Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2423 968433 784421 2026-10-16T21:40:11Z Nura Bello 24854 968433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Cow (Disney's Animal Kingdom, 2005).jpg|right|189x189px]] [[File:Flumserberg (Schweiz), Liegende Kuh -- 2011 -- 1526.jpg|thumb|saniya na kwance ]] [[File:Flock of cows with a Herdsmen.jpg|thumb|fulani na kiwon shanu]] [[Fayil:Cow on Pupers.jpg|thumb|saniya mai gashi ]] [[Fayil:Cow (Fleckvieh breed) Oeschinensee Slaunger 2009-07-07.jpg|thumb|Saniya fara da bakaa]] '''Shanu,''' ''namiji:'''Sa''', tamace: '''Saniya''', karami:'''dan maraki''', babba:'''Bijimi''', kalman shanu kuma shine gama-garin jinsi,'' dabbace mai Kafafuwa guda huɗu 4, mutane suna amfani da dabbar domin ayyukan gona,dana cikin gari. kamar huɗa, haro, da kuma daukar kaya,dakuma harp, kuma suna samun nama, taki, madara da kuma magani daga jikin dabban. Shanu dabbace wacce mahauta suke yawan safaranta saboda tana daga cikin dabbobi da akafi yawan cin namansu a duniya, akan sarrafa naman ta wajen girke girke daban daban, naman shanu tana daga cikin nama masu dadi da kuma gina jiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=FAO – News Article: Key facts and findings |url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/ |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=www.fao.org |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145341/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 October 2021|title=Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/10/02/treating-beef-like-coal-would-make-a-big-dent-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions|access-date=3 November 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Akan sarrafa nonon da ake tatsa ajikin shanun ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar su [[Madara|yogot]] akan fidda [[Mai]] acikin nonon da sauran su, sannan akan sha nonon shanun da [[fura]] ko kuma danbu, akan sha wasu magunguna na gargajiya da nonon shanun. == Tarihi. == == Kiwo. == Ana yin kiwon saniya a gida ana iya yin sa a cikin daji,ako ina ana iya kiwon saniya indai gurin ya kasance ya na da koriyar ciyawa ko busassa. == Amfani. == Dabbace wacce ake tatsan madara a hantsan ta.<gallery> Image:Mucca Grigio Alpina - Tiroler Grauvieh.jpg Image:Mucca e vitelli.jpg| Image:Cowswiss.jpg| Image:MuccheaBraies.jpg| </gallery> == Noma. == Ana amfani da shanu a gonaki domin yin huda. == Wasanni. == [[File:Mud Cow Racing - Pacu Jawi - West Sumatra, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|318x318px|Tseren Shanu kenan a wani gari mai suna Pacu-Jawi dake cikin yammacin kasar [[Indonesiya]], ana yin tseren ne a cikin tabo]] Ana amfani da shanu wajen yin wasannin gargajiya, kaman hawan kaho, tsere da dai sauransu. == Hoto. == <gallery> Image:CH cow 2.jpg|Saniya Image:Hereford bull large.jpg|Saniya Turi Image:Brahman Baby.jpg|Saniyar Afirka Image:Simmentaler Fleckvieh.jpg|Saniya Image:Koe in weiland bij Gorssel.JPG|Saniya Image:Angus cattle 17.jpg|Saniya da mutun Image:Maremma_z01.jpg|Saniya Image:Longhorns 037.jpg|Shano </gallery> == Manazarta. == [[Category:Dabba]] jfw0lg6h5udbv75r23synm7421mew05 968434 968433 2026-10-16T21:40:51Z Nura Bello 24854 968434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Cow (Disney's Animal Kingdom, 2005).jpg|right|189x189px]] [[File:Flumserberg (Schweiz), Liegende Kuh -- 2011 -- 1526.jpg|thumb|saniya na kwance ]] [[File:Flock of cows with a Herdsmen.jpg|thumb|fulani na kiwon shanu]] [[Fayil:Cow on Pupers.jpg|thumb|saniya mai gashi ]] [[Fayil:Cow (Fleckvieh breed) Oeschinensee Slaunger 2009-07-07.jpg|thumb|Saniya fara da bakaa]] '''Shanu,''' ''namiji:'''Sa''', tamace: '''Saniya''', karami:'''dan maraki''', babba:'''Bijimi''', kalman shanu kuma shine gama-garin jinsi,'' dabbace mai Kafafuwa guda huɗu 4, mutane suna amfani da dabbar ne domin ayyukan gona,dana cikin gari. kamar huɗa, haro, da kuma daukar kaya,dakuma harp, kuma suna samun nama, taki, madara da kuma magani daga jikin dabban. Shanu dabbace wacce mahauta suke yawan safaranta saboda tana daga cikin dabbobi da akafi yawan cin namansu a duniya, akan sarrafa naman ta wajen girke girke daban daban, naman shanu tana daga cikin nama masu dadi da kuma gina jiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=FAO – News Article: Key facts and findings |url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/ |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=www.fao.org |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145341/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 October 2021|title=Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/10/02/treating-beef-like-coal-would-make-a-big-dent-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions|access-date=3 November 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Akan sarrafa nonon da ake tatsa ajikin shanun ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar su [[Madara|yogot]] akan fidda [[Mai]] acikin nonon da sauran su, sannan akan sha nonon shanun da [[fura]] ko kuma danbu, akan sha wasu magunguna na gargajiya da nonon shanun. == Tarihi. == == Kiwo. == Ana yin kiwon saniya a gida ana iya yin sa a cikin daji,ako ina ana iya kiwon saniya indai gurin ya kasance ya na da koriyar ciyawa ko busassa. == Amfani. == Dabbace wacce ake tatsan madara a hantsan ta.<gallery> Image:Mucca Grigio Alpina - Tiroler Grauvieh.jpg Image:Mucca e vitelli.jpg| Image:Cowswiss.jpg| Image:MuccheaBraies.jpg| </gallery> == Noma. == Ana amfani da shanu a gonaki domin yin huda. == Wasanni. == [[File:Mud Cow Racing - Pacu Jawi - West Sumatra, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|318x318px|Tseren Shanu kenan a wani gari mai suna Pacu-Jawi dake cikin yammacin kasar [[Indonesiya]], ana yin tseren ne a cikin tabo]] Ana amfani da shanu wajen yin wasannin gargajiya, kaman hawan kaho, tsere da dai sauransu. == Hoto. == <gallery> Image:CH cow 2.jpg|Saniya Image:Hereford bull large.jpg|Saniya Turi Image:Brahman Baby.jpg|Saniyar Afirka Image:Simmentaler Fleckvieh.jpg|Saniya Image:Koe in weiland bij Gorssel.JPG|Saniya Image:Angus cattle 17.jpg|Saniya da mutun Image:Maremma_z01.jpg|Saniya Image:Longhorns 037.jpg|Shano </gallery> == Manazarta. == [[Category:Dabba]] 2lps8lmxkboembecplsb7jsvcfmczyb 0 4240 968481 442072 2026-10-17T00:03:26Z Dostojewskij 4361 Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895 968481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Ackroyd''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1895 – ya mutu a shekara ta 1967) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ackroyd, John}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895]] 3a4q1cidbv7lur4837iua8a1rl1og85 0 13145 968231 910998 2026-10-16T12:48:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rahama Sadau.png|thumb|'''Rahama Sadau''']] '''Rahama Sadau''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 7 ga watan Disamban (1993). Ta kasance jaruma ce a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] da kuma [[Nollywood]] a [[Najeriya]]. Rahama Sadau ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai na kashin kanta a kannywood har ma da Nollywood . Ta kasance ƴar rawa a lokacin da take yarinya har zuwa girman ta. Ta yi suna ne a ƙarshen shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku (2013) bayan ta shiga masana'antar fim ta [[Kannywood]] a fim ''ɗinta na'' farko mai suna ''Gani ga wane .<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/149318-kannywood-wont-return-dancing-rahama-sadau.html</ref><ref name="auditions.ng">http://au uditions.ng/archives/actor/rahama-sadau{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhLisuUQrDY</ref>ub<ref>http://hausafilms.tv/actress/rahma_sadau</ref>'' tana fitowa a fina finai na [[Nollywood]] da dama Rahama Sadau ta kasance jaruma ta farko da kusan tafi kowace jaruma fitowa a fina finan Najeriya da hausa wato kannywood da Nollywood. Ba a iya Najeriya Rahama take aikin fina finai ba, tana yi a India Wanda take da Yaren Hindu a bollywood. Kuma an tabbatar da tana daya daga cikin yan Najeriya da suka iya magana kuma suka kware a yaren hindi. Itace jarumar data yi nasara a kyautar Kannywood a gasar City People Entertainment Awards acikin shekarar 2014 da kuma cikin sheksra ta 2015.<ref> Premium Times Nigeria. "Kannywood: Rahama Sadau, Adam Zango, others win at City People awards 2015 – Premium Times Nigeria". Mohammed Lere. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</ref><ref>AllAfrica.com. "Nigeria: Most Influential Northern Entertainers". AllAfrica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</ref> == Labarin Rayuwa == Rahama ta girma a cikin garin [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. Wato an haifeta ne acikin garin Kaduna ta rayu a garin na Kaduna kafin daga baya ta shiga harkar fim. == Aure == Rahama sadau tayi aure ranar 09 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 2025. Bata nuna mijin na ta ba, amma ta dora videon auren acikin shafinta na instagram. == Ilimi == Rahama Sadau ta yi karatu a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Kuɗi da ke gabashin Bahar Rum a Arewacin [[Cyprus|Cyprus.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ww1.emu.edu.tr/en/news/news/famous-nigerian-actress-rahama-sadau-chooses-emu/1206/pid/2469|title=Famous Nigerian Actress Rahama Sadau Chooses EMU|website=Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Cyprus|language=en|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> == Sana'ar Fim == Rahama ta fito a cikin fina-finan [[Najeriya]] da yawa a cikin [[Hausa]] dana [[turanci]] kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin yan wasan kwaikwayon [[Najeriya]] da suka iya harshen Hindu sosai. Rahma Sadau ita ce ta lashe Kyautar City People Entertainment Awards a shekarar 2014 da shekarar 2015. Ta kuma sami kyautar mafi kyawun ''<nowiki/>'yar'' wasan fim ta nahiyar [[Afirka]] a bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta [[Afirka]] na goma sha tara (19) wanda aka yi a shekara ta 2015 ta hanyar muryar [[Afirka]]. A shekara ta 2017, ta zama shahararriyar 'yar fim ta [[Hausa]] da ta fara fitowa a jerin manyan malewararrun Mata 10 da suka yi fice a kasar [[Najeriya]]. A cikin dukkan ayyukanta, Rahama Sadau ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo mai yawan gaske, tana bayyana a duka fina-finai da kuma bidiyoyi. A shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin (2020) kungiyar shirya fina finai na [[Kannywood]] sunso dakatar da Rahama Sadau daga shirin fim sakamakon wani ɗan rashin jituwa da aka samu saboda wani hoton data sanya a shafinta na [[instagram]].<ref>https://m.guardian.ng/opinion/rahma-sadaus-dismissal-by-moppan-is-unfair/</ref><ref>https://nigerianfinder.com/rahama-sadau-biography-age-movies-family-career/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/rahama-sadau-graduates-from-university-in-cyprus.html |access-date=2020-03-12 |archive-date=2019-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311110827/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/rahama-sadau-graduates-from-university-in-cyprus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.legit.ng/1141411-kannywood-actress-rahama-sadau-biography.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/rahama-sadau-apologises-to-moppan/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=2020-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008200247/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/rahama-sadau-apologises-to-moppan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.pinterest.com/pin/538883911647535295/?d=t&mt=signup</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/19/rahama-sadau-ban-nigeria-religious-divides-rap-video-i-love-you-classiq</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/ban-immoral-rahama-sadau-highlights-northsouth-split/</ref> a yanzu haka ta fara fito wa a fina finan indiya. == Rayuwa da Aiki == Rahama Ibrahim Sadau an haife ta ne a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna,]] arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] wacce ita ce asalin [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin]] tarayyar [[Najeriya]], wanda shi ne tsohon [[Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa ta Arewa]]. Rahama ɗiya ce ga Alhaji Ibrahim Sadau. Ta girma tare da iyayenta a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]] da kuma 'yan uwanta mata guda uku(3). Sadau ta shiga masana'antar fim ɗin [[Kannywood|Kannywood ne]] a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku (2013). Ta taka rawar gani sosai kafin ta samu ɗaukaka daga rawar da ta taka a ''Gani ga Wane'' tare da babban jarumin [[Kannywood]] [[Ali Nuhu]]. A shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida (2016) an karɓe ta a matsayin waccan shekarun ”Fuskar [[Kannywood]]. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, Rahama Sadau ta fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a gidan talabijin na EbonyLife. Acikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017), ta ƙirƙiro da kamfanin samar da fina-finai mai suna ''Sadau Hotunan yadda'' ta fito da fim din ta na farko, ''Rariya'' tauraruwar [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Sani Musa Danja]], [[Sadiq Sani Sadiq]] da [[Fati Washa]]. Ta dawo ta fara wasa don koyar da malamin malamin a MTV Shuga.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/if-i-am-president-hits-cinemas/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/294592-joke-silva-bimbo-manuel-rahama-sadau-star-in-new-movie.html</ref><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/kanayo-o-kanayo-hilda-dokubo-banky-w-rahama-sadau-tboss-star-north-b-t-s-photos/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/life/film/banky-w-adesua-kanayo-o-kanayo-hilda-dokubo-others-in-up-north/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609131327/https://guardian.ng/life/film/banky-w-adesua-kanayo-o-kanayo-hilda-dokubo-others-in-up-north/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/rahama-sadau-stars-ebonylife-tvs-sons-caliphate-2/#:~:text=Sons%20of%20the%20Caliphate%20stars,stylish%2C%20elegant%20and%20yet%20traditional.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://onobello.com/mo-abudu-rahama-sadau-patrick-doyle-more-attend-media-screening-of-sons-of-the-caliphate/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=2021-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720224112/https://onobello.com/mo-abudu-rahama-sadau-patrick-doyle-more-attend-media-screening-of-sons-of-the-caliphate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/02/19/rahama-sadau-early-life-education-and-career/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231060252/https://newswirengr.com/2022/02/19/rahama-sadau-early-life-education-and-career/ |archive-date=2022-12-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2024 mai girma shugaban kasa ya saka rahama sadau a matsayin mukamin IDICE commetee member . <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="200"> |Rahama Sadau daga hagu </gallery> == Kyaututtuka == Kyaututtukan da Rahama Sadau ta karba sun hada da: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamakon |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | Mafi kyawun actress (Kannywood) | Kyaututtukan Nishaɗar City | ''[[Kannywood]]'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Mafi kyawun actress (Kannywood) | Kyaututtukan Nishaɗar City | ''[[Kannywood]]'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | Mafi kyawun actress na Afirka | Muryar Afirka | ''[[Kannywood]]'' | {{won}} |- |} == Fina finai == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Ka bude wanna madangwalin domin ganin fina finan ta ! Fim ! Shekara |- | Zero Sa'a | 2019 |- | Sama Arewa | 2018 |- | Aljannar Duniya | N / A |- | Adamu | 2017 |- | Ba Tabbas | 2017 |- | MTV Shuga Naija | 2017 |- | Rariya | 2017 |- | TATU | 2017 |- | Rumana | 2017 |- | 'Ya'yan Khalifanci | 2016 |- | Sauran Bangare | 2016 |- | Kasa Ta | 2015 |- | Wutar Gaba | 2015 |- | Sallamar Don haka | 2015 |- | Wata Tafiya | 2015 |- | Halacci | 2015 |- | Gidan Farko | 2015 |- | Ana Wata ga Wata | 2015 |- | Alkalin Kauye | 2015 |- | Jinin Jiki Na | 2014 |- | Hujja | 2014 |- | Garbati | 2014 |- | Kaddara Ko Fansa | 2014 |- | Kisan Gilla | 2014 |- | Mati da Lado | 2014 |- | Sabuwar Sangaya | 2014 |- | Sirrin Da Ke Raina | 2014 |- | Don haka Aljannar Duniya | 2014 |- | Suma Mata Ne | 2014 |- | Farin Dare | 2013 |- | Gani Ga Wane | 2013 |- | Da Kai Zan Gana | 2013 |- | Mai Farin Jini | 2013 |- |Matar Aure |2022 |} == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="180"> File:Rahama_Sadau_in_MTV_Shuga_Naija.png|Rahama a MTV Shuga File:Rahama Sadau during filming (cropped).jpg File:Rahama Sadau.png </gallery> == Duba nan == * [[Kannywood]] *[[Hafsat Idris]] *[[Hadiza Aliyu]] *[[Fati Washa]] *[[Halima Atete]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|3}} [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata ƴan fim]] [[Category:Mata daga Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] 61bfnrynjhnwcdarig4kkazasluin5c 0 14724 968379 930840 2026-10-16T18:50:27Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378189293|Wale Adenuga]]" 968379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya kuma a halin yanzu mai samar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Abokai,'' da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] kaqix0kzsobe0bqeepv9nx1vtgzkegn 0 15006 968487 765474 2026-10-17T00:38:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Ladipo Manyika''' (an haife ta 7 Maris ɗin shekarar 1968) marubuciya ce 'yar asalin Burtaniya- 'yar asalin Najeriya wacce take rubuce-rubucen litattafai, gajerun labarai da kuma makaloli. Ita ce marubuciya guda biyu da aka karɓa sosai, ''In Dependence'' (2009) da ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun'' (2016), kuma yana da aikin bugawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe ciki har da ''Granta'', ''Transition'', ''Guernica'', da ''OZY,'' a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Editan Littattafai na OZY.<ref name="OZY">[http://www.ozy.com/ozy-tribe/sarah-manyika/81439 Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701061051/https://www.ozy.com/ozy-tribe/sarah-manyika/81439 |date=2019-07-01 }} biography at ''OZY''.</ref> Ayyukan Manyika kuma yana cikin fasalin 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa''.<ref>[https://brittlepaper.com/2019/03/photos-from-the-london-launch-of-margaret-busbys-new-daughters-of-africa-anthology/ "Photos from the London Launch of Margaret Busby’s New Daughters of Africa Anthology"], ''Brittle Paper'', 9 March 2019.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == Sarah Manyika an kuma haife ta kuma ta girma a Nijeriya. Ta kuma zauna a Kenya, Faransa, Zimbabwe, da Burtaniya. Mahaifinta dan Najeriya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa ‘yar Birtaniya ce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/my-style-is-simple-and-chic/|work=New Telegraph|title=My style is simple and chic - Sarah Ladipo Manyika|author=Vanessa Okwara|date=3 August 2014|accessdate=13 March 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122843/http://newtelegraphonline.com/my-style-is-simple-and-chic/|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Manyika ta gaji sunan haihuwarta (Ladipo) daga mahaifinta, wanda aka haifa a garin [[Ibadan]] (Kudu Maso Yammacin Najeriya) a ƙarshen 1930s. Mahaifinta ya sadu kuma ya auri mahaifiyarta a cikin Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 1960s. Sarah ta kwashe mafi yawan yarinta a [[Legas]] da kuma garin [[Jos]] a [[Jihar Filato]]. Yayinda take matashiya, ta zauna tsawon shekaru biyu a [[Nairobi]], Kenya, kafin dangin ta su koma Burtaniya. == Ayyuka == Manyika ta yi karatu a Jami'o'in [[Birmingham]] (UK), [[Bordeaux]] (Faransa), da [[California]] (Berkeley), inda ta sami Ph.D daga na biyun.<ref name="About">[https://www.sarahladipomanyika.com/about-sarah/ "About Sarah Ladipo Manyika"], Sarah Ladipo Manyika website.</ref> Ta yi aure a [[Harare]], Zimbabwe, a 1994, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin San Francisco (inda ta koyar da adabi a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco), London da Harare. Rubuce-rubucen nata sun hada da kasidu da aka wallafa, takardun ilimi, bitar littattafai da gajerun labarai. Gajeren labarinta mai suna ''"Mr Wonder"'' ya bayyana a cikin littafin 2008 ''Women Writing Zimbabwe''.<ref>{{cite news|title=It's all women, passion and skill in Weaver Press's latest anthology|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/?s=+%22It%27s+all+women%2C+passion+and+skill+in+Weaver+Press%27s+latest+anthology&cat=0|author=Lawrence Hoba|work=The Zimbabwean|date=26 August 2008|accessdate=15 February 2009}} Via [http://weaverpresszimbabwe.com/latest-reviews/13-women-writing-zimbabwe/157-review-of-women-writing-zimbabwe-lawrence-hoba.html Weaver Press.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306103902/https://weaverpresszimbabwe.com/latest-reviews/13-women-writing-zimbabwe/157-review-of-women-writing-zimbabwe-lawrence-hoba.html |date=2022-03-06 }}</ref> Littafinta na farko,<ref>{{cite news|title=Legend Press sign San Francisco-based author Sarah Ladipo Manyika|url=http://www.free-press-release.com/news/200806/1212575240.html|work=Free Press Release|date=4 June 2008}}</ref> ''In Dependence'', asali an buga shi a farko Jaridar Legend, London ce ta buga shi a shekarar 2008,<ref>{{cite news|author=Obi Nwankanam|title=Sarah Manyika's in dependence|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/content/view/28752/74/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=15 February 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216171301/http://www.vanguardngr.com/content/view/28752/74/|archivedate=16 February 2009}}</ref> kuma babbar shagon sayar da litattafai ta Burtaniya ta zabi shi a matsayin littafin da ya fito da shi na watan Black History Month.<ref>Interview by Ovo Adagha: {{cite journal|website=African Writing|number=9|url=http://www.african-writing.com/nine/sarahmanyika.htm|title=Sarah Ladipo Manyika|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> A 2009, ''In ​​Dependence'', ''Cassava Republic'' ce ta buga shi,<ref>[http://www.cassavarepublic.biz/products/in-dependence ''In Dependence'' page], Cassava Republic Press.</ref> <ref>[https://maeveinamerica.com/about tirta138] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>wata jaridar wallafe-wallafen da ke zaune a [[Abuja]], Nijeriya (da kuma na baya-bayan nan, a Burtaniya), tare da wadatattun marubuta waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Teju Cole]] da Helon Habila. Da take magana game da shawarar da ta yanke na sa hannu tare da wani mawallafin Afirka, Manyika ta ce: "Na fahimci cewa ta hanyar bayar da haƙƙin duniya ga wani mawallafin Afirka zan iya, a wata ƙaramar hanya, tooƙarin magance rashin daidaiton iko a cikin duniyar da masu tsaron ƙofofin adabi, har ma da abin da ake kira labaran Afirka, suna da tushe a yamma."<ref>[https://thewritesofwoman.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/interview-with-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ "Interview with Sarah Ladipo Manyika"], ''The Writes of Woman'', 2 November 2016.</ref> A shekarar 2014, kamfanin Weaver Press ya buga ''In Dependence'' a kasar Zimbabwe, in da yake wani littafi ne tsayayyen wanda ya dace da shi domin ci gaban Adabin Ingilishi.<ref>Beaven Tapureta, [http://www.herald.co.zw/sarah-manyikas-debut-novel-thrills/ "Sarah Manyika's debut novel thrills"], ''The Herald'' (Zimbabwe), 1 April 2015.</ref> Hakanan an gabatar da ''In Dependence'' ta hanyar JAMB a Nijeriya don candidatesan takarar da ke zaune a 2017 UTME.<ref>[https://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/03/jamb-introduces-new-novel-for-2017-utme-candidates-in-dependence-read-the-summary/ "JAMB Introduces New Novel For 2017 UTME Candidates which the students enjoy since for the past few years they've been reading The Last Days At Forcados High School a novel that was also published by Cassava Republic press – 'In Dependence'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201610/http://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/03/jamb-introduces-new-novel-for-2017-utme-candidates-in-dependence-read-the-summary/ |date=2017-04-06 }}, ''Nigeria Today'', 14 March 2017.</ref> Littafin na biyu na Manyika, ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun'', a kan buga shi a cikin bazarar 2016 wasu marubuta da yawa sun amince da shi, gami da Bernardine Evaristo ("Labarin Manyika game da wata tsohuwa 'yar Najeriya ba shi da nutsuwa, yana da wayewa kuma yana faɗaɗa kundin adabin zamani na Afirka zuwa maraba da sabon yanki"), Aminatta Forna ("kyakkyawa kuma kyakkyawa ce aka kirkira ... Labarin Sarah Manyika yana nuna mutane na gari cikin mafi kyawun su. lifaukakawa!"), NoViolet Bulawayo ("Mai hankali, mai son sha'awa, mai ban dariya, da motsi"), Jamal Mahjoub ("Manyika tana rubutu da babbar murya da nutsuwa, tana haskaka halayenta da wayewar kai"), Peter Orner ("Kyakkyawan, muhimmin sabon labari, kuma wanda zai ci gaba da yin kuwwa a cikin tunanin mai karatu na dogon lokaci bayan"), E. C. Osondu ("wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba ... tunani mai ƙarfi kan rashi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙaura da kadaici. Abubuwan haruffa a cikin wannan littafin zasu kasance tare da ku "), kuma Brian Chikwava ("Wani ƙagaggen labari ne, koyaushe abin mamaki ne").<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Like-Mule-Bringing-Ice-Cream/dp/1911115049 ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun''] at Amazon.</ref><ref>[https://www.jamesmurua.com/sarah-ladipo-manyikas-sophomore-novel-for-april-1/ "Sarah Ladipo Manyika’s sophomore novel for April 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926201953/https://www.jamesmurua.com/sarah-ladipo-manyikas-sophomore-novel-for-april-1/ |date=2020-09-26 }}, ''James Murua's African Literature Blog'', 14 March 2016.</ref> An fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa.<ref name="About2">[https://www.sarahladipomanyika.com/about-sarah/ "About Sarah Ladipo Manyika"], Sarah Ladipo Manyika website.</ref> ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun'' an kuma jera shi a cikin Satumban shekarar 2016 don Goldsmiths Prize (tare da littattafai ta Rachel Cusk, Deborah Levy, Eimear McBride, Mike McCormack and Anakana Schofield),<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/28/goldsmiths-prize-shortlists-novels-eimear-mcbride-deborah-levy-hot-milk "The full shortlist"], The Goldsmiths Prize 2016, Goldsmiths, University of London.</ref><ref>Anna Leszkiewicz, [http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2016/11/erotic-dreams-about-man-half-my-age-sarah-ladipo-manyika-reveals-value "'Erotic dreams about a man half my age': Sarah Ladipo Manyika reveals the value of pleasure"], ''[[New Statesman]]'', 3 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.</ref> "labari na farko na Afirka da aka fara tunanin samun wannan kyautar",<ref>Ainehi Edoro, [http://brittlepaper.com/2016/10/matters-sarah-manyika-goldsmith-prize-shortlist/ "Why it Matters that Sarah L. Manyika is on the Goldsmiths Prize Shortlist"], ''Brittle Paper'', 10 October 2016.</ref> wanda aka kirkireshi don bayar da lada ga almara wanda ya karya tsarin ko ya faɗaɗa damar sabonn littafin. Hakanan an zaba littafin don kyautar ''California Book Award'' a cikin labaran almara (tare da ayyukan irin waɗannan marubutan Andrew Sean Greer, Percival Everett, and Viet Thanh Nguyen).<ref>[[Abubakar Adam Ibrahim]], [https://dailytrust.com/sarah-manyika-shortlisted-for-california-book-award "Sarah Manyika Shortlisted For California Book Award"], ''[[Daily Trust]]'', 1 April 2018.</ref> Na farawa don ''Like a Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun'' Manyika ta ce: "Na sadu da tsofaffi mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi rayuwa mai launuka iri-iri, amma duk da haka idan ya zo ga almara, ban sami labarai da yawa da ke nuna wannan ba, musamman idan ya zo ga rayuwar baƙar fata mata. Lokacin da ba zan iya samun labaran da zan so karantawa ba, sai in gwada rubuta su da kaina."<ref>Anna Leszkiewicz, [http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2016/11/sarah-ladipo-manyika-breaking-convention-often-takes-courage-and-seldom "Sarah Ladipo Manyika: 'Breaking convention often takes courage and is seldom rewarded'"], ''New Statesman'', 2 November 2016.</ref> Sunan labarin sabon layi ne da aka yarda dashi daga wata waka da Mary Ruefle ta kira ''"Donkey On"''.<ref>Beaven Tapureta, [http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-opinion-sc-book+reviews-byo-92793.html "Manyika launches second book"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306103855/https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-opinion-sc-book+reviews-byo-92793.html |date=2022-03-06 }}, ''Bulawayo24'', 20 July 2016.</ref> Manyika ita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin shekarar 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent'', edita daga Margaret Busby, shiga cikin abubuwan haɗi.<ref>Olatoun Gabi-Williams, [https://guardian.ng/art/after-seminal-anthology-busby-celebrates-new-daughters-of-africa/ "After seminal anthology, Busby celebrates New Daughters of Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127160015/https://guardian.ng/art/after-seminal-anthology-busby-celebrates-new-daughters-of-africa/ |date=2023-01-27 }}, ''The Guardian'' (Nigeria), 21 April 2019.</ref><ref>Adaobi Onyeakagbu, [https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-taiye-selasi-among-200-female-contributors-for-new-daughters/tezdbp3 "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Taiye Selasi among 200 female contributors for New Daughters of Africa Anthology"], ''Pulse'', 12 March 2019.</ref> Rubuce-rubuce marasa almara na Manyika sun haɗa da kasidu na sirri da kuma bayanan zurfin bayanan mutanen da ta haɗu da su, gami da Evan Mawarire, Toni Morrison and Michelle Obama.<ref>[https://www.sarahladipomanyika.com/category/writings/essays/ "Writings: Essays & Articles"], Sarah Ladipo Manyika website.</ref> Manyika tana aiki a kan allunan ''Hedgebrook'' da ''Museum of the African Diaspora(MOAD'') a San Francisco.<ref>[https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/LSE-Festival/Shape-The-World/Events/20200307/africa-talks "Africa Talks: the global legacy of African women writers"], ''LSE Festival: Shape the World'', [[London School of Economics]], 7 March 2020.</ref> Ta kuma dauki bakuncin jerin bidiyo na OZY, Rubuta,<ref>[http://munyori.org/2016/09/interview-with-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ "Interview with Sarah Ladipo Manyika"], ''Munyori Literary Journal'', 8 September 2016.</ref> kuma a yanzu haka ita ce Editan na mujallar.<ref>[http://www.ciscoconnections.com/blog/2017/10/06/a-novelists-choose-on-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature-pov/ "A Novelist’s Choose on This Year’s Nobel Prize for Literature | POV"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701061055/https://www.ciscoconnections.com/blog/2017/10/06/a-novelists-choose-on-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature-pov/ |date=2019-07-01 }}, ''Cisco Connections'', 6 October 2017.</ref>[https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?page=Sarah+Ladipo+Manyika&from=en&to=ha&targettitle=Sarah+Ladipo+Manyika# <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Ta kuma taba zama alkali a gasar adabi, da ''Etisalat Prize for Literature'' a 2014<ref>Akintayo Abodunrin, [http://www.tribune.com.ng/arts-culture/item/10998-quartet-announced-as-judges-for-2014-etisalat-prize/10998-quartet-announced-as-judges-for-2014-etisalat-prize "Quartet announced as judges for 2014 Etisalat Prize"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914135115/http://www.tribune.com.ng/arts-culture/item/10998-quartet-announced-as-judges-for-2014-etisalat-prize/10998-quartet-announced-as-judges-for-2014-etisalat-prize|date=14 September 2014}}, ''Nigerian Tribune'', 20 July 2014.</ref> da kuma ''Goldsmiths Prize'' a 2020.<ref>[https://www.jamesmurua.com/sarah-ladipo-manyika-is-goldsmiths-prize-2020-judge/ "Sarah Ladipo Manyika is Goldsmiths Prize 2020 judge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129063652/https://www.jamesmurua.com/sarah-ladipo-manyika-is-goldsmiths-prize-2020-judge/ |date=2020-11-29 }}, ''James Murua's Literature Blog'', 29 January 22020.</ref> Manyika ta gabatar da jerin hirarraki na fim kowane wata don MOAD, wanda ake kira ''"Conversations Across the Diaspora"'', kuma baƙunta daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun haɗa Ibrahim Mahama, Jess Cole, Strive Masiyiwa, Tatyana Ali, and Anna Deavere Smith.<ref>Elizabeth Gessel, [https://www.moadsf.org/blog/conversations-across-the-diaspora-hosted-by-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ "Conversations Across the Diaspora hosted by Sarah Ladipo Manyika"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128103451/https://www.moadsf.org/blog/conversations-across-the-diaspora-hosted-by-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ |date=2020-11-28 }}, MOAD, September 17, 2020.</ref> == Rayuwar Aure == Ta auri [[:en:James Manyika]] a [[Harare]], Zimbabwe a shekara ta 1994.<ref>Adagha, Ovo. [[:en:"The Sarah Ladipo Manyika interview"]]. African writing (19). Retrieved 21 November 2012</ref><ref>Tapureta, Beaven (20 July 2016). [[:en:"Manyika Lauches Second book"]]. Bulawayo 24.</ref> == Ayyuka == === Litattafai === * ''In Dependence'' (Legend Press, 2008; Cassava Republic Press, 2009)<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1906558043 ''In Dependence''] at Amazon.</ref> * ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun'' (Cassava Republic Press, 2016, === Gajerun labarai === * "Mr Wonder" in ''Women Writing Zimbabwe'' (Weaver Press, 2008) * "Modupe" in ''African Love Stories'' (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2006) * "Girlfriend" in ''Fathers & Daughters'' (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2008) * "The Ambassador's Wife" a cikin Margaret Busby (edita), ''New Daughters of Africa'' (Myriad Editions, 2019)<ref>[https://search.library.brown.edu/catalog/b8656761 "New daughters of Africa : an international anthology of writing by women of African descent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214045553/https://search.library.brown.edu/catalog/b8656761 |date=2021-02-14 }} at Brown University Library.</ref> === Littafin surori === * "Oyinbo" in ''Prolematizing Blackness'' (Routledge, 2003) === Zaɓaɓɓun rubutun === * ''"Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie"'', ''Guernica'', 23 Yuni 2015.<ref>Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://www.guernicamag.com/daily/sarah-ladipo-manyika-coming-of-age-in-the-time-of-the-hoodie/ "Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie"], ''[[Guernica (magazine)|Guernica]]'', 23 June 2015.</ref> * ''"Betting on Africa"'', ''Brittle Paper'', 28 Maris 2016.<ref>Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [http://brittlepaper.com/2016/03/betting-africa-sarah-ladipo-manyika-essay/ "Betting on Africa"], ''[[Brittle Paper]]'', 28 March 2016.</ref> * ''"For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books"'', ''OZY'', 29 Oktoba 2017.<ref>Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, [http://www.ozy.com/good-sht/for-the-love-of-older-characters-in-good-books/81556 "For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119145323/https://www.ozy.com/good-sht/for-the-love-of-older-characters-in-good-books/81556/ |date=2020-11-19 }}, ''OZY'', 29 October 2017.</ref> * ''"Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes"'', ''OZY'', 2 Nuwamba 2017.<ref>Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, [http://www.ozy.com/pov/game-of-tomes-the-struggle-for-literary-prizes/81424 "Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116162621/https://www.ozy.com/pov/game-of-tomes-the-struggle-for-literary-prizes/81424/ |date=2020-11-16 }}, ''OZY'', 2 November 2017.</ref> * ''"On Meeting Toni Morrison"'', ''Transition'', No. 124, ''Writing Black Canadas'' (2017), pp.&nbsp;138–147. Indiana University Press/Hutchins Center for African and African American Research a Jami'ar Harvard.<ref>Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.124.1.27 "On Meeting Toni Morrison"], ''Transition'', No. 124, Writing Black Canadas (2017), pp. 138–147. Indiana University Press/Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University.</ref> * ''"What James Baldwin Means To Me",'' ''Brittle Paper'', 4 Maris 2019.<ref>Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://brittlepaper.com/2019/03/what-james-baldwin-means-to-me-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ "What James Baldwin Means To Me"], ''Brittle Paper'', 4 March 2019.</ref> * ''"On Meeting Mrs Obama",'' ''Granta 146: The Politics of Feeling'', 22 Maris 2019.<ref>Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://granta.com/on-meeting-mrs-obama/ "On Meeting Mrs Obama"], ''Granta 146: The Politics of Feeling'', 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.</ref> === Rahoton bincike === * ''Ph.D. Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Report to the Rockefeller Foundation''. Haɗin gwiwa tare da David Szanton (Jami'ar Berkeley, California, 2002). == Nassoshi == l6gwvlzxvsqzqid2iybhvgn07lyx2d2 10 17787 968363 844387 2026-10-16T18:18:05Z Gwanki 3834 968363 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 3px 1px 4px 1px; padding: 5px; text-align:left; border-style: solid; background:#fafcfe; border:1px solid #a3b0bf;">[[File:Dufuna-canoe-theafricanhistory-com PicsArt 03-07-09.24.07.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Kwalen Dufuna, wadda ita ce mafi tsufa a Afirka (a hagu), da kuma hoton yadda ake tono ta daga dama.]] '''[[Dufuna kwalekwale|Kwale-kwalen Dufuna]]''' shine kwale na biyu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya. Wata kwale ne da aka sassaƙa daga kututturen itace, wanda wani makiyayi Bafulatani ya gano a shekarar 1987, a 'yan kilomitoci daga ƙauyen Dufuna, a Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Fune]], kusa da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]], a Jihar [[Yobe]], [[Najeriya]]. Binciken shekarun wani samfurin gawayi da aka samu kusa da wurin, ta hanyar amfani da hanyar auna shekarun radiocarbon, ya nuna cewa kwalen tana da shekaru tsakanin 8,500 zuwa 8,000, lamarin da ya danganta wurin da [[Tafkin Chadi]]. Tsawon kwalen ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, yayin da tsayinta a wuri mafi tsawo ya kai {{convert|0.5|m}}. A halin yanzu, tana cikin [[Damaturu]], Najeriya. d63f2q1lng4w2170r5ra9u2ofz4njb1 968364 968363 2026-10-16T18:19:12Z Gwanki 3834 968364 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 3px 1px 4px 1px; padding: 5px; text-align:left; border-style: solid; background:#fafcfe; border:1px solid #a3b0bf;">[[File:Dufuna-canoe-theafricanhistory-com PicsArt 03-07-09.24.07.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Kwalen Dufuna, wadda shine mafi tsufa a Afirka (a hagu), da kuma hoton yadda ake tono shi daga dama.]] '''[[Dufuna kwalekwale|Kwale-kwalen Dufuna]]''' shine kwale na biyu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya. Wata kwale ne da aka sassaƙa daga kututturen itace, wanda wani makiyayi Bafulatani ya gano a shekarar 1987, a 'yan kilomitoci daga ƙauyen Dufuna, a Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Fune]], kusa da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]], a Jihar [[Yobe]], [[Najeriya]]. Binciken shekarun wani samfurin gawayi da aka samu kusa da wurin, ta hanyar amfani da hanyar auna shekarun radiocarbon, ya nuna cewa kwalen tana da shekaru tsakanin 8,500 zuwa 8,000, lamarin da ya danganta wurin da [[Tafkin Chadi]]. Tsawon kwalen ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, yayin da tsayinta a wuri mafi tsawo ya kai {{convert|0.5|m}}. A halin yanzu, tana cikin [[Damaturu]], Najeriya. s099kmvp0uy7fx6lo7puzl4nanz1qdi 10 17821 968466 844389 2026-10-16T23:30:27Z Gwanki 3834 968466 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Sabon Sashe na Labarai --> {{Shafukan da ake bukata}} <div style="margin: 3px 1px 4px 1px; padding: 5px; text-align:left; border:1px solid #000080;"> '''Najeriya: Tattalin arziki da hauhawar farashi''': Hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da na abinci na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manyan ƙalubalen tattalin arzikin Najeriya, yayin da gwamnati ke ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar jama'a da ƙarfafa samar da ayyukan yi. '''Najeriya: Tsaro a Arewa maso Yamma''': Matsalar 'yan bindiga, garkuwa da mutane da hare-hare kan ƙauyuka na ci gaba da zama babban ƙalubale a wasu yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, musamman a jihohin Katsina, Zamfara da Sakkwato. '''Afirka: Zuba jari a fannin makamashi da ma'adinai''': Ƙasashen Afirka na ci gaba da neman sabbin hanyoyin jawo hannun jari a fannonin makamashi, ma'adinai, sufuri da masana'antu domin bunƙasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi. '''Sudan: Rikicin jin kai na ci gaba''': Yaƙin basasar Sudan na ci gaba da haddasa asarar rayuka, raba iyalai da matsalar ƙarancin abinci, yayin da miliyoyin mutane ke buƙatar agajin gaggawa da matsuguni. '''Habasha: Rikici a yankin Tigray''': Yankin Tigray na Habasha na ci gaba da fuskantar matsalolin tsaro da siyasa, duk da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar da aka cimma a shekarar 2022. Sabbin takaddama na ƙara tayar da fargabar sake barkewar faɗace-faɗace. '''Ukraine da Rasha: Yaƙin Gabashin Turai''': Yaƙin da ke tsakanin Ukraine da Rasha na ci gaba da shafar tsaro da tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Turai, yayin da ake ci gaba da ƙoƙarin samar da mafita ta diflomasiyya da kawo ƙarshen faɗace-faɗace. '''Gabas ta Tsakiya: Rikici da tsaron zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa''': Rikice-rikicen Gabas ta Tsakiya na ci gaba da haifar da damuwa kan tsaron fararen hula da jigilar kayayyaki ta teku, musamman a muhimman hanyoyin kasuwancin duniya. '''Tattalin arzikin duniya: Matsalar bashi''': Ƙasashe masu tasowa na ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba sakamakon bashin gwamnati, tsadar kayayyaki da ƙarancin kuɗaɗen tallafin ci gaba, yayin da ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki na duniya ke neman hanyoyin rage waɗannan matsaloli. '''Fasaha a Afirka: Ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da tattalin arzikin zamani''': Matasa da kamfanonin fasaha a Afirka na ƙara amfani da fasahar zamani wajen bunƙasa harkokin kasuwanci, ilimi, noma da ayyukan kuɗi, duk da ƙalubalen samun jari da ingantaccen intanet. '''Canjin yanayi: Ambaliyar ruwa da fari''': Canjin yanayi na ci gaba da shafar al'ummomi a sassa daban-daban na duniya ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa, fari da matsalolin samar da abinci, lamarin da ke ƙara buƙatar matakan kare muhalli. </div> <noinclude> [[Category:Template na babban shafi]] </noinclude> 370s5aw0gp3rly3ur6g0euyylpgd6be 10 17850 968469 844391 2026-10-16T23:33:57Z Gwanki 3834 968469 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Sabon A rana mai kamar ta yau --> {{A wasu ranaku}} '''Yau 17 ga Oktoba''' Ga wasu muhimman abubuwan tarihi da suka faru a wannan rana. * 1604: Masanin falaki [[Johannes Kepler]] ya lura da wani sabon tauraro mai haske, wanda daga baya aka san shi da sunan Kepler's Supernova. * 1777: Sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[John Burgoyne]] sun miƙa wuya ga sojojin Amurka a Yaƙin Saratoga, wani muhimmin lamari a [[Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka]]. * 1806: An kashe [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin [[Haiti]]. * 1907: Kamfanin Marconi ya fara samar da sabis na sadarwa ta rediyo tsakanin Turai da Arewacin Amurka ta Tekun Atlantika. * 1931: An samu [[Al Capone]] da laifin kauce wa biyan haraji a Amurka. * 1933: Masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya bar Jamus ya koma Amurka bayan da gwamnatin Nazi ta ƙara tsananta wa Yahudawa da masu adawa da ita. * 1943: An kammala gina [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Burma]], wadda ta haɗa Thailand da Burma a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. * 1956: An buɗe tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ta [[Calder Hall]] a Birtaniya, wadda ta kasance tashar farko ta kasuwanci irin wannan a duniya. * 1973: Ƙasashen Larabawa masu arzikin man fetur sun fara rage samar da man fetur ga wasu ƙasashen Yamma, lamarin da ya taimaka wajen haifar da matsalar makamashi ta shekarun 1970. * 1987: An gudanar da babban taro a birnin Paris domin jawo hankalin duniya kan matsalar talauci, yunwa da rashin adalci. * 1992: [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] ta ayyana ranar 17 ga Oktoba a matsayin Ranar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Kawar da Talauci. * 2003: An kaddamar da sabis na [[LinkedIn]], wani dandali na intanet da aka fi amfani da shi wajen hulɗar ƙwararru da neman aiki. <noinclude> [[Category:Template na babban shafi]] </noinclude> to19se5nq0a4scfl7f9tyr1ghicrsdj 10 17862 968471 844392 2026-10-16T23:38:00Z Gwanki 3834 968471 wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Hoto|Hoton mu na wannan ranan]] {{wide image|File: Gumel 1.jpg|400px|Fadar Sarkin '''[[Gumel]]'''}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Sauti|Sautin mu na wannan ranan]]''' {{listen|filename=Wasan Tauri.ogg|title=Kiɗan Gangi.|left|description=Tamburan ban girma na wasan Tauri|format=[[wav]]}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Bidiyo|Bidiyon mu na wannan ranan]] [[File:Hausa traditional horse rider.webm||200px|frameless|left]] Yayan masu mulkin gargajiya na [[Hausawa]] akan dawaki. [[Category:Template na babban shafi]] 62ktwale3m57apiy3n8e5pcyjbc83pu 968472 968471 2026-10-16T23:43:14Z Gwanki 3834 968472 wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Hoto|Hoton mu na wannan ranan]] {{wide image|File:Zazzau palace 01.jpg|400px|Wannan na ɗaya daga cikin ƙofofin shiga fadar '''[[Zazzau]]''' (Zariya). Ginin gargajiya ne da aka ƙawata da zane-zane, alamu da launuka bisa tsarin gine-ginen Hausawa na gargajiya. }} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Sauti|Sautin mu na wannan ranan]]''' {{listen|filename=Wasan Tauri.ogg|title=Kiɗan Gangi.|left|description=Tamburan ban girma na wasan Tauri|format=[[wav]]}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Bidiyo|Bidiyon mu na wannan ranan]] [[File:Hausa traditional horse rider.webm||200px|frameless|left]] Yayan masu mulkin gargajiya na [[Hausawa]] akan dawaki. [[Category:Template na babban shafi]] ik66uj1lf8i9gmzfh7zmstus3c1gcc8 10 18152 968467 844390 2026-10-16T23:32:13Z Gwanki 3834 968467 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Sabon Ko ka sani? --> {{Ko ka sani/A}} * '''[[Hausa Wikipedia]]''' ta fara aiki a shekarar 2002, kuma tana taimakawa wajen adana ilimi da bunƙasa harshen Hausa a intanet? * '''[[Mansa Musa]]''', sarkin [[Daular Mali]], ya yi shahararren aikin hajji a shekarar 1324, wanda ya sa aka san arzikin daular Mali a sassa daban-daban na duniya? * '''[[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]''' da ke [[Tanzaniya]] shi ne dutse mafi tsawo a Afirka, kuma yana da tsayin kusan mita 5,895? * '''[[Timbuktu]]''' da ke [[Mali]] ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi da kasuwanci a Afirka a zamanin da? * '''[[Jirgin ƙasa a Najeriya]]''' ya fara aiki a zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma an gina layukan dogo domin jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji? * '''[[Habasha]]''' ta yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Italiya a Yaƙin Adwa na shekarar 1896, abin da ya taimaka wajen kare 'yancinta? * '''[[Kogin Nilu]]''' yana ratsawa ta yankuna da ƙasashe da dama na arewa maso gabashin Afirka, kuma yana daga cikin koguna mafi tsawo a duniya? * '''[[Ahmadu Bello]]''' shi ne firaministan yankin Arewacin Najeriya daga shekarar 1954 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1966? * '''[[Jami'ar Sankore]]''' da ke Timbuktu ta shahara a matsayin cibiyar koyar da ilimin addini, falsafa da sauran fannoni a Afirka ta Yamma? * '''[[Tafkin Victoria]]''' shi ne tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fuskar faɗin fili, kuma yana kan iyakokin Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya? * '''[[Wole Soyinka]]''' ɗan Najeriya ne kuma shi ne ɗan Afirka na farko da ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta adabi, a shekarar 1986? * '''[[Sahara|Yankin Sahara]]''' shi ne hamada mafi girma a duniya da ba ta da ƙanƙara, kuma yana arewacin Afirka? * '''[[Ganuwar Benin]]''' ta kasance wani babban tsarin ganuwar tarihi da aka gina a tsohuwar [[Masarautar Benin]], a yankin Najeriya ta yau? * '''[[Wikidata]]''' wata taskar bayanai ce ta kyauta da ke taimakawa wajen haɗa bayanai tsakanin Wikipedia da sauran ayyukan Wikimedia a harsuna daban-daban? * '''[[Afirka]]''' ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa da yawan jama'a? bqg4ufax6spicovb59bdakgqxnhvogd 0 19030 968541 966584 2026-10-17T08:40:45Z Zaujeel khair 49197 968541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T _x''' . A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako . ''[[Magani]]'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . '''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. == Filin ma'ana == Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ). Kalmomin ''aceology'' da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=therapy &#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' . == Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali == Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba"). === Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi === ==== Matakan kulawa ==== Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka: * Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole. ** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. * Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. * Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri. * Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}</ref> * Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya. * [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu . * Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan: ** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa. ** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Layukan magani ==== Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu. Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20. Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}</ref> Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) <ref name="Gore et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}</ref> kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. <ref name="Gore et al 2017" /> A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. === Da niyya === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- valign="top" ! scope="col" |Therapy type ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | abortive therapy |A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | bridge therapy |A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | consolidation therapy |A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | curative therapy |A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | definitive therapy |A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | destination therapy |A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | empiric therapy |A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | gold standard therapy |A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | investigational therapy |An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | maintenance therapy |A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | palliative therapy |See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | preventive therapy<br /><br />{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}} |A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | salvage therapy (rescue therapy) |A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | stepdown therapy |Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | supportive therapy |A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}</ref> For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | systemic therapy |A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |- |} === Ta hanyar shiga tsakani === * Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}</ref> * Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025" /> <ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Therapies}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n1s9bj8w2g074jxfi3u2oeiy7d0ayuy 968542 968541 2026-10-17T08:42:44Z Zaujeel khair 49197 968542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T _x''' . A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako . ''[[Magani]]'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . '''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. == Filin ma'ana == Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ). Kalmomin ''aceology'' da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da [[hankali]]. Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=therapy &#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' . == Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali == Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba"). === Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi === ==== Matakan kulawa ==== Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka: * Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole. ** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. * Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. * Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri. * Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}</ref> * Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya. * [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu . * Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan: ** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa. ** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Layukan magani ==== Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu. Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20. Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}</ref> Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) <ref name="Gore et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}</ref> kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. <ref name="Gore et al 2017" /> A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. === Da niyya === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- valign="top" ! scope="col" |Therapy type ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | abortive therapy |A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | bridge therapy |A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | consolidation therapy |A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | curative therapy |A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | definitive therapy |A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | destination therapy |A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | empiric therapy |A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | gold standard therapy |A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | investigational therapy |An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | maintenance therapy |A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | palliative therapy |See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | preventive therapy<br /><br />{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}} |A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | salvage therapy (rescue therapy) |A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | stepdown therapy |Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | supportive therapy |A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}</ref> For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | systemic therapy |A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |- |} === Ta hanyar shiga tsakani === * Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}</ref> * Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025" /> <ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Therapies}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9zchbs8skesmzuqsm52ply6hyrl3x7j 968543 968542 2026-10-17T08:43:31Z Zaujeel khair 49197 968543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T _x''' . A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako . ''[[Magani]]'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . '''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. == Filin ma'ana == Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. [[Maganin]] da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ). Kalmomin ''aceology'' da kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da [[hankali]]. Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek kuma yana nufin "warkarwa" ko "warkarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=therapy &#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' . == Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali == Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki "ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba"). === Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi === ==== Matakan kulawa ==== Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka: * Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole. ** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. * Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. * Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri. * Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka "tafiya a kan hanya"), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da "sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}</ref> * Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya. * [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: "shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu . * Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan: ** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa. ** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan "amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Layukan magani ==== Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' ) shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu. Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20. Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa. Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}</ref> Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari "a kan igiyoyi" kafin tiyata suna ba da "ƙulli na knockout" ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) <ref name="Gore et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}</ref> kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. <ref name="Gore et al 2017" /> A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. === Da niyya === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |- valign="top" ! scope="col" |Therapy type ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | abortive therapy |A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | bridge therapy |A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | consolidation therapy |A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | curative therapy |A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy) |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | definitive therapy |A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | destination therapy |A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | empiric therapy |A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known). |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | gold standard therapy |A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | investigational therapy |An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as "treated on protocol" imply not just "treated according to a plan" but specifically "treated with investigational therapy". |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | maintenance therapy |A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | palliative therapy |See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | preventive therapy<br /><br />{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}} |A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | salvage therapy (rescue therapy) |A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a "last-line" therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | stepdown therapy |Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | supportive therapy |A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}</ref> For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible. |- valign="top" ! scope="row" | systemic therapy |A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups. |- |} === Ta hanyar shiga tsakani === * Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}</ref> * Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. <ref name="2503290_2025" /> <ref name="Val Danilov et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Mihailova et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Medne et al_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Therapies}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics {{Medicine}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1woa5ap3qltt9itvn7e3y041w1yhz3x 0 19199 968360 944822 2026-10-16T18:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ephesus_Library_of_Celsus.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Afisus Library na Celsus]] [[File:RomanEmpireTrajan117AD.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Daular Rome a mafi girman girmanta a karkashin Trajan a AD&nbsp;117]] [[File:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png|thumb|300x300px| Kabilun Jamusawa da na Hun sun mamaye Daular Rome, 100-500&nbsp;AD. Wadannan yake-yake daga karshe sun haifar da faduwar Daular Roman ta Yamma a karni na 5 Miladiyya]] '''Romawa na Da;''' Shine sunan wayewa a [[Italiya]]. Ya fara ne a matsayin karamar al'umma mai noma a cikin karni na 8 kafin haihuwar [[Annabi Isah|Annabi Isa.]] Ya kuma zama birni kuma ya karbi sunan Roma daga wanda ya kafa ta Romulus. Ya girma ya zama babbar daula a tsohuwar duniya.<ref>Chris Scarre 1995. ''The Penguin historical atlas of Ancient Rome'' Penguin, London.</ref> Ya fara ne a matsayin masarauta, sannan ya zama jamhuriya, sannan daula. Masarautar [[Romainiya|Rome]] tana da girma da yawa cewa akwai matsaloli da ke mulkin babban yankin Rome wanda ya fadi daga [[Birtaniya|Birtaniyya]] zuwa [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. A cikin 293 bayan Annabi Isa,&nbsp; ya raba masarautar kashi biyu. Karni daya daga baya, a cikin 395BM&nbsp;an raba [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/permanent shi har abada]zuwa Daular Roman ta yamma da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roman ta Gabas]]. Daular Yamma ta Kare saboda kabilar Jamusawa, Visigoths a cikin 476&nbsp;AD. A karni na 5 Miladiyya, bangaren yammacin daular ya rabu zuwa masarautu daban-daban. Daular Roman ta gabas ta kasance tare a matsayin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]]. Daular Byzantine ta kayar da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a shekarar 1453. An kafa Rome, bisa ga almara, a ranar 21 ga [[Afrilu]] 753 BC kuma ta Fadi a shekara ta 476 AD, tana da kusan shekaru 1200 na independence yancin kai da kuma kusan shekaru 700 na mulki, a matsayin babbar kasa a tsohuwar duniya. Wannan ya sanya ta zama dayan dumbin wayewar kai a zamanin da. == Al'adu == [[Al'ada|Al'adu]] na Romawa ya bazu zuwa Yammacin [[Turai]] da kuma yankin da Bahar Rum. Tarihinta har yanzu yana da babban tasiri a duniya a yau. Misali, ra'ayoyin Roman game da dokoki, [[gwamnati]], fasaha, adabi, da [[Harshe (yare)|yare]] suna da mahimmanci ga al'adun Turai. Yaren Roman, [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], sannu a hankali ya canza, ya zama [[Faransanci]] na zamani, Sifaniyanci, [[Italiyanci]], Romania, da sauran yaruka da yawa. Latin ma a kaikaice ya rinjayi wasu yarukan da yawa kamar su [[Turanci|Ingilishi]]. === Addini === Farawa tare da Sarki Nero a karni na farko AD, gwamnatin Roman ba ta son [[Kiristancìì|Kiristanci]]. A wasu wurare a tarihi, ana iya kashe mutane saboda su Kiristoci ne. A karkashin Sarki Diocletian, an tsananta wa Kiristoci ya zama mafi karfi. Koyaya, Addinin Kiristanci ya zama addinin da aka tallafawa a hukumance a Daular Roman a karkashin Constantine I, wanda shine Sarki na gaba. Tare da sanya hannu a kan Dokar Milan a 313, da sauri ya zama babban addini. Sannan a cikin 391&nbsp;AD ta hanyar umarnin sarki Theodosius I na sanya Kiristanci addinin Rome na hukuma.<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm Theodosius I (379-395&nbsp;AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015652/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm |date=2015-03-15 }} by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Written 1999-2-2. Retrieved 2007-4-4.</ref> == Daular Gabas == [[Musulunci|Rikicin Islama ya]] tsoratar da Rumawa, wanda mabiyansa suka karbi yankunan [[Siriya]], [[Armeniya|Armenia]] da [[Misra|Misira]] kuma ba da dadewa ba suka yi barazanar kwace Yankin Konstantinople. A karni na gaba, Larabawa sun kame kudancin Italiya da [[Sisiliya|Sicily]]. Rumawa sun tsira a lokacin karni na 8 kuma, farawa a cikin karni na 9, sun sake karbar ɓangarorin kasashen da aka ci da yaki.<ref>Duiker, 2001. page 349.</ref> A cikin 1000&nbsp;AD, Daular Gabas ta kasance a mafi girman matsayi, kuma al'adu da kasuwanci sun bunkasa.<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/basilii.htm Basil II (CE 976-1025)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313115140/http://www.roman-emperors.org/basilii.htm |date=2015-03-13 }} by Catherine Holmes. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Written 2003-4-1. Retrieved 2007-3-22.</ref> Koyaya, bazuwar an dakatar da Fadada a cikin 1071 a Yakin Manzikert . Wannan a karshen ya sa masarautar ta fara rauni. Bayan yake-yake na yake-yake da mamayar [[Turawa|Turkawa]], Sarki Alexius I Comnenus ya nemi taimako daga Yammaci a cikin 1095. Yammacin duniya sun amsa tare da Jihadi, a ƙarshe ya haifar da Jihadi na hudu wanda ya ci Constantinople a cikin 1204. Sabbin ƙasashe gami da Nicaea sun karbi bangaren ƙaramar daular a yanzu.<ref>Gibbon, Edward. ''History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307071332/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol11/PDFs/0214-11_Pt02_Chap61.pdf Chapter 61]. Retrieved 2007-4-11.</ref> Bayan sake ikon Constantinople da sojojin Imperial suka yi, masarautar ba ta wuce kasar [[Girka (kasa)|Girka da]] ke tsare a yankin Aegean ba. Daular Gabas ta Kare lokacin da Mehmed na II ya ci yankin Constantinople a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1453.<ref>[http://www.theottomans.org/english/family/mehmet2.asp Mehmet II] by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 2007-4-3.</ref> == Binciken kwakwaf == An samo ragowar ayyukan Roman da kuma gine-ginen a mafi kusurwar ƙarshen Masarautar. * Iyakokin Daular Rome * Gidajen Roman * Hanyoyin Roman a [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Honduran_Roman_Catholic_mass.jpg|Honduran Roman Catholic mass File:Mamucium_vicus,_site_of.jpg|Mamucium vicus </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak Laburaren Doka na Roman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak |date=2012-08-31 }} ''Da Yves Lassard da Alexandr Koptev'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080613173831/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/ancient_rome.htm Hanyoyin hadin yanar gizo don daliban Makarantar Midil] ''daga tarin Laburaren Makarantar Middle School'' [[Category:Daulolin Musulunci]] [[Category:Turawa]] [[Category:Italiya]] 4k8v6nck7eq0me51izqig47mktbgodn 4 21908 968429 967995 2026-10-16T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 968429 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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Al-Muhit|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Nico|Nico]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nico|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Paulin Méry|Paulin Méry]] |[[Special:Contributions/Paulin Méry|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |48 |[[User:JanaJin|JanaJin]] |[[Special:Contributions/JanaJin|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |49 |[[User:DuckyNL|DuckyNL]] |[[Special:Contributions/DuckyNL|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Tylerbeachum|Tylerbeachum]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tylerbeachum|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Williamtjhi|Williamtjhi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Williamtjhi|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |52 |[[User:SkyFlyingAtlas|SkyFlyingAtlas]] |[[Special:Contributions/SkyFlyingAtlas|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Mickwellington|Mickwellington]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mickwellington|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |54 |[[User:NellasMorwen|NellasMorwen]] |[[Special:Contributions/NellasMorwen|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Schlosser67|Schlosser67]] |[[Special:Contributions/Schlosser67|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |56 |[[User:HarbourCard0|HarbourCard0]] |[[Special:Contributions/HarbourCard0|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Dr. Hartwig Raeder|Dr. Hartwig Raeder]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dr. Hartwig Raeder|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |58 |[[User:جوندت|جوندت]] |[[Special:Contributions/جوندت|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Ajordynwolrige|Ajordynwolrige]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ajordynwolrige|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Duongphinhan|Duongphinhan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Duongphinhan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Wikihausa|Wikihausa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wikihausa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Wolesmile|Wolesmile]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wolesmile|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Stilfehler|Stilfehler]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stilfehler|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Maryam Bello S|Maryam Bello S]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maryam Bello S|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Christofferbrogaard|Christofferbrogaard]] |[[Special:Contributions/Christofferbrogaard|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa|Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Theforgottenfischer|Theforgottenfischer]] |[[Special:Contributions/Theforgottenfischer|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |68 |[[User:PDPrins|PDPrins]] |[[Special:Contributions/PDPrins|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Aggarwala2727|Aggarwala2727]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aggarwala2727|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Pavner|Pavner]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pavner|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |} eatdzvysoyqvip76fqpehj3izoasp7v 0 23222 968561 675538 2026-10-17T11:09:37Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374010767|Eye]]" 968561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ido''' wani abu ne da ke bawa halitta damar fahimtar bayanai na gani . Yana gano [[haske]] kuma yana mayar da shi zuwa motsin lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi (jijiyoyi). Yana cikin tsarin gani na wani halitta. A cikin kwayoyin da suka fi girma, ido tsarin gani ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke tattara haske daga mahalli da ke kewaye da shi, yana daidaita ƙarfinsa ta hanyar diaphragm, yana mai da hankali ta hanyar daidaitaccen taro na ruwan tabarau don samar da hoto, yana canza wannan hoton zuwa saiti na siginar lantarki, kuma yana watsa waɗannan siginar zuwa [[kwakwalwa]] ta hanyar hanyoyin jijiyoyin da ke haɗa ido ta hanyar jijiyar gani zuwa sauran yankuna na kwakwalwa. Idanu masu ikon warwarewa sun zo a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban guda goma, an rarraba su cikin idanu masu haɗari da idanu marasa haɗari. Idanu masu yawa sun ƙunshi ƙananan raka'a masu yawa, kuma sun zama ruwan dare a kan kwari da crustaceans. Idanu marasa ma'ana suna da ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya kuma suna mai da hankali kan haske a kan retina don samar da hoto ɗaya. Irin wannan ido ya zama ruwan dare a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane. Idanu mafi sauki sune idanu na rami. Su ne idanu-spots wanda za'a iya saita shi a cikin rami don rage kusurwar haske wanda ke shiga da kuma shafar ido-spots, don ba da damar kwayar halitta ta cire kusurwar hasken da ke shigowa.