ƙasa. A karkashin fata akwai wani nau'i na jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, da kuma nau'i biyu na tsokoki - wani nau'in tsokoki na waje, da kuma mafi kauri na tsokoshi masu tsayi. Cikin ciki zuwa layin tsoka yana da ɗakin da ke cike da ruwa wanda ake kira coelom wanda ta hanyar matsin lamba yana ba da tsari ga jikin tsutsotsi mara ƙashi.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Sassan suna rabuwa da juna ta hanyar septa (jama'i na "septum") <ref name="Edwards2022" /> wanda ke da bangon bangon, yana ba da damar ruwan coelomic ya wuce tsakanin sassan. Tsarin da ake kira nephrostomes suna bayan kowane septum; wani nephric tubule yana jagorantar daga kowane nephrostome ta hanyar septum kuma zuwa cikin ɓangaren da ke biyowa. Wannan tubule sa'an nan kuma yana haifar da babban sashin tace ruwa na jiki, nephridium ko metanephridium, wanda ke cire sharar metabolism daga Ruwan coelomic kuma ya fitar da shi ta hanyar pores da ake kira nephridiopores a gefen tsutsotsi; yawanci, ana samun nephridia biyu (wani lokacin fiye) a mafi yawan sassan.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> A tsakiyar tsutsotsi shine hanyar narkewa, wanda ke gudana kai tsaye daga baki zuwa anus ba tare da juyawa ba, kuma yana gefen sama da ƙasa da jijiyoyin jini (kayan jini na dorsal da jijiyoyin jinin ventral da kuma jijiyoyin jini na subneural) da kuma jijiyar jijiyoyin ventral, kuma an kewaye shi a kowane ɓangaren da jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini guda biyu waɗanda ke haɗa dorsal zuwa jijiyoyin jini.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Yawancin tsutsotsi na duniya na iya fitar da ruwa na coelomic ta hanyar pores a baya don mayar da martani ga [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]]. Australian ''Didymogaster sylvaticus'' (wanda aka sani da "blue squirter earthworm") na iya zubar da ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|30|cm|in}} in). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Myrmecofourmis |year=2018 |title=Meet the squirting earthworm |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuQEAuM9De8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/PuQEAuM9De8 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 August 2026 |publisher=Youtube |format=[[video]]}}</ref> === Tsarin jijiyoyi === [[File:Earthworm_nervous_system.png|thumb|280x280px|Tsarin jijiyoyi na ƙarshen baya na ƙwaro]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ef4jq8rpwe2k0g4ns9a7hb4hh88qy3 967279 967276 2026-10-13T19:47:36Z Galadanchi123 50022 967279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''tsutsa''' mai suna [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] ne mai zama a ƙasa wanda ke cikin phylum Annelida . Kalmar ita ce Sunan gama gari ga mafi yawan membobin aji (ko Ƙananan aji, dangane da marubucin) Oligochaeta . A cikin tsarin gargajiya, sun kasance a cikin tsari na Opisthopora tun lokacin da ƙwayoyin maza suka buɗe bayan ƙwayoyin mata, kodayake sassan maza na ciki sun riga mata. Nazarin cladistic na ka'idoji sun sanya su a cikin suborder Lumbricina na tsari Haplotaxida, amma wannan na iya canzawa. Sauran sunayen maganganu don tsutsotsi sun haɗa da "dew-worm", "rainworm", ""nightcrawler", da "angleworm" (daga amfani da shi azaman angling hookbait). Ana kuma kiran manyan tsutsotsi na ƙasa Megadriles (wanda ke fassara zuwa "babban tsutsotsi") kamar yadda ya saba da microdriles ("ƙananan tsutsotsi") a cikin iyalai Tubificidae (semiaquatic), Lumbricidae da Enchytraeidae (na ƙasa). Megadriles suna da bambancin clitellum (mafi girma fiye da na microdriles) da kuma tsarin vascular tare da capillaries na gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omodeo |first=Pietro |year=2000 |title=Evolution and biogeography of megadriles (Annelida, Clitellata) |url=https://z-library.ec/book/w9Jaq2lNLD |journal=[[Italian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=179–201 |doi=10.1080/11250000009356313 |s2cid=86293273 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> Ana samun tsutsotsi a cikin ƙasa mai laushi, mai wadataccen takin mai, cin abubuwa iri-iri na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya haɗa da detritus, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hendrix |first=Paul F. |last2=Parmelee |first2=Robert W. |last3=Crossley |first3=David A. Jr |last4=Coleman |first4=David C. |last5=Odum |first5=Eugene P. |last6=Groffman |first6=Peter M. |date=June 1986 |title=Detritus food webs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247843211 |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=374–380 |doi=10.2307/1310259 |jstor=1310259 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> masu rai protozoa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonkowski |first=Michael |last2=Schaeffer |first2=Matthias |date=March–April 1997 |title=Interactions between earthworms and soil protozoa: a trophic component in the soil food web |url=https://z-library.ec/book/gyxjO5K5Lo |journal=[[Soil Biology and Biochemistry]] |volume=29 |issue=3–4 |pages=499–502 |bibcode=1997SBiBi..29..499B |doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00107-1 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> Nematodes, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=M. C. |last2=Senapati |first2=Bikram K. |last3=Mishra |first3=C. C. |date=May 1980 |title=Nematode feeding by tropical earthworms |url=https://z-library.ec/book/MXlB0a2P96 |journal=[[Oikos (journal)|Oikos]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=322–325 |bibcode=1980Oikos..34..322D |doi=10.2307/3544291 |jstor=3544291 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Clive A. |last2=Fletcher |first2=K. E. |date=November 1988 |title=Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in organic-matter breakdown |url=https://z-library.ec/book/D927B22PyZ |journal=[[Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment]] |volume=24 |issue=1–3 |pages=235–247 |bibcode=1988AgEE...24..235E |doi=10.1016/0167-8809(88)90069-2 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> fungi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonkowski |first=Michael |last2=Griffiths |first2=Bryan S. |last3=Ritz |first3=Karl |date=November 2000 |title=Food preferences of earthworms for soil fungi |url=https://www.academia.edu/73123856 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=666–676 |bibcode=2000Pedob..44..666B |doi=10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70080-3 |issn=1873-1511 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref> da algae (ciki har da diatoms da cyanobacteria). [3]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atlavinytė |first=Olešė |last2=Pocienė |first2=Ċ. |date=November 1973 |title=The effect of earthworms and their activity on the amount of algae in the soil |url=https://archive.org/details/atlavinyte-pociene-1973 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=445–455 |bibcode=1973Pedob..13..445A |doi=10.1016/S0031-4056(23)02132-7 |issn=1873-1511 |access-date=17 August 2026}}</ref> Tsarin narkewar ƙasa yana gudana tsawon jikinsa.<ref name="Edwards1977" /> Suna daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cin ganyayyaki da coprophages, kuma suna aiki kai tsaye a matsayin [[abinci]] ga masu amfani da yawa (predation) a cikin yanayin halittu (misali naman alade, moles, blackbirds, centipedes), kwari na ƙasa, flatworms. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hendriksen |first=Niels B. |date=October 1990 |title=Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms |url=https://www.academia.edu/27854671 |journal=Biology and Fertility of Soils |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |bibcode=1990BioFS..10...17H |doi=10.1007/BF00336119 |issn=1432-0789 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=David L. |last2=Hartenstein |first2=Roy |last3=Neuhauser |first3=Edward F. |date=March 1980 |title=Coprophagic relations among the earthworms ''Eisenia foetida'', ''Eudrylus eugeniae'' and ''Amynthas'' spp. |url=https://archive.org/details/kaplan-et-al.-1980 |journal=Pedobiologia |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=74–84 |doi=10.1016/S0031-4056(23)03521-7 |issn=1873-1511 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jelaska |first=Lucija Šerić |last2=Symondson |first2=William O. C. |year=2016 |title=Predation on epigeic, endogeic and anecic earthworms by carabids active in spring and autumn |journal=Periodicum Biologorum |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |doi=10.18054/pb.2016.118.3.4709 |issn=1849-0964 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boag |first=Brian |last2=Yeates |first2=Gregor W. |date=October 2001 |title=The potential impact of the New Zealand flatworm, a predator of earthworms, in western Europe |url=https://z-library.ec/book/r98qxll1yD |journal=[[Ecological Applications]] |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1276–1286 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1276:TPIOTN]2.0.CO;2 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Günther |first=Babett |last2=Rall |first2=Björn C. |last3=Ferlian |first3=Olga |last4=Scheu |first4=Stefan |last5=Eitzinger |first5=Bernhard |date=October 2014 |title=Variations in prey consumption of centipede predators in forest soils as indicated by molecular gut content analysis |url=https://z-library.ec/book/OLw0mRkl9e |journal=[[Oikos (journal)|Oikos]] |volume=123 |issue=10 |pages=1192–1198 |bibcode=2014Oikos.123.1192G |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00868.x |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> Ana amfani da datti (fuskar fuska, mucus), ma, a matsayin [[Abinci|Tushen abinci]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salmon |first=Sandrine |last2=Ponge |first2=Jean-François |date=November 2001 |title=Earthworm excreta attract soil springtails: laboratory experiments on ''Heteromurus nitidus'' (Collembola: Entomobryidae) |url=https://www.academia.edu/47898476 |journal=[[Soil Biology and Biochemistry]] |volume=33 |issue=14 |pages=1959–1969 |bibcode=2001SBiBi..33.1959S |doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00129-8 |access-date=14 August 2026}}</ref> Earthworms suna nuna Tsarin jiki na bututu-cikin bututu na waje tare da sassan ciki masu dacewa, kuma yawanci suna da setae a duk sassan. Suna da tsarin jigilar ruwa guda biyu da aka yi da ruwa na coelom wanda ke motsawa a cikin coelom mai cike da ruwa da kuma tsarin sauƙin, rufewa, da numfashi (numfashi) ta hanyar numfashi na fata.[1] A matsayin invertebrates masu taushi, ba su da kwarangwal na gaskiya, amma tsarin su yana kiyayewa ta hanyar ɗakunan coelom masu cike da ruwa waɗanda ke aiki azaman kwarangwal. Earthworms suna da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda ya kunshi ganglia biyu a sama da baki, daya a kowane gefe, wanda aka haɗa da jijiya axial da ke gudana tare da tsawonta zuwa neurons na motsi da sel masu ji a kowane sashi. Yawancin masu karɓar chemoreceptors suna mai da hankali kusa da bakinsa. Tsokoki masu tsayi da tsokoki masu tsawo da ke gefen kowane sashi sun bar tsutsotsi su motsa. Irin wannan tsokoki suna layi a cikin bututun ciki, kuma ayyukansu suna motsa abincin da aka narke zuwa ga hanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vassileva |first=P. V. |last2=Stoyanov |first2=I. N. |last3=Vassilev |first3=V. I. |year=1982 |title=On the contractile activity of the alimentary canal of the earth worm (''Lumbricus terrestris'') |url=https://z-library.ec/book/eXqWjKrj9K |journal=[[Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C|Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, Comparative Pharmacology]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=127–129 |doi=10.1016/0306-4492(82)90023-5 |access-date=17 August 2026}}</ref> Yawancin tsutsotsi sune hermaphrodites: kowane tsutsotsi yana ɗauke da gabobin haifuwa na namiji da na mace da kuma ƙwayoyin jima'i. Lokacin da suke yin jima'i, ƙwayoyin ƙasa guda biyu za su musayar [[maniyyi]] kuma su shayar da kwai na juna. Koyaya, yawancin nau'ikan tsutsotsi na ƙasa suna da parthenogenetic, musamman a cikin iyalin Lumbricidae (misali tsutsotsi na gwaji Eisenia fetida). == Yanayin jikin mutum == === Hanyar da aiki === [[File:Earthworm_head.svg|thumb|450x450px|Kan tsutsotsi]] Depending on the species, an adult earthworm can be from {{Convert|10|mm|in}} long and {{Convert|1|mm|in}} wide to {{Convert|3|m|ft}} long and over {{Convert|25|mm|in}} wide, but the typical ''Lumbricus terrestris'' grows to about {{Convert|360|mm|in}} long. Probably the longest worm on confirmed records is ''Amynthas mekongianus'' that extends up to 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) in the mud along the banks of the 4,350&nbsp;km (2,700&nbsp;mi) Mekong River in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blakemore |first=Robert J. |last2=Csuzdi |first2=Csaba |last3=Ito |first3=Masamichi T. |last4=Kaneko |first4=Nobuhiro |last5=Paoletti |first5=Maurizio G. |last6=Spiridonov |first6=Sergei E. |last7=Uchida |first7=T. |last8=Van Praagh |first8=Beverley D. |year=2007 |title=''Megascolex (Promegascolex) mekongianus'' Cognetti, 1922: its extent, ecology and allocation to ''Amynthas'' (Clitellata/Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) |url=https://opuscula.elte.hu/PDF/Tomus36/3_Blakemore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Opuscula Zoologica |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=19–30 |issn=2063-1588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730205120/http://opuscula.elte.hu/PDF/Tomus36/3_Blakemore.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Daga gaba zuwa baya, ainihin siffar tsutsa shine bututun cylindrical-in-a-tube, an raba shi zuwa jerin sassan (wanda ake kira metamers) wanda ke raba jiki. Furrows galibi ana iya gani a waje a jikin da ke rarraba sassan. Dorsal pores da nephridiopores suna fitar da ruwa wanda ke da danshi kuma yana kare farfajiyar tsutsotsi, yana ba shi damar numfashi.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Sai dai ga baki da sassan hanci, kowane ɓangaren yana ɗauke da gashi mai kama da gashi wanda ake kira setae na gefe wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rataye sassan jiki yayin motsi. Dabbobi na iya samun nau'i-nau'i huɗu na setae a kowane sashi ko fiye da takwas wani lokacin suna samar da cikakken da'irar setae a kowace sashi.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Ana amfani da setae na musamman na ventral don rataye maciji ta hanyar shiga cikin jikin matansu.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Gabaɗaya, a cikin jinsin, yawan ɓangarorin da aka samo sun dace da samfurori, kuma an haifi mutane tare da yawan ɓangarori da za su kasance a duk rayuwarsu, girma a cikin girman ta hanyar faɗaɗa ɓangarorin yanzu maimakon ta ƙara sabbin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Kuo Hua |last2=Pratt |first2=Karl C. |year=1931 |title=Do earthworms grow by adding segments? |url=https://z-library.ec/book/ELR54KDQXV |journal=[[The American Naturalist]] |volume=65 |issue=696 |pages=31–48 |bibcode=1931ANat...65...31S |doi=10.1086/280345 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Sashe na farko na jiki (kashi na 1) yana nuna baki na tsutsotsi kuma, a kan baki, wani nau'i mai nama da ake kira prostomium, wanda ke rufe ƙofar lokacin da tsutsotsi ke hutawa, amma kuma ana amfani dashi don jin da kuma jin abubuwan da ke kewaye da tsutsotsi.<ref name="Laverack1960">{{Cite journal |last=Laverack |first=M. S. |date=May 1960 |title=Tactile and chemical perception in earthworms. I. Responses to touch, sodium chloride, quinine and sugars |url=https://z-library.ec/book/7y34x2g8XJ |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=155–156 |doi=10.1016/0010-406X(60)90047-5 |access-date=18 August 2026}}</ref> Wasu nau'o'in tsutsotsi na iya amfani da prostomium mai kamawa don kamawa da ja abubuwa kamar ciyawa da ganye a cikin ramin su. Wani tsutsa mai girma yana haɓaka ƙwayoyin glandular mai kama da bel, wanda ake kira clitellum, wanda ke rufe ɓangarori da yawa zuwa gaban dabba. Wannan wani bangare ne na tsarin haihuwa kuma yana samar da kwai. Sashe na baya ya fi yawanci cylindrical kamar sauran jiki, amma dangane da nau'in, yana iya zama quadrangular, octagonal, trapezoidal, ko shimfiɗa. Sashe na ƙarshe ana kiransa periproct; anus na earthworm, ɗan gajeren tsagewa a tsaye, ana samunsa a wannan ɓangaren. [[File:Annelid_redone_w_white_background.svg|alt=A segment of an earthworm posterior to the clitellum including all of the segmental structures|center|700x700px|Wani sashi na tsutsa na baya ga clitellum ciki har da dukkan tsarin sassan]] A waje na wani mutum sashi ne m cuticle a kan fata, yawanci pigmented ja zuwa launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke da musamman sel cewa ɓoye mucus a kan cuticle don kiyaye jiki da kuma sauƙaƙe motsi ta cikin ƙasa. A karkashin fata akwai wani nau'i na jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, da kuma nau'i biyu na tsokoki - wani nau'in tsokoki na waje, da kuma mafi kauri na tsokoshi masu tsayi. Cikin ciki zuwa layin tsoka yana da ɗakin da ke cike da ruwa wanda ake kira coelom wanda ta hanyar matsin lamba yana ba da tsari ga jikin tsutsotsi mara ƙashi.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Sassan suna rabuwa da juna ta hanyar septa (jama'i na "septum") <ref name="Edwards2022" /> wanda ke da bangon bangon, yana ba da damar ruwan coelomic ya wuce tsakanin sassan. Tsarin da ake kira nephrostomes suna bayan kowane septum; wani nephric tubule yana jagorantar daga kowane nephrostome ta hanyar septum kuma zuwa cikin ɓangaren da ke biyowa. Wannan tubule sa'an nan kuma yana haifar da babban sashin tace ruwa na jiki, nephridium ko metanephridium, wanda ke cire sharar metabolism daga Ruwan coelomic kuma ya fitar da shi ta hanyar pores da ake kira nephridiopores a gefen tsutsotsi; yawanci, ana samun nephridia biyu (wani lokacin fiye) a mafi yawan sassan.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> A tsakiyar tsutsotsi shine hanyar narkewa, wanda ke gudana kai tsaye daga baki zuwa anus ba tare da juyawa ba, kuma yana gefen sama da ƙasa da jijiyoyin jini (kayan jini na dorsal da jijiyoyin jinin ventral da kuma jijiyoyin jini na subneural) da kuma jijiyar jijiyoyin ventral, kuma an kewaye shi a kowane ɓangaren da jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini guda biyu waɗanda ke haɗa dorsal zuwa jijiyoyin jini.<ref name="Edwards2022" /> Yawancin tsutsotsi na duniya na iya fitar da ruwa na coelomic ta hanyar pores a baya don mayar da martani ga [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]]. Australian ''Didymogaster sylvaticus'' (wanda aka sani da "blue squirter earthworm") na iya zubar da ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|30|cm|in}} in). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Myrmecofourmis |year=2018 |title=Meet the squirting earthworm |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuQEAuM9De8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/PuQEAuM9De8 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 August 2026 |publisher=Youtube |format=[[video]]}}</ref> === Tsarin jijiyoyi === [[File:Earthworm_nervous_system.png|thumb|280x280px|Tsarin jijiyoyi na ƙarshen baya na ƙwaro]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hw1m568awkehvl42hu1hr4saljxiaqc Tapeworm (band) 0 179155 967282 2026-10-13T19:57:14Z Galadanchi123 50022 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362294802|Tapeworm (band)]]" 967282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tapeworm''' wani aikin gefe ne na Amurka na Nine Inch Nails wanda ya wanzu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban daga 1995 zuwa kusan 2004. Tapeworm bai taba fitar da wani rikodin ba, amma ana yawan ambaton shi a cikin tambayoyin. Kungiyar ta fara ne a matsayin aikin gefe tsakanin dan wasan Nine Inch Nails Trent Reznor da membobin ƙungiyar rayuwa Danny Lohner da Charlie Clouser . A cikin shekaru ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa kuma ta samo asali sau da yawa don haɗawa da masu fasaha kamar Maynard James Keenan, Atticus Ross, da Alan Moulder, yadda ya kamata suna juya aikin zuwa babban rukuni. Bayan shekaru da yawa na jita-jita da kwanakin da ake sa ran fitarwa, Reznor ya sanar da ƙarshen aikin a shekara ta 2004. == Tarihi == Tapeworm ta asali ya faru ne a lokacin zaman rikodin Nine Inch Nails bayan yawon shakatawa na Downward Spiral a kusa da 1996. Yayinda suke aiki a kan kayan Nine Inch Nails, Danny Lohner da Charlie Clouser, duka mambobin ƙungiyar Nine Inch Niils, galibi suna fitowa da ra'ayoyin da Reznor ya ji bai dace da hangen nesa ga ƙungiyar ba. Tapeworm ya bunkasa a matsayin hanyar fita don wannan kayan - ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya inda Lohner da Clouser zasu iya aiki daidai da Reznor, sabanin Nine Inch Nails, wanda Reznor ke riƙe da iko na fasaha kawai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark Blackwell |date=February 1997 |title=Ninechnails |publisher=[[Ray Gun (magazine)|Ray Gun]]}}</ref> Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, Tapeworm ya samo asali ya zama babban rukuni, tare da mawaƙa baƙi kamar Maynard James Keenan, Page Hamilton, da Phil Anselmo masu rikodin kayan da za a yi amfani da su. A cikin 1999 Lohner ya ba da rahoton cewa an kammala waƙoƙi uku, kuma ya bayyana kayan daban-daban da ke nuna Anselmo a matsayin "NIN-meets-Pantera mai nauyi" da kuma "waƙoƙin Pink Floyd The Wall-type", da kuma kayan da ke nuna Keenan a matsayin "psychedelic, ayoyi masu juyawa da mawaƙa". <ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1999 |title=Nin, Tool and Pantera men team up in Tapeworm. But will we ever hear it? |publisher=[[Kerrang!]]