<ref name="Land1992">{{Cite journal |last=Land |first=M.F. |last2=Fernald |first2=R.D. |year=1992 |title=The evolution of eyes |journal=[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]] |volume=15 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 |issn=0147-006X |pmid=1575438}}</ref> Idanu suna ba da damar ayyukan amsa hoto da yawa waɗanda ba su da ikon gani. A cikin kwayar halitta da ke da idanu masu rikitarwa, ƙwayoyin ganglion masu saurin haske suna aika sigina tare da hanyar retinohypothalamic zuwa ƙwayoyin suprachiasmatic don yin gyare-gyare na circadian da kuma yankin pre-ectal don sarrafa hasken haske na pupillary. [[File:Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg|left|thumb|Ido na bison na TuraiTsuntsu na Turai]] [[File:Голубой_глаз.jpg|thumb|[[Idanun mutum]]]] Idanu masu rikitarwa suna rarrabe siffofi da [[Launi|launuka]]. Yankunan gani na kwayoyin halitta da yawa, musamman masu cin nama, sun haɗa da manyan wuraren hangen nesa don zurfin fahimta. A wasu kwayoyin halitta, musamman dabbobi masu cin nama, idanu [[Zomo|buns]] samuwa don kara girman filin kallo, kamar a cikin zomo da dawakai, waɗanda ke da hangen nesa. Idanun farko sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi 600 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce game da lokacin fashewar Cambrian . Kakanni na ƙarshe na dabbobi da aka saba da shi yana da kayan aikin sinadarai da ake buƙata don gani, kuma idanu masu ci gaba sun samo asali a cikin kashi 96% na nau'ikan dabbobi a cikin shida daga cikin manyan phyla na ~35 {{Efn|There is no universal consensus on the precise total number of phyla Animalia; the stated figure varies slightly from author to author.}} . <ref name="Land1992" /> A yawancin halittu masu ƙashi da wasu ƙananan halittu, ido yana barin haske ya shiga ya kuma fito a kan wani Layer na ƙwayoyin halitta masu saurin haske wanda aka sani da retina . Kwayoyin mazugi (don launi) da ƙwayoyin sanda (don bambancin haske mai ƙarancin haske) a cikin retina suna gano haske kuma suna canza shi zuwa siginar jijiyoyi waɗanda ake watsawa zuwa [[kwakwalwa]] ta hanyar jijiyar gani don samar da gani. Irin waɗannan idanu galibi suna da siffar spheroid, cike da abin dariya mai kama da gel, suna da ruwan tabarau mai mayar da hankali, kuma galibi suna da launin iris . Tsokoki da ke kewaye da iris suna canza girman ɗan ido, suna daidaita adadin hasken da ke shiga ido kuma suna rage kurakurai idan akwai isasshen haske. Idanun yawancin cephalopods, [[kifi]], ruwa mai kama da ruwa da [[Maciji|macizai]] suna da siffofi na ruwan tabarau masu tsayayye, kuma ana samun mayar da hankali ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta hanyar kamara . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Molly |last2=Denning |first2=David |date=2001 |title=What animal has a more sophisticated eye, Octopus or Insect? |url=http://ebiomedia.com/gall/eyes/octopus-insect.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226060919/http://www.ebiomedia.com/what-animal-has-a-more-sophisticated-eye-octopus-or-insect.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |publisher=BioMedia Associates}}</ref> Idanu masu mahimmanci na arthropods sun ƙunshi fuskoki masu sauƙi waɗanda, dangane da cikakkun bayanai na jikin mutum, na iya ba da hoto ɗaya ko hotuna da yawa a kowane ido. Kowane firikwensin yana da ruwan tabarau da sel (s) mai saurin haske. Wasu idanu suna da irin waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina 28,000 da aka shirya a cikin hexagonally, wanda zai iya ba da cikakken filin hangen nesa na 360 °. Idanu masu yawa suna da matukar damuwa ga motsi. Wasu arthropods, gami da Strepsiptera da yawa, suna da idanu masu yawa na 'yan bangarori kaɗan, kowannensu yana da retina wanda zai iya ƙirƙirar hoto. Tare da kowane ido yana samar da hoto daban-daban, ana samar da hoto mai zurfi a cikin kwakwalwa. [[File:Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg|thumb|Idanun mantis shrimp (a nan ''Odontodactylus scyllarus'') ana ɗaukar su mafi rikitarwa a cikin mulkin dabba.]] Cutar mantis tana da tsarin hangen nesa mafi rikitarwa a duniya. Yana da cikakken hangen nesa na launi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2010 |title=Who You Callin' "Shrimp"? |url=http://www.nwf.org/news-and-magazines/national-wildlife/animals/archives/2005/who-you-callin-shrimp.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809032945/http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2005/Who-You-Callin-Shrimp.aspx |archive-date=9 August 2010 |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=National Wildlife Magazine |publisher=[[National Wildlife Federation]]}}</ref> Ya bambanta da idanu masu kama da juna, idanu masu sauƙi suna da ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya. gizo-gizo masu tsalle suna da manyan idanu masu sauƙi guda biyu tare da karamin filin kallo, wanda aka kara da jerin ƙananan idanu don hangen nesa. Wasu tsutsotsi na kwari, kamar caterpillars, suna da nau'in ido mai sauƙi (stemmata) wanda yawanci ke ba da hoto mai laushi kawai, amma (kamar yadda yake a cikin tsutsotsi na sawfly) na iya samun ikon warwarewa na digiri 4 na bakan gizo, ya kasance mai saurin magana, kuma yana iya ƙara cikakkiyar ƙwarewarsa da dare ta hanyar 1,000 ko fiye.<ref name="Meyer-Rochow 1974">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer-Rochow |first=V.B. |date=1974 |title=Structure and function of the larval eye of the sawfly larva ''Perga'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1565–1591 |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(74)90087-0 |pmid=4854430}}</ref> Ocelli, wasu daga cikin idanu mafi sauki, ana samun su a cikin dabbobi kamar wasu [[Dodon kodi|kwari]]. Suna da ƙwayoyin photosensitive amma babu ruwan tabarau ko wasu hanyoyin tsara hoto a kan waɗancan ƙwayoyin. Suna iya rarrabe tsakanin haske da duhu amma ba ƙari ba, yana ba su damar guje wa Hasken rana kai tsaye. A cikin kwayoyin da ke zaune kusa da hanyoyin zurfin teku, an daidaita idanu masu haɗari don ganin Hasken infrared da aka samar ta hanyar hanyoyin zafi, yana bawa halittu damar guje wa tafasa da rai.<ref name="Cronin2008">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=T.W. |last2=Porter |first2=M.L. |year=2008 |title=Exceptional Variation on a Common Theme: the Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=463–475 |doi=10.1007/s12052-008-0085-0 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == Idanu kuma sun fada cikin rukuni biyu bisa ga tsarin tantanin halitta na photoreceptor, tare da ƙwayoyin photoreceptors ko dai suna da ciliated (kamar yadda yake a cikin vertebrates) ko rhabdomeric. Wadannan kungiyoyi biyu ba monophyletic ba ne; Cnidaria kuma suna da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref name="Kozmik2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kozmik |first=Z. |last2=Ruzickova |first2=J. |last3=Jonasova |first3=K. |last4=Matsumoto |first4=Y. |last5=Vopalensky |first5=P. |last6=Kozmikova |first6=I. |last7=Strnad |first7=H. |last8=Kawamura |first8=S. |last9=Piatigorsky |first9=J. |last10=Paces |first10=V. |last11=Vlcek |first11=C. |display-authors=9 <!-- This article has exactly 11 authors --> |date=2008 |title=Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components |format=Free full text |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |issue=26 |pages=8989–8993 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.8989K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0800388105 |pmc=2449352 |pmid=18577593 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma wasu gastropods <ref name="Zhukov2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zhukov |first=ZH |last2=Borisseko |first2=SL |last3=Zieger |first3=MV |last4=Vakoliuk |first4=IA |last5=Meyer-Rochow |first5=VB |year=2006 |title=The eye of the freshwater prosobranch gastropod Viviparus viviparus: ultrastructure, electrophysiology and behaviour |journal=Acta Zoologica |volume=87 |pages=13–24 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00216.x}}</ref> da annelids suna da duka biyu.<ref name="Fernald2006">{{Cite journal |last=Fernald, Russell D. |year=2006 |title=Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5795 |pages=1914–1918 |bibcode=2006Sci...313.1914F |doi=10.1126/science.1127889 |pmid=17008522 |s2cid=84439732}}</ref> Wasu kwayoyin suna da sel mai saurin daukar hoto waɗanda ba sa yin komai sai dai su gano ko mahalli ne haske ko duhu, wanda ya isa ga janyewar rhythms na circadian. Wadannan ba a dauke su idanu ba saboda ba su da isasshen tsari don a dauke su a matsayin kwayar halitta, kuma ba sa samar da hoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Circadian Rhythms Fact Sheet |url=http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Pages/Factsheet_CircadianRhythms.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313000520/https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/factsheet_circadianrhythms.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=3 June 2015 |website=National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) |publisher=National Institute of General Medical Sciences}}</ref> Kowace hanyar fasaha ta kama hoton gani wanda mutane ke amfani da shi yana faruwa a cikin yanayi, ban da zoom da ruwan tabarau na Fresnel.<ref name="Land1992" /> === Idanu marasa ƙarfi === Idanu masu sauƙi suna da yawa, kuma idanu masu ɗauke da ruwan tabarau sun samo asali aƙalla sau bakwai a cikin vertebrates, cephalopods, annelids, crustaceans da Cubozoa.[1] [daidaitaccen tabbaci] ==== Idanu na rami ==== Idanun rami, wanda aka fi sani da stemmata, wuraren ido ne wanda za'a iya saita shi a cikin rami don rage kusurwoyin haske da ke shiga kuma yana shafar wurin ido, don ba da damar kwayar halitta ta cire kusurwar haske mai shigowa. An samo su a cikin kusan kashi 85% na phyla, waɗannan siffofin asali tabbas sune farkon nau'ikan "idanu masu sauƙi". Suna da ƙananan, sun ƙunshi kusan sel 100 da ke rufe kusan 100 μm. &nbsp;Za'a iya inganta jagorancin ta hanyar rage girman buɗewar, ta hanyar haɗa wani nau'i mai nunawa a bayan sel masu karɓa, ko ta hanyar cika ramin da kayan da ba su da kyau.<ref name="Land1992" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ei0dsjewaz49uo2e9s3dav0f2xvk1p 968562 968561 2026-10-17T11:10:15Z Khaleel767 49732 968562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I''' {{Databox}} '''do''' wani abu ne da ke bawa halitta damar fahimtar bayanai na gani . Yana gano [[haske]] kuma yana mayar da shi zuwa motsin lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi (jijiyoyi). Yana cikin tsarin gani na wani halitta. A cikin kwayoyin da suka fi girma, ido tsarin gani ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke tattara haske daga mahalli da ke kewaye da shi, yana daidaita ƙarfinsa ta hanyar diaphragm, yana mai da hankali ta hanyar daidaitaccen taro na ruwan tabarau don samar da hoto, yana canza wannan hoton zuwa saiti na siginar lantarki, kuma yana watsa waɗannan siginar zuwa [[kwakwalwa]] ta hanyar hanyoyin jijiyoyin da ke haɗa ido ta hanyar jijiyar gani zuwa sauran yankuna na kwakwalwa. Idanu masu ikon warwarewa sun zo a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban guda goma, an rarraba su cikin idanu masu haɗari da idanu marasa haɗari. Idanu masu yawa sun ƙunshi ƙananan raka'a masu yawa, kuma sun zama ruwan dare a kan kwari da crustaceans. Idanu marasa ma'ana suna da ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya kuma suna mai da hankali kan haske a kan retina don samar da hoto ɗaya. Irin wannan ido ya zama ruwan dare a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane. Idanu mafi sauki sune idanu na rami. Su ne idanu-spots wanda za'a iya saita shi a cikin rami don rage kusurwar haske wanda ke shiga da kuma shafar ido-spots, don ba da damar kwayar halitta ta cire kusurwar hasken da ke shigowa.<ref name="Land1992">{{Cite journal |last=Land |first=M.F. |last2=Fernald |first2=R.D. |year=1992 |title=The evolution of eyes |journal=[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]] |volume=15 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 |issn=0147-006X |pmid=1575438}}</ref> Idanu suna ba da damar ayyukan amsa hoto da yawa waɗanda ba su da ikon gani. A cikin kwayar halitta da ke da idanu masu rikitarwa, ƙwayoyin ganglion masu saurin haske suna aika sigina tare da hanyar retinohypothalamic zuwa ƙwayoyin suprachiasmatic don yin gyare-gyare na circadian da kuma yankin pre-ectal don sarrafa hasken haske na pupillary. [[File:Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg|left|thumb|Ido na bison na TuraiTsuntsu na Turai]] [[File:Голубой_глаз.jpg|thumb|[[Idanun mutum]]]] Idanu masu rikitarwa suna rarrabe siffofi da [[Launi|launuka]]. Yankunan gani na kwayoyin halitta da yawa, musamman masu cin nama, sun haɗa da manyan wuraren hangen nesa don zurfin fahimta. A wasu kwayoyin halitta, musamman dabbobi masu cin nama, idanu [[Zomo|buns]] samuwa don kara girman filin kallo, kamar a cikin zomo da dawakai, waɗanda ke da hangen nesa. Idanun farko sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi 600 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce game da lokacin fashewar Cambrian . Kakanni na ƙarshe na dabbobi da aka saba da shi yana da kayan aikin sinadarai da ake buƙata don gani, kuma idanu masu ci gaba sun samo asali a cikin kashi 96% na nau'ikan dabbobi a cikin shida daga cikin manyan phyla na ~35 {{Efn|There is no universal consensus on the precise total number of phyla Animalia; the stated figure varies slightly from author to author.}} . <ref name="Land1992" /> A yawancin halittu masu ƙashi da wasu ƙananan halittu, ido yana barin haske ya shiga ya kuma fito a kan wani Layer na ƙwayoyin halitta masu saurin haske wanda aka sani da retina . Kwayoyin mazugi (don launi) da ƙwayoyin sanda (don bambancin haske mai ƙarancin haske) a cikin retina suna gano haske kuma suna canza shi zuwa siginar jijiyoyi waɗanda ake watsawa zuwa [[kwakwalwa]] ta hanyar jijiyar gani don samar da gani. Irin waɗannan idanu galibi suna da siffar spheroid, cike da abin dariya mai kama da gel, suna da ruwan tabarau mai mayar da hankali, kuma galibi suna da launin iris . Tsokoki da ke kewaye da iris suna canza girman ɗan ido, suna daidaita adadin hasken da ke shiga ido kuma suna rage kurakurai idan akwai isasshen haske. Idanun yawancin cephalopods, [[kifi]], ruwa mai kama da ruwa da [[Maciji|macizai]] suna da siffofi na ruwan tabarau masu tsayayye, kuma ana samun mayar da hankali ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta hanyar kamara . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Molly |last2=Denning |first2=David |date=2001 |title=What animal has a more sophisticated eye, Octopus or Insect? |url=http://ebiomedia.com/gall/eyes/octopus-insect.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226060919/http://www.ebiomedia.com/what-animal-has-a-more-sophisticated-eye-octopus-or-insect.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |publisher=BioMedia Associates}}</ref> Idanu masu mahimmanci na arthropods sun ƙunshi fuskoki masu sauƙi waɗanda, dangane da cikakkun bayanai na jikin mutum, na iya ba da hoto ɗaya ko hotuna da yawa a kowane ido. Kowane firikwensin yana da ruwan tabarau da sel (s) mai saurin haske. Wasu idanu suna da irin waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina 28,000 da aka shirya a cikin hexagonally, wanda zai iya ba da cikakken filin hangen nesa na 360 °. Idanu masu yawa suna da matukar damuwa ga motsi. Wasu arthropods, gami da Strepsiptera da yawa, suna da idanu masu yawa na 'yan bangarori kaɗan, kowannensu yana da retina wanda zai iya ƙirƙirar hoto. Tare da kowane ido yana samar da hoto daban-daban, ana samar da hoto mai zurfi a cikin kwakwalwa. [[File:Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg|thumb|Idanun mantis shrimp (a nan ''Odontodactylus scyllarus'') ana ɗaukar su mafi rikitarwa a cikin mulkin dabba.]] Cutar mantis tana da tsarin hangen nesa mafi rikitarwa a duniya. Yana da cikakken hangen nesa na launi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2010 |title=Who You Callin' "Shrimp"? |url=http://www.nwf.org/news-and-magazines/national-wildlife/animals/archives/2005/who-you-callin-shrimp.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809032945/http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2005/Who-You-Callin-Shrimp.aspx |archive-date=9 August 2010 |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=National Wildlife Magazine |publisher=[[National Wildlife Federation]]}}</ref> Ya bambanta da idanu masu kama da juna, idanu masu sauƙi suna da ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya. gizo-gizo masu tsalle suna da manyan idanu masu sauƙi guda biyu tare da karamin filin kallo, wanda aka kara da jerin ƙananan idanu don hangen nesa. Wasu tsutsotsi na kwari, kamar caterpillars, suna da nau'in ido mai sauƙi (stemmata) wanda yawanci ke ba da hoto mai laushi kawai, amma (kamar yadda yake a cikin tsutsotsi na sawfly) na iya samun ikon warwarewa na digiri 4 na bakan gizo, ya kasance mai saurin magana, kuma yana iya ƙara cikakkiyar ƙwarewarsa da dare ta hanyar 1,000 ko fiye.<ref name="Meyer-Rochow 1974">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer-Rochow |first=V.B. |date=1974 |title=Structure and function of the larval eye of the sawfly larva ''Perga'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1565–1591 |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(74)90087-0 |pmid=4854430}}</ref> Ocelli, wasu daga cikin idanu mafi sauki, ana samun su a cikin dabbobi kamar wasu [[Dodon kodi|kwari]]. Suna da ƙwayoyin photosensitive amma babu ruwan tabarau ko wasu hanyoyin tsara hoto a kan waɗancan ƙwayoyin. Suna iya rarrabe tsakanin haske da duhu amma ba ƙari ba, yana ba su damar guje wa Hasken rana kai tsaye. A cikin kwayoyin da ke zaune kusa da hanyoyin zurfin teku, an daidaita idanu masu haɗari don ganin Hasken infrared da aka samar ta hanyar hanyoyin zafi, yana bawa halittu damar guje wa tafasa da rai.<ref name="Cronin2008">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=T.W. |last2=Porter |first2=M.L. |year=2008 |title=Exceptional Variation on a Common Theme: the Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=463–475 |doi=10.1007/s12052-008-0085-0 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == Idanu kuma sun fada cikin rukuni biyu bisa ga tsarin tantanin halitta na photoreceptor, tare da ƙwayoyin photoreceptors ko dai suna da ciliated (kamar yadda yake a cikin vertebrates) ko rhabdomeric. Wadannan kungiyoyi biyu ba monophyletic ba ne; Cnidaria kuma suna da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref name="Kozmik2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kozmik |first=Z. |last2=Ruzickova |first2=J. |last3=Jonasova |first3=K. |last4=Matsumoto |first4=Y. |last5=Vopalensky |first5=P. |last6=Kozmikova |first6=I. |last7=Strnad |first7=H. |last8=Kawamura |first8=S. |last9=Piatigorsky |first9=J. |last10=Paces |first10=V. |last11=Vlcek |first11=C. |display-authors=9 <!-- This article has exactly 11 authors --> |date=2008 |title=Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components |format=Free full text |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |issue=26 |pages=8989–8993 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.8989K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0800388105 |pmc=2449352 |pmid=18577593 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma wasu gastropods <ref name="Zhukov2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zhukov |first=ZH |last2=Borisseko |first2=SL |last3=Zieger |first3=MV |last4=Vakoliuk |first4=IA |last5=Meyer-Rochow |first5=VB |year=2006 |title=The eye of the freshwater prosobranch gastropod Viviparus viviparus: ultrastructure, electrophysiology and behaviour |journal=Acta Zoologica |volume=87 |pages=13–24 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00216.x}}</ref> da annelids suna da duka biyu.<ref name="Fernald2006">{{Cite journal |last=Fernald, Russell D. |year=2006 |title=Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5795 |pages=1914–1918 |bibcode=2006Sci...313.1914F |doi=10.1126/science.1127889 |pmid=17008522 |s2cid=84439732}}</ref> Wasu kwayoyin suna da sel mai saurin daukar hoto waɗanda ba sa yin komai sai dai su gano ko mahalli ne haske ko duhu, wanda ya isa ga janyewar rhythms na circadian. Wadannan ba a dauke su idanu ba saboda ba su da isasshen tsari don a dauke su a matsayin kwayar halitta, kuma ba sa samar da hoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Circadian Rhythms Fact Sheet |url=http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Pages/Factsheet_CircadianRhythms.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313000520/https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/factsheet_circadianrhythms.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=3 June 2015 |website=National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) |publisher=National Institute of General Medical Sciences}}</ref> Kowace hanyar fasaha ta kama hoton gani wanda mutane ke amfani da shi yana faruwa a cikin yanayi, ban da zoom da ruwan tabarau na Fresnel.<ref name="Land1992" /> === Idanu marasa ƙarfi === Idanu masu sauƙi suna da yawa, kuma idanu masu ɗauke da ruwan tabarau sun samo asali aƙalla sau bakwai a cikin vertebrates, cephalopods, annelids, crustaceans da Cubozoa.[1] [daidaitaccen tabbaci] ==== Idanu na rami ==== Idanun rami, wanda aka fi sani da stemmata, wuraren ido ne wanda za'a iya saita shi a cikin rami don rage kusurwoyin haske da ke shiga kuma yana shafar wurin ido, don ba da damar kwayar halitta ta cire kusurwar haske mai shigowa. An samo su a cikin kusan kashi 85% na phyla, waɗannan siffofin asali tabbas sune farkon nau'ikan "idanu masu sauƙi". Suna da ƙananan, sun ƙunshi kusan sel 100 da ke rufe kusan 100 μm. &nbsp;Za'a iya inganta jagorancin ta hanyar rage girman buɗewar, ta hanyar haɗa wani nau'i mai nunawa a bayan sel masu karɓa, ko ta hanyar cika ramin da kayan da ba su da kyau.<ref name="Land1992" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7kyweaqabpqrv27j1yhfitkncmicevc 0 25459 968540 967857 2026-10-17T08:39:56Z Zaujeel khair 49197 968540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur. * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka. * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, Shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong. 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism. We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation. Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto. ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism. == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA. == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA). == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai. === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake ƙira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A [[kimiyya]] Da [[Fasaha]] === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan [[trigonometric]] a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H _a, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen [[Sunayen|sunaye]] == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). np7s7mi4qrjuty63dmi3yrfkng1dqut 0 25845 968252 968202 2026-10-16T13:54:27Z Baby juuu 38856 968252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ol''' {{Databox}} '''a Balogun''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1945) ɗan fim ne kuma Marubucin rubutun Najeriya. Ya kuma shiga Masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya a shekara ta 2001. Balogun, wanda ke yin fina-finai sama da shekaru talatin, yana daga cikin ƙarni na farko na masu shirya fina-fukkuna na Najeriya.<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1968, ya shiga ma'aikatan Sashin Fim na Najeriya, wanda ke karkashin gwamnatin [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai]], sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]]. Fim din farko na Balogun sun kasance gajerun takardun shaida: One Nigeria da aka fitar a 1969, Les Ponts de Paris (1971), Fire In the Afternoon (1971), ''Thundergod'' (1971), Nupe Masquerade (1972), In the Beginning (1972), da Owuama, A New Yam Festival (1973). {{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim dinsa na farko shi ne ''Alfa'', fim din da ba shi da kuɗi sosai wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1972 lokacin da yake a Ife.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa kamfaninsa na fim mai zaman kansa, Afrocult Foundation, wanda ya fitar da fina-finai na gaba. Wanda ya biyo baya ga ''Alfa'' shine Vivre, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 1974, sannan kuma ''Nigersteel'', aikin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. A shekara ta 1975, ya fitar da ''Amadi'', fim din [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]].{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Ayyukansa na gaba shine jagorantar da samar da ''Ajani Ogun'', fim na yaren Yoruba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Duro Ladipo kuma yana da Ade Love . Fim din ya kasance babban ofishin jakadancin, kuma shahararren ''Ajani Ogun'' ya tada bayanin Balogun a cikin fim din fim da shugabanci a cikin kasar. Kodayake fim dinsa na gaba, Musik Man, ba a karɓa da kyau ga masu sauraro ba, aikin da ya biyo baya, Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'', ya sami shahara.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun ya bi ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra (1978), samar da Portuguese-Nijeriya, sannan ''Aiye'' (1980), tare da [[Hubert Ogunde]], da ''[[Orun Mooru]]'' (1982) tare da Moses Olaiya . == Early life and education == Balogun was born in 1945 in Aba, [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], to [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] parents. His father practised [[Doka|law]] in Aba until his death when Balogun was 12. The first language Balogun learned to speak was [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]].<ref name="modernghana" /> He attended Christ the King School, Aba, from 1951 to 1957, then went to [[King's College, Lagos]]. He studied at the University of Dakar from 1962 to 1963, at the University of Caen in [[Faransa|France]] (1963–66), and at the Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (from 1966 to 1968), where Christopher Miles was a fellow student. == Early career == Balogun returned to Nigeria during the [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Nigerian Civil War]] and at the time, Nigeria did not have an indigenous cinema industry. In 1969, he was a scriptwriter with Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Information's film unit before he was posted to [[Faris|Paris]] as press attaché of the Nigerian embassy there, and in Paris, he published a play about [[Shango]]. He returned to Nigeria and was affiliated with the Institute of African Studies at [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|University of Ife]]. Balogun's first production was ''One Nigeria'' (1969), a documentary about his impression of the Nigerian Civil War. In the midst of the war, Balogun had accompanied a French observer group to the war front, where he witnessed the destruction caused by the war. The documentaries ''One Nigeria'' and ''Eastern Nigeria Revisited'' were influenced by his impression of the war. A pioneer of Nigerian filmmaking, Balogun produced his first films in the early 1970s. His 1981 film ''For Freedom!'' was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival.<ref name="Moscow1981">{{Cite web |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> In 1973, he founded Afrocult Foundation, an independent film company. == Film career == After producing documentaries, Balogun produced ''Alpha'', a medium-length film about an African émigré in Paris. His follow-up was Vivre, a non-fiction story about his friend who became handicapped as a result of an accident. After ''Vivre'', Balogun was commissioned by the government to produce ''Nigersteel'', a film about Nigeria's industrialization stage. His next movie project dealt with the subject matter of embracing and not discarding African culture and tradition in the search for future goals. This film, ''Amadi'', released in 1975, is an Igbo-language movie about a man moving back to the village after having limited success and little fulfilment in the city of Lagos. In the village, he used the knowledge and skills learned to promote the use of modern agricultural techniques. The film broke new ground in Nigerian cinema as the first feature-length movie in Igbo language.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} The film found success in [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Eastern Nigeria]] but limited success elsewhere. Ajani Ogun, Balogun's first indigenous Yoruba-language film, is a musical released in celluloid form in 1975. The film had [[Adeyemi Afolayan|Ade Love]] in the lead role, while the majority of the crew came from Duro Ladipo's travelling theatre troupe. Balogun reached a wider audience with ''Ajani Ogun,'' and the success of the film led to an increase in the adoption of stage plays performed by [[Adabin Yarabawa|Yoruba traveling theatres]] into feature-length movies. After the success of ''Ajani Ogun'', his next project was ''Musik Man'', a movie produced in [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] and English so as to reach a wider audience. However, the film was not financially successful.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun bounced back with ''Ija Ominira'', an adaptation of [[Adebayo Faleti]]'s novel, ''Omo Olokun Esin'', which was being performed on stage by a theatre troupe. The movie was produced in collaboration with Ade Love, his lead actor in ''Ajani Ogun''; Ade Love was also the lead actor in ''Ija Ominira''. There were filming difficulties between Balogun and Ade Love on the set of ''Ija Ominira'', both men had minor disagreements about the direction of the movie. Balogun followed Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'' with ''A Deusa Negra'', also known as ''[[Black Goddess]]'', which he both wrote and directed; the project was a Nigerian-Brazilian collaboration distributed by Embrafilme of Brazil. A Brazilian producer had seen some of Balogun's previous works and asked him to shoot a new movie in Brazil. Despite some tensions and financial challenges, he completed the film in 1978. In Aiye (1979), Balogun expanded the stage play of one of Hubert Ogunde's popular acts into a feature-length film. The theme of the movie was a classic tale of the struggle between good and evil. The good was a traditional priest or babalawo and the evil characters were the witches in the village.[1] Aiye, which employed many Yoruba stage actors and some technical crew from Black Goddess, was a financial success, although as with Ija Ominira, Balogun and Hubert Ogunde, the lead actor and co-producer, had some disagreements about the movie's direction.[1] In 1980, Balogun produced ''Cry Freedom'' (previously titled ''Haraka''), with Prunella Gee and Albert Hall in the lead roles. The film was shot in [[Ghana]], and Balogun used some technicians, such as Jose Medeiros, who had previously worked with him on ''A Deusa Negra''. ''Cry Freedom'', inspired by [[Meja Mwangi]]'s ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'', is about an uprising that led to guerrilla warfare in an African country. The movie found fans among Nigerian intellectuals, but it did not appeal to a mass audience.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun's collaboration with Moses Olaiya, also known as Baba Sala, was the big-budget ''Orun Mooru (Heaven is Hot)''. Thereafter, Balogun stopped working with lead actors from the Yoruba theatre group. In 1982, he released ''Money Power''. == Political life == Balogun was a member of [[Ibrahim Babangida|President Babangida's]] Political Bureau but resigned due to concerns over the means of achieving the bureau's objectives.  Balogun has been a regular attendee at [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] (the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}} == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! style="width:33px;" |Year ! width="145" |Film ! width="65" |Director ! width="65" |Producer ! width="65" |Writer |- |1972 | style="text-align:left" |''Alpha'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Ajani Ogun'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Amadi'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- |1976 | style="text-align:left" |''Musik Man'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''Ija Ominira'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Black Goddess]]'' | {{Yes}} | | {{Yes}} |- |1979 | style="text-align:left" |''Aiye'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | |- |1981 | style="text-align:left" |''Cry Freedom'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''Money Power'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Orun Mooru]]'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | |- |1988 | style="text-align:left" |''River Niger, Black Mother'' | {{Yes}} | | |- |1993 | style="text-align:left" |''Magic of Nigeria'' | {{Yes}} | | |- |1994 | style="text-align:left" |''Destination Barbados'' | {{Yes}} | | |- |1998 | style="text-align:left" |''Gods of Africa in Brazil'' | {{Yes}} | | {{Yes}} |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fqi7y5yyktbsgni0z5fw9d32ha7wz7j 0 27279 968462 930834 2026-10-16T23:13:35Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344984819|Citation (film)]]" 968462 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''''Citation''''' is a 2020 [[Najeriya|Nigerian]] drama film directed by [[Kunle Afolayan]], written by [[Tunde Babalola]] and starring [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]], [[Temi Otedola]], [[Bukunmi Oluwasina|Bukunmi Oluwashina]], and [[Gabriel Afolayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Citation review – a haunting Nigerian film on rape culture |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2020/11/06/review-citation-netflix-film/ |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=Ready Steady Cut}}</ref> == Synopsis == The film is about a university student (Moremi Oluwa) who speaks out after a university professor attempts to rape her, and the reaction of the university institution to the claims. The film is broadly based on true events. == Cast == * [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]] as Prof. Lucien N'Dyare * [[Temi Otedola]] as Moremi * [[Bukunmi Oluwasina|Bukunmi Oluwashina]] as Uzoamaka * [[Adjetey Anang]] as Kwesi * [[Joke Silva]] as Angela * [[Ini Edo]] as Gloria * [[Ibukun Awosika]] as herself * Ropo Ewenla as Dr. Grillo * Gbubemi Ejeye as Rachel * [[Yomi Fash Lanso|Yomi Fash-Lanso]] as Lucien Legal Rep. * [[Gabriel Afolayan]] as Koyejo * Oyewole Olowomojuore as Prof. Osagye * [[Sadiq Daba]] as Prof. Yahaya * Samantha Okanlawon as Social Activist 1 * Casilda Okanlawon as Social Activist 2 * [[:fr:Bienvenu Neba|Neba]] as Dr. Sembene * Toyin Bifarin Ogundeji as Dr. Mrs. Nwosu == Reception == [[File:Citation_screening.jpg|alt=<nowiki>[[jimmy jean-louis]] [[Temi Otedola]][[Kunle Afolayan]][[Gabriel Afolayan]][[Ojo Olamide Enoch]][[Adjetey Anang]][[Ademola Adebayo]][[Tunde Babalola]]</nowiki>|thumb|Citation Press Conference]] According to the cast and crew, ''Citation'' rose to the sixth-most popular film on [[Netflix]] shortly after its release, and was most-watched on Netflix in Nigeria. ''Digital Spy''{{'}}s Nelson C.J. wrote that the subject matter of ''Citation'' was important to discuss, and treated with an "objective and sufficiently informed" perspective within the film. C.J. praised the cinematography, but found that the dialogue could have been improved and the main character given more depth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Netflix's latest movie Citation is more important than you realise |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a34654286/netflix-citation-review-nollywood/ |access-date=November 14, 2020 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Tambay Obenson of ''IndieWire'' praised the film as an "unflinching wakeup call that extends well beyond Nigeria's borders".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |date=November 8, 2020 |title='Citation' Review: A Compelling Examination of Sexual Assault on a Nigerian College Campus |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/11/citation-review-netflix-nollywood-1234597284/ |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> The movie won the best international film awards at the national film awards. {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="3" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 17|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" | |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Best Nigerian Film]] |{{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Best Soundtrack]] |{{Won}} |- |2022 |The National film Awards |Best international film |{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} cxp1r60umqwy7ooh4mt4z5jvhvtvggf 968463 968462 2026-10-16T23:14:11Z Salma Raddah 45959 968463 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''''Citation''''' is a 2020 [[Najeriya|Nigerian]] drama film directed by [[Kunle Afolayan]], written by [[Tunde Babalola]] and starring [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]], [[Temi Otedola]], [[Bukunmi Oluwasina|Bukunmi Oluwashina]], and [[Gabriel Afolayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Citation review – a haunting Nigerian film on rape culture |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2020/11/06/review-citation-netflix-film/ |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=Ready Steady Cut}}</ref> == Synopsis == The film is about a university student (Moremi Oluwa) who speaks out after a university professor attempts to rape her, and the reaction of the university institution to the claims. The film is broadly based on true events. == Cast == * [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]] as Prof. Lucien N'Dyare * [[Temi Otedola]] as Moremi * [[Bukunmi Oluwasina|Bukunmi Oluwashina]] as Uzoamaka * [[Adjetey Anang]] as Kwesi * [[Joke Silva]] as Angela * [[Ini Edo]] as Gloria * [[Ibukun Awosika]] as herself * Ropo Ewenla as Dr. Grillo * Gbubemi Ejeye as Rachel * [[Yomi Fash Lanso|Yomi Fash-Lanso]] as Lucien Legal Rep. * [[Gabriel Afolayan]] as Koyejo * Oyewole Olowomojuore as Prof. Osagye * [[Sadiq Daba]] as Prof. Yahaya * Samantha Okanlawon as Social Activist 1 * Casilda Okanlawon as Social Activist 2 * [[:fr:Bienvenu Neba|Neba]] as Dr. Sembene * Toyin Bifarin Ogundeji as Dr. Mrs. Nwosu == Reception == [[File:Citation_screening.jpg|alt=<nowiki>[[jimmy jean-louis]] [[Temi Otedola]][[Kunle Afolayan]][[Gabriel Afolayan]][[Ojo Olamide Enoch]][[Adjetey Anang]][[Ademola Adebayo]][[Tunde Babalola]]</nowiki>|thumb|Citation Press Conference]] According to the cast and crew, ''Citation'' rose to the sixth-most popular film on [[Netflix]] shortly after its release, and was most-watched on Netflix in Nigeria. ''Digital Spy''{{'}}s Nelson C.J. wrote that the subject matter of ''Citation'' was important to discuss, and treated with an "objective and sufficiently informed" perspective within the film. C.J. praised the cinematography, but found that the dialogue could have been improved and the main character given more depth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Netflix's latest movie Citation is more important than you realise |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a34654286/netflix-citation-review-nollywood/ |access-date=November 14, 2020 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Tambay Obenson of ''IndieWire'' praised the film as an "unflinching wakeup call that extends well beyond Nigeria's borders".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |date=November 8, 2020 |title='Citation' Review: A Compelling Examination of Sexual Assault on a Nigerian College Campus |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/11/citation-review-netflix-nollywood-1234597284/ |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> The movie won the best international film awards at the national film awards. {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="3" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 17|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" | |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Best Nigerian Film]] |{{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Best Soundtrack]] |{{Won}} |- |2022 |The National film Awards |Best international film |{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ivzasnenl36xay8mmw2wh1mryxbxbgm 0 29841 968503 948192 2026-10-17T03:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sharar guba duk wani abu ne da ba a so a kowane nau'i wanda zai iya haifar da lahani (misali ta hanyar shan sigina, haɗiyewa, ko shanyewa ta fata). Yawancin masana'antu ne ke samar da su, samfuran masu amfani kamar talabijin, kwamfutoci, da wayoyi suna dauke da sunadarai masu guba waɗanda zasu iya [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓata iska]] da gurɓata [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|ƙasa]] da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|ruwa]]. Rashin irin wannan sharar babban batun kiwon [[lafiyar jama'a]] ne. Karin kamuwa da cutar kansa a cikin mutane da dabbobi yana da alaƙa da fallasawa ga sunadarai masu guba. Sau da yawa ana ganin zubar da sharar gida mai guba a matsayin matsala ta adalci ta muhalli, yayin da ake zubar da shi mai guba ba daidai ba a cikin ko kusa da al'ummomin da aka ware. == Rarraba kayan guba == Kayan guba sune kayan guba sakamakon masana'antu kamar masana'antu, noma, gini, mota, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da asibitoci waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar ƙarfe mai nauyi, [[Rashin haske|radiation]], cututtukan cututtuka masu haɗari, ko wasu guba. Sharar guba ta zama mafi yawa tun lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], wanda ya haifar da manyan batutuwa na duniya. Rashin irin wannan sharar ya zama mafi mahimmanci tare da ƙarin ci gaban fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke ƙunshe da sinadarai masu guba. Kayayyakin kamar wayoyin salula, kwamfutoci, Talabijin, da bangarorin hasken rana suna dauke da sinadarai masu guba waɗanda zasu iya cutar da muhalli idan ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata don hana gurɓata iska da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Ana ɗaukar abu mai guba lokacin da yake haifar da mutuwa ko lahani ta hanyar shan shi, haɗiye shi, ko kuma ya sha ta cikin fata.123Oxidizers an raba su daga acid, kayan kwayoyin halitta, karafa, masu ragewa, da ammoniya, kamar lokacin da oxidizers suka haɗu da waɗannan nau'ikan mahadi, ana iya ƙirƙirar mahadi mai cin wuta kuma wani lokacin masu guba. Oxidizers kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar cewa duk wani abu mai cin wuta zai kunna wuta, wanda aka gani da sauƙi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike tare da adanawar kayan narkewa na kwayoyin halitta Sharar na iya ƙunsar sunadarai, ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, cututtukan cututtuka masu haɗari, ko wasu guba. Ko da gidaje suna samar da sharar gida mai haɗari daga abubuwa kamar batura, kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su, da sauran fenti ko magungunan kashe kwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-03 |title=Toxic Waste |url=http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste-overview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001023406/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste-overview |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |website=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke da guba na iya zama ko dai an yi su ne ta hanyar mutum kuma wasu suna faruwa a cikin muhalli. Ba duk abubuwa masu haɗari ba ne ake la'akari da guba. [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNEP) ya gano mahimman abubuwa 11 da ke haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam: * '''Arsenic:''' ana amfani dashi wajen yin da'irorin lantarki, a matsayin sinadarin a cikin magungunan kashe kwari, kuma a matsayin Mai kiyaye itace. An rarraba shi a matsayin mai cutar kansa. * '''Asbestos:''' kayan aiki ne wanda aka taɓa amfani da shi don rufe gine-gine, kuma wasu kasuwanni har yanzu suna amfani da wannan kayan don ƙera kayan rufin da birki. Inhalation na asbestos fiber na iya haifar da ciwon daji na huhu da asbestosis. * '''Cadmium:''' ana samunsa a cikin [[Batirin lantarki|batir]] da filastik. Ana iya numfasawa ta hanyar hayaki na sigari ko narkewa lokacin da aka haɗa shi azaman pigment a cikin abinci. Bayyanawa yana haifar da lalacewar huhu, fushin narkewar abinci, da cututtukan koda. * '''Chromium:''' ana amfani dashi azaman tubali don murfin masana'antu mai zafi, azaman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da aka yi amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe, da kuma a cikin murfin chrome, masana'antar [[Rini|dyes]] da pigments, adana itace, da fata fata. An san shi yana haifar da ciwon daji, kuma bayyanar dogon lokaci na iya haifar da ciwo mai tsanani da lalata kwayar huhu. * Sharar asibiti: kamar allurai da kwalabe na magani na iya yada cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. * '''Cyanide:''' guba da aka samu a wasu magungunan kashe kwari da rodenticides. A cikin manyan allurai, yana iya haifar da shanyayye, convulsions, da wahalar numfashi. * Lead: ana samunsa a cikin batir, fenti, da [[Makamai|harsashi]]. Lokacin da aka ci ko kuma aka sha shi zai iya haifar da lahani ga tsarin juyayi da haihuwa, da koda. * '''Mercury:''' ana amfani dashi don cika haƙori da batir. Hakanan ana amfani dashi wajen samar da iskar chlorine. Bayyanawa na iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa da lalacewar koda da kwakwalwa * '''PCBs''', ko polychlorinated biphenyls, ana amfani da su a cikin matakai da yawa na masana'antu, ta masana'antar amfani, da kuma a cikin fenti da sealants. Lalacewar na iya faruwa ta hanyar fallasawa, yana shafar tsarin juyayi, haihuwa, da rigakafi, da hanta. * '''POPs''', masu gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta. Ana samun su a cikin sunadarai da magungunan kashe kwari kuma suna iya haifar da lahani na tsarin juyayi da haihuwa. Za su iya tarawa a cikin jerin abinci ko ci gaba a cikin muhalli kuma a motsa su nesa da yanayi. * '''Acids masu ƙarfi da alkalis''' da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antu da samar da masana'antu. Za su iya lalata nama kuma su haifar da lalacewar ciki ga jiki. Sharar guba na iya zama mai amsawa, mai kunnawa, da lalatawa. A cikin Amurka, ana tsara waɗannan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Kula da albarkatu (RCRA). * Rashin haɗari shine wanda zai iya haifar da fashewa lokacin da aka dumama, an gauraye shi da ruwa ko kuma an matse shi. Za su iya fitar da iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska. Ba su da kwanciyar hankali har ma a yanayin da ya dace. Misali shine batirin lithium-sulfur. * Rashin da za a iya ƙonewa yana da wuraren haskakawa na ƙasa da digiri 60 na Celsius. Suna da ƙonewa sosai kuma suna iya haifar da gobara. Misalan su ne masu narkewa da man fetur. * Rushewar lalata ruwa ne wanda zai iya lalata kwantena na ƙarfe. Waɗannan su ne acid ko tushe waɗanda ke da matakan pH ƙasa da ko daidai da 2, ko mafi girma ko daidai da 12.5. Misali shine Batir acid. Tare da karuwar fasahar duniya, akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ake la'akari da guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ci gaban fasaha a wannan adadin yana da matukar damuwa ga wayewa kuma a ƙarshe zai iya haifar da ƙarin lahani / sakamako mara kyau. Wasu daga cikin wadannan fasahar sun hada da wayoyin salula da kwamfutoci. Irin waɗannan abubuwa an ba su sunan e-e-washe ko EEE, wanda ke tsaye don Kayan Lantarki da Kayan Leken lantarki. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar don kayayyaki kamar firiji, kayan wasa, da na'urorin wanki. Wadannan abubuwa na iya ƙunshe da sinadarai masu guba waɗanda zasu iya rushewa cikin tsarin ruwa lokacin da aka watsar da su. Rage farashin waɗannan kayayyaki ya ba da damar rarraba waɗannan abubuwa a duniya ba tare da tunani ko la'akari da sarrafa kayayyaki ba da zarar sun zama marasa tasiri ko sun lalace. A Amurka, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|Hukumar Kare Muhalli]] (EPA) da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi suna haɓaka da aiwatar da ƙa'idodi kan adanawa, magani, da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. EPA tana buƙatar a sarrafa sharar gida mai guba tare da kariya ta musamman, kuma a zubar da shi a wuraren da aka tsara a duk faɗin ƙasar. Har ila yau, biranen Amurka da yawa suna da kwanakin tattarawa inda ake tattara sharar gida mai guba. Wasu kayan da ba za a iya karɓa a wuraren zubar da shara na yau da kullun ba sune harsashi, sharar da aka samar da kasuwanci, abubuwa masu fashewa / abubuwan da ke da damuwa, allurar hypodermic / syringes, sharar likita, kayan rediyo, da masu gano hayaki. Ana iya gano kayayyakin gida ta hanyar alamun gargadi waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da adanawa ko zubar da wasu kayayyaki. A cikin matsakaicin gida na Amurka, akwai kimanin fam 15.5 na kayan haɗari da aka zubar a kowace shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Household Hazardous Waste |url=https://www.des.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt341/files/documents/2020-01/hhw-3.pdf |archive-date= |website=New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services}}</ref> Don rage sharar gida mai guba, Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta New Hampshire ta ba da shawarar cewa masu amfani su kasance masu hankali yayin sayen kayayyaki kuma su yi ƙoƙarin kauce wa waɗanda ke da alamun gargadi. Bugu da ƙari, bin hanyoyin adanawa masu aminci kuma koyaushe suna aiki a hankali yayin amfani da samfuran gida masu cike da sinadarai.<ref name=":0" /> == Sakamakon haɗari == === Tasirin Muhalli === Sharar guba tana da tasiri iri-iri a kan muhalli. Yana da damar gurɓata ƙasa, rage ingancin iska, gurɓata hanyoyin ruwa, da haɓaka haɗarin gobarar daji. Yayin da sinadarai masu haɗari suka shiga cikin muhalli, yana da wahala a cire su. A sakamakon tsarin lalacewa na sharar gida mai guba, ana fitar da sunadarai masu cutarwa da yawa cikin yanayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earth, wind, (water), and fire: How hazardous waste impacts the elements, our environment, and our health {{!}} Hazardous Waste Management in King County, WA |url=https://kingcountyhazwastewa.gov/en/news-articles/earth-month-2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716192817/https://www.kingcountyhazwastewa.gov/en/news-articles/earth-month-2023 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=kingcountyhazwastewa.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Tasirin Lafiyar Dan Adam === Rashin guba sau da yawa yana dauke da cututtukan daji, kuma fallasawa ga waɗannan ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar leakage ko evaporation daga ajiya, yana haifar da ciwon daji ya bayyana a karuwar mitar a cikin mutanen da aka fallasa. Misali, an gano wani rukuni na polycythemia vera mai cutar kansa a kusa da wani wurin zubar da sharar gida mai guba a arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a cikin shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disease Clusters in Pennsylvania |url=https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/pennsylvania_diseaseclusters.pdf |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=National Resources Defense Council}}</ref> Hadarin lafiyar ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da haɗuwa da sharar gida sun haɗa da ciwon daji na ciki, hanta, huhu, da koda. Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan zuciya na ischemic, cutar sankara, asibiti na asma, da haihuwa da wuri duk suna da alaƙa da fallasa waɗannan sunadarai masu guba. An gano yawan asibiti na yara masu shekaru 0-19 sun kai matsakaicin 60% mafi girma ga masu cutar sankara da 16% mafi girma ga cututtukan daji lokacin da yara suka fallasa ga sharar gida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Fazzo |first=Lucia |last2=Manno |first2=Valerio |last3=Iavarone |first3=Ivano |last4=Minelli |first4=Giada |last5=De Santis |first5=Marco |last6=Beccaloni |first6=Eleonora |last7=Scaini |first7=Federica |last8=Miotto |first8=Edoardo |last9=Airoma |first9=Domenico |last10=Comba |first10=Pietro |date=2023-02-27 |title=The health impact of hazardous waste landfills and illegal dumps contaminated sites: An epidemiological study at ecological level in Italian Region |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1196960F |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.996960 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10010672 |pmid=36923045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana sanya manya a cikin haɗari mafi girma na testis da kumburi na mama. Bincike ya gano cewa bayyanar mata ga sharar gida na iya haifar da karuwar mace har zuwa 15% daga ciwon nono. Bayyanawar namiji yana haifar da karuwar kashi 19% a cikin mace-mace don ciwon nono da kuma karuwar kashi 76% na yawan mace-maci daga ciwon daji.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, toxic waste can have serious effects on kids because their bodies and brains are still developing, making them more sensitive to harmful chemicals. Exposure to pollutants like lead, mercury, and other toxins has been linked to cognitive disabilities, including lower IQ, attention disorders, and learning difficulties. These effects can impact a child's ability to succeed in school and follow normal developmental milestones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Payne-Sturges |first=Devon C. |last2=Taiwo |first2=Tanya Khemet |last3=Ellickson |first3=Kristie |last4=Mullen |first4=Haley |last5=Tchangalova |first5=Nedelina |last6=Anderko |first6=Laura |last7=Chen |first7=Aimin |last8=Swanson |first8=Maureen |date=2023 |title=Disparities in Toxic Chemical Exposures and Associated Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Scoping Review and Systematic Evidence Map of the Epidemiological Literature |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=131 |issue=9 |pages=096001 |bibcode=2023EnvHP.131i6001P |doi=10.1289/EHP11750 |pmc=10525348 |pmid=37754677}}</ref> === Tasirin Dabbobi === Kamar yadda sinadarai masu cutarwa daga zubar da sharar gida masu guba suka shiga cikin muhalli, yana da tasiri da yawa a kan kwayoyin halitta da tsarin halittu da ke zaune a cikin ko kusa da waɗannan yankuna. Hakazalika ga mutane, dabbobi suna da haɗarin haɗarin haɗari na cututtukan lafiya kamar ciwon daji, rushewar endocrine, rauni ga aikin tsarin rigakafi, da matsalolin haihuwa. California Condor misali ne na nau'in da gubar ta shafa kai tsaye daga zubar da sharar gida mai guba. An haɗa gubar kai tsaye da raguwar ƙwayoyin ƙwai na Kongo, wanda ya shafi ƙimar haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Threats - California Condors (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/condors/threats.htm |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da kwayoyin ke cinye wasu kwayoyin, ana iya tara guba. Yayin da tsire-tsire ko kwayoyin halitta a kasan jerin abinci ke tara guba sannan a cinye su, ana kuma cinye guba. Wadannan gubobi na iya tarawa a tsawon lokaci da kuma matakan trophic. A sakamakon tarin halittu na mercury a cikin Ruwa mai laushi da yanayin halittu na ruwa, Kifi mai cin nama shine mahimmin tushen mercury a abincin mutum da dabba. == Adalci na muhalli == Sau da yawa sharar gida mai guba ta ƙare a cikin al'ummomin launi, yankunan 'yan asalin ƙasar, da unguwanni masu karamin kuɗi saboda haɗuwa da rashin adalci na tarihi, cin zarafin tattalin arziki, da sakaci na siyasa. A cewar masanin ilimin zamantakewa Robert Bullard, wariyar launin fata na muhalli shine tushen tushen al'ummomin da aka ware da ke fuskantar rabon haɗarin muhalli. Bullard ya nuna cewa "rashin daidaito na launin fata da kabilanci yana ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ta kananan hukumomi tare da kamfanonin birane, " wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake sanya waɗannan wurare masu haɗari a yankuna mafi talauci inda mazauna ke da karancin ikon siyasa. Wadannan al'ummomin galibi ba su da ikon siyasa da albarkatu don tsayayya da sanya kayan aiki masu haɗari. Masana'antu suna da niyyar waɗannan yankuna saboda ƙasar ba ta da tsada kuma 'yan adawa ba su da tsari. Redlining da rarrabewa a duk tarihin sun mayar da hankali ga yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni a yankunan da aka yi watsi da su, suna mai da su masu sauƙin kai don sanya ma'adanai, masana'antu, da wuraren zubar da shara. A sakamakon haka, mazauna suna da rauni kuma suna da ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka don komawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da ayyuka ko saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki a wasu lokuta a matsayin hujja don sanya masana'antu masu gurɓata a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin da aka ware. Bullard ya lura cewa wannan sau da yawa yana nufin mazauna dole ne su yarda da aiki mai haɗari da yanayin rayuwa kawai don ci gaba da ayyukansu ko samar da iyalansu. Koyaya, fa'idodin gajeren lokaci ba su wuce haɗarin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci ba, wanda ya haɗa da ƙimar asma, ciwon daji, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":3" /> Bullard ya kuma bayyana cewa hukumomin gwamnati da ka'idoji galibi sukan kasa tilasta kariya ta muhalli daidai. Ya bayyana cewa "gwamnatoci (gami da sojoji) sau da yawa suna amfani da raunin tattalin arziki na al'ummomi da jihohi matalauta don aiwatar da ayyukansu marasa kyau da haɗari", suna ba da damar ƙarin gurɓata a yankunan da suka riga sun lalace. Wannan rashin daidaito na tsarin yana nufin cewa mazauna da yawa suna fama da nauyin gurɓata yayin da ba sa karɓar kariya da suka cancanci. Gabaɗaya, aikin Bullard ya bayyana a fili cewa waɗannan rashin adalci na muhalli suna da alaƙa sosai da rashin daidaito na launin fata da tattalin arziki da aka saka a cikin al'ummarmu. == Shirye-shiryen Yanzu == Shirye-shiryen yanzu sun haɗa da ƙarin tsarin shari'a kamar Dokar Kula da Kula da albarkatu (RCRA), wanda ke kula da sharar gida mai haɗari daga halitta zuwa zubar da shi, da kuma Dokar Amsa ta Muhalli, Biya, da Hakki ta 1980 (CERCLA), wanda ke magance tsaftace wuraren da suka gurbata. A cikin 2024, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|Hukumar Kare Muhalli]] (EPA) tana aiki don tsara sharar gida mai haɗari don kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Tarayya kamar Justice40 Initiative. Shirin Adalci40 shine shirin tarayya da ake amfani da shi don inganta daidaito na muhalli ta hanyar tallafawa al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni. A cewar Courtney Lindwall, marubuci a Rahotanni na Abokin Ciniki, wani muhimmin bangare na kokarin EPA yana buƙatar "cewa akalla kashi 40 cikin dari na fa'idodin gaba ɗaya daga yanayin tarayya da saka hannun jari na ababen more rayuwa suna zuwa ga al'ummomin da ba su da saka hannun jarin da yawa, ".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=What Is the Justice40 Initiative? |url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-justice40-initiative |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2025, Gwamnatin Trump ta soke shirin Justice40. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rollback: Trump Rescinded Biden's Executive Order 14008 Establishing Justice40 Initiative – Environmental and Energy Law Program |url=https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/tracker/rollback-trump-rescinded-bidens-executive-order-14008-that-established-justice40-initiative/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=eelp.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> == Sharar guba a Amurka == A cikin 2020, sama da mutane miliyan 70 da ke zaune a Amurka sun zauna a cikin mil 3 daga wurin sharar gida mai haɗari. Yawan jama'a na kashi 22% na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a kusa da waɗannan shafuka galibi 'yan tsiraru ne da ƙananan kudaden shiga. Musamman, EPA ta gano cewa kashi 26% na dukkan baƙi a Amurka, kashi 29% na dukkan Hispanics, kashi 28% na dukkan 'yan tsiraru, da kuma kashi 24% na dukkan gidaje a Amurka da ke ƙasa da matakin talauci suna zaune a cikin mil 3 na wuraren sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=Population Surrounding 1,857 Superfund Remedial Sites. Office of Land and Emergency Management |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/webpopulationrsuperfundsites9.28.15.pdf |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Manyan kamfanoni irin su kamfanonin masana'antar mai [[Shell]] da ExxonMobil, kamfanonin sinadarai da man fetur kamar Huntsman Corp da Dow Incorporated, kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hakar maɓalli kamar Freeport-McMoran da Southern Copper Corp, da sauran masana'antu kamar masana'antu, magunguna, da masana'antun lantarki, duk suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga sharar guba a Amurka. Hanyoyin samar da wadannan kamfanoni suna haifar da samar da sharar gida mai guba ta hanyar zubar da mai, hayaki, da kuma sakin sunadarai cikin muhalli. Wadannan kamfanoni galibi suna ba da fifiko ga riba fiye da lafiyar muhalli. Misali, an gano masana'antu da yawa suna zubar da gurɓataccen abu ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi da sunadarai masu guba, gurɓata al'ummomin yankin da kuma cutar da namun daji. Wadannan kamfanoni suna da ikon siyasa saboda tasirin tattalin arziki da albarkatun su. Saboda wannan, za su iya zubar da doka ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma su yanke kusurwoyi duk da ka'idoji, suna nuna bukatar tilasta tilasta bin ka'idojin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Industries Which Produce The Most Toxic Waste & Hazardous Waste |url=https://www.absorbentsonline.com/spill-containment-blog/7-industries-which-produce-the-most-toxic-waste/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Industries Which Produce The Most Toxic Waste |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yankin Ciwon daji === Rashin hayaki da sharar gida mai guba na sama da 200 burbushin man fetur da masana'antun man fetur a Louisiana sun haifar da gurɓatawar "Cancer Alley". Wannan yanki ya kai kimanin kilomita 85 tare da Kogin Mississippi kuma yana shafar dubban mutane. Mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki suna daga cikin wadanda ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa daga gurɓataccen iska a Amurka.[34]Mazauna "Cancer Alley" suna fuskantar lokuta da yawa na zubar da ciki, cututtukan kiwon lafiya, da cututtuken numfashi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=US: Louisiana's 'Cancer Alley' {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/25/us-louisianas-cancer-alley |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=en}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta Louisiana, da kuma EPA, ba su dauki wani mataki ba. Koyaya, akwai turawa ga ka'idoji da rufe wuraren gyaran mai. Jarida Antonia Juhasz, daga Human Rights Watch, ta bayyana cewa "Manufar burbushin halittu da masana'antar man fetur sun haifar da 'yanki na hadaya' a Louisiana, ".<ref name=":4" /> Manyan kamfanonin masana'antar mai kamar [[Shell]] sun ci gaba da gurɓata al'umma. Mazauna sun yi yaƙi ta hanyar ɗaukar matakin shari'a a kan Shell saboda gurɓataccen abin da ya sa rayuwarsu ba ta da aminci. A cewar Robert Bullard, mutane daga waɗannan al'ummomin sun kalubalanci kamfanoni game da wariyar launin fata na muhalli.  Wadannan kamfanoni masu karfi suna da niyya ga matalauta, galibi al'ummomin baƙar fata don zubar da sharar gida mai cutarwa. Mazauna sun kawo karar da ke ikirarin cewa gurɓataccen Shell yana haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar asma da ciwon daji, amma samun adalci ya kasance da wahala saboda waɗannan kamfanoni galibi suna da albarkatu da tasiri don kauce wa lissafi. Bullard ya bayyana cewa al'ummomi kamar Cancer Alley suna fuskantar manyan cikas lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin riƙe masu gurɓata saboda sau da yawa gwamnati ba ta tilasta dokokin muhalli daidai ko isasshen don kare waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu rauni. === Los Angeles === A bakin tekun Los Angeles, an ci gaba da gano sinadarin dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), wanda aka dakatar a shekarar 1972. Wannan "mai banƙyama" yana ci gaba a cikin muhalli kuma yana da babban damar haɗuwa da halittu. Wannan sinadarin yana da lahani sosai ga muhalli, kuma bayyanar mutane da dabbobi na iya haifar da ciwon daji da matsalolin haihuwa. Farawa a cikin shekara ta 2011, an samo DDT a cikin turɓaya na teku. A cikin 2021, an ci gaba da bincike daga UC San Diego's Research Vessel wanda ya sami ganga na sharar acid da aka zubar a bakin tekun. Bayan an kammala wannan binciken, an gano cewa a tsakiyar shekarun 1900, bakin tekun Kudancin California ya kasance wurin zubar da sharar gida mai guba, an amince da shi don zubar da fashewar soja da har zuwa tan miliyan 3 na sharar man fetur.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Protecting Miners' Health in Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/protecting-miners-health-democratic-republic-congo |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Think Global Health |language=en}}</ref> Har yanzu ana nazarin DDT daga waɗannan ganga don ganin idan ya lalace ta hanyar lokaci, duk da haka, har yanzu yana cikin mafi ƙarfinsa. Da yake duban makomar Los Angeles, EPA tana gudanar da ƙarin bincike game da tasirin waɗannan sunadarai na DDT a kan teku, mutane, da namun daji. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin ƙa'idodi game da zubar da sharar gida mai guba a bakin tekun suna nan; yanzu dole ne a zubar da sunadarai aƙalla mil 150 daga bakin tekun.<ref name=":5" /> === Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar === Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Amurka sun sha wahala sosai ta hanyar wuraren sharar gida masu guba a duk faɗin ƙasar. Dan jaridar Amurka Daniel Brook ya ce, "Saboda matsanancin talauci da rashin tsaro na kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka, gwamnatin Amurka da manyan kamfanoni sun yi niyya da ƙasashensu a matsayin wuraren dindindin ga yawancin kayan masana'antu masu guba na al'umma mai rinjaye, ".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Brook |first=Daniel |date=1998 |title=Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3487423 |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=105–113 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1998.tb03260.x |issn=0002-9246 |jstor=3487423}}</ref> Har ila yau, an kori al'ummomin 'yan asalin Amurka yayin da wuraren zubar da sharar gidaje masu guba ke cikin haɗari na gidajensu. Misali, lokacin da aka kafa waɗannan wuraren zubar da ruwa a kusa da al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, suna fallasa su ga gurɓataccen yanayi. Tushen ruwa, ƙasa, da iska duk suna cikin haɗarin gurɓata. Bayan an gurɓata muhalli, al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ke zaune a can suna ci gaba da fuskantar guba mai cutarwa daga sharar gida ko kuma tilasta su sake komawa da motsawa. Kamar yadda Winona LaDuke, mai fafutukar 'yan asalin Amurka, ya nuna, "Muna da alfahari, amma a yanzu, ana lalata ƙasashenmu don riba, " yana jaddada yadda wannan lalacewar muhalli ke shafar asalin 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adu. Don tabbatarwa, sau da yawa, ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke lalacewa ko gurɓata ta sake zama mai tsarki tana nuna yadda take tasiri ga al'adun' yan asalin ƙasar da hanyar rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, gurɓataccen ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar yana rushe tsarin abinci, yayin da amfanin gona, ruwa, da dabbobi ke shafar sunadarai da suka shiga cikin muhalli.<ref name=":6" /> === Tarihin tsarin sharar gida mai guba na Amurka === RCRA tana sarrafa ƙarni, sufuri, magani, adanawa, da kuma zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari.<ref name="RCRA basics">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017-08-16 |title=Learn the Basics of Hazardous Waste |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/learn-basics-hazardous-waste |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1976, ta ba da izini ga EPA don tattara bayanai game da duk sabbin abubuwan sunadarai da ke akwai, da kuma sarrafa duk wani abu da aka ƙaddara don haifar da haɗari mara kyau ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli.<ref name="EPA TSCA">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017-06-28 |title=Chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Dokar Superfund, ta wuce a cikin 1980, ta kirkiro shirin tsaftacewa don wuraren sharar gida da aka watsar ko marasa sarrafawa. == Misalan batutuwan sharar gida a duniya == === Rashin gubar guba da cututtuka a kasashe uku na Latin Amurka === [[File:Exposed_population_by_age_and_childbearing_status.jpg|thumb|Daga cikin yawan mutanen da aka fallasa, yawan mata masu shekaru na haihuwa sun kasance daidai a duk faɗin ƙasashe uku.]] [[File:TSIP_sites_in_Argentina_and_Uruguay.jpg|thumb|Rarrabawar ƙasa na shafukan TSIP a Argentina da Uruguay tare da DALYs sakamakon fallasa gubar]] [[File:TSIP_sites_in_Mexico.jpg|thumb|Rarrabawar ƙasa na shafukan TSIP a Mexico tare da DALYs sakamakon fallasa gubar]] Ana iya ganin cewa a Argentina, Mexico, da Uruguay an sami karuwar ci gaban masana'antu, birni, da karfin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yayin da waɗannan masana'antu ke girma akwai wani sakamako na gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ya fito ne daga fallasa muhalli ga sharar gida mai haɗari. Lokacin da mutane suka fuskanci wannan gurɓataccen, suna fama da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya. Tare da cututtuka da ke tashi, shekara ta rayuwa mai laushi (DALY) ta fara raguwa, don haka lokacin da matsakaicin mutum yake rayuwa yana raguwa, musamman a ƙasashe masu karamin zuwa matsakaici. Wadannan ƙasashe masu karamin karfi zuwa matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗi (LMIC) suna da ƙananan albarkatu don magance sharar gida mai guba, kamar "rashin isasshen tsari, rashin daidaito na masana'antu da yawa, sa ido mara kyau, da zubar da gurbataccen abu".