. [[Bauer Media Group]]}}</ref>Tommy Victor ya rubuta kayan tare da ƙungiyar, kuma daga baya ya gaya wa Rolling Stone cewa ci gaba da jinkiri a kan Tapeworm ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarar da ya yanke na yin hutu daga kiɗa, tare da zargin Reznor da ba da guddina ga guitar na Tapeworn ga [[Marilyn Manson]]. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka bayar ga MTV News, Reznor ya yi tunani game da hadin gwiwar da ya yi da Keenan: {{Blockquote|It has been an interesting experiment for Maynard and I to peek around in each other's heads, shining flashlights in some shadowy corners ... We've realized we're each in somewhat similar places in our respective lives and outlook, so it's been great to collaborate on that level.<ref name="MTV 2002">{{cite web | url = http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1456878/20020806/id_1162708.jhtml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071015195034/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1456878/20020806/id_1162708.jhtml | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 15, 2007 | date = 2002-08-06 | title = Nine Inch Nails, Tool Frontmen Recording Together | first = Jon | last = Wiederhorn | publisher = [[MTV]]. [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] | access-date = 2008-02-16}}</ref>}} A shekara ta 2001, mai haɗin gwiwar Nine Inch Nails na dogon lokaci Alan Moulder ya bi diddigin "fiye da darajar kundin" na demos. Moulder ya ci gaba da bayyana waƙoƙin da ba su da kyau kamar The Fragile kuma sun kasance karkatarwa daga mafi yawan kayan Nine Inch Nails.<ref name="mtv">{{Cite web |last=D'Angelo |first=Joe |date=2001-02-13 |title=NIN's Reznor Teams With Tool's Keenan For Tapeworm |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439359/20010213/id_1162708.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113812/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439359/20010213/id_1162708.jhtml |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=2007-08-14 |publisher=[[MTV]]. [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Clouser ya bar Nine Inch Nails kuma ba a haɗa shi da Tapeworm ba. Kungiyar, wacce yanzu ta kunshi Reznor, Lohner, Keenan, da Atticus Ross, sun yi rajistar lokaci a cikin ɗakin rikodin da fatan samar da kundi. An kirkiro shafin yanar gizon hukuma, tapeworm.net (yanzu offline), don nuna hotuna daga lokuta daban-daban na rikodin, gami da hotuna na Josh Freese a bayan kayan drum.<ref name="Freese picture">{{Cite web |title=tapeworm |url=http://www.tapeworm.net/06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802232006/http://www.tapeworm.net/06.html |archive-date=2002-08-02 |access-date=2008-02-16 |publisher=Tapeworm}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2003, Lohner ya gaya wa ''[[Kerrang!]]'' mujallar cewa kundin ya kasance "a shirye don haɗuwa" amma an dakatar da shi ta hanyar batutuwan shari'a da suka samo asali daga rikice-rikice tsakanin Reznor da lakabin rikodin Keenan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-09-27 |title=Nine Inch Nails' Danny Lohner Comments On Tapeworm Project |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=15526 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607010540/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=15526 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |access-date=2008-02-16 |publisher=[[Kerrang!]]. [[Bauer Media Group]]}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton kayan Tapeworm sau da yawa yayin da kammalawar ta kusa, musamman ta MTV News da ''[[Kerrang!]]'', kuma an shirya za a sake shi a kan lakabin Reznor's Nothing Records. An fara yin rikodin rikodin band din ne a cikin Nothing Studios a [[New Orleans]], kodayake daga baya aka ruwaito cewa an tura su zuwa Southern Tracks Studios a [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]" id="mwYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Jojiya. A shekara ta 2004, Reznor ya ba da sanarwar cewa Tapeworm "ya mutu don makomar gaba", yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan lakabi, Keenan's A Perfect Circle obligations, da kuma raguwar sha'awar Reznor ga aikin. Reznor ya taƙaita mutuwar aikin ta hanyar cewa "launin ƙasa shine wannan: idan kiɗa ya kasance mai girma, duk wannan tabbas ana iya aiki da shi".<ref name="access">{{Cite web |last=Reznor |first=Trent |author-link=Trent Reznor |date=2004-05-08 |title=Nine Inch Nails: Access |url=http://www.nin.com/access/5_08_04/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718105114/http://www.nin.com/access/5_08_04/index.asp |archive-date=2007-07-18 |access-date=2007-05-21 |publisher=[[Nine Inch Nails]]}}</ref>A lokacin haƙa hira da wanda ya kafa digg Kevin Rose a shekara ta 2009, Reznor ya ci gaba da yin sharhi cewa ya yi tunanin cewa kayan ba su da kyau kamar yadda za a iya ba shi da asalinsa da Keenan kuma ba zai yiwu kayan ya fito ba, amma ya ci gaba ya ce zai so su biyu su sake aiki tare a wani lokaci a nan gaba. == Masu ba da gudummawa == Masu kiɗa waɗanda aka ambata a matsayin kayan rikodin Tapeworm, a cikin haruffa:   Waƙoƙi biyu ne kawai, "Vacant" da "Potions," aka gano su a matsayin waƙoƙin Tapeworm. Ba a sake su ba, kodayake wasu ayyukan Maynard James Keenan sun fito. Na farko, "Vacant" an fara ɗauka ne a lokacin zaman Tapeworm; waƙar da Lohner ya rubuta kuma Clouser ya sake shirya ta, tare da kalmomin da waƙoƙi ta Keenan da mawaƙa da muryoyin goyon baya ta Reznor.<ref name="mtv" /> An fara yin waƙar ne ta hanyar A Perfect Circle a duk lokacin da suka yi yawon shakatawa na shekara ta 2001.<ref name="mtv" /> MTV ta ruwaito cewa Reznor a bayyane ba shi da farin ciki cewa Keenan ya yi waƙar: "Dole ne in yarda cewa ina samun ɗan fusata ga "Vacant" don farawa a cikin wannan salon kafin in ji an fahimci shi yadda ya kamata, " <ref name="mtv" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan rushewar aikin Tapeworm, Keenan ya sake sake fasalin a kan kundin A Perfect Circle na 2004 Emotive a ƙarƙashin taken "Passive".<ref name="Vacant/Passive">{{Cite web |date=2005-07-26 |title=A Perfect Circle – eMOTIVe |url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?albumid=1021 |access-date=2007-11-11 |website=Sputnikmusic}}</ref> Wani aikin gefe na Maynard James Keenan, Puscifer, ya fitar da wani kundin da ake kira "C" Is for (Don Allah Shigar da Sophomoric Genitalia Reference HERE) tare da waƙa, "Potions (Deliverance Mix)," wanda ke da rubuce-rubucen rubuce da aka ba Trent Reznor. <ref name="Potions (Deliverance Mix)">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-13 |title=Puscifer Channels Tapeworm On New Album |url=http://www.noisecreep.com/2009/11/13/puscifer-tapeworm-nine-inch-nails/ |access-date=2009-11-19 |website=[[Noise Creep]]}}</ref> Dangane da jita-jita cewa Keenan ya fitar da waƙar Tapeworm ba tare da an yi wani canji ba, an sanya wani shafin yanar gizo a shafin yanar gizon Puscifer a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2009 yana cewa: {{Blockquote|Ok. Let's use an APC album as an example. eMOTIVe. APC did a song called "Imagine." If you view the credits for the song you'll find various bits of info. Generally speaking the writers name appears in parentheses next to the track. The performer info may or may not be listed in the album credits. If you see performer info it may be broken down to instruments. For example ... "Billy Howerdel - Guitars and Back-up Vocals. Josh Freese - Drums and percussion, etc... Or it may be a given that the people who performed on this project/album/track are the band in question. So it will just say "B Howerdel - guitars, Josh Freese - drums, M J Keenan - vocals, etc. ... But Writing credits are different. Next to "Imagine" you'll see the name John Lennon. Because he wrote the song. You may want to sit down for the next bit. Ready? John Lennon didn't perform or sing or play on the APC version of "Imagine." He didn't produce it, direct it, co-produce it, or grab us Latte's during the recording of it. Why? Because he's dead. He just wrote it. And we performed a version of it. If you visit the Project Credits of this site now, you'll start to see what we mean. Hope that helps.}} Daga baya Keenan ya ci gaba da zurfafa batun a asusun [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] dinsa sa'o'i tara bayan an buga shafin yanar gizon farko. Keenan ya tabbatar da asalin waƙar a cikin aikin Tapeworm yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa Puscifer ya rufe waƙar kuma ya saki ta hanyar salon kamar yadda A Perfect Circle ya yi tare da "Passive," yana cewa: {{Blockquote|[To] conclude if [I] may. If [you] HATE Potions, hate US not Trent. We wrote it together, but PUSCIFER produced it. It was my wedding present [to] him.<ref name="Keenan Via Twitter">{{cite web | title = Keenan On The Tapeworm/Puscifer Issue via Twitter | publisher = [[Maynard James Keenan]] | date = 2009-11-18 | url = https://twitter.com/mjkeenan/status/5836447121 | access-date = 2009-11-19}}</ref>}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}}{{A Perfect Circle}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ls4ow7if8mbd7qvblo7rxtjrpx0eg6r 967283 967282 2026-10-13T20:00:06Z Galadanchi123 50022 967283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tapeworm''' wani aikin gefe ne na Amurka na Nine Inch Nails wanda ya wanzu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban daga 1995 zuwa kusan 2004. Tapeworm bai taba fitar da wani rikodin ba, amma ana yawan ambaton shi a cikin tambayoyin. Kungiyar ta fara ne a matsayin aikin gefe tsakanin dan wasan Nine Inch Nails Trent Reznor da membobin ƙungiyar rayuwa Danny Lohner da Charlie Clouser . A cikin shekaru ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa kuma ta samo asali sau da yawa don haɗawa da masu fasaha kamar Maynard James Keenan, Atticus Ross, da Alan Moulder, yadda ya kamata suna juya aikin zuwa babban rukuni. Bayan shekaru da yawa na jita-jita da kwanakin da ake sa ran fitarwa, Reznor ya sanar da ƙarshen aikin a shekara ta 2004. == Tarihi == Tapeworm ta asali ya faru ne a lokacin zaman rikodin Nine Inch Nails bayan yawon shakatawa na Downward Spiral a kusa da 1996. Yayinda suke aiki a kan kayan Nine Inch Nails, Danny Lohner da Charlie Clouser, duka mambobin ƙungiyar Nine Inch Niils, galibi suna fitowa da ra'ayoyin da Reznor ya ji bai dace da hangen nesa ga ƙungiyar ba. Tapeworm ya bunkasa a matsayin hanyar fita don wannan kayan - ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya inda Lohner da Clouser zasu iya aiki daidai da Reznor, sabanin Nine Inch Nails, wanda Reznor ke riƙe da iko na fasaha kawai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark Blackwell |date=February 1997 |title=Ninechnails |publisher=[[Ray Gun (magazine)|Ray Gun]]}}</ref> Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, Tapeworm ya samo asali ya zama babban rukuni, tare da mawaƙa baƙi kamar Maynard James Keenan, Page Hamilton, da Phil Anselmo masu rikodin kayan da za a yi amfani da su. A cikin 1999 Lohner ya ba da rahoton cewa an kammala waƙoƙi uku, kuma ya bayyana kayan daban-daban da ke nuna Anselmo a matsayin "NIN-meets-Pantera mai nauyi" da kuma "waƙoƙin Pink Floyd The Wall-type", da kuma kayan da ke nuna Keenan a matsayin "psychedelic, ayoyi masu juyawa da mawaƙa". <ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1999 |title=Nin, Tool and Pantera men team up in Tapeworm. But will we ever hear it? |publisher=[[Kerrang!]]. [[Bauer Media Group]]}}</ref>Tommy Victor ya rubuta kayan tare da ƙungiyar, kuma daga baya ya gaya wa Rolling Stone cewa ci gaba da jinkiri a kan Tapeworm ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarar da ya yanke na yin hutu daga kiɗa, tare da zargin Reznor da ba da guddina ga guitar na Tapeworn ga [[Marilyn Manson]]. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka bayar ga MTV News, Reznor ya yi tunani game da hadin gwiwar da ya yi da Keenan: {{Blockquote|It has been an interesting experiment for Maynard and I to peek around in each other's heads, shining flashlights in some shadowy corners ... We've realized we're each in somewhat similar places in our respective lives and outlook, so it's been great to collaborate on that level.<ref name="MTV 2002">{{cite web | url = http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1456878/20020806/id_1162708.jhtml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071015195034/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1456878/20020806/id_1162708.jhtml | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 15, 2007 | date = 2002-08-06 | title = Nine Inch Nails, Tool Frontmen Recording Together | first = Jon | last = Wiederhorn | publisher = [[MTV]]. [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] | access-date = 2008-02-16}}</ref>}} A shekara ta 2001, mai haɗin gwiwar Nine Inch Nails na dogon lokaci Alan Moulder ya bi diddigin "fiye da darajar kundin" na demos. Moulder ya ci gaba da bayyana waƙoƙin da ba su da kyau kamar The Fragile kuma sun kasance karkatarwa daga mafi yawan kayan Nine Inch Nails.<ref name="mtv">{{Cite web |last=D'Angelo |first=Joe |date=2001-02-13 |title=NIN's Reznor Teams With Tool's Keenan For Tapeworm |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439359/20010213/id_1162708.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113812/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439359/20010213/id_1162708.jhtml |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=2007-08-14 |publisher=[[MTV]]. [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Clouser ya bar Nine Inch Nails kuma ba a haɗa shi da Tapeworm ba. Kungiyar, wacce yanzu ta kunshi Reznor, Lohner, Keenan, da Atticus Ross, sun yi rajistar lokaci a cikin ɗakin rikodin da fatan samar da kundi. An kirkiro shafin yanar gizon hukuma, tapeworm.net (yanzu offline), don nuna hotuna daga lokuta daban-daban na rikodin, gami da hotuna na Josh Freese a bayan kayan drum.<ref name="Freese picture">{{Cite web |title=tapeworm |url=http://www.tapeworm.net/06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802232006/http://www.tapeworm.net/06.html |archive-date=2002-08-02 |access-date=2008-02-16 |publisher=Tapeworm}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2003, Lohner ya gaya wa ''[[Kerrang!]]'' mujallar cewa kundin ya kasance "a shirye don haɗuwa" amma an dakatar da shi ta hanyar batutuwan shari'a da suka samo asali daga rikice-rikice tsakanin Reznor da lakabin rikodin Keenan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-09-27 |title=Nine Inch Nails' Danny Lohner Comments On Tapeworm Project |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=15526 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607010540/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=15526 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |access-date=2008-02-16 |publisher=[[Kerrang!]]. [[Bauer Media Group]]}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton kayan Tapeworm sau da yawa yayin da kammalawar ta kusa, musamman ta MTV News da ''[[Kerrang!]]'', kuma an shirya za a sake shi a kan lakabin Reznor's Nothing Records. An fara yin rikodin rikodin band din ne a cikin Nothing Studios a [[New Orleans]], kodayake daga baya aka ruwaito cewa an tura su zuwa Southern Tracks Studios a [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]" id="mwYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Jojiya. A shekara ta 2004, Reznor ya ba da sanarwar cewa Tapeworm "ya mutu don makomar gaba", yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan lakabi, Keenan's A Perfect Circle obligations, da kuma raguwar sha'awar Reznor ga aikin. Reznor ya taƙaita mutuwar aikin ta hanyar cewa "launin ƙasa shine wannan: idan kiɗa ya kasance mai girma, duk wannan tabbas ana iya aiki da shi".<ref name="access">{{Cite web |last=Reznor |first=Trent |author-link=Trent Reznor |date=2004-05-08 |title=Nine Inch Nails: Access |url=http://www.nin.com/access/5_08_04/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718105114/http://www.nin.com/access/5_08_04/index.asp |archive-date=2007-07-18 |access-date=2007-05-21 |publisher=[[Nine Inch Nails]]}}</ref>A lokacin haƙa hira da wanda ya kafa digg Kevin Rose a shekara ta 2009, Reznor ya ci gaba da yin sharhi cewa ya yi tunanin cewa kayan ba su da kyau kamar yadda za a iya ba shi da asalinsa da Keenan kuma ba zai yiwu kayan ya fito ba, amma ya ci gaba ya ce zai so su biyu su sake aiki tare a wani lokaci a nan gaba. == Masu ba da gudummawa == Masu kiɗa waɗanda aka ambata a matsayin kayan rikodin Tapeworm, a cikin haruffa:   Waƙoƙi biyu ne kawai, "Vacant" da "Potions," aka gano su a matsayin waƙoƙin Tapeworm. Ba a sake su ba, kodayake wasu ayyukan Maynard James Keenan sun fito. Na farko, "Vacant" an fara ɗauka ne a lokacin zaman Tapeworm; waƙar da Lohner ya rubuta kuma Clouser ya sake shirya ta, tare da kalmomin da waƙoƙi ta Keenan da mawaƙa da muryoyin goyon baya ta Reznor.<ref name="mtv" /> An fara yin waƙar ne ta hanyar A Perfect Circle a duk lokacin da suka yi yawon shakatawa na shekara ta 2001.<ref name="mtv" /> MTV ta ruwaito cewa Reznor a bayyane ba shi da farin ciki cewa Keenan ya yi waƙar: "Dole ne in yarda cewa ina samun ɗan fusata ga "Vacant" don farawa a cikin wannan salon kafin in ji an fahimci shi yadda ya kamata, " <ref name="mtv" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan rushewar aikin Tapeworm, Keenan ya sake sake fasalin a kan kundin A Perfect Circle na 2004 Emotive a ƙarƙashin taken "Passive".<ref name="Vacant/Passive">{{Cite web |date=2005-07-26 |title=A Perfect Circle – eMOTIVe |url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?albumid=1021 |access-date=2007-11-11 |website=Sputnikmusic}}</ref> Wani aikin gefe na Maynard James Keenan, Puscifer, ya fitar da wani kundin da ake kira "C" Is for (Don Allah Shigar da Sophomoric Genitalia Reference HERE) tare da waƙa, "Potions (Deliverance Mix)," wanda ke da rubuce-rubucen rubuce da aka ba Trent Reznor. <ref name="Potions (Deliverance Mix)">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-13 |title=Puscifer Channels Tapeworm On New Album |url=http://www.noisecreep.com/2009/11/13/puscifer-tapeworm-nine-inch-nails/ |access-date=2009-11-19 |website=[[Noise Creep]]}}</ref> Dangane da jita-jita cewa Keenan ya fitar da waƙar Tapeworm ba tare da an yi wani canji ba, an sanya wani shafin yanar gizo a shafin yanar gizon Puscifer a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2009 yana cewa: {{Blockquote|Ok. Let's use an APC album as an example. eMOTIVe. APC did a song called "Imagine." If you view the credits for the song you'll find various bits of info. Generally speaking the writers name appears in parentheses next to the track. The performer info may or may not be listed in the album credits. If you see performer info it may be broken down to instruments. For example ... "Billy Howerdel - Guitars and Back-up Vocals. Josh Freese - Drums and percussion, etc... Or it may be a given that the people who performed on this project/album/track are the band in question. So it will just say "B Howerdel - guitars, Josh Freese - drums, M J Keenan - vocals, etc. ... But Writing credits are different. Next to "Imagine" you'll see the name John Lennon. Because he wrote the song. You may want to sit down for the next bit. Ready? John Lennon didn't perform or sing or play on the APC version of "Imagine." He didn't produce it, direct it, co-produce it, or grab us Latte's during the recording of it. Why? Because he's dead. He just wrote it. And we performed a version of it. If you visit the Project Credits of this site now, you'll start to see what we mean. Hope that helps.}} Daga baya Keenan ya ci gaba da zurfafa batun a asusun [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] dinsa sa'o'i tara bayan an buga shafin yanar gizon farko. Keenan ya tabbatar da asalin waƙar a cikin aikin Tapeworm yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa Puscifer ya rufe waƙar kuma ya saki ta hanyar salon kamar yadda A Perfect Circle ya yi tare da "Passive," yana cewa: {{Blockquote|[To] conclude if [I] may. If [you] HATE Potions, hate US not Trent. We wrote it together, but PUSCIFER produced it. It was my wedding present [to] him.<ref name="Keenan Via Twitter">{{cite web | title = Keenan On The Tapeworm/Puscifer Issue via Twitter | publisher = [[Maynard James Keenan]] | date = 2009-11-18 | url = https://twitter.com/mjkeenan/status/5836447121 | access-date = 2009-11-19}}</ref>}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}}{{A Perfect Circle}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ivjkr1sr2zea5m6o3foioylkubv2v3e Tattaunawar user:ArchiveScholar 3 179156 967305 2026-10-13T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967305 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ArchiveScholar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ArchiveScholar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0ycdevlmewqyijomy7uk6bdrutjb8t4 Tattaunawar user:Ali Abubakar Nande 3 179157 967307 2026-10-13T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967307 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ali Abubakar Nande! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ali Abubakar Nande|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ehdlybe1syviv22r1he0l5vqgio10x5 Tattaunawar user:Galadanchi123 3 179158 967308 2026-10-13T21:23:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967308 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Galadanchi123! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Galadanchi123|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) eqmfq8e2uxa6aiq5i18a0kix7t4zhv6 Tattaunawar user:D3NBX 3 179159 967309 2026-10-13T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967309 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, D3NBX! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/D3NBX|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rdqefqtw3x3yzvh1d9phfj25cra88dn Tattaunawar user:Duckyquack10 3 179160 967310 2026-10-13T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967310 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Duckyquack10! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Duckyquack10|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) bm7eu39vuoha18kn8y19b413u350czi Tattaunawar user:Abubakar vapper 3 179161 967311 2026-10-13T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967311 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abubakar vapper! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abubakar vapper|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) b4q7u2ld66fxecv3wrcrboswufu70wx Tattaunawar user:BARAA NEDAL 3 179162 967312 2026-10-13T21:24:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967312 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BARAA NEDAL! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BARAA NEDAL|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 28h2z7sw37l3pbdx787omialdxjokt1 Tattaunawar user:François GOGLINS 3 179163 967313 2026-10-13T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967313 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, François GOGLINS! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/François GOGLINS|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 65pyppyd7f245kmh6alqt5t8de97tfg 967462 967313 2026-10-14T07:56:02Z François GOGLINS 50016 967462 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, François GOGLINS! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/François GOGLINS|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) <nowiki>:</nowiki>Merci, mais je ne comprends rien. --[[User:François GOGLINS|François GOGLINS]] ([[User talk:François GOGLINS|talk]]) 07:56, 14 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 7uviy90xkrq3917rubsv9m90v7sn0uh Tattaunawar user:JALockhart 3 179164 967315 2026-10-13T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967315 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JALockhart! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JALockhart|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) edx1hte3lmxnq3vvrfumpb4xs2x1di2 Tattaunawar user:Nassssy 3 179165 967316 2026-10-13T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967316 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nassssy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nassssy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fsrqilzg5v7swp4mbzdzsvpa0ap1ks6 Tattaunawar user:Lawiza Usman Adamu 3 179166 967317 2026-10-13T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967317 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lawiza Usman Adamu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lawiza Usman Adamu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 1y6p1dseplh618m22a1k5dpjy5b16im Tattaunawar user:Alice49097 3 179167 967318 2026-10-13T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967318 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alice49097! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alice49097|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) f3trmt23e0864we1fnp13g6g6gkh7dj Tattaunawar user:Miljøagentene 3 179168 967319 2026-10-13T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967319 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Miljøagentene! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Miljøagentene|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) l6micuag4prpyrmw3qjks353xhu5sua Tattaunawar user:Heykoo 3 179169 967321 2026-10-13T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967321 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Heykoo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Heykoo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) niy4emuchuifils9417d47k6mu29kk7 Tattaunawar user:World83 3 179170 967322 2026-10-13T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967322 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, World83! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/World83|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) qnv8i6ioatpwdmr6jkzumqs6p2qnln2 Tattaunawar user:Marshallaw2 3 179171 967323 2026-10-13T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967323 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Marshallaw2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Marshallaw2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) teducq5c0kuecq5jixvzinr0gsqxa0e Tattaunawar user:Nanahtj 3 179172 967325 2026-10-13T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967325 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nanahtj! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nanahtj|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ddjmo6u7qk7krqjutco2yhrpn021cxj Tattaunawar user:Salaar.Masud 3 179173 967326 2026-10-13T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967326 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Salaar.Masud! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Salaar.Masud|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 39nxbwp5onmtpkl7k8e82suxudpu7zu Tattaunawar user:Tasiusani40 3 179174 967327 2026-10-13T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967327 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tasiusani40! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tasiusani40|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8ofsix5r2i62igha5xm5mep82pv2ovw Tattaunawar user:Xenoborg21 3 179175 967329 2026-10-13T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967329 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Xenoborg21! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Xenoborg21|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) nn5oinafstpfmxcu8vf7d8smf3y54ts Tattaunawar user:Mwalin 3 179176 967330 2026-10-13T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967330 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mwalin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mwalin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3nsysdy81iaf53xn4176ln7uih4lir0 Tattaunawar user:Adam dankwarai 3 179177 967331 2026-10-13T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967331 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adam dankwarai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adam dankwarai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) n8zmjcowbej1d7xaar559t47dy3w455 Tattaunawar user:Lunn8901 3 179178 967333 2026-10-13T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967333 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lunn8901! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lunn8901|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) n0sbfxwku5vth7ejbe5i6yo0u6j1ew5 Tattaunawar user:Yoshi Solaris 3 179179 967334 2026-10-13T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967334 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yoshi Solaris! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yoshi Solaris|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ss37cd27ekp2i98oha6ps6x1smgny7e Tattaunawar user:Abbas ahmad medawa 3 179180 967335 2026-10-13T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967335 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abbas ahmad medawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abbas ahmad medawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tmvm90b49er2yz3p9rba96n0vc66llj Tattaunawar user:Powfoot 3 179181 967336 2026-10-13T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 967336 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Powfoot! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Powfoot|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) g4sztcypcbltfkq6y5knc6u8v7b2s2y Kiwo da Samar da Dabbobi a Jihar Gombe 0 179182 967412 2026-10-13T23:44:58Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Kiwo da samar da dabbobi a Jihar Gombe''' wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na harkokin noma da tattalin arzikin jihar [[Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kiwon shanu, awaki, tumaki da kaji, tare da samar da nama, madara, ƙwai, fata da sauran kayayyakin da ake samu daga dabbobi. Gwamnatin jihar tana ƙoƙarin inganta wannan fanni ta hanyar ƙarfafa kiwo na zamani, bunƙasa kasuwannin dabbobi da sarrafa kayayyakin da ake samu daga gare su.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Refo... 967412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiwo da samar da dabbobi a Jihar Gombe''' wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na harkokin noma da tattalin arzikin jihar [[Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kiwon shanu, awaki, tumaki da kaji, tare da samar da nama, madara, ƙwai, fata da sauran kayayyakin da ake samu daga dabbobi. Gwamnatin jihar tana ƙoƙarin inganta wannan fanni ta hanyar ƙarfafa kiwo na zamani, bunƙasa kasuwannin dabbobi da sarrafa kayayyakin da ake samu daga gare su.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da yanayin kiwo == Kiwo yana daga cikin ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a Jihar Gombe. Manoma da makiyaya suna dogaro da dabbobi domin samun kuɗin shiga da kuma samar da abinci ga al'umma. Kasuwancin dabbobi yana haɗa masu kiwo, dillalai, masu yanka dabbobi da masu sayar da nama, yayin da kayayyakin dabbobi ke taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin karkara da birane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Nau'o'in dabbobin da ake kiwo == === Kiwo da samar da shanu === Shanu suna daga cikin manyan dabbobin da ake kiwo a jihar. Ana kiwon su domin samar da nama da madara, da kuma sayar da su a kasuwannin dabbobi. Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana shirin bunƙasa kasuwancin shanu ta hanyar samar da wuraren kasuwanci na zamani, inganta wuraren yanka dabbobi da ƙara darajar kayayyakin da ake samu daga gare su.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Kiwo da samar da awaki da tumaki === Awaki da tumaki suna da muhimmanci ga masu kiwo saboda ana iya sayar da su domin samun kuɗi, amfani da namansu a matsayin abinci da kuma sayar da su a lokacin bukukuwa. Haka kuma, fatarsu tana iya zama ɗanyen kayan aiki ga masana'antun fata. Inganta lafiyarsu, samun ingantaccen abinci da kula da haihuwarsu na daga cikin matakan da za su taimaka wajen ƙara yawan amfanin kiwon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe begins mass livestock vaccination |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-begins-mass-livestock-vaccination/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=7 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Kiwo da samar da kaji === Kiwo da samar da kaji wani ɓangare ne na harkar dabbobi a jihar. Ana kiwon kaji domin samar da nama da ƙwai, waɗanda suke daga cikin muhimman abinci masu gina jiki. Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cewa shirye-shiryen bunƙasa fannin dabbobi sun haɗa da samar da wuraren tallafa wa kiwon kaji, tare da haɗa shi da sauran ayyukan sarrafa kayayyakin dabbobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmancin kiwo ga tattalin arziki == Kiwo yana taimaka wa al'ummar Jihar Gombe wajen samun ayyukan yi da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga. Masu kiwo, masu safarar dabbobi, dillalai, ma'aikatan mahauta da masu sarrafa fata suna samun damar gudanar da sana'o'i ta hanyar wannan fanni. Gwamnatin jihar tana son faɗaɗa wannan damar ta hanyar jawo hannun jarin kamfanoni da samar da tsarin da zai haɗa kiwo, yanka dabbobi, sarrafawa, marufi da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasuwanni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Samar da nama, madara da ƙwai == Nama, madara da ƙwai suna daga cikin muhimman kayayyakin da ake samu daga dabbobi. Waɗannan kayayyaki suna samar da furotin da sauran sinadarai masu muhimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan Adam. A cewar gwamnatin jihar, inganta samar da waɗannan kayayyaki a cikin gida zai iya taimakawa wajen rage kuɗin jigilar su daga wasu wurare, bunƙasa kasuwanci da samar da abinci ga jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Lafiyar dabbobi da rigakafin cututtuka == Lafiyar dabbobi tana da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da cewa ana samar da nama, madara da sauran kayayyaki masu inganci. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2026, Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta fara wani shirin rigakafin cututtukan dabbobi a faɗin jihar. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan cututtuka kamar *Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia* (CBPP), *Foot-and-Mouth Disease* (FMD) da *Peste des Petits Ruminants* (PPR), waɗanda ke shafar shanu, awaki da tumaki. An buƙaci masu kiwo da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki su ba da haɗin kai wajen gudanar da rigakafin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe begins mass livestock vaccination |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-begins-mass-livestock-vaccination/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=7 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta karɓi sama da alluran rigakafin dabbobi 200,000 domin yaƙi da manyan cututtukan dabbobi. An bayyana cewa za a yi amfani da alluran wajen kare dabbobi da kuma tallafa wa rayuwar masu kiwo. Irin waɗannan matakai suna da muhimmanci wajen rage asarar dabbobi da inganta samar da kayayyakin abinci daga gare su.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Targets Statewide Animal Health Coverage with 200,000 Vaccine Doses |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/gombe-targets-statewide-animal-health-coverage-with-200000-vaccine-doses/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=26 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen bunƙasa kiwo na zamani == Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe tana ƙoƙarin sauya kiwo daga tsarin sayar da dabbobi kai tsaye zuwa tsarin da ya haɗa da samarwa, sarrafawa da tallata kayayyakin dabbobi. A watan Agustan 2026, Voice of Nigeria ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin jihar tana shirin bunƙasa yankin ayyukan noma da dabbobi, kasuwar shanu ta ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma mahautar zamani. An kuma bayyana shirye-shiryen inganta samar da madara da kiwon kaji a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, gwamnatin jihar tana ƙarfafa amfani da hanyoyin inganta nau'in dabbobi, ciki har da haɗa maniyyin dabbobi ta hanyar fasahar zamani (*artificial insemination*) da haɗa nau'o'in dabbobi domin samun ingantattun zuriya. Ana kuma shirin bunƙasa samar da ciyawar kiwo, musamman ciyawar Napier, domin samar da abinci ga dabbobi da inganta samar da nama da madara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar kiwo == Daga cikin ƙalubalen da za su iya shafar bunƙasar kiwo akwai ƙarancin samun ingantaccen abincin dabbobi, cututtuka, kuɗin kula da dabbobi da buƙatar ingantattun wuraren kasuwanci da sarrafawa. Haka kuma, ƙarancin ma'aikatan kula da lafiyar dabbobi na iya kawo cikas ga samar da isassun ayyukan duba dabbobi da rigakafi. A watan Mayun 2026, shirin L-PRES na jihar ya bayyana cewa akwai ƙarancin likitocin dabbobi a aikin gwamnati, tare da ƙaddamar da shirin haɗa ƙwararrun likitocin dabbobi masu zaman kansu da masu kiwo domin faɗaɗa ayyukan kula da lafiyar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov Inuwa Addresses Veterinary Manpower Shortage, Introduces Private Veterinary Practice Programme |url=https://lpres.gm.gov.ng/home/2026/05/18/gov-inuwa-addresses-veterinary-manpower-shortage-introduces-private-veterinary-practice-programme/ |website=Livestock Productivity and Resilience Support Project |date=18 May 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Makomar kiwo a Jihar Gombe == Makomar kiwo a jihar tana da alaƙa da inganta lafiyar dabbobi, samar da abinci mai kyau, amfani da fasahar zamani, horar da masu kiwo da bunƙasa kasuwannin kayayyakin dabbobi. Idan aka aiwatar da shirye-shiryen samarwa da sarrafa kayayyakin dabbobi yadda ya kamata, fannin zai iya samar da ƙarin ayyukan yi, inganta wadatar abinci da ƙara kuɗaɗen shiga ga manoma da gwamnatin jihar. Sai dai cimma waɗannan manufofi zai dogara da dorewar shirye-shirye, ingantattun ayyuka da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Reforms Livestock Sector to Boost Economy |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-reforms-livestock-sector-to-boost-economy/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2c53rdbw4flrymibr4svo9pbr83uxff Haƙar Ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe 0 179183 967413 2026-10-13T23:48:50Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe''' wani ɓangare ne na albarkatun ƙasa da ke da damar taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Jihar tana da ma'adinai daban-daban, ciki har da farar ƙasa (limestone), gypsum, kaolin, kwal (coal), yashi mai silica, yumɓu da baƙin ƙarfe. Duk da kasancewar waɗannan albarkatu, har yanzu akwai damar ƙara haɓaka haƙo ma'adinai, sarrafa su a cikin gida da kuma samar da masana'antun da za su yi amfani da su.... 967413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe''' wani ɓangare ne na albarkatun ƙasa da ke da damar taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Jihar tana da ma'adinai daban-daban, ciki har da farar ƙasa (limestone), gypsum, kaolin, kwal (coal), yashi mai silica, yumɓu da baƙin ƙarfe. Duk da kasancewar waɗannan albarkatu, har yanzu akwai damar ƙara haɓaka haƙo ma'adinai, sarrafa su a cikin gida da kuma samar da masana'antun da za su yi amfani da su. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da yanayin albarkatun ma'adinai == Jihar Gombe tana cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda binciken ƙasa ya nuna kasancewar albarkatun ma'adinai iri-iri. Rahotannin gwamnatin jihar da hukumomin binciken ma'adinai sun nuna cewa akwai albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen masana'antar siminti, kayan gini da sauran masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin binciken kimiyya da tattara bayanai domin tabbatar da girman ma'adinan da za a iya haƙowa cikin riba a kowane yanki. <ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Report: Fiscal Allocation and Statutory Disbursement |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FASD-2012-2016-Gombe-State-Report.