<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Caravanos |first=Jack |last2=Carrelli |first2=Jonathan |last3=Dowling |first3=Russell |last4=Pavilonis |first4=Brian |last5=Ericson |first5=Bret |last6=Fuller |first6=Richard |date=2016-06-23 |title=Burden of disease resulting from lead exposure at toxic waste sites in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay |journal=Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=72 |bibcode=2016EnvHe..15...72C |doi=10.1186/s12940-016-0151-y |issn=1476-069X |pmc=4918194 |pmid=27339191 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Misali, "har yanzu ana amfani da gubar don yin amfani da yumbu na hannu duk da kasancewar hanyoyin da ba su da haɗari. "Jagora yana shiga cikin ƙasa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa idan ba a kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin iko ba. Yara sun fi saukin kamuwa da gubar fiye da manya idan aka fallasa su da wuri, wanda ke haifar da su da "matsalar halayyar matasa, raguwar IQ, raunin fahimta, da raguwar ƙwarewar gani. "Idan manya sun fallasa ta hanyar aiki, za su iya samun hauhawar jini fiye da matsakaicin mutum. Maza na iya haifar da ƙarancin maniyyi kuma mata na iya haifar lemun ciki. Don ci gaba da ƙididdige nauyin cututtukan da ke haifar da sharar gida mai guba TSIP, Shirin Bayyana Sites mai guba, "yana gano wuraren sharar gida masu aiki da waɗanda aka watsar da su sakamakon ayyukan masana'antu na yau da kullun a cikin LMICs".<ref name=":7" /> Yayin da bincike ya fara ana neman wani muhimmin gurbataccen abu kuma an gano shi. Misali, mai bincike Jack Caravanos a cikin wani binciken kan wuraren sharar gida masu guba a Argentina, Mexico da Uruguay, ya bayyana cewa, "Ƙarfe masu nauyi sune mafi yawan gurɓataccen gurɓata, tare da cinye ƙasa mai gurɓata shine hanyar da ta fi faruwa ta fallasawa da aka jera a cikin bayanan TSIP. "<ref name=":7" />An zaɓi Argentina, Mexico, da Uruguay tun lokacin da suke da ƙarin bayanan da ke akwai bayan sun sadu da wasu ka'idoji. Ya zuwa yanzu, akwai ka'idoji guda biyar da dole ne a cika don a haɗa wani wuri mai haɗari a cikin binciken; "dole ne a sami samfurin halittu ko muhalli; dole ne a ƙayyade yawan mutanen da ke cikin haɗari; wurin shafin ya wakilci ta hanyar GPS, kuma an tsara bayanin ayyukan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen abu. "<ref name=":7" />Don auna adadin gubar a cikin ƙasa an yi amfani da X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer na hannu. Lokacin da wannan hanyar ta zama kamar ba ta samuwa kuma an yi zargin wani yanki ya haifar da gurɓataccen cuta, an gwada jinin mutane don nuna adadin mutanen da aka fallasa su ga gubar. A''n'' tattara baya''n'' fallasa daga jimlar wurare''n'' sharar gida 129 da aka rarraba a duk faɗin Argentina (n = 23), Mexico (n = 62), da Uruguay (n = 44). A cikin Figs. [[c:File:TSIP sites in Argentina and Uruguay.jpg|2]]%20in%20Mexico.jpg" id="mwAX0" rel="mw:ExtLink">1 da 2 an nuna shafukan yanar gizo na rarraba ƙasa. Kimanin yawan mutane 316,703 suna cikin haɗarin fallasawa (ma'auni = 2455; matsakaici = 250 a kowane shafin), wanda shine kusan 0.19% na yawan jama'ar dukkan ƙasashe uku. Akwai kimantawa na mutane 80,021 wadanda suka kasance mata masu shekaru 15-49 na haihuwa, da kuma mutane 122,084 wadanda ba su kai shekaru 18 ba. === Dioxins da Kasuwanci a Campania, Italiya === A cikin 'yan shekarun nan a yankin Campania, Italiya an sami karuwar zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma ƙone sharar gida mai guba da mai ƙarfi. A mayar da martani ga wannan, an sami hauhawar kwayoyin sinadarai masu haɗari kamar dioxins waɗanda ke haifar da cutar kansa, wanda ke nuna cewa suna da damar haifar da cutar kansar, wanda ke bayyana a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Misali, an sami karuwar kwanan nan a cikin tumaki da aka haifa a yankunan da suka gurbata. Masanin ilimin zuciya Alfredo Mazza ya bayyana a cikin wani binciken game da zubar da kayayyaki ba bisa ka'ida ba cewa akwai "[[doi:10.3390/ijerph120606818|mafi girman ƙarancin chromosome, mafi girman mutuwa, da kuma mafi girman abin da ya faru na ci gaban tayin idan aka kwatanta da tumaki da aka haifa a wuraren da ba a gurbata su ba]]".<ref name=":8" /> Don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutuwar ciwon daji da nakasa a cikin mutane da ke fitowa daga zubar da doka an zana taswirar ta amfani da wuraren ƙasa na shafuka. Kamar yadda mutum zai iya ganin yawancin waɗannan shafuka suna cikin Campania inda Naples da Caserta ke zaune. Yaduwar dioxin ta hanyar cin abinci shine da farko saboda kayan dabbobi daga dabbobi da aka haifa a wuraren da dioxins suka fi girma. Masu bincike sun gwada madarar dabbobi masu shayarwa daga waɗannan yankuna kuma sun ga cewa matakan dioxin sun wuce adadin da aka ba da shawarar. An ga wannan sosai a matsayin matsala saboda mutane suna da mafi girman damar mayar da hankali ga dioxin a cikin kitsen su. Don gwada wannan, mata 94 a Campania waɗanda ke shayarwa sun gwada samfurori na madarar ƙirjinsu kuma an gano cewa kowace mace tana da dioxin a cikin madarar ƙirjarsu. An kuma gano alaƙa cewa tsofaffin ka kasance mafi yawan dioxin yana cikin madarar ƙirjinka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Mazza |first=Alfredo |last2=Piscitelli |first2=Prisco |last3=Neglia |first3=Cosimo |last4=Rosa |first4=Giulia |last5=Iannuzzi |first5=Leopoldo |date=2015-06-16 |title=Illegal Dumping of Toxic Waste and Its Effect on Human Health in Campania, Italy |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=6818–6831 |bibcode=2015IJERP..12.6818M |doi=10.3390/ijerph120606818 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4483732 |pmid=26086704 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rashin guba a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === Siddharth Kara, marubucin Amurka kuma marubucin littafin Cobalt Red: Yadda Jinin Kongo ke ba da ikon rayuwarmu, ya bayyana yanayin aiki na masu hakar ma'adinai a cikin DRC. Kara ta bayyana cewa masu hakar ma'adinai da yawa suna aiki a cikin yanayin "na tsakiya", ba tare da kayan tsaro ba, haɗarin guba, fashewa, da haɗari masu kisa kowace rana. Kara ta bayyana cewa wadannan masu hakar ma'adinai "sun fallasa gaba ɗaya ga sunadarai masu kisa da haɗari ba tare da wani kariya na tsaro ba".<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Wardani |first=Arlita Lusiana |date=2025-02-03 |title=Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers Our Lives |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2025.2460394 |journal=Journal of Human Trafficking |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/23322705.2025.2460394 |issn=2332-2705 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>Bugu da ƙari, ya jaddada cewa yawancin waɗannan ma'aikata yara ne waɗanda aka tilasta musu aiki mai haɗari kuma ba a ba su kariya mai kyau ko albashi mai kyau ba.<ref name=":9" /> === Rashin guba a Najeriya === Kashe sharar gida mai guba a Najeriya, musamman a Tekun Guinea, babbar matsala ce ta muhalli. Kasashen Yammacin Turai galibi suna aika da shararsu mai cutarwa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman tsoffin kayan lantarki, ga ƙasashe masu talauci kamar Najeriya saboda sun san cewa waɗannan ƙasashe ba su da tsarin da ya dace don magance irin waɗannan kayan haɗari. A cewar masanan muhalli Ifesinachi Okafor-Yarwood da Ibukun J. Adewumi, wannan aikin wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na muhalli, saboda yana shafar al'ummomin launi, yana fallasa su ga sunadarai masu cutarwa da gurbatawa. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Okafor-Yarwood |first=Ifesinachi |date=2020-12-02 |title=Toxic waste dumping in the Gulf of Guinea amounts to environmental racism |url=https://theconversation.com/toxic-waste-dumping-in-the-gulf-of-guinea-amounts-to-environmental-racism-148542 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> A Najeriya, zubar da sharar lantarki ba bisa ka'ida ba ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon daji, cututtukan numfashi, da sauran yanayin da ba a saba gani ba tsakanin mutanen yankin. Don magance wannan batun, ana buƙatar aiwatar da dokoki masu ƙarfi na duniya, kamar su Yarjejeniyar Basel da Bamako. Bugu da ƙari, Najeriya na iya aiki don inganta tsarin kula da sharar gida da bincika jigilar kayayyaki a hankali don dakatar da duk wani ci gaba da cutar da muhalli da lafiyar mutane.<ref name=":10" /> == Gudanarwa da zubar da shi == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke tattare da kayan guba shine yadda za a zubar da shi yadda ya kamata. A Amurka, kafin a kirkiro Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a cikin 1970, ya zama doka a zubar da irin wannan sharar gida a cikin koguna, koguna, da teku ko binne shi a karkashin kasa a cikin shara. Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1972, da Dokar Kula da Kula da albarkatu, wacce aka tsara a 1976, sun kirkiro shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don tsara sarrafawa da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. Masana'antar noma tana amfani da tan 800,000 na magungunan kashe kwari a duk duniya a kowace shekara wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, kuma a ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya gurɓata ruwan sha. Za a iya gurɓata tekuna daga ruwan sama na waɗannan sunadarai. Sharar guba a cikin nau'in man fetur na iya zubowa cikin teku daga bututu ko manyan jiragen ruwa, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin teku daga 'yan ƙasa na yau da kullun da ke zubar da man mota a cikin tsarin ruwan sama. Kashewa shine sanya sharar gida a cikin ko a kan ƙasa. Ana tsara wuraren zubar da su don ƙunshe da sharar gida har abada da kuma hana sakin gurɓataccen muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=Pesticides in Groundwater {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/pesticides-groundwater |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.usgs.gov |language=en}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari ita ce sanyawa a cikin sashin zubar da ƙasa kamar yadda ake zubar da shara, ɗakunan sharar gida, sashin kula da ƙasa, ko maɓuɓɓugar allura. Kashe ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin buƙatu a ƙarƙashin Shirin Kashewa na Kasa na EPA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017-08-16 |title=Land Disposal Restrictions for Hazardous Waste |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/land-disposal-restrictions-hazardous-waste |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Ana tsara rijiyoyin allura a karkashin shirin Kula da Injection na karkashin kasa na tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017-05-09 |title=Protecting Underground Sources of Drinking Water from Underground Injection |url=https://www.epa.gov/uic |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Za'a iya lalata sharar gida ta hanyar ƙonewa a yanayin zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Temperature Incineration |url=http://www.etc.org/advanced-technologies/high-temperature-incineration.aspx |access-date=September 18, 2015 |publisher=Environmental Technology Council}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koyaya, idan sharar ta ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi ko isotopes na rediyo, dole ne a raba su kuma a adana su, saboda ba za a iya lalata su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-10 |title=Regulatory Exclusions and Alternative Standards for the Recycling of Materials, Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/regulatory-exclusions-and-alternative-standards-recycling-materials-solid-wastes-and-hazardous |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Hanyar adanawa za ta nemi hana abubuwan da ke cikin guba na sharar gida, watakila ta hanyar adanawa a cikin kwantena da aka rufe, hadawa a cikin matsakaici mai ɗorewa kamar gilashi ko cakuda siminti, ko binnewa a ƙarƙashin murfin yumɓu mai hana ruwa. Masu jigilar sharar gida da wuraren sharar gida na iya cajin kuɗi; saboda haka, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da ba su dace ba don kauce wa biyan waɗannan kudaden. Inda ake sarrafa sharar gida mai guba, zubar da sharar gida mara kyau na iya zama abin azabtarwa ta hanyar tarar ko sharuɗɗa na kurkuku. Za'a iya amfani da wuraren binnewa don sharar gida mai guba da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa a matsayin sararin samaniya ko sake ginawa don amfani da kasuwanci ko masana'antu. == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Sau da yawa ana amfani da "Rashin guba" a cikin almara na kimiyya a matsayin na'urar mãkirci wanda ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta ko haruffa su sami maye gurbi. Misalan ayyukan da ke nuna sharar guba a irin wannan hanyar sun haɗa da fina-finai Mutant, ''C.H.U.D.'', <ref name="Newman 1999" /> Impulse (duk 1984), <ref name="Newman 1999" /> da Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990). <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCoy |first=Joshua Kristian |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: What Is The Ooze? |url=https://gamerant.com/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-ooze/ |access-date=September 8, 2023 |website=[[GameRant]]}}</ref> Fim da yawa da Troma Entertainment ta samar sun haɗa da maye gurbi ta hanyar guba ko sharar gida, gami da The Toxic Avenger (1984) da Class of Nuke 'Em High (1986). <ref name="Newman 1999" /> == Dubi kuma == * Mai ba da labari Orange * Rashin muhalli * [[Gyara muhalli]] * [[Gurbatar yanayi|Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi]] * Red mud, wani abu mai haifar da samar da alumina == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214181250/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html Bayani game da sharar gida mai guba daga CDC] * TOXMAP: Taswirar e-map na Lafiya ta Muhalli daga Laburaren Magunguna na Kasa na Amurka An adana shi 2019-12-15 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011953/http://www.gconciencia.com/24051/ Sharar guba Dokar Argentina] * [[doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0151-y|Nauyin Cututtuka Sakamakon Bayyanawa a Yanayin Ruwa mai guba a Argentina, Mexico da Uruguay.]] * [[doi:10.3390/ijerph120606818|Rashin zubar da guba ba bisa ka'ida ba da Tasirinsa akan Lafiyar Dan Adam a Campania, Italiya]] * [https://housingmatters.urban.org/articles/millions-americans-live-near-toxic-waste-sites-how-does-affect-their-health Miliyoyin Amurkawa suna zaune kusa da wuraren sharar gida masu guba. ta yaya wannan ke shafar lafiyarsu?] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 01xot9oac319zdbn1u3o535lv29q1iv 0 32038 968492 964129 2026-10-17T01:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Saïd Benrahma''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Pro League Neom . Yawanci [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe ne na hagu]], kuma yana iya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya [[Mai buga tsakiya|na gaba]] ko [[Mai buga tsakiya|na hagu]] . Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru ne da ƙungiyar Nice [[Ligue 1|ta Ligue 1]], daga baya ya yi zaman aro tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin Faransa kamar Angers, Gazélec da Châteauroux a farkon aikinsa. Ya shahara a gasar EFL bayan ya koma [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a shekarar 2018, inda ya zira kwallaye 27 a wasanni 83 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar West London kafin ya koma ƙungiyar [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] ta Gabashin London a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a watan Oktoban 2020. Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar har abada a watan Janairun 2021 bayan soke yarjejeniyar aro daga baya. A watan Yunin 2024, Lyon ta yi amfani da zaɓin siyansa ta kuma sanya hannu a kansa na dindindin bayan ya yi nasarar yin wasa a matsayin aro. == Aikin kulob == === Nice === [[Fayil:Said_benrahma_(cropped).png|left|thumb|Benrahma a shekarar 2015]] Benrahma, [[Mai buga tsakiya|wanda yake ɗan wasan gefe]], ya fara wasansa na matasa da ƙungiyar NRB [[Kwallon kafa a Aljeriya|ta Aljeriya]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Benrahma : "Apprendre auprès de grands joueurs" |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/10/06/benrahma-je-suis-la-pour-apprendre-aupres-de-grand-joueurs-75236.php |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=DZFoot |language=fr |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162033/http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/10/06/benrahma-je-suis-la-pour-apprendre-aupres-de-grand-joueurs-75236.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> kafin ya koma Faransa ya koma Balma, Colomiers sannan ya koma ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Nice a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Fiche de Saïd Benrahma – Football algerien |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/iframe_include/joueur_iframe.php?id=2528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024120016/http://www.dzfoot.com/iframe_include/joueur_iframe.php?id=2528 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=www.dzfoot.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar kwararru a ƙarƙashin kocin Claude Puel a kakar wasa [[2013–14 OGC Nice season|ta 2013-14]], amma ya buga mafi yawan ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar tare da ƙungiyar da ke riƙe da kambun, inda ya buga wasanni 37 kuma ya zura kwallaye 11 tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Benrahma ya zura kwallo ɗaya a wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu a 2015-16 . Raunin da ya samu a idon sawu da kuma zuwan manaja Lucien Favre ya sa Benrahma ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙarshe tare da ƙungiyar a waje a matsayin aro, a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Angers da ƙungiyoyin Ligue 2 na Gazélec da Châteauroux . Benrahma ya bar Stade de Nice a watan Yulin 2018, bayan ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a lokacin da yake tare da ƙungiyar. === Brentford === A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2018, Benrahma ya koma Ingila don shiga kungiyar Championship [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, tare da zabin karin shekara, akan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, an ruwaito cewa ya kai £2.7.&nbsp;miliyan. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar a wasansa na uku, a wasan da suka yi da Southend United a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin EFL a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2018. Makonni shida bayan haka, an kori Benrahma a karon farko a rayuwarsa ta Bees bayan ya aikata laifuka biyu da za a iya cire masa beli a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Reading a ranar 29 ga Satumba. <ref name="Soccerbase1819" /> Bayan dawowa daga rauni a watan Disamba, Benrahma ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya fara taka rawar gani a tsakiyar Janairu 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a wasanni 14 na lig. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Said Benrahma Player Profile |url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/194543/said-benrahma?season=2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> An zaɓe shi don kyautar ɗan wasan PFA na watan Janairu da Fabrairu kuma an zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin kwallaye uku da ya zira a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 5-1 a matsayin Kwallon Zakarun Gasar na watan Fabrairu da kuma Kwallon Kafa ta Brentford a kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benrahma and Henry nominated for PFA Player of the Month |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/february/pfa-player-of-the-month-jan19/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327110947/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/february/pfa-player-of-the-month-jan19/ |archive-date=27 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benrahma and Watkins POTM nominees |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/pfa-player-of-the-month-feb19/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100157/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/pfa-player-of-the-month-feb19/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saïd Benrahma wins Sky Bet Championship Goal of the Month award |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/said-benrahma-wins-sky-bet-championship-goal-of-the-month-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100203/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/said-benrahma-wins-sky-bet-championship-goal-of-the-month-award/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maupay takes the honours at Player of the Year Dinner |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/may/award-winners-2019/ |access-date=6 May 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> Raunin idon sawu da ya samu a farkon watan Afrilun 2019 ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta Benrahma, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria forward Said Benrahma ruled out of Afcon with injury |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/algeria-forward-said-benrahma-ruled-out-of-afcon-with-injury/rh1mtebf4dal1cy77ow9yq3ix |access-date=5 May 2019 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> wanda a lokacin ya buga wasanni 45 kuma ya zura kwallaye 11. <ref name="Soccerbase1819" /> Benrahma bai buga dukkan shirye-shiryen Brentford na 2019-20 ba, kuma ya koma buga gasar a tsakiyar watan Agusta na 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lyall |date=29 July 2019 |title=Frank: Bees stars will be ready |url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/brentford/football-bees-boss-frank-gives-update-on-maupay-benrahma-watkins-henry-and-daniels |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=West London Sport}}</ref> kafin ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasa a ƙarshen watan. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, inda ayyukansa suka kai shi ga zaɓen ɗan wasan Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year, kuma aka sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara ta Championship, <ref name="POTY">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=Ollie Watkins and Said Benrahma share prizes at Virtual Awards Event |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/201920-awards-announced/ |access-date=23 August 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125110344/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/201920-awards-announced/ |archive-date=25 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="1920PFA">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=De Bruyne named PFA Player of the Year |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54044861 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Benrahma ya buga wasanni 46, ya kuma zira kwallaye 17, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwallaye uku biyu. Wasannin da ya yi a lokacin da Brentford ta kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar Championship na 2020, sun sa ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan PFA Fans' Player of the Month na Janairu na 2020 da kuma kyautar ɗan wasan gasar Championship na Yuli na 2020 Player of the Month . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Brentford 1 Fulham 2 |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/match-report-for-brentford-vs-fulham-on-04-aug-20/ |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807125319/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/match-report-for-brentford-vs-fulham-on-04-aug-20/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="PFAPOTM">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Said Benrahma wins PFA Bristol Street Motors Player of the Month |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma--pfa-january-award-win/ |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126120611/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma--pfa-january-award-win/ |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="EFLCPOTY">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Sublime Said secures July Player of the Month prize |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/july/said-benrahma-named-championship-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128125251/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/july/said-benrahma-named-championship-player-of-the-month/ |archive-date=28 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe shi don kyautar EFL Player of the Year ta London Football Awards ta 2020 da kuma kyautar 2019–20 PFA Fans' Championship Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Bees up for London Football Awards prizes |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/london-football-award-nominations/ |access-date=9 February 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100202/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/london-football-award-nominations/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=PFA Player of the Month Awards |url=https://pfa-assets.snack-projects.co.uk/site/#!/nominees/3075 |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> Bayan an sake yin hasashen yiwuwar canja wurin 'yan wasa a karo na biyu a jere, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Preece |first=Ashley |date=11 September 2020 |title=Brentford boss issues Aston Villa transfer demand for Benrahma |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-transfers-brentford-benrahma-18919322 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=BirminghamLive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Julian |date=19 September 2020 |title=Delighted Frank wants Brentford 'fortress' |url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/brentford/frank-wants-brentford-fortress-and-explains-benrahma-absence |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=West London Sport}}</ref> An cire Benrahma daga cikin 'yan wasan da kocin [[Thomas Frank]] ya nada a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, <ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|316494}}</ref> kafin ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a kakar wasa a matsayin madadin Sergi Canós bayan mintuna 73 na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Millwall a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya fara wasan da ke tafe da abokan hamayyarsa na West London Fulham a gasar cin kofin EFL kuma an bai wa gwarzon dan wasa da kuma kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan zagaye na hudu da suka tashi 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Fans can't stop talking about Said Benrahma being given an unusual award |url=https://fanbanter.co.uk/fans-cant-stop-about-said-benrahma-being-given-an-unusual-award/ |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=Fan Banter}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2020 |title=Saïd wins Goal of the Round prize |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/october/benrahma-goal-of-the-round-win/ |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100205/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/october/benrahma-goal-of-the-round-win/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === West Ham United === A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, Benrahma ya koma ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[West Ham United FC|ta West Ham United]] a yarjejeniyar aro ta farko ta kakar wasa, tare da yarjejeniyar mayar da cinikin na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=West Ham United seal Saïd Benrahma loan deal |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/october/16-october/west-ham-united-seal-said-benrahma-loan-deal |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya fito daga benci kuma ya fara buga wasa a wasan da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a wasan lig. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Inkersole |first=Sam |date=2 November 2020 |title=Said Benrahma reacts to West Ham debut in loss at Liverpool |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/players/said-benrahma-reacts-west-ham-19205991 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Football.London |language=en}}</ref> An sanya sunansa a cikin 'yan wasa 11 na farko a karon farko a wasan da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 2-1 a ranar 11 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team news: Benrahma makes full debut at Leeds {{!}} West Ham United |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/december/11-december/team-news-benrahma-makes-full-debut-leeds |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Saïd_Benrahma_WHU.jpeg|right|thumb|Benrahma a shekarar 2021]] A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2021, an dakatar da yarjejeniyar aro da wuri yayin da West Ham ta sayi Benrahma a kan kwangilar dindindin domin yantar da Jesse Lingard mai zuwa daga gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Saïd Benrahma completes permanent West Ham United transfer |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2021/january/29-january/said-benrahma-completes-permanent-west-ham-united-transfer |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> Kungiyar ta amince ta biya fam miliyan 25 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. Kudin canja wurin ya sanya Benrahma West Ham ta zama ɗan wasa na uku mafi tsada bayan [[Sébastien Haller]] da [[Felipe Anderson]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Tom |date=27 January 2021 |title=West Ham to make Said Benrahma transfer permanent to free up space for Lingard |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/transfer-news/west-ham-transfer-jesse-lingard-19712146 |website=Football.London}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2021, Benrahma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a West Ham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] . A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, ya zura kwallo a wasan da Crystal Palace ta sha kashi da ci 2-1, wanda aka auna a matsayin mafi karfin kwallaye a gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, tare da matsakaicin gudun {{Convert|107.17|km/h}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Benrahma wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3494656 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2023, a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League na 2023, Benrahma ya zura kwallon farko ta West Ham, bugun fenariti, a minti na 62, a kan Fiorentina . West Ham ta lashe kofinta na farko cikin shekaru 43 da nasara 2-1. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, West Ham ta amince da yarjejeniyar canja wurin Benrahma zuwa ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]], Lyon . Matakin ya fara lalacewa ne jim kaɗan kafin rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa, yayin da West Ham ta gaza mayar da takardun da ake buƙata zuwa gasar Premier, wanda hakan ya sa Lyon ta zargi West Ham da "nuna rashin girmamawa sosai daga ɓangaren West Ham ga ƙungiyar da ɗan wasan." <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Lyon blame West Ham as Benrahma move collapses |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68172772 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Duk da haka, bayan ɗaukaka ƙara daga Lyon wadda [[FIFA]] ta amince da ita, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba kuma aka sanar da ita a hukumance washegari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Computer says no – but Lyon claim FIFA says yes to Said Benrahma move |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/premier-league/articles/computer-says-no--but-lyon-claim-fifa-says-yes-to-said-benrahma-move-2024-02-02 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> === Lyon === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Benrahma ya koma Lyon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Kulob ɗin ya biya fam miliyan 5.1 don aro, tare da zaɓin siyan €14 miliyan da kuma riba 10% na ribar jari idan akwai yuwuwar canja wurin a nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Benhrama join OL on loan until the end of the season |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/said-benrahma-rejoint-l-ol-sous-la-forme-d-un-pret-avec-option-d-achat-jusqu-a-la-fin-de-saison |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=OL}}</ref> Ya kammala canja wurin dindindin zuwa kulob ɗin, akan kuɗin €14 miliyan, a watan Yunin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=West Ham transfer news: Said Benrahma completes move to Lyon for undisclosed fee |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg3j77x32v9o |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Neom SC === A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Benrahma ya koma ƙungiyar Neom SC ta rukuni na biyu a gasar Saudiya a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Za a iya samun zaɓin siyan €12 miliyan tare da kari har zuwa €3 miliyan idan Neom SC ta sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Saudiya ta Pro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Saïd Benrahma joins Neom SC on loan in €15m deal |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/official-sa-d-benrahma-joins-185000859.html |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilun 2025, Benrahma ya koma Neom har abada bayan nasarar da suka samu a kan Al-Arabi da ci 3 da 0, sun tabbatar da ci gaba da gasar Saudiya ta Pro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saïd |first=Issa |date=April 23, 2025 |title=Algerian forward Saïd Benrahma seals permanent switch to Saudi club Neom |url=https://africasoccer.com/algerian-forward-said-benrahma-seals-permanent-switch-to-saudi-club-neom/ |website=AfricaSoccer.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Satumba na 2015, an kira Benrahma zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Algeria]] don wasannin sada zumunci da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] da Senegal . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=EN : Liste des sélectionnés pour la Guinée et le Sénégal |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/09/30/en-liste-des-selectionnes-pour-la-guinee-et-le-senegal-74967.php |access-date=5 October 2015 |publisher=DZfoot |language=fr |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720081426/http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/09/30/en-liste-des-selectionnes-pour-la-guinee-et-le-senegal-74967.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka yi da Senegal a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2015, lokacin da ya maye gurbin [[Baghdad Bounedjah]] bayan mintuna 70 da nasara 1-0. <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60924|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> Wata daya bayan haka, an kira Benrahma cikin tawagar ' yan wasan da za su fafata a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 da Tanzania, amma bai buga wasa ba. An amince da kwazon Benrahma a Brentford a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 tare da kiransa don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019. Ya lashe gasarsa ta biyu ta kasa da kasa da fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Tunisia da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019. <ref name="NFT" /> An sanya shi cikin tawagar farko ta Algeria don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019, amma an tilasta masa ya janye saboda rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saïd Benrahma named in Algeria selection |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/september/said-benrahma-call-up/ |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151616/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/september/said-benrahma-call-up/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Benrahma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a wasan da suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Djibouti|Djibouti]] da ci 4-0 a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021 a wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti v Algeria |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/caf/match-center/400209469 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> An sanya sunansa a cikin tawagar Algeria da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2022 |title=The full list of Premier League players set to miss fixtures due to Afcon |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/africa-cup-of-nations-2021-premier-league-players-full-list-miss-fixtures-afcon-1268803 |website=inews.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Benrahma a Aïn Témouchent kuma ya girma a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] . Ya ƙaura zuwa [[Toulouse]], Faransa tare da iyayensa yana da shekaru 11 kuma yana da ɗan ƙasar Faransa. <ref name="Fisher" /> Mahaifin Benrahma ya rasu a watan Janairun 2020 kuma ya sadaukar da kowanne daga cikin kwallaye biyar da ya ci a gaba gare shi a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title="I was pleased to be able to pay tribute to him because he was so proud of me and happy for me" |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma-interview-post-hull-city/ |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127190335/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma-interview-post-hull-city/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brentford FC {{!}} 11 February 2020 – Leeds United – Home |url=https://officialbfcpics.co.uk/2002110/2002110043 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=officialbfcpics.co.uk}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, an ci Benrahma tarar fam 12,000 bayan ya amsa laifinsa na mallakar karnukan da ba su da iko sosai. ' Yan bindigar XL sun raunata wani mutum kuma sun kai wa Golden Retriever hari bayan sun tsere daga gidan Benrahma da ke Hornchurch, Gabashin London. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2025 |title=Said Benrahma: Ex West Ham footballer fined for owning dangerous dogs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cpq1ddxqvj7o |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 11 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)|King's Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Nice II |2013–14 |CFA Group C |12 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |3 |- |2014–15<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group C |13 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |5 |- |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group C |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2016–17<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group D |10 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !37 !11 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !37 !11 |- | rowspan="4" |Nice |2013–14 |[[Ligue 1]] |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2014–15 |Ligue 1 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- |2015–16 |Ligue 1 |9 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !17 !3 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !18 !3 |- |Angers (loan) |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Ligue 1 |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |Angers II (loan) |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group B |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- |Gazélec (loan) |2016–17<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Ligue 2 |15 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |3 |- |Châteauroux (loan) |2017–18<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Ligue 2 |31 |9 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |12 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |2018–19 |Championship |38 |10 |4 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |45 |11 |- |2019–20 |Championship |43 |17 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |46 |17 |- |2020–21 |Championship |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !83 !27 !4 !0 !4 !3 !0 !0 !3 !0 !94 !30 |- |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] (loan) |2020–21{{Efn|Part of this season was spent on loan from Brentford}}<ref name="Soccerbase2021" /> |[[Premier League]] |30 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |West Ham United |2021–22 |Premier League |32 |8 |2 |0 |2 |0 |12{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |3 | colspan="2" |— |48 |11 |- |2022–23 |Premier League |35 |6 |3 |2 |1 |0 |13{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |4 | colspan="2" |— |52 |12 |- |2023–24 |Premier League |13 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |22 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |West Ham total !110 !15 !9 !2 !6 !0 !30 !7 !0 !0 !155 !24 |- |Lyon (loan) |2023–24 |Ligue 1 |12 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |3 |- | rowspan="2" |Lyon |2024–25 |Ligue 1 |13 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |7[g] |1 | colspan="2" |— |22 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Lyon total !25 !4 !5 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !37 !6 |- |Neom (loan) |2024–25 |Saudi First Division League |16 |7 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |7 |- | rowspan="2" |Neom |2025–26 |Saudi Pro League |27 |10 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Nyom total !43 !17 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !44 !17 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !376 !91 !23 !6 !11 !3 !37 !8 !3 !0 !449 !108 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 8 September 2025}}<ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="8" | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] | 2015 | 1 | 0 |- | 2019 | 2 | 0 |- | 2020 | 3 | 0 |- | 2021 | 8 | 1 |- | 2022 | 5 | 0 |- | 2023 | 6 | 0 |- | 2024 | 9 | 3 |- | 2025 | 6 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 40 ! 4 |} : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon ya nuna adadin kwallayen da Algeria ta ci da farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Benrahma ta ci.'' <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60924}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60924.html "Saïd Benrahma"]. </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Saïd Benrahma ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 12 Nuwamba 2021 | Filin Wasannin Kasa da Kasa na Alkahira, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|DJI}} | align="center" | 2–0 | align="center" | 4–0 | Canjin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" | 2 | 10 Yuni 2024 | Filin Wasan Mandela na Ƙasa, [[Kampala]], Uganda |{{Fb|UGA}} | align="center" | 2–1 | align="center" | 2–1 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 |- | align="center" | 3 | rowspan="2" | 10 Oktoba 2024 | rowspan="2" | 19 ga Mayu 1956 Filin wasa, [[Annaba]], Aljeriya | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|TOG}} | align="center" | 1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" | 5–1 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2025 |- | align="center" | 4 | align="center" | 2–1 |} == Daraja == '''West Ham United''' * Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA Europa : 2022–23 '''Lyon''' * Coupe de France ya zo na biyu: 2023–24 '''Neom''' * Gasar rukuni na farko ta Saudiyya : 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Billions behind the badge: Neom join Saudi Arabia’s football revolution |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/apr/30/neom-saudi-arabia-football |access-date=28 August 2025 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ɗan wasan PFA na Watan da ya fi kowanne a gasar: Janairu 2020 <ref name="PFAPOTM"/> * Ɗan Wasan Watan Gasar EFL : Yuli 2020 <ref name="EFLCPOTY"/> * Ɗan Wasan Shekara na Magoya Bayan Brentford : 2019–20 <ref name="POTY"/> * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2019–20 <ref name="1920PFA"/> * Babban Burin Gasar Premier : 2022–23 <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Benrahma wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/3494656 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Premier League |language=}}</ref> === Rikodi === * Babban ɗan wasan Neom SC da kwallaye 17 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.whufc.com/player/44 Saïd Benrahma] a [[West Ham United FC]] ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20211109091541/https://www.whufc.com/teams/first-team/squad/said-benrahma#Profile taskar bayanai] ) * {{NFT player}} * Saïd Benrahma * {{Soccerway}} * Saïd Benrahma * {{UEFA player}} {{Neom SC squad}}{{Algeria squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}{{navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{2019–20 EFL Championship PFA Team of the Year}} {{Brentford F.C. Player of the Year}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l1c22w4v8yrpu8ct7g2h8eur6b5euyq 0 32702 968510 696187 2026-10-17T04:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ofada_rise_with_fried_plantain_and_beaf.jpg|thumb|Ofada shinkafa (na sama dama) ana ba da ita a cikin salon gargajiya tare da soya plantain da naman sa]] [[Fayil:Ofada_Rice.jpg|thumb|Ofada shinkafa]] Ofada shinkafa abinci ne na Yoruba. Sunan shinkafa ne na asali daga ƙaramin al'umma da ake kira Ofada, wanda ke cikin yankin karamar hukuma na Obafemi Owode na Jihar Ogun. Ba a shuka shi ne kawai a cikin al'umma ba, amma shinkafa ce ta asali da aka shuka a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya amma an sanya masa suna bayan al'ummar Ofada.[1][2][3] Ana amfani dashi wajen yin jita-jita iri-iri. Ofada shinkafa galibi cakuda ne, kuma wasu daga cikin nau'ikan shinkafa a cikin cakuda ba asalin Afirka ba ne; duk da haka, yawanci suna dauke da Shinkafa ta Afirka. An shuka shi kusan kawai a Jihar Ogun, [1] wata jiha a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ofada shinkafa ana shuka shi ne a kan ƙasa mai fitarwa kyauta inda teburin ruwa yake har abada a ƙarƙashin tushen shuka. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ofada rices galibi cakuda ne, kuma yawanci suna dauke da Oryza glaberrima (shinkafa ta Afirka) da kuma Oryza sativa Shinkafa ta Asiya, kuma ana iya rarraba su a matsayin ko dai launin ruwan kasa / ja Ofada ko fari Ofada bisa ga launi na iri.[1][2][3] Girman hatsi, siffar, da inuwa sun bambanta. Ofada shinkafa ba ta gogewa ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How to clean ofada rice Archives |url=https://sisijemimah.com/tag/how-to-clean-ofada-rice/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Sisi Jemimah |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamar yadda shinkafa ta Afirka ta fi wuya a niƙa da gogewa, wasu ko duk shinkafa suna barin a kan hatsi, suna ƙarfafa dandano kuma suna sa ya zama mafi gina jiki. Brown ofada shinkafa sau da yawa yana da ƙanshi sosai, yayin da farin ofada shuka yawanci ba [[Aromatic rice|mai ƙanshi]] ba ne. An kuma san su da kumburi a girman lokacin da aka dafa su. Wani lokaci ana sarrafa shi ta amfani da fermentation, wanda ke ƙara ingancin ƙanshi ga samfurin. Ofada shinkafa yawanci yana da farashi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran shinkafa da ke akwai, kuma wasu mutane sun dauke shi a matsayin alamar alama ta matsayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ogunleke |first=A. O. |last2=Baiyegunhi |first2=Lloyd J. S. |date=2019 |title=Effect of households' dietary knowledge on local (ofada) rice consumption in southwest Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/59737807 |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s42779-019-0023-5 |issn=2352-6181 |s2cid=209452799 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A zamanin yau, wani lokacin ana ba da shi a jam'iyyun ajiya. Hakanan ana sayar da shi azaman abinci na titi ta masu siyarwa, sau da yawa an riga an rufe shi da ganye na Ewe Eran, sannan a ba da shi tare da sauce na musamman na [[Ayamase|Ayamashe]] ko Ofada stew tare da kwai, naman sa, ponmo, kaza da ko kifi. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan [[shinkafa]] da aka shuka a [[Najeriya]] ana kiranta Ofada shinkafa. Wannan iri-iri ya sami sunansa daga gaskiyar cewa an shuka shi kuma an sarrafa shi a ƙauyukan Ofada na Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya da sauran ƙauyukansu masu samar da shinkafa. An fara shuka amfanin gona a [[Abeokuta]], Jihar Ogun, kuma an gabatar da shi ta hanyar ayyukan mishan tsakanin shekarun 1850 zuwa 1970. Daga can, an yada shi zuwa yankin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a Epe da [[Okitipupa]]; daga can, an tura shi zuwa lardunan Ogoja da [[Abakaliki]] bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]; kuma a ƙarshe, an yada ya a fadin Sahara da arewacin Najeriya ta hanyar cinikin Trans-Sahara. Saboda dandano na musamman da ƙanshin iri-iri wanda ya sa ya fi shahara fiye da sauran nau'ikan gida tare da dandano daban-daban lokacin da aka dafa shi. == Magana == Ofada shinkafa an sanya masa suna ne bayan garin Ofada, inda aka fara noma shi. Ofada wani gari ne da ke cikin jihar Ogun . == Shirye-shiryen == Ofada shinkafa ana ba da ita a cikin ganye na uma, tare da sauce na atarodo (mai ɗanɗano) da tatase (mai ɗanɗi), albasa, wake, [[Manja|Man dabino]], da daya. Abincin biki ne maimakon irin abinci na yau da kullun ga yawancin 'yan Najeriya amma abinci ne na yau da kullum ga garuruwan Ikenne da Ilisan a jihar Ogun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-08-22 |title=How To Cook Ofada Rice {{!}} Ofada Rice Recipe |url=https://theonlinecook.com/how-to-cook-ofada-rice-ofada-rice-recipe/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=The Online Cook |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=How to Cook Brown or Ofada Rice Perfectly |url=https://9jafoodie.com/cook-brown-ofada-rice-perfectly/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=9jafoodie {{!}} Nigerian Food Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakanan ana ba da shi sau da yawa tare da stew na kayan lambu wanda zai iya ƙunsar wake a matsayin sinadarin. Sau da yawa ana ba da shi tare da stew [[Ayamase]] ko obe-ata-iru, dukansu an shirya su musamman don cin shinkafa. == Ofada stew == Ofada stew abinci ne na gida wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Kudancin Afirka|kudanci]] Najeriya. Ofada stew an san shi da ata dindin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=Obe Ata Dindin - Ofada Sauce |url=https://sisijemimah.com/2015/12/08/obe-ata-dindin-ofada-stew/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Sisi Jemimah |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abinci don yin stew ofada sune habanero peppers (atarodo), ''Tatashe'' peppers ko green bell peppers, locust bean (iru ko ''ogiri''), jan dabino man, albasa, crayfish, iri-iri nama da kifi, naman sa, shaki (ƙashin shanu), kifi mai bushe, da kifi.<ref name="tribuneonlineng.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=Have you had a taste of Ofada rice? |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/have-you-had-a-taste-of-ofada-rice/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O |first=Lois |date=2018-05-23 |title=How to Make Ofada Stew (Nigerian Ofada Sauce Recipe) |url=https://www.yummymedley.com/ofada-stew/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Yummy Medley |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-09 |title=Ofada Stew Recipe (How To Make Ofada Stew) |url=https://www.myactivekitchen.com/ofada-stew-recipe/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=My Active Kitchen |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Green Bell Peppers Stew-My Diaspora Kitchen |date=2019-06-06 |title=The Real Ofada Stew Recipe |url=https://www.mydiasporakitchen.com/real-ofada-stew-recipe/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=My Diaspora Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Ofada Stew (Ayamase Stew) |url=https://lowcarbafrica.com/ofada-stew-ayamase-stew/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Low Carb Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-05 |title=How to pepare Ayamase stew (ofada stew) |url=https://cheflolaskitchen.com/ayamase-stew-ofada-stew/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Chef Lola's Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ofada sauce == Ayamase, wanda aka fi sani da soya na ofada, dafa ne da aka yi da man dabino mai kama da na ofada sai dai an yi shi ne daga albasa mai launin kore wanda ke ba da miya dandano na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-27 |title=How to Make Ayamase (Ofada Stew/Sauce) |url=https://9jafoodie.com/ayamase-ofada-stewsauce/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=9jafoodie {{!}} Nigerian Food Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=Ayamase - Ofada Stew |url=https://sisijemimah.com/2015/08/04/ayamase-ofada-stew/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Sisi Jemimah |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Ayamase Stew - African Food Network |url=https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/soup-recipes/ayamase-stew/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605094225/https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/soup-recipes/ayamase-stew/ |archive-date=2022-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-05 |title=How to pepare Ayamase stew (ofada stew) |url=https://cheflolaskitchen.com/ayamase-stew-ofada-stew/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Chef Lola's Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oz9k7f2g6zg3r1lnud9e2g68nh6j4es 0 33636 968454 956489 2026-10-16T22:48:25Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357258734|Millennium Tower (Abuja)]]" 968454 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" |Millennium Tower |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Newlea.jpg|303x303px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">A render of the Millennium Tower at night</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Millennium Tower (Abuja)","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#525252","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#dbdbdb"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q6858955"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":3,"stroke":"#525252","title":"Millennium Tower (Abuja)"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q6858955"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.4928093,9.0558427],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Millennium Tower (Abuja)","marker-symbol":"building"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">General information</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Status | class="infobox-data category" |Under construction |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Type | class="infobox-data category" |Mixed-Use |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Location | class="infobox-data label" |[[Abuja]], [[FCT, Nigeria|FCT]], Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Coordinates | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Millennium_Tower_(Abuja)&params=9.0558427_N_7.4928093_E_type:landmark_region:NG-FC <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°03′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°29′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.0558427°N 7.4928093°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">9.0558427; 7.4928093</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Millennium_Tower_(Abuja)&params=9.0558427_N_7.4928093_E_type:landmark_region:NG-FC <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°03′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°29′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.0558427°N 7.4928093°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">9.0558427; 7.4928093</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Construction started</div> | class="infobox-data" |2006 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Topped-out | class="infobox-data" |2014 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cost | class="infobox-data" |[[Naira|₦]]53 billion |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |Height |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Roof | class="infobox-data" |170&nbsp;m (560&nbsp;ft) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Top&nbsp;floor | class="infobox-data" |110&nbsp;m (360&nbsp;ft)<ref name="CN" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |Technical&nbsp;details |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lifts/elevators | class="infobox-data" |3 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |Design and construction |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Architect | class="infobox-data" |Manfredi Nicoletti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Main&nbsp;contractor | class="infobox-data" |[[Salini Nigeria LTD]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |References |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} The '''Millennium Tower and Cultural Centre''' project is one of a number of projects in the Central District of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]'s capital city of [[Abuja]]. At {{Convert|170|m}}, it is the tallest artificial structure in [[Abuja]]. The tower was designed by Manfredi Nicoletti and is part of the [[Nigeria National Complex]] which also includes the Nigerian Cultural Centre, an eight-storey, low rise, pyramid shaped Cultural Centre. Construction for the tower started in 2006 and was topped out in 2014 whilst the cultural centre is still under construction. [[File:Abuja_Millennium_Tower_2017.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px|The Millennium Tower, still under construction in January 2017]] The site is served by a main road, so the two structures will be linked via an underground arcade. The tower consists of three cylindrical concrete pillar-like structures varying in height and linked together near the tower's first peak using a disc-shaped section that is intended to house in its two floors an observation deck and a viewing restaurant. Around the pillars of the tower, three transparent stainless steel wings wrap around the base of the tower and gradually open outwards in a fan-like fashion as they extend up the height of the tower == Manazarta == 1bfyobnw6x6lq9fwdhoqrddywptxrw9 968455 968454 2026-10-16T22:49:22Z Salma Raddah 45959 968455 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" |Millennium Tower |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Newlea.jpg|303x303px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">A render of the Millennium Tower at night</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Millennium Tower (Abuja)","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#525252","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#dbdbdb"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q6858955"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":3,"stroke":"#525252","title":"Millennium Tower (Abuja)"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q6858955"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.4928093,9.0558427],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Millennium Tower (Abuja)","marker-symbol":"building"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">General information</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Status | class="infobox-data category" |Under construction |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Type | class="infobox-data category" |Mixed-Use |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Location | class="infobox-data label" |[[Abuja]], [[FCT, Nigeria|FCT]], Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Coordinates | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Millennium_Tower_(Abuja)&params=9.0558427_N_7.4928093_E_type:landmark_region:NG-FC <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°03′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°29′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.0558427°N 7.4928093°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">9.0558427; 7.4928093</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Millennium_Tower_(Abuja)&params=9.0558427_N_7.4928093_E_type:landmark_region:NG-FC <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°03′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°29′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.0558427°N 7.4928093°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">9.0558427; 7.4928093</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Construction started</div> | class="infobox-data" |2006 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Topped-out | class="infobox-data" |2014 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cost | class="infobox-data" |[[Naira|₦]]53 billion |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |Height |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Roof | class="infobox-data" |170&nbsp;m (560&nbsp;ft) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Top&nbsp;floor | class="infobox-data" |110&nbsp;m (360&nbsp;ft)<ref name="CN" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |Technical&nbsp;details |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lifts/elevators | class="infobox-data" |3 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |Design and construction |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Architect | class="infobox-data" |Manfredi Nicoletti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Main&nbsp;contractor | class="infobox-data" |[[Salini Nigeria LTD]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;" |References |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} {{Databox}} The '''Millennium Tower and Cultural Centre''' project is one of a number of projects in the Central District of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]'s capital city of [[Abuja]]. At {{Convert|170|m}}, it is the tallest artificial structure in [[Abuja]]. The tower was designed by Manfredi Nicoletti and is part of the [[Nigeria National Complex]] which also includes the Nigerian Cultural Centre, an eight-storey, low rise, pyramid shaped Cultural Centre. Construction for the tower started in 2006 and was topped out in 2014 whilst the cultural centre is still under construction. [[File:Abuja_Millennium_Tower_2017.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px|The Millennium Tower, still under construction in January 2017]] The site is served by a main road, so the two structures will be linked via an underground arcade. The tower consists of three cylindrical concrete pillar-like structures varying in height and linked together near the tower's first peak using a disc-shaped section that is intended to house in its two floors an observation deck and a viewing restaurant. Around the pillars of the tower, three transparent stainless steel wings wrap around the base of the tower and gradually open outwards in a fan-like fashion as they extend up the height of the tower == Manazarta == fu165368t5t1y4vuj9p1gldvl99cl5l 0 35368 968489 883285 2026-10-17T01:05:48Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Benin_(1967).svg|Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Benin_(1967).svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of the Republic of Be 968489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox country|native_name=}} <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Jamhuriyar Benin''' Ta kasance wata kasa da ba a amince da ita ba a yankin Yammacin Afurka wacce ta wanzu na dan lokaci (kwana daya) a shekarar 1967. An kafa ta ne a ranar 19 ga Satumbar 1967 a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a matsayin kasar [[Biyafara]], bayan mamaye [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|yankin tsakiyar yammacin]] [[Najeriya]], kuma aka sanya mata suna babban birnin kasar [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin]], inda Albert Nwazu Okonkwo ya zama [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnati]]<nowiki/>n ta. An kafa wananan sabuwar jiha ne a matsayin yunkuri na mutanen Biafra da su hana wadanda ba 'yan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yamma da su mara wa Najeriya baya, sakamakon rikicin kabilanci a yankin a farkon yakin. An sanya mata Jamhuriyar Benin a hukumance duk da cewa a lokacin sojojin tarayyar Najeriya na ci gaba da mamaye yankin, kuma sun kawo karshenta washegarin bayan sun shiga birnin Benin. <ref name="orobator">{{Cite journal|url-status=367–383}}</ref> {{Rp|369}}Wannan mamaye yankin da Biyafara tayi wa yankin tsakiyar Yammacin Njeriya ya mayar da al'ummar yankin adawa da manufar ballewa daga kasar, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi amfani da wannan wajen ganin ta kara ruruta wutar yaki da kasar Biafra. == Tarihi == Tun kafin yakin basasar Najeriya, mazauna yankin [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Tsakiyar Yamma]] masu kabilu iri-iri sun yi yunkurin daukar matakin tsaka mai wuya. Jim kadan kafin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta sanar da ballewarta daga [[Najeriya]], shugabannin yankin Tsakiyar Yamma sun dauki nauyin gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a kusa da [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], kuma jami'ai sun ki barin sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya su mamaye yankin Biafra ta yankin. <ref name="orobator">{{Cite journal|url-status=367–383}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrobator1987">Orobator, S. E. (1987). "The Biafran Crisis and the Midwest". ''African Affairs''. '''86''' (344): 367–383. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/722748 722748].</cite></ref> {{Rp|367}}<ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|368}}A watan Agustan shekarar 1967 ne sojojin Biafra suka mamaye yankin tsakiyar Yamma tare da karbe ikon mulkin yankin, inda likita [[Tarayyar Amurka|dan kasar Amurka]] Albert Okonkwo ya zama sabon [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnati]] da taken Gwamna. <ref name="times">"Breakaway Nigerian Area Lasts Only One Day". ''[[Gadsden Times]]'' 1967-09-21: 1</ref> Da farko dai al'ummar [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] sun yi maraba da mulkin kasar Biafra, yayin da kuma wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo gaba daya ba su ji dadi ba amma sun yanke shawarar su jira a maido da mulkin tarayya maimakon yin tirjiya. Dangantakar farko tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin da wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba ta kasance cikin lumana amma babu dadi, kuma domin a inganta dangantakar gwamnatin Gwamna Okonkwo ta cika gidaje da tituna da labarai daga matsayin Biafra. Sai dai gangamin kafafen yada labarai ya fara cika jihar da labarai kan zaluncin da ‘yan kabilar Ibo ke yi a Najeriya, inda kwanaki suka wuce, sai dai ya kara rarrabuwar kabilanci a yankin. Gangamin hulda da jama’a da ba a karewa ba ya lalata tausayin wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba na masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra a maimakon mayar da su ga goyon bayan kai tsaye, inda akasarin su ke nuna halin ko-in-kula ko masu goyon bayan Najeriya. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|377}}Yayin da dangantaka ke ci gaba da tabarbarewa tsakanin gwamnatin ma’aikata da kuma wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, shugaban kasar Biafra [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ziyarci yankin tsakiyar Yamma domin neman goyon baya tare da ganawa da shugabannin kungiyar NCNC da aka dakatar a baya. Duk da cewa ziyarar ta sa aka kara samun goyon bayan tsaffin ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC, amma sabanin da ke tsakaninsu a baya ya farfado, kuma a lokaci guda ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC suka fara yin artabu da magoya bayan wasu jam’iyyu, kuma ba ‘yan kabilar Ibo ba na kin amincewa da mamayewar. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|378}}Yayin da gwamnatin Okonkwo ke ci gaba da rasa goyon bayan al’ummar yankin Tsakiyar Yamma, sai suka shiga halin kaka-ni-kayi. A ranar 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1967, ‘yan Biafra suka mayar da sunan yankin ta hanyar sauya mata suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Benin, kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Biafra, a matsayin wani yunkuri na karshe. An yi imanin cewa ko da ba za ta iya samun goyon bayan da ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, sabuwar jihar na iya a kalla raba Biafra ta jiki da dakarun tarayyar Najeriya. <ref name="orobator">{{Cite journal|url-status=367–383}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrobator1987">Orobator, S. E. (1987). "The Biafran Crisis and the Midwest". ''African Affairs''. '''86''' (344): 367–383. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/722748 722748].</cite></ref> {{Rp|379}}Da yake bayar da misali da mutuwar mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya a rikicin arewacin kasar da kuma goyon bayan da yankin ke yi na kafa gwamnatin [[wiktionary:antebellum|hadaka]] a Najeriya, Okonkwo ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Benin za ta goyi bayan Biafra a kowane fanni kuma za ta shiga kungiyoyi irinsu Commonwealth of Nations da kuma na kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka . <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|380}}Duk da haka, Okonkwo ya san cewa sabuwar jihar ba za ta dawwama ba: shi da sauran jami'ai sun tattauna batun ayyana 'yancin kai makonni biyu da suka gabata a ranar 5 ga Satumba ba tare da cimma matsaya ba, kuma sanarwar ta kasance cikin dan kankanin lokaci yayin da shi da sojojinsa suka ja da baya a yankin. fuskantar ci gaban sojojin gwamnatin tarayya. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|381}}Daga baya a wannan rana, sojojin gwamnati sun isa [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin]] Benin, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Benin, kuma babban kwamishinan [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] ya ba da rahoton jama'a da suka yi cunkoson jama'a a kan tituna domin murnar sake kwace iko. <ref name="times">"Breakaway Nigerian Area Lasts Only One Day". ''[[Gadsden Times]]'' 1967-09-21: 1</ref> A halin da ake ciki, shugaban kasar Biafra Ojukwu bai ce uffan ba kan ayyana sanarwar, inda ya mayar da hankali kan gazawar sojojin Biafra na hana gwamnati ci gaba. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|381}}Hankalinsa kan gazawar sojojin Okonkwo da rashin yin tsokaci kan shelanta ‘yancin kai ya nuna cewa watakila jami’an Biafra na shirin ayyana jamhuriyar Benin, kuma rashin amincewarsu na nuni da rashin lokacinta, maimakon faruwar lamarin. Kasar Biafra dai ta samu karancin karbuwa daga wasu kasashen ketare, amma duk nasarorin da aka samu basu da alaka da shelanta kasar Benin. Mamaya na Biafra na yankin Tsakiyar Yamma ya kasa cimma manufofinsa, ya kuma yi mummunar illa ga goyon bayan gida na neman ballewa a tsakanin wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, kuma gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta dauka a matsayin hujjar kara tayar da kananan rikici zuwa yakin basasa. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|382}} == Duba kuma == * Jihar tsana * Tutar Jamhuriyar Benin (Nigeria) * Tutar Biafra == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.dawodu.com/okonkwo2.htm Sanarwar 'Yancin Kan 'Jamhuriyar Benin'] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm#Republic%20of%20Benin Duniya Statesmen- Najeriya] - yana nuna tutarta {{Biafra topics}}{{Coord|6|19|N|5|37|W}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|6|19|N|5|37|W}} [[Category:Biyafara]] [[Category:1967 a Najeriya]] qlormjlz6xtklz0zu4dfzcy0g2delx3 0 43068 968284 512404 2026-10-16T15:14:14Z Kevin Scannell 38627 968284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Nkazamyampi''' (an haife shi a watan 1ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1964) ɗan wasan tseren matsakaicin zango ne daga kasar [[Burundi]]. Zakaran Afirka na 1992, ya kasa shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi a shekarar 1992 saboda Burundi ba ta shiga ba. A shekarar 1993 ya ci lambar azurfa a tseren mita 800 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya, inda ya kare bayan Tom McKean. Daga baya Nkazamyampi ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi a shekarar 1996 ba tare da kai wasan karshe ba.<ref>Foundation Charles Nkazamyampi</ref> Mafi kyawun lokacinsa na sama da mita 800 shine 1:44.24 mintuna, wanda aka samu a 1993.<ref>Charles Nkazamyampi at World Athletics</ref> == Ayyukan Bayan Sana'a == Charles shine wanda ya kirkiro 'Foundation Charles Nkazamyampi' (FCN), wanda ke amfani da wasanni don hada kan al'ummomi da inganta zaman lafiya a duk fadin kasar Burundi. Suna aiki a larduna 8 a fadin Burundi kuma suna karfafa matasa su sanya hannu kan alkawurran samar da zaman lafiya don kokarin dakile yiwuwar tashin hankali a nan gaba. <ref>"Foundation CHarles Nkazamyampi" . 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. {{cite web}} : | first= missing |last= ( help )</ref> == Manazarta == 1. ^ "Foundation CHarles Nkazamyampi" . 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. <nowiki>{{ cite web }}</nowiki> : | first= missing |last= ( help ){{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] 2qu7s4x1pwsifzcxhlfodh1uc9zmro5 0 50235 968493 736580 2026-10-17T02:13:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Adaju''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) ɗan kasuwan Najeriya ne, Shugaba na [https://www.consistent-energy.com Consistent Energy Limited] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Makamashi Renewable Nigeria (REAN).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Okere|first=Roseline|title=Renewable energy group raise the alarm over duty on solar panel|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/renewable-energy-group-raise-the-alarm-over-duty-on-solar-panel/|access-date=2019-05-24|website=guardian.ng|archive-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726140549/https://guardian.ng/business-services/renewable-energy-group-raise-the-alarm-over-duty-on-solar-panel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.energynet.co.uk/speaker/segun-adaju|title=Segun Adaju {{!}} EnergyNet.|website=www.energynet.co.uk|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=2019-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214064239/http://www.energynet.co.uk/speaker/segun-adaju|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandspurng.com/2017/06/27/focus-on-renewable-energy-in-nigeria/|title=Focus on Renewable Energy in Nigeria|date=2017-06-27|website=Brand Spur|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> Ya kasance mataimakin manaja na Integrated Micro-finance Bank Limited wanda shine farkon bankin Micro-finance a Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microcapital.org/microcapital-story-deputy-manager-segun-adaju-of-nigerias-integrated-microfinance-bank-ltd-imfb-speaks-at-full-gospel-businessmen-fellowships-internationals-fgbfis-conference/|title=MICROCAPITAL STORY: Deputy Manager Segun Adaju of Nigeria's Integrated Microfinance Bank Ltd. (IMFB) Speaks at Full Gospel Businessmen Fellowships International's (FGBFI's) Conference|last=Team|first=the MicroCapital|date=2007-06-26|website=MicroCapital|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530124208/https://www.microcapital.org/microcapital-story-deputy-manager-segun-adaju-of-nigerias-integrated-microfinance-bank-ltd-imfb-speaks-at-full-gospel-businessmen-fellowships-internationals-fgbfis-conference/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shine Manajan Darakta na GS Micro-finance Bank Limited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Seibekl|first=Hans|title=Microfinance in Nigeria: Origins, Options and Opportunities|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/events-documents/126.pdf|journal=Hahnwaldweg}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi == Adaju ya sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki da MBA a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greenthecampus.org/segun-adaju|title=Segun Adaju|website=THE GREEN CAMPUS INITIATIVE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samun shirye-shiryen zartarwa a Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard, MIT/Sloan School of Management, [[Frankfurt]] School of Management, Renewable Academy [[Berlin]] da Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sustyvibes.com/susty-person-month-mr-segun-adaju/|title=Susty Person of the Month - Mr Segun Adaju|last=Gbadamosi|first=Elias|date=2018-02-06|website=[[SustyVibes]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin Consistent Energy, Adaju ya yi aiki tare da manyan bankunan kasuwanci a [[Najeriya]] kamar Equity Bank of Nigeria Limited, First Atlantic Bank Plc da [[First City Monument Bank]] Plc kafin ya bar aiki a shekarar 2006 ya hada hannu da bankin Integrated Micro-finance Bank wanda shine farkon kananan kudi. banki a Najeriya daga baya kuma ya tashi ya kafa nasa bankin Micro-finance, GS Micro-finance Bank Ltd a 2007. A cikin Janairu 2015, ya kafa [https://www.consistent-energy.com Consistent Energy Limited] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Energizing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.consistent-energy.com/segun-adaju/|title=SEGUN ADAJU – Consistent Energy|website=www.consistent-energy.com|access-date=2019-05-24}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2012/12/11/nigeria-has-adequate-resources-for-biomass-energy-adaju/|title=Nigeria Has Adequate Resources For Biomass Energy —Adaju|last=Newspapers|first=Leadership|date=2012-12-11|website=Nigeria A-Z Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> Shi Jagora ne a karkashin shirin [[Tony Elumelu]] Entrepreneurship Programme (TEEP) kuma Koci a karkashin dandalin Yammacin Afirka don Tsabtace Makamashi Mai Tsabta (WAFCEF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fellows.smefunds.com/faculty-profile/45/|title=Segun Adaju|website=fellows.smefunds.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524044602/http://fellows.smefunds.com/faculty-profile/45|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Category:Yan kasuwa a Najeriya]] pwi24ympm8r1ivoir6uz4p24c5uzctk 0 54207 968460 952109 2026-10-16T23:02:06Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377769926|Swanky JKA]]" 968460 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Jideofor Kenechukwu Achufusi''' (born 17 October 1991) is a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nigerian]] actor and model, known professionally as '''Swanky JKA'''. He is best known for his portrayal of Nnamdi Okeke in ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'', as well as Chidi in ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 February 2021 |title=KAMBILI: THE WHOLE 30 YARDS |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kambili_the_whole_30_yards |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=ROTTEN TOMATOES |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the Trailblazer award at the 2020 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] (AMVCA). == Career == Originally a model, Achufusi began his acting career by playing supporting roles in Nollywood films Poka Messiah, Black Rose, Pretty Little Thing, Ofu Obi and A Lonely Lane. He gained wider recognition in 2019 for portraying Nnamdi Okeke in Living in Bondage: Breaking Free,[1] which earned him a nomination for Best Actor and a Trailblazer award at the 2020 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards. == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2014 |''Burning Bridges'' |Manny |Alongside [[Ken Erics]], [[Ivie Okujaye]] |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Lost Pride'' |Juice |Alongside [[Tana Adelana]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]] |- |''Lost Pride'' |Juice |Drama |- |2016 |''Poka Messiah'' |Xavier |Alongside [[Jude Thomas Dawam]], [[Yul Edochie]] |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Pretty Little Thing'' |Michael |Alongside [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Ngozi Ezeonu]] |- |''A Lonely Lane'' |Kelly |Alongside Uju Anikwe, Juliet Ekeson |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |''[[Black Rose (fim na 2018)|Black Rose]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=Black Rose |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2018/06/black-rose.html |access-date=2021-02-20 |website=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> |Nelo |Alongside [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] |- |''Crazy, Lovely, Cool''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=2019-12-13 |title='Crazy, Lovely, Cool' is Nollywood's first TV show on Netflix |url=https://culturecustodian.com/crazy-lovely-cool-is-nollywoods-first-tv-show-on-netflix/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Neo |Romance |- |''Big Mess'' | |Comedy |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-03-14 |title=And the Winner of #AMVCA7 Trailblazer Award is... Swanky JKA ?? |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/03/amvca-trailblazer/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |Reporter |Alongside [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Nkem Owoh]], [[Pete Edochie]] |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Ofuobi'' |Jide |Alongside Victoria Dijey, Chioma Idigo |- |''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Kenneth Okonkwo, Swanky JKA, Kanayo O. Kanayo... Meet the Cast of "Living In Bondage: Breaking Free" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/cast-of-living-in-bondage-breaking-free/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref> |Nnamdi Okeke | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-04 |title="Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards" New Teaser Stars Nancy Isime, Mawuli Gavor & Swanky JKA |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/kambili-the-whole-30-yards-new-teaser-stars-nancy-isime-mawuli-gavor-swanky-jka/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=[[The Lagos Review]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chidi |Alongside [[Mawuli Gavor|Mawuli Gavour]], [[Nancy Isime]] |- |''A Bride with the Gun'' |Pope |Alongside Avira Akpobi, Ifeanyi Anike |- | rowspan="6" |2021 |''[[Dwindle (fim)|Dwindle]]'' |Chinedu |Alongside [[Broda Shaggi]] |- |''Lockdown'' |Sam |Alongside Omini Aho, [[Chioma Chukwuka]] |- |''Bad Boys & Bridesmaid'' |Olisa |Alongside Rosemary Abazie, Ademola Adedoyin |- |''Dice'' |Yomi Taiwo |Alongside Imoudu Ayonote, [[Femi Branch]] |- |''Ejiro's Lust'' |Bobby |Alongside Tana Adelana, [[Abayomi Alvin]] |- |''Dear Sister'' |Jide |Alongside Eucharia Anunobi Ekwu, Jude Thomas Dawam |- | rowspan="6" |2022 |''[[Brother hood 2022)|Brotherhood]]'' |Simon |Alongside [[Mercy Aigbe]], Adebowale Adetayo |- |''[[Money Miss Road]]'' |Joe |Action / comedy |- |''[[Ni Nazzy|I am Nazzy]]'' | |Comedy / romance |- |''Luckily Unfortunate'' | |Alongside [[Uzor Arukwe]], Emmanuel Blaq |- |''My Oyibo Queen'' | | |- |''Ije Awele'' |Dubem / Dubar |Alongside Victoria Nwogu, [[Onyeka Onwenu]] |- | rowspan="5" |2023 |''[[A Tribe Called Judah]]'' |Emeka Judah |Alongside [[Funke Akindele]] |- |''[[Blood Vessels (fim na 2023)|Blood Vessel]]'' |Boma |Adventure / drama / thriller |- |''Ifediche'' | |[[Chiwetalu Agu]], Pete Edochie |- |''Bleeding Butterfly'' |Jide |Directed by Ernest Obi |- |''Special Assistant'' |Joel |Alongside Kameel Audu, Aderinoye Babatunde |- |2023 |''Flip Side'' |Chike |Ifeanyi Anike, Chinenye Chukwu |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Japa'' |Mezu |Lead alongside [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |''I Love You Regardless'' | |Alongside [[Lateef Adedimeji]], Francis Atela |- |''Break of Dawn'' | |Directed by [[Umanu Elijah]] |- |2026 |''Aba Blues'' | | |} == Awards == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Year !Award !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="2" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Best Actor in a Leading Role (Igbo) |''A Lonely Lane'' |{{Won}} | |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role (Igbo) |''Ofu Obi'' |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="6" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] |Best Actor |''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' | {{Nom}} | |- |Trailblazer Award | | {{Won}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="4" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Best Actor in a Leading Role (English) |''Living in Bondage: Breaking Free'' |{{Won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Revelation of the Year (Male) | |{{Won}} |- |Best Actor in a Lead role (Igbo) |''Nne'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Best Kiss in a Movie |''Living in Bondage: Breaking Free'' | {{Nom}} |- |2021 |Net Honours |Most Popular Actor | |{{Won}} | |} == Personal life == Achufusi married his partner, Ifeoma, in a private wedding ceremony in Milan, Italy, on 11 April 2026. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] esca9gyui83sbdlys30yargk2u79uf7 968461 968460 2026-10-16T23:02:57Z Salma Raddah 45959 968461 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''Jideofor Kenechukwu Achufusi''' (born 17 October 1991) is a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nigerian]] actor and model, known professionally as '''Swanky JKA'''. He is best known for his portrayal of Nnamdi Okeke in ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'', as well as Chidi in ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 February 2021 |title=KAMBILI: THE WHOLE 30 YARDS |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kambili_the_whole_30_yards |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=ROTTEN TOMATOES |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the Trailblazer award at the 2020 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] (AMVCA). == Career == Originally a model, Achufusi began his acting career by playing supporting roles in Nollywood films Poka Messiah, Black Rose, Pretty Little Thing, Ofu Obi and A Lonely Lane. He gained wider recognition in 2019 for portraying Nnamdi Okeke in Living in Bondage: Breaking Free,[1] which earned him a nomination for Best Actor and a Trailblazer award at the 2020 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards. == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2014 |''Burning Bridges'' |Manny |Alongside [[Ken Erics]], [[Ivie Okujaye]] |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Lost Pride'' |Juice |Alongside [[Tana Adelana]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]] |- |''Lost Pride'' |Juice |Drama |- |2016 |''Poka Messiah'' |Xavier |Alongside [[Jude Thomas Dawam]], [[Yul Edochie]] |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Pretty Little Thing'' |Michael |Alongside [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Ngozi Ezeonu]] |- |''A Lonely Lane'' |Kelly |Alongside Uju Anikwe, Juliet Ekeson |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |''[[Black Rose (fim na 2018)|Black Rose]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=Black Rose |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2018/06/black-rose.html |access-date=2021-02-20 |website=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> |Nelo |Alongside [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] |- |''Crazy, Lovely, Cool''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=2019-12-13 |title='Crazy, Lovely, Cool' is Nollywood's first TV show on Netflix |url=https://culturecustodian.com/crazy-lovely-cool-is-nollywoods-first-tv-show-on-netflix/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Neo |Romance |- |''Big Mess'' | |Comedy |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-03-14 |title=And the Winner of #AMVCA7 Trailblazer Award is... Swanky JKA ?? |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/03/amvca-trailblazer/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |Reporter |Alongside [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Nkem Owoh]], [[Pete Edochie]] |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Ofuobi'' |Jide |Alongside Victoria Dijey, Chioma Idigo |- |''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Kenneth Okonkwo, Swanky JKA, Kanayo O. Kanayo... Meet the Cast of "Living In Bondage: Breaking Free" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/cast-of-living-in-bondage-breaking-free/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref> |Nnamdi Okeke | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-04 |title="Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards" New Teaser Stars Nancy Isime, Mawuli Gavor & Swanky JKA |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/kambili-the-whole-30-yards-new-teaser-stars-nancy-isime-mawuli-gavor-swanky-jka/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=[[The Lagos Review]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chidi |Alongside [[Mawuli Gavor|Mawuli Gavour]], [[Nancy Isime]] |- |''A Bride with the Gun'' |Pope |Alongside Avira Akpobi, Ifeanyi Anike |- | rowspan="6" |2021 |''[[Dwindle (fim)|Dwindle]]'' |Chinedu |Alongside [[Broda Shaggi]] |- |''Lockdown'' |Sam |Alongside Omini Aho, [[Chioma Chukwuka]] |- |''Bad Boys & Bridesmaid'' |Olisa |Alongside Rosemary Abazie, Ademola Adedoyin |- |''Dice'' |Yomi Taiwo |Alongside Imoudu Ayonote, [[Femi Branch]] |- |''Ejiro's Lust'' |Bobby |Alongside Tana Adelana, [[Abayomi Alvin]] |- |''Dear Sister'' |Jide |Alongside Eucharia Anunobi Ekwu, Jude Thomas Dawam |- | rowspan="6" |2022 |''[[Brother hood 2022)|Brotherhood]]'' |Simon |Alongside [[Mercy Aigbe]], Adebowale Adetayo |- |''[[Money Miss Road]]'' |Joe |Action / comedy |- |''[[Ni Nazzy|I am Nazzy]]'' | |Comedy / romance |- |''Luckily Unfortunate'' | |Alongside [[Uzor Arukwe]], Emmanuel Blaq |- |''My Oyibo Queen'' | | |- |''Ije Awele'' |Dubem / Dubar |Alongside Victoria Nwogu, [[Onyeka Onwenu]] |- | rowspan="5" |2023 |''[[A Tribe Called Judah]]'' |Emeka Judah |Alongside [[Funke Akindele]] |- |''[[Blood Vessels (fim na 2023)|Blood Vessel]]'' |Boma |Adventure / drama / thriller |- |''Ifediche'' | |[[Chiwetalu Agu]], Pete Edochie |- |''Bleeding Butterfly'' |Jide |Directed by Ernest Obi |- |''Special Assistant'' |Joel |Alongside Kameel Audu, Aderinoye Babatunde |- |2023 |''Flip Side'' |Chike |Ifeanyi Anike, Chinenye Chukwu |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Japa'' |Mezu |Lead alongside [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |''I Love You Regardless'' | |Alongside [[Lateef Adedimeji]], Francis Atela |- |''Break of Dawn'' | |Directed by [[Umanu Elijah]] |- |2026 |''Aba Blues'' | | |} == Awards == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Year !Award !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="2" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Best Actor in a Leading Role (Igbo) |''A Lonely Lane'' |{{Won}} | |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role (Igbo) |''Ofu Obi'' |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="6" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] |Best Actor |''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' | {{Nom}} | |- |Trailblazer Award | | {{Won}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="4" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Best Actor in a Leading Role (English) |''Living in Bondage: Breaking Free'' |{{Won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Revelation of the Year (Male) | |{{Won}} |- |Best Actor in a Lead role (Igbo) |''Nne'' | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Best Kiss in a Movie |''Living in Bondage: Breaking Free'' | {{Nom}} |- |2021 |Net Honours |Most Popular Actor | |{{Won}} | |} == Personal life == Achufusi married his partner, Ifeoma, in a private wedding ceremony in Milan, Italy, on 11 April 2026. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] s1eijyarh04e3wrnzu1ut258nh2e500 0 54253 968457 958591 2026-10-16T22:53:07Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370863766|Kingsley Ogoro]]" 968457 wikitext text/x-wiki   Kingsley Eloho Ogoro (born August 29, 1965), is a Nigerian film director, screenwriter, music producer and former dancer. He is best known for the 2003 film Osuofia in London starring Nkem Owoh, and has since worked mainly as a producer and director in the Nollywood film industry. == Early life == Ogoro attended the [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|University of Sokoto]] where he studied Banking & Finance, graduating in 1988, but remained interested in music despite his parents' disapproval. Prior to his university education, he reached the John Player Disco Dancing Championships finals, after which he began focusing on a music career as a producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Personal life == The site is served by a main road, so the two structures will be linked via an underground arcade. The tower consists of three cylindrical concrete pillar-like structures varying in height and linked together near the tower's first peak using a disc-shaped section that is intended to house in its two floors an observation deck and a viewing restaurant. Around the pillars of the tower, three transparent stainless steel wings wrap around the base of the tower and gradually open outwards in a fan-like fashion as they extend up the height of the tower == Filmography == === As producer === * ''The Widow'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger]]'' (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London]] 2'' (2004) * ''Veno'' (2004) * ''Dangerous Babe'' (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London]]'' (2003) === As director === * ''The Widow'' (2005) * ''Osuofia in London 2'' (2004) * ''Veno'' (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London]]'' (2003) * ''The Return'' (2003) === As screenwriter === * ''The Widow'' (2005) * ''Osuofia in London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia in London'' (2003) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fiw6xwb8lkr8gaeaqtzh8frfrvv7wko 968458 968457 2026-10-16T22:53:46Z Salma Raddah 45959 968458 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kingsley Eloho Ogoro (born August 29, 1965), is a Nigerian film director, screenwriter, music producer and former dancer. He is best known for the 2003 film Osuofia in London starring Nkem Owoh, and has since worked mainly as a producer and director in the Nollywood film industry. == Early life == Ogoro attended the [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|University of Sokoto]] where he studied Banking & Finance, graduating in 1988, but remained interested in music despite his parents' disapproval. Prior to his university education, he reached the John Player Disco Dancing Championships finals, after which he began focusing on a music career as a producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Personal life == The site is served by a main road, so the two structures will be linked via an underground arcade. The tower consists of three cylindrical concrete pillar-like structures varying in height and linked together near the tower's first peak using a disc-shaped section that is intended to house in its two floors an observation deck and a viewing restaurant. Around the pillars of the tower, three transparent stainless steel wings wrap around the base of the tower and gradually open outwards in a fan-like fashion as they extend up the height of the tower == Filmography == === As producer === * ''The Widow'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger]]'' (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London]] 2'' (2004) * ''Veno'' (2004) * ''Dangerous Babe'' (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London]]'' (2003) === As director === * ''The Widow'' (2005) * ''Osuofia in London 2'' (2004) * ''Veno'' (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London]]'' (2003) * ''The Return'' (2003) === As screenwriter === * ''The Widow'' (2005) * ''Osuofia in London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia in London'' (2003) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] czq7ury0ulw6jfv2nhysuefu828jkkc 3 57679 968337 309129 2026-10-16T17:19:40Z Borhan 26054 Borhan moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Calreyn88]] to [[Tattaunawar user:CarspotterCal]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Calreyn88|Calreyn88]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/CarspotterCal|CarspotterCal]]" 309129 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Calreyn88! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Calreyn88|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 25 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) inahqg65isn1qyw1uacuqyy1afpzb63 0 58443 968358 869287 2026-10-16T18:07:38Z Gwanki 3834 968358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwale kwalen Dufuna''' shine Kwalen kwale na biyu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya. Wani sassaƙaƙƙen kwale kwale daga kututturen itace da aka gano a shekarar 1987 ta hannun wani makiyayi Bafulatani, a ƴan kilomitoci daga ƙauyen Dufuna, a Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Fune]], kusa da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]], a Jihar [[Yobe]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garba |first1=Abubakar |date=1996 |title=The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective |s2cid=207909025 |url=http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/oai/container/index/docId/1859 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=8 |page=193}}</ref> Binciken shekarun wani samfurin gawayi da aka samu kusa da wurin, ta hanyar amfani da [[Radiocarbon dating|hanyar auna shekarun radiocarbon]], ya nuna cewa kwalen tana da shekaru tsakanin 8,500 zuwa 8,000, lamarin da ya danganta wurin da [[Tafkin Chadi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumnior |first1=Maren |last2=Thiemeyer |first2=Heinrich |title=Holocene fluvial dynamics in the NE Nigerian Savanna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618203000144 |journal=Quaternary International |date=2003 |volume=111 |page=54 |doi=10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00014-4 |s2cid=128422267|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tsawon kwalen ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, yayin da tsayinta a wuri mafi tsawo ya kai {{convert|0.5|m}}.<ref name="Breunig" /> A halin yanzu, tana cikin [[Damaturu]], Najeriya.<ref name=trillo/> ==Tarihi da asali== An gano kwalen Dufuna a ƙauyen [[Dufuna]], wanda yake tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]], a Jihar [[Yobe]].<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal |last=Adewumi |first=Afolasade A |date=2014 |title=Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/35514815 |journal=University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law |volume=4 |pages=1–12}}</ref>{{rp|5}} A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1987, Mallam Ya'u, wani makiyayin shanu na Fulani, yana haƙa rijiya lokacin da ya bugi wani abu mai tauri a zurfin {{convert|4.5|m}}.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Ya sanar da shugaban ƙauyensu game da abin da ya gano.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Maiduguri]] ta gudanar da bincike na farko a wurin domin tabbatar da ko abin da aka gano kwale ce, tare da ɗaukar samfuran itacen domin tantance shekarunsa ta hanyar radiocarbon.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Daga baya, wani aikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar suka jagoranta, wanda [[Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt|Jami'ar Frankfurt]] da Jami'ar Maiduguri suka ɗauki nauyinsa, ya sake komawa wurin. An sake ɗaukar wasu samfuran itacen, sannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje biyu na Jamus suka tantance shekarunsu.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarar 1994, wani tawagar masu binciken kayan tarihi daga [[Jamus]] da Najeriya ta haƙo kwalen daga ƙasa. Ma'aikata hamsin sun ɗauki makonni biyu suna tono ta, kuma an gano cewa tsawonta ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, faɗinta {{convert|50|cm}}, sannan kaurinta santimita 5 ne.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5–6}} An gano kwalen tana cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, tana kwance a kan shimfiɗar yashi, tare da ɗigon laka tsakanin ta da saman ƙasa. Wannan ya kare ta daga iskar oxygen.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Binciken kwalen ya nuna cewa an ƙera gabanta da bayanta cikin ƙwarewa, har suka zama masu kaifi. An yi aikin ne ta amfani da "kayan aikin sassaka masu kama da gatari da ƙananan gatari masu kaifi a ɓangarori biyu, masu kama da kayan aikin zamanin duwatsu ƙanana".<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|8}} Farfesa Breunig ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewar da aka nuna wajen ƙera kwalen tana nuni da dogon ci gaban fasahar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma kwalen ba sabon salo ba ce a lokacin da aka ƙera ta.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|9}} A wani bincike da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015, sun gano cewa girman [[Tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru arba'in. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa yankin da ƙauyen Dufuna yake a yau ya kasance wani ɓangare na filin da ruwan tafkin ke ambaliya a zamanin da.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|6–7}} An tantance shekarun kwalen ta hanyar radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa an ƙera ta tsakanin shekarar 6556 zuwa 6388 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, da kuma tsakanin shekarar 6164 zuwa 6005 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.<ref name="Breunig">{{cite journal |last1=Breunig |first1=Peter |last2=Neumann |first2=Katharina |last3=Van Neer |first3=Wim |title=New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/6747300 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=1996 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=116–117 |doi=10.1007/BF01956304 |jstor=25130590 |s2cid=162196033}}</ref> Wannan ya sa ta zama kwale mafi tsufa da aka sani a Afirka, kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a duniya bayan [[Kwalen Pesse]].<ref name="Breunig" /><ref name=trillo>{{cite book |author=Richard Trillo |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TL1q6BiISt8C&pg=PT2640 |date=16 June 2008 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-4053-8070-6 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter=Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri}}</ref> Wataƙila an ƙera ta ne bisa wata tsohuwar al'adar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref name="Breunig" /> Mai yiwuwa mutanen da suka ƙera ta sun fito ne daga wata al'umma da ta zauna a wani yanki da ya taso daga yammacin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Kogin Nilu]] a tsakiyar [[Sudan]], har zuwa arewacin [[Kenya]].<ref name="Breunig" /> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} nksuzxtvtxqhh2rgv08pz4eipubgt1m 968359 968358 2026-10-16T18:08:24Z Gwanki 3834 968359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwale kwalen Dufuna''' shine Kwalen kwale na biyu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya. Wani sassaƙaƙƙen kwale kwale daga kututturen itace da aka gano a shekarar 1987 ta hannun wani makiyayi Bafulatani, a ƴan kilomitoci daga ƙauyen Dufuna, a Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Fune]], kusa da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]], a Jihar [[Yobe]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garba |first1=Abubakar |date=1996 |title=The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective |s2cid=207909025 |url=http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/oai/container/index/docId/1859 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=8 |page=193}}</ref> Binciken shekarun wani samfurin gawayi da aka samu kusa da wurin, ta hanyar amfani da [[Radiocarbon dating|hanyar auna shekarun radiocarbon]], ya nuna cewa kwalen tana da shekaru tsakanin 8,500 zuwa 8,000, lamarin da ya danganta wurin da [[Tafkin Chadi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumnior |first1=Maren |last2=Thiemeyer |first2=Heinrich |title=Holocene fluvial dynamics in the NE Nigerian Savanna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618203000144 |journal=Quaternary International |date=2003 |volume=111 |page=54 |doi=10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00014-4 |s2cid=128422267|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tsawon kwalen ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, yayin da tsayinta a wuri mafi tsawo ya kai {{convert|0.5|m}}.<ref name="Breunig" /> A halin yanzu, tana cikin [[Damaturu]], Najeriya.<ref name=trillo/> ==Tarihi da asali== An gano kwalen Dufuna a ƙauyen [[Dufuna]], wanda yake tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]], a Jihar [[Yobe]].<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal |last=Adewumi |first=Afolasade A |date=2014 |title=Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/35514815 |journal=University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law |volume=4 |pages=1–12}}</ref>{{rp|5}} A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1987, Mallam Ya'u, wani makiyayin shanu na Fulani, yana haƙa rijiya lokacin da ya bugi wani abu mai tauri a zurfin {{convert|4.5|m}}.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Ya sanar da shugaban ƙauyensu game da abin da ya gano.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Maiduguri]] ta gudanar da bincike na farko a wurin domin tabbatar da ko abin da aka gano kwale ce, tare da ɗaukar samfuran itacen domin tantance shekarunsa ta hanyar radiocarbon.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Daga baya, wani aikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar suka jagoranta, wanda [[Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt|Jami'ar Frankfurt]] da Jami'ar Maiduguri suka ɗauki nauyinsa, ya sake komawa wurin. An sake ɗaukar wasu samfuran itacen, sannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje biyu na Jamus suka tantance shekarunsu.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarar 1994, wani tawagar masu binciken kayan tarihi daga [[Jamus]] da Najeriya ta haƙo kwalen daga ƙasa. Ma'aikata hamsin sun ɗauki makonni biyu suna tono ta, kuma an gano cewa tsawonta ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, faɗinta {{convert|50|cm}}, sannan kaurinta santimita 5 ne.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5–6}} An gano kwalen tana cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, tana kwance a kan shimfiɗar yashi, tare da ɗigon laka tsakanin ta da saman ƙasa. Wannan ya kare ta daga iskar oxygen.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Binciken kwalen ya nuna cewa an ƙera gabanta da bayanta cikin ƙwarewa, har suka zama masu kaifi. An yi aikin ne ta amfani da "kayan aikin sassaka masu kama da gatari da ƙananan gatari masu kaifi a ɓangarori biyu, masu kama da kayan aikin zamanin duwatsu ƙanana".<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|8}} Farfesa Breunig ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewar da aka nuna wajen ƙera kwalen tana nuni da dogon ci gaban fasahar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma kwalen ba sabon salo ba ce a lokacin da aka ƙera ta.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|9}} A wani bincike da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015, sun gano cewa girman [[Tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru arba'in. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa yankin da ƙauyen Dufuna yake a yau ya kasance wani ɓangare na filin da ruwan tafkin ke ambaliya a zamanin da.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|6–7}} An tantance shekarun kwalen ta hanyar radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa an ƙera ta tsakanin shekarar 6556 zuwa 6388 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, da kuma tsakanin shekarar 6164 zuwa 6005 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.<ref name="Breunig">{{cite journal |last1=Breunig |first1=Peter |last2=Neumann |first2=Katharina |last3=Van Neer |first3=Wim |title=New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/6747300 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=1996 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=116–117 |doi=10.1007/BF01956304 |jstor=25130590 |s2cid=162196033}}</ref> Wannan ya sa ta zama kwale mafi tsufa da aka sani a Afirka, kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a duniya bayan [[Kwalen Pesse]].<ref name="Breunig" /><ref name=trillo>{{cite book |author=Richard Trillo |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TL1q6BiISt8C&pg=PT2640 |date=16 June 2008 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-4053-8070-6 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter=Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri}}</ref> Wataƙila an ƙera ta ne bisa wata tsohuwar al'adar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref name="Breunig" /> Mai yiwuwa mutanen da suka ƙera ta sun fito ne daga wata al'umma da ta zauna a wani yanki da ya taso daga yammacin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Kogin Nilu]] a tsakiyar [[Sudan]], har zuwa arewacin [[Kenya]].<ref name="Breunig" /> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Tarihi]] [[Rukuni:Jihar Yobe]] q9e1jwgbwz9vsptpyalb231gl62zfed 968362 968359 2026-10-16T18:16:37Z Gwanki 3834 968362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwale kwalen Dufuna''' shine Kwalen kwale na biyu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya. Wani sassaƙaƙƙen kwale kwale daga kututturen itace da aka gano a shekarar 1987 ta hannun wani makiyayi Bafulatani, a ƴan kilomitoci daga ƙauyen Dufuna, a Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Fune]], kusa da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]], a Jihar [[Yobe]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garba |first1=Abubakar |date=1996 |title=The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective |s2cid=207909025 |url=http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/oai/container/index/docId/1859 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=8 |page=193}}</ref> Binciken shekarun wani samfurin gawayi da aka samu kusa da wurin, ta hanyar amfani da hanyar auna shekarun radiocarbon, ya nuna cewa kwalen tana da shekaru tsakanin 8,500 zuwa 8,000, lamarin da ya danganta wurin da [[Tafkin Chadi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumnior |first1=Maren |last2=Thiemeyer |first2=Heinrich |title=Holocene fluvial dynamics in the NE Nigerian Savanna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618203000144 |journal=Quaternary International |date=2003 |volume=111 |page=54 |doi=10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00014-4 |s2cid=128422267|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tsawon kwalen ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, yayin da tsayinta a wuri mafi tsawo ya kai {{convert|0.5|m}}.<ref name="Breunig" /> A halin yanzu, tana cikin [[Damaturu]], Najeriya.<ref name=trillo/> ==Tarihi da asali== An gano kwalen Dufuna a ƙauyen [[Dufuna]], wanda yake tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]], a Jihar [[Yobe]].<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal |last=Adewumi |first=Afolasade A |date=2014 |title=Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/35514815 |journal=University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law |volume=4 |pages=1–12}}</ref>{{rp|5}} A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1987, Mallam Ya'u, wani makiyayin shanu na Fulani, yana haƙa rijiya lokacin da ya bugi wani abu mai tauri a zurfin {{convert|4.5|m}}.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Ya sanar da shugaban ƙauyensu game da abin da ya gano.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Maiduguri]] ta gudanar da bincike na farko a wurin domin tabbatar da ko abin da aka gano kwale ce, tare da ɗaukar samfuran itacen domin tantance shekarunsa ta hanyar radiocarbon.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Daga baya, wani aikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar suka jagoranta, wanda [[Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt|Jami'ar Frankfurt]] da Jami'ar Maiduguri suka ɗauki nauyinsa, ya sake komawa wurin. An sake ɗaukar wasu samfuran itacen, sannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje biyu na Jamus suka tantance shekarunsu.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarar 1994, wani tawagar masu binciken kayan tarihi daga [[Jamus]] da Najeriya ta haƙo kwalen daga ƙasa. Ma'aikata hamsin sun ɗauki makonni biyu suna tono ta, kuma an gano cewa tsawonta ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, faɗinta {{convert|50|cm}}, sannan kaurinta santimita 5 ne.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5–6}} An gano kwalen tana cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, tana kwance a kan shimfiɗar yashi, tare da ɗigon laka tsakanin ta da saman ƙasa. Wannan ya kare ta daga iskar oxygen.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Binciken kwalen ya nuna cewa an ƙera gabanta da bayanta cikin ƙwarewa, har suka zama masu kaifi. An yi aikin ne ta amfani da "kayan aikin sassaka masu kama da gatari da ƙananan gatari masu kaifi a ɓangarori biyu, masu kama da kayan aikin zamanin duwatsu ƙanana".<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|8}} Farfesa Breunig ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewar da aka nuna wajen ƙera kwalen tana nuni da dogon ci gaban fasahar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma kwalen ba sabon salo ba ce a lokacin da aka ƙera ta.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|9}} A wani bincike da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015, sun gano cewa girman [[Tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru arba'in. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa yankin da ƙauyen Dufuna yake a yau ya kasance wani ɓangare na filin da ruwan tafkin ke ambaliya a zamanin da.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|6–7}} An tantance shekarun kwalen ta hanyar radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa an ƙera ta tsakanin shekarar 6556 zuwa 6388 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, da kuma tsakanin shekarar 6164 zuwa 6005 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.<ref name="Breunig">{{cite journal |last1=Breunig |first1=Peter |last2=Neumann |first2=Katharina |last3=Van Neer |first3=Wim |title=New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/6747300 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=1996 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=116–117 |doi=10.1007/BF01956304 |jstor=25130590 |s2cid=162196033}}</ref> Wannan ya sa ta zama kwale mafi tsufa da aka sani a Afirka, kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a duniya bayan [[Kwalen Pesse]].<ref name="Breunig" /><ref name=trillo>{{cite book |author=Richard Trillo |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TL1q6BiISt8C&pg=PT2640 |date=16 June 2008 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-4053-8070-6 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter=Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri}}</ref> Wataƙila an ƙera ta ne bisa wata tsohuwar al'adar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref name="Breunig" /> Mai yiwuwa mutanen da suka ƙera ta sun fito ne daga wata al'umma da ta zauna a wani yanki da ya taso daga yammacin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Kogin Nilu]] a tsakiyar [[Sudan]], har zuwa arewacin [[Kenya]].<ref name="Breunig" /> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Tarihi]] [[Rukuni:Jihar Yobe]] p85htct2xma2dma0vb4sjzwicc6wsy6 0 58951 968556 909597 2026-10-17T10:51:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin''' (Janairu 27, 1861 - Agusta 17, 1925), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tajuddin Baba''', babban malamin [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] ne na Indiya wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin Qutb . <ref name="TajulAuliya221">Taji, Zaheen Shah: ''Tajul Auliya'', Volume II, Taj Publication, 1971, p. 221</ref> Wurin bautarsa yana [[Nagpur]], Indiya. <ref name="Kalchuri 46">Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher'', Volume One, Manifestation, Inc., 1986, p. 46</ref> == Haihuwa == [[Fayil:Hazrat baba tajuddin nagpur.png|thumb|Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin]] An haifi Tajuddin Baba a shekara ta 1861 (1277 bayan hijira ) ga iyalan [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Imam Hassan]], kasancewarsa zuri'a goma na wanda ya assasa tsarin Sufi Naqshbandi na duniya, Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari, kuma shi ne zuri'a na 22 daga zuriya ta sha daya. imam, Hasan al-Askari .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=Maqolalar|url=http://www.shajara.info/maqolalar|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171037/http://www.shajara.info/maqolalar|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=Tasavvuf Ahli|url=http://www.shajara.info/tasavvuf-ahli|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171152/http://www.shajara.info/tasavvuf-ahli|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taji|first=Taj|date=2012-02-05|title=lineage|url=https://tajbaba.com/lineage|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507233758/http://tajbaba.com/lineage|archive-date=2018-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shajara-e-nasab lineages of descendants of Imam Hasan al-Askari r.a.-Shajara.org|url=https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/1426/|access-date=2020-06-29|language=en-EN|archive-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703065118/https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/1426/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Kakannin Baba sun yi hijira daga [[Makkah|Makka]] suka sauka a [[Chennai|Madras]], Indiya. Mahaifinsa ma'aikaci ne a aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bharucha|first=Ruzbeh N.|url=https://archive.org/details/perfectones0000ruzb|title=The Perfect Ones|date=2015-04-01|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Baba Tajuddin ya kasance marayu tun yana karami kuma kakarsa ta wajen uwa ce kuma kawunsa Abdul Rahman. Ya halarci [[Makarantar Islamiyya|makarantar makaranta]] a Kamthi, Nagpur. <ref>Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher'', Volume One, Manifestation, Inc., 1986, p. 47</ref> A nan ya hadu da Abdullahi Shah Naushahi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khurshid|first=Zahiruddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hmsg104ROEC&q=abdullah+shah+baba+nagpur&pg=PT25|title=From Kamptee to Dallas: One Information Professional's Journey Across Cultural Boundaries (India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and United States)|date=2013-06-28|isbn=978-1-4836-3724-2|language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tajuddin Baba 4.jpg|thumb|Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin]] Abdullah Shah Hussaini Qadri Shuttari Sahib wanda ya kasance Majzoob Salik  Shuttari Sufi ya yi sharhi (game da Baba) ga malaminsa cewa "Babu bukatar karantar da yaron nan, ya riga ya kasance mai ilimi." Ya kuma baiwa matashin Tajuddin Baba wasu busassun ’ya’yan itatuwa da goro a matsayin albarkarsa ga Baba, wanda aka ce ya sanya yaron cikin halin ruhi mai ci gaba. Baba ya kammala karatunsa ya karanci Urdu, Ingilishi, Larabci da Farisa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taji|first1=Zaheen Shah|title=Tajul Auliya|date=1956|publisher=Taj Company|location=Karachi|page=43|edition=2nd}}</ref> == Sunaye da lakabi == [[Fayil:Tajuddin Baba 5.jpg|thumb|Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin]] Shahenshah-E-Hafte Aklim, Shahenshah-E-Wilayat, Tajul Auliya, Tajul Millat-e-Waddin, Taj Mohiyuddin Taj Moinuddin, Charag-E-Deen == Magaji == Syed Gaus Mohd Yusuf Shah Taji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ho09x4zj8mlvp55vxr2zv3cmtdum917 0 60331 968545 720627 2026-10-17T08:59:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sun Come Up''''' [[Documentary film|fim ne na gaskiya]] na 2010 akan tasirin dumamar yanayi a tsibirin Carteret. Fim ɗin ya nuna a shekarar 2010 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival a Afrilu 8. An ba shi suna a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Takaddun shaida (Short Subject) a lambar yabo ta 83rd Academy Awards a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2011, amma ya ɓace ga Baƙi Babu Ƙari. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|1621975|Sun Come Up}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220519145644/https://www.newday.com/film/sun-come ''Sun Come Up''] at New Day Films * [https://www.npr.org/2011/02/26/134083564/The-Love-Story-Behind-Oscar-Nominee-Sun-Come-Up The Love Story Behind Oscar Nominee 'Sun Come Up'] NPR, February 26, 2011 [[Category:Fim]] suf64ahx44y4d7wgpw1svio2z2xc4vw 0 64728 968459 721336 2026-10-16T22:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saman Ghoddos'''<ref>https://www.premierleague.com/players/25094/Saman-Ghoddos/overview</ref> an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1993 ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Iran]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, dan wasan gaba ko kuma na gefe don ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Brentford<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151208025911/http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=8104</ref> a premier League din [[Ingila]] da kuma ƙungiyar kasar Iran. == Tarihi == An haife shi a Sweden ga iyayen sa 'yan Iran, ya fara buga wa tawagar kasar Sweden wasa, kafin ya sauya sheka(kasa) zuwa [[Iran]] a shekarar 2017.<ref>https://www.svt.se/sport/fotboll/ghoddos-kan-spela-vm-med-iran-har-haft-kontakt/</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Östersund === A cikin kakar 2016, Saman Ghoddos<ref>https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/match/brentford-vs-burnley-english-premier-league-2023-10-21</ref> ya zira kwallaye 10 a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta farko a Allsvenskan na Östersunds FK, gami da burinsu na farko a saman fafatawar da ya yi a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2016 a kan Hammarby IF.<ref>https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/first-team-saman-ghoddos-to-leave-brentford</ref> Ya zira kwallayen biyu a kulob din Malmö FF ranar 22 ga Oktoba a filin wasa na Swedbank. Bayan kyawawan ayyukansa a kakar wasa ta 2016, Ghoddos ya jawo sha'awa daga kulob din Hertha [[Berlin]] na Jamus da Ajax na Holland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/january/saman-ghoddos-makes-permanent-brentford-switch/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512145024/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/january/saman-ghoddos-makes-permanent-brentford-switch/ |archive-date=2021-05-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Fayil:Saman Ghoddos at Iran training.jpg|thumb|Saman Ghoddos]] A kakar 2017, Ghoddos ya fara kakar wasa cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, inda ya jagoranci Östersund zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Sweden da kwallaye shida cikin wasanni shida, gami da kwallon da ya ci a wasan kusa da na karshe da Trelleborgs FF da bugun ƙwallaye a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Häcken. Ya zira kwallonsa ta bakwai a gasar cin kofin gida a kakar wasa ta karshe, inda ya jagoranci Östersund zuwa zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League 2017–18 tare da kocin Graham Potter.<ref>https://www.persianfootball.com/news/2021/05/29/brentford-promoted-to-premier-league-after-74-years/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181004162908/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF</ref> A wasansa na farko na UEFA, Ghoddos ya zira kwallo a raga kuma ya ba da taimako ga nasara da ci 2-0 da Galatasaray a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2017. A wasan dawowa, Ghoddos ya ci bugun fanariti tare da yanka da ya wuce Fernando Muslera. A wasan gasar a ranar 13 ga Agusta, ya zura kwallo mai nisa daga nisan mita 40 a kan Hammarby IF a filin Tele2 Arena na Stockholm. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, Ghoddos ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da suka buga da PAOK don samun tikitin shiga rukunin gasar. Ya zura kwallon farko ta kungiyar a matakin rukuni na farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon shekara a karshen kakar 2017 na Allsvenskan. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, Ghoddos ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara don tura kulob dinsa zuwa matakin buga gasar Europa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181004162908/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF</ref> "Na yi imani cewa mafi burgewa a wasan farko shine Ghoddos, wanda ɗan wasa ne mai ban mamaki. A fasaha da dabara, shi ya burge ni. —Kocin Arsenal Arsène Wenger ya fada akan Ghoddos, ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2018. Ghoddos ya ba da taimako watau yayi assist sau biyu a wasan da kungiyarsa ta yi nasara da ci 2-1 a wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai zagaye na 32 da suka yi da kungiyar Arsenal ta Premier a London, ko da yake an doke su da ci 4-2 a jumulla. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar bana a ranar 15 ga Afrilu a kan IFK Göteborg, kuma ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a ranar 30 ga Afrilu a kan Brommapojkarna. A ranar 14 ga Mayu, ya zira kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan AIK a cikin Friends Arena. Ya ci wata kwallo a wasa na gaba yayin wasan da suka buga da GIF Sundsvall.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142426/http://ostersundsfk.se/team/saman-ghoddos/</ref> Bayan dawowarsa daga gasar cin kofin duniya, Ghoddos ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar kuma ya zura kwallo a raga a ci 2-1 a Hammarby. Ya ci wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a ranar 14 ga Yuli a Malmö FF. Ghoddos ya zira kwallayen biyu a wasa na gaba da Trelleborg don zama babban dan wasan hadin gwiwa na 2018 Allsvenskan. Daga baya ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Allsvenskan saboda rawar da ya taka a watan Yuli. === Amiens === A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Ghoddos ya koma ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Faransa Amiens SC yana sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar. An bayar da rahoton kuɗin canja wurin da aka biya Östersund a matsayin SEK miliyan 40 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 3.8) tare da kari wanda zai sa canja wurin ya zama mafi tsada na uku a tarihin Allsvenskan bayan Alexander Isak da Zlatan Ibrahimović. Koyaya, sabbin shigowar La Liga SD Huesca da ke tuntuɓar FIFA don bincika ingancin yarjejeniyarsu ta sanya hannu kan Ghoddos. Ghoddos ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi da kulob din Spain wanda kuma ya kulla yarjejeniya da Östersund a rubuce. A baya, Stade Rennais ya yanke shawarar kin sanya hannu ga Ghoddos. Ghoddos ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko ga Amiens a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2018 a gasar Ligue 1 4-1 ta doke Reims gida, inda ya ci wa Amiens kwallo a minti na 58. Ta haka ya zama dan wasan Iran na farko da ya taka leda a Ligue 1. [[Fayil:Iran training before Iraq match 20190115 14.jpg|thumb|Saman Ghoddos]] A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2019, FIFA ta dakatar da Ghoddos daga duk wasanni na tsawon watanni hudu tare da tarar Yuro miliyan 4 saboda gazawar sa zuwa Huesca. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Kotun sauraren kararrakin wasanni ta amince da wani bangare na hukuncin tare da cire tarar amma an dakatar da Östersund daga sayen sabbin 'yan wasa na kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa biyu masu zuwa. === Brentford === A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2020, Ghoddos ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Ingila]] Brentford a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta shekara ɗaya tare da zaɓi na gaba na yarjejeniyar dindindin na shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a kulob a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020 tare da taimakon Marcus Forss a wasan cin kofin EFL da Fulham. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar kuma ya ba da taimako a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2021 a wasan cin kofin FA da Middlesbrough. A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2021, Ghoddos ya kammala matsawa na dindindin zuwa Brentford, tare da kwangilar da ke gudana har zuwa bazara na 2023 tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2021 da Luton Town. A cikin Mayu 2021, Ghoddos da Brentford sun ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa Premier League, bayyanar farko ta farko a ƙungiyar cikin shekaru 74. Ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2021 da Crystal Palace a Selhurst Park. Ghoddos ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2021 da Burnley.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qugJ0ikG6rY</ref> A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2023, Brentford ya ba da sanarwar cewa Ghoddos zai bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta 2022-23. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2023, Ghoddos ya sake sanya hannu tare da Brentford kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda na kakar 2023–24. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka yi nasara da Burnley da ci 3-0 a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2023, wanda aka zaba a matsayin Goal na Premier na Watan ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/11/23/europa-league-underdogs-ostersund-knock-out-phase-english-coach/</ref> == Aikin Kasa == === Sweden === Saboda al'adunsa na Iran, Ghoddos ya cancanci a kira shi daga Iran da kuma Sweden. A cikin Disamba 2016, Manajan Sweden Janne Andersson ya kira Ghoddos don buga wasan sada zumunci da [[Ivory Coast]] da Slovakia. Ya buga wasansa na farko da Ivory Coast a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2017 kuma ya ci wa Sweden kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a wasan da suka doke Slovakia da ci 6-0 a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2017.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qugJ0ikG6rY</ref> === Iran === A watan Yuni 2017, Ghoddos ya bayyana cewa Tarayyar Iran ta tuntube shi. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Yulin 2017, Ghoddos ya bayyana cewa yana iya karɓar gayyatar buga wa Carlos Queiroz ta Iran wasa idan an ba shi ɗaya. Ya nemi izinin zama dan kasar Iran a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, yana mai bayyana cewa abin alfahari ne ya buga wa Sweden wasa kuma shawararsa ta wakilci ko wace kasa "hamsin da hamsin". Ba a kira shi cikin tawagar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Sweden a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta ba, tare da Janne Andersson ya zabi zabar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasashen waje tare da bayyana cewa Ghoddos bai yi nisa da kiran da za a yi masa ba idan zai ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tawagar kasar [[Sweden]]. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2017, Ghoddos ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa ya sami fasfo din Iran daga ofishin jakadancin. Washegari, 26 ga Agusta, 2017, ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa zai shiga Iran don buga wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da za su yi da [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da Syria. Koci Carlos Queiroz ya kira Ghoddos a karon farko don sansanonin horo na manyan tawagar Iran a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2017 don wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 da Iran za ta yi da Koriya ta Kudu da Syria. Bayan Ghoddos ya kasa fara wasansa na farko a Iran saboda matsalolin gudanarwa da FIFA, an kira shi cikin tawagar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Sweden a ranar 27 ga Satumba don karawa da Luxembourg da [[Netherland]]. Sai dai, a ranar 29 ga Satumba, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Sweden ta fitar da wata sanarwa a shafinta na yanar gizo inda ta ce Ghoddos ya ki amincewa da tayin, inda ya zabi ya bugawa Iran wasa a maimakon haka. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Iran a wasan sada zumunci watau friendly enda suka doke Togo da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2017. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, ya ci wa Iran kwallonsa ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Panama. A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018, an saka sunan Ghoddos a cikin tawagar farko ta Queiroz don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. A wata hira da Olof Lundh a cikin watan Mayun 2018, Ghoddos ya bayyana cewa idan hukumar ta Sweden ta tuntube shi a baya, da yuwuwar ya zabi ya wakilci Sweden, duk da cewa bai yi nadamar shawarar da ya yanke na bugawa Iran wasa ba. Abokin kungiyar Emil Krafth daga baya ya kara da cewa Ghoddos ya fada masa yana son bugawa Sweden wasa. An saka sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na karshe na Iran a gasar cin kofin duniya na 2018 a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2018. Ghoddos ya fara buga gasar cin kofin duniya da [[Morocco]] a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2018, inda ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya kai ga nasarar cin kofin duniya karo na farko a cikin ashirin. shekaru. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a dukkan wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya guda uku da suka yi da Morocco, [[Spain]] da [[Portugal]]. Bayan gasar cin kofin duniya a watan Nuwamban 2018, Ghoddos ya fuskanci matsalar daukar nauyin 'yan wasa a Iran. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Queiroz don gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC 2019 a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2018. A wasan farko na kungiyar, Ghoddos ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbi a rabin lokaci kuma ya ci kwallon karshe a wasan da suka doke [[Yemen]] da ci 5-0. A cikin Nuwamba 2022, an saka sunan Ghoddos a cikin 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022. A shekara mai zuwa, an sanya masa suna Ghoddos a cikin tawagar AFAN na 2023, yana nuna cewa akwai wasu matsaloli tare da buga wasan Kungiyar Iran, yayin da kuma jami'an gwanati na sauraren duk wata tattaunawar su a na'ura. == Salon Wasa == Ghoddos yana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, ɗan gaba ko ɗan wasan wiki, kuma an yaba masa don ƙwarewar sa da nutsuwa da kuma kamala. == Baya ga kwallon kafa == === Rayuwar Sirri === An haifi Ghoddos kuma ya girma a cikin Malmö kuma yana magana da Ingilishi, [[Sweden]], da Farisa. An haifi iyayensa a Iran kuma sun fito daga birnin Ahvaz. == Suna == An haifi Ghoddos a cikin garin Malmö an saka masa suna Saman Ghoddos. Bayan canza mubaya'a ga Iran a cikin 2017, an ba shi suna Seyed Saman Ghoddoos a Iran. == Kwangilar tallafawa == Yana da kwangila tare da mai samar da kayan wasanni na Amurka Nike kuma yana sanye da layin Mercurial Vapor. == Lambar Yabo da kyaututtuka == === Östersunds === #https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs === Brentford === #https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs === Kyuatar Jarumta === #Allsvenskan Striker of the Year: 2017 #Allsvenskan Player of the Month: July 2018 #Premier League Goal of the Month: October 2023 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1993]] 73l135xn2q0boe2y47sev4kbw1hn90b 0 69235 968327 526518 2026-10-16T17:13:49Z Em-mustapha 6594 added [[Category:Finafinan Tamil]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 968327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''6 Athiyayam''' (transl. 6 Suresh) fim ne mai ban tsoro na harshen Tamil na 2018 wanda Cable Sankar, Shankar Thiyagarajan, Ajayan Bala, [[E. A. V. Suresh]], Lokesh Rajendran, da Sridhar Venkatesan suka jagoranta. Ya haɗa da labaran daban-daban guda shida, kowane bangare yana jagorantar darektan daban-daban. Fim din ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da Thaman Kumar, S. S. Stanley, Pop Suresh, Baby Sathanya, Pasanga Kishore, Madhu Sri, Sanjeev, Gayathri, Cable Sankar, Vishnu, Francis, Vinoth Kishan, Aravind Rajagopal, da Charulatha Rangarajan. Shankar Thiyagarajan ne ya shirya fim ɗin tare da waƙar talla da Sam CS ya shirya, da kuma waƙoƙin Karki Bava. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2018. == 'Yan wasa da ma'aikata == === Ga kowane babi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 99%;" ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" width="15%" |Matsayi ! colspan="6" | Babi |- ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Babban Jarumi'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Ina Thodarum'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Misi'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Anamika'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Soupboy Subramani'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Sithiram Kolluthadi''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressnews.asia/6-athiyayam-2nd-look-poster-news/|title=‘6 Athiyayam’ 2nd Look Poster & News – இலங்கையில் நடைபெறும் ‘6 அத்தியாயம்’ பட இசை வெளியீடு! – Expressnews|website=expressnews.asia|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915172329/http://expressnews.asia/6-athiyayam-2nd-look-poster-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! Yin wasan kwaikwayo | Thaman Kumar, SS Stanley | Pop Suresh, Baby Sathanya, Divya | Pasanga Kishore, Madhu Sri, Prasanna, Kathir, Randilya | Sanjeev, Chelladurai, Gayatri, Cable Sankar | Vishnu, Francis, Chandirakanta, Sangeetha, Eswari, Eswar Vel, Karthik, Selvaraj | Vinoth Kishan, Aravind Rajagopal, Somu Sundar, Charulatha Rangarajan, Anthony Hadlee, Subramani, Aravind Balaji, Karthikeyan, Ramu, Suba Teju, Malini Sathappan<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/300317/hexa-a-new-attempt-in-the-offing.html|title=Hexa, a new attempt in the offing|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> |- ! Marubuci, Darakta | Cable Sankar | Shankar Tiyagarajan | Ajayan Bala | EAV Suresh | Lokesh Rajendran | Sridhar Venkatesan |- ! Daraktan daukar hoto | CJ Rajkumar | CJ Rajkumar | Pon Kasirajan | Arunmozhi Sozhan | Arunmani Palani | Mano Raja |- ! Makin Baya | Silburn | Silburn | Joshua | Taj Noor | Sathish Kumar | Jose Franklin |- ! Edita | Vijay Velukutty | Vijay Velukutty | Bala | Mani | Lokesh Rajendran | Vijay Andrews ne adam wata |} === Ƙididdigar gama gari === * Producer: Shankar Thiyagarajan * Babban furodusa: Cable Sankar * Daraktan kiɗa: Taj Noor, Joshua, Sathish Kumar, Jose Franklin, Sam CS * Choreography: Nanda * Tasirin gani: V Focus Digital Media * Daraktan Hotuna (Waƙa): CJ Rajkumar == Shirya == Shankar Thiyagarajan na Ascii Media Hut ne ya shirya fim ɗin, wanda shine farkon fitowar su. Shankar ya bayyana cewa yana da sha'awar yin wani abu na gwaji kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin tarihin tarihin ban tsoro ga masu shirya fina-finai daban-daban, daga karshe ya sami matasa marubuta talatin da ke sha'awar. Daga nan suka fitar da jerin sunayen guda biyar, kuma da fim din Shankar, ya zama gajerun fina-finai guda shida. Bugu da kari, ga galibin daraktocin, fim dinsu ne na farko, ban da Cable Sankar wanda ya taba shirya fim din, ''Thottal Thodarum'' (2015). Shi ma Ajayan Bala yana da gogewa a harkar, inda ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai kamar ''Chennaiyil Oru Naal'' (2013) da ''Manithan'' (2016). Da farko Shankar Thiyagaran ya sanya wa fim din lakabin ''Hexa'', mai taken ''6 Athiyayam'', amma daga baya ya sanya taken fim din. <ref name="deccanchronicle.com" /> == Sauti ==   An fitar da waƙar sauti na fim ɗin a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin aikin da manyan daraktocin Tamil Cheran, Parthiban, Vetrimaran, A. Venkatesh, Arivazhagan da furodusa G. Dhananjayan suka halarta. Mawaƙin Sam CS ya yi aiki a kan waƙar talla don fim ɗin kuma ya zaɓi Kavitha Thomas don rera waƙar.</ref> Composer [[Sam C. S.]] worked on a promotional song for the film and selected Kavitha Thomas to sing the track.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2017/11/02/6-athiyayangal-movie-audio-released/|title='6 Athiyayam' movie audio released - News Today - First with the news|website=www.newstodaynet.com|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217105526/https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2017/11/02/6-athiyayangal-movie-audio-released/|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Fim]] [[Rukuni:Finafinan Tamil]] ge0rn7368xyh3qhvbfa4fl8vrabgzay 968328 968327 2026-10-16T17:13:50Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v3.1.1s 968328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''6 Athiyayam''' (transl. 6 Suresh) fim ne mai ban tsoro na harshen Tamil na 2018 wanda Cable Sankar, Shankar Thiyagarajan, Ajayan Bala, [[E. A. V. Suresh]], Lokesh Rajendran, da Sridhar Venkatesan suka jagoranta. Ya haɗa da labaran daban-daban guda shida, kowane bangare yana jagorantar darektan daban-daban. Fim din ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da Thaman Kumar, S. S. Stanley, Pop Suresh, Baby Sathanya, Pasanga Kishore, Madhu Sri, Sanjeev, Gayathri, Cable Sankar, Vishnu, Francis, Vinoth Kishan, Aravind Rajagopal, da Charulatha Rangarajan. Shankar Thiyagarajan ne ya shirya fim ɗin tare da waƙar talla da Sam CS ya shirya, da kuma waƙoƙin Karki Bava. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2018. == 'Yan wasa da ma'aikata == === Ga kowane babi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 99%;" ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" width="15%" |Matsayi ! colspan="6" | Babi |- ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Babban Jarumi'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Ina Thodarum'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Misi'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Anamika'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Soupboy Subramani'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Sithiram Kolluthadi''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressnews.asia/6-athiyayam-2nd-look-poster-news/|title=‘6 Athiyayam’ 2nd Look Poster & News – இலங்கையில் நடைபெறும் ‘6 அத்தியாயம்’ பட இசை வெளியீடு! – Expressnews|website=expressnews.asia|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915172329/http://expressnews.asia/6-athiyayam-2nd-look-poster-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! Yin wasan kwaikwayo | Thaman Kumar, SS Stanley | Pop Suresh, Baby Sathanya, Divya | Pasanga Kishore, Madhu Sri, Prasanna, Kathir, Randilya | Sanjeev, Chelladurai, Gayatri, Cable Sankar | Vishnu, Francis, Chandirakanta, Sangeetha, Eswari, Eswar Vel, Karthik, Selvaraj | Vinoth Kishan, Aravind Rajagopal, Somu Sundar, Charulatha Rangarajan, Anthony Hadlee, Subramani, Aravind Balaji, Karthikeyan, Ramu, Suba Teju, Malini Sathappan<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300317/hexa-a-new-attempt-in-the-offing.html|title=Hexa, a new attempt in the offing|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> |- ! Marubuci, Darakta | Cable Sankar | Shankar Tiyagarajan | Ajayan Bala | EAV Suresh | Lokesh Rajendran | Sridhar Venkatesan |- ! Daraktan daukar hoto | CJ Rajkumar | CJ Rajkumar | Pon Kasirajan | Arunmozhi Sozhan | Arunmani Palani | Mano Raja |- ! Makin Baya | Silburn | Silburn | Joshua | Taj Noor | Sathish Kumar | Jose Franklin |- ! Edita | Vijay Velukutty | Vijay Velukutty | Bala | Mani | Lokesh Rajendran | Vijay Andrews ne adam wata |} === Ƙididdigar gama gari === * Producer: Shankar Thiyagarajan * Babban furodusa: Cable Sankar * Daraktan kiɗa: Taj Noor, Joshua, Sathish Kumar, Jose Franklin, Sam CS * Choreography: Nanda * Tasirin gani: V Focus Digital Media * Daraktan Hotuna (Waƙa): CJ Rajkumar == Shirya == Shankar Thiyagarajan na Ascii Media Hut ne ya shirya fim ɗin, wanda shine farkon fitowar su. Shankar ya bayyana cewa yana da sha'awar yin wani abu na gwaji kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin tarihin tarihin ban tsoro ga masu shirya fina-finai daban-daban, daga karshe ya sami matasa marubuta talatin da ke sha'awar. Daga nan suka fitar da jerin sunayen guda biyar, kuma da fim din Shankar, ya zama gajerun fina-finai guda shida. Bugu da kari, ga galibin daraktocin, fim dinsu ne na farko, ban da Cable Sankar wanda ya taba shirya fim din, ''Thottal Thodarum'' (2015). Shi ma Ajayan Bala yana da gogewa a harkar, inda ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai kamar ''Chennaiyil Oru Naal'' (2013) da ''Manithan'' (2016). Da farko Shankar Thiyagaran ya sanya wa fim din lakabin ''Hexa'', mai taken ''6 Athiyayam'', amma daga baya ya sanya taken fim din. <ref name="deccanchronicle.com" /> == Sauti ==   An fitar da waƙar sauti na fim ɗin a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin aikin da manyan daraktocin Tamil Cheran, Parthiban, Vetrimaran, A. Venkatesh, Arivazhagan da furodusa G. Dhananjayan suka halarta. Mawaƙin Sam CS ya yi aiki a kan waƙar talla don fim ɗin kuma ya zaɓi Kavitha Thomas don rera waƙar.</ref> Composer [[Sam C. S.]] worked on a promotional song for the film and selected Kavitha Thomas to sing the track.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2017/11/02/6-athiyayangal-movie-audio-released/|title='6 Athiyayam' movie audio released - News Today - First with the news|website=www.newstodaynet.com|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217105526/https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2017/11/02/6-athiyayangal-movie-audio-released/|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Fim]] [[Rukuni:Finafinan Tamil]] azyhdarvv35woipq5gvxv0vtpwurhrz 968330 968328 2026-10-16T17:15:40Z Em-mustapha 6594 removed [[Category:Finafinan Tamil]]; added [[Category:Fina-finan Tamil]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 968330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''6 Athiyayam''' (transl. 6 Suresh) fim ne mai ban tsoro na harshen Tamil na 2018 wanda Cable Sankar, Shankar Thiyagarajan, Ajayan Bala, [[E. A. V. Suresh]], Lokesh Rajendran, da Sridhar Venkatesan suka jagoranta. Ya haɗa da labaran daban-daban guda shida, kowane bangare yana jagorantar darektan daban-daban. Fim din ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da Thaman Kumar, S. S. Stanley, Pop Suresh, Baby Sathanya, Pasanga Kishore, Madhu Sri, Sanjeev, Gayathri, Cable Sankar, Vishnu, Francis, Vinoth Kishan, Aravind Rajagopal, da Charulatha Rangarajan. Shankar Thiyagarajan ne ya shirya fim ɗin tare da waƙar talla da Sam CS ya shirya, da kuma waƙoƙin Karki Bava. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2018. == 'Yan wasa da ma'aikata == === Ga kowane babi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 99%;" ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" width="15%" |Matsayi ! colspan="6" | Babi |- ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Babban Jarumi'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Ina Thodarum'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Misi'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Anamika'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Soupboy Subramani'' ! align="center" width="14%" | ''Sithiram Kolluthadi''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressnews.asia/6-athiyayam-2nd-look-poster-news/|title=‘6 Athiyayam’ 2nd Look Poster & News – இலங்கையில் நடைபெறும் ‘6 அத்தியாயம்’ பட இசை வெளியீடு! – Expressnews|website=expressnews.asia|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915172329/http://expressnews.asia/6-athiyayam-2nd-look-poster-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! Yin wasan kwaikwayo | Thaman Kumar, SS Stanley | Pop Suresh, Baby Sathanya, Divya | Pasanga Kishore, Madhu Sri, Prasanna, Kathir, Randilya | Sanjeev, Chelladurai, Gayatri, Cable Sankar | Vishnu, Francis, Chandirakanta, Sangeetha, Eswari, Eswar Vel, Karthik, Selvaraj | Vinoth Kishan, Aravind Rajagopal, Somu Sundar, Charulatha Rangarajan, Anthony Hadlee, Subramani, Aravind Balaji, Karthikeyan, Ramu, Suba Teju, Malini Sathappan<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300317/hexa-a-new-attempt-in-the-offing.html|title=Hexa, a new attempt in the offing|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> |- ! Marubuci, Darakta | Cable Sankar | Shankar Tiyagarajan | Ajayan Bala | EAV Suresh | Lokesh Rajendran | Sridhar Venkatesan |- ! Daraktan daukar hoto | CJ Rajkumar | CJ Rajkumar | Pon Kasirajan | Arunmozhi Sozhan | Arunmani Palani | Mano Raja |- ! Makin Baya | Silburn | Silburn | Joshua | Taj Noor | Sathish Kumar | Jose Franklin |- ! Edita | Vijay Velukutty | Vijay Velukutty | Bala | Mani | Lokesh Rajendran | Vijay Andrews ne adam wata |} === Ƙididdigar gama gari === * Producer: Shankar Thiyagarajan * Babban furodusa: Cable Sankar * Daraktan kiɗa: Taj Noor, Joshua, Sathish Kumar, Jose Franklin, Sam CS * Choreography: Nanda * Tasirin gani: V Focus Digital Media * Daraktan Hotuna (Waƙa): CJ Rajkumar == Shirya == Shankar Thiyagarajan na Ascii Media Hut ne ya shirya fim ɗin, wanda shine farkon fitowar su. Shankar ya bayyana cewa yana da sha'awar yin wani abu na gwaji kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin tarihin tarihin ban tsoro ga masu shirya fina-finai daban-daban, daga karshe ya sami matasa marubuta talatin da ke sha'awar. Daga nan suka fitar da jerin sunayen guda biyar, kuma da fim din Shankar, ya zama gajerun fina-finai guda shida. Bugu da kari, ga galibin daraktocin, fim dinsu ne na farko, ban da Cable Sankar wanda ya taba shirya fim din, ''Thottal Thodarum'' (2015). Shi ma Ajayan Bala yana da gogewa a harkar, inda ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai kamar ''Chennaiyil Oru Naal'' (2013) da ''Manithan'' (2016). Da farko Shankar Thiyagaran ya sanya wa fim din lakabin ''Hexa'', mai taken ''6 Athiyayam'', amma daga baya ya sanya taken fim din. <ref name="deccanchronicle.com" /> == Sauti ==   An fitar da waƙar sauti na fim ɗin a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin aikin da manyan daraktocin Tamil Cheran, Parthiban, Vetrimaran, A. Venkatesh, Arivazhagan da furodusa G. Dhananjayan suka halarta. Mawaƙin Sam CS ya yi aiki a kan waƙar talla don fim ɗin kuma ya zaɓi Kavitha Thomas don rera waƙar.</ref> Composer [[Sam C. S.]] worked on a promotional song for the film and selected Kavitha Thomas to sing the track.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2017/11/02/6-athiyayangal-movie-audio-released/|title='6 Athiyayam' movie audio released - News Today - First with the news|website=www.newstodaynet.com|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217105526/https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2017/11/02/6-athiyayangal-movie-audio-released/|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Fim]] [[Rukuni:Fina-finan Tamil]] tprmi5uf75xy9s9oqr8osrpzzg2cbno 0 71523 968452 942013 2026-10-16T22:45:40Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 968452 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' is a Nigerian Filmmaker, Broadcast Technology Consultant, and Director. == Early life and education == Mayowa Oluyeba was born in Lagos State, Nigeria. He attended Saint Agnes Primary School, Maryland, Lagos and Maryland Comprehensive High School, Maryland, Lagos, Nigeria. He studied Banking and Finance at Kwara State Polytechnic, Kwara State, Nigeria, and obtained an online certification in People Analytics, from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.[1][2] Customer Analytics, University of Pennsylvania,[3] Operation Analytics, University of Pennsylvania[4] == Career == Oluyeba's career in the creative industry started when he incidentally met the late Film Producer/Director, [[Amaka Igwe]]. He thereafter joined Solar Productions owned by Gboyega Adelaja, with Olumide Ofere and Remi Ogunpitan as directors in the company. There he gained exposure to TV and Film Production. In 1997, he partnered with his friend Remi Kehinde, to start Mega Visions - A Special Effects Company for home videos. They produced Special Effects for various movies including 'Haunted' and the movie, 'Oshodi Oke' (featuring actress [[Ronke Ojo]]). He joined Reuters News Agency in the year 2000. He worked as a news stringer and he covered breaking news stories across Nigeria, shot footages for Africa Journal and transmitted news via live wire. Oluyeba reported stories for Reuters during the late [[Moshood Abiola]] political era, the Yoruba/Hausa fights, and many others'. Oluyeba joined Bi-Communications as an Editor, and worked on the Nigerian Police sponsored series '''Crime Fighters - the Police & You''<nowiki/>', which was a re-enactment of the Nigerian Police narrative, where he worked with Director/Producer, [[Tade Ogidan]]. == Personal work == Mayowa Oluyeba started Phoenix Visions Limited – a company that offers consultancy services in Broadcast Studio Configuration and Installations, Live Streaming – Installations and Operations, Equipment Purchase, and General Broadcast Engineering and maintenance. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> Oluyeba has also worked on various productions including: * Moments with Mo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moments With Mo {{!}} EbonyLife TV |url=https://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/talk/moments-with-mo-2/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=ebonylifetv.com}}</ref> * DV Worx Studios * [[Gidi Blues]] * The Room – Nkoyo * Shell Short Film Documentaries * Sex Abuse (Short Film – ProjectTen4) * Healing Streams of God Choir Yearly Carols<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daystar |url=https://daystarng.org/healingstreams/about-the-directorate/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=daystarng.org}}</ref> In September 2016, Mayowa Oluyeba was signed by Zuri24 Media to be the Series Producer for 'Battleground' ''(M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017)''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}</ref> == See also == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|List of Nigerian film producers]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dvwj25wnwz34f369cr12s04di0vss2m 968453 968452 2026-10-16T22:46:49Z Salma Raddah 45959 968453 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' is a Nigerian Filmmaker, Broadcast Technology Consultant, and Director. {{Databox}} == Early life and education == Mayowa Oluyeba was born in Lagos State, Nigeria. He attended Saint Agnes Primary School, Maryland, Lagos and Maryland Comprehensive High School, Maryland, Lagos, Nigeria. He studied Banking and Finance at Kwara State Polytechnic, Kwara State, Nigeria, and obtained an online certification in People Analytics, from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.[1][2] Customer Analytics, University of Pennsylvania,[3] Operation Analytics, University of Pennsylvania[4] == Career == Oluyeba's career in the creative industry started when he incidentally met the late Film Producer/Director, [[Amaka Igwe]]. He thereafter joined Solar Productions owned by Gboyega Adelaja, with Olumide Ofere and Remi Ogunpitan as directors in the company. There he gained exposure to TV and Film Production. In 1997, he partnered with his friend Remi Kehinde, to start Mega Visions - A Special Effects Company for home videos. They produced Special Effects for various movies including 'Haunted' and the movie, 'Oshodi Oke' (featuring actress [[Ronke Ojo]]). He joined Reuters News Agency in the year 2000. He worked as a news stringer and he covered breaking news stories across Nigeria, shot footages for Africa Journal and transmitted news via live wire. Oluyeba reported stories for Reuters during the late [[Moshood Abiola]] political era, the Yoruba/Hausa fights, and many others'. Oluyeba joined Bi-Communications as an Editor, and worked on the Nigerian Police sponsored series '''Crime Fighters - the Police & You''<nowiki/>', which was a re-enactment of the Nigerian Police narrative, where he worked with Director/Producer, [[Tade Ogidan]]. == Personal work == Mayowa Oluyeba started Phoenix Visions Limited – a company that offers consultancy services in Broadcast Studio Configuration and Installations, Live Streaming – Installations and Operations, Equipment Purchase, and General Broadcast Engineering and maintenance. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> Oluyeba has also worked on various productions including: * Moments with Mo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moments With Mo {{!}} EbonyLife TV |url=https://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/talk/moments-with-mo-2/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=ebonylifetv.com}}</ref> * DV Worx Studios * [[Gidi Blues]] * The Room – Nkoyo * Shell Short Film Documentaries * Sex Abuse (Short Film – ProjectTen4) * Healing Streams of God Choir Yearly Carols<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daystar |url=https://daystarng.org/healingstreams/about-the-directorate/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=daystarng.org}}</ref> In September 2016, Mayowa Oluyeba was signed by Zuri24 Media to be the Series Producer for 'Battleground' ''(M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017)''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}</ref> == See also == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|List of Nigerian film producers]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l2awm2tth7mk0c63at7sz6jypsp1bzh 0 72480 968439 528606 2026-10-16T21:49:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Safaa Abdallah Mohammed El Tokhi''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1964), wacce aka fi sani da '''Safaa El-Toukhi''', 'yar wasan Masar ce.<ref name= elcinema>{{cite web | url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/1066612/| title=Safaa Al Toukhy biography | publisher=elcinema | access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a fina-finai The Hunter, Gunshot da ''Kafr Delhab''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/854497.html| title=Safaa Al Toukhy: Schauspielerin | publisher=filmstarts | access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife ta ne a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1964 a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Misira. Mahaifinta Abdallah Al-Toukhi marubuci ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda aka haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan 1926 kuma ya mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun 2001 yana da shekaru 74.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sz-WPPF69wYC&pg=PA445 |title=Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique. L'Afrique du Nord |page=445 |last=Sadiqi |first=Fatima |author2=Npwaora, Amira |author3=El Kholy, Azza |author4=Ennaji, Moha |year=2013 |isbn=978-2811107321 |language=fr}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta Fathia al-Assal sananniyar marubuciya ce kuma mai fafutuka a Masar. An haifi Fathia a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu 1933 kuma ta mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni 2014 tana da shekaru 81 bayan rikicin kiwon lafiya da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/103768/Egypt/Politics-/Fathiya-Assal,-Egyptian-writer-and-womens-advocate.aspx |title=Fathiya Assal, Egyptian writer and women's advocate, dies at 81 |work=Ahram online |date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a Cibiyar Nazarin Ayyuka ta Dramatic a shekarar 1985. Da farko, ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya, wanda mahaifiyarta ta rinjayi. shekara ta 1995, ya fara aiki a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Kasa.<ref name= elcinema /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.creativearabtalent.com/en/talent/60/safaa-eltoukhy| title=Safaa Al Toukhy: BIOGRAPHY| publisher=creativearabtalent| access-date=9 November 2020| archive-date=26 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126192336/http://www.creativearabtalent.com/en/talent/60/safaa-eltoukhy| url-status=dead}}</ref> Safaa ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1979 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ''El Bahitha''. Ta bayyana a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ɗaya na El Ayyam El Makhmoura da aka shirya a shekarar 1999. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da yin fina-finai da yawa, kamar El ''Zaman El Saa'b'', ''El Mohagir'', da ''Bekhit mu Adila''. A halin yanzu, ta mamaye allon talabijin, inda ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shirye: ''Leyali El Hulmiyya'', ''Lan Ayesh Fi Galbab Abi'', ''Mahmoud El Masry''. Mafi shahararren aikinta na talabijin ya zo ne ta hanyar jerin ''Qadhiya Rai" 'Am'' tare da rawar da ta taka a 'Yousra'.<ref name= elcinema /><ref>{{cite web| url=https://widekhaliji.com/en/associate/350/safaa-al-toukhy| title=Biography| publisher=widekhaliji| access-date=9 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003195308/https://widekhaliji.com/en/associate/350/safaa-al-toukhy| archive-date=3 October 2022| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |1979 |''Mai Bincike'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |1991 |''Lamirin Malami Hikmat'' |Ekhlas |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |1992 |''Al Helmeya Nights'' |Sally |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |1991 |''Hekayat Elghareeb'' |Salma |Fim din talabijin | |- |1995 |''Al Ziny Barakat'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |1996 |''Ba zan rayu a cikin rigunan mahaifina ba'' |Fawwzia |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |1997 |''Bakhit da Adeela 2'' | |Fim din | |- |2001 |''Muna da Labaran da suka biyo baya'' | |Fim din | |- |2002 |''Mai Hawan da ba shi da doki'' |Aziza |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2002 |''Ayna karshe'' |Najila |Karamin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2004 |''Mahmoud na Masar'' |Alia |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2005 |''Raya wa Sekina'' |Mariam Zaki Abdulatif / Mariam Al Shamiya |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2007 |''Lokaci Masu Muhimmanci'' |Azziza |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2008 |''Boushkash'' | |Fim din | |- |2010 |''Mama Fi El-Qism'' |Karam Abdulmohsen |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2010 |''Ayza Atgawez'' |Umm Barqouq / Nancy Al Sayed Faraj |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2014 |''Saraya Abdeen'' |Srr |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2014 |''Mai farauta'' |Likitan kwakwalwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2015 |''Yankin Yahudawa'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2015 |''Saharat Al Janoub'' |Bakhita |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2016 |''Soqoot Hor'' |Seham |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2017 |''Kafr Delhab'' |Nawal |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2017 |''Abu Al Arosah'' |Wafaa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2018 |''El Share'A Elly Warana: Ɗaya daga cikin Block a Bayan'' |Baheera |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2018 |''Roses masu guba'' |Uwar |Fim din | |- |2018 |''Harbi'' |Mahasen |Fim din | |- |2019 |''Weld Al Ghalabah'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2020 |''Yarima'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2020 |''Khayt Harir'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dma10h8hakdtqdyi7rnnnrgnqoykrq8 0 74903 968319 701840 2026-10-16T16:37:15Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:MLS_crest_logo_RGB_-_Inter_Miami_CF.svg|MLS_crest_logo_RGB_-_Inter_Miami_CF.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] because: [[:c:COM:DW|]] of copyrighted logo, per https:// 968319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Inter Miami'''<ref>https://theathletic.com/5241521/2024/01/31/inter-miami-stadium-capacity-drv-pnk/</ref> Club Internacional de Fútbol Miami (lit. International Miami Football Club), wanda aka sani da Inter Miami CF ko Inter Miami ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce take a Fort Lauderdale, Florida.<ref>http://espnfc.com/print?id=581958&type=story</ref> A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2018, Major League Soccer (MLS) ta amince da shugaban ƙungiyar watau David Beckham da ya fadada kungiyar Miami. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a taron Gabas a kakar wasa ta 2020, kulob din ta sayi manyan 'yan wasa da dama kamar su Blaise Matuidi, Gonzalo Higuaín, Sergio Busquets, Jordi Alba, [[Lionel Messi]], da [[Luis Suárez]].<ref>https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2018/01/29/miami-mls-expansion-team-begin-play-2020</ref> Kungiyar ta dauki hankalin duniya kafin kafuwarta saboda shugaban kulob din kuma mai kula da shi David Beckham, da kuma a shekarar 2023 da aka ambata Lionel Messi a kan canja kulob a kyauta daga PSG.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/why-is-inter-miami-called-the-herons-and-vice-city-mls-franchise-nicknames-explained/bltd2159e574cec9c65</ref> Bayan rattaba hannun, kungiyar ta lashe babban kofinta na farko, gasar cin Kofin Gasar kofin league ta 2023, gasar Arewacin Amurka na yankin CONCACAF, wanda kuma ya ba kungiyar damar zuwa gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CONCACAF 2024 a karon farko. Ƙimar ƙungiyar a Forbes ita ce $1.03 biliyan kamar na 2024, matsayi na biyu a gasar bayan kungiyar Los Angeles FC.<ref>http://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/3361118/mls-finally-announces-david-beckhams-expansion-team-in-miami</ref> == Tarihi == === Fadadawa === A watan Nuwamba 2012, kwamishinan MLS Don Garber ya tabbatar da sabunta sha'awar gasar na sanya hannun jari a Miami, bayan Miami Fusion ta ninka bayan kakar 2001 da kuma neman faɗawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan kasuwan telecom na Bolivian na Miami Marcelo Claure da FC Barcelona ya gaza a 2009 Tawagar fadada Miami karkashin jagorancin Barcelona da Marcelo Claure, dan kasuwa dan kasar Bolivia da ke birnin, sun sanar da yunkurin fadada gasar a watan Oktoba na 2008, tare da shirin fara wasa a 2011. A watan Maris na 2009, gasar lig da Barcelona sun ba da sanarwar cewa Miami ba ta nan. dan takara saboda yanayin kasuwar gida. Bugu da ƙari, MLS ta bayyana damuwarta game da rashin sha'awar masu sha'awar shiga MLS na MLS, gaskiyar cewa ƙungiyar USL Miami FC ba ta yi kyau ba, da shirin amfani da Filin wasa na FIU yana mai da ƙungiyar zuwa ɗan haya na sakandare a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji tare da na'urar wucin gadi, farfajiya. Duk da haka, Garber ya ce Miami zai zama makasudin fadadawa a nan gaba. Daga baya Claure ya shiga rukunin masu saka hannun jari na David Beckham don neman fadada Miami wanda gasar ta amince a shekarar 2014.<ref>https://www.si.com/soccer/planet-futbol/2014/08/05/mls-all-star-game-bayern-munich-mark-abbott-expansion-tv-blatter</ref> Lokacin da David Beckham, wanda manajan kasuwancin sa, Simon Fuller yana da ra'ayin ba shi zaɓi don siyan ƙungiyar faɗaɗa akan farashin dala miliyan 25 lokacin da ya shiga ƙungiyar a 2007, ya ƙare wasansa a watan Afrilu 2013, MLS ta tattauna da Fuller game da maƙasudin faɗaɗa da yawa, gami da inter Miami. A wannan shekarar, wasu masu saka hannun jari, gami da mai kudin Italiya Alessandro Butini da Maiami Dolphins mai Stephen M. Ross sun bayyana sha'awar mallakar Miami suma. A cikin 2013, Fuller da Beckham sun tattauna shirin siyan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta MLS a Miami.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140215041338/http://blogs.palmbeachpost.com/caneswatch/2014/02/12/miami-david-beckham-mls-team-name-logos-kit/</ref> A cikin 2013, lokacin da CNN ta yi hira da David Beckham, ya gode wa Fuller saboda yarjejeniyar MLS da ya yi a baya a 2007 da kuma musamman batun da Fuller ya dage kan sakawa dan wasan: “Lokacin da na sanya hannu kan kwantiragi na shida, bakwai. shekaru da suka wuce, manajana Simon Fuller a zahiri ya sami wata magana a cikin kwangilar da ta ba ni damar samun ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a ƙarshen aikina na wasa ".<ref>http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/02/03/3908896/beckham-miami-deal-one-step-closer.htmlg</ref> A cikin jawabin sa na Jiha na League a Disamba 2013, Garber ya gano Beckham da Fuller a matsayin masu yuwuwar masu mallakar Miami. Daga baya waccan watan, a ranar 17 ga Disamba, kwamishinonin gundumar Miami-Dade sun jefa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don ba wa magajin garin Carlos A. Giménez tattaunawa da ƙungiyar da Beckham ke jagoranta a sabon filin wasa a cikin garin Miami. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa Beckham ya yi amfani da zabin nasa a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2014, kuma Miami Beckham United, kungiyar masu saka hannun jari karkashin jagorancin Beckham, Fuller da Claure, za su mallaki ikon fadada wa da sunan kamfanin Miami, suna tsammanin za a iya amince da bayar da kudade ga filin wasa. A cikin gabatarwa ga jami'ai da masu saka hannun jari, rukunin masu mallakar sun yi amfani da "Miami Vice" da "Miami Current" a matsayin taken aiki don ƙungiyar. Bayan shawarwarin filin wasa na farko sun lalace, Kwamishinan Garber ya sake nanata a cikin watan Agusta 2014 cewa ba za a amince da fadada ba har sai an tabbatar da shirin filin wasa na cikin gari kuma bayan da Fuller ya gabatar da Beckham ga Jorge da José Mas, shirin ya kasance kore. A cikin taron Q&A na watan Agusta na 2014, mataimakin kwamishinan Mark Abbott ya ce Miami za ta zama tawaga ta 23 muddin za a iya cimma yarjejeniyar filin wasa a cikin gari. David Beckham ya sayi Fuller a watan Mayu 2019.<ref>https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2014/07/29/mls-miami-downtown-stadium-david-beckham</ref> A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2018, ƙungiyar Miami Beckham United (wanda ya ƙunshi Beckham, Claure, Fuller, Masayoshi Son [wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na SoftBank] da Jorge da José Mas, shugabannin cibiyar sadarwa da kamfanin gine-gine MasTec na Miami) bayan shekaru huɗu. Asalin sanarwar mallakar na neman ƙungiyar, an ba shi lambar yabo ta MLS na ashirin da biyar kuma an saita shi don ƙaddamarwa a cikin kakar 2020. Sanarwar ta wakilci wani ɓangare na faɗaɗa MLS mai girma wanda zai ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin sa zuwa 26 zuwa 2020 da 30 bayan haka. Tun farkon sanarwar Beckham na aniyarsa ta sanya ƙungiya a Miami a cikin 2014, Orlando City SC, [[New York (birni)|New York City]] FC, [[Atlanta]] United FC, [[Minnesota]] United FC, Los Angeles FC, da FC Cincinnati duk sun fara wasan MLS. An dauki Paul McDonough a matsayin daraktan wasanni daga ranar 4 ga watan Agusta. Rukunin mallakar ƙungiyar an sake masa suna Miami Freedom Park LLC. Sun sanar da Club Internacional de Fútbol Miami, ta takaice zuwa Inter Miami CF, a matsayin sunan kungiyar a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2018. MLS ya koma yankin Kudancin Florida a cikin 2018, lokacin da aka sanar da Inter Miami CF. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2018, ƙungiyar Miami Beckham United, shekaru huɗu bayan sanarwar mallakar ta asali na neman ƙungiyar, an ba ta kyautar MLS na ashirin da biyar kuma an ƙaddamar da su a cikin kakar 2020, suna wasa a filin wasa na Lockhart a sabon Chase Filin wasa. Tsohon kocin Fusion Ray Hudson zai ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai sharhin launi na [[Inter Miami]], yayin da tsohon ɗan wasan Fusion Chris Henderson shine Daraktan wasanni na ƙungiyar a halin yanzu.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/mar/24/david-beckham-port-miami-stadium-plans-mls</ref> == Filin Kwallo == A cikin Maris 2020, Inter Miami ta fara wasa a Fort Lauderdale. Za su ci gaba da yin hakan har sai an kammala sabon filin wasansu, wanda aka fi sani da Miami Freedom Park na ɗan lokaci. Aikin zai hada da filin wasa mai kujeru 25,000 wanda zai zama wani bangare na Freedom Park, wani hadadden hadadden amfani a tsohon wurin Melreese Country Club mallakar birni kusa da Filin Jirgin Sama na Miami. Amincewa da gina filin wasan ya dogara ne da sakamakon zaben raba gardama na jama'a da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2018, da amincewar jami'an birnin. Sakamakon kuri'ar raba gardama ya samu kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na masu jefa kuri'a da suka amince da matakin sauya filin wasan golf mallakar birnin kusa da filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa zuwa sabon filin wasa na Inter Miami CF. Gabaɗayan aikin gabaɗaya ya kai dala biliyan ɗaya. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2019, Magajin garin Miami Francis Suarez ya tabbatar da wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan cewa gurɓatar ƙasa a filin wasan golf na Melreese, wurin da aka tsara don filin wasan, ya yi muni fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya. A cewar CBS Miami, "... Matakan gurɓatawar arsenic sun fi sau biyu abin da doka ta amince da su. Barium da matakan gubar ma sun yi yawa kuma akwai tarkace a cikin ƙasa wanda zai iya haifar da haɗari na jiki." Agusta 20, 2019, Magajin garin Miami Francis Suarez ya tabbatar da wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan cewa gurɓatar ƙasa a filin wasan golf na Melreese, wurin da aka tsara don filin wasan, ya yi muni fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya. A cewar CBS Miami, "... Matakan gurɓatawar arsenic sun fi sau biyu abin da doka ta amince da su. Barium da matakan gubar ma sun yi yawa kuma akwai tarkace a cikin ƙasa wanda zai iya haifar da haɗari na jiki." Sakamakon kuri'ar raba gardama da kashi 60% na masu kada kuri'a suka ba da izinin filin wasan. Har ila yau, hukuncin Miami-Dade Circuit Alkalin Mavel Ruiz, ya adana sakamakon zaben raba gardama na watan Nuwamba wanda kashi 60% na masu jefa kuri'a na Miami sun ba da izini ga masu gudanar da birni su yi shawarwarin yarjejeniyar shekara 99 tare da mallakar kungiyar MLS don bunkasa Miami Freedom Park. Za a gina filin wasa na dala biliyan 1, otal, wurin shakatawa na ofis, da harabar kasuwanci a kan kadada 73 (haɗin 30) na ƙasar mallakar birni, a halin yanzu filin wasan golf na Melreese. Hakanan ƙungiyar za ta gina wurin shakatawa na jama'a kusa. MLSungiyar MLS, Club Internacional de Fútbol (Inter Miami), za ta buga aƙalla wasannin gida 17 a shekara a filin wasa mai kujeru 25,000. Ci gaban, wanda ake gina shi akan filin jama'a mai girman eka 131 (has 53), zai hada da murabba'in ƙafa 1,000,000 (93,000 m2) na ofis, dillali da filin kasuwanci, dakunan otal 750, kadada 23 (9.3 ha) na filayen ƙwallon jama'a ban da filin wasa mai girman eka 10.5 (ha) da sauran kadada 58 (has 23) za su zama wurin shakatawa na jama'a. Masu kulob din kuma za su yi kashi-kashi na dala miliyan 20 na shekara-shekara na tsawon shekaru 30 don inganta wuraren shakatawa na jama'a a fadin birnin. == Mallaki == An fara kafa rukunin mallakar bayan ikon mallakar kamfani a cikin 2013 a matsayin Miami Beckham United, kodayake yanzu tana kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin sunan Miami Freedom Park LLC. Kungiyar mallakar asalin ta kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan kasuwan Bolivia na Miami Marcelo Claure, yayin da Masayoshi Son da 'yan'uwa Jorge da Jose Mas aka saka su cikin rukunin mallakar a cikin 2017. Ƙoƙarin ya samo asali ne a cikin kwangilar da David Beckham ya kulla da MLS a 2007; ya shiga LA Galaxy kuma ya yi shawarwarin zaɓi don mallakar ƙungiyar faɗaɗa a farashi mai rangwame. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2021, an sanar da cewa Beckham da ’yan’uwan Mas sun sayi hannun jarin Claure da Son a rukunin mallakar. Ares Management kuma an saka shi cikin rukunin mallakar. == Magoya baya == Kulob din yana da kungiyoyin magoya bayan hukuma hudu: Siege, Kudancin Legion, Vice City 1896, da Nación Rosa Y Negro. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Inter Miami 0-0 Nashville SC 09.jpg|Inter_Miami_0-0_Nashville File:Inter Miami vs. Real Salt Lake 03.jpg|Inter Miami vs Real Salt </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Tarayya Amurka]] gnpw3cp45b2r5cqib57h1gqpl9j1pie 0 79256 968257 963860 2026-10-16T14:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman,''' [[Shinkafar Ofada|shine]] wakilci [[Maradi|mara]] [[Daidaito a Fuskar Doka|daidaito]] na wasu kungiyoyin [[Jama'are|jama'a]] a cikin ƙuntataccen [[Matsayi na jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu|matsayi]] da horo, musamman a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Amurka. Sau da yawa ana nuna rashin daidaituwa a matsayin wakilci na ƙarancin launin fata, kabilanci, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ko al'adu da harshe daban-daban (CLD) a cikin ilimi na musamman idan aka kwatanta da kasancewarsu a cikin yawan ɗalibai. Yankin yaro da kabilanci na iya yin tasiri sosai ga yiwuwar kuskuren ganewa kamar yadda yake buƙatar sabis na [[ilimi]] na musamman, yana haifar da damuwa game da adalci, daidaito, da kuma yiwuwar tasiri ga sakamakon ilimi na ɗalibai.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/kimiya-da-fasa/</ref> == Bayyanawa == Akwai damuwa daban-daban game da gano dalibai a cikin ilimi na musamman. Bayyana yawan ɗalibai yana nufin damuwa cewa ɗaliban launi, musamman ɗaliban Afirka na Amirka, ana sanya su cikin ilimi na musamman a mafi girma fiye da takwarorinsu na fararen ɗalibai, wanda zai iya haifar da yiwuwar zargi da mummunar tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru a ilimi.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Core principles: Disproportionality in identification for special education |url=https://ldaamerica.org/core-principle-disproportionality-in-identification-for-special-education/#:~:text=Disproportionality%20in%20special%20education%20placement,be%20placed%20in%20segregated%20settings |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=Learning Disabilities Association of America}}</ref> Rashin ganewar dalibai yana nufin halin da ake ciki inda daliban launi ba su da damar ganowa kuma su sami sabis na ilimi na musamman fiye da takwarorinsu masu farin da ke nuna irin wannan hali, wanda zai iya haifar da dalibai ba su sami tallafin da suke bukata don samun nasara a makaranta ba.[1]<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020" /> Dalibai masu launi suna cikin haɗari don kuskuren ganewa don ilimi na musamman saboda an gano su ba daidai ba kamar suna da rarrabuwa da ba a so a cikin al'umma kamar rikicewar motsin rai da nakasa ta hankali lokacin da suke da nakasa da ba a gano su ba, wanda ke haifar da tsoma baki da tallafi ga waɗannan ɗalibai.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/> == Kulawa == Sashe na 300.646 na Sashe na B na Dokar Ilimi ta Mutum da ke da nakasa (IDEA) an tsara shi don tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar kowace jiha da ke karɓar kuɗi don ƙayyade idan akwai rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata ko kabilanci da ke faruwa a cikin Jiha da Hukumomin Ilimi na Ƙasa (LEAs) na jihar game da gano yara a matsayin yara masu nakasa, sanyawa musamman saitunan ilimi na waɗannan yara, da abin da ya faru, tsawon lokaci, da kuma nau'in cire horo daga sanyawa, gami da dakatar da fitarwa. A wani bangare na B na IDEA, kowace jiha tana karɓar kuɗi, kuma Sakataren Cikin Gida na Amurka dole ne ya samar da tattarawa da nazarin bayanai don sanin ko mahimmancin rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci yana faruwa a cikin Jiha da LEAs na Jiha."A cikin Sashe na 300.64 na Dokar, ana buƙatar Jihohi su bincika bayanai don rashin daidaituwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna: # Bayyana yara masu nakasa da nakasa, # Matsayin yaro a cikin yanayin ilimi, da # Duk wani dakatarwar ko korar daga makaranta da kuma tsawon lokacin IDEA ta ba da umarnin cewa jihohi su tattara da kuma bincika bayanan ilimi na musamman game da kabilanci da kabilun a matakin gundumar.<ref name="IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act-2016">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2016 |title=Sec. 300.646 Disproportionality |url=https://sites.ed.gov/idea/regs/b/f/300.646 |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303222915/https://sites.ed.gov/idea/regs/b/f/300.646 |archive-date=March 3, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kula da Jiha === Jihohi sun sa ido kuma sun tilasta rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman ta hanyar buƙatun da aka saita a cikin IDEA da Rahotanni na Ayyuka na Shekara-shekara (APRs). <ref name="Albrecht-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Albrecht |first=S.F. |last2=Skiba |first2=R.J |last3=Losen |first3=D.J. |last4=Chung |first4=C-G |last5=Middelberg |first5=L. |date=May 31, 2012 |title=Federal Policy on Disproportionality in Special Education: Is it Moving us Forward? |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1177/1044207311407917 |s2cid=143936340 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> A matakin gundumar, ana ba da izini ga jihohi su tattara da bincika bayanan ilimi na musamman game da launin fata da kabilanci.[1] Hakanan ana buƙatar su bayar da rahoto game da takamaiman alamomi da suka shafi rashin daidaituwa ga ɗalibai masu nakasa da kuma yawan gundumomin da ke nuna wakilcin launin fata da kabilanci a cikin ilimi na musamman.[1]<ref name="Albrecht-2012" /> Idan jihohi sun gano muhimmiyar rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci, bisa ga Sashe na 300.464 na Sashe na B na IDEA, dole ne su: # Bayar da bita na shekara-shekara kuma, idan ya dace, sake duba manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen ganowa ko sanyawa a wasu saitunan ilimi. # LEA dole ne ta ba da rahoto game da sake fasalin manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin. # Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Jiha zai buƙaci duk wani LEA da aka gano don adana iyakar adadin kudade don samar da cikakkun ayyuka na shiga tsakani don magance abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga rashin daidaituwa. # Lokacin aiwatar da ayyukan shiga tsakani, LEA na iya samar da ci gaban kwararru da kimantawa na ilimi da halayyar, ayyuka, da tallafi. # LEA dole ne ta gano kuma ta magance abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa da kuma tattalin arziki, al'adu, ko shingen harshe don ganowa ko sanyawa a cikin saituna da duk wata manufofi, ayyuka, ko hanyoyin da ke ba su gudummawa zuwa rashin daidaituwa. # LEA dole ne ta magance manufofi, aiki, ko hanyar da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act-2016"/> Ba a buƙatar jihohi su gano LEA tare da gagarumin rashin daidaituwa idan LEA ta wuce ƙofar haɗari amma ta nuna ci gaba mai ma'ana wajen rage haɗarin haɗari ga rukuni da rukunin bincike a kowane shekaru biyu da suka gabata.<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017">{{Cite web |date=March 2017 |title=Idea Part B Regulations: Significant Disproportionality (Equity in IDEA) |url=https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/significant-disproportionality-qa-03-08-17.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Department of Education (.gov) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604063545/https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/significant-disproportionality-qa-03-08-17.pdf |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Aunawa === An yi amfani da dabarun nazari don bincika rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman, gami da haɗari, koma baya, da koma baya da yawa. Rarrabawar haɗari ta haɗa da haɗari, ƙimar ƙarancin, haɗarin dangi, da ƙimar haɗari. Misalai na koma baya suna kimanta yiwuwar sanyawa ko sabis na ilimi na musamman a matsayin aiki na masu canji masu zaman kansu. Komawa mai yawa yana ba da gida ga ɗalibai a cikin makarantu, gundumomi, ko al'ummomi don lissafin ƙididdigar cikin- da tsakanin-ƙungiya. Binciken binciken kan rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman ya bambanta sosai a duk faɗin karatu saboda abubuwan da suka haɗa da amfani da bayanan bayanai daban-daban a matakai daban-daban, gami da samfurori na ɗalibai a maki da shekaru daban-daban. <ref name="Cruz-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Cruz |first=R |last2=Rodl |first2=J.E. |date=2018 |title=An Integrative Synthesis of Literature on Disproportionality in Special Education |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-special-education_2018-05_52_1/page/50 |journal=The Journal of Special Education |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=50–63 |doi=10.1177/0022466918758707 |s2cid=148647037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike mai inganci ya haɗa da hanyoyin deductive da inductive, gami da ci gaban litattafan da ke mai da hankali kan tsarin ra'ayi da wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai game da manufofin ilimi da rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="Artiles-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Artiles |first=Alfredo J. |last2=Kozleski |first2=Elizabeth B. |last3=Trent |first3=Stanley C. |last4=Osher |first4=David |last5=Ortiz |first5=Alba |date=April 2010 |title=Justifying and Explaining Disproportionality, 1968–2008: A Critique of Underlying Views of Culture |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001440291007600303 |journal=Exceptional Children |language=en |publication-date=April 1, 2010 |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=279–299 |doi=10.1177/001440291007600303 |issn=0014-4029 |s2cid=55124758 |via=Sage Journals |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike mai yawa yana da labaran da aka tsara bisa ga binciken da aka yi amfani da shi a kowane binciken, kamar haɗari, koma baya ko koma baya da yawa.[1]<ref name="Artiles-2010" /> === Tasirin aikin yanzu === Akwai wurare da yawa don ingantawa a cikin aikin yanzu na saka idanu game da rashin daidaituwa. Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin fassarar da aiwatar da tanadin IDEA ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi na Musamman (OSEP), wanda ke haifar da rikicewa a jihohi da matakan gida wanda ke hana ci gaba wajen magance batun.<ref name="Albrecht-2012"/> Har ila yau, akwai bin jihohi da gundumar tare da bangarorin tsari na ganewar ilimi na musamman maimakon magance abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin da ke taimakawa ga rashin daidaituwa, wanda zai iya rage girman ainihin matsalar kuma ya hana shiga tsakani ga ɗaliban da ke buƙatar su.[1] Kodayake bincike yana da rubuce-rubuce game da yawan wakilci na ɗaliban launi a cikin mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, OSEP ba ta haɗa da yanayin ilimi a cikin saka idanu da aiwatar da wakilci mara daidaituwa ba.<ref name="Skiba-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Skiba |first=R. |date=2013 |title=CCBD's position summary on federal policy on disproportionality in special education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-disorders_2013-02_38_2/page/n39 |journal=Behavioral Disorders |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=108–120 |doi=10.1177/019874291303800202 |s2cid=141061180}}</ref> Fassarar tarayya na harshen doka na IDEA ya saba wa binciken da aka samu a cikin bincike na ilimi na musamman. Gyara zuwa IDEA a cikin 1997 da 2004 sun amince da girman bambancin launin fata da kabilanci, amma fassarorin tarayya na abin da ake buƙata na 2004 sun haifar da rikicewa a matakan Jiha da LEA. Bayanai sun nuna cewa fassarar tarayya na IDEA 2004, jagororin ka'idoji, da ƙirar alamomi don saka idanu da tilasta aiki ba su da tasiri wajen magance rashin daidaituwa na launin fata da kabilanci. == Rashin daidaituwa mai mahimmanci == Idan an sami rashin daidaituwa mai mahimmanci dangane da kabilanci ko kabilanci, to bisa ga Sashe na 300.646 na Sashe na B na IDEA, dole ne jihohi su ba da bita na shekara-shekara na bita na manufofi, ayyuka, da matakai game da sanya waɗannan yara a cikin saitunan ilimi (ciki har da horo. ayyuka don tabbatar da sun bi dokar kuma suna buƙatar LEA ta ba da rahoton duk wani bita.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}</link> Babban rashin daidaituwa, kamar yadda IDEA Sashe na 618 (d), yana nufin bambancin da ya danganci kabilanci da kabilanci a cikin jihar da LEAs game da gano yara masu nakasa, sanya su a wasu saitunan ilimi, da kuma lokacin da ya faru da kuma nau'in ayyukan horo.<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017"/> Wakilin da bai dace ba, kamar yadda IDEA Sashe na 616 (a) (3) (C), yana nufin yawan wakilci ko ƙarancin wakilci na kabilanci da kabilanci a cikin ilimi na musamman da ayyukan da suka danganci wanda shine sakamakon ganewa mara kyau.[1] Muhimman ka'idojin rashin daidaituwa ba su shafi ko magance wajibin gano wakilci mara daidaituwa saboda rashin daidaituwa a ƙarƙashin IDEA Sashe na 616 (a) (3) (C). [1]<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017" /> Sashe na IDEA na 618 (d) yana buƙatar jihohi su tattara da bincika bayanai don tantance ko mahimman rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci yana faruwa a cikin jihar da LEAs na jihar dangane da gano yara masu nakasa, sanyawa a cikin takamaiman tsarin ilimi, da abin da ya faru, tsawon lokaci, da nau'in ayyukan horo, gami da korar.<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017"/> Idan jihohi sun gano muhimmiyar rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci, dole ne su dauki matakai da yawa bisa ga Sashe na 300.646 na Sashe na B na IDEA: # Bayar da bita na shekara-shekara da sake dubawa na manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gano dalibai masu nakasa don tabbatar da cewa sun bi bukatun Dokar. # Bukatar LEA ta ba da rahoto a fili game da sake fasalin manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin. # Aiwatar da cikakkun ayyuka masu daidaitawa, gami da ci gaban ƙwararru da kimantawa na ilimi da halayyar. # LEA dole ne ta gano kuma ta magance abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga gagarumin rashin daidaituwa. # LEA dole ne ta magance manufofi, aiki, ko hanyar da ta gano a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga muhimmiyar rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="U.S. Department of Education-2021">{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2021 |title=Racial and ethnic disparities in special education: A multi-year disproportionality analysis by state, analysis category, and Race/Ethnicity. |url=https://www2.ed.gov/programs/osepidea/618-data/LEA-racial-ethnic-disparities-tables/index.html |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of Education}}</ref> == Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin launin fata == Tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na launin fata da kabilanci a cikin turawar ilimi na musamman ana iya danganta su da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi na launin fata le matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rashin isasshen kariya ta ma'aikata, ra'ayoyi na malamai game da ikon ɗalibai, da rashin manufofi da tsoma baki a makarantu.<ref name="Ahram-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Ahram |first=Roey |last2=Fergus |first2=Edward |last3=Noguera |first3=Pedro |date=October 2011 |title=Addressing Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education: Case Studies of Suburban School Districts |journal=Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education |language=en |volume=113 |issue=10 |pages=2233–2266 |doi=10.1177/016146811111301004 |issn=0161-4681 |s2cid=142247719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canje-canje na tattalin arziki da na yawan jama'a, rashin daidaituwa na al'adu, rashin daidaito a cikin ilimi na gaba ɗaya, da nuna bambancin launin fata na iya ba da gudummawa ga wakilcin ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru. <ref name="Artiles-2010"/><ref name="Albrecht-2012"/> Dalibai daga launin fata, al'adu, kabilanci, da kuma 'yan tsiraru na harshe suna iya zama masu nakasa a mafi girman mitar kuma an cire su daga [[Mainstream education|ilimi na al'ada]]. Bugu da kari, dalibai daga asalin marasa galihu da daliban launi suna iya koyar da su ta hanyar malamai marasa ƙwarewa a makarantun da ba su da kuɗi.<ref name="O'Connor-2006">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=C. |last2=Fernandez |first2=S.D. |date=2006 |title=Race, class, and disproportionality: Reevaluating the relationships between poverty and special education placement. |journal=Education Researcher |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=108–120}}</ref> Yanayin tsarin tseren a Amurka muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce wajen fahimtar tsarin tura ilimi na musamman.<ref name="Artiles-2010"/> Manufofin tattalin arziki, ilimi da kuma kawar da wariyar launin fata a makaranta suna taimakawa ga rashin daidaituwa.[1] Yawan ɗalibai masu launi yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙabilanci ko ƙabilancin ƙabilance suka zama mafi yawan jama'ar jiharsu.<ref name="Skiba-2013"/> Kwararrun makarantu da ke da hannu a yanke shawara (watau, turawa, kimantawa, da tarurrukan cancanta don sanya ilimi na musamman) suna yin sulhu da rashin daidaituwa.[1]<ref name="Artiles-2010" /> Dalibai masu launi galibi suna halartar makarantu tare da iyakantaccen albarkatu da matakan rashin amfani, wanda ke haifar da dogaro da rashin daidaituwa akan wuraren ilimi na musamman ga waɗannan ɗalibai.<ref name="Artiles-2010"/> Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da yawa a tarihi a Amurka, kamar su 'yan Afirka na Afirka, Latinos, da' yan asalin Amurka, ana wakiltar su sosai a cikin manyan nau'ikan nakasassu (watau, nakasassu na hankali, cututtukan nau'ikan autism, raunin kwakwalwa, rikicewar harshe, rikice-rikice na halayyar, da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]]), kuma al'adun makaranta da tarihin al'adu na ɗalibai da iyalansu suna haɗuwa kuma galibi ana tunanin su a matsayin wani ɓangare na su. Bambancin launin fata da kabilanci galibi ana samun su akai-akai a cikin nau'ikan nakasa "mai wuya" (watau, raunin ji, raunin gani, ko raunin orthopedic) kuma galibi a cikin nau-ikan nakasa na "mai laushi" (walla, nakasa ta hankali, rikicewar motsin rai, ko nakasa ta ilmantarwa) es.<ref name="Skiba-2013"/> Kowane mutum, mahallin, da abubuwan tsarin suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman. Fahimtar rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman ya haɗa da rarraba tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da dalilai daban-daban, kowannensu yana ba da gudummawa ga batun mai rikitarwa. Wadannan rukunoni sun haskaka kan ƙalubalen da ɗaliban launi suka fuskanta: === Malami mai son kai === 'Dangantaka tsakanin iyalai da makarantu na iya zama daban-daban daga wata makaranta zuwa wata, yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa a cikin binciken kan rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="Cruz-2018"/> Malamai na iya ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar malamai da ke fassara bambance-bambance na al'adu, harshe, da kuma bambance-bucen dialectical a matsayin rashi, wanda ke haifar da daliban launi da ake ganewa da rashin daidaituwa kamar suna da nakasa na ilmantarwa.<ref name="Albrecht-2012"/><ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/><ref name="O'Connor-2006"/><ref name="Core Principles">{{Cite web |title=Core Principles: Disproportionality in Identification for Special Education – Learning Disabilities Association of America |url=https://ldaamerica.org/core-principle-disproportionality-in-identification-for-special-education/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan nuna bambanci na iya mayar da hankali daga wasu rashin daidaito na zamantakewa wanda zai iya tasiri ga yawan ilmantarwa da sauran nakasa tsakanin takamaiman al'ummomi.[3]<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020" /> Fassarar halayen da malamai daga al'adu daban-daban ke yi na iya cutar da ɗaliban launi saboda yana haifar da ayyukan horo na ma'aikata.<ref name="O'Connor-2006"/> Baya ga ɗaliban launi da aka fi ganewa, ƙarancin ganewa na waɗannan ɗalibai na iya faruwa duk da nuna irin wannan aikin ilimi ga ɗaliban fari.<ref name="Core Principles"/> Malamai suna buƙatar ɗaukar ra'ayi na ɗalibai, amfani da dabarun adalci na maidowa a cikin ɗakunan ajiyarsu, a ilimantar da su kan al'adun al'adu na ɗalibai.<ref name="Annamma-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Annamma |first=S. |last2=Morrison |first2=D. |last3=Jackson |first3=D. |date=2012 |title=Federal policy on disproportionality in special education: Is it moving us forward? |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1177/1044207311407917 |s2cid=143936340}}</ref> === Manufofin makaranta da hanyoyin === Hanyoyin turawa da gano dalibai don ilimi na musamman na iya rinjayar su ta hanyar nuna bambanci da hukunce-hukunce da ke haifar da yawan wakiltar dalibai masu launi.<ref name="Tefera-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Tefera |first=A.A. |last2=Fischman |first2=G.E. |date=2020 |title=How and why context matters in the study of racial disproportionality in special education: Toward a critical disability education policy approach. |journal=Equity & Excellence in Education |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10665684.2020.1791284 |s2cid=230794875}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=A.L. |last2=Bal |first2=A. |date=2013 |title=Disproportionality in special education: Effects of individual and school variables on disability risk. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_exceptional-children_summer-2013_79_4/page/475 |journal=Exceptional Children |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1177/001440291307900406 |s2cid=143034240}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya ganin rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin horo na makaranta ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan horo masu tsanani ga ɗaliban launi masu nakasa.<ref name="Annamma-2012"/> Ayyukan koyarwa da tsammanin ilimi da makarantar ta kafa na iya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar sa ran ƙananan umarni da ba su da tsauri ga ɗaliban launi, wanda ke haifar da rashin aikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da turawa zuwa ilimi na musamman.[2] Bugu da ƙari, hanyar da makarantu ke rarraba albarkatu na iya ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa a cikin waɗannan makarantu da ke da karancin albarkatu, sau da yawa a cikin unguwanni marasa kyau tare da yara masu launi, na iya zama mafi kusantar sanya ɗalibai a cikin ilimi na musamman a matsayin hanyar samun ƙarin kuɗi.<ref name="Ahram-2011"/> Makarantu da yawa suna mai da hankali kan bin dokoki, musamman wadanda ke cikin IDEA, wanda zai iya haifar da mai da hankali sosai kan bangarorin tsari na ganewar ilimi na musamman, maimakon magance gudummawar tsarin rashin daidaituwa.[1]<ref name="Tefera-2020" /> === Abubuwan muhalli === Yawancin ɗalibai masu launi waɗanda aka gano don sabis na ilimi na musamman sun fito ne daga al'ummomin da ba su da wadata kuma suna iya fuskantar guba na muhalli (watau, gubar, mercury, da sauran sunadarai masu cutarwa), waɗanda aka haɗa su da nakasa ta ilmantarwa kuma suna iya yin mummunar tasiri ga ilmantarwa da ci gaba.<ref name="Core Principles"/> Samun damar albarkatun da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kwakwalwa mai lafiya (watau, kiwon lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki mai kyau, ilimi mai inganci na yara, da kuma shiga tsakani na yara) sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne, kuma rashin samun damar waɗannan albarkatun na iya haifar da matsalolin ilmantarwa daga baya a rayuwa, wanda ke haifar da yawan wakiltar ɗaliban launi a cikin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/> === Batutuwan tsarin === Rashin daidaito na tsarin yana sanya ɗaliban launi a cikin haɗari mai girma don sanya ilimi na musamman. Yawan wakilcin ɗaliban launi a cikin ilimi na musamman na iya zama saboda ba da gudummawa ga batutuwan tsarin. Makarantu galibi suna amfani da fararen matsakaicin aji a matsayin al'ada don kimanta halayyar ɗalibai da nasarori, wanda zai iya cutar da ɗaliban launi saboda ana iya kallon su a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin turawa da kuma sanya ilimi na musamman.<ref name="O'Connor-2006"/> Bugu da ƙari, yana magana game da kwarewar fararen matsakaicin aji ya yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa al'ummomin al'adu a cikin Amurka suna ƙirƙirar manufofi da inganta ci gaban yaransu dangane da takamaiman dama da ƙuntatawa lokacin da ya kamata a bincika su cikin hasken hadaddun daidaitawa da hanyoyin zama ga yanayin muhalli.<ref name="Artiles-2010"/> Da zarar an lakafta waɗannan ɗalibai a matsayin ɗaliban ilimi na musamman, suna iya fuskantar ayyukan horo na warewa.<ref name="Annamma-2012"/> Dalibai masu launi galibi suna halartar makarantun da ba su da kuɗi, makarantun da ke da ƙarancin malamai; lokacin da suka halarci makarantun fararen fata, galibi ana sake raba su cikin darussan gyarawa, wanda ke tasiri ga nasarorin da suka samu saboda ƙananan ka'idoji da rashin koyarwa.[1]<ref name="O'Connor-2006" /> Akwai damuwa cewa ɗaliban launi a yankunan da ba su da tattalin arziki na iya karɓar sabis na ilimi na musamman a cikin saitunan rarrabewa, suna haifar da shingen ga nasarar ilimi na yau da kullun.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/> Dalibai a cikin waɗannan ƙananan yankuna na tattalin arziki sun fi dacewa su halarci makarantu tare da isasshen kudade, horar da malamai, da kuma ƙananan tsammanin ɗalibai.[1]<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020" /> Kodayake launin fata da talauci sune ainihin batutuwan tsarin, magance rashin daidaito na tsarin a cikin tsarin ilimi na iya samun tasiri sosai a kan rashin daidaituwa da kuma yawan wakiltar ɗaliban launi a cikin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="O'Connor-2006"/> ==== Manufofin da ke ba da gudummawa ==== Takamaiman manufofi na ilimi da dokoki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bambancin launin fata galibi ana saka su a cikin ayyukan horo na makaranta da ayyukan ilimi na musamman. Misali, manufofin Zero-tolerance, wanda ke ba da umarnin hukunce-hukuncen da aka ƙaddara don takamaiman laifuka, yana shafar ɗaliban launi. Wadannan manufofi galibi suna haifar da dakatarwa da fitarwa ga waɗannan ɗalibai, wanda shine ɗayan shahararrun alamun sanyawa a cikin ilimi na musamman. Aiwatar da waɗannan manufofi da dokoki na ilimi galibi ana rinjayar su ta hanyar wariyar launin fata, wanda ke haifar da tasiri mara kyau ga ɗaliban launi. Akwai tsarin tsarin rashin daidaituwa wanda aka saka a cikin tsarin ilimi wanda sau da yawa ana ci gaba da shi ta hanyar manufofi masu kama da "rashin daidaituwa" waɗanda ke haifar da sakamakon da ke cike da launin fata.<ref name="Annamma-2012"/> Wannan yana nuna cewa bambancin launin fata da ke da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman suna da zurfi a cikin tsarin da manufofi na tsarin ilimi kuma ba kawai sakamakon son kai ko ayyuka ba. == Manazarta == 2xy99j4jgh1f9m21pu0tqttzgwef1b8 0 79901 968320 740675 2026-10-16T16:38:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ricky-Jade Jones''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko dan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar League One ta Peterborough United. Manajan wato daren fargusson ya bayyana cewa Jones "shine ya zama dan wasa mafi sauri da na taɓa gudanarwa kuma na gudanar da wasu masu sauri. Yana da baiwa, babu wata shakka game da hakan. " A bayyanarsa ta biyu da farawa na farko ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wasan EFL Trophy da [[Cambridge United]] a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peterborough United manager impressed with his kids as Arsenal are beaten at the Weston Homes Stadium |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/posh/peterborough-united-manager-impressed-with-his-kids-as-arsenal-are-beaten-at-the-weston-homes-stadium-1-9092231 |access-date=2 October 2019 |publisher=Peterborough Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Striker Pens Professional Contract |url=https://www.theposh.com/news/2019/november/young-striker-pens-professional-contract/ |access-date=8 November 2019 |publisher=Peterborough United}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Peterborough United live: Posh 2, Cambridge United 1: Debut goal for 17 year-old as Posh beat their local rivals |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/posh/peterborough-united-live-posh-2-cambridge-united-1-debut-goal-for-17-year-old-as-posh-beat-their-local-rivals-1-9139569 |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=peterboroughtoday.co.uk}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sanaar kwallon kafa == Jones yayi kwallo ne a makarantar Peterborough United. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar, yana da shekaru 16, a Arsenal U21s a wasan EFL Trophy a watan Oktoba 2019, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta 17. Dan wasan ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye na biyu a wasanni da yawa, inda ya zira kwallayen da stevenage a gasar cin kofin FA a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Posh Into Second Round After Victory Over Stevenage |url=https://www.theposh.com/news/2019/november/match-report-for-peterborough-united-vs-stevenage-on-19-nov-19/ |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=theposh.com}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da yin wasan farko a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2019 a kan [[Burton Albion FC|Burton Albion]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Peterborough United vs Burton Albion |url=https://www.theposh.com/matches/fixtures/first-team/201920/november/peterborough-united-vs-burton-albion-on-23-nov-19/ |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=theposh.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar wasanni == {| class="wikitable" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |EFL Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Peterborough United |2019–20 |League One |11 |0 |2 |2 |0 |0 |3 |2 |16 |4 |- |2020–21 |League One |15 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |17 |1 |- |2021–22 |Championship |18 |0 |3 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |22 |1 |- |2022–23 |League One |26 |3 |2 |0 |2 |1 |5 |2 |35 |6 |- |2023–24 |League One |43 |10 |4 |1 |3 |0 |4 |2 |54 |13 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !113 !14 !11 !4 !6 !1 !14 !6 !144 ! |} == Kyaututtuka == === '''Peterborough United''' === Kofin [[:en:EFL_Trophy|EFL Trophy]]: [[:en:2023–24_EFL_Trophy|2023–24]] <ref>{{cite news |last=Harby |first=Chris |date=7 April 2024 |title=Peterborough United 2–1 Wycombe Wanderers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/68755583 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Aiki == Jones ya fito ne daga makarantar [[Peterborough United F.C.|Peterborough United]]. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar, yana da shekaru 16, a kan [[Arsenal F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Arsenal U21s]] a wasan EFL Trophy a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peterborough United vs Arsenal U21 on 01 Oct 19 |url=https://www.theposh.com/matches/fixtures/first-team/201920/october/peterborough-united-vs-arsenal-u21-on-01-oct-19/# |access-date=2 October 2019 |publisher=theposh.com}}</ref> Manajan [[Darren Ferguson]] ya bayyana cewa Jones "ya kamata ya zama dan wasa mafi sauri da na taɓa gudanarwa kuma na gudanar da wasu masu sauri. Yana da baiwa, babu wata shakka game da hakan. " A bayyanarsa ta biyu da farawa na farko ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wasan EFL Trophy da [[Cambridge United]] a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title=Peterborough United manager impressed with his kids as Arsenal are beaten at the Weston Homes Stadium |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/posh/peterborough-united-manager-impressed-with-his-kids-as-arsenal-are-beaten-at-the-weston-homes-stadium-1-9092231 |access-date=2 October 2019 |publisher=Peterborough Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Striker Pens Professional Contract |url=https://www.theposh.com/news/2019/november/young-striker-pens-professional-contract/ |access-date=8 November 2019 |publisher=Peterborough United}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Peterborough United live: Posh 2, Cambridge United 1: Debut goal for 17 year-old as Posh beat their local rivals |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/posh/peterborough-united-live-posh-2-cambridge-united-1-debut-goal-for-17-year-old-as-posh-beat-their-local-rivals-1-9139569 |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=peterboroughtoday.co.uk}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dan wasan ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye na biyu a wasanni da yawa, inda ya zira kwallayen da [[Stevenage F.C.|Stevenage]] a gasar cin [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]] a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Posh Into Second Round After Victory Over Stevenage |url=https://www.theposh.com/news/2019/november/match-report-for-peterborough-united-vs-stevenage-on-19-nov-19/ |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=theposh.com}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da yin wasan farko a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekara 2019 a kan [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Peterborough United vs Burton Albion |url=https://www.theposh.com/matches/fixtures/first-team/201920/november/peterborough-united-vs-burton-albion-on-23-nov-19/ |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=theposh.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2025, Peterborough ya sanar da cewa dan wasan zai bar kulob din a watan Yuni lokacin da kwangilarsa ta kare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Posh Announce Retained List {{!}} Peterborough United - The Posh |url=https://www.theposh.com/news/posh-announce-retained-list-0 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=www.theposh.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2025, Jones ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta FC St. Pauli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=Peterborough United academy graduate Ricky-Jade Jones makes shock Bundesliga move |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/peterborough-united/peterborough-united-academy-graduate-ricky-jade-jones-makes-shock-bundesliga-move-5177107 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Peterborough Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Der FC St. Pauli verpflichtet Ricky-Jade Jones |url=https://www.fcstpauli.com/news/der-fc-st-pauli-verpflichtet-ricky-jade-jones-2526/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=FC St. Pauli |language=de}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2002]] hyl6k8lj7haxshhx4iaj925v5f75icn 0 83116 968519 964167 2026-10-17T06:20:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Skylar Justin Mays''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba,na shekara ta alif 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na ƙwallon ƙafa na Los Angeles Lakers na Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa (NBA), a kan kwangila biyu tare da South Bay Lakers na NBA G League . Ya buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji ga LSU Tigers . == Rayuwa ta farko da aikin makarantar sakandare == [[Fayil:Eminem and Skylar Grey (2018).jpg|thumb|Skylar Mays]] Mays ya girma a Baton Rouge, Louisiana kuma ya halarci Makarantar Laboratory ta Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (U-High), inda ya fara wasa a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta varsity a aji na takwas.<ref name="lopez" /> Ya nutse a karo na farko a matsayin sabon shiga. An kira shi na farko-team All-State a cikin sa'o'i na biyu da kuma ƙarami yayin da ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Cubs zuwa baya-baya a gasar zakarun jihar. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya sami maki 9.1, 8.1 ya taimaka da 3.2 rebounds.<ref name="lopez">{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Andrew |date=October 27, 2016 |title=LSU point guard spot taking shape with Skylar Mays, Jalyn Patterson |url=https://www.nola.com/sports/article_213331ba-c915-5dd6-9933-bb89781f2ec2.