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, jaridar *The Sun Nigeria* ta wallafa rahoto kan damar ma'adinai a Gombe da kuma ƙarancin amfani da wasu albarkatun yadda ya kamata. Rahoton ya nuna cewa jihar na da ma'adinai masu yawa, amma bunƙasa masana'antun sarrafa albarkatun a cikin gida na daga cikin muhimman ƙalubalen da ake buƙatar magancewa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Manyan ma'adinan da ake samu a Jihar Gombe == === Farar ƙasa === Farar ƙasa (limestone) na daga cikin muhimman albarkatun ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da ita wajen samar da siminti da wasu kayan gini. Masana'antar Siminti ta Ashaka da ke jihar tana daga cikin muhimman masana'antun da ke amfani da farar ƙasa wajen samar da siminti. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ma'adinin ga bunƙasa masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Limestone |url=https://msmd.gov.ng/portfolio/limestone/ |website=Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Gypsum === Gypsum wani ma'adani ne da ake samu a Jihar Gombe, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen samar da siminti da kayan ado na gine-gine kamar *Plaster of Paris* (POP). Rahoton NEITI kan albarkatun ma'adinai ya ambaci wuraren da ake samun gypsum a jihar, ciki har da Baruwa da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Nafada, Tongo da ke yankin Malamsidi, Kanawa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Yamaltu-Deba, da Lakata a Ƙaramar Hukumar Billiri. <ref>{{cite report |title=A Survey of the Solid Minerals Landscape and Endowments in Nigeria |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NEITI-OPS6-A-Survey-Solid-Minerals-Landscape-Endowments-in-Nigeria-310120.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2026, hukumar Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) ta wallafa rahoto kan ziyarar bincike da ta kai yankin da ake samun gypsum a Ƙaramar Hukumar Funakaye. Ziyarar ta mayar da hankali kan tantance ingancin ma'adinin, tattara samfurori da gano damar da za a iya amfani da su wajen bunƙasa masana'antun sarrafa ma'adinai. <ref>{{cite web |title=RMRDC Explores Ashaka Gypsum Cluster to Boost Katsina’s Mineral Investment Drive |url=https://360.rmrdc.gov.ng/rmrdc-explores-ashaka-gypsum-cluster-to-boost-katsinas-mineral-investment-drive/ |website=Raw Materials 360 |date=21 May 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Kaolin === Kaolin wani nau'in yumɓu ne mai amfani a masana'antu. Ana iya amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyakin yumbu, takarda da wasu kayayyakin masana'antu, gwargwadon ingancinsa da sinadaran da ke cikinsa. Hukumar NIPC ta lissafa kaolin a cikin albarkatun ma'adinai da ake da su a Jihar Gombe, yayin da rahoton NEITI ya bayyana cewa jihar na neman masu zuba jari da za su taimaka wajen bunƙasa sarrafa wasu ma'adinai, ciki har da kaolin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Report: Fiscal Allocation and Statutory Disbursement |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FASD-2012-2016-Gombe-State-Report.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Kwal === Kwal (coal) na daga cikin albarkatun ma'adinai da aka lissafa a Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da kwal a matsayin makamashi a wasu masana'antu, amma amfani da shi yana buƙatar la'akari da illolin da hayaki da gurɓatar muhalli za su iya haifarwa. Duk da kasancewar kwal a cikin jerin albarkatun jihar, ana buƙatar takamaiman bayanai kan wuraren da ake haƙo shi, yawan abin da ake samarwa da matsayin ayyukan haƙo kwal a halin yanzu kafin a iya bayyana girman gudummawarsa ga tattalin arzikin jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Yashi mai silica da yumɓu === Yashi mai silica da yumɓu suna cikin albarkatun ƙasa da ake samu a Jihar Gombe. Ana iya amfani da yashi mai silica wajen samar da gilashi da wasu kayayyakin masana'antu idan ya cika ƙa'idojin inganci, yayin da yumɓu ke da amfani wajen yin tubali, tukwane da sauran kayayyakin gini. Hukumar zuba jari ta jihar ta kuma nuna cewa yumɓu na daga cikin albarkatun da ke da damar tallafa wa masana'antun gine-gine da sarrafa ma'adinai. <ref>{{cite web |title=GOSIPA |url=https://www.gosipa.gm.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> === Baƙin ƙarfe da sauran ma'adinai === Baƙin ƙarfe (iron ore) yana cikin albarkatun ma'adinai da aka lissafa a Jihar Gombe. Haka kuma, rahotannin albarkatun ƙasa sun ambaci wasu ma'adinai kamar bentonite, silica sand, talc, granite da sauran duwatsu da ma'adinai. Sai dai samun ma'adinai a jerin albarkatun jihar ba ya tabbatar da cewa ana haƙo kowannensu a kasuwanci ko kuma cewa an tabbatar da yawan ajiyarsa. Ana buƙatar binciken ƙasa, tantance samfurori da nazarin yiwuwar kasuwanci kafin a kafa masana'antu masu dogaro da su. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Report: Fiscal Allocation and Statutory Disbursement |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FASD-2012-2016-Gombe-State-Report.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmancin haƙar ma'adinai ga tattalin arziki == Haƙar ma'adinai na iya samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa da sauran mazauna jihar, musamman a fannonin haƙo albarkatu, jigilar su, kasuwanci da sarrafa su. Haka kuma, samun masana'antun sarrafa ma'adinai a cikin gida na iya ƙara darajar albarkatun ƙasa, samar da kuɗin shiga da ƙarfafa kasuwanci tsakanin Jihar Gombe da sauran jihohin Najeriya. Hukumar NIPC ta bayyana albarkatun ma'adinai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannoni da za su iya jawo zuba jari a jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Haƙar ma'adinai da bunƙasa masana'antu == Haƙar ma'adinai tana da alaƙa da bunƙasa masana'antun gine-gine da sarrafa kayayyaki. Misali, farar ƙasa da gypsum na iya taimakawa wajen samar da siminti, yayin da yumɓu da wasu duwatsu za su iya tallafa wa samar da tubali da sauran kayan gini. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana farar ƙasa, gypsum da yumɓu a matsayin muhimman albarkatu da za su iya jawo zuba jari a masana'antu. <ref>{{cite web |title=GOSIPA |url=https://www.gosipa.gm.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin gwamnati da zuba jari == Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe tana neman jawo hankalin masu zuba jari zuwa fannin ma'adinai domin ƙara sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa da samar da ayyukan yi. Hukumar Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency (GOSIPA) tana nuna farar ƙasa, gypsum da yumɓu a matsayin wasu daga cikin albarkatun da za su iya taimaka wa masana'antun gine-gine da sauran sassan tattalin arziki. Haka kuma, hukumar NIPC tana tattara bayanan damar zuba jari a jihar domin taimaka wa masu zuba jari su gano fannoni masu amfani. <ref>{{cite web |title=GOSIPA |url=https://www.gosipa.gm.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2026, RMRDC ta kuma wallafa rahoto kan ziyarar da ofishinta na Jihar Katsina ya kai Gombe domin binciken damar amfani da fluorite da gypsum. Wannan ziyara ta nuna cewa ana ci gaba da neman hanyoyin haɗa albarkatun ma'adinai da buƙatun masu zuba jari da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki. <ref>{{cite web |title=RMRDC Katsina Explores Industrial Mineral Opportunities in Gombe State |url=https://360.rmrdc.gov.ng/rmrdc-katsina-explores-industrial-mineral-opportunities-in-gombe-state/ |website=Raw Materials 360 |date=15 July 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Ƙalubalen haƙar ma'adinai == Duk da albarkatun da ake da su, akwai ƙalubale da za su iya hana bunƙasa fannin haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarancin masana'antun sarrafa ma'adinai, buƙatar ƙarin binciken kimiyya, kuɗin kafa masana'antu, sufuri da buƙatar ingantattun kayan aiki. Rahoton *The Sun Nigeria* na Janairun 2026 ya jaddada sabanin da ke tsakanin yawan albarkatun ma'adinai da ƙarancin amfani da su wajen bunƙasa masana'antu a jihar. <ref>{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Kare muhalli da lafiyar al'umma == Haƙar ma'adinai na iya haifar da matsalolin muhalli idan ba a gudanar da ita yadda ya kamata ba. Haƙo ma'adinai ba tare da tsare-tsaren kariya ba na iya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, gurɓatar ruwa, ƙura da lalacewar wuraren zama. Saboda haka, ya kamata masu haƙar ma'adinai su bi dokokin da suka shafi lasisi, tsaron wurin aiki, kula da sharar ma'adinai da dawo da wuraren da aka haƙa zuwa yanayin da ya dace. Hukumomin gwamnati sun jaddada muhimmancin kula da muhalli da tabbatar da amincin ayyukan ma'adinai a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=NNRA Gombe Zonal Office Engages Gombe State Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources |url=https://nnra.gov.ng/nnra/post-nnra_gombe_zonal_office_engages_gombe_state_ministry_of_energy_and_mineral_resources |website=Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Solid Minerals Development |url=https://msmd.gov.ng/ |website=Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Makomar haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe == Makomar haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe za ta dogara da ingantaccen binciken ƙasa, jawo zuba jari, kafa masana'antun sarrafawa da kuma kula da muhalli. Samar da bayanan kimiyya masu inganci game da wurare, yawan ma'adinai da ingancinsu zai taimaka wajen rage haɗarin zuba jari da ƙarfafa amfani da albarkatun cikin gida. Idan aka gudanar da ayyukan cikin tsari da gaskiya, haƙar ma'adinai na iya taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi, ƙara darajar kayayyakin gida da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mineral Exploration & Evaluation |url=https://ngsa.gov.ng/mineral-exploration-evaluation/ |website=Nigeria Geological Survey Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4gssve9vu4aoovq0lnvoofy6ax84cij Gombe Aba Hill 0 179184 967466 2026-10-14T09:32:27Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gombe Aba Hill''' tudu ne da ke cikin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana da tsayin mita 403 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Aba Hill |url=https://mapcarta.com/26402298 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Gombe Aba Hill yana kusa da Wuro Baye da Towal. Matsayinsa na ƙasa yana a kusan latitud 10.82597° arewa da longitid 10.61555° gabas. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Aba Hill |url=https://www.geonames.or... 967466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gombe Aba Hill''' tudu ne da ke cikin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana da tsayin mita 403 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Aba Hill |url=https://mapcarta.com/26402298 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Gombe Aba Hill yana kusa da Wuro Baye da Towal. Matsayinsa na ƙasa yana a kusan latitud 10.82597° arewa da longitid 10.61555° gabas. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Aba Hill |url=https://www.geonames.org/search.html?q=Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Tsayin tudun ya kai mita 403 (ƙafa 1,322) sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Aba Hill Map |url=https://mapcarta.com/26402298 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 454xil7uiapsygc253h0jtlk3zmtvux Nape Hill 0 179185 967467 2026-10-14T09:33:46Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Nape Hill''' tudu ne da ke kusa da Nape, a yankin [[Dukku (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An kiyasta tsayinsa da kusan mita 518 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nape Hill |url=https://peakery.com/nape-hill-nigeria/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Nape Hill yana kusa da garin Nape, wanda ke cikin Karamar Hukumar Dukku. Wurin yana da tsayin kusan mita 518 sama da matakin teku, bisa bayanan taswirar ƙasa.... 967467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nape Hill''' tudu ne da ke kusa da Nape, a yankin [[Dukku (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An kiyasta tsayinsa da kusan mita 518 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nape Hill |url=https://peakery.com/nape-hill-nigeria/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Nape Hill yana kusa da garin Nape, wanda ke cikin Karamar Hukumar Dukku. Wurin yana da tsayin kusan mita 518 sama da matakin teku, bisa bayanan taswirar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nape Hill |url=https://peakery.com/nape-hill-nigeria/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} n64s7tgluczlomfexst5agvndw89z2r Lergo Hills 0 179186 967468 2026-10-14T09:35:02Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lergo Hills''' tuddai ne da ke yankin [[Akko (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Tuddai suna kusa da garin Lergo da yankin Tumu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tumu Map – Locality – Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16988694 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Lergo Hills suna kusan kilomita 4.5 daga yammacin Tumu, a yankin Akko. Taswirar yankin ta nuna cewa akwai wasu tuddai a kusa da su, ciki har da Yelwa... 967468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lergo Hills''' tuddai ne da ke yankin [[Akko (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Tuddai suna kusa da garin Lergo da yankin Tumu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tumu Map – Locality – Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16988694 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Lergo Hills suna kusan kilomita 4.5 daga yammacin Tumu, a yankin Akko. Taswirar yankin ta nuna cewa akwai wasu tuddai a kusa da su, ciki har da Yelwa Hill da Lamugu Hill. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tumu Map – Locality – Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16988694 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ar3x67d3efd7fk9jqxqxjpgc7x0wn59 Bima Hills 0 179187 967469 2026-10-14T09:40:20Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bima Hills''' jerin tuddai ne da ke [[Yamaltu/Deba (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Yamaltu/Deba]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Tuddai ne da suka shahara saboda yanayin ƙasarsu da kuma muhimmancin da suke da shi a al'adun al'ummar Hina. Yankin yana daga cikin wuraren da ake gudanar da ayyukan yawon buɗe ido da hawan tuddai a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual festival: over 1,500 youths climb Bima hills in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/annual-fes... 967469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bima Hills''' jerin tuddai ne da ke [[Yamaltu/Deba (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Yamaltu/Deba]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Tuddai ne da suka shahara saboda yanayin ƙasarsu da kuma muhimmancin da suke da shi a al'adun al'ummar Hina. Yankin yana daga cikin wuraren da ake gudanar da ayyukan yawon buɗe ido da hawan tuddai a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual festival: over 1,500 youths climb Bima hills in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/annual-festival-over-15000-youths-climb-bima-hills-in-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Bima Hills suna kusa da ƙauyukan Shinga, Bayan Dutse da Goronso Gola. Taswirar ƙasa ta nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren tuddai yana da tsayin kusan mita 658 sama da matakin teku, kuma yana kusa da kogin Gongola da tafkin Dadin Kowa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bima Hills Map – Peak – Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17039966 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Bima Hills na daga cikin manyan tsarin tuddai da duwatsu na Jihar Gombe. Binciken yanayin ƙasa a yankin ya danganta wasu daga cikin duwatsun da duwatsun yashi na Bima (Bima Sandstone), waɗanda ake iya gani a wasu sassan jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Re-evaluation of the stratigraphy, structural, and depositional environment of Kolmani field, Gongola sub-basin, northeast Nigeria using outcrop data, ditch cutting data, and well log data for enhanced hydrocarbon exploration |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44288-025-00207-5 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Bima Hills na da muhimmanci ga al'ummar Hina, musamman wajen bukukuwan al'adu na shekara-shekara. A watan Janairun 2023, gidan rediyon gwamnatin Najeriya, Voice of Nigeria, ya ruwaito cewa matasa sama da 1,500 sun hau tudun a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin al'adun Hina na shekarar 2022. An gudanar da hawan tuddan ne domin ƙarfafa haɗin kai, zaman lafiya da hulɗa tsakanin 'yan asalin al'ummar da ke zaune a gida da waɗanda ke wajen yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual festival: over 1,500 youths climb Bima hills in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/annual-festival-over-15000-youths-climb-bima-hills-in-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Disamba 2025, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Najeriya (NAN) ya ruwaito cewa matasa 6,445 sun hau Bima Hill a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin al'adun Hina na shekarar. Ƙungiyar matasan Hina ce ta shirya aikin hawan tuddan domin inganta haɗin kai da bunƙasa al'adun al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thousands of Gombe youth ascend Bima Hill in dazzling festival kick-off |url=https://api.nannews.ng/thousands-of-gombe-youth-ascend-bima-hill-in-dazzling-festival-kick-off/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Yawon buɗe ido == Bima Hills na daga cikin wuraren da ake ziyarta a Jihar Gombe saboda yanayin tuddai da kuma bukukuwan hawan dutse da ake gudanarwa a yankin. Bikin hawan tuddan yana jawo matasa da sauran mahalarta daga yankin da wajen sa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual festival: over 1,500 youths climb Bima hills in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/annual-festival-over-15000-youths-climb-bima-hills-in-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jsii436p2jmbdj1aylf7ho7tgj6xikq Bazza Hill 0 179188 967470 2026-10-14T09:43:45Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bazza Hill''' tudu ne da ke [[Dukku (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma kiransa da sunan Baza Hill. Tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 156 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bazza Map – Hill – Dukku, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17040464 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Bazza Hill yana a kusan latitud 10.94746° arewa da longitid 10.96618° gabas. Yana cikin yankin Duk... 967470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bazza Hill''' tudu ne da ke [[Dukku (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma kiransa da sunan Baza Hill. Tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 156 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bazza Map – Hill – Dukku, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17040464 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Bazza Hill yana a kusan latitud 10.94746° arewa da longitid 10.96618° gabas. Yana cikin yankin Dukku, a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bazza Hill, Dukku, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2347393.html |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m728qoajy15h8nyxia2nt9zyzqj8ylq Amina Hill 0 179189 967471 2026-10-14T09:47:20Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Amina Hill''' tudu ne da ke [[Akko (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Tudun yana da tsayin mita 564 sama da matakin teku bisa bayanan taswirar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amina Hill Map – Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17045846 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Amina Hill yana kusa da Zange da Chabal, a yankin Akko na Jihar Gombe. Matsayinsa na ƙasa yana a kusan latitud 10.0518... 967471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Hill''' tudu ne da ke [[Akko (ƙaramar hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Tudun yana da tsayin mita 564 sama da matakin teku bisa bayanan taswirar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amina Hill Map – Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17045846 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Amina Hill yana kusa da Zange da Chabal, a yankin Akko na Jihar Gombe. Matsayinsa na ƙasa yana a kusan latitud 10.05188° arewa da longitid 11.17115° gabas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amina Hill Map – Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17045846 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Amina Hill na daga cikin tuddai da ke cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa na Jihar Gombe. Wani bincike kan tarihin al'umma da ƙaura a yankin Gombe ya bayyana Amina Hills a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tuddai da suka miƙe zuwa tsaunukan Tangale.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Assessment on the Historical Development of the Peopling, Demography and Migration into Gombe State Area up to 1980 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381173306_An_Assessment_on_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Peopling_Demography_and_Migration_into_Gombe_State_Area_up_1980 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7pt1hcgkc4dyn98p4aqfqx272ycv97b Kafarati 0 179190 967472 2026-10-14T09:54:33Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kafarati''' (wanda ake kuma rubutawa da suna '''Kafareti''') ƙauye ne da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Kwami]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin da al'ummar Bolewa suke zaune. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kafarati Map – Village – Kwami, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17017096 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da al'umma == Kafarati na daga cikin tsoffin matsugunan al'ummar Bolewa a yankin Gombe. Wani bincike kan tarihin al'umma, yaw... 967472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kafarati''' (wanda ake kuma rubutawa da suna '''Kafareti''') ƙauye ne da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Kwami]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin da al'ummar Bolewa suke zaune. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kafarati Map – Village – Kwami, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17017096 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da al'umma == Kafarati na daga cikin tsoffin matsugunan al'ummar Bolewa a yankin Gombe. Wani bincike kan tarihin al'umma, yawan jama'a da ƙaura a yankin Gombe ya lissafa Kafarati a cikin garuruwan da al'ummar Bolewa suka zauna tun kafin jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin Bolewa na Kafarati sun yi cuɗanya da al'ummomin Tangale da Tera daga Zabuk. <ref>{{cite web |title=An Assessment on the Historical Development of the Peopling, Demography and Migration into Gombe State Area up to 1980 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381173306_An_Assessment_on_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Peopling_Demography_and_Migration_into_Gombe_State_Area_up_1980 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Kafarati yana a kusan latitud 10.383° arewa da longitid 11.096° gabas, a tsayin kusan mita 496 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kafarati, Kwami, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2335709.html |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} smt9g77bnimxketo9ko3xl80gz7kywo Wuro Bali 0 179191 967475 2026-10-14T10:22:05Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Wuro Bali''' ƙauye ne da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Gombe Abba, kuma yana da lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) ta '''760105'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wuro Bali, Dukku - Postcode - 760105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-dukku-gombe-abba-wuro-bali.html |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Wuro Bali yana cikin yankin Gombe Abba na Karamar Hukumar Dukku. An kuma ambaci ƙauyen a cikin kundin r... 967475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wuro Bali''' ƙauye ne da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Gombe Abba, kuma yana da lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) ta '''760105'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wuro Bali, Dukku - Postcode - 760105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-dukku-gombe-abba-wuro-bali.html |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Wuro Bali yana cikin yankin Gombe Abba na Karamar Hukumar Dukku. An kuma ambaci ƙauyen a cikin kundin rumfunan zaɓe na Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC), inda aka jera rumfar zaɓe mai suna “Wuro Bali, Kofar S. Wuro Bali”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8paqkn3ji3e8volc19kas0smnlhjqi2 Yaiyero 0 179192 967476 2026-10-14T10:23:39Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yaiyero''' ƙauye ne da ke Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Wani wuri mai suna Unguwar Yaiyaro yana cikin Karamar Hukumar Funakaye, kusa da Bage da Mabani. <ref>{{cite web |title=Unguwar Yaiyaro Map – Locality – Funakaye, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16985972 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Unguwar Yaiyaro tana a kusan latitud 10.93192° arewa da longitid 11.36053° gabas, a tsayin kusan mita 326 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ungu... 967476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaiyero''' ƙauye ne da ke Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Wani wuri mai suna Unguwar Yaiyaro yana cikin Karamar Hukumar Funakaye, kusa da Bage da Mabani. <ref>{{cite web |title=Unguwar Yaiyaro Map – Locality – Funakaye, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16985972 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Unguwar Yaiyaro tana a kusan latitud 10.93192° arewa da longitid 11.36053° gabas, a tsayin kusan mita 326 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Unguwar Yaiyaro Map – Locality – Funakaye, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16985972 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rzp0jzt1fjx02ca10sskkodtssxaiho Hinna 0 179193 967477 2026-10-14T10:27:56Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Hinna''' (wanda ake kuma rubutawa da suna '''Hina''') ƙauye ne da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Yamaltu/Deba]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana gabashin Tuddan Bima kuma yana daga cikin tsoffin matsugunan al'ummar Tera a yankin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hinna Map – Village – Yamaltu/Deba, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17024644 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi == Bisa ga tarihin baka na al'ummar Tera, Hinna ta samo asali ne daga mats... 967477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hinna''' (wanda ake kuma rubutawa da suna '''Hina''') ƙauye ne da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Yamaltu/Deba]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana gabashin Tuddan Bima kuma yana daga cikin tsoffin matsugunan al'ummar Tera a yankin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hinna Map – Village – Yamaltu/Deba, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17024644 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi == Bisa ga tarihin baka na al'ummar Tera, Hinna ta samo asali ne daga matsugunan da mutanen Tera suka kafa bayan sun bar yankin Tuddan Bima. Zaɓen wurin ya danganci samuwar ƙasa mai kyau don noma da kiwon dabbobi, da kuma kusancinsa da tuddan da mutane za su iya fakewa a cikinsu lokacin hare-haren maƙiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=An Assessment on the Historical Development of the Peopling, Demography and Migration into Gombe State Area up to 1980 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381173306_An_Assessment_on_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Peopling_Demography_and_Migration_into_Gombe_State_Area_up_1980 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa Hinna ta kasance ƙarƙashin tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya wanda ba shi da cikakken tsarin mulki na tsakiya har zuwa kusan shekarar 1704, lokacin da Kuji Bukar ya zama shugabanta na farko. Daga baya, a zamanin Kuji Jibi, an haɗa al'umma tare kuma aka fara gina katanga domin kare matsugunin daga hare-hare. An kammala katangar a zamanin Kuji Leka, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1831 zuwa 1845. <ref>{{cite web |title=An Assessment on the Historical Development of the Peopling, Demography and Migration into Gombe State Area up to 1980 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381173306_An_Assessment_on_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Peopling_Demography_and_Migration_into_Gombe_State_Area_up_1980 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == Hinna na daga cikin manyan matsugunan al'ummar Tera a yankin Gombe. Tarihin al'ummar ya ambaci dangogi da dama a Hinna, ciki har da Midawari, Mbu-kare, Cin, Kobong, Ngulhi, Zala, Kadis, Kuka, Njaki da Bangyi. <ref>{{cite web |title=An Assessment on the Historical Development of the Peopling, Demography and Migration into Gombe State Area up to 1980 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381173306_An_Assessment_on_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Peopling_Demography_and_Migration_into_Gombe_State_Area_up_1980 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Al'ummar Hinna na gudanar da bikin al'adunsu na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da hawan Tuddan Bima, wasannin motsa jiki, raye-rayen gargajiya da gasannin al'adu. A watan Disamba na 2025, matasa 6,445 sun hau tudun a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin. An kuma gudanar da ayyukan taimakon lafiya kyauta ga mazauna yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Thousands of Gombe youth ascend Bima Hill in dazzling festival kick-off |url=https://nannews.ng/thousands-of-gombe-youth-ascend-bima-hill-in-dazzling-festival-kick-off/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Hinna tana a kusan latitud 10.31054° arewa da longitid 11.51648° gabas, a tsayin kusan mita 221 sama da matakin teku. Tana kusa da Ungwa Canteen da garin Deba Kowa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hinna Map – Village – Yamaltu/Deba, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17024644 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 64dgn9g3hkq4uohz2m08xzwbj83zo6j Babbar Kasuwar Birnin Gombe. 0 179194 967478 2026-10-14T10:29:17Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Babbar Kasuwar Birnin Gombe''' kasuwa ce da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Kasuwanci na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin birnin, wanda ke samar da guraben aiki da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga 'yan kasuwa da sauran masu sana'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Wuri == Kasuwar Gombe Ur... 967478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babbar Kasuwar Birnin Gombe''' kasuwa ce da ke cikin birnin [[Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Kasuwanci na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin birnin, wanda ke samar da guraben aiki da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga 'yan kasuwa da sauran masu sana'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Wuri == Kasuwar Gombe Urban Market tana yankin Herwagana, a ƙaramar hukumar Gombe ta Jihar Gombe. Bayanan kasuwanci da ake da su sun danganta kasuwar da hanyar Herwa Gana Road, a cikin birnin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Muhimmancin tattalin arziki == Kasuwanni suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattalin arzikin Jihar Gombe ta hanyar sauƙaƙa saye da sayar da kayayyaki da samar da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga. A birnin Gombe, 'yan kasuwa da ƙananan masana'antu suna amfani da damar da kasuwanci ke bayarwa wajen gudanar da harkokinsu da samar da ayyukan yi ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State BERAP Progress Report 2024 |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/gombe-state-berap-progress-report-2024/?refresh=68c24a0f2e56f1757563407&wpdmdl=19512 |website=Gombe State Ministry of Finance and Economic Development |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Kasuwanni masu alaƙa a birnin Gombe == Akwai wasu kasuwanni a birnin Gombe da suke da nasu ayyuka na musamman. Daga cikinsu akwai Kasuwar Hatsi ta Tudun Hatsi, wadda ta shahara wajen saye da sayar da hatsi. Rahoton jaridar ''Daily Trust'' ya bayyana cewa kasuwar tana cikin tsakiyar birnin kuma tana da dogon tarihi na kasuwancin hatsi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Gombe]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Tudun Hatsi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mvr6k2wi3wq534h0dujsp24qfnvc5md Iqra Integrated School Gombe 0 179195 967479 2026-10-14T10:30:18Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Iqra Integrated Nursery and Primary School, Gombe''' makarantar gandun yara da firamare ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An jera makarantar a matsayin cibiyar ilimi a yankin Gombe, kuma tana da lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) ta 771104.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iqra Integrated Nursery and Primary School, Gombe |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120096217 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Makarantar tana yankin Gombe, a kusa da latitud 10.... 967479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iqra Integrated Nursery and Primary School, Gombe''' makarantar gandun yara da firamare ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An jera makarantar a matsayin cibiyar ilimi a yankin Gombe, kuma tana da lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) ta 771104.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iqra Integrated Nursery and Primary School, Gombe |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120096217 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Makarantar tana yankin Gombe, a kusa da latitud 10.25684° arewa da longitid 11.18333° gabas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iqra Integrated Nursery and Primary School, Gombe |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120096217 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2rg9dd91nx9c0zukzpoc01w7o856j2y AQSAT School Kumo 0 179196 967480 2026-10-14T10:33:26Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''AQSAT School Kumo, Gombe''' makarantar firamare ce mai zaman kanta da ke yankin [[Kumo]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera makarantar cikin jerin makarantun firamare na Jihar Gombe da aka tattara a kundin bayanan makarantun ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Basic Schools List |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329110624/http://www.fmebasic.intellisys.xyz/index.php/index/37-states/gombe/154-gombe-state-basic-schools-list |access-date=1... 967480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''AQSAT School Kumo, Gombe''' makarantar firamare ce mai zaman kanta da ke yankin [[Kumo]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera makarantar cikin jerin makarantun firamare na Jihar Gombe da aka tattara a kundin bayanan makarantun ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Basic Schools List |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329110624/http://www.fmebasic.intellisys.xyz/index.php/index/37-states/gombe/154-gombe-state-basic-schools-list |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Makarantar tana yankin Kumo, a Jihar Gombe. An nuna matsayinta na ƙasa a kusan latitud 10.26078° arewa da longitid 11.17109° gabas.<ref>{{cite web |title=AQSAT SCHOOL KUMO, GOMBE |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120357086 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} szpdq8ak7kjevvy7aivxg4417sv1jra Ciniki da Kasuwanci a Jihar Gombe. 0 179197 967481 2026-10-14T10:34:00Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Ciniki da Kasuwanci a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin jihar, tare da noma da kiwon dabbobi. Kasuwanci yana haɗa manoma da masu sarrafa kayayyaki da dillalai da masu sayarwa ga masu amfani da su. Birnin Gombe yana da kasuwanni da wuraren saye da sayarwa, yayin da wasu garuruwa kamar Kumo da Kwadon suke taka rawa wajen cinikin kayayyakin noma da sauran kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market stil... 967481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ciniki da Kasuwanci a Jihar Gombe''' na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin jihar, tare da noma da kiwon dabbobi. Kasuwanci yana haɗa manoma da masu sarrafa kayayyaki da dillalai da masu sayarwa ga masu amfani da su. Birnin Gombe yana da kasuwanni da wuraren saye da sayarwa, yayin da wasu garuruwa kamar Kumo da Kwadon suke taka rawa wajen cinikin kayayyakin noma da sauran kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=FG unveils 160-shop vegetable market in Gombe |url=https://punchng.com/fg-unveils-160-shop-vegetable-market-in-gombe/ |work=Punch |date=2026-06-24 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Tarihin ciniki a Jihar Gombe == Ciniki a Gombe yana da alaƙa da noma da samar da abinci da sauran kayayyakin da ake buƙata a gida da wajen jihar. Kasuwannin gargajiya sun kasance wuraren da manoma da dillalai ke haɗuwa domin musayar kayayyaki da sayar da amfanin gona. Wani rahoto na jaridar ''Daily Trust'' ya bayyana cewa Kasuwar Hatsi ta Tudun Hatsi a birnin Gombe tana da tarihin sama da shekaru 80, wanda ya nuna muhimmancin cinikin hatsi a tarihin kasuwancin yankin. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Manyan kasuwanni == === Kasuwar Hatsi ta Tudun Hatsi === Kasuwar Hatsi ta Tudun Hatsi tana tsakiyar birnin Gombe, a kan hanyar zuwa fadar Sarkin Gombe, kuma tana da alaƙa da tsohuwar kasuwar birnin. An fi saninta da cinikin hatsi, inda ake saye da sayar da wake, gero, masara, dawa, shinkafa, waken soya da ƙwayar sesame. Rahoton ''Daily Trust'' ya nuna cewa kasuwar tana jawo 'yan kasuwa daga wasu jihohin Najeriya da ma ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> === Babbar Kasuwar Birnin Gombe === Babbar Kasuwar Birnin Gombe, wadda ake kira Gombe Urban Market a wasu takardun gwamnati, tana cikin wuraren kasuwancin birnin. Rahoton ci gaban tattalin arzikin jihar ya bayyana shirin inganta gine-ginen shaguna da rumfunan kasuwar, tsaro, hasken fitilun hasken rana da hanyoyin shiga da fita domin sauƙaƙa zirga-zirgar kayayyaki da inganta ayyukan kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite report |title=Reviewed Progress Report from Gombe State v3 |url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GOMBE-STATE-BERAP-PROGRESS-REPORT-2023.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Finance and Economic Development |date=2023 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> === Kasuwannin Kumo === Kumo na daga cikin muhimman wuraren ciniki a Jihar Gombe. Kasuwannin garin suna taimakawa wajen saye da sayar da kayayyakin noma da dabbobi da sauran kayayyaki. Kasuwancin hatsi yana da alaƙa da samar da abinci daga yankunan karkara, wanda daga baya ake kai wa masu saye a wasu sassan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> === Kasuwar kayan lambu ta Kwadon === A watan Yunin 2026, Hukumar Bunƙasa Filayen Noma ta Ƙasa (NALDA) ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar kasuwar kayan lambu a Kwadon, cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Yamaltu-Deba. Rahoton jaridar ''Punch'' ya bayyana cewa kasuwar tana da shaguna 160, kuma an samar da wasu muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa, ciki har da shinge, hanya, fitilun hasken rana da ruwa. An tsara kasuwar domin sauƙaƙa wa manoma samun masu saye da ƙarfafa cinikin kayan lambu da sauran amfanin gona masu saurin lalacewa. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=FG unveils 160-shop vegetable market in Gombe |url=https://punchng.com/fg-unveils-160-shop-vegetable-market-in-gombe/ |work=Punch |date=2026-06-24 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Manyan kayayyakin ciniki == === Hatsi da kayan abinci === Hatsi na daga cikin manyan kayayyakin da ake ciniki da su a jihar. Daga cikin nau'o'in hatsi da ake sayarwa a Kasuwar Tudun Hatsi akwai wake, gero, masara, dawa, shinkafa da waken soya. Ana sayar da waɗannan kayayyaki ga masu saye da dillalai, waɗanda suke kai su wasu kasuwanni domin amfani da su wajen abinci ko sarrafa su zuwa wasu kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> === Kayan lambu da sauran amfanin gona === Cinikin kayan lambu yana da muhimmanci ga manoma da masu sayar da kayan abinci. Ƙaddamar da kasuwar kayan lambu ta Kwadon a shekarar 2026 wani yunƙuri ne na inganta hanyar haɗa manoma da masu saye, rage asarar amfanin gona bayan girbi da ƙarfafa tsarin sarrafawa da adanawa da jigilar kayayyakin noma. <ref>{{Cite news |title=NALDA Perishables Market Opens in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nalda-perishables-market-opens-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-06-25 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> === Dabbobi da kayayyakin kiwo === Cinikin dabbobi yana daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki da ake gudanarwa a yankunan jihar. Kasuwannin dabbobi suna ba masu kiwo damar sayar da dabbobinsu ga masu saye, masu kiwon dabbobi da masu sana'o'in da suka danganci nama. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin takamaiman manazarta masu zaman kansu domin bayyana adadin dabbobin da ake ciniki da su da kuma girman kuɗaɗen da wannan fanni ke samarwa a jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Cinikin cikin gida da na tsakanin jihohi == Cinikin Gombe bai tsaya ga saye da sayarwa tsakanin mazauna jihar kaɗai ba. Rahoton ''Daily Trust'' ya bayyana cewa dillalan hatsi a Tudun Hatsi suna samun kayayyaki daga kasuwannin karkara da wasu jihohi, sannan su sayar wa masu saye daga wurare kamar Port Harcourt, Onitsha, Aba, Jos da wasu yankuna. Rahoton ya kuma ambaci cewa wasu 'yan kasuwa daga ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Ghana, Chadi da Nijar, suna shiga wannan kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Ƙananan sana'o'i da matsakaicin masana'antu == Ƙananan sana'o'i da matsakaitan masana'antu suna da alaƙa da harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka, sayarwa da rarraba kayayyaki da kuma samar da ayyukan yi. Takardun shirin gyaran tattalin arziki na Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun ambaci inganta yanayin gudanar da ƙananan sana'o'i da matsakaitan masana'antu ta hanyar gyara shaguna da rumfunan kasuwa da inganta tsaro da abubuwan more rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite report |title=Reviewed Progress Report from Gombe State v3 |url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GOMBE-STATE-BERAP-PROGRESS-REPORT-2023.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Finance and Economic Development |date=2023 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Gudummawar kasuwanci ga tattalin arziki == Ciniki yana samar da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga masu shaguna, dillalai, masu jigilar kayayyaki, masu ɗaukar kaya da sauran ma'aikatan kasuwanni. A rahoton ''Daily Trust'' kan Kasuwar Tudun Hatsi, an bayyana yadda ma'aikatan kasuwa ke ɗaukar kaya, sauke su daga manyan motoci, sake tattara hatsi cikin buhuna da kuma loda su domin jigila zuwa wuraren da ake buƙatarsu. Wannan yana nuna cewa kasuwanci yana samar da ayyuka fiye da na masu saye da masu sayarwa kawai. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> Kasuwanci yana taimakawa wajen haɗa masu samar da kayayyaki da masu amfani da su, kuma yana samar wa gwamnati kuɗaɗen shiga ta hanyar haraji da kuɗaɗen da ake karɓa bisa dokoki. Rahoton kan Tudun Hatsi ya bayyana cewa 'yan kasuwar hatsi suna biyan wasu kuɗaɗen shiga ga hukumomin gwamnati. Duk da haka, waɗannan alkaluma bayanan da aka ruwaito ne daga masu magana a lokacin da aka gudanar da binciken, ba lallai su wakilci halin da ake ciki a yau ba. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Ƙalubalen ciniki == Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen da 'yan kasuwar hatsi suka bayyana shi ne sauyin farashin kayayyaki. A cewar wani dillali da ''Daily Trust'' ta tattauna da shi, farashin hatsi kan sauya tsakanin lokacin da aka kulla ciniki da lokacin da za a aika kayayyakin zuwa ga masu saye. Wannan na iya jawo asara, jinkirin biyan kuɗi ko soke yarjejeniyar ciniki. Rahoton ya kuma danganta hauhawar farashin wasu kayayyakin abinci da tsadar kayan aikin noma da sauyin kuɗin musaya. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |title=Gombe grain market still booms, 88 years after establishment |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-grain-market-still-booms-88-years-after-establishment/ |work=Daily Trust |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> Wani ƙalubale shi ne buƙatar ingantattun wuraren ajiya, hanyoyin sufuri da kasuwanni masu tsafta da tsaro. Ƙaddamar da kasuwar kayan lambu ta Kwadon, wadda aka samar da ita domin inganta haɗin kai tsakanin manoma da masu saye da rage asarar amfanin gona, na nuna irin rawar da kayayyakin more rayuwa za su iya takawa wajen rage wasu matsalolin kasuwancin amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite news |title=NALDA Perishables Market Opens in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nalda-perishables-market-opens-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-06-25 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen bunƙasa kasuwanci == A watan Agustan 2026, Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta amince da ware naira miliyan 200 domin mayar da Kasuwar Hatsi ta Tudun Hatsi zuwa hanyar Dukku da kuma naira miliyan 60 domin biyan diyya ga waɗanda sauyin zai shafa. Jaridar ''Punch'' ta ruwaito cewa an bayyana manufar shirin a matsayin inganta tsara birni, rage matsalar cunkoson ababen hawa da samar da yanayi mafi dacewa ga ayyukan kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe approves N260m for grains market relocation |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-approves-n260m-for-grains-market-relocation/ |work=Punch |date=2026-08-21 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> Haka kuma, shirin samar da kasuwar kayan lambu a Kwadon ya haɗa gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin jihar wajen inganta kasuwannin amfanin gona. Samar da wuraren sayarwa da ruwa da hanyoyi da fitilun hasken rana na daga cikin abubuwan da aka ruwaito a matsayin matakan inganta yanayin kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite news |title=FG unveils 160-shop vegetable market in Gombe |url=https://punchng.com/fg-unveils-160-shop-vegetable-market-in-gombe/ |work=Punch |date=2026-06-24 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Makomar ciniki a Jihar Gombe == Inganta ciniki a jihar na buƙatar ci gaba da samar da kasuwanni masu kyau, hanyoyin sufuri, wuraren ajiya da tsarin rage asarar amfanin gona. Haka kuma, samun sahihan bayanan farashi da inganta hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da haɗa manoma da manyan masu saye na iya taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙa ciniki. Aikin kasuwar kayan lambu ta Kwadon da shirye-shiryen gyara kasuwanni da gwamnatin jihar ta sanar suna daga cikin matakan da ake ɗauka a wannan fanni. <ref>{{Cite news |title=NALDA Perishables Market Opens in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nalda-perishables-market-opens-in-gombe/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-06-25 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe approves N260m for grains market relocation |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-approves-n260m-for-grains-market-relocation/ |work=Punch |date=2026-08-21 |access-date=2026-10-14 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Noma a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kiwo da Samar da Dabbobi a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kasuwar Hatsi ta Tudun Hatsi]] * [[Babbar Kasuwar Birnin Gombe]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} Muhimman gyare-gyare kafin wallafawa - Infobox: An rubuta sunayen filayensa da Turanci kamar yadda ka nema. Ka tabbatar da cewa "Infobox economy" yana aiki a Hausa Wikipedia; idan ba ya aiki, a maye gurbinsa da samfurin infobox da ake amfani da shi a can. - Manazarta: An fi dogara da Daily Trust, Punch da Voice of Nigeria, tare da rahoton gwamnati. Ba a yi amfani da Britannica ba. - Tabbatar da bayanai: Wasu bayanai game da kasuwannin Kumo da dabbobi suna buƙatar ƙarin manazarta masu zaman kansu. Kada a ɗauki bayanan kuɗaɗen shiga na tsohon rahoton a matsayin na yanzu. - Tsarin Wikipedia: Ka duba ko sunayen shafukan da ke ƙarƙashin “Duba kuma” suna wanzuwa a Hausa Wikipedia kafin ka bar su a matsayin hanyoyin haɗi. m0rvdhqtf40y62ajb7bhg0dy53yyijw BraveRock Sports And Recreational Park, Gombe 0 179198 967482 2026-10-14T10:36:06Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''BraveRock Sports and Recreational Park, Gombe''' cibiyar wasanni da nishaɗi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Cibiyar tana kan hanyar Bauchi zuwa Gombe, a bayan Women’s Centre. Kamfanin Braverock ne ya samar da wurin domin wasanni, motsa jiki da nishaɗin iyalai da sauran masu ziyara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Braverock Park |url=https://braverockgroup.com/about |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Kayayyaki da ayyuka == BraveRock Sports... 967482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BraveRock Sports and Recreational Park, Gombe''' cibiyar wasanni da nishaɗi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Cibiyar tana kan hanyar Bauchi zuwa Gombe, a bayan Women’s Centre. Kamfanin Braverock ne ya samar da wurin domin wasanni, motsa jiki da nishaɗin iyalai da sauran masu ziyara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Braverock Park |url=https://braverockgroup.com/about |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Kayayyaki da ayyuka == BraveRock Sports and Recreational Park tana da wuraren gudanar da wasanni da ayyukan nishaɗi iri-iri. Daga cikin kayayyakin da ke cibiyar akwai filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ciyawa ta wucin gadi, wuraren motsa jiki, wurin wasannin na'ura (arcade), ƙaramin shago da gidan cin abinci a saman gini. Haka kuma, akwai wuraren motsa jiki na maza da mata da kuma ɗakin sallah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Braverock Park |url=https://braverockgroup.com/about |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana kan hanyar Bauchi–Gombe, a bayan Women’s Centre, cikin birnin Gombe. Adireshin da aka wallafa shi ne Braverock Sports and Recreational Center, Gombe 760253.<ref>{{cite web |title=Braverock Sports and Recreational Park |url=https://www.naijabased.fun/biz/braverock-sports-and-recreational-park |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fzqzjtkh0bhj4j5behsu784fl65ig2h S&S Kitchen 0 179199 967483 2026-10-14T10:37:21Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''S&S Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana lissafa shi a matsayin gidan abinci mai saurin bayar da abinci (fast-food restaurant), kuma yana kan hanyar Bauchi zuwa Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fast food restaurants in Gombe, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/gombe-gombe-state/fast-food-restaurants/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == S&S Kitchen yana kan hanyar Bauchi–Gombe, a Gombe, mai lamba... 967483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''S&S Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana lissafa shi a matsayin gidan abinci mai saurin bayar da abinci (fast-food restaurant), kuma yana kan hanyar Bauchi zuwa Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fast food restaurants in Gombe, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/gombe-gombe-state/fast-food-restaurants/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == S&S Kitchen yana kan hanyar Bauchi–Gombe, a Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) 760253. An wallafa lambar wayar wurin a matsayin +234 706 132 8042.<ref>{{cite web |title=S&S Kitchen |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/gombe-gombe-state/fast-food-restaurants/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5b3mwigp4438v1ol0581wn43dwehbqy Dados Foods, Gombe 0 179200 967484 2026-10-14T10:38:54Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Dados Foods''' gidan cin abinci ne da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yana kan titin Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, a yankin Buba Shongo na birnin. Gidan cin abincin yana ba da nau'ikan abincin Najeriya da na ƙasashen waje, tare da hidimar kai abinci gida da ofis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurant Review: Dados Foods, Gombe |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/restaurant-review-dados-foods-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi ==... 967484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dados Foods''' gidan cin abinci ne da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yana kan titin Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, a yankin Buba Shongo na birnin. Gidan cin abincin yana ba da nau'ikan abincin Najeriya da na ƙasashen waje, tare da hidimar kai abinci gida da ofis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurant Review: Dados Foods, Gombe |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/restaurant-review-dados-foods-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Dados Foods a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2018. A cikin wata bitar gidan cin abincin da aka wallafa a watan Janairun 2022, an bayyana cewa yana mai da hankali kan gamsar da abokan ciniki ta hanyar samar da nau'ikan abinci da hidima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurant Review: Dados Foods, Gombe |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/restaurant-review-dados-foods-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Abinci da hidimomi == Dados Foods yana samar da abincin gargajiya na Najeriya da sauran nau'ikan abinci. Daga cikin abincin da aka ambata a bitar gidan akwai wake da plantain da aka dafa tare, tare da sauran abinci na gida da na ƙasashen waje. Gidan yana kuma bayar da hidimar shirya abinci don bukukuwa da taruka, da kai abinci gidaje da ofisoshi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurant Review: Dados Foods, Gombe |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/restaurant-review-dados-foods-gombe/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Gidan cin abincin yana kan titin Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, a Buba Shongo, birnin Gombe. Adireshinsa yana da lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) ta 760253.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dados Foods Gombe |url=https://restaurantguru.com/DADOS-FOODS-GOMBE-Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gtvdr8h5c8eb6yugd3fnw6u6mnyhc9v Blu Lounge and Restaurant 0 179201 967485 2026-10-14T10:41:04Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Blu Lounge and Restaurant''' gidan cin abinci ne da wurin nishaɗi da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana kuma samun sunan ''Blu Lounge and Resto'' a cikin kundin bayanan kasuwancin birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurants in Gombe, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/gombe-gombe-state/caribbean-restaurants/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == An jera Blu Lounge and Resto a 2nd Avenue, Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya (Post... 967485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Blu Lounge and Restaurant''' gidan cin abinci ne da wurin nishaɗi da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana kuma samun sunan ''Blu Lounge and Resto'' a cikin kundin bayanan kasuwancin birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurants in Gombe, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/gombe-gombe-state/caribbean-restaurants/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == An jera Blu Lounge and Resto a 2nd Avenue, Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) 760253. An wallafa lambar wayar kasuwancin a matsayin +234 706 571 5459.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurants in Gombe, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/gombe-gombe-state/caribbean-restaurants/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} egrjwspfj5srcs9z49go4pkrlj7v77i Ctesibius 0 179202 967486 2026-10-14T10:41:48Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378524935|Ctesibius]]" 967486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Blockquote|When he had gone to visit Ctesibius who was ill, seeing him in great distress from want, he secretly slipped his purse under his pillow; and when Ctesibius found it, "This," said he, "is the amusement of Arcesilaus."}}{{Notelist}} [[File:ARAGO_Francois_Astronomie_Populaire_T1_page_0067_Fig16-17.jpg|thumb|Agogon ruwa na Ctesibius, kamar yadda masanin gine-ginen Faransa na karni na 17 Claude Perrault ya gani]] '''C'''Tesibius'''''' ko '''Ktesibios''' ko Tesibius (Girkanci na dā: ; 285-222 KZ) ya kasance mai kirkiro na Girka kuma masanin lissafi a Alexandria, Ptolemaic Misira . Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Ctesibius ba, amma abubuwan kirkirarsa sun kasance sanannu ne a rayuwarsa. Wataƙila shi ne shugaban farko na Gidan Tarihi na Iskandariya. Ya rubuta litattafai na farko game da kimiyyar iska da amfani da ita a cikin famfo (har ma a cikin wani nau'in Cannon). Wannan, tare da haɗin aikinsa On pneumatics on the elasticity of air, ya ba shi taken "mahaifin pneumatics". Babu wani rubuce-rubucen da ya rubuta, gami da Memorabilia, tarin bincikensa wanda Athenaeus ya ambata. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da kirkirar Ctesibius a yau shine bututun bututu (hydraulis), wanda ya kasance na cocin zamani. Ya auri wata mace mai suna Thai, wacce ba za a rikita ta da Thaïs ba, ''Hetira'' ta Girka wacce ta yi tafiya tare da Alexander the Great a yakin basasa. == Abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira == Ctesibius ɗan mai aski ne, an haife shi a kusan KZ, mai yiwuwa - amma ba tabbas ba - a Iskandariya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Efn|There is no direct evidence for the place of birth of Ctesibius. He is given {{lang|la|Alexandrinus}}, {{lit|the Alexandrian}}, as "an ethnic" or "a [[wikt:deme|deme]]" (the element in traditional Greek onomastic formulae ascribing geographic or ethnic origin),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizakis |first1=Athanasios |editor1=Robert Parker |title=Changing Names: Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Greek Onomastics |date=April 2019 |publisher=British Academy |isbn=978-0-19-188424-5 |url-access= subscription|url=https://academic.oup.com/british-academy-scholarship-online/book/37130 |language=en |chapter=New Identities in the Greco-Roman East: Cultural and Legal Implications of the Use of Roman Names |doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197266540.003.0011 |pages=237–257}}</ref> in early mentions and reference to his work, including by [[Vitruvius]] ({{BCE|1st century}}) in {{lang|la|[[De Architectura]]}}.<ref>{{cite book |author =Vitruvius |title=De Architectura |at= Book IX, Chapter 8.2}}</ref>}} Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin [[Aski|mai aski]], yana bin mahaifinsa.<ref name="hoff" /> [[File:Hydraulis_organ_of_Ctesibius.jpg|thumb|Sake gina hydraulis na Ctesibius a Gidan Tarihi na Kotsanas na Fasahar [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] ta Dā, a [[Athens]], Girka.]] A lokacin wannan aikin farko, ya kirkiro madubi mai daidaitawa. Wani daga cikin abubuwan kirkirarsa shine hydraulis, sashin ruwa wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mai gabatarwa na bututu na zamani da kayan aikin keyboard na farko. Shi da matarsa Thais an san su da ƙwararrun 'yan wasan kayan kida. An yi imanin cewa ya inganta hydraulics ta hanyar tilasta iska duk da bututu ta amfani da nauyin ruwa, maimakon amfani da nauyin gubar da ke fadowa. Ya inganta agogon ruwa ko clepsydra ('sataccen ruwa'), wanda kafin ci gaban bai dace ba saboda ba za a iya tsara kwararar ruwa daidai ba kuma a yi shi na lokaci mara kyau. Fiye da shekaru 1,800 agogon ruwa shine agogo mafi daidaito da aka taɓa ginawa, har sai masanin kimiyyar Holland Christiaan Huygens ya kirkiro agogo a cikin shekara ta 1656. Ctesibius ya bayyana daya daga cikin famfo na farko don samar da jet na ruwa, ko don ɗaga ruwa daga rijiyoyi. An sami misalai a wurare daban-daban na Romawa, kamar a Silchester a Burtaniya. An kuma danganta ka'idar siphon ga shi. An kuma yi imanin cewa ya kirkiro wani catapult mai amfani da iska tare da iliminsa na iska mai matsewa. An san abubuwan kirkirarsa ne kawai daga nassoshi na [[Vitruvius]] da Hero na Alexandria, amma sun yi aiki a matsayin tushe don ayyukan injiniya daga Hero na Alexandria da Philo na Byzantium. [[File:Ctesibius's_water_clock,_3rd_century_BC,_Alexandria_(reconstruction).jpg|thumb|Agogon ruwa na Ctesibius, sake ginawa a Gidan Tarihin Fasaha na ThessalonikiTasalonika]] == Sunansa == A cewar Diogenes Laërtius, Ctesibius ya kasance matalauci sosai. Laërtius ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan ta hanyar ba da labarin waɗannan game da masanin falsafa Arcesilaus: [[Vitruvius]], Athenaeus, Pliny the Elder, da Philo na Byzantium ne suka rubuta aikin Ctesibius wanda ya ambace shi akai-akai, ya kara da cewa injiniyoyi na farko kamar Ctesilius suna da fa'idar kasancewa a ƙarƙashin sarakuna waɗanda ke son suna kuma suna tallafawa zane-zane. Proclus (mai sharhi game da [[Euclid]]) da Hero of Alexandria suma sun ambace shi. A zamanin yau, yayin da Ctesibius ba a san shi da kyau kamar wasu masu kirkira na shekarunsa ba, an san shi a matsayin mai kirkira wanda ya kafa tushe don ci gaban fasaha na((((Ctesibius's work is chronicled by [[:en:Vitruvius|Vitruvius]], [[:en:Athenaeus|Athenaeus]], [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny the Elder]], and [[:en:Philo_of_Byzantium|Philo of Byzantium]] who repeatedly mention him, adding that the first mechanicians such as Ctesibius had the advantage of being under kings who loved fame and supported the arts. [[:en:Proclus|Proclus]] (the commentator on [[:en:Euclid|Euclid]]) and [[:en:Hero_of_Alexandria|Hero of Alexandria]] also mention him()))))) gaba da ci gaban injiniya. An san shi da aikinsa tare da pneumatics don a ba shi taken "mahaifin pneumatics" kuma an inganta abubuwan kirkirarsa don a yi amfani da su a cikin muhimman amfani na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ctesibius of Alexandria {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> == Bikin Tunawa == == Bayani == [[File:A_reconstruction_of_the_counterweight-adjustable_mirror_of_Ctesibius,_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg|thumb|417x417px|Sake gina madubi mai daidaitawa na Ctesibius a Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology, Athens, Girka.]] icosskx6jtmcgn4a313nysgn5fj9bil 967488 967486 2026-10-14T10:43:12Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 967488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Blockquote|When he had gone to visit Ctesibius who was ill, seeing him in great distress from want, he secretly slipped his purse under his pillow; and when Ctesibius found it, "This," said he, "is the amusement of Arcesilaus."