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[NOLA.com]]}}</ref> Mays ya koma Findlay Prep a Henderson, Nevada kafin babban shekarunsa kuma ya sami maki 10.9, 5.3 ya taimaka, 3.0 rebounds da 2.7 steals a cikin kakar wasa daya da Pilots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Dillon |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Skylar Mays: 4 facts about the LSU men's basketball point guard |url=https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/sports/2019/02/22/skylar-mays-lsu-basketball-tigers-louisiana-state-point-guard/2935059002 |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Advertiser (Lafayette, Louisiana)|The Daily Advertiser]]}}</ref> An ba shi lambar yabo ta taurari uku, Mays da farko ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji a Jihar Louisiana a lokacin shekara ta biyu kafin ya sake buɗe aikinsa zuwa wasu makarantu jim kaɗan kafin ya koma Findlay. Mays daga ƙarshe ya sake yin aiki zuwa LSU bayan ya yi la'akari da tayin daga Baylor, UNLV, Jihar Oklahoma, Memphis, California da Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=November 18, 2015 |title=Former U-High basketball star Skylar Mays signs with LSU |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_a12aefb9-578d-5910-ab7c-9b0ff4c14a06.html |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204133731/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_a12aefb9-578d-5910-ab7c-9b0ff4c14a06.html |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Mays ya zama mai tsaron farawa na Tigers a lokacin da yake sabon shekara, yana da maki 8.3, 2.2 rebounds, 3.6 assists da 1.3 steals a kan wasanni 31 (25 farawa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paxton |first=William |date=July 29, 2017 |title=Tremont Waters' Game Draws Praise In Pro-Am |url=https://www.courant.com/sports/basketball/hc-greater-hartford-pro-am-0730-20170729-story.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[Hartford Courant]]}}</ref> A matsayinta na sophomore, Mays ya kai maki 11.3, 4.0 rebounds da 3.0 assists da kuma 1.6 steals a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Basketball and books: How LSU guard Skylar Mays, an Academic All-American, is making it all work |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_086cdc88-4a96-11e9-859d-6bc0e8debded.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=The Advocate}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya sami maki 13.4, 3.3 rebounds 2.1 assists da 1.9 steals a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙarami kuma an kira shi tawagar ta biyu All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) da kuma masanin wasan shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=May 22, 2019 |title=LSU's Skylar Mays says he's not yet ready to make a decision on his basketball future |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_3718fc62-7cdf-11e9-9ffc-035ede760dd2.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=The Advocate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204012712/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_3718fc62-7cdf-11e9-9ffc-035ede760dd2.html |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Just |first=Amie |date=March 12, 2019 |title=LSU basketball trio racks up All-SEC coaches awards |url=https://www.nola.com/sports/article_40ebb817-49d7-5e32-a856-c665bf23cdee.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[The Times-Picayune]]}}</ref> Mays ya zira kwallaye 1,000 a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu,na shekara ta 2019 a kan [[Texas]] A&amp;amp;M. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Brandon |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Skylar Mays becomes 41st player in LSU history to reach 1000 points |url=https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/skylar-mays-becomes-st-player-in-lsu-history-to-reach/article_106446f0-3a20-11e9-b517-17a570d95b1e.html |access-date=February 9, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Reveille]] |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406204931/https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/skylar-mays-becomes-st-player-in-lsu-history-to-reach/article_106446f0-3a20-11e9-b517-17a570d95b1e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kakar, Mays ya ayyana don Shirin NBA na shekara ta 2019 amma daga ƙarshe ya zaɓi komawa LSU. [[Fayil:Skylar Thompson.png|thumb|Skylar Mays]] An kira Mays kungiyar farko ta All-SEC kuma zuwa jerin masu kallo don Jerry West da Naismith Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Embody |first=Billy |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Skylar Mays, Javonte Smart land on All-SEC preseason teams |url=https://247sports.com/college/lsu/Article/Javonte-Smart-Skylar-Mays-All-SEC-LSU-basketball-team-2019-138051017/ |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[247Sports.com]]}}</ref> An kuma kira shi dan wasan kwando na 45 mafi kyau a kwaleji wanda ya shiga kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2019-20 ta CBS Sports . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Kyle |last2=Norlander |first2=Matt |last3=Parrish |first3=Gary |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Ranking the Top 100 And 1 best players in college basketball entering the 2019-20 season |url=https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/ranking-the-top-100-and-1-best-players-in-college-basketball-entering-the-2019-20-season/ |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=CBSSports.com}}</ref> Mays ya samu zira kwallaye 30 a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2019 a cikin asarar 80-78 ga Jihar Utah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2019 |title=LSU basketball lets 19-point lead slip away in brutal Utah State loss |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_798451b2-0d8c-11ea-b769-0398a6ec75c8.html |access-date=January 30, 2020 |website=The Advocate}}</ref> Mays ya daura aikinsa tare da maki 30 tare da taimakon takwas da sakewa bakwai a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020 a cikin asarar 91-90 ga Auburn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2020 |title=Mays scores career-high 30 in No. 18 LSU OT loss to No. 10 Auburn |url=https://www.wafb.com/2020/02/08/game-updates-no-lsu-vs-no-auburn/ |access-date=February 9, 2020 |website=[[WAFB|WAFB.com]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun an sake masa suna a cikin ƙungiyar Academic All-American na farko kuma an zaba shi a matsayin Academic Duk-American na Shekara da kuma Team All-SEC na farko kuma aka kira shi masanin-masanin shekara na karo na biyu a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=March 9, 2020 |title=LSU's Skylar Mays is chosen Academic All-America of the Year by CoSIDA organization |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_668ec6f0-6223-11ea-8045-9748bcdf27f5.html |access-date=March 9, 2020 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310162214/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_668ec6f0-6223-11ea-8045-9748bcdf27f5.html |archive-date=March 10, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mays ya sami maki 16.7 da 5.0 a kowane wasa. == Ayyukan sana'a == === Atlanta Hawks (2020-2022) === A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba,na shekara ta 2020, an zaɓi Mays tare da zaɓi na 50 a cikin shirin NBA na shekara ta 2020 ta [[Atlanta]] Hawks. Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangila guda biyu tare da tawagar a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba,na shekara ta 2020, ma'ana zai raba lokaci tsakanin Hawks da ƙungiyarsu ta NBA G League, College Park Skyhawks . A ranar sha uku 13 ga watan Fabrairu, Mays ya zira kwallaye 20 a kan San Antonio Spurs, inda ya yanke maki 45 zuwa 11 kawai a rabi na biyu. [[Fayil:Skylar priya.jpg|thumb|Skylar Mays]] Mays ya buga wa Hawks wasa a gasar NBA ta kakar gasar ta shekara ta 2021, inda ya zira kwallaye 13 a cikin minti 30 a harbi 4-na-11 a karon farko a cikin asarar 85-83 a kan [[Boston]] Celtics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston Celtics vs Atlanta Hawks Aug 8, 2021 Box Scores {{!}} NBA.com |url=https://www.nba.com/game/bos-vs-atl-1522100001/box-score#box-score |access-date=August 8, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta,na shekara ta 2021, Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar hanya biyu tare da Hawks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehmann |first=Arman |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Hawks Sign Skylar Mays To Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/hawks/features/hawks-sign-skylar-mays-two-way-contract |access-date=August 28, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 2022, Hawks ya canza kwangilarsa ta hanyar biyu da ya sanya hannu a baya zuwa kwangilar NBA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Atlanta Hawks Convert Contract of Skylar Mays |url=https://www.nba.com/hawks/atlanta-hawks-convert-contract-skylar-mays |access-date=April 7, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Delaware Blue Coats (2022-2023) === A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu shekarar 2022, an sanya sunan Mays a cikin jerin sunayen dare na Delaware Blue Coats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Blue Coats Announce Opening Night Roster |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/blue-coats-announce-opening-night-roster/n-5895485 |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=oursportscentral.com}}</ref> === Kyaftin na Birnin Mexico (2023) === A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, an sayar da Mays tare da Justin Robinson da Raphiael Putney zuwa Capitanes de Ciudad de México don musayar Jahlil Okafor, Shabazz Napier, Bruno Caboclo, da Matt Mooney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2023 |title=2022-23 NBA G League Transactions |url=https://gleague.nba.com/22-23-nba-g-league-transactions |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=gleague.nba.com}}</ref> === Portland Trail Blazers (2023-2024) === A ranar talatin 30 ga watan Maris,na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 tare da Portland Trail Blazers kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, ya sanya hannu ka kwangilar hanyoyi biyu tare da su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=TRAIL BLAZERS SIGN SKYLAR MAYS TO 10-DAY CONTRACT |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-sign-skylar-mays-to-10-day-contract |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2023 |title=Trail Blazers Sign Skylar Mays To Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-sign-skylar-mays-to-two-way-contract |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Bayan nunawa mai karfi a cikin asarar karin lokaci ga Sarakunan Sacramento a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba inda Mays ya zira kwallaye 18 kuma yana da taimakon 11 a cikin minti 37 daga benci ya fara wasanni 5 don raunin da ya ƙare Trail Blazers wanda ya sami maki 12 da 8.2 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Kings 121-118 Trail Blazers |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/game/_/gameId/401584798/trail-blazers-kings |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Skyler Mays 2023-24 NBA Per Game Splits |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/player/splits/_/id/4066269/type/nba/year/2024/category/perGame |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar sha biyu 12 ga watan Nuwamba, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Portland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=porfgomez |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Trail Blazers Convert Skylar Mays To Standard NBA Contact |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-convert-skylar-mays-to-standard-nba-contact |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta dubu biyu da 2024, Portland ta dakatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2024 |title=Trail Blazers Waive Skylar Mays and Ish Wainright |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-waive-skylar-mays-and-ish-wainright |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Los Angeles / South Bay Lakers (2024-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Skylar Diggins-Smith.jpg|thumb|Skylar Mays]] A ranar takwas 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da hudu 2024, Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar hanyoyi biyu tare da Los Angeles Lakers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Lakers Sign Skylar Mays to Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/lakers/news/lakers-sign-skylar-mays-to-two-way-contract-010824 |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == ==== Lokaci na yau da kullun ==== ==== Yin wasa ==== ==== Wasanni ==== == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abokin Mays mafi kyau kuma abokin aikin LSU, Wayde Sims, ya mutu ne a dalilin harbin bindiga ya samu rauni bindiga harbin ya same shi a kai da wuyansa a ranar ashirin da takwas 28 ga watan Satumba,na shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018. Mays ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar gawa a jana'izar. Ya ba da jawabi na minti 11 don girmama Sims a wani tsaron harabar a waje da Cibiyar Taron Pete Maravich a gaban taron daruruwan mutane. Mays ya sa takalman kwando na Nike na musamman ta mai zane Michael Anderson a lokacin Gasar SEC ta 2019 don girmama Sims. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] ocl9iasn2s9cxktq1inamof9o2btykh 0 89932 968485 577607 2026-10-17T00:07:47Z Dostojewskij 4361 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sohnle, Hans}} 968485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hans Sohnle''' (17 ga watan Satumba 1895 – 24 Maris 1976) ya kasance darektan fasaha na Jamus. Yayi aiki tare da Otto Erdmann akai-akai a kan zane-zane. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sohnle, Hans}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1895]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1976]] p5x85929rsmhor3n0nmlk01s7zoi91y 0 93069 968377 787421 2026-10-16T18:42:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968377 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Royal Astronomical Society''' ('''RAS''') ƙungiya ce mai ilimi da sadaka wacce ke ƙarfafawa da inganta nazarin ilimin taurari, kimiyyar tsarin hasken rana, geophysics da rassan kimiyya masu alaƙa.<ref name="RASabout">{{Cite web |title=The aims of the Society |url=https://ras.ac.uk/about-the-ras/aims |access-date=12 November 2018 |website=ras.ac.uk |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en}}</ref> Hedkwatar ta tana cikin Burlington House, a Piccadilly a [[Landan]]. Kungiyar tana da mambobi sama da 4,000, waɗanda aka sani da abokai, mafi yawansu masu bincike ne ko ɗaliban digiri.<ref name="RASabout" /> Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Fellows suna zaune a waje da Burtaniya.<ref name="RASabout" /> Kungiyar tana gudanar da tarurrukan kimiyya na kowane wata a London, da kuma taron shekara-shekara na National Astronomy a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya. RAS tana buga mujallu na kimiyya Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Journal International da RAS Techniques and Instruments, tare da Mujallar kasuwanci ''Astronomy &amp;amp; Geophysics''. RAS tana kula da ɗakin karatu na bincike taurari, tana shiga cikin fadakarwar jama'a kuma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kan ilimin taurari. Kungiyar ta amince da nasarorin da ta samu a fannin ilimin taurari da ilimin ƙasa ta hanyar bayar da kyaututtuka da kyauttukan shekara-shekara, tare da lambar yabo mafi girma ita ce lambar yabo ta zinare ta Royal Astronomical Society. RAS kungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ke bin kungiyar Astronomical Union ta Duniya kuma memba ne na Majalisar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya. == Tarihi == {{Infobox organization|name=Royal Astronomical Society|alt=<!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] -->|map=<!-- can be used for a second image -->|abbreviation=RAS|founder=<!-- or | founders = -->|type=[[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]], [[learned society]]|headquarters=[[Burlington House]]|membership=|language=|subsidiaries=|budget=}} An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 1820 a matsayin astronomical Society of London don tallafawa binciken astronomical. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mambobi 'masu ilimin taurari' ne maimakon masu sana'a. Ya zama Royal Astronomical Society a cikin 1831 bayan karɓar Yarjejeniyar Sarauta daga William IV. A cikin 1846 RAS ta shawo kan Spitalfields Mathematical Society, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1717 amma yana fama da raguwar membobin da raguwar kuɗi. An ba da sauran mambobi goma sha tara na ƙungiyar lissafi kyauta ga membobin RAS; a musayar, an ba da gudummawar babban ɗakin karatu na al'ummarsu ga RAS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cassels |first=J.W.S. |date=October 1979 |title=The Spitalfields Mathematical Society |url=https://doi.org/10.1112/blms/11.3.241 |journal=Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=241-368 |issn=0024-6093 |eissn=1469-2120}}</ref> Tsakanin 1835 da 1916 ba a yarda mata su zama abokai ba, amma Anne Sheepshanks, Lady Margaret Lindsay Huggins, [[Agnes Mary Clerke|Agnes Clerke]], [[Annie Jump Cannon]] da [[Williamina Fleming]] sun zama mambobi masu daraja. A shekara ta 1886 Isis Pogson ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi zabe a matsayin ɗan'uwan RAS, mahaifinta da wasu 'yan wasa biyu ne suka zaba ta (ba tare da nasara ba). Dukkanin 'yan wasa maza ne har zuwa wannan lokacin kuma an janye gabatarwa lokacin da lauyoyi suka yi iƙirarin cewa a karka''shi'' tanadin sashin sarauta na al'umma, ana kiran' yan wasa ne kawai kamar shi kuma saboda haka dole ne su zama maza. Yarjejeniyar Ƙarin a cikin 1915 ta buɗe zumunci ga mata. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 1916, [[Mary Adela Blagg]], Ella K Church, A Grace Cook, Irene Elizabeth Toye Warner da Fiammetta Wilson sune mata biyar na farko da aka zaba zuwa Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1916 |title=Meeting of January 14, 1916 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=195 |bibcode=1916MNRAS..76..195. |doi=10.1093/mnras/76.3.195 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Mandy |date=2016 |title=Women and the RAS: 100 years of Fellowship |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1.19–1.21 |doi=10.1093/astrogeo/atw037 |issn=1366-8781 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Littattafai ==   Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan RAS shine buga mujallu. Yana buga mujallu uku na farko na bincike: Bayani na Watanni na Royal Astronomical Society don batutuwa a cikin ilimin taurari; Jaridar Geophysical International don batutuwa na geophysics (tare da haɗin Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft); da RAS Techniques & Instruments don hanyoyin bincike a cikin waɗannan fannoni. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta buga Mujallar kasuwanci ga membobin, ''Astronomy &amp;amp; Geophysics'' . Tarihin mujallu da RAS ta buga (tare da raguwa da aka yi amfani da shi ta Astrophysics Data System <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADS Bibliographic Codes: Journal Abbreviations |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/journals1.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=[[Astrophysics Data System]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]]}}</ref>) shine: * ''Tarihin Royal Astronomical Society'' (MmRAS): 1822-1977 <ref name="memoirs_discontinued">{{Cite journal |last=Tayler |first=Roger |author-link=Roger John Tayler |date=October 1977 |title=Editorial: Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0181//0000001,003.html |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=i |bibcode=<!-- As an editorial this does not have a Bibcode assigned. Don't confuse it with the paper on page 1 of the same volume. --> |access-date=21 December 2012 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005053456/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0181//0000001,003.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sanarwar Watanni na Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS): 1827-yanzu * ''Ƙarin Geophysical ga Sanarwar Watanni'' (MNRAS): 1922-1957 * ''Jaridar Geophysical'' (GeoJ): 1958-1988 * Geophysical Journal International (GeoJI): 1989-yanzu (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta ci gaba daga GeoJ) * ''Jaridar Quarterly ta Royal Astronomical Society'' (QJRAS): 1960-1996 * ''Astronomy &amp;amp; Geophysics'' (A&G): 1997-yanzu (ƙididdigar ƙira ta ci gaba daga QJRAS) * RAS Techniques & Instruments (RASTI): 2021-yanzu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowden |first=Pam |date=12 October 2021 |title=New RAS journal invites submissions and reviewers |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/new-ras-journal-invites-submissions-and-reviewers |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=ras.ac.uk |publisher=The Royal Astronomical Society |language=en}}</ref> == Kasancewa memba ==   === Abokan hulɗa === Cikakken membobin RAS ana kiransu Fellows, kuma suna iya amfani da haruffa FRAS. Fellowship yana buɗewa ga duk wanda ya wuce shekaru 18 wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mai karɓa ga al'umma. A sakamakon kafuwar al'umma a cikin wani lokaci kafin akwai masu ilimin taurari da yawa, babu buƙatar cancanta na al'ada. Koyaya, kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na abokai ƙwararrun masanan taurari ne ko masanan ilimin ƙasa. Yawancin sauran abokan hulɗa ɗalibai ne na digiri na biyu da ke karatun PhD a waɗancan fannoni, amma akwai kuma masu ilimin taurari masu ƙwarewa, masana tarihi na kimiyya waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin waɗannan fannoni, da sauran masu sana'a masu alaƙa. Kungiyar tana aiki ne a matsayin kwararru ga masu binciken taurari da masu ilimin ƙasa a Burtaniya kuma 'yan wasa na iya neman matsayin Masanin Kimiyya ta Majalisar Kimiyya ta hanyar al'umma. Abokan ya wuce 3,000 a shekara ta 2003. === Abokai === A shekara ta 2009 an ƙaddamar da wani shiri ga waɗanda ke da sha'awar ilimin taurari da ilimin ƙasa amma ba tare da ƙwarewar ƙwararru ko ƙwarewar masaniyar batun ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya shiga Abokan RAS, wanda ke ba da shahararrun jawabai, ziyara da abubuwan zamantakewa. == Taron da aka yi == Kungiyar ta shirya babban shirin tarurruka: Babban taron RAS a kowace shekara shine Taron Astronomy na Kasa, babban taron kwararru masu ilimin taurari. Ana gudanar da shi sama da kwanaki 4-5 a kowane bazara ko farkon bazara, yawanci a harabar jami'a a Ingila. Daruruwan masu ilimin taurari suna halarta a kowace shekara. Ƙananan tarurruka 'masu mahimmanci' suna nuna laccoci game da batutuwan bincike a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics, galibi waɗanda suka lashe lambobin yabo na al'umma ke bayarwa. Ana gudanar da su ne a Gidan Burlington a Landan da yammacin Jumma'a ta biyu ta kowane wata daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu. An yi niyyar samun damar yin magana ga masu sauraro masu yawa na masanan taurari da masu ilimin ƙasa, kuma suna da 'yanci ga kowa ya halarta (ba kawai membobin al'umma ba). Ana buga rahotanni na al'ada game da tarurrukan a cikin mujallar The Observatory . <ref name="meetings">{{Cite web |title=RAS Meetings |url=https://ras.ac.uk/events-and-meetings/RAS-Meetings |access-date=14 September 2018 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society}}</ref> Ana gudanar da tarurrukan tattaunawa na kwararru a rana ɗaya da kowane babban taro. Wadannan an yi niyya ne ga masana kimiyya masu sana'a a wani bangare na bincike, kuma suna bawa masu magana da yawa damar gabatar da sabbin sakamako ko sake dubawa na fannonin kimiyya. Yawancin lokaci tarurruka biyu na tattaunawa a kan batutuwa daban-daban (daya a cikin ilimin taurari da ɗaya a cikin ilimin ƙasa) suna faruwa a lokaci guda a wurare daban-daban a cikin gidan Burlington, kafin taron da ya fi dacewa a ranar. Suna da kyauta ga membobin al'umma, amma suna cajin karamin kuɗin shiga ga waɗanda ba membobin ba.<ref name="meetings"/> RAS tana gudanar da shirin yau da kullun na laccoci na jama'a da nufin janar, wanda ba kwararre ba, masu sauraro. Wadannan galibi ana gudanar da su a ranar Talata sau ɗaya a wata, tare da wannan jawabin da aka ba sau biyu: sau ɗaya a lokacin cin abincin rana kuma sau ɗaya a farkon maraice. Wuraren sun bambanta, amma yawanci suna cikin Burlington House ko wani wuri mai kusa a tsakiyar London. Laccocin kyauta ne, kodayake wasu shahararrun zaman suna buƙatar yin rajista a gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAS Public Lectures |url=https://ras.ac.uk/events-and-meetings/Public-Lectures-and-Events |access-date=14 September 2018 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society}}</ref> A wasu lokuta al'umma tana karbar bakuncin ko tallafawa tarurruka a wasu sassan Burtaniya, sau da yawa tare da hadin gwiwar wasu al'ummomin kimiyya da jami'o'i. == Laburaren karatu == [[Fayil:Royal_Astronomical_Society_at_History_Day_2016.jpg|thumb|Royal Astronomical Society a Jami'ar London Tarihin Ranar, 2016.]] Royal Astronomical Society tana da tarin littattafai da mujallu a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics fiye da ɗakunan karatu na yawancin jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike. Laburaren yana karɓar wasu littattafai na yanzu 300 a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics kuma yana ƙunshe da littattafai sama da 10,000 daga matakin da ya shahara zuwa ayyukan taron. Tarin littattafan da ba su da yawa na astronomical shine na biyu kawai bayan na Royal Observatory a Edinburgh a Burtaniya. Laburaren RAS babban hanya ne ba kawai ga al'umma ba har ma da al'umma mai zurfi na masanan taurari, masanan ilimin ƙasa, da masana tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAS Library home page |url=https://ras.ac.uk/library |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> == Ilimi == Kungiyar tana inganta ilimin taurari ga membobin jama'a ta hanyar shafukanta na fadakarwa ga ɗalibai, malamai, jama'a da masu binciken kafofin watsa labarai. RAS tana da rawar ba da shawara dangane da [[Public examination|jarrabawar jama'a]] ta Burtaniya, kamar GCSEs da A Levels. == Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa == RAS tana tallafawa kungiyoyi masu mahimmanci, da yawa daga cikinsu a yankuna masu rikitarwa inda ƙungiyar ke tallafawa tare da wata ƙungiya mai ilimi ko ƙungiyar ƙwararru: * Cibiyar Astrobiology ta Burtaniya (tare da Cibiyar Astobiology ta NASA) * Kungiyar Astroparticle Physics (tare da Cibiyar Physics) * Kungiyar Chemistry ta Astrophysical (tare da Royal Society of Chemistry) * Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Burtaniya (tare da Ƙungiyar Geological ta London) * Ƙungiyar Magnetosphere Ionosphere da Solar-Terrestrial (wanda aka fi sani da acronym MIST) * Taron Duniya na Burtaniya * Ƙungiyar Physics ta Hasken rana ta Burtaniya == Shugabannin ==   Mutumin farko da ya rike taken Shugaban Royal Astronomical Society shi ne William Herschel, kodayake bai taba jagorantar taron ba, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin manyan masanan taurari da yawa sun rike mukamin. Matsayin gabaɗaya yana da wa'adin shekaru biyu, amma wasu masu riƙe sun yi murabus bayan shekara guda misali saboda rashin lafiya. An zabi Francis Baily da [[George Biddell Airy|George Airy]] sau hudu kowannensu. Shekaru takwas na Baily a cikin rawar suna da rikodin (Airy ya yi aiki na bakwai). Tun daga shekara ta 1876 babu wanda ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru biyu. Shugaban yanzu shine Mike Lockwood, wanda ya fara wa'adinsa a watan Mayu 2024 kuma zai yi aiki na shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tonkin |first=Sam |date=10 May 2024 |title=Space scientist becomes new RAS president |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/space-scientist-becomes-new-ras-president |access-date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka == [[Fayil:Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg|thumb|Medal na Zinare na Royal Astronomical Society da aka baiwa Asaph HallGidan Asaph]] Kyautar da ta fi girma ta Royal Astronomical Society ita ce lambar yabo ta zinariya, wacce za a iya bayar da ita don kowane dalili amma galibi tana amincewa da nasarorin rayuwa na musamman.<ref name="winners_2015">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=Winners of the 2015 awards, medals and prizes - full details |url=http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2553-winners-of-the-2015-awards-medals-and-prizes-full-details |access-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040353/http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2553-winners-of-the-2015-awards-medals-and-prizes-full-details |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga cikin masu karɓar da aka fi sani da jama'a sune [[Albert Einstein]] a 1926, da [[Stephen Hawking]] a 1985. Sauran kyaututtuka sune ga wasu batutuwa a cikin ilimin taurari ko binciken geophysics, wanda ya haɗa da lambar yabo ta Eddington, lambar yabo ta Herschel, lambar yabo da lambar yabo na Chapman da lambar yabo. Baya ga bincike, akwai takamaiman kyaututtuka don koyarwar makaranta (Patrick Moore Medal), fadakar da jama'a (Annie Maunder Medal), kayan aiki (Jackson-Gwilt Medal) da Tarihin kimiyya (Agnes Mary Clerke Medal). Darussan sun haɗa da Harold Jeffreys Lectureship a cikin ilimin ƙasa, George Darwin Lectureship in astronomy, da Gerald Whitrow Lectureship an cosmology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards, Medals and Prizes |url=https://ras.ac.uk/awards-and-grants |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=www.ras.org.uk |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kowace shekara, al'umma tana ba da ɗan membobin kyauta na rayuwa (wanda ake kira haɗin kai na girmamawa) ga fitattun masu bincike da ke zaune a waje da Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Honorary Fellowship (A) |url=https://ras.ac.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2273-honorary-fellowship-a |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Royal Astronomical Society]] |language=en}}</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == [[Fayil:Royal_Astronomical_Society_-_Council_Room.jpg|thumb|Gidan majalisa a RAS]] Kungiyar tana zaune a Gidan Burlington, London, inda ɗakin karatu da ɗakunan taro ke samuwa ga abokai da sauran masu sha'awar. Al'umma tana wakiltar bukatun ilimin taurari da geophysics ga Burtaniya na ƙasa da na yanki, da kuma gwamnatin Turai da hukumomi masu alaƙa, kuma tana kula da ofishin manema labarai, ta hanyar da take sanar da kafofin watsa labarai da jama'a gaba ɗaya game da ci gaban waɗannan kimiyyar. Al'umma tana ba da tallafi ga dalilai masu cancanta a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics, kuma tana taimakawa wajen gudanar da [[Paneth Trust]]. == Dubi kuma == * Makon Astronomy na Kasa (NAW) * Jerin al'ummomin astronomical * Jerin kungiyoyin kimiyyar ƙasa == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat|Royal Astronomical Society}} * [http://www.ras.ac.uk Royal Astronomical Society] {{Royal Astronomical Society}}{{Science and technology in the United Kingdom}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ln6no0ctnocdt5p0eatjel8qjnj0qed 0 95633 968286 897133 2026-10-16T15:17:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rebecca Campbell''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969) farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan . An san ta da bincike game da cin zarafin jima'i da tashin hankali ga mata da yara da kuma tasirin maganin da jami'an tsaro da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka yi a kan lafiyar wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=adamsadr |date=2014-01-02 |title=Rebecca Campbell, Ph.D. |url=http://progeval.msu.edu/faculty/rebecca-campbell-phd |access-date=2017-10-15 |website=progeval.msu.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508203940/http://progeval.msu.edu/faculty/rebecca-campbell-phd |url-status=dead }}</ref> Campbell ta shiga cikin binciken shari'a na aikata laifuka kan binciken Kayan fyade na Detroit da ba a gwada su ba, inda aka bar shaidar DNA da aka samu a cikin dubban kayan fyade a ajiya kuma ba a bincika su ba. Ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta ciki har da Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Louise Kidder Early Career Award (2000), American Psychological Association (APA) Early Career Prize for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest (2008), APA Division 27 Council on Educational Program's Excellent Educator Award (2015), da kuma US Department of Justice Vision 21 Crime Research Award (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA'S Annual Convention--Awards: Honor psychology's stars |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/05/honor.aspx |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=American Psychological Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APA honors psychology's stars |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2015/09/apa-honors.aspx |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=American Psychological Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-21 |title=Justice Department Honors 12 Individuals and Teams for Advancing Rights and Services for Crime Victims |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-honors-12-individuals-and-teams-advancing-rights-and-services-crime |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Campbell ta sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign a shekarar 1991. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, inda ta sami MA a fannin ilimin halayyar al'umma a 1993 da Ph.D. a fannin halayyar muhalli a 1996. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga bangaren Sashen Ilimin Halitta a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan . Campbell ta sami tallafi don "The Sexual Assault Kit Initiative" daga Ofishin Shari'a. Ta sami wasu tallafi daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa, Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Amurka, da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Al'umma ta Michigan . <ref>name="FacultyProfile">{{Cite web |title=Campbell, Rebecca, Ph.D. |url=https://vaw.msu.edu/people/campbell/ |website=Research Consortium on Gender-Based violence |access-date=2025-03-12 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504195956/https://vaw.msu.edu/people/campbell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Campbell ta kirkiro tsarin rigakafin fyade da kuma ilimi wanda ke ba ma'aikatan zamantakewa jagororin kan yadda za a magance abubuwan da ke kara haɗarin cin zarafin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Pamela J. |last2=Lang |first2=Karen S. |last3=Townsend |first3=Stephanie M. |last4=Campbell |first4=Rebecca |year=2010 |title=The Rape Prevention and Education (RPE) Theory Model of Community Change: Connecting Individual and Social Change |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-family-social-work_july-september-2010_13_4/page/297 |journal=Journal of Family Social Work |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1080/10522158.2010.492494 |s2cid=144317868}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Creating Safer Communities: The Underlying Theory of the Rape Prevention and Education Model of Social Change |url=http://www.calcasa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/rpemodelslitreviewim_2_.pdf}}</ref> Ita ce marubucin Emotionally Involved: The Impact of Researching Rape (2002), wani littafi game da tasirin motsin rai na gudanar da bincike da ya shafi wadanda ke fama da abubuwan da suka faru. Tare da koyarwa da bincike, Campbell ta shiga cikin horar da sashen 'yan sanda a biranen kamar [[Houston|Houston, Texas]], [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Ta kuma shiga cikin shirye-shiryen horar da kungiyar International Association of Forensic Nurses . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=adamsadr |date=2014-01-02 |title=Rebecca Campbell, Ph.D. |url=http://progeval.msu.edu/faculty/rebecca-campbell-phd |access-date=2017-10-15 |website=progeval.msu.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508203940/http://progeval.msu.edu/faculty/rebecca-campbell-phd |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFadamsadr2014">adamsadr (2014-01-02). [http://progeval.msu.edu/faculty/rebecca-campbell-phd "Rebecca Campbell, Ph.D."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508203940/http://progeval.msu.edu/faculty/rebecca-campbell-phd |date=2019-05-08 }} ''progeval.msu.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bincike == Campbell ta bincika yadda mummunar bi da wadanda ke fama da laifin jima'i ta hanyar tilasta bin doka da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ke haifar da cin zarafi na biyu. A cikin "The Neurobiology of Sexual Assault", ta tattauna wani abin da ya faru inda wata mace ta yi ƙoƙarin bayar da rahoton laifin jima'i, amma wani mai bincike wanda bai yarda da labarinta ba ya hana ta.<ref>name=":4">{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=Transcript "The Neurobiology of Sexual Assault" |url=https://www.nij.gov/multimedia/presenter/presenter-campbell/Pages/presenter-campbell-transcript.aspx |access-date=2017-10-15 |website=www.nij.gov |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kungiyar binciken Campbell ta bi diddigin shari'o'in cin zarafin jima'i a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban guda shida a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu kuma ta gano cewa kashi 86% na wadanda abin ya shafa ba su shiga cikin gurfanar ba. Binciken da suka yi ya nuna cewa wadanda ke fama da laifukan jima'i galibi ana guje musu da tilasta bin doka. Gabaɗaya, kashi 90% na waɗanda aka yi wa fyade sun fuskanci wasu nau'o'i na cin zarafi na biyu, wanda ya bar su ba su da bege kuma tare da matakai daban-daban na baƙin ciki da damuwa. A cikin kashi 70% na shari'o'in, wadanda abin ya shafa sun ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro sun tambayi su abin da suke sawa. A irin waɗannan lokuta, jami'an tilasta bin doka na iya samun ra'ayin da aka riga aka yi tunanin cewa wanda aka azabtar ya haifar da harin. Wannan halin zargi wanda aka azabtar da shi saboda cin zarafin jima'i na iya haifar da wanda aka azabta ya sake farfado da kwarewar da aka yi wa rauni. Campbell da abokan aiki sun kuma ba da rahoton cewa kashi 69% na wadanda abin ya shafa sun yi sanyin ci gaba da shari'a, tare da kashi 51% na wadanda abin da ya shafa sun bayyana cewa tilasta bin doka ta gaya musu cewa harin bai isa ya bi ba. Campbell ta gano cewa jami'an tsaro sukan yi tambayoyi kamar "Me ya sa ba ku yi yaƙi ba?", "Me ya mere ba ku yi ihu ba?", ko kuma "Me ya kamata ku kira ga taimako?". Binciken da ta yi ya gano cewa yawancin wadanda aka yi wa fyade sun shiga cikin rashin motsi, yanayin neurobiological inda wanda aka azabtar ke cikin shanyayye. Campbell yana nufin wannan a matsayin "yaƙi, gudu, ko daskarewa". Lokacin da yake cikin mawuyacin hali, mutum yawanci zai yi yaƙi ko ƙoƙarin tserewa; duk da haka, a lokuta da yawa mutumin na iya zama ba tare da motsi ba kuma bai san abin da zai yi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abrams |first=Murray P. |last2=Carleton |first2=R. Nicholas |last3=Taylor |first3=Steven |last4=Asmundson |first4=Gordon J. G. |date=2009 |title=Human tonic immobility: measurement and correlates |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=550–556 |doi=10.1002/da.20462 |issn=1520-6394 |pmid=19170102 |s2cid=44914994}}</ref> A lokacin cin zarafin jima'i, ana fitar da opiates a cikin jiki, wanda zai iya haifar da wanda aka azabtar ya ji ba shi da tausayi kuma ya yi rauni, kamar dai jikinsu yana rufewa. Wadannan halayen na iya zama kuskuren fassara ta hanyar tilasta bin doka; wanda aka azabtar na iya zama ba ya kula kuma ba ya ɗaukar halin da ake ciki da muhimmanci, wanda zai iya haifar da masu bincike su rufe shari'ar. A cikin binciken Campbell, an ruwaito jami'an tsaro sun ce abubuwa kamar "Na san tana karya" ko "labarinta bai kara ba". Campbell ya gano cewa a lokacin cin zarafin jima'i an saki hormone cortisol, wanda ke shafar ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ke da alhakin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma yana iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wadanda abin ya shafa ke da wahalar tunawa da abin da ya faru. A gudanar da bincike kan Tasirin damuwa akan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ta gano cewa matakai na karfafa ƙwaƙwalwa sun taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa su tuna abubuwan da suka faru. Wato, wadanda abin ya shafa sun fi iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai bayan sun dauki lokaci don shakatawa da tunani game da abubuwan da suka faru fiye da lokacin da aka yi musu tambayoyi masu tsanani.<ref>name=":4">{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=Transcript "The Neurobiology of Sexual Assault" |url=https://www.nij.gov/multimedia/presenter/presenter-campbell/Pages/presenter-campbell-transcript.aspx |access-date=2017-10-15 |website=www.nij.gov |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061426/https://www.nij.gov/multimedia/presenter/presenter-campbell/pages/presenter-campbell-transcript.aspx |archive-date=2017-10-18 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nij.gov/multimedia/presenter/presenter-campbell/Pages/presenter-campbell-transcript.aspx "Transcript "The Neurobiology of Sexual Assault""] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''www.nij.gov''. December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan wakilci == * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Matsalar kasa ta kayan aikin cin zarafin jima'i (SAKs) da ba a gwada su ba: Yankin, dalilai, da kuma hanyoyin gaba don bincike, manufofi, da aiki. Za a iya samun sakamako mai kyau a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga gwajin kayan fyade ta hanyar dangantakar wanda aka azabtar da mai laifi? Kwatantaccen kwatankwacin sakamakon gwajin gwaji don cin zarafin jima'i na baƙo da wadanda baƙo ba. Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 555-583. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hanyoyin taimakawa: Bayyanawar matasa wadanda aka yi wa fyade da kuma abubuwan neman taimako. Rikicin da aka yi wa mata, 21, 824-847. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tsaro da adalci: Binciken dubban kayan fyade da ba a gwada su ba a Detroit. City & Community, 14, 151-166. * Campbell, R., Bybee, D., Shaw, J.L., Townsend, SM., Karim, N., & Markowitz, J. (2014). Tasirin shirye-shiryen mai jarrabawar jima'i (SANE) akan sakamakon shari'ar shari'a ta laifi: Nazarin sake fasalin shafuka da yawa. Rikicin da aka yi wa mata, 20, 607-625. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Misali na muhalli na tasirin cin zarafin jima'i akan lafiyar kwakwalwar mata. Rashin jin daɗi, tashin hankali, da cin zarafi, 10 (3), 225-246. * Campbell, R., & Wasco, S. M. (2000). Hanyoyin mata zuwa kimiyyar zamantakewa: Ka'idodin ilimin lissafi da hanyoyin. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28 (6), 773-791. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin. Rarraba abubuwan da suka tsira daga fyade na "na biyu" tare da masu ba da sabis na al'umma. ''Jaridar Rikicin Mutum, 16'' (12), 1239-1259. * Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., ... & White, J. (2007). Binciken SES: Tsarin hadin gwiwa don inganta kimantawa game da cin zarafin jima'i da zalunci. ''Ilimin halayyar mata Quarterly, 31'' (4), 357-370. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s94efk3qpdwe8u17bnhtcebtt0urhju 0 95990 968546 946266 2026-10-17T09:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Griffin''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1943) <ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web |title=Griffin, Susan, referencing American Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide from Colonial Times to the Present, The Gale Group, Inc., 2000 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/griffin-susan |access-date=6 July 2019 |publisher=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> masanin falsafar mata ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, marubuciya kuma marubuciya <ref name="Poetry Foundation">{{Cite web |title=Susan Griffin |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/susan-griffin |access-date=26 March 2017 |publisher=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da sababbin ayyukanta na zamantakewar al'umma. == Rayuwa == An haifi Griffin a Los Angeles, California, a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1943, [1] kuma ya zauna a California tun daga lokacin. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta yi ta yawo a kusa da iyalin amma daga ƙarshe an kai ta cikin gida da iyalin sanannen mai zane Morton Dimondstein . Iyalinta na halitta sun kasance daga asalin Irish, Scottish, Welsh da Jamusanci. Bayan ta kwashe shekara guda a gidan Yahudawa bayan yakin, ba a yi magana a bayyane game da al'adun ta na Jamus ba kuma da farko ta yi wa Jamusawa aljanu, amma daga baya ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa Jamus (ciki har da sansanin Mittelbau-Dora) don sulhunta da al'ummarta ta Yahudawa da Jamusanci.[2][3] Ta halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley, na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ta koma Kwalejin Jihar San Francisco, inda ta sami digiri na farko a rubuce-rubuce (1965) da kuma digiri na Master of Arts (1973), duka digiri biyu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Kay Boyle . [4] Ta koyar a matsayin farfesa a UC Berkeley da kuma Jami'ar Stanford da Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California . [4] Griffin ya koyar a Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken California, Cibiyar Nazari ta Pacifica, Cibiyar Wright, da Jami'ar California.[5] A halin yanzu tana zaune a Berkeley, California . <ref name="Griffin">{{Cite web |title=Bio – Susan Griffin |url=http://susangriffin.com/bio/ |access-date=2016-12-11 |website=susangriffin.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105090621/http://susangriffin.com/bio/ |archive-date=2016-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Takardun Griffin suna cikin ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger, Cibiyar Radcliffe, a [[Jami'ar Harvard]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Susan |title=Collection: Papers of Susan Griffin |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7239 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=Hollis for Archival Discovery |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608033737/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7239 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Griffin ya rubuta littattafai 21, gami da ayyukan da ba na fiction ba, shayari, tarihin, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma rubutun allo.[1] An fassara aikinta cikin harsuna sama da 12. Griffin ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin "ƙaddamar da alaƙa tsakanin lalacewar yanayi, raguwar mata da wariyar launin fata, da kuma gano abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙi zuwa ƙin yarda a rayuwar sirri da ta jama'a".[ing][2] "Rape: The All-American Crime" (1971), wani labarin da aka buga a cikin Ramparts, yana ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen farko game da fyade daga hangen nesa na mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffin |first=Susan |date=September 1971 |title=Rape: The All-American Crime |journal=Ramparts |pages=26–35}}</ref> Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (1978) ya sayar da fiye da 100,000 kofe, kuma ya jawo alaƙa tsakanin lalacewar muhalli, jima'i, da wariyar launin fata. <ref name="Griffin"/> An yi la'akari da wani nau'i na waka, an yi imanin cewa wannan aikin ya ƙaddamar da Ecofeminism a Amurka. Griffin ta danganta alakarta da ecofeminism ga yadda ta girma a gefen Tekun Pacific, wanda ta yi imanin ya horar da ita game da ilimin muhalli. Griffin ta bayyana adawa da batsa a cikin batsa da shiru: Ramuwar Al'adu game da Halitta (1981). A cikin wannan aikin ta yi la'akari da cewa kodayake neman 'yancin magana na iya haifar da matsayi game da tantance batsa,' yancin ƙirƙirar batsa yana haifar da sulhu na "yancin ɗan adam" (tun da 'yancin ɗan Adam zai haɗa da' yancin mata). Ta yi jayayya cewa batsa da Eros sun bambanta kuma suna adawa da ra'ayoyi, tare da batsa "bayyana ba sha'awar 'yancin jima'i ba amma akasin haka, sha'awar yin shiru eros. " <ref name="KPFA">{{Cite web |last=Tonella |first=Karla |date=1981 |title=Susan Griffin Pornography and Silence: transcript of KPFA broadcast |url=http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/wstudies/griffin.html |access-date=27 March 2017 |website=bailiwick @ the university of iowa libraries |publisher=The University of Iowa}}</ref> A cewar Griffin, asalin batsa ya samo asali ne daga tsoratar da yanayi, kuma hotunan batsa "yana lalata da ƙasƙantar da jiki (yawanci mace). [ing] Wannan, a cewar Griffin, yana koya wa mata su raina kansu, kuma yana haifar da al'ada mara lafiya, mara kyau. Sabanin haka, Griffin ya yi jayayya cewa "yancin jima'i na gaske yana buƙatar sulhu da yanayi, warkarwa tsakanin jiki da ruhu". Masu sukar sun fi mayar da martani ga Batsa da Al'adu tare da raini, da yawa suna gunaguni cewa ya fito ne a matsayin rantsuwa fiye da tattaunawar falsafar gaskiya. == Kyaututtuka == Griffin ya sami tallafin MacArthur don Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai na Duniya, NEA da Guggenheim Foundation fellowships, da kuma lambar yabo ta Emmy ta gida don wasan Voices . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Griffin: Plays |url=https://susangriffin.com/playspoetry/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=susangriffin.com/ |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207133705/https://susangriffin.com/playspoetry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nuna ta a cikin fim din tarihin mata na 2014 She's Beautiful When She's Angry . <ref name="Huffington">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-15 |title='She's Beautiful When She's Angry' Tells The Feminist History Left Out Of Your School Textbook |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/05/shes-beautiful-when-shes-angry_n_6278698.html |access-date=2017-03-04 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Ta kasance dan wasan karshe na Kyautar Pulitzer don Janar Nonfiction a 1993 don A Chorus of Stones: The Private Life of War . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pulitzer Prizes: General Nonfiction |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/223 |website=Pulitzer}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa == Masu suka da yawa suna yaba wa Griffin baƙar magana da fahimta game da rawar mata a cikin kowace babbar al'amari a yau, yayin da wasu suka soki rubuce-rubucenta da cewa sun yi taurin kai. Mafi yawa, sake dubawa game da aikin Griffin suna ɗaukar ra'ayoyi masu gaba da juna game da haɗin kai da sarƙaƙƙiya da ta ba da shawara tsakanin mace da manyan batutuwan duniya kamar yaƙi, cuta, batsa, da yanayin kanta. Waɗannan gidajen yanar gizon suna kama da salon rubutunta na musamman wanda masu suka suka yi tsokaci akai. A cikin bita na 1994 na Carol H. Cantrell, Griffin's Woman and Nature an nuna shi a matsayin "mai wuyar bayyanawa. Yawancin su suna kama da rubutu a shafin amma tunanin ya ragargaje, kwatanci, kuma ba ya ci gaba; akwai labarai da yawa, amma su ma sau da yawa elliptical ne da kwatanci. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cantrell |first=Carol H. |date=1994 |editor-last=Griffin |editor-first=Susan |title=Women and Language in Susan Griffin's Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_summer-1994_9_3/page/225 |journal=Hypatia |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=225–238 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1994.tb00459.x |jstor=3810198 |s2cid=144630099}}</ref> A cikin bita game da Tunanin Jikinta: Tafiya cikin Inuwa, Susan Dion na The Women's Review of Books ya rubuta: "...Griffin ba kawai maimaita jigogi masu basira ne kawai a cikin sababbin magunguna masu alaƙa da kuma suna ba, masu ba, masu yawa ba, masu amfani da sababbin magunguna ba, masu ban sha'awa ba, masu mahimmanci ba, masu koyarwa ba su ba, masu ma'awa ba koyaushe suna ba, suna ba. == Ayyukan da aka buga == * Mata da Yanayi: Roaring Inside Her (1978) Littafin Ecofeminist (1st Edition, an sake buga shi) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=V1HVCQAAQBAJ ''Rape: Ikon Sanin''] (1979) OCLC 781089176   * Batsa da Shiru: Ramuwar gayya ta Al'adu akan Yanayi (1981) OCLC 964062418   * "Sadomasochism da rushewar kai: wani muhimmin karatu na Labarin O," a cikin Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis, ed. Robin Ruth Linden (East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1982.), shafi na 183-201 &nbsp; * ''Ƙasar da ba a tuna da ita ba'': waƙoƙi (Copper Canyon Press, 1987) OCLC 16905255   * A Chorus of Stones: the Private Life of War (1993) Al'amuran tunani na tashin hankali, yaƙi, mace OCLC 1005479046   * Eros na Rayuwa ta Kowace-Karshe: Rubuce-rubuce kan Muhalli, Jima'i da Al'umma (1995) OCLC 924501690   * ''Bending Home: Zaɓaɓɓun Sabbin Waƙoƙi, 1967-1998'' (Copper Canyon Press, 1998) OCLC 245705378   * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCL1ajXuRFcC ''Abin da Jikinta Ya Tunanin: Tafiya cikin Inuwa''] (1999) * Littafin Courtesans: Katalogue of Their Virtues (2001) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ca9EBgAAQBAJ ''Gwagwarmaya tare da Mala'ikan Dimokuradiyya: A kan Kasancewa Dan Amurka''] (2008) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=KiO8x3Dvp8kC ''Canja ta'addanci: Tunawa da Rai na Duniya''], tare da Karen Lofthus Carrington (Jami'ar California Press, 2011) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://susangriffin.com}} * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/susan-griffin Tarihin Gidauniyar Waƙoƙi] * Susan Griffin's reading lectures, RealAudio[usurped] * [https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7239 Takardun Susan Griffin, 1914-2015 (ciki har da), 1943-2015 (babban): Taimako na Bincike.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608033737/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7239 |date=2024-06-08 }} [https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Laburaren Schlesinger], Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard. * Binciken samar da wasan Voices The ''Boston Phoenix'' (1982-07-06) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kb0eer5jy9rpxyddsa9mq25vakgkcjx 0 97512 968486 909698 2026-10-17T00:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Jane Britten''' (an Haife ta a 31 ga Agusta 1974) marubuciya ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]], mawallafiya, mai fasahar jan-baki da dabarun sadarwa.<ref name="TLprofile">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Britten |url=http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten/ |access-date=14 April 2013 |publisher=Thought Leader |quote=During the day Sarah Britten is a communication strategist; by night she writes books and blog entries. And sometimes paints. With lipstick. It helps to have insomnia.}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == Britten ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Bryanston da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Redhill a [[Johannesburg]] kuma ta yi karatun Drama a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], inda ta kammala BA (Hons) a cikin Dramatic Art a shekarar 1996, MA a Nazarin Sadarwar Sadarwa a shekarar 1997 da PhD a cikin Nazarin Harshen Turanci a Aiwatar a shekarar 2005. <ref name="LitNet">{{Cite web |last=Britten |first=Sarah |date=19 November 2004 |title=What's in a name? The author as brand |url=http://www.oulitnet.co.za/youngwriters/sarah_britten.asp |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=LitNet}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Britten-Steyn |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/sarah-britten-steyn/b/98b/b44 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=LinkedIn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sarah Britten |url=http://www.famousfaces.co.za/Artist.aspx/Id/8912/Dr._Sarah_Britten/ |access-date=14 April 2013 |publisher=Famous Faces}}</ref> A jami'a ta binciko abubuwan da take so game da asalin ƙasa da barkwanci tare da Rahoton Bincike na Masters game da walwala na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tare da mai da hankali kan wasan barkwanci Madam &amp;amp; Eve, da kuma karatun digirinta na PhD ''na Kasa ɗaya, Biya ɗaya: Tarihin Sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu a Talla'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Britten: Gondwanaland |url=http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228060941/http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten |archive-date=28 February 2009 |quote=Sarah Britten has written two books on South African insults and is working on a third. She is fascinated by nationalism and national identity; the title of her PhD thesis was One Nation, One Beer: The Mythology of the New South Africa in Advertising. She tries not to feel too guilty about the fact that she promotes the evils of consumer capitalism for a living.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Sarah Britten |url=http://sarahbritten.bookslive.co.za/about/ |access-date=14 April 2013 |publisher=Books LIVE |quote=She wrote her Master's research report on South African humour (with a focus on Madam & Eve) and has a doctorate in Applied English Language Studies, the title of her thesis being 'One nation, one beer: the mythology of the new South Africa in advertising’. Her area of academic interest relates to national identity and comedy, and the concept of ‘National Intimacy’, as defined by the anthropologist Michael Herzfeld.}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a aikin jarida da talla kafin ta zama mai dabarun sadarwa mai zaman kanta. <ref name="NB">{{Cite web |title=Our Authors: Sarah Britten |url=http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1937 |access-date=14 April 2013 |publisher=NB Publishers}}</ref> === Rubutu === Britten ta rubuta litattafai [[Young adult fiction|na almara na manya guda]] biyu da littattafai da ba na almara ba guda uku kan cin mutuncin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Britten: Gondwanaland |url=http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228060941/http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten |archive-date=28 February 2009 |quote=Sarah Britten has written three books on South African insults. The latest has a yellow cover and would make a perfect Christmas present. And yes, Julius Malema gets a chapter to himself.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Disbergen |first=Wilhelm |date=18 November 2002 |title=Welcome to the Martin Tudhope Show |url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=18160 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Artslink.co.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hugo |first=Gerrie |date=7 August 2007 |title=Review: The Art of the South African Insult by Sarah Britten |url=http://www.bloggernews.net/19199 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703052526/http://www.bloggernews.net/19199 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Blogger News Network}}</ref> A cikin 2012 ta rubuta "... zagi kuma alamun haɗin kai ne. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa na fara tattara zagi na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2004: Ina so in fahimci abin da ya sa mu ko wanene mu, kuma zagi ɗaya ne mai mahimmanci ta hanyar da za mu kalli kai na kasa .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Britten: Gondwanaland |url=http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228060941/http://www.thoughtleader.co.za/sarahbritten |archive-date=28 February 2009 |quote=Sarah Britten has written three books on South African insults. The latest has a yellow cover and would make a perfect Christmas present. And yes, Julius Malema gets a chapter to himself.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Disbergen |first=Wilhelm |date=18 November 2002 |title=Welcome to the Martin Tudhope Show |url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=18160 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Artslink.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hugo |first=Gerrie |date=7 August 2007 |title=Review: The Art of the South African Insult by Sarah Britten |url=http://www.bloggernews.net/19199 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703052526/http://www.bloggernews.net/19199 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Blogger News Network}}</ref> ...". Tana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga ''Jagoran Tunani'', gidan yanar gizon labarai da ra'ayi wanda jaridar ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' ke gudanarwa. Ta rubuta babin ''Yaya Ba A Yi Hijira'' ''ba Zan zauna ko zan tafi?'' ''Don zama a ko barin Afirka ta Kudu'', bayan ya koma Afirka ta Kudu bayan hijira zuwa Australia a 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Should I Stay or Should I Go? |url=http://twodogs.co.za/staygo.htm |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=Two Dogs |archive-date=2 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202015949/http://www.twodogs.co.za/staygo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin gabatarwar edita ga littafin, Tim Richman ya rubuta cewa: "Yawancin gudummawar da ke cikin wannan littafi na sirri ne sosai; irin wannan yanayin shine yanayin batun. Ga Sarah Britten, babu wata hanyar da za ta kusanci bala'in ƙaura da bala'in bala'i, wanda ya lalata aurenta. Ko kuma, kamar yadda ta nuna, watakila ya tsawaita shi fiye da yadda aka sayar da shi ta kwanan wata. Sarah ta kasance mai iyawa, da gaske, ba tare da wani lokaci ba. wani yanki mai bayyanawa sosai, yana fayyace girman yanayin rayuwar da ƙaura na iya haifarwa ga mutane da iyalai, da kuma matsalolin da za su iya haifarwa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Richman |first=Tim |date=April 2010 |title=Should I Stay or Should I Go? |url=http://twodogs.co.za/staygo_e.htm |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=Two Dogs }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin, ta rubuta game da kwarewarta ta ƙaura a kan shafinta na ''Jagoran Tunani'' wanda ta kira ''Gondwanaland'' bayan tsohuwar Gondwana supercontinent wanda ya haɗa da Afirka, Australia da Antarctica. === Aikin lipstick === Britten fenti cityscapes da sauran batutuwa, wato har yanzu rai, bijimai da bears ( stock market alamomin ), karnuka, kuliyoyi, dawakai, sharks, crocodiles, karkanda, Nguni shanu da dung beetles, tare da lipstick. Gidan ''Zoo City'' ya rinjayi fasaharta, wani labari na almarar kimiyya daga marubucin Afirka ta Kudu [[Lauren Beukes]] . A kan ta art website, ta ce: "Saita a Hillbrow, da zoo birnin na take, yana siffofi da haruffa m haɗe zuwa dabbobi familiars a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci. Zoo City ne riotous, m da kuma gaba daya hauka kuma ina son hanyar da ya kawo rayuwa da makamashin dabba wanda ke lurks kawai a ƙarƙashin saman birnin. Bayan karanta littafin, na fara gwaji tare da sanyawa, dabbobi da dabbobi a cikin garuruwan da ke cikin garuruwan da suka yi kama da cats da dabbobin da ke cikin garuruwan da ke cikin garuruwan da ke cikin garuruwan da ke cikin garuruwan da ke da kyan gani. wanzu a Johannesburg kawai a matsayin misali - sharks da crocodiles, alal misali, Na yi amfani da iyakataccen palette na baki, launin toka da ja don haifar da yanayin dystopian na birnin, launin toka mai launin toka ya bambanta da jajayen rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Britten |first=Sarah |date=2 July 2012 |title=The Zoo City Series |url=http://www.sarahbrittenart.com/2012/07/the-zoo-city-series/ |access-date=17 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213081914/http://www.sarahbrittenart.com/2012/07/the-zoo-city-series/ |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Baje kolin farko na jama'a na fasahar lipstick dinta, mai suna ''Pulse of the City'' kuma an yi wahayi ta hanyar kamfen ɗin tallan Land Rover, an gudanar da shi a gidan cin abinci na ''Velo'' gallery a Braamfontein a cikin Yuli 2012. <ref name="Pulse">{{Cite web |title=Exhibition: Pulse of the City |url=http://www.artorcraft.co.za/showexhibition.php?event=1399 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=Art or Craft |quote=The Pulse of the City exhibition of Johannesburg cityscapes in lipstick was inspired by my involvement with a campaign to launch the Range Rover Evoque. I had been painting with lipstick since 2002 when it started by accident. Over the years I focused on still life, and it would never have occurred to me to attempt cityscapes were it not for Land Rover. To thank Land Rover's marketing director for choosing me as a brand ambassador, I presented him with a painting of my interpretation of the campaign. That first cityscape led to others, and over time my style has evolved in several different directions. The exhibition is divided into several themes – Cityscapes, Zoo City, Ngunis and Sisyphus in Johannesburg. The Ngunis, for example, represent pop art meets 18th century English farm animal portraits meets 19th century naturalists' notebooks meets social history. Each painting features the Johannesburg skyline.}}</ref> == Kyauta == * Kyautar Sanlam ta 2000 don Adabin Matasa - Azurfa - ''Shekarar Mafi Muni a Rayuwata - Ya zuwa yanzu'' <ref name="NB"/> * Kyautar Sanlam ta 2002 don Adabin Matasa - Azurfa - ''Barka da zuwa Nunin Martin Tudhope!'' <ref name="NB" /> == Wallafe-wallafe == *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|title=The Worst Year of My Life – So Far|year=2000|publisher=Tafelberg|location=Cape Town|isbn=9780624039297|edition=1st}} *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|title=Welcome to the Martin Tudhope Show!|year=2002|publisher=Tafelberg|location=Cape Town|isbn=9780624036890|edition=1st}} *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|others=Translated by Stefanie Schäfer|title=Ihr seid anders, wir sind besser (You are different, we are better)|year=2004|publisher=Bertelsmann-Jugendbuch-Verl.|location=München|isbn=9783570302408|edition=1. Aufl., dt. Erstausg.|language=German}} German translation of ''The Worst Year of My Life – So Far''. *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|title=The art of the South African insult|year=2006|publisher=30° South|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9781920143053|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZTLigR2t5UC|access-date=15 April 2013}} *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|title=McBride of Frankenmanto: The return of the South African insult|year=2007|publisher=30° South|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9781920143183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vARidvH3b18C|access-date=15 April 2013}} *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|title=More South African insults|year=2009|publisher=30° South|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9780958489089}} *{{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|editor=Richman, Tim|chapter=How Not to Emigrate|title=Should I stay or should I go? To live in or leave South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/shouldistayorsho0000unse|year=2010|publisher=Two Dogs|location=Cape Town|isbn=9781920137304}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sarahbrittenart.com/ Sarah Britten Art: Zane-zane a cikin lipstick] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 96dafklrkp5pwac3b3lvxq9txof5axp 0 98007 968228 900539 2026-10-16T12:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chimamanda Pearl Chukwuma''' (an haife shi 1 Yuli 2006), wanda aka sani da '''Qing Madi''' ( /k ɪ ŋ) ˈmɑːdi / ) , mawakin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne kuma marubuci kuma ɗan rawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marvelous |first=Kanyio |date=2023-03-14 |title=UPPER SPOTLIGHT: Qing Madi |url=https://www.theupperent.com/blog/upper-spotlight-qing-madi/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Upper Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Who is Qing Madi |url=https://starlogue.com/person/qing-madi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103023352/https://starlogue.com/person/qing-madi |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=Starlogue}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Emerging Nigerian Singer/Songwriter Qing Madi Releases Melodic New Single "Why" |url=https://flaunt.com/post/qing-madi-why |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=flaunt.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eze |first=Chinelo |date=2023-05-08 |title=Qing Madi: A Tale of Feminity and Independence |url=https://guardian.ng/life/qing-madi-a-tale-of-feminity-and-independence/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=QING MADI ON 49TH STREET'S SPOTLIGHT MONDAY |url=https://the49thstreet.com/spotlight-monday-qing-madi/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The49thStreet |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta sami karɓuwa sosai bayan 2022 guda ɗaya "Duba Ƙarshe" da kuma bin 2023, "Ole" (mai nuna Bnxn ). <ref name=":6" /> Dukansu sun tafi hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri akan [[TikTok]], wanda daga baya ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a kan Uganda Top 100 Apple Music chart da lamba uku akan ginshiƙi na Top 100 na Apple Music. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=TCL radio picks: Qing Madi's 'Ole' takes 3rd spot as Asake tops chart |url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/tcl-radio-picks-qing-madis-ole-debuts-as-asake-retains-top-spot/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Qing Madi Chart Positions on Spotify, Apple Music and Other Streaming Services |url=https://kworb.net/itunes/artist/qingmadi.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=kworb.net}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Uganda Apple Music Top Songs |url=https://kworb.net/charts/apple_s/ug.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=kworb.