}}{{Notelist}} [[File:ARAGO_Francois_Astronomie_Populaire_T1_page_0067_Fig16-17.jpg|thumb|Agogon ruwa na Ctesibius, kamar yadda masanin gine-ginen Faransa na karni na 17 Claude Perrault ya gani]] '''C'''Tesibius'''''' ko '''Ktesibios''' ko Tesibius (Girkanci na dā: ; 285-222 KZ) ya kasance mai kirkiro na Girka kuma masanin lissafi a Alexandria, Ptolemaic Misira . Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Ctesibius ba, amma abubuwan kirkirarsa sun kasance sanannu ne a rayuwarsa. Wataƙila shi ne shugaban farko na Gidan Tarihi na Iskandariya. Ya rubuta litattafai na farko game da kimiyyar iska da amfani da ita a cikin famfo (har ma a cikin wani nau'in Cannon). Wannan, tare da haɗin aikinsa On pneumatics on the elasticity of air, ya ba shi taken "mahaifin pneumatics". Babu wani rubuce-rubucen da ya rubuta, gami da Memorabilia, tarin bincikensa wanda Athenaeus ya ambata. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da kirkirar Ctesibius a yau shine bututun bututu (hydraulis), wanda ya kasance na cocin zamani. Ya auri wata mace mai suna Thai, wacce ba za a rikita ta da Thaïs ba, ''Hetira'' ta Girka wacce ta yi tafiya tare da Alexander the Great a yakin basasa. == Abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira == Ctesibius ɗan mai aski ne, an haife shi a kusan KZ, mai yiwuwa - amma ba tabbas ba - a Iskandariya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Efn|There is no direct evidence for the place of birth of Ctesibius. He is given {{lang|la|Alexandrinus}}, {{lit|the Alexandrian}}, as "an ethnic" or "a [[wikt:deme|deme]]" (the element in traditional Greek onomastic formulae ascribing geographic or ethnic origin),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rizakis |first1=Athanasios |editor1=Robert Parker |title=Changing Names: Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Greek Onomastics |date=April 2019 |publisher=British Academy |isbn=978-0-19-188424-5 |url-access= subscription|url=https://academic.oup.com/british-academy-scholarship-online/book/37130 |language=en |chapter=New Identities in the Greco-Roman East: Cultural and Legal Implications of the Use of Roman Names |doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197266540.003.0011 |pages=237–257}}</ref> in early mentions and reference to his work, including by [[Vitruvius]] ({{BCE|1st century}}) in {{lang|la|[[De Architectura]]}}.<ref>{{cite book |author =Vitruvius |title=De Architectura |at= Book IX, Chapter 8.2}}</ref>}} Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin [[Aski|mai aski]], yana bin mahaifinsa.<ref name="hoff" /> [[File:Hydraulis_organ_of_Ctesibius.jpg|thumb|Sake gina hydraulis na Ctesibius a Gidan Tarihi na Kotsanas na Fasahar [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] ta Dā, a [[Athens]], Girka.]] A lokacin wannan aikin farko, ya kirkiro madubi mai daidaitawa. Wani daga cikin abubuwan kirkirarsa shine hydraulis, sashin ruwa wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mai gabatarwa na bututu na zamani da kayan aikin keyboard na farko. Shi da matarsa Thais an san su da ƙwararrun 'yan wasan kayan kida. An yi imanin cewa ya inganta hydraulics ta hanyar tilasta iska duk da bututu ta amfani da nauyin ruwa, maimakon amfani da nauyin gubar da ke fadowa. Ya inganta agogon ruwa ko clepsydra ('sataccen ruwa'), wanda kafin ci gaban bai dace ba saboda ba za a iya tsara kwararar ruwa daidai ba kuma a yi shi na lokaci mara kyau. Fiye da shekaru 1,800 agogon ruwa shine agogo mafi daidaito da aka taɓa ginawa, har sai masanin kimiyyar Holland Christiaan Huygens ya kirkiro agogo a cikin shekara ta 1656. Ctesibius ya bayyana daya daga cikin famfo na farko don samar da jet na ruwa, ko don ɗaga ruwa daga rijiyoyi. An sami misalai a wurare daban-daban na Romawa, kamar a Silchester a Burtaniya. An kuma danganta ka'idar siphon ga shi. An kuma yi imanin cewa ya kirkiro wani catapult mai amfani da iska tare da iliminsa na iska mai matsewa. An san abubuwan kirkirarsa ne kawai daga nassoshi na [[Vitruvius]] da Hero na Alexandria, amma sun yi aiki a matsayin tushe don ayyukan injiniya daga Hero na Alexandria da Philo na Byzantium. [[File:Ctesibius's_water_clock,_3rd_century_BC,_Alexandria_(reconstruction).jpg|thumb|Agogon ruwa na Ctesibius, sake ginawa a Gidan Tarihin Fasaha na ThessalonikiTasalonika]] == Sunansa == A cewar Diogenes Laërtius, Ctesibius ya kasance matalauci sosai. Laërtius ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan ta hanyar ba da labarin waɗannan game da masanin falsafa Arcesilaus: [[Vitruvius]], Athenaeus, Pliny the Elder, da Philo na Byzantium ne suka rubuta aikin Ctesibius wanda ya ambace shi akai-akai, ya kara da cewa injiniyoyi na farko kamar Ctesilius suna da fa'idar kasancewa a ƙarƙashin sarakuna waɗanda ke son suna kuma suna tallafawa zane-zane. Proclus (mai sharhi game da [[Euclid]]) da Hero of Alexandria suma sun ambace shi. A zamanin yau, yayin da Ctesibius ba a san shi da kyau kamar wasu masu kirkira na shekarunsa ba, an san shi a matsayin mai kirkira wanda ya kafa tushe don ci gaban fasaha na gaba da ci gaban injiniya. An san shi da aikinsa tare da pneumatics don a ba shi taken "mahaifin pneumatics" kuma an inganta abubuwan kirkirarsa don a yi amfani da su a cikin muhimman amfani na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ctesibius of Alexandria {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> == Bikin Tunawa == == Bayani == [[File:A_reconstruction_of_the_counterweight-adjustable_mirror_of_Ctesibius,_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg|thumb|417x417px|Sake gina madubi mai daidaitawa na Ctesibius a Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology, Athens, Girka.]] mxcu8xqga3bz35z503qnfvofy64xzig Amdo Medical Centre, Gombe 0 179204 967489 2026-10-14T10:45:26Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Amdo Medical Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin bayanan asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clinics - Private in Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?countryid=&page=listing&regioncode=333&servicecode=195&subregioncode= |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Lambar waya == Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin lafiya y... 967489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amdo Medical Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin bayanan asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clinics - Private in Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?countryid=&page=listing&regioncode=333&servicecode=195&subregioncode= |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Lambar waya == Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin lafiya ya wallafa lambobin waya 0815 566 3962 da 0802 476 6961 na Amdo Medical Center da ke Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals and Clinics in Nigeria: Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branches/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria%26location%3DGombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} itrfdt2guozjdvg5rpv7a5tcn7kxazt Burack Maternity Clinic, Gombe 0 179205 967490 2026-10-14T10:47:12Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Burack Maternity Clinic''' cibiyar kula da lafiyar mata da haihuwa ce da aka jera a garin Burak, ƙaramar hukumar Shongom, [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. A cikin kundin bayanan cibiyoyin lafiya, an kuma rubuta sunanta da ''Burak Maternity Clinic''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Providers: North-East |url=https://ashmedintegratedhealthservices.com/newsite/providers-north-east/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana Burak, ƙaramar hukumar Shongom, Jihar Gombe. An... 967490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Burack Maternity Clinic''' cibiyar kula da lafiyar mata da haihuwa ce da aka jera a garin Burak, ƙaramar hukumar Shongom, [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. A cikin kundin bayanan cibiyoyin lafiya, an kuma rubuta sunanta da ''Burak Maternity Clinic''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Providers: North-East |url=https://ashmedintegratedhealthservices.com/newsite/providers-north-east/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana Burak, ƙaramar hukumar Shongom, Jihar Gombe. An jera ta cikin jerin cibiyoyin haihuwa da na kiwon lafiya na yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Providers: North-East |url=https://ashmedintegratedhealthservices.com/newsite/providers-north-east/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a83slmcdqhkf2t9n8poz0wqll95nc9u Gombe State Independent Electoral Commission (GOSIEC) 0 179206 967491 2026-10-14T10:50:12Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gombe State Independent Electoral Commission''' (GOSIEC) hukumar zaɓe ce mai zaman kanta ta [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya, wadda ke da alhakin gudanar da zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi a jihar. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da shirya da gudanar da zaɓukan shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi da kansiloli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Establishment of State Independent Electoral Commissions (SIECs) |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ELECTORAL-MANAGEMENT-BODIES-IN-NIGERIA.pdf |acce... 967491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gombe State Independent Electoral Commission''' (GOSIEC) hukumar zaɓe ce mai zaman kanta ta [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya, wadda ke da alhakin gudanar da zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi a jihar. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da shirya da gudanar da zaɓukan shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi da kansiloli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Establishment of State Independent Electoral Commissions (SIECs) |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ELECTORAL-MANAGEMENT-BODIES-IN-NIGERIA.pdf |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Babban aikin GOSIEC shi ne gudanar da zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi a Jihar Gombe. Hukumar tana shirya zaɓukan shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi da na kansiloli a faɗin jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=GOSIEC Conducts Local Government Elections In Gombe |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/06/27/gosiec-conducts-local-government-elections-in-gombe/ |publisher=Channels Television |date=27 June 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi na 2026 == A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2026, GOSIEC ta gudanar da zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi a faɗin Jihar Gombe. Zaɓukan sun gudana a mazabu 114 da rumfunan zaɓe 2,988. An zaɓi shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi da kansiloli, tare da zaɓukan shugabanni a ƙananan hukumomi 11 da ƙananan hukumomin ci gaba 13 da aka ƙirƙira.<ref>{{cite news |title=GOSIEC Conducts Local Government Elections In Gombe |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/06/27/gosiec-conducts-local-government-elections-in-gombe/ |publisher=Channels Television |date=27 June 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0m9d6mv3uu4nt3fog30rea0h3hsi2l8 HIV/AIDS Programme Development Project in Gombe State 0 179207 967492 2026-10-14T10:53:24Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''HIV/AIDS Programme Development Project in Gombe State''' wani shiri ne na bunƙasa ayyukan rigakafi da kula da cutar [[HIV/AIDS]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya, tare da tallafin [[Bankin Duniya]]. An fara samun tallafin Bankin Duniya ga shirin kula da HIV/AIDS a jihar a shekarar 2006, ta hanyar ''HIV Programme Development Project'' (HPDP).<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://gomsaca.org.ng/about/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da aiwatarwa == Gombe St... 967492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HIV/AIDS Programme Development Project in Gombe State''' wani shiri ne na bunƙasa ayyukan rigakafi da kula da cutar [[HIV/AIDS]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya, tare da tallafin [[Bankin Duniya]]. An fara samun tallafin Bankin Duniya ga shirin kula da HIV/AIDS a jihar a shekarar 2006, ta hanyar ''HIV Programme Development Project'' (HPDP).<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://gomsaca.org.ng/about/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da aiwatarwa == Gombe State Action Committee on AIDS, wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa Gombe State Agency for the Control of AIDS (GomSACA), ta taka rawa wajen tsara ayyukan da suka shafi rigakafi da shawo kan yaɗuwar HIV/AIDS a jihar. An kafa kwamitin a shekarar 2002, sannan aka samar da hukumomin kula da yaƙi da AIDS a matakin ƙananan hukumomi domin tallafa wa ayyukansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://gomsaca.org.ng/about/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manufofi da ayyuka == Shirin ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ayyukan da suka shafi yaƙi da HIV/AIDS, tare da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar hukumomin gwamnati da abokan hulɗar ci gaba. Ayyukan da suka shafi wannan fanni a jihar sun haɗa da wayar da kan jama'a, gwajin HIV, ba da shawarwari, kula da masu ɗauke da cutar, da hana yaɗuwar cutar daga uwa zuwa jariri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diseases Control and Immunization |url=https://gsphcda.gm.gov.ng/home/diseases-control-and-immunization/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r9x7zt7so3heaznuqmgu0cjhsfece0d Gombe State Environmental Sanitation and Protection Agency (GOSEPA) 0 179208 967493 2026-10-14T10:55:16Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gombe State Environmental Sanitation and Protection Agency''' (GOSEPA) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya, mai alhakin kula da tsaftar muhalli da sarrafa shara a jihar. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tattara shara, kwashe ta, wayar da kan jama'a game da tsaftar muhalli, da tallafa wa ayyukan da ke inganta muhalli mai lafiya. Hukumar tana aiki ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikatar gwamnatin jihar mai kula da muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–20... 967493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gombe State Environmental Sanitation and Protection Agency''' (GOSEPA) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya, mai alhakin kula da tsaftar muhalli da sarrafa shara a jihar. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tattara shara, kwashe ta, wayar da kan jama'a game da tsaftar muhalli, da tallafa wa ayyukan da ke inganta muhalli mai lafiya. Hukumar tana aiki ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikatar gwamnatin jihar mai kula da muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Babban aikin GOSEPA shi ne inganta tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar sarrafa shara da wayar da kan jama'a kan muhimmancin kiyaye tsafta. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: * Tattara da kwashe shara daga wuraren da aka ware domin zubar da ita. * Wayar da kan jama'a game da sarrafa shara da tsaftar muhalli. * Haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnati, kamfanoni da al'ummomi wajen inganta tsaftar muhalli. * Tallafa wa shirye-shiryen rage zubar da shara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da inganta lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State BERAP Progress Report 2024 |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/gombe-state-berap-progress-report-2024/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen sarrafa shara == A cikin rahoton ci gaban ayyukan jihar na shekarar 2024, an bayyana ayyukan da suka haɗa da gina wuraren tara shara, kwashe shara mai ƙarfi da ruwa, da wayar da kan al'ummomi game da sarrafa shara yadda ya kamata. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana haɗin gwiwar GOSEPA da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji da Hukumar Bunƙasa Birane ta Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State BERAP Progress Report 2024 |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/gombe-state-berap-progress-report-2024/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} djeb0mw17dnih1w41fyz0v8as0nmxkq Gombe Primary Health Care State Low Cost 0 179209 967494 2026-10-14T10:58:48Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Primary Health Care State Low Cost''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce da ke kan titin State Low Cost, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin wuraren kiwon lafiya na birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospital Businesses in Gombe |url=https://halaman-kuning.cybo.com/NG/gombe/hospital?p=2 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana kan titin State Low Cost, Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) 760251.<ref... 967494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Primary Health Care State Low Cost''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce da ke kan titin State Low Cost, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin wuraren kiwon lafiya na birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospital Businesses in Gombe |url=https://halaman-kuning.cybo.com/NG/gombe/hospital?p=2 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana kan titin State Low Cost, Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) 760251.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Health Care State Low Cost |url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Primary+Health+Care+State+Low+Cost+Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3neo4qi4mxvlaoyt1tob1d91syy81fr Primary Health Care Center Tudun Wada 0 179210 967495 2026-10-14T11:00:04Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Tudun Wada Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Tudun Wada, a yankin Shamaki, [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, tare da lambar rajistar cibiyar 15/06/1/1/1/0024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tudun-Wada Primary Health Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Tudun-Wada-Primary-Health-Cen... 967495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tudun Wada Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Tudun Wada, a yankin Shamaki, [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, tare da lambar rajistar cibiyar 15/06/1/1/1/0024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tudun-Wada Primary Health Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Tudun-Wada-Primary-Health-Center-Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Bayanan cibiyar sun nuna cewa tana bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na matakin farko, ciki har da kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da yara, ilimantar da jama'a kan lafiya, da kula da wasu cututtuka. Haka kuma, kundin bayanan ya ambaci dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kantin magani a matsayin wasu daga cikin abubuwan da cibiyar ke da su.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tudun-Wada Primary Health Center Shamaki, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/tudun-wada-primary-health-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana yankin Shamaki, Gombe. Wani kundin bayanai ya bayar da adireshin ta a bayan Tudun Wada Primary School, yayin da wani ya nuna ta a kan University Road, Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tudun-Wada Primary Health Center Shamaki, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/tudun-wada-primary-health-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Health Care Center Hospital Tudun Wada Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Local-Clinics-Primary-Health-Care-Center--Hospital-Tudun-Wada-Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m808sm8akecpswvrsavkobbidx0s50f Boulton da Watt 0 179211 967496 2026-10-14T11:00:31Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365981271|Boulton and Watt]]" 967496 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boulton & Watt''' wani kamfani ne na farko na injiniya da masana'antu na [[Birtaniya]] a cikin kasuwancin tsarawa da yin injunan tururi na Ruwa da na tsaye. An kafa shi a cikin Ingilishi West Midlands a kusa da [[Birmingham]] a cikin 1775 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antar Ingila Matthew Boulton da injiniyan Scotland [[James Watt]], kamfanin yana da babban rawar da ya taka a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]] kuma ya zama babban mai samar da injunan tururi a karni na 19. == Haɗin gwiwar injiniya == [[File:Grazebrook_Beam_Engine.jpg|right|thumb|An sake gina injin Boulton & Watt a kan Dartmouth Circus a kan A38 (M) a Birmingham, Burtaniya. An gina shi a cikin 1817 kuma an yi amfani da shi a Netherton a masana'antar ƙarfe ta M W Grazebrook .<br /> (Wurin: 52°29′33′′N 1°53′17′′W / 52.492537°N 1.888189°W / 52. 492537; -1.888189) ]] An kafa haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1775 don amfani da takardar shaidar Watt don injin tururi tare da mai rarrabawa <ref>{{cite book|last=Roll|first=Erich|title=An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation : being a History of the Firm of Boulton & Watt, 1775-1805|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1930|page=320}}</ref> ya yi amfani da man fetur fiye da tsohuwar injin Newcomen. (((((((((())partnership was formed in 1775 to exploit Watt's [[:en:Patent|patent]] for a [[:en:Steam_engine|steam engine]] with a separate condenser.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roll|first=Erich|title=An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation : being a History of the Firm of Boulton & Watt, 1775-1805|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1930|page=320}}</ref> This made much more efficient use of its fuel than the older [[:en:Newcomen_engine|Newcomen engine]]. Initially the business was based at the [[:en:Soho_Manufactory|Soho Manufactory]] near Boulton's [[:en:Soho_House|Soho House]] on the southern edge of the then-rural parish of [[:en:Handsworth,_West_Midlands|Handsworth]]. However most of the components for their engines were made by others, for example the cylinders by [[:en:John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)|John Wilkinson]].)))))))Da farko kasuwancin ya kasance a Soho Manufactory kusa da Boulton's Soho House a gefen kudancin Ikklisiya na Handsworth a lokacin. Koyaya yawancin abubuwan da aka haɗa don injinsu wasu ne suka yi su, alal misali [[John Wilkinson (masanin masana'antu)|John Wilkinson]] ya yi. A shekara ta 1795, sun fara yin injunan tururi da kansu a Soho Foundry a Smethwick, kusa da [[Birmingham]], [[Ingila]]. Tsakanin 1775 da 1800, Boulton da Watt sun samar da injuna 496.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Asa|title=The Age of Improvement|date=1994|publisher=Longman|page=26}}</ref> An ba da haɗin gwiwar ga 'ya'yansu maza biyu a cikin 1800. William Murdoch ya zama abokin tarayya na kamfanin a cikin 1810, inda ya kasance har sai da ya yi ritaya shekaru 20 bayan haka yana da shekaru 76. Kamfanin ya kasance sama da shekaru 120, duk da cewa an sake masa suna "James Watt & Co." a 1849, kuma har yanzu yana yin injunan tururi a 1895, lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga W &amp;amp; T Avery Ltd. Shekaru goma bankin su a London shine Charlotte Matthews bayan mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1792. Wata mace mai banki ba ta da kyau amma ta zama abokiyar sirri, hutu tare da Boulton, kuma ta ba su bashi mai yawa don tallafawa kokarin su. Lokacin da ta mutu tana da shekaru 43 a cikin 1802 iyalan Boulton da Watt ne ke gudanar da kasuwancin ta. Kasuwancin ya horar da matasa injiniyoyi waɗanda suka ci gaba da samun sananne. Daga cikin sunayen da aka yi amfani da su a can a karni na sha takwas sune James Law, Peter Ewart, William Brunton, Isaac Perrins, William Murdoch, James Watt, Jr., William Playfair, da John Southern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan, R. A. |year=1978 |title=Steam and the engineering community in the eighteenth century |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=50 |page=198}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Watt_apparatus_2.JPG|thumb|Kayan kimiyya wanda Boulton da Watt suka tsara a shirye-shiryen Cibiyar Pneumatic a Bristol]] Kamfanin ya bar cikakken tarihin ayyukansa, wanda aka ba birnin Birmingham a 1911 kuma an ajiye shi a ɗakin karatu na Birmingham. An ba da ƙarin ajiya ga tarin Boulton da Watt a cikin 2015 ciki har da rubutun. Tarihin ya ƙunshi: Bayyana fayiloli dauke da rubutu da nau'ikan zane. == Injinan aiki da aka adana == * Smethwick Engine, Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, an ƙera shi 1779. * Whitbread Engine, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, ƙera 1785, inci 25 (64 bore, bugun inci 72 (180 . * Crofton Pumping Station da aka ƙera 1812, 42+1⁄4-inch (107 ya yi, {{Convert|84|in|cm}} bugun jini.{{Convert|42+1/4|in|cm|0}} * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kew Bridge Steam ya ƙera 1820, {{Convert|64|in|cm}} bore, bugun jini na {{Convert|96|in|cm}} .<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Boulton and Watt Engine |url=http://www.kbsm.org/exhibits/boulton-and-watt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601074042/http://www.kbsm.org/exhibits/boulton-and-watt |archive-date=2008-06-01 |access-date=2011-08-08 |publisher=Kew Bridge Steam Museum}}</ref> * Papplewick Pumping Station biyu injuna, ƙera 1884, {{Convert|46|in|cm}} bore, {{Convert|90|in|cm}} bugun jini. An yi imanin cewa shine injuna na ƙarshe da kamfanin ya ƙera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Last engines manufactured |url=http://www.papplewickpumpingstation.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503060044/http://papplewickpumpingstation.co.uk/ |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=2017-05-07 |publisher=Papplewick Pumping Station Trust}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane == * Samuel Clegg * Logan Henderson, injiniya == Dubi kuma == * Injin Beam * Injin tururi na Watt == Bayanan da aka ambata == hvgdsv1om9qef65mn3uvbywsi7199wk 967497 967496 2026-10-14T11:01:27Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 967497 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Boulton & Watt''' wani kamfani ne na farko na injiniya da masana'antu na [[Birtaniya]] a cikin kasuwancin tsarawa da yin injunan tururi na Ruwa da na tsaye. An kafa shi a cikin Ingilishi West Midlands a kusa da [[Birmingham]] a cikin 1775 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antar Ingila Matthew Boulton da injiniyan Scotland [[James Watt]], kamfanin yana da babban rawar da ya taka a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]] kuma ya zama babban mai samar da injunan tururi a karni na 19. == Haɗin gwiwar injiniya == [[File:Grazebrook_Beam_Engine.jpg|right|thumb|An sake gina injin Boulton & Watt a kan Dartmouth Circus a kan A38 (M) a Birmingham, Burtaniya. An gina shi a cikin 1817 kuma an yi amfani da shi a Netherton a masana'antar ƙarfe ta M W Grazebrook .<br /> (Wurin: 52°29′33′′N 1°53′17′′W / 52.492537°N 1.888189°W / 52. 492537; -1.888189) ]] An kafa haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1775 don amfani da takardar shaidar Watt don injin tururi tare da mai rarrabawa <ref>{{cite book|last=Roll|first=Erich|title=An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation : being a History of the Firm of Boulton & Watt, 1775-1805|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1930|page=320}}</ref> ya yi amfani da man fetur fiye da tsohuwar injin Newcomen. Da farko kasuwancin ya kasance a Soho Manufactory kusa da Boulton's Soho House a gefen kudancin Ikklisiya na Handsworth a lokacin. Koyaya yawancin abubuwan da aka haɗa don injinsu wasu ne suka yi su, alal misali [[John Wilkinson (masanin masana'antu)|John Wilkinson]] ya yi. A shekara ta 1795, sun fara yin injunan tururi da kansu a Soho Foundry a Smethwick, kusa da [[Birmingham]], [[Ingila]]. Tsakanin 1775 da 1800, Boulton da Watt sun samar da injuna 496.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Asa|title=The Age of Improvement|date=1994|publisher=Longman|page=26}}</ref> An ba da haɗin gwiwar ga 'ya'yansu maza biyu a cikin 1800. William Murdoch ya zama abokin tarayya na kamfanin a cikin 1810, inda ya kasance har sai da ya yi ritaya shekaru 20 bayan haka yana da shekaru 76. Kamfanin ya kasance sama da shekaru 120, duk da cewa an sake masa suna "James Watt & Co." a 1849, kuma har yanzu yana yin injunan tururi a 1895, lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga W &amp;amp; T Avery Ltd. Shekaru goma bankin su a London shine Charlotte Matthews bayan mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1792. Wata mace mai banki ba ta da kyau amma ta zama abokiyar sirri, hutu tare da Boulton, kuma ta ba su bashi mai yawa don tallafawa kokarin su. Lokacin da ta mutu tana da shekaru 43 a cikin 1802 iyalan Boulton da Watt ne ke gudanar da kasuwancin ta. Kasuwancin ya horar da matasa injiniyoyi waɗanda suka ci gaba da samun sananne. Daga cikin sunayen da aka yi amfani da su a can a karni na sha takwas sune James Law, Peter Ewart, William Brunton, Isaac Perrins, William Murdoch, James Watt, Jr., William Playfair, da John Southern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan, R. A. |year=1978 |title=Steam and the engineering community in the eighteenth century |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=50 |page=198}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Watt_apparatus_2.JPG|thumb|Kayan kimiyya wanda Boulton da Watt suka tsara a shirye-shiryen Cibiyar Pneumatic a Bristol]] Kamfanin ya bar cikakken tarihin ayyukansa, wanda aka ba birnin Birmingham a 1911 kuma an ajiye shi a ɗakin karatu na Birmingham. An ba da ƙarin ajiya ga tarin Boulton da Watt a cikin 2015 ciki har da rubutun. Tarihin ya ƙunshi: Bayyana fayiloli dauke da rubutu da nau'ikan zane. == Injinan aiki da aka adana == * Smethwick Engine, Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, an ƙera shi 1779. * Whitbread Engine, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, ƙera 1785, inci 25 (64 bore, bugun inci 72 (180 . * Crofton Pumping Station da aka ƙera 1812, 42+1⁄4-inch (107 ya yi, {{Convert|84|in|cm}} bugun jini.{{Convert|42+1/4|in|cm|0}} * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kew Bridge Steam ya ƙera 1820, {{Convert|64|in|cm}} bore, bugun jini na {{Convert|96|in|cm}} .<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Boulton and Watt Engine |url=http://www.kbsm.org/exhibits/boulton-and-watt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601074042/http://www.kbsm.org/exhibits/boulton-and-watt |archive-date=2008-06-01 |access-date=2011-08-08 |publisher=Kew Bridge Steam Museum}}</ref> * Papplewick Pumping Station biyu injuna, ƙera 1884, {{Convert|46|in|cm}} bore, {{Convert|90|in|cm}} bugun jini. An yi imanin cewa shine injuna na ƙarshe da kamfanin ya ƙera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Last engines manufactured |url=http://www.papplewickpumpingstation.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503060044/http://papplewickpumpingstation.co.uk/ |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=2017-05-07 |publisher=Papplewick Pumping Station Trust}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane == * Samuel Clegg * Logan Henderson, injiniya == Dubi kuma == * Injin Beam * Injin tururi na Watt == Bayanan da aka ambata == qh7r0pgujf0ruzu4vbnmuv9tl6nb0v7 Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre, Gombe 0 179213 967499 2026-10-14T11:15:20Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Herwagana, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0010. Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/... 967499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Herwagana, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0010. Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/herwagana-primary-health-care-centre/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Bayanan cibiyar sun lissafa ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya, kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da yara da jarirai, da wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiya. An kuma ambaci ayyukan gwaji da kula da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/herwagana-primary-health-care-centre/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana cikin Herwagana Ward, ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, Jihar Gombe. An jera lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) na yankin a matsayin 760251.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary health care Herwagana |url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/hospital/primaryhealthcareherwagana |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7835wgk2jj7ph6jy2ssyryq012syo9j 967501 967499 2026-10-14T11:17:11Z Beehra 15944 967501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Herwagana, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0010. Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/herwagana-primary-health-care-centre/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Bayanan cibiyar sun lissafa ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya, kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da yara da jarirai, da wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiya. An kuma ambaci ayyukan gwaji da kula da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/herwagana-primary-health-care-centre/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana cikin Herwagana Ward, ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, Jihar Gombe. An jera lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) na yankin a matsayin 760251.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary health care Herwagana |url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/hospital/primaryhealthcareherwagana |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4b38yczj57x13gnsltmz9u0s90705xy 967502 967501 2026-10-14T11:18:13Z Beehra 15944 967502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Herwagana, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0010. Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/herwagana-primary-health-care-centre/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Bayanan cibiyar sun lissafa ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya, kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da yara da jarirai, da wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiya. An kuma ambaci ayyukan gwaji da kula da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herwagana Primary Health Care Centre Herwa/Gana, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/herwagana-primary-health-care-centre/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana cikin Herwagana Ward, ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, Jihar Gombe. An jera lambar gidan waya (Postal Code) na yankin a matsayin 760251.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary health care Herwagana |url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/hospital/primaryhealthcareherwagana |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} q8z91suejim5tlaisbx6f4dkleaztnt Madaki Primary Health Care Centre, Gombe 0 179214 967500 2026-10-14T11:16:47Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Madaki Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Bolari East, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da ayyu... 967500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madaki Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Bolari East, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da ayyuka == Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2014. An kuma lissafa ayyukan kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da uwa da jariri, da ayyukan kula da wasu cututtuka a cikin ayyukan cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2021 ya bayyana Madaki Health Care Centre a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta ƙaramar hukuma a cikin jerin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Primary Health Care Services Utilization in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology |date=2021 |url=https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21JUN384.pdf |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana Bolari East, kusa da kasuwar Mammy, a birnin Gombe. An wallafa lambobin waya 0703 362 9855 da 0906 924 7798 a cikin kundin bayanan cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Madaki-Primary-Health-Care-Center-Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5a9h5gfh2vau37yzaaox4t521ebuz6p 967503 967500 2026-10-14T11:20:07Z Beehra 15944 967503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madaki Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar Bolari East, a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da ayyuka == Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2014. An kuma lissafa ayyukan kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da uwa da jariri, da ayyukan kula da wasu cututtuka a cikin ayyukan cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2021 ya bayyana Madaki Health Care Centre a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta ƙaramar hukuma a cikin jerin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Primary Health Care Services Utilization in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology |date=2021 |url=https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21JUN384.pdf |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana Bolari East, kusa da kasuwar Mammy, a birnin Gombe. An wallafa lambobin waya 0703 362 9855 da 0906 924 7798 a cikin kundin bayanan cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Madaki-Primary-Health-Care-Center-Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lrnaj77i5gcetap21ovm82ugwug2j7i 967504 967503 2026-10-14T11:21:00Z Beehra 15944 967504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madaki Primary Health Care Centre''' cibiyar kula da lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke unguwar '''Bolari East''', a [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙaramar hukumar Gombe, da lambar rajista 15/06/1/1/1/0017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da ayyuka == Wani kundin bayanan kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa an kafa cibiyar a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2014. An kuma lissafa ayyukan kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da uwa da jariri, da ayyukan kula da wasu cututtuka a cikin ayyukan cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Bolari East, Gombe |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/madaki-primary-health-care-center/ |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2021 ya bayyana Madaki Health Care Centre a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta ƙaramar hukuma a cikin jerin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Primary Health Care Services Utilization in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology |date=2021 |url=https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21JUN384.pdf |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana Bolari East, kusa da kasuwar Mammy, a birnin Gombe. An wallafa lambobin waya 0703 362 9855 da 0906 924 7798 a cikin kundin bayanan cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madaki Primary Health Care Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Madaki-Primary-Health-Care-Center-Gombe |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1sz7het7kgj4c73hh47ybm9dj3jj4zr