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing is Queen: a Young Starlet's Rise to Fame |url=https://www.theteenmagazine.com/qing-is-queen-a-young-starlet-s-rise-to-fame |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Teen Magazine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627153803/https://www.theteenmagazine.com/qing-is-queen-a-young-starlet-s-rise-to-fame |archive-date=2023-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Exclusive: Qing Madi Opens Up About Her Journey As An Artist And Representing Nigeria |url=https://www.thethings.com/exclusive-qing-madi-opens-up-about-her-journey-as-an-artist-and-representing-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=TheThings |language=en}}</ref> Dukansu waƙoƙin an fitar da su ne a matsayin waƙa daga tsawaita wasan farko na Madi, ''Qing Madi'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing Madi Bares it All in New Single - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/25/qing-madi-bares-it-all-in-new-single |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2023-06-20 |title=Qing Madi Opens Up About the Experience that led to 'See Finish' on the 'Jenni Speaks' Podcast |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/06/qing-madi-on-jenni-speaks-podcast/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Watimajeun |first=Sunday |date=2025-01-01 |title=Rising Songstress Qing Madi was a Nigerian queen from benin city |url=https://www.naijapickup.com/mp3-music/artistes/qing-madi/ |url-status=dead |language=en-US |access-date=2025-03-29 |archive-date=2025-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429164933/https://www.naijapickup.com/mp3-music/artistes/qing-madi/ }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Chimamanda Pearl Chukwuma kuma ta girma a Benin City ta mahaifiyarta, tare da 'yan uwanta. Ta fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sare |first=Watimagbo |date=2024 |title=Music Saved Me From Depression - Qing Madi |url=https://punchng.com/music-saved-me-from-depression-qing-madi/?amp |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=punchng.com}}</ref> Pearl ta halarci Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Negbenegbor a Birnin Benin don karatun sakandare. Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ƙarama, tana shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta da raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cocin ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abiosun |first=Anjolaoluwa |date=2023-05-01 |title=Qing Madi: How 16-Year-Old Artiste Tells Her Teenage Struggles With Music |url=https://thenet.ng/qing-madi-how-the-16-year-old-artiste-tells-her-teenage-struggles-with-music/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=Fast-rising talent Qing Madi drops new single 'Why' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fast-rising-talent-qing-madi-drops-new-single-why/vb7ffrd |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abiosun |first=Anjolaoluwa |date=2023-05-01 |title=Qing Madi: How 16-Year-Old Artiste Tells Her Teenage Struggles With Music |url=https://thenet.ng/qing-madi-how-the-16-year-old-artiste-tells-her-teenage-struggles-with-music/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2022, Madi ta fitar da wakar ta "See Finish", wacce ta samu ci gaba da farko a kan [[TikTok]].<ref name=":1"/> Ba da daɗewa ba, ta saki ƙarin waƙoƙi guda uku; ta sami ƙarin karɓa, kuma ta yi a taron Homecoming a Legas, Najeriya. <ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Qing Madi Mesmerizes Audience At 'Homecoming' In Lagos – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/qing-madi-mesmerizes-audience-at-homecoming-in-lagos/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Qing Madi hits the 'Finish' line in style with her new music video |url=https://www.attacktheculture.com/videos/qing-madi-hits-the-finish-line-in-style-with-her-new-music-video |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Attack The Culture |language=en-US}}</ref> An lura da nau'ikan kiɗa na Qing Rai a matsayin [[Afrobeat]], Pop, Soul, da R&amp;amp;B. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ju |first=Shirley |date=2023-03-22 |title=Rising Songstress Qing Madi talks Nigeria, Kendrick Lamar, Depression & New Music |url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/rising-songstress-qing-madi-talks-nigeria-kendrick-lamar-depression-new-music/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Sheen Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Qing Madi, home coming and spectacular show - Starconnect Media |url=https://starconnectmedia.com/qing-madi-home-coming-and-spectacular-show/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627153803/https://starconnectmedia.com/qing-madi-home-coming-and-spectacular-show/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, an zabi Qing Madi a matsayin Jakadan Daidaitaccen Afirka na Spotify na watan Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BrandIconImage |first=BrandIconImage |title=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News: Qing Madi Steps into Spotify EQUAL Africa Spotlight |url=https://www.brandiconimage.com/2023/06/qing-madi-steps-into-spotify-equal.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Segun |date=2023-06-11 |title=Qing Madi emerges Spotify Africa Equal ambassador |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=688213 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Qing Madi Named Spotify Africa Equal Ambassador For June – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/qing-madi-named-spotify-africa-equal-ambassador-for-june/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Spotify inducts 17 year old singer Qing Madi into its EQUAL Africa programme |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/qing-madi-steps-into-the-spotify-equal-africa-spotlight/p35l7v5 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify names Qing Madi EQUAL Africa artiste for June - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/06/07/spotify-names-qing-madi-equal-africa-artiste-for-june/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Eagle |date=2023-06-07 |title=Nigerian musician becomes Spotify's 'EQUAL Africa' artiste for June - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/nigerian-musician-becomes-spotifys-equal-africa-artiste-for-june/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Nigerian Rising Star Qing Madi Joins Spotify's Equal Africa Music Programme - The Sauce |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/nigerian-rising-star-qing-madi-joins-spotifys-equal-africa-music-programme/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.capitalfm.co.ke |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627155304/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/nigerian-rising-star-qing-madi-joins-spotifys-equal-africa-music-programme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2023, Qing Madi ta fitar da wakar "Ole" tare da Bnxn. Waƙar ta shiga cikin sigogi da yawa na Apple Music kuma ta kai lamba 12 a kan TurnTable Top 100.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=TurnTable Charts {{!}} Official Nigeria Top 100 |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/1 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.turntablecharts.com}}</ref> "Ole" ya shiga cikin Official Afrobeats Chart, ya kai lamba 16 a watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Official Afrobeats Charts |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/afrobeats-chart/ |website=Official Chart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ole by Qing Madi |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/qing-madi-ft-bnxn-ole/ |website=Official Charts}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023 ta fitar da waƙoƙi bakwai mai taken EP wanda ya tattara mafi yawan rikodin ta har zuwa yanzu. A watan Janairun 2024, tare da OdumoduBlvck, Bloody Civilian, da Tyla, an shigar da Qing Madi cikin Apple Music's Rising Class na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=2024-01-12 |title=Odumodu Blvck, Tyla, Qing Madi among Apple Music's Africa Rising Class of '24 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/odumodu-blvck-tyla-qing-madi-among-apple-musics-class-of-24/pvldlr0 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Odumodublvck, Tyla, named Apple music's Africa rising stars 2024 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/odumodublvck-tyla-named-apple-musics-africa-rising-stars-2024/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesiba |date=2024-01-12 |title=Apple Music's Africa Rising introduces the Class of '24 |url=https://hypemagazine.co.za/2024/01/12/apple-musics-africa-rising-introduces-the-class-of-24/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=HYPE |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wata hira da African Folder, Madi ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta waƙoƙi biyu a kan aikinta na farko lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udoh | first=Ukpeme |date=2024-01-16 |title=Qing Madi: The Afrobeats Woman King|url=https://africanfolder.com/qing-madi-the-afrobeats-woman-king/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=African Folder |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" |+Jerin Albums, tare da bayanan da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayani na EP |- ! scope="row" |Ni ne Blueprint <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNab |first=Kaitlyn |title=Qing Madi on Her Debut Album I Am the Blueprint, Making Nigerian Girls ‘Feel Heard,’ and Predicting Kendrick Lamar’s Super Bowl Setlist |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/qing-madi-debut-album-i-am-the-blueprint-interview-2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=www.teenvogue.com |publisher=Teen Vogue}}</ref> | * An saki shi: Janairu 31, 2025 * Alamar: JTON Music * Tsarin: sauke dijital |} === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" |+Jerin EPs, tare da bayanan da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayani na EP |- ! scope="row" |''Qing Madi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=2023-11-21 |title=Qing Madi displays impressive talent on her debut EP |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-of-qing-madi-ep-by-rising-nigerian-singer-qing-madi/xedqdms |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref>'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 17, 2023 * Alamar: JTON Music * Tsarin: sauke dijital |} === Ma'aurata === * "Dubi Ƙarshen" (2022) <ref name=":1"/> * "Me ya sa" (2023) <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> * "Ole (tare da Bnxn) " (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bukola |date=2023-08-05 |title=Qing Madi Releases Visual Of New Single 'Ole' Ft. BNXN |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/qing-madi-releases-visual-of-new-single-ole-ft-bnxn/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=New Telegraph |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Ƙaunar Amurka" (2023) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bksxfrth9gb4kauckdzhixdwcyckyj2 0 99409 968393 958056 2026-10-16T20:16:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Água de Pau Massif wani hadadden dutse ne, wanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin San Miguel, a cikin tsibirin Azores na Portugal . Mafi ganewa ga Lagoa do Fogo a tsakiya, hadaddun dutsen wuta sun haɗa da ƙarni na tsarin geomorphological wanda ya haɗa da rufin tsaunuka, cones da kwararar tsaunuka waɗanda suka nuna tarihinta daga, na ƙarshe, shekaru 45,000 BC. == Tarihi == [[File:S._Miguel_(3855469149).jpg|left|thumb|235x235px|Yankin arewa, yana nuna tuddai masu juyawa na Inferior Complex kusa da Ikklisiya na Santa Bárbara da taron Pico da Barrosa.]] Caldera na waje ya kasance daga tsakanin shekaru 30,000 da 45,000 da suka gabata, kuma ya ƙunshi yanki mai faɗin kilomita 4 (2.5 da tsawon kilomita 13 (8.1 na waje (wanda ya dace da Água de Pau Massif). &nbsp;Caldera na ciki, wanda ke da faɗin kilomita 2.5 (1.6 da tsawon kilomita 3 (1.9 an kafa shi kimanin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata. &nbsp;Shi ne ƙaramin caldera na ciki wanda aka cika shi da wani ɓangare da tafkin crater Lagoa do Fogo . Har zuwa kimanin shekaru 5000 da suka gabata, aiki a cikin caldera ya haifar da [[Ruwan dutse]] da yawa a arewa da yammacin gefen.&nbsp; Wasu daga cikin ƙwayoyin cinder a kan waɗannan flanks suna da alamun radial da concentric fissures kuma sun kasance masu aiki a cikin shekaru 5000 da suka gabata. Yankin ya kasance alama ce ta manyan fashewa guda biyar, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a sama a 1563, 1564 da 1652. Fashewar 1563, alal misali an nuna shi ta hanyar wani abin da ya faru na hydromagnetic a cikin caldera, wanda ya biyo bayan kwana huɗu ta hanyar fashewa, yayin da 1564 ya kasance fashewar hydromagmatic. Saboda kasancewar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi a gefen arewa maso yamma, musamman a cikin sunan ''Caldera da Ribeira Grande'' da ''Caldeira Velha'', an yi amfani da yankin a cikin ƙarni na makamashi mai zafi ko kuma a matsayin wuraren yawon bude ido na warkewa. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:25-08_Lagoa_do_Fogo_2.JPG|left|thumb|235x235px|Ra'ayi daga Pico da Barrosa zuwa tsakiyar caldera na Babban hadaddun]] [[File:2012-10-15_13-49-50_Portugal_Azores_Lombadas.JPG|left|thumb|235x235px|Ra'ayi na bangon rami daga yankin Lombadas]] Da yake a tsakiyar tsibirin, Água de Pau ya dace da tsakiya na dutsen wuta da caldera wanda ya haɗa da babban tafki, wanda ke cike da tsaunuka da pumice cone.<ref name="CVARGgeomorf">{{Cite web |title=São Miguel: Geomorfologia |url=http://www.cvarg.azores.gov.pt/geologia-acores/sao-miguel/Paginas/GA-SMiguel-Geomorfologia.aspx |publisher=entro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos da Universidade dos Açores/Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores |language=Portuguese |access-date=2026-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121215/http://www.cvarg.azores.gov.pt/geologia-acores/sao-miguel/Paginas/GA-SMiguel-Geomorfologia.aspx |archive-date=2019-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A gefen tsaunuka akwai Ribeira Grande Graben, tsarin tectonic da ke arewa maso yamma- kudu maso gabas, ban da sauran raguwar yanki da kuskuren radial waɗanda suka samar da wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da pumice, ko rufin lava.<ref name="CVARGgeomorf" /> Tsarin sararin samaniya na Água de Pau Massif yana da rikitarwa, wanda ya haifar da ayyukan dutsen wuta daban-daban a cikin wani lokaci wanda ya kai shekaru 200,000.<ref name="CVARGunidades">{{Cite web |title=São Miguel: Unidade Vulcanologicas |url=http://www.cvarg.azores.gov.pt/geologia-acores/sao-miguel/Paginas/GA-SMiguel-Unidades-Vulcanologicas.aspx |publisher=entro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos da Universidade dos Açores/Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores |language=Portuguese}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tarihin siffofin yanayin ƙasa ya kasu kashi biyu. <ref name="CVARGunidades" /> * Ƙananan rukuni sun haɗa da kayan gargajiya waɗanda suka haɗa da kwararar dutse da kuma ajiyar pyroclastic na trachyte da suka wuce shekaru 40,000.<ref name="CVARGunidades" /> * Babban rukuni yana rufe samfuran dutsen wuta daga shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata. Wadannan sun hada da bama-bamai na pyroclastic da kwararar trachyte (pyroclastic and surge), kwararar laka da dutsen basalt, daga matakai da ke da alaƙa da fashewar Plinian da sub-Plinian a cikin caldera.<ref name="Freire22" /><ref name="CVARGunidades" /> Wannan rukuni ya kasu kashi biyar: Roída da Praia (tsakanin shekaru 34,000 da 8,000 da suka gabata), Ribeira Chã (wanda aka kirkira daga fashewar fashewar farfadowa shekaru 8-12000 da suka gabata) Fogo A (kuma daga fashewa ta farfadowar fashewa kimanin shekaru 5000 da suka gabata).<ref name="Freire22" /> Daga cikin ajiya daban-daban Fogo A, wanda ya kasance kusan shekaru 5000, ya dace da bayyane na tsibirin São Miguel.<ref name="CVARGunidades" /> Yankunan tsaunuka sun lalace sosai, tare da magudanar ruwa da aka tsare a kwari da kwari da yawa. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Azores == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pfg63iikbdsjxy1r3xb4nkv8s7d6c1s 0 105127 968238 879974 2026-10-16T13:25:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha|image=|imagesize=|caption=|office=[[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Ogun State|Ogun East]]|term_start=11 June 2019|term_end=11 June 2023|predecessor=[[Buruji Kashamu]]|successor=[[Gbenga Daniel]]|term_start1=5 June 2007|term_end1=6 June 2011|predecessor1=[[Tokunbo Ogunbanjo]]|successor1=[[Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1960|2|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ijebu-Igbo]], [[Western Nigeria|Western Region]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] (now in [[Ogun State]], Nigeria)|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Nigerian|party=[[All Progressives Congress]] (APC)|spouse=Alhaja Iyabosola Mustapha|children=5|residence=|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=Public Servant, Business man, Politician|website=|footnotes=}} '''Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha''' (an haife shi 25 ga Fabrairu 1960) ɗan majalisar dattawan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya wakilci mazaɓar Ogun ta Gabas ta [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] daga 2019 zuwa 2023. A baya ya wakilci wannan mazabar daga 2007 zuwa 2011 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar]] PDP, <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web |title=Sen. Ramoni O Mustapha |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607075127/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> ya sake tsayawa takara a kan tikitin [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam'iyyar Labour]] a zaben 2011, ya samu kuri'u 8,762 kacal. Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka na jam’iyyar ACN ya samu kuri’u 76,543. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=11 April 2011 |title=NASS ELECTION: Heavyweights bite dust •Sheriff, Omisore, Oyinlola, Aliero, Agagu, Orji Kalu, Bankole lose |url=http://www.thenigeriandaily.com/2011/04/10/nass-election-heavyweights-bite-dust-%E2%80%A2sheriff-omisore-oyinlola-aliero-agagu-orji-kalu-bankole-lose/ |access-date=2012-07-24 |archive-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323012109/http://www.thenigeriandaily.com/2011/04/10/nass-election-heavyweights-bite-dust-%E2%80%A2sheriff-omisore-oyinlola-aliero-agagu-orji-kalu-bankole-lose/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=Quiet Senator: Lekan Mustapha Gets His Groove Back at 60 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/01/quiet-senator-lekan-mustapha-gets-his-groove-back-at-60/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fage == An haifi Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1960. Yana da Diploma na kasa a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun]] . Kafin zaɓen majalisar dattawa, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin ayyukan gine-gine na jihar Ogun. Ya kasance Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Ijebu ta Arewa, Ijebu-Igbo (1996-1997), kuma an zabe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai (2003-2007) mai wakiltar Ijebu North/East/Ogun Waterside. <ref name="nassnig"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olalekan Mustapha |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3988.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=AfDevInfo}}</ref> == Aikin majalisar dattawa == [[Fayil:NigeriaOgun.png|right|thumb|200x200px| [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] a [[Najeriya]]]] An zabi Ramoni O Mustapha a matsayin dan majalisar dattawa ta kasa mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ogun ta gabas a shekarar 2007 kuma an naɗa shi a kwamitocin Neja Delta, harkokin cikin gida, kasuwanci da kasuwannin jari. <ref name="nassnig2">{{Cite web |title=Sen. Ramoni O Mustapha |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607075127/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> An kalubalanci zabensa, to amma a watan Mayun 2008 Kotun Korar Zaɓe ta amince da zaɓensa. .<ref name="nassnig"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2008 |title=Why N'assembly is Probing - Senator Mustapha |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290785.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=This Day}}</ref> A watan Satumban shekarar 2007, Sen Olalekan Mustapha ya ɗauki nauyin dokar kula da lafiyar muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BILLS PROGRESSION |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/bills_progression.php?page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221184351/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/bills_progression.php?page=6 |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> A watan Disambar 2007, Sanata Mustapha da wasu mambobin kwamitin majalisar dattijai mai kula da harkokin cikin gida guda biyar, sun yi rangadi a hukumance a [[Seme Border|Seme]], inda suka duba halin rudani na ofisoshin Najeriya a kan iyakar Jamhuriyar Benin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2007 |title=Wheat from my granary |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2007/dec/20/Travel-20-12-07-001.htm |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=The Daily Sun}}</ref> A watan Mayun shekara ta 2008, Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa [[David Mark]] ya naɗa mambobin kwamitin da za su sake duba kundin tsarin mulkin 1999, wanda Sanata [[Ike Ekweremadu]] zai jagoranta. Olalekan Mustapha na daya daga cikin mambobin da aka zaba domin wakiltar shiyyar kudu maso yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2008 |title=Ekweremadu, Makarfi, 35 others make Senate constitution review committee |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/may/09/national-09-05-2008-003.htm |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=The Daily Sun}}</ref> A cikin rahoton watan Agustan shekarar 2008, kwamitin majalisar dattijai mai kula da harkokin cikin gida, karkashin jagorancin Olalekan Mustapha, ya bayar da rahoton cewa gidajen yarin kasar nan ba su da kyau kuma ba su dace da wurin zama ba. Bugu da kari, gidajen yarin sun cika makil sosai. Rahoton ya bukaci a ba da kudade don ingantawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2008 |title=Senate Decries Prison Congestion |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200808110467.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=This Day}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2009, Olalekan Mustapha ya ziyarci [[Landan|birnin Landan na kasar Ingila]] domin tattauna sharudan dawo da fursunonin Najeriya sama da 800. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Feb 2009 |title=Credit Crunch! Britain To Repatriate 800 Nigerian |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/4070/3/credit-crunch-britain-to-repatriate-800-nigerian.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=ModernGhana.com}}</ref> A zaben 23 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an sake zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Ogun ta Gabas a Majalisar Dattawan [[Najeriya]]. == Jihar Ijebu == An yi wani yunƙurin na sassaƙa sabuwar jiha - Ijebu - daga [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]], mai kusan iyaka da tsohuwar masarautar Ijebu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2008 |title=Awujale canvasses commitment to Ijebu State |url=http://www.nationaldailyngr.com/metro2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219153111/http://nationaldailyngr.com/metro2.htm |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=2009-11-12 |publisher=National Daily}}</ref> Gwamna [[Gbenga Daniel]] na jihar Ogun ya goyi bayan canjin, amma yana da sabani da Awujale na Ijebuland, Oba Sikiru Adetona, game da inda ya kamata ya kasance babban birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olusola Balogun |date=10 January 2009 |title=Daniel, Awujale Disagree Over Ijebu State |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200901120871.html |access-date=2009-11-12 |publisher=Daily Independent}}</ref> Lekan Mustapha kuma yana goyon bayan kafa jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Ijebu State's Website |url=http://www.ijebustate.com/ |access-date=2009-11-12 |publisher=Senator Lekan Mustapha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225071144/http://www.ijebustate.com/ |archive-date=2009-02-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qmpygihds2oi2j2i5h1zeoi0yaxig3k 0 106058 968506 901434 2026-10-17T03:23:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Inganta muhalli ta California''' shari'a ce da ta shafi Canjin yanayi da hayaki na gas (GHG) da ya zama ruwan dare a kotunan tarayya da na jihohi. Bayan amincewa da Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006 (AB 32) da kuma buga rahoton Bincike na Hudu na Hudu (IPCC) An sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan hukumomin jama'a na California don kimanta yiwuwar tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi na duniya wanda GHG ya haifar. Musamman, an shigar da karar da yawa a kan hukumomi saboda gazawar nazarin hayaki na GHG wanda ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California (CEQA) suka samar. Hukuncin kotu kafin sake dubawa na 2010 ga jagororin CEQA sun ba da haske na farko game da yadda za a yi amfani da CEQA a matsayin abin hawa don ganowa da rage fitar da GHG a cikin jihar. Ana amfani da yanke shawara da aka bayar bayan amincewa da jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa don fassara sabon abin da CEQA ke buƙata don kimanta hayaki na GHG da canjin yanayi. == Tarihi a kan tsarin kotun California == Tsarin kotun California ya ƙunshi Kotuna masu girma guda 58, Kotuna daukaka kara guda shida, da Kotun Koli guda ɗaya. Kotun Koli na California suna cikin kowane gundumar kuma suna jagorantar shari'o'i a cikin ikonsu. Kotun daukaka kara ta California tana sauraron hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli kan roko. Kotun da ta fi girma a jihar, Kotun Koli ta California, tana da ikon sake duba yanke shawara da ƙananan kotuna suka yi. Shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli galibi ana nufin su warware "manyan tambayoyi" da suka shafi dokar jihar. Tsarin kotun yana da matsayi inda hukunce-hukuncen da kotuna masu girma suka ba da fifiko ga ƙananan kotuna. Misali, hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli ta California suna da ɗaure a kan dukkan Kotunan daukaka kara da Kotun daukaka kara kuma hukunce-hinku na Kotun dawakai suna da ɗauke a kan Kotun da Kasa a cikin wannan gundumar. Kotuna masu girma sun saurari mafi yawan shari'o'in canjin yanayi; Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun Koli ta California sun sake duba ƙananan shari'oʼin.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Change Litigation in the U.S. |url=http://www.climatecasechart.com/ |access-date=2012-03-18}}</ref> == CEQA da canjin yanayi - bayanan doka == Babban manufar CEQA ita ce bayyana yiwuwar tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka gabatar. Ba kamar takwaransa na tarayya ba, Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa, CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don rage tasirin da za a iya samu ta hanyar karɓar duk wani ragewa. Har zuwa kwanan nan, CEQA ta yi shiru game da batun canjin yanayi da fitar da GHG. Koyaya, an sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009, wanda ke buƙatar ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA la'akari da tasirin muhalli wanda GHG ya haifar. [Lokaci 1] <ref name="guideline"/>Sashe na 15064.4 yana ba da jagora don ƙayyade muhimmancin hayaki na GHG, amma bai kafa ƙofofi na bayyane ba. Sashe na 15126.4 (c) ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan gabaɗaya na ragewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEQA Guidelines California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Statutes and Guidelines |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/CEQA_Handbook_2012_wo_covers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111100742/http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/CEQA_Handbook_2012_wo_covers.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> Dangane da sake dubawa na jagororin CEQA, gundumomin iska da hukumomin jihohi sun buga takardun jagora don taimakawa hukumomin gwamnati wajen magance tasirin canjin yanayi. Har zuwa yau, Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Area (BAAQMD) da Gundumar Kula da Gidauniyar Jirgin Sama (SJVAPCD) sun karɓi ƙofofin hukuma na muhimmancin; Gundumar Gidauniyoyin Kula da Ingancin Ruwa ta Kudu (SCAQMD) ta karɓi ƙa'idodin wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=California Environmental Quality Act: Air Quality Guidelines |url=http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/Files/Planning%20and%20Research/CEQA/BAAQMD%20CEQA%20Guidelines%20May%202011.ashx?la=en |access-date=2012-04-13}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Final Staff Report: Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act |url=http://www.valleyair.org/programs/CCAP/12-17-09/1%20CCAP%20-%20FINAL%20CEQA%20GHG%20Staff%20Report%20-%20Dec%2017%202009.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106141319/http://www.valleyair.org/Programs/CCAP/12-17-09/1%20CCAP%20-%20FINAL%20CEQA%20GHG%20Staff%20Report%20-%20Dec%2017%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas CEQA Significance Thresholds |url=http://www.aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/GHG.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505192624/http://aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/GHG.html |archive-date=2012-05-05 |access-date=2012-04-13}}</ref>Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gwamna da Bincike (OPR) ya fitar da shawarwarin fasaha mai taken CEQA da Canjin Yanayi: Addressing Climate Change ta hanyar CEQA, wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin bincike na matakai uku don fitar da GHG.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=CEQA and Climate Change: Addressing Climate Change through CEQA |url=http://opr.ca.gov/docs/june08-ceqa.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020114943/http://opr.ca.gov/docs/june08-ceqa.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Jirgin Sama ta California (CAPCOA) ta kuma fitar da takardar ba da shawara da ake kira ''CEQA da Canjin Yanayi'', wanda ke tattauna ƙofofin da suka dace da hanyoyin kimantawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=CEQA and Climate Change |url=http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/05/CAPCOA-White-Paper.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban Lauyan ya fitar da jerin matakan ragewa waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su don rage hayakin GHG, kuma CAPCOA ta haɓaka takardar jagora da ke kwatanta hanyoyin da za a iya ƙididdige raguwar hayakin GG da aka samu ta hanyar matakan ragewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Addressing Climate Change at the Project Level |url=http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/GW_mitigation_measures.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619021144/http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/GW_mitigation_measures.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-19 |access-date=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures |url=http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311054446/http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kalubale ga takardun CEQA == === Shari'a ta farko kafin jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA ta 2010 (2006-2009) === Shari'ar da ta shafi canjin yanayi da CEQA sun fara tashi bayan amincewar jihar ta AB 32 a shekara ta 2006. Yawancin shari'o'i na farko sun yi jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da barazanar dumama duniya da karɓar AB 32 da ake buƙata takardun muhalli yanzu suna kimanta hayakin GHG. Kotuna masu girma yawanci suna tabbatar da ingancin binciken CEQA na yanzu, suna kammala cewa ba sashi na AB 32 ko kuma manufar canjin yanayi ba ta zama "sabon bayani" wanda zai buƙaci sake dubawa na muhalli - duba ''American Canyon Community United for Responsible Growth et al. v. City of American Canyon et al.'' (Mayu 2007) da kuma Natural Resources Council et al. [Lokaci 1] Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na farko sun kuma ga muhawara game da yanayin hasashe na canjin yanayi da rashin jagora. Masu shigar da kara a cikin Santa Clarita Oak Conservatory v. City of Santa Clarita (Agusta 2007) sun yi zargin cewa Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli na Birnin (EIR) ya gaza saboda ya kasa la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi akan samar da ruwa. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta [[Los Angeles]] County ta kammala cewa "Tasirin canjin yanayi na samar da ruwa ya yi hasashe sosai don gudanar da bita mai yawa. " <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Change and the California Environmental Quality Act |url=http://www.ab32ig.com/documents/CEQAandclimatechangeWhitePaper.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714105946/http://www.ab32ig.com/documents/CEQAandclimatechangeWhitePaper.PDF |archive-date=2010-07-14 |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> An ba da irin wannan shawarar a Cibiyar Nazarin Biological Diversity v. Birnin Perris (Agusta 2007). A cikin Highland Springs v. City of Banning (Janairu 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa "babu wata doka da ta buƙaci Majalisar Birnin Banning ta yi la'akari da dumamar duniya a lokacin da ta amince da aikin".[the]<ref name="review">{{Cite web |title=A Review of Climate Change Decisions in California Trial Courts |url=http://www.martindale.com/environmental-law/article_Holland-Knight-LLP_596878.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041520/http://www.martindale.com/environmental-law/article_Holland-Knight-LLP_596878.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> Kotun ta kammala cewa saboda haka ba a buƙatar kimantawa na hayaki na GHG a cikin takardar CEQA ba. Bukatar nazarin canjin yanayi a lokacin bita na CEQA ya fara canji zuwa tabbaci lokacin da Kotuna masu yawa suka fara kin amincewa da kariya bisa ga rashin isasshen jagora ko hasashe. A cikin Cibiyar Biological Diversity (CBD) v. City of Desert Hot Springs (Agusta 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne City ta yi "ƙoƙarin ma'ana" don nazarin hayakin GHG kafin ta kammala cewa irin wannan bincike zai zama hasashe. Kotun Koli ta Sacramento County ta kai irin wannan kammalawa a ''Majalisar Muhalli ta Sacramento v. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta California'' (Yuli 2008), wanda ya gudanar da cewa rashin ƙofar muhimmancin da aka buga bai isa ya bar ƙididdigar GHG ba.<ref name="review"/> Duk da yake waɗannan yanke shawara ba saitawa ba ne, suna da mahimmanci saboda suna nuna canji a cikin ra'ayoyin kotun shari'a da suka shafi CEQA da canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Status of Climate Change Analysis Under CEQA |url=http://www.eli.org/pdf/alerts/Holland_Knight_04-16-08A.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127022807/http://www.eli.org/pdf/alerts/Holland_Knight_04-16-08A.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-27 |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> Shawarwarin sun kafa mataki don sake dubawa ga jagororin CEQA, wanda ya sa watsi da canjin yanayi a lokacin sake dubawa na CEQA ba zai yiwu ba. === Shari'a ta baya-bayan nan bayan amincewa da jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA (2010 zuwa yanzu) === An sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009 don buƙatar hukumomin jagora ganowa da kimanta hayaki na GHG.<ref name="guideline"/> Tun lokacin da aka buga jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa, an kawo wasu shari'o'i a gaban Kotun daukaka kara game da isasshen sake dubawa na muhalli, gami da ragewa da ƙofofi. Babban yanke shawara na farko da aka buga game da rage GHG shine ''Al'ummomi don Muhalli Mafi Kyau (CBE) v. Birnin Richmond'' (Afrilu 2010, 184 Cal.App.4th 70). CBE ta kai karar City kan EIR din su saboda sauye-sauyen aiki da aka gabatar ga mai mai mai da ke akwai. Shirin EIR ya kammala cewa hayakin GHG zai zama ƙasa da mahimmanci tare da aiwatar da shirin ragewa. CBE ta kalubalanci EIR a kan dalilan cewa binciken GHG ba shi da tushe kuma an jinkirta ragewa ba daidai ba. [Lokaci 1]Kotun ta amince, tana mai bayyana cewa EIR ta kasa bayyana tushen lissafin GHG kuma cewa shirin ragewa bai ba da tabbacin cewa za a cimma matsaya ba. Hukuncin kotun ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne a gano raguwar GHG kuma a bayyana shi sosai kafin amincewar aikin. An sake tayar da batun ragewa a cikin Santa Clarita Organization for Planning the Environment (SCOPE) v. City of Santa Clarita (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 1042). Birnin ya kimanta hayakin GHG da ke da alaƙa da fadada Asibitin Tunawa ta amfani da jagorancin canjin yanayi na OPR (duba tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Statue, a sama). SCOPE ta kai karar, tana jayayya cewa City ta kasa karɓar duk wani ragewa da aka tsara a cikin jagorancin OPR kuma cewa mahimmancin ƙarshen ba shi da tushe. Kotun ta ci gaba da goyon bayan City, ta bayyana cewa bincikensu game da hayakin GHG ya isa kuma cewa hada dukkan matakan OPR 50 ba zai dace ba.<ref name="ceqa update">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=2011 CEQA Annual Update |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2012/01/articles/ceqa/2011-ceqa-annual-update/ |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> An gabatar da shari'a game da ƙofofin da suka dace don kimanta muhimmancin hayakin GHG a gaban Kotun daukaka kara a cikin ''Citizens for Responsible Environmental Development (CREED) v. City of Chula Vista'' (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 327). CREED ta kalubalanci ƙaddamarwar Birnin cewa aikin zai sami tasiri mara kyau akan canjin yanayi. CREED ta kuma yi zargin cewa amfani da AB 32 a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci bai dace ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa nazarin canjin yanayi ya isa kuma bisa ga Jagororin CEQA Sashe na 15064.4, hukumomin jagora suna da hankali don zaɓar ƙofar muhimmancin su.<ref name="ceqa update"/> Tambayar ko CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don kimanta tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan an magance su kwanan nan a cikin Ballona Wetlands Land Trust (Ballona) v. City of Los Angeles (Disamba 2011, 201 Cal.App.4th 455). Ballona ta yi zargin cewa City ta kasa magance tasirin hauhawar matakin teku a kan aikin da aka tsara. Kotun ta amince da EIR na Birnin, tana mai bayyana cewa yayin da EIR dole ne ya bincika tasirin muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da aikin, ba a buƙatar bincika tasirin mujallar a kan aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=2nd Appellate District Again Holds That For The Purposes Of CEQA, It Is The Impact Of The Project On The Environment, Not The Other Way Around |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2011/12/articles/ceqa/2nd-appellate-district-again-holds-that-for-the-purposes-of-ceqa-it-is-the-impact-of-the-project-on-the-environment-not-the-other-way-around/ |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> A ra'ayinta, Kotun ta soki Jagororin CEQA waɗanda ke ba da shawarar cewa hukumomin jagora ya kamata suyi la'akari da tasirin muhalli a kan aikin, kamar Sashe na 15065 (a) (4), wanda ke buƙatar hukumomin jagorantar su sami muhimmancin ayyukan da ke haifar da "babban sakamako ga mutane, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice".<ref name="guideline">{{Cite web |title=CEQA Guidelines |url=http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401150116/http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/ |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> == Kalubale ga doka == Kodayake da alama ba daidai ba ne, an shigar da karar a kan Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) game da aiwatar da shirin da aka gabatar a karkashin AB 32. A cikin Association of Irritated Residents (AIR) v CARB, AIR ta yi zargin cewa CARB ta kasa samar da bincike kan madadin don cap-and-trade a cikin "takardar aiki daidai" don Shirin Scoping na AB 32. AIR ta kuma yi jayayya cewa shirin cap-and-trade, kamar yadda aka tsara, zai yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Babban abin da AIR ta yi shi ne cewa tushen da ke tsaye a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi na iya ƙara hayaki ta hanyar sayen hayaki. Ta hanyar shigar da kara a kan CARB, AIR ta nemi umarni game da shirin cap-and-trade.<ref name="lawsuit">{{Cite web |title=Lawsuit Jeopardizes California's 2012 Cap-and-Trade Start Date |url=http://www.velaw.com/resources/LawsuitJeopardizesCalifornias2012CapandTradeStartDate.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004133323/http://www.velaw.com/resources/LawsuitJeopardizesCalifornias2012CapandTradeStartDate.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> Bayan bita, Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta ba da hukunci don dakatar da aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa CARB ta kasa yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da su kuma cewa binciken muhalli ba shi da tushe. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2011, Alkalin Kotun Koli na California Ernest Goldsmith ya ba da umarni na musamman wanda ya umarci CARB daga aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade har sai ya kammala isasshen nazarin muhalli.<ref name="lawsuit"/> Babban Lauyan California ya yi kira ga umarnin Alkalin Goldsmith, kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2011, Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da takardar neman izinin CARB don "rubuce-rubuce. " Wannan yanke shawara ta sauya umarnin Kotun Koli, ta ba CARB damar ci gaba da yin mulki. Masu ba da shawara game da shari'ar muhalli sun roki Kotun Koli ta California da ta sauya "rubuce-rubucen manyan mutane", amma an ki amincewa da karar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011.<ref name="cap-and-trade">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2011 |title=Cap and Trade Regulations Approved and Transmitted; Preliminary List of Covered Entities Now Available |url=http://blog.aklandlaw.com/2011/12/articles/climate-change/cap-and-trade-regulations-approved-and-transmitted-preliminary-list-of-covered-entities-now-available/ |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> A mayar da martani ga karar, CARB ta shirya wani ƙarin takardar CEQA daidai da shirin AB 32 Scoping wanda ke kimanta madadin don yin amfani da kai da kasuwanci. Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta amince da takardar a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2011. Dokokin cap-and-trade sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2012. <ref name="cap-and-trade"/> == Babban Lauyan Yanar Gizo == Babban Lauyan California ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] ta baya-bayan nan. Ta hanyar amfani da sulhu da sauran yarjejeniyoyi, Babban Lauyan ya warware rikice-rikice da yawa da suka shafi nazarin canjin yanayi a cikin takardun CEQA. A shekara ta 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shiga cikin sasantawa na farko na canjin yanayi tare da San Bernardino County. Jihar California ta kai karar County, tana zargin cewa Babban Shirin su na baya-bayan nan ya kasa la'akari (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) da ya dace da rage GHG. Yarjejeniyar Babban Lauyan ta haifar da shigar da rage GHG a cikin Babban Shirin Gundumar. An kuma cimma matsaya tare da ConocoPhillips a cikin 2007. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shigar da roko tare da Kwamitin Masu Kula da Contra Costa yana mai cewa EIR na ConocoPhillips don Shirin fadada Man Fetur mai tsabta bai magance iskar GHG yadda ya kamata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Settlement Agreement |url=http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/ConocoPhillips_Agreement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160611/http://ag.ca.gov/globalwarming/pdf/ConocoPhillips_Agreement.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> Don warware wannan takaddama da kuma ba da damar aikin ya ci gaba, bangarorin sun shiga yarjejeniya tare da Babban Lauyan da ke buƙatar ConocoPhillips sayen carbon. A shekara ta 2008, Birnin Stockton ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar fahimta (MOU) tare da Babban Lauyan da Sierra Club don warware haɗin kai a kan Babban Shirinsa na 2035. Kungiyar Sierra Club da farko ta shigar da takarda don rubuce-rubuce, tana zargin cewa EIR na Birnin don Babban Shirin bai dace da karuwar hayaki na GHG ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum of Agreement |url=http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1608_stockton_agreement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160613/http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1608_stockton_agreement.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> An buƙaci [[Jerin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi|Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi]] (CAP) (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) a matsayin wani ɓangare na MOU.<ref name="Stockton">{{Cite web |title=Draft City of Stockton Climate Action Plan |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/ClimateActionPlanDraftFeb2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083146/http://stocktongov.com/files/ClimateActionPlanDraftFeb2012.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> An yi wasu yarjejeniyoyi tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles (2007) <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=Brown Announces Greenhouse Gas Agreement With Los Angeles Port |url=http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1503 |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> da Filin jirgin saman San Diego (2008). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2008 |title=Brown Announces San Diego Airport Emissions Agreement |url=http://oag.ca.gov/news/press_release?id=1556&c=4 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> An gabatar da taƙaitaccen manyan ƙauyuka da aka kai har zuwa yau, gami da manyan ayyuka da matsayinsu na yanzu, a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. {| class="wikitable" !Shari'a !Ayyuka Masu Muhimmanci !Matsayi |- |San Bernardino County, 2007 |Sabunta Babban Shirin don haɗawa da GHG inventory da rage shirin |An kammala shi (2007) <ref>{{Cite web |title=County of San Bernardino 2007 General Plan |url=http://www.hvccsite.org/FINALGeneralPlanText3-1-07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505171620/http://www.hvccsite.org/FINALGeneralPlanText3-1-07.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> |- | |Kafa manufofi na rage hayaki na GHG |Shirin Rage GHG da aka kammala <ref>{{Cite web |title=County of San Bernardino General Plan Amendment and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Draft Supplemental Programme EIR |url=http://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/lus/Countywide/GreenhouseGasII/draftSEIR_GHG_emmission_reduction_plan.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> |- |ConcoPhillips, 2007 |Bayar da izinin aiki ga Santa Maria Refinery |An rufe shuka a cikin 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=ConocoPhillips Santa Maria Refinery Throughput Increase DEIR |url=http://www.slocleanair.org/pdf/2011/COP/2_0_Project%20Description.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref> |- | |Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Bay dala miliyan 7 a cikin carbon offsets |An biya BAAQMD (2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BAAQMD Notice of Intent to Issue RFP |url=http://www.ci.hercules.ca.us/documents/Agendas/Council/2009/09-08-09/Item |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref> |- | |Audubon Society $ 200,000 a cikin carbon offsets |N/A |- | |Bi California Wildfire ReLeaf dala miliyan 2.8 a cikin carbon offsets |N/A |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles, 2007 |Gudanar da lissafin shekara-shekara na hayaki na GHG |Ana gudanar da kokarin yin lissafi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Los Angeles Receives Inaugural Climate Leadership Award from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_022912_climate.asp |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> |- | |Gina tsarin hasken rana na 10 megawatt |Ana ci gaba da aikin, ana sa ran kammala shi a cikin 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Los Angeles Sustainability Report 2011 |url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/DOC/REPORT_Port_Sustainability_Report_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230012/http://portoflosangeles.org/DOC/REPORT_Port_Sustainability_Report_2011.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> |- |Filin jirgin saman San Diego, 2008 |Ci gaba da shirin rage hayaki na GHG |An haɓaka rahoton kayan GHG a cikin 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego Country Greenhouse Gas Inventory |url=http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/epic/ESPReport1.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> |- |Birnin Stockton, 2008 |Shirya CAP |An kammala rubutun CAP (2012) <ref name="Stockton"/> |- | |Kafa manufofi na rage GHG da VMT |An haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP |- | |Ci gaba da tsarin gine-gine da shirin |Green Building Ordinance da Green-Up Stockton kammala (2011/2012) |- | |Cikakken karatun sufuri da shirin |An kammala shi kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) Comprehensive Operational Analysis And Gap Study |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransPresentation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428204042/http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransPresentation.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit Gap Study |url=http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransitGapStudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428204402/http://www.stocktongov.com/files/TransitGapStudy.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> |- | |Kafa buƙatun cikawa / cikin gari |A cikin ci gaba |} == Tattaunawa == Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa shari'ar canjin yanayi a karkashin CEQA ta kasance mai cin lokaci kuma mai tsada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change & the Courts: How Lawyers & Litigation Have Led (& Sometimes Frustrated) the Fight to Stop Global Warming |url=http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/assets/event-assets/event-presentations/rick-frank-presentation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214211239/http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/assets/event-assets/event-presentations/rick-frank-presentation |archive-date=14 December 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Costs">{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions under CEQA - Costs and Opportunities |url=http://elq.typepad.com/currents/pdf/currents35-06-allen-2008-0411.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An dauke shi daya daga cikin karar da wasu masu sukar suka fi rikitarwa, San Bernardino County v State of California sun yi adawa da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da masana'antu da yawa saboda wadannan dalilai. Misali, sanatocin Jamhuriyar Republican da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa karar za ta kafa misali ga sabon binciken GHG wanda zai iyakance ci gaba a nan gaba. A sakamakon haka, wasu [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|sanatoci]] sun nemi samun "hana kan shari'ar yanayi ta CEQA" ta hanyar jinkirta wucewar kasafin kudin jihar. [Lokaci 1]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEPA AND CEQA: Effective Legal Frameworks For Compelling Consideration Of Adaptation To Climate Change |url=http://mylaw2.law.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/lawreview/documents/BaldwinforWebsite.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref>Jami'an San Bernardino County sun kuma yi jayayya cewa shari'ar ba ta da mahimmanci kuma cewa buƙatar County ta aiwatar da matakan ragewa kafin aiwatar da AB 32 ba daidai ba ne.<ref name="Costs" /> Har ila yau, an yi zargi da Babban Lauyan da ke da alaƙa da CEQA da canjin yanayi. Musamman, abubuwan da ake buƙata a matsayin wani ɓangare na shari'ar San Bernardino da ConocoPhillips sun ba da kunya ga wasu masu aikin shari'a. Kowane mutum ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Lauyan da sauran jam'iyyun da ke karar ba su dauki tsari mai kyau wajen magance dumamar duniya ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyar sasantawa ba. Misali, wasu sun yi zargin cewa ƙauyen San Bernardino ya kasance da farko tsari, yana buƙatar kayan GHG da ragewa, yayin da ƙauyen ConocoPhillips ya dogara sosai ga ƙarancin carbon, sabanin ragewa a wurin.<ref name="Costs"/> == Tasiri ga aikin CEQA == Hukuncin kotu da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin suna ba da jagora ga masu aiki da ke gudanar da nazarin canjin yanayi don ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA. Kotunan daukaka kara sun tabbatar da cewa tasirin GHG ba su da yawa don ƙididdigewa da kimantawa (duba CBE v. City of Richmond). Duk da yake jagororin CEQA ba su ƙayyade takamaiman ƙofar lambobi don muhimmancin ba, suna ba da hukumomin jagora damar zaɓar ƙofar kansu.<ref name="guideline"/> Jagororin CEQA sun gano nau'ikan rage fitar da GHG. Shawarwarin da Kotun daukaka kara ta yi sun bayyana mutum-mutumi tare da binciken da ya biyo baya. * Ragewa dole ne ya zama takamaiman kuma ba za a iya jinkirta shi ba (duba CBE v. City of Richmond). * Hukumomin jagora ba sa buƙatar magance duk wani ragewa na gaba ɗaya da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka ba da shawarar (duba SCOPE v. City of Santa Clarita). Babban Lauyan ya nuna shirye-shiryen Jiha don tabbatar da hukumomin jagora da kyau suna la'akari da rage hayaki na GHG da tasirin canjin yanayi. Ƙaddamarwa har zuwa yau sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarin ragewa, bincike, da / ko shirya CAP (duba "Attorney General Settlements" a sama). Hukuncin Kotun daukaka kara a cikin Ballona v. City of Los Angeles na iya kawar da buƙatar hukumomin jagora a gundumar ta biyu don la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Holds That CEQA Does Not Require Analysis Of The Environment's Impacts On A Proposed Project |url=http://www.publiclawnews.com/public-blawg/2011/12/court-holds-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-environments-impacts-proposed-projec |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222224353/http://www.publiclawnews.com/public-blawg/2011/12/court-holds-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-environments-impacts-proposed-projec |archive-date=2015-02-22 |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, 2012, Kotun Koli ta musanta sake dubawa da buƙatun da kungiyoyin kare muhalli da yawa suka gabatar (National Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Muhalli). Sai dai idan an karɓi dokar da ta soke shawarar Ballona, za a gabatar da kotuna a duk faɗin Jiha tare da shari'ar a matsayin misali. Duk da haka, kotuna a waje da gundumar ta huɗu za su sami damar bambanta a cikin fassarar su na Jagororin CEQA kuma suna iya samun cewa ana buƙatar nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi akan ayyukan da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=California Supreme Court Denies Review of Case Holding that CEQA Does Not Require Analysis of Effects on a Project Caused by the Environment |url=http://www.realestatelanduseandenvironmentallaw.com/california-environmental-quality-act-ceqa-california-supreme-court-denies-review-of-case-holding-that-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-of-effects-on-a-project-caused-by-the-environment.html |access-date=2012-04-20 |archive-date=2012-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050656/http://www.realestatelanduseandenvironmentallaw.com/california-environmental-quality-act-ceqa-california-supreme-court-denies-review-of-case-holding-that-ceqa-does-not-require-analysis-of-effects-on-a-project-caused-by-the-environment.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist|2}} == Bayani == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Canjin yanayi]] [[Rukuni:Yancin Dan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d0bcfwdnw3uvvck8jyv551i73toti9y 0 107117 968378 898700 2026-10-16T18:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ranar bayyanar farfajiyar tarin dabarun geochronological ne don kimanta tsawon lokacin da aka 6" href="./Exposure_(geology)" "Exposure (geology)">fallasa dutse a ko kusa da farfajilar Duniya. Ana amfani da kwanan wata na bayyanar ƙasa don kwanan wata ci gaban glacial da koma baya, tarihin rushewa, kwararar dutse, tasirin meteorite, slides na dutse, ɓarkewar kuskure, ci gaban kogo, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na ƙasa. Yana da amfani sosai ga duwatsu waɗanda aka fallasa tsakanin shekaru 103 zuwa 106. == Rubuce-rubucen radionuclide na sararin samaniya == Mafi yawan waɗannan dabarun soyayya shine soyayya ta radionuclide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schaefer |first=Joerg M. |last2=Codilean |first2=Alexandru T. |last3=Willenbring |first3=Jane K. |last4=Lu |first4=Zheng-Tian |last5=Keisling |first5=Benjamin |last6=Fülöp |first6=Réka-H. |last7=Val |first7=Pedro |date=2022-03-10 |title=Cosmogenic nuclide techniques |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-022-00096-9 |journal=Nature Reviews Methods Primers |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1038/s43586-022-00096-9 |issn=2662-8449 |s2cid=247396585 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duniya tana ci gaba da bombarded tare da primary cosmic rays, high makamashi caji barbashi - mafi yawa protons da alpha barbashi. Wadannan barbashi suna hulɗa tare da atoms a cikin iskar gas, suna samar da tarin barbashi na biyu wanda zai iya hulɗa da rage kuzari a cikin halayen da yawa yayin da suke wucewa cikin yanayi. Wannan cascade ya haɗa da ƙaramin ɓangaren hadrons, gami da neutrons. Lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan barbashi ya buge atom zai iya cire ɗaya ko fiye da protons da / ko neutrons daga wannan atom, yana samar da wani abu daban ko kuma isotope daban na asalin asali. A cikin dutse da sauran kayan da ke da irin wannan yawa, yawancin Hasken sararin samaniya yana shawo kan mita na farko na kayan da aka fallasa a cikin halayen da ke samar da sabbin isotopes da ake kira cosmogenic nuclides. A farfajiyar Duniya yawancin waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna samuwa ne ta hanyar fashewa neutron. Yin amfani da wasu cosmogenic radionuclides, masana kimiyya na iya nuna tsawon lokacin da aka fallasa wani yanki, tsawon lokacin da an binne wani abu, ko kuma yadda wuri ko kwandon ruwa ke lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanacker |first=V. |last2=von Blanckenburg |first2=F. |last3=Govers |first3=G. |last4=Campforts |first4=B. |last5=Molina |first5=A. |last6=Kubik |first6=P.W. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Transient river response, captured by channel steepness and its concavity |url=http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/29201 |journal=Geomorphology |volume=228 |pages=234–243 |bibcode=2015Geomo.228..234V |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185519/http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/29201 |archive-date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2025-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka'idar ta asali ita ce ana samar da waɗannan radionuclides a sanannen adadin, kuma suna lalacewa a sanannen canji. Dangane da haka, ta hanyar auna maida hankali ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin cosmogenic a cikin samfurin dutse, da lissafin ƙwayoyin hasken sararin samaniya da rabin rayuwar ƙwayoyin, yana yiwuwa a kiyasta tsawon lokacin da aka fallasa samfurin ga hasken sarkin sararin samaniya. Rashin hasken sararin samaniya a wani wuri na iya shafar abubuwa da yawa, gami da tsawo, latitude na geomagnetic, bambancin ƙarfin filin magnetic na Duniya, iskar rana, da kariya ta yanayi saboda bambancin matsin iska. Dole ne a kiyasta yawan samar da nucleid don kwanan wata samfurin dutse. Wadannan ƙididdigar yawanci ana kimanta su ta hanyar kwatanta maida hankali ga ƙwayoyin da aka samar a cikin samfurori waɗanda aka ƙayyade shekarunsu ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar su kwanan wata na radiocarbon, thermoluminescence, ko luminescence mai motsawa. Yawan dangi 2" href="./Natural_abundance" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Natural abundance">da yawa na halitta na cosmogenic nuclides a cikin samfurin dutse yawanci ana auna shi ta hanyar hanzari mass spectrometry. Cosmogenic nuclides irin su ana samar da su ta hanyar sarƙoƙi na halayen spallation. Yawan samarwa don wani nau'i shine aikin latitude na geomagnetic, adadin sararin samaniya wanda za'a iya gani daga ma'anar da aka samo, tsawo, zurfin samfurin, da kuma yawan kayan da aka saka samfurin. Ana ba da ƙimar lalacewa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin lalacewa na nuclides. Wadannan daidaitattun za a iya haɗawa don ba da jimlar maida hankali ga cosmogenic radionuclides a cikin samfurin a matsayin aikin shekaru. Abubuwa biyu da aka fi auna su akai-akai sune [./Beryllium-&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= ¹⁰" id="mwLw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Beryllium-10">beryllium-10] da [./Aluminum-&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= ²⁶" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aluminum-26">aluminum-26]. Wadannan nuclides suna da amfani sosai ga masu ilimin ƙasa saboda ana samar da su lokacin da hasken sararin samaniya ya buge oxygen-16 da silicon-28, bi da bi. Iyaye isotopes sune mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwa, kuma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin kayan ɓawon burodi, yayin da ƙwayoyin 'yar rediyo ba a yawan samar da su ta wasu matakai. Kamar yadda Iskar oxygen-16 ta zama ruwan dare a cikin yanayi, dole ne a yi la'akari da gudummawar da aka ba da ita ga beryllium-10 daga kayan da aka ajiye maimakon ƙirƙirar ''a wurin''.<ref name="Nishiizumi">{{Cite journal |last=Nishiizumi |first=K. |last2=Kohl |first2=C. P. |last3=Arnold |first3=J. R. |last4=Dorn |first4=R. |last5=Klein |first5=I. |last6=Fink |first6=D. |last7=Middleton |first7=R. |last8=Lal |first8=D. |year=1993 |title=Role of in situ cosmogenic nuclides ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al in the study of diverse geomorphic processes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-surface-processes-and-landforms_1993-08_18_5/page/407 |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=407 |bibcode=1993ESPL...18..407N |doi=10.1002/esp.3290180504}}</ref> 10Be da 26Al ana samar da su ne lokacin da wani ɓangare na lu'ulu'u na Quartz (SiO2) ya bombarded da wani spallation samfurin: oxygen na quartz ya canza zuwa 10Be kuma silicon ya canza zuwa 26Al. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna samar da su a wani nau'i daban. Dukansu za a iya amfani da su daban-daban don kwanan wata yadda aka fallasa kayan a farfajiya. Saboda akwai radionuclides guda biyu da ke lalacewa, ana iya amfani da rabo na maida hankali ga waɗannan nuclides guda biyu ba tare da wani ilmi ba don tantance shekarun da aka binne samfurin bayan zurfin samarwa (yawanci mita 2-10). Ana kuma auna ƙwayoyin [[Chlorine-36]] zuwa kwanan wata dutsen ƙasa. Wannan isotope na iya samarwa ta hanyar hasken sararin samaniya na [[calcium]] ko [[potassium]].<ref name="Stone">{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=J |last2=Allan |first2=G |last3=Fifield |first3=L |last4=Cresswell |first4=R |year=1996 |title=Cosmogenic chlorine-36 from calcium spallation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta_1996-02_60_4/page/679 |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=679 |bibcode=1996GeCoA..60..679S |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(95)00429-7}}</ref>{{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * Geomorphology and in situ cosmogenic isotopes. Cerling, T.E. and Craig, H. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22, 273-317, 1994. * Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application. Gosse, J.C. and Phillips, F.M. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1475–1560, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191044/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5071/2bf05fcf4d7092623ac93cd05ff38d971d2a.pdf] * A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Balco, Greg; Stone, John O.j Lifton, Nathaniel A.; Dunaic, Tibor J.; Quaternary Geochronology Volume 3, Issue 3, August 2008, Pages 174-195.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nathaniel_Lifton/publication/228372219_A_complete_and_easily_accessible_means_of_calculating_surface_exposure_ages_or_erosion_rates_from_10Be_and_26Al_measurements/links/00b7d5298c4eb84e86000000.pdf] * Geological calibration of spallation production rates in the CRONUS-Earth project. Borchers, Brian; Marrero, Shasta; Balco, Greg; Caffee, Marc; Goehring, Brent; Lifton, Nathaniel; Nishiizumi, Kunihiko; Phillips, Fred; Schaefer, Joerg; Stone, John. Quaternary Geochronology Volume 31, February 2016, Pages 188–198. skm0ip2cljxm1rygf44ugr068kfe62w 0 107409 968229 913790 2026-10-16T12:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968229 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} {| class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%" |Bidiyo na waje |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |"COP27 Tattaunawa tare da Racquel Moses Shugaba a The Caribbean Climate Smart Accelerator", Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Caribbean, 2022[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTPwKUUx7sQ&ab_channel=RMI Yanayi & Cocktails tare da Racquel Musa: A Just Future A cikin Caribbean], COP27, Maris 16, 2023[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYk5k0fsrP8&ab_channel=High-LevelClimateChampions Samar da mafita na yanayi na Caribbean, Racquel Moses, Shugaba na Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator], High-Level Climate Champions, Oktoba 18, 2023[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] |} Racquel Moses Jakadan Duniya ne na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) kuma Babban Jami'in Babban Jami'ar Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator (CCSA). Musa ya wakilci yankin a COP26-28, yana gabatar da katin sakamako na yanayi don kimanta matsayi da ci gaban ƙasashe a COP26 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Interview with Racquel Moses, United Nations Global Ambassador for the Caribbean at COP26 |url=https://oacps-ri.eu/en/news/interview-with-racquel-moses-the-united-nations-global-ambassador-for-the-caribbean-at-cop26/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=ACP |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720141151/https://oacps-ri.eu/en/news/interview-with-racquel-moses-the-united-nations-global-ambassador-for-the-caribbean-at-cop26/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma taswirar yanayi mai kyau don yankin Caribbean a COP28 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Island Resilience Action Challenge (IRAC) |url=https://newenergyevents.com/islandresilience/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Island Resilience Action Challenge |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Bartlett |first=Joey |date=2024-01-04 |title=New climate smart map on the way |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/01/04/new-climate-smart-map-on-the-way/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720143605/https://newsday.co.tt/2024/01/04/new-climate-smart-map-on-the-way/ |archive-date=2024-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-02 |title=PwC, CCSA to create world's first Climate-Smart Zone in the Caribbean |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/pwc-ccsa-to-create-worlds-first-climate-smart-zone-in-the-caribbean/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=St Vincent Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta hanyar Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator, Musa ya haɗa gwamnatoci, ƙasashe, masu ba da kuɗi, masu saka hannun jari, masu haɓaka fasaha da masu ruwa da tsaki don tallafawa shirye-shiryen ci gaba da aiwatarwa a yankin Caribbean. Ayyukan sun haɗa da tsarin sufuri na jama'a, amfani da wutar lantarki ko hydrogen don motoci, dorewar abinci, gyaran sharar filastik, sake amfani da filastik a cikin kankare, da kuma amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun teku.<ref name="Hay">{{Cite web |last=Hay |first=Nick |date=19 October 2023 |title=Racquel Moses: "We can do it. Having been the canary in the coalmine... we must save ourselves" |url=https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/racquel-moses-laccw/ |website=Climate Champions |publisher=Race to Zero |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Racquel Goddard (daga baya Musa) a Barataria, Trinidad da Tobago . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Bishop Anstey kuma ta bi sha'awar ilimin halayyar jama'a da doka kafin ta kammala Masters a Gudanar da Fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia a cikin 2000. Musa mai tsere ne.<ref name="marathon">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=The Caribbean Climate Smart Accelerator Announces Racquel Moses as CEO |url=https://www.investableoceans.com/blogs/carib/announcing-racquel-moses-as-ceo |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Investable Oceans}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A karkashin sunan budurwarta na Racquel Goddard, Musa ta kasance mataimakin shugaban yankin na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a LIME Jamaica a 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2012 |title=Snapshot |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120122/business/business2.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=The Jamaica Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> da mataimakin Shugaban yankin na Fujitsu Caribbean . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-05 |title=New president appointed at InvesTT |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.411910.541cbe0922 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A Jamaica, ta kafa iDaedle Consulting Ltd. A matsayin Manajan Darakta na iDaedles an zaba ta don halartar 5th Global Forum on Innovation and Technology Entrepreneurship, wanda infoDev ta gudanar a Gabashin London, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2013. Musa ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Tallafa Jari ta Trinidad & Tobago (InvesTT) a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2013. <ref name=":0"/> Musa ya inganta ci gaban Bankin Duniya na hukumar da kashi 77%, yana karɓar kyaututtuka waɗanda suka amince da aikin duniya na hukumar a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. A shekara ta 2017, Musa yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Microsoft Trinidad da Tobago . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greaves |first=Debra |date=2017-11-09 |title=New technology to detect sea pollution |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2017/11/08/new-technology-to-detect-sea-pollution/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724181946/https://newsday.co.tt/2017/11/08/new-technology-to-detect-sea-pollution/ |archive-date=2024-07-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2018, ta kasance darakta na yanki na bangaren jama'a na Microsoft Caribbean . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brathwaite |first=Deidre |date=26 Apr 2022 |title=Investment opportunities in the Caribbean – Ms. Racquel Moses |url=https://carib-export.com/blog/investment-opportunities-in-the-caribbean-ms-racquel-moses/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Caribbean Export Development Agency |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an nada Musa a cikin Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Trinidad da Tobago (TTOC) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-06-01 |title=President Carmona installs gender-equal TTOC executive committee for 2017-2020 |url=https://wired868.com/2017/06/01/president-carmona-installs-gender-equal-ttoc-executive-committee-for-2017-2020/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Wired868 |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa kuma a matsayin Amintattun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iveson |first=Ali |date=30 April 2022 |title=Henderson takes over as TTOC President following historic election |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1122598/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Inside The Games}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, ta gabatar da adireshin fasalin a taron tara na masana'antar wasanni na kwamitin wasannin Olympics na Trinidad da Tobago. Taken taron shine "The Environmental Impact of Sport". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walcott |first=Roneil |date=2024-03-07 |title=Climate change to take focus at TTOC Sport Industry Conference |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/03/07/climate-change-to-take-focus-at-ttoc-sport-industry-conference/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720150937/https://newsday.co.tt/2024/03/07/climate-change-to-take-focus-at-ttoc-sport-industry-conference/ |archive-date=2024-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Musa ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan magance canjin yanayi bayan haihuwar 'yarta a shekarar 2018. An sanar da kafa Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator (CCSA) a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2018 tare da tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka (IDB), Virgin Group, da [[Bankin Duniya]], <ref name="Fraser" /> a wani bangare a matsayin martani ga lalacewar Guguwar Maria da Irma a cikin 2017.<ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Aims to Become World's First Climate-Smart Zone |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/08/09/caribbean-aims-become-world-first-climate-smart-zone |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718193150/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/08/09/caribbean-aims-become-world-first-climate-smart-zone |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2019, Musa ya zama Shugaba na Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator . <ref name="Fraser" /><ref name="marathon"/> CCSA ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tun daga shekarar 2020. Haɗin gwiwar yana wakiltar ƙasashe 28 na Caribbean da fiye da mutane miliyan 40. <ref name="worldbank"/> A cikin hanzari, Musa yana aiki don daidaita ayyukan basira na yanayi tare da nau'ikan tallafin agaji daban-daban: tallafin tallafi, tallafin rance da saka hannun jari. CCSA kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan ta hanyar kwamitin ba da shawara kan kudi da kuma forums ga masu saka hannun jari. CCSA tana aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na shekara-shekara na Earthshot Prize.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramkhalawan |first=Kimberly |date=November 22, 2022 |title=CCSA HIGHLIGHTS WINS AND LOSSES FOLLOWING COP27 - CaribMagPlus |url=https://www.caribmagplus.com/ccsa-highlights-wins-and-losses-following-cop27/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Musa yana aiki tare da Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF) da kuma Island Resilience Action Challenge (IRAC), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-06 |title=Caribbean Blended Finance for Resilience (CBFR) Fund Mobilised |url=https://www.caribbeanaccelerator.org/caribbean-blended-finance-for-resilience-cbfr-fund-mobilised/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720132059/https://www.caribbeanaccelerator.org/caribbean-blended-finance-for-resilience-cbfr-fund-mobilised/ |archive-date=2024-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=$100M Fund mulled for Caribbean Renewable Energy projects |url=https://villagevoicenews.com/2020/11/02/100m-fund-mulled-for-caribbean-renewable-energy-projects/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Village Voice News |language=en-US}}</ref> IRAC wani shiri ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke tattara masu ruwa da tsaki a tsibirin tare don gina yarjejeniya da aiki akan mafita don magance canjin yanayi. IRAC tana samun tallafi daga Advanced Energy Group da Bankin Ci Gaban Caribbean. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> One of IRAC's initiatives has been the development of a resilience scorecard that can be used to assess both the commitments and accomplishments of countries in adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Moses shared the scorecard internationally at COP26.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> A further step has been the development of a climate smart map which tracks climate action data from 28 countries in the Caribbean region.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kentish |first=Alison |date=2023-12-19 |title=Caribbean Confidence High Post COP28, But Vigilant Follow-Through on Key Deals Needed |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2023/12/19/35609 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Global Issues |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator unveils climate smart {{!}} Loop Jamaica |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/caribbean-climate-smart-accelerator-unveils-climate-smart |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Loop News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The map was developed through a partnership between CCSA and Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC) and announced by Moses and others at COP28 in [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> A COP28, ban da gabatar da sabbin mafita da kuma ba da shawara don tallafawa kudade don juriya ga yanayi, Musa ya goyi bayan aiwatar da Asusun Asusun Asarar da Lalacewar.<ref name=":4"/> Yankin Caribbean yana da gudummawa na kasa da 1% na hayakin carbon na duniya, amma yana fama da rashin daidaituwa daga abubuwan da suka faru. Lalacewar da aka yi a yankin kusan kusan kashi 40% na duka lalacewar duniya.<ref name=":5"/> Akwai goyon baya mai karfi don juyawa zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma 'yancin makamashi a yankin. Fiye da rabin ƙasashen Caribbean suna da niyyar samar da sama da 50% na wutar lantarki daga sabuntawa kuma ƙasashe 10 suna da niyya don samar da 100% na wutar lantarki ta sabuntawa. [[Costa Rica]] ta cimma burinta na 100% mai sabuntawa kuma [[Suriname]] ta cimma burin ta na 35% tun daga shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-08 |title=Caribbean off target in meeting goals on renewable transition |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/09/08/caribbean-off-target-in-meeting-goals-on-renewable-transition/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Barbados Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, an zabi Musa a matsayin Jakadan Duniya don tseren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa Zero & tseren zuwa Resilience . Sauran Jakadun Duniya sun hada da Michael Bloomberg, Susan Chomba, da Saleemul Huq. Musa shine kadai daga cikin Jakadun Duniya da ya fito daga Ƙananan Tsibirin Ci Gaban (SIDS). Musa ya yi aiki a cikin juri na Island Innovation Awards, wanda Island Innovation da Clinton Global Initiative suka fara bayarwa a shekarar 2021. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e98m9a3j9as14t1uvnv04ey41argqgs 0 107849 968391 681611 2026-10-16T19:35:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruth Yeoh Pei Cheen''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Malaysia, mai ba da agaji da kuma mai kula da muhalli. A halin yanzu ita ce Babban Darakta a [[YTL Corporation|YTL Singapore]] kuma Darakta na YTL Corporation's carbon credit and clean development mechanism consultancy. Ita ce marubuciyar Cut Carbon, Grow Profits: Business Strategies for Managing Climate Change and Sustainability . == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == Ruth Yeoh ita ce 'yar fari ta dan kasar Malaysia Tan Sri Dato' Francis Yeoh da Puan Sri Datin Paduka Rosaline Yeoh . <ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Yeoh 32 (Singapore) |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45hkkf/ruth-yeoh-32-singapore-2/#61242b0a5c2c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527124627/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45hkkf/ruth-yeoh-32-singapore-2/#61242b0a5c2c |archive-date=27 May 2015 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="thestar.com.my">{{Cite web |title=YTL's Ruth Yeoh among Asia's powerful businesswomen – Nation – The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/02/26/ytl-ruth-yeoh-among-50-asia-power-women/ |website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YTL Sustainability - |url=http://www.ytl.com/sustainability/shownews.asp?newsid=64022 |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2018-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095749/http://www.ytl.com/sustainability/shownews.asp?newsid=64022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kakan mahaifinta shine Tan Sri Dato 'Seri Yeoh Tiong Lay, wanda ya kafa Kamfanin YTL. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Rebekah Yeoh kuma dan uwan Rachel Yeoh da Michelle Yeoh. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a Nazarin Gine-gine daga Jami'ar Nottingham kuma tana da digiri a cikin Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Cass a City, Jami'ar London . <ref name="worldcitiessummit.com.sg">{{Cite web |title=RUTH YEOH – World Cities Summit |url=http://www.worldcitiessummit.com.sg/whos-coming/ruth-yeoh |website=www.worldcitiessummit.com.sg |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2018-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095451/http://www.worldcitiessummit.com.sg/whos-coming/ruth-yeoh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tarfm.com">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=12 Children & Grandchildren of MALAYSIAN TYCOONS You'd Want To Meet |url=http://tarfm.com/blog/2012/07/25/12-children-grandchildren-of-malaysian-tycoons-youd-want-to-meet/ |publisher=}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yeoh ta fara aiki a kamfanin iyalinta, YTL Corporation, a cikin shekara ta 2005. Tana aiki a matsayin babban darakta na reshen Singapore kuma tana jagorantar sashen dorewar kamfanin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liza Tan, Executive Producer |date=11 May 2016 |title=How 20-plus Yeohs work happily together at the family mega-firm |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/11/stewardship-is-at-the-heart-of-the-yeoh-familys-work-at-malaysias-ytl.html |website=CNBC.com}}</ref> Ta fara YTL's Climate Change Week, babban shirin ilimi wanda aka tsara don wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi da tasirinsa a Malaysia da duniya. A shekara ta 2008 an nada ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kare Rare . An ba ta lambar yabo ta azurfa a cikin Jagorancin CSR a Global CSR Summit Awards a cikin 2011. A shekara ta 2012 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Regional Singapore Environmental Achievement Award ta Majalisar Muhalli ta Singapore . A shekara ta 2014 an ba ta lambar yabo ta GreenTech a matsayin daya daga cikin Top 30 Green Catalysts na Malaysia. A shekara ta 2013 ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin don Kyautar Kyautar Muhalli ta Singapore kuma an zaba ta a matsayin Matashi na Taron Birane na Duniya don Taron Biranen Duniya na 2014. A shekara ta 2015 ta kafa Recyclothes, wani aikin kayan ado mai ɗorewa da sadaka, tare da 'yar'uwarta Rebekah Yeoh . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Yeoh Archives – FirstClasse |url=https://firstclasse.com.my/tag/ruth-yeoh/ |website=FirstClasse}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2015 Yeoh ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattun Gidauniyar Kew don tallafawa Royal Botanic Gardens. Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Masu Ba da Shawara na Ƙungiyar Malaysian a Singapore, memba ne ga lambuna ta Bay kuma memba ne na kwamitin United Women Singapore . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Board members {{!}} United Women Singapore {{!}} United Women Singapore |url=https://uws.org.sg/board-members/ |access-date=2020-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill na Duniya don Gidauniyar Dignity for Children . Ita memba ce ta Majalisar Kasuwanci don Ci gaba da Hakki na Malaysia kuma memba ne na saka hannun jari na Asusun Makamashi da Muhalli na Asiya da Asusun Makamai da Muhalli. Har ila yau, memba ce ta kwamitin a Reef Check Malaysia kuma abokiyar aiki a Asia Society's Asia 21 Young Leaders Initiative . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Board – Reef Check Malaysia |url=https://www.reefcheck.org.my/about-us/our-board |website=www.reefcheck.org.my |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2019-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310011647/https://reefcheck.org.my/about-us/our-board |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="worldcitiessummit.com.sg"/><ref name="thefuturescentre.org">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title="Being an environmentalist isn't a choice", says Ruth Yeoh, YTL |url=https://thefuturescentre.org/articles/2008/being-environmentalist-isnt-choice-says-ruth-yeoh-ytl |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Hour |url=http://www.ytl.com/sustainability/earthhour/showarticles.asp?newsid=29248 |website=www.ytl.com |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2018-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095724/http://www.ytl.com/sustainability/earthhour/showarticles.asp?newsid=29248 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Wall Street Journal da Financial Times kuma a cikin 2007 ta hada kai kuma ta rubuta littafi game da canjin yanayi mai suna Cut Carbon, Grow Profits: Business Strategies for Managing Climate Change and Sustainability . <ref name="worldcitiessummit.com.sg"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cut Carbon, Grow Profits: Business Strategies for Managing Climate Change and Sustainability |url=https://www.nhbs.com/cut-carbon-grow-profits-book |website=www.nhbs.com |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212201328/https://www.nhbs.com/cut-carbon-grow-profits-book |archive-date=2019-12-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015 an lissafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin goma sha biyu da za a kalli a cikin jerin Forbes na Mata Masu Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Asiya kuma an lissafa shi a matsayin daya ካብ cikin "Gwarzon Philanthropy" don aikinta na kiyayewa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref name="forbes.com"/><ref name="thestar.com.my"/> Jami'ar Nottingham ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Alumni Laureate a shekarar 2017. <ref name="worldcitiessummit.com.sg"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yeoh Kirista ce mai aiki, kuma ta bayyana cewa bangaskiyarta wani bangare ne na wahayi don aiki mai ɗorewa da muhalli.<ref name="thefuturescentre.org"/> Ta auri Kenneth Khaw . <ref name="tarfm.com"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bfr6n33bqjggfplyxusny0vf3rpxnhl 0 108659 968473 837379 2026-10-16T23:45:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Extinction_Rebellion_Redeclaration,_Bournemouth_Square,_14th_Sept_2019_(48815716471).jpg|thumb|Rashin Gabatarwa na Tawayen, Bournemouth Square, 14 Satumba 2019) ]] An yi [[Sanarwar gaggawa ta yanayi|Sanarwar gaggawa na sauyi yanayi]] ta hanyar aiko da rubutu akan hanya a Burtaniya, gami da birni, gundumar, da majalisun gari. An kuma gabatar da takardun shaida don bayyana yanayin gaggawa a wasu yankuna da yawa. == Kasar kasa == A watan Mayun 2019, Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta amince da kudirin ayyana dokar ta-baci ta yanayi, inda ta zama majalisar kasa ta farko da ta yi hakan.  Shugaban ‘yan adawa na lokacin Jeremy Corbyn ne ya gabatar da [[Ƙudujin fadama|kudurin]] ba tare da rarrabuwa ba tare da goyon bayan bangarorin biyu, duk da cewa ministocin ba su goyi bayan hakan ba.. == Yankunan da aka ba su == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yankunan da aka ba da izini waɗanda suka ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Majalisar dokoki !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Majalisar dokokin Gibraltar|| {{Yes}} |3 ga Mayu 2019 |- |[[Isle of Man|Tsibirin Man]]|| {{Yes}} |18 Yuni 2019 |- |[[Jersey]]|| {{Yes}} |2 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Taron Arewacin Ireland|| {{Yes}} |3 Fabrairu 2020 |- |Majalisar dokokin Scotland|| {{Yes}} |28 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Senedd|| {{Yes}} |29 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |} == Gidauniyar == === Ingila === ==== Majalisar gundumar ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Majalisar gundumar Ingila da ta ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Majalisar gundumar !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Majalisar Gundumar Buckinghamshire|| {{Yes}} |26 Satumba 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Cambridgeshire|| {{Yes}} |14 Mayu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=County Council Minutes |url=https://cambridgeshire.cmis.uk.com/CCC_live/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=oSKQW2tLJiZqt0n%2fhBWiq9t3TvOnL5%2fC6ayCT2JROp2g%2bE0QDs8yWg%3d%3d&rUzwRPf%2bZ3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw%3d%3d=pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ%2fLUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ%3d%3d&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3d%3d=hFflUdN3100%3d&kCx1AnS9%2fpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3d%3d=hFflUdN3100%3d&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2bAJvYtyA%3d%3d=ctNJFf55vVA%3d&FgPlIEJYlotS%2bYGoBi5olA%3d%3d=NHdURQburHA%3d&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3d&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3d&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3d |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Cambridgeshire County Council |publisher=Cambridgeshire County Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Cumbria|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Derbyshire|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Devon|| {{Yes}} |21 Fabrairu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minutes |url=https://democracy.devon.gov.uk/documents/g2791/Public%20minutes%2021st-Feb-2019%2014.15%20Council.pdf?T=11 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Devon County Council |publisher=Devon County Council |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130044420/https://democracy.devon.gov.uk/documents/g2791/Public%20minutes%2021st-Feb-2019%2014.15%20Council.pdf?T=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Gabashin Sussex|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Oktoba 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Essex|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Gloucestershire|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Hampshire|| {{Yes}} |17 Yuni 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minutes |url=http://democracy.hants.gov.uk/documents/g5493/Public%20minutes%2017th-Jun-2019%2014.00%20Cabinet.pdf?T=11 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Hampshire County Council |publisher=Hampshire County Council |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203014650/https://democracy.hants.gov.uk/documents/g5493/Public%20minutes%2017th-Jun-2019%2014.00%20Cabinet.pdf?T=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Hertfordshire|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Yulin 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertfordshire County Council |url=https://www.climateemergency.uk/blog/hertfordshire/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Climate Emergency UK |publisher=Climate Emergency UK }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Kent|| {{Yes}} |23 ga Mayu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kent Council Minutes |url=https://democracy.kent.gov.uk/documents/g7896/Printed%20minutes%2023rd-May-2019%2010.00%20County%20Council.pdf?T=1 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Kent County Council |publisher=Kent County Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Lancashire|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Leicestershire|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Lincolnshire|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Norfolk|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Arewacin Yorkshire|| {{Yes}} |5 ga Yulin 2022 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Northamptonshire|| {{Yes}} |20 Yuni 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=minutes |url=https://cmis.northamptonshire.gov.uk/cmis5live/Document.ashx |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Northhamptonshire County Council |publisher=Northhamptonshire County Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Nottinghamshire|| {{Yes}} |27 ga Mayu 2021 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Oxfordshire|| {{Yes}} |2 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Somerset|| {{Yes}} |20 Fabrairu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somerset County Council |url=https://climateemergency.uk/blog/somerset/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Climate Emergency UK |publisher=Climate Emergency UK}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Staffordshire|| {{Yes}} |25 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Suffolk|| {{Yes}} |21 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Surrey|| {{Yes}} |9 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Warwickshire|| {{Yes}} |25 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Yammacin Sussex County|| {{Yes}} |5 Afrilu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CLIMATE MOTION PASSED UNANIMOUSLY BY WEST SUSSEX COUNTY COUNCIL |url=https://seclimatealliance.uk/climate-motion-passed-unanimously-by-west-sussex-county-council/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=South East Climate Alliance |publisher=South East Climate Alliance}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Worcestershire|| {{Yes}} |Yuli 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Worcestershire County Council declared a climate emergency in July 2021.` |url=https://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/sustainability-and-carbon-reduction/action-climate-change |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> |- |} ==== Majalisar gundumar ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+England district councils that have declared a climate emergency !District Council !Declared a climate emergency !Date |- |Adur District Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agenda and Minutes |url=https://democracy.adur-worthing.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=159&MId=255&Ver=4 |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=Adur City Council |publisher=Adur City Council |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120204259/https://democracy.adur-worthing.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=159&MId=255&Ver=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Allerdale Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |25 September 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Response of the Overview and Scrutiny Committee to Council regarding the Motion on Climate Change February 2020 |url=https://data.climateemergency.uk/media/data/plans/allerdale-borough-council-a8883c5.pdf |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=Allerdale Borough Council |publisher=Allerdale Borough Council}}</ref> |- |Amber Valley Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |Arun District Council|| {{Yes}} |13 November 2019 |- |Ashfield District Council|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Ashford Borough Council|| {{No}} |Council voted against declaring a climate emergency on 29 July 2019. However, they have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030. |- |Aylesbury Vale District Council|| {{Yes}} |18 September 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global List of Climate Emergencies |url=https://www.cedamia.org/global/ |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=CEDAMIA |publisher=CEDAMIA}}</ref> |- |Babergh District Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Barrow Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |16 July 2019 |- |Basildon Borough Council|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Basingstoke &amp;amp; Deane Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019 |- |Bassetlaw District Council|| {{No}} |Council voted against declaring a climate emergency on 24 June 2021. |- |Blaby District Council|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Bolsover District Council|| {{No}} |Bolsover Council has debated a climate emergency but have not moved a motion for climate emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Emergency |url=http://derbyclimate.org.uk/?p=866 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Derby Climate |publisher=Derby Climate |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122192310/http://derbyclimate.org.uk/?p=866 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Boston Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |20 January 2020 |- |Braintree District Council|| {{Yes}} |22 July 2019 |- |Breckland District Council|| {{No}} | |- |Brentwood Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |21 June 2023 |- |Broadland District Council|| {{Yes}} |27 July 2023 |- |Bromsgrove District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |Broxbourne Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Broxtowe Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Burnley Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |10 July 2019 |- |Cambridge City Council|| {{Yes}} |21 February 2019 |- |Cannock Chase District Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Canterbury City Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decision details: Notice of motion: Reducing carbon emissions (Climate Change) |url=https://democracy.canterbury.gov.uk/ieDecisionDetails.aspx?AIId=70748 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=Canterbury City Council |publisher=Canterbury City Council}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Carlisle City Council|| {{Yes}} |5 March 2019 |- |Castle Point Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Charnwood Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Chelmsford City Council|| {{Yes}} |16 July 2019 |- |Cheltenham Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |9 July 2019 |- |Cherwell District Council|| {{Yes}} |22 July 2019 |- |Chesterfield Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Chichester District Council|| {{Yes}} |9 July 2019 |- |Chiltern District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |Chorley Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |19 November 2019 |- |Colchester Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Copeland Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Corby Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |29 August 2019 |- |Cotswold District Council|| {{Yes}} |3 July 2019 |- |Craven District Council|| {{Yes}} |6 August 2019 |- |Crawley Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Dacorum Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Dartford Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |7 October 2019 |- |Daventry District Council|| {{Yes}} |20 February 2020 |- |Derbyshire Dales District Council|| {{Yes}} |30 May 2019 |- |Dover District Council|| {{Yes}} |29 January 2020 |- |East Cambridgeshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |17 October 2019 |- |East Devon District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |East Hampshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019 |- |East Hertfordshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 July 2023 |- |East Lindsey District Council|| {{No}} | |- |East Northamptonshire District Council|| {{No}} | |- |East Staffordshire Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 August 2020 |- |East Suffolk Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |Eastbourne Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |10 July 2019 |- |Eastleigh Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019 |- |Eden District Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |Elmbridge Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Epping Forest District Council|| {{Yes}} |19 September 2019 |- |Epsom and Ewell Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Erewash Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Exeter City Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Fareham Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |24 October 2019 |- |Fenland District Council|| {{No}} | |- |Folkestone and Hythe District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |Forest of Dean District Council|| {{Yes}} |6 December 2018 |- |Fylde Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Gedling Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |20 November 2019 |- |Gloucester City Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |Gosport Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Gravesham Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |26 June 2019 |- |Great Yarmouth Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Guildford Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Hambleton District Council|| {{Yes}} |14 December 2021 |- |Harborough District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 June 2019 |- |Harlow District Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |Harrogate Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Hart District Council|| {{Yes}} |29 April 2021 |- |Hastings Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |23 March 2020 |- |Havant Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |20 November 2024 |- |Hertsmere Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 September 2019 |- |High Peak Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |15 October 2019 |- |Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |16 July 2019 |- |Horsham District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 June 2019 |- |Huntingdonshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |22 February 2023 |- |Hyndburn Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |19 September 2019 |- |Ipswich Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |9 July 2019 |- |Kettering Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |[[Kings Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council]]|| {{Yes}} |9 September 2021 |- |Lancaster City Council|| {{Yes}} |30 January 2019 |- |Lewes District Council|| {{Yes}} |15 July 2019 |- |Lichfield District Council|| {{Yes}} |21 October 2019 |- |Lincoln City Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Maidstone Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |10 April 2019 |- |Maldon District Council|| {{Yes}} |4 February 2021 |- |Malvern Hills District Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Mansfield District Council|| {{Yes}} |5 March 2019 |- |Melton Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Mendip District Council|| {{Yes}} |25 February 2019 |- |Mid Devon District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 June 2019 |- |Mid Suffolk District Council|| {{Yes}} |25 July 2019 |- |Mid Sussex District Council|| {{No}} | |- |Mole Valley District Council|| {{Yes}} |18 June 2019 |- |North Devon District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |North East Derbyshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |8 July 2019 |- |North Hertfordshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |21 May 2019 |- |North Kesteven District Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |North Norfolk District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 April 2019 |- |North West Leicestershire District Council|| {{Yes}} |25 June 2019 |- |North Warwickshire Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |22 October 2019 |- |New Forest District Council|| {{Yes}} |6 October 2021 |- |Newark and Sherwood District Council|| {{Yes}} |16 July 2019 |- |[[Newcastle Under Lyme Borough Council]]|| {{Yes}} |3 April 2019 |- |Northampton Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |3 June 2019 |- |Norwich City Council|| {{Yes}} |29 January 2019 |- |Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |4 December 2019 |- |Oadby and Wigston Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Oxford City Council|| {{Yes}} |28 January 2019 |- |Pendle Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |Preston City Council|| {{Yes}} |18 April 2019 |- |Redditch Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |23 September 2019 |- |Reigate and Banstead Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Ribble Valley Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Richmondshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Rochford District Council|| {{Yes}} |28 June 2023 |- |Rossendale Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |25 December 2019 |- |Rother District Council|| {{Yes}} |16 December 2019 |- |Rugby Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019 |- |Runnymede Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 October 2019 |- |Rushcliffe Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |7 March 2019 |- |Rushmoor Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |20 June 2019 |- |Ryedale District Council|| {{Yes}} |10 October 2019 |- |Scarborough Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |7 January 2019 |- |Sedgemoor District Council|| {{Yes}} |20 March 2019 |- |Selby District Council|| {{No}} | |- |Sevenoaks District Council|| {{No}} | |- |Somerset West and Taunton Council|| {{Yes}} |21 February 2019 |- |[[South Buckinghamshire District Council]]|| {{No}} | |- |South Cambridgeshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |28 November 2019 |- |South Derbyshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |27 June 2019 |- |South Hams District Council|| {{Yes}} |25 July 2019 |- |South Holland District Council|| {{No}} | |- |South Kesteven District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 September 2019 |- |South Lakeland District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 February 2019 |- |South Norfolk District Council|| {{No}} | |- |South Northamptonshire District Council|| {{No}} | |- |South Oxfordshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |11 April 2019 |- |South Ribble Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |South Somerset District Council|| {{Yes}} |21 May 2019 |- |South Staffordshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |10 September 2019 |- |Spelthorne Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |14 October 2020 |- |St Albans City Council|| {{Yes}} |9 July 2019 |- |Stafford Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |23 July 2019 |- |Staffordshire Moorlands District Council|| {{Yes}} |10 July 2019 |- |Stevenage Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |12 June 2019 |- |[[Stratford-upon-Avon District Council]]|| {{Yes}} |30 July 2019 |- |Stroud District Council|| {{Yes}} |13 December 2018 |- |Surrey Heath Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |9 October 2019 |- |Swale Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |26 June 2019 |- |Tamworth Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |19 November 2019 |- |Tandridge District Council|| {{Yes}} |13 February 2020 |- |Teignbridge District Council|| {{Yes}} |18 April 2019 |- |Tendring District Council|| {{Yes}} |6 August 2019 |- |Test Valley Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |4 September 2019 |- |Tewkesbury Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |1 October 2019 |- |Thanet District Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |Three Rivers District Council|| {{Yes}} |21 May 2019 |- |Tonbridge &amp;amp; Malling Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |9 July 2019 |- |Torridge District Council|| {{Yes}} |1 July 2019 |- |Tunbridge Wells Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |Uttlesford District Council|| {{Yes}} |30 July 2019 |- |Vale of White Horse District Council|| {{Yes}} |13 February 2019 |- |Warwick District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 June 2019 |- |Watford Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |9 July 2019 |- |Waverley Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 September 2019 |- |Wealden District Council|| {{Yes}} |24 July 2019 |- |Wellingborough Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |19 June 2019 |- |[[West Devon District Council]]|| {{Yes}} |21 May 2019 |- |West Lancashire District Council|| {{Yes}} |17 July 2019 |- |West Lindsey District Council|| {{No}} | |- |West Oxfordshire District Council|| {{Yes}} |26 June 2019 |- |West Suffolk Council|| {{Yes}} |11 September 2019 |- |Winchester City Council|| {{Yes}} |5 June 2019 |- |Woking Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |25 July 2019 |- |Worcester City Council|| {{Yes}} |16 July 2019 |- |Worthing Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 July 2019 |- |Wychavon District Council|| {{No}} | |- |Wycombe District Council|| {{Yes}} |3 February 2020 |- |Wyre Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |11 July 2019 |- |Wyre Forest District Council|| {{Yes}} |22 May 2019 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yankunan London da suka ayyana gaggawa !Birnin Landan !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Barking da Majalisar Dagenham|| {{Yes}} |29 Janairu 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barking and Dagenham Council declares climate emergency |url=https://www.lbbd.gov.uk/news/barking-and-dagenham-council-declares-climate-emergency |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Barking and Dagenham Council |publisher=Barking and Dagenham Council }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Barnet ta London|| {{Yes}} |24 ga Mayu 2022 |- |Majalisar Birnin Bexley ta London|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Birnin Brent London|| {{Yes}} |8 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Bromley ta London|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Birnin Camden ta London|| {{Yes}} |9 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Kamfanin Birnin London|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Birnin Croydon ta London|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Ealing London Borough|| {{Yes}} |2 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Enfield ta London|| {{Yes}} |8 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Greenwich ta London|| {{Yes}} |26 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Hackney ta London|| {{Yes}} |26 Yuni 2019 |- |Hammersmith da Fulham London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Haringey London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 Maris 2019 |- |Harrow London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Havering London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |22 Maris 2023 |- |Majalisar Birnin Hillingdon ta London|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Janairu 2020 |- |Majalisar Birnin Hounslow ta London|| {{Yes}} |19 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Islington ta London|| {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 |- |Kensington da Chelsea London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |22 ga Janairu 2019 |- |Kingston a kan Thames London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |25 Yuni 2019 |- |Lambeth London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |29 Janairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Lewisham ta London|| {{Yes}} |27 Fabrairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Merton ta London|| {{Yes}} |10 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Newham ta London|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Redbridge ta London|| {{Yes}} |20 Yuni 2019 |- |Richmond a kan Thames London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |9 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Landan ta Kudu|| {{Yes}} |25 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Sutton London Borough|| {{Yes}} |22 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Tower Hamlets London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |20 Maris 2019 |- |Waltham Forest London Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |25 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Majalisar Wandsworth ta London|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Westminster ta London|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Satumba 2019 |- |} ==== Gundumomi masu birni ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Gundumomin birni na Ingila da suka ayyana gaggawa !Gundumar Birni !An bayyana shi !Ranar |- |Majalisar Birnin Barnsley|| {{Yes}} |18 Satumba 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=MINUTES |url=https://barnsleymbc.moderngov.co.uk/documents/g5841/Printed%20minutes%2026th-Sep-2019%2010.30%20Full%20Council.pdf?T=1 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council |publisher=Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Birnin Birmingham|| {{Yes}} |11 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Bolton|| {{Yes}} |29 ga watan Agusta 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Bradford|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Janairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Bury Borough|| {{Yes}} |10 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Calderdale Borough|| {{Yes}} |30 Janairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Coventry|| {{Yes}} |18 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Doncaster Borough|| {{Yes}} |19 ga Satumba 2019 |- |Majalisar Dudley Borough|| {{Yes}} |6 ga Yulin 2020 |- |[[Gateshead Borough Council|Majalisar Gateshead Borough]]|| {{Yes}} |23 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Kirklees Borough|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Janairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Knowsley|| {{Yes}} |29 Janairu 2020 |- |Majalisar Birnin Leeds|| {{Yes}} |27 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Liverpool|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Manchester|| {{Yes}} |10 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Arewacin Tyneside|| {{Yes}} |25 ga Yulin 2019 |- |[[Newcastle Upon Tyne City Council|Majalisar Birnin Newcastle A kan Tyne]]|| {{Yes}} |3 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Oldham|| {{Yes}} |11 ga Satumba 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Rochdale|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Rotherham Borough|| {{Yes}} |30 ga Oktoba 2019 |- |[[South Tyneside Borough Council|Majalisar Kudancin Tyneside]]|| {{Yes}} |19 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Salford|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |[[Sandwell Borough Council|Majalisar Sandwell Borough]]|| {{Yes}} |10 Maris 2020 |- |Majalisar Sefton Borough|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Sheffield|| {{Yes}} |18 Nuwamba 2019 |- |Majalisar Solihull Borough|| {{Yes}} |8 ga Oktoba 2019 |- |Majalisar St Helens Borough|| {{Yes}} |10 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Stockport|| {{Yes}} |28 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Sunderland|| {{Yes}} |27 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Tameside|| {{Yes}} |25 Fabrairu 2020 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Trafford|| {{Yes}} |28 Nuwamba 2018 |- |Majalisar Birnin Wakefield|| {{Yes}} |23 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Walsall Borough|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Satumba 2019 |- |Majalisar Wigan Borough|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Whirral Borough|| {{Yes}} |15 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Wolverhampton|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Hukumomin Ingila da suka ayyana gaggawa !Ikon hadin kai !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Majalisar Bath da Arewa maso Gabashin Somerset|| {{Yes}} |14 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Bedford|| {{Yes}} |5 Maris 2019 |- |Blackburn tare da Darwen Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Blackpool|| {{Yes}} |26 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Bournemouth, Christchurch da Poole|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Garin Bracknell|| {{Yes}} |11 Janairu 2023 |- |Majalisar Birnin Brighton da Hove|| {{Yes}} |13 Disamba 2018 |- |Majalisar Birnin Bristol|| {{Yes}} |13 Nuwamba 2018 |- |Majalisar Bedfordshire ta Tsakiya|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gabashin Cheshire|| {{Yes}} |22 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Cheshire ta Yamma da Chester|| {{Yes}} |21 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Cornwall|| {{Yes}} |22 ga Janairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Durham|| {{Yes}} |20 Fabrairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Darlington Borough|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Dorset|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Gabashin Gabas na Majalisar Yorkshire|| {{Yes}} |24 Fabrairu 2021 |- |Babban Hukumomin London|| {{Yes}} |11 Disamba 2018 |- |Majalisar Halton Borough|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Oktoba 2019 |- |Majalisar Hartlepool Borough|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Herefordshire|| {{Yes}} |8 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Hull|| {{Yes}} |21 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar tsibirin Wight|| {{Yes}} |24 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Leicester|| {{Yes}} |1 ga Fabrairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Luton Borough|| {{Yes}} |13 Janairu 2020 |- |Majalisar Medway|| {{Yes}} |25 ga Afrilu 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Middlesbrough|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Milton Keynes|| {{Yes}} |23 ga Janairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Arewa maso Gabashin Lincolnshire|| {{Yes}} |19 ga Satumba 2019 |- |Majalisar Arewacin Lincolnshire|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Arewacin Somerset|| {{Yes}} |19 Fabrairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Northumberland|| {{Yes}} |11 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Nottingham|| {{Yes}} |13 Janairu 2020 |- |Majalisar Birnin Peterborough|| {{Yes}} |24 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Plymouth|| {{Yes}} |18 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Portsmouth|| {{Yes}} |19 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Karatu|| {{Yes}} |26 Fabrairu 2019 |- |Redcar da Cleveland Borough Council|| {{Yes}} |28 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Rutland|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Shropshire|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Slough Borough|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Birnin Southampton|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Satumba 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Kudu|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Kudancin Gloucestershire|| {{Yes}} |17 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin Stockton-on-Tees|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Birnin Stoke-on-Trent|| {{Yes}} |4 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Swindon Borough|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Yulin 2022 |- |Majalisar Telford da Wrekin Borough|| {{Yes}} |25 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Thurrock|| {{Yes}} |23 ga Oktoba 2019 |- |Majalisar Torbay|| {{Yes}} |19 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Warrington Borough|| {{Yes}} |17 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Wiltshire|| {{Yes}} |26 Fabrairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Windsor da Maidenhead Borough|| {{Yes}} |26 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Wokingham Borough|| {{Yes}} |18 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Birnin York|| {{Yes}} |21 Maris 2019 |- |} == Arewacin Ireland == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yankunan karamar hukuma na Arewacin Ireland da suka ayyana gaggawa !Yankin karamar hukuma !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Majalisar Antrim da Newtownabbey Borough|| {{No}} | |- |Ards da Majalisar Arewacin Down Borough|| {{Yes}} |27 Fabrairu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARDS AND NORTH DOWN BOROUGH COUNCIL AGENDA AND MINUTES |url=https://www.ardsandnorthdown.gov.uk/images/assets/C_27.02.19_WEB_PAPERS.pdf |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Ards and North Down Borough Council |publisher=Ards and North Down Borough Council}}</ref> |- |Armagh City, Banbridge da Craigavon Borough Council|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Birnin Belfast|| {{Yes}} |A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2019 Majalisar Birnin Belfast ta zama majalisa ta uku a Arewacin Ireland don ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi |- |Majalisar Causeway Coast da Glens Borough|| {{Yes}} |8 ga Yuni 2020 |- |Derry City da Gundumar Strabane|| {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Fermanagh da Omagh|| {{No}} | |- |Lisburn da Majalisar Birnin Castlereagh|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Antrim ta Tsakiya da Gabas|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Mid Ulster|| {{No}} | |- |Majalisar Gundumar Newry, Mourne da Down|| {{No}} | |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yankunan karamar hukuma na Scotland da suka ayyana gaggawa !Yankin karamar hukuma !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Majalisar Birnin Aberdeen|| {{Yes}} |27 Maris 2023 |- |Majalisar Aberdeenshire|| {{No}} |Majalisar ta kada kuri'a a kan ayyana dokar ta baci a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019. |- |Majalisar Angus|| {{Yes}} |5 Satumba 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=MINUTE of MEETING of ANGUS COUNCIL |url=https://www.angus.gov.uk/sites/angus-cms/files/2019-10/05_09_19.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Angus Council |publisher=Angus Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Argyll da Bute|| {{Yes}} |30 Satumba 2021 |- |Majalisar Clackmannanshire|| {{Yes}} |19 ga watan Agusta 2021 |- |Majalisar Dumfries da Galloway|| {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Emergency Declaration Update |url=https://dumgal.gov.uk/pressreleases?item=2116&returnPage=22 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Dumfries and Galloway Council |publisher=Dumfries and Galloway Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Birnin Dundee|| {{Yes}} |24 Yuni 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dundee Climate Action Plan |url=https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/sustainable-dundee/dundee-climate-action-plan |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Dundee City Council |publisher=Dundee City Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gabashin Ayrshire|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Dunbartonshire ta Gabas|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Lothian ta Gabas|| {{Yes}} |27 ga watan Agusta 2019 |- |Majalisar Gabashin Renfrewshire|| {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Edinburgh|| {{Yes}} |7 Fabrairu 2019 |- |Majalisar Falkirk|| {{Yes}} |27 ga watan Agusta 2019 |- |Majalisar Fife|| {{Yes}} |26 Satumba 2019 |- |[[City Glasgow council|Majalisar Glasgow]]|| {{Yes}} |16 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Highland|| {{Yes}} |9 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Inverclyde|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Midlothian|| {{Yes}} |17 Disamba 2019 |- |Majalisar Moray|| {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 |- |Comhairle nan Eilean Siar|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Arewacin Ayrshire|| {{Yes}} |11 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Arewacin Lanarkshire|| {{Yes}} |20 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Tsibirin Orkney|| {{Yes}} |14 Mayu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council declares climate emergency |url=https://www.orkney.gov.uk/OIC-News/Council-declares-climate-emergency.htm |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Orkney Islands Council |publisher=Orkney Islands Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Perth da Kinross|| {{Yes}} |9 ga Nuwamba 2022 |- |Majalisar Renfrewshire|| {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar iyakokin Scotland|| {{Yes}} |25 Satumba 2020 |- |Majalisar Tsibirin Shetland|| {{Yes}} |22 Janairu 2020 |- |Majalisar Kudancin Ayrshire|| {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Kudancin Lanarkshire|| {{No}} |Majalisar ba ta ayyana dokar ta baci ba amma ta sanya hannu kan manufofi masu ban sha'awa don rage hayaki kafin Gwamnatocin Scotland na shekara ta 2045. |- |Majalisar Stirling|| {{Yes}} |3 Oktoba 2019 |- |Majalisar Yammacin Dunbartonshire|| {{Yes}} |29 Mayu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Strategy |url=https://www.west-dunbarton.gov.uk/council/public-consultations/climate-change-strategy/ |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=West Dunbarton Council |publisher=West Dunbarton Council }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Yammacin Lothian|| {{Yes}} |24 Satumba 2019 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Yankunan karamar hukuma na Wales da suka ayyana gaggawa !Yankin karamar hukuma !An ayyana gaggawa ta yanayi !Ranar |- |Majalisar Gundumar Blaenau Gwent County (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Blaenau Gwents) || {{Yes}} |24 Satumba 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=COUNTY BOROUGH OF BLAENAU GWENT |url=http://democracy.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/documents/g2164/Printed%20minutes%2024th-Sep-2020%2010.00%20Ordinary%20Meeting%20of%20the%20Council.pdf?T=1&LLL=0 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Blaenau Gwent County |publisher=Blaenau Gwent County |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202121232/http://democracy.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/documents/g2164/Printed%20minutes%2024th-Sep-2020%2010.00%20Ordinary%20Meeting%20of%20the%20Council.pdf?T=1&LLL=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Birnin Bridgend County (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) || {{Yes}} |22 ga Yulin 2020 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Caerphilly (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Caerffili) || {{Yes}} |4 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Cardiff (Cyngor Caerdydd) || {{Yes}} |28 Maris 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE COUNTY COUNCIL OF THE CITY & COUNTY OF CARDIFF |url=https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/documents/g3507/Printed%20minutes%2028th-Mar-2019%2016.30%20Council.pdf?T=1 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Cardiff Council |publisher=Cardiff Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Carmarthenshire (Cyngor Sir Gaerfyrddin) || {{Yes}} |20 Fabrairu 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=COUNTY COUNCIL WEDNESDAY, 20 FEBRUARY 2019 |url=https://democracy.carmarthenshire.gov.wales/documents/g2126/Printed%20minutes%2020th-Feb-2019%2010.00%20County%20Council.htm?T=1&CT=2 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Carmarthenshire County Council |publisher=Carmarthenshire County Council |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922152516/http://democracy.carmarthenshire.gov.wales/documents/g2126/Printed%20minutes%2020th-Feb-2019%2010.00%20County%20Council.htm?T=1&CT=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Ceredigion (Cyngor Sir Ceredigion) || {{Yes}} |5 Maris 2020 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Conwy (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy) || {{Yes}} |9 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Denbighshire (Cyngor Sir Ddinbych) || {{Yes}} |2 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Flintshire (Cyngor Sir y Fflint) || {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Gwynedd (Cyngor Sir Gwynedd) || {{Yes}} |7 Maris 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE COUNCIL THURSDAY, 7 MARCH 2019 |url=https://democracy.gwynedd.llyw.cymru/documents/g2455/Public%20minutes%2007th-Mar-2019%2013.00%20The%20Council.pdf?T=11 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Gwenedd Council |publisher=Gwenedd Council}}</ref> |- |Majalisar Gundumar Anglesey (Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn) || {{Yes}} |8 Satumba 2020 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Merthyr Tydfil (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful) || {{No}} |N/A |- |Majalisar Gundumar Monmouthshire (Cyngor Sir Fynwy) || {{Yes}} |16 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Castell-nedd Port Talbot) || {{Yes}} |28 Satumba 2022 |- |Majalisar Birnin Newport (Cyngor Dinas Casnewydd) || {{Yes}} |13 Maris 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Pembrokeshire (Cyngor Sir Penfro) || {{Yes}} |9 ga Mayu 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Powys (Cyngor Sir Powys) || {{Yes}} |24 Satumba 2020 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Rhondda Cynon Taf (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Rhondda Lynon Taf) || {{No}} |N/A |- |Birni da Gundumar Swansea (Cyngor Sir a Dinas Abertawe) || {{Yes}} |27 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar Gundumar Torfaen (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Torfaen) || {{Yes}} |25 Yuni 2019 |- |Majalisar kwarin Glamorgan (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Bro Morgannwg) || {{Yes}} |29 ga Yulin 2019 |- |Majalisar Wrexham County Borough (Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Wrecsam) || {{Yes}} |25 Satumba 2019 |} 8pwif3vt5qxbtlz5fipcsosm25bjrvw 0 109897 968230 703011 2026-10-16T12:40:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=River Smite|name_native=|name_other=|name_etymology=<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=River Smite near Shelton - geograph.org.uk - 237155.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Smite near Shelton|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Nottinghamshire|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=Mouth of the Smite in Nottinghamshire <!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[England]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=Counties|subdivision_name3=[[Leicestershire]], [[Nottinghamshire]]|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=WFD>{{Cite web |url=http://data.gov.uk/dataset/wfd-surface-water-classification-status-and-objectives |title=WFD Surface Water Classification Status and Objectives 2012 csv files |publisher=Environment-agency.gov.uk |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224035512/http://data.gov.uk/dataset/wfd-surface-water-classification-status-and-objectives |archive-date=24 February 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=|source1_location=[[Holwell, Leicestershire|Holwell]], [[Leicestershire]]|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|mouth=|mouth_location=[[Shelton, Nottinghamshire|Shelton]], [[Nottinghamshire]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|52.9972|-0.8235|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{convert|193|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=WFD />|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=Progression : Smite—[[River Devon, Nottinghamshire|Devon]]—[[River Trent|Trent]]—[[Humber]]}} '''Kogin Smite''', wani yanki ="River Devon, Nottinghamshire">Kogin Devon, yana gudana na kilomita 20 (kilomita 32) ta hanyar Leicestershire da kudu maso gabashin Nottinghamshire, Ingila. Tushen yana kusa da ƙauyen Holwell, Leicestershire ya haɗu da Devon kusa da Shelton, ''Nottinghamshire''. Smite da yankunan da ke kusa da shi, kamar River Whipling, Stroom Dyke, da Dalby Brook, suna zubar da yanki na kilomita 193 (75 sq na gonar gona a cikin ''Kwarin Belvoir''. == Sunan == A cikin karni na 17 an san kogin da Snite . Wannan da rubutun zamani ana zaton sun samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci ''smita'', wanda ke nuna mummunan wuri ko wuri mai laushi. Wannan yana da alaƙa da wani tsohuwar kalmar Turanci ''smitan'', wanda ke nufin daub ko gurɓata. Yana nuna cewa Smite ya kasance mai datti, mai cike da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Colston Bassett (1942) |url=http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/monographs/young1942/chapter2.htm |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=Nottinghamshire History |publisher=nottshistory.org.uk |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223405/http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/monographs/young1942/chapter2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tushen == Kogin ya samo asali ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa kusa da Holwell, tare da layin [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|bazara]] inda dutsen ƙarfe na gida ya haɗu da ƙananan duwatsun laka a gefen Bleak Hills, waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na Belvoir Ridge. Koyaya, tushen Smite kuma an danganta shi da wani bazara 1 km zuwa arewa da ake kira Holwell Mouth, wani chalybeate ko ma'adinai a cikin wani kwari mai itatuwa a arewacin Holwell. Yanzu ba a amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ba, amma a ƙarni na 17 da 18 an yi tunanin cewa tana da kayan warkarwa kuma tana da wurin zama na dutse ga waɗanda ke shan ruwa. Ya ƙunshi gishirin ƙarfe wanda ke ba shi launin ja da kuma dandano mai ɗanɗano. Sunan Holwell, na asalin Saxon, yana nufin "maɓuɓɓugar ko rafi a cikin rami". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vale of Belvoir – Section 1 |url=http://cms.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/home/environment/landimprovements/landscapecharacter/countrysideappraisal/countrysideappraisal-chaptertwelve.htm |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=Countryside Appraisal |publisher=Nottinghamshire County Council |archive-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918123806/http://cms.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/home/environment/landimprovements/landscapecharacter/countrysideappraisal/countrysideappraisal-chaptertwelve.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="mega">{{Cite web |title=Holwell Mouth |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=10231 |access-date=14 May 2014 |website=The Megalithic Portal |publisher=megalithic.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328151009/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=10231 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>&nbsp; == Hanyar da ake ciki == Rarraba iri-iri da ke gangarowa daga tsaunin Bleak sun haɗu da Smite yayin da yake gudana ta hanyar arewa-maso-yamma, kafin su juya zuwa arewa-maso gabas a ƙasan ƙwanƙolin, zuwa cikin ƙasan Vale na Belvoir.  An kewaye ta da wani magudanar ruwa na Canal Grantham, sannan ya ci gaba a hanyar arewa maso yamma don saduwa da Dalby Brook.  Wannan tafsiri yana magudana kudu-maso-yamma na magudanar ruwa, yana tashi kusa da Old Dalby, sannan yana gudana tsakanin Upper da Nether Broughton kuma ya wuce Hickling zuwa mahadar tare da Smite.  Bayan wannan mahaɗar kogin yana gudana ta Colston Bassett da kuma kusa da Wiverton Hall, inda Stroom Dyke ke haɗuwa da shi.  Yana ci gaba ta ƙasar noma, har ya isa A52, inda ya ratsa tsakanin ƙauyukan Whatton-in-the-Vale da Aslockton.  Kogin Whipling yana haɗuwa da shi yayin da yake wucewa da ragowar motte da beli na Aslockton Castle.  Kogin yana ci gaba da arewa maso gabas, kusa da kauyukan Orston, Thoroton, Flawborough da Shelton, inda ya hadu da Kogin Devon. . <ref name="smitemap">{{Cite web |title=Water Framework Directive - River Basin Management Plans |url=http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?x=357683.0&y=355134.0&scale=1&layerGroups=default&ep=map&textonly=off&lang=_e&topic=wfd_rivers#x=470363&y=331341&lg=1,7,8,9,5,6,&scale=6 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=What's in your Backyard |publisher=Environment Agency |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330085716/http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?x=357683.0&y=355134.0&scale=1&layerGroups=default&ep=map&textonly=off&lang=_e&topic=wfd_rivers#x=470363&y=331341&lg=1,7,8,9,5,6,&scale=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:New_Footbridge,_near_Granby,_Nottinghamshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_64074.jpg|left|thumb|{{Center|The Grimmer and the Rundle Beck, join to form the Whipling}}]] Kogin Whipling shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Smite kuma mai nisan mil 6 (9.7 . Tushenta shine haɗuwa da magudanan ruwa guda biyu, Rundle Beck da Grimmer, waɗanda suka haɗu kusa da Granby. Whipling sa'an nan kuma yana gudana a kusa da ƙauyen, kafin ya ɗauki hanyar arewa maso gabas don shiga Smite kusa da Whatton. Whipling da masu ba da gudummawa suna zubar da kimanin kilomita 52 (20 sq na kwarin Belvoir, suna ba da guddina game da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yankin Smite.<ref name="smitemap"/><ref name="smitetext">{{Cite web |title=Water Framework Directive - River Basin Management Plans |url=http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?topic=wfd_rivers&ep=query&lang=_e&x=476070.56724802667&y=335480.7001291911&scale=8&layerGroups=1&textonly=off&latest=true |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=What's in your Backyard |publisher=Environment Agency |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041816/http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?topic=wfd_rivers&ep=query&lang=_e&x=476070.56724802667&y=335480.7001291911&scale=8&layerGroups=1&textonly=off&latest=true |url-status=dead }}</ref> cee3uou87h3sghns77k3jigh2e337v2 0 113281 968269 787220 2026-10-16T14:36:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]], '''rikici''' shine canji a yanayin muhalli wanda ke haifar da canji mai mahimmanci a cikin yanayin muhallai. Sau da yawa rikice-rikice suna aiki da sauri kuma tare da babban sakamako, don canza tsarin jiki ko tsari na abubuwa masu rai da a[[abiotic]]_. Har ila yau, rikici na iya faruwa na dogon lokaci kuma yana iya tasiri ga bambancin halittu a cikin yanayin halittu. Rikicin muhalli ya haɗa da [[Wuta|gobara]], [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], guguwa, barkewar kwari, tattakewa, [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|Kasancewar mutum]], girgizar ƙasa, cututtukan shuke-shuke, infestations, fashewar dutsen wuta, abubuwan da suka faru, da sauransu.<ref name="bioscience">{{Cite journal |last=Dale, V. |last2=Joyce, L. |last3=McNulty, S. |last4=Neilson, R. |last5=Ayres, M. |last6=Flannigan, M. |last7=Hanson, P. |last8=Irland, L. |last9=Lugo, A. |last10=Peterson, C. |last11=Simberloff, D. |last12=Swanson, F. |last13=Stocks, B. |last14=Wotton, B. |date=September 2001 |title=Climate Change and Forest Disturbances |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/16608/1/PetersonT_Auk_51%289%29723.pdf |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=723–734 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:CCAFD]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=54187893 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2020-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315034151/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/16608/PetersonT_Auk_51(9)723.pdf;jsessionid=376D24ED170C007ACEE3734E1DDAD843?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba wai kawai jinsunan da ke mamayewa zasu iya samun tasiri mai zurfi a kan yanayin halittu ba, jinsunan asali na iya haifar da rikici ta hanyar halayensu. Dakarun rikice-rikice na iya samun tasiri mai zurfi a kan yanayin halittu kuma yana iya, dai-dai da haka, canza yawan jama'ar al'umma ko wadatar jinsuna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dornelas |first=Maria |date=2010-11-27 |title=Disturbance and change in biodiversity |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=365 |issue=1558 |pages=3719–3727 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0295 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=2982012 |pmid=20980319}}</ref> Saboda wadannan da kuma tasirin da aka samu a kan jama'a, rikice-rikice yana ƙayyade sauye-sauye na gaba a cikin rinjaye, nau'o'i daban-daban suna zama masu rinjaye kamar yadda halayen tarihin rayuwarsu, da siffofin rayuwa masu alaƙa, ana nuna su a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Noble |first=I. R. |last2=Slatyer |first2=R. O. |date=December 1980 |title=The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00121013 |journal=Vegetatio |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1007/BF00121013 |issn=0042-3106 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ma'anar da nau'ikan == Girman rikice-rikice ya fito ne daga abubuwan da suka faru kamar ƙananan itace guda ɗaya da ke faɗowa, zuwa babba kamar halakawar taro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dornelas |first=Maria |date=2010 |title=Disturbance and change in biodiversity |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=365 |issue=1558 |pages=3719–3727 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0295 |pmc=2982012 |pmid=20980319}}</ref> Yawancin yanayin halittu na halitta suna fuskantar rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci wanda zai iya fadawa cikin tsari na cyclical. Tsarin halittu da ke samuwa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi galibi ana kiyaye su ta hanyar rikice-rikice na yau da kullun. Misali, ana iya kiyaye yanayin halittu ta hanyar motsi na ruwa ta hanyar su da kuma gobara ta lokaci-lokaci.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Moseley |first=Kendra |title=Wetland Ecology- Basic Principles |url=https://www.nawm.org/pdf_lib/aswm_nrcs/wetland_ecology_basic_principles_111418_moseley.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808091419/https://www.nawm.org/pdf_lib/aswm_nrcs/wetland_ecology_basic_principles_111418_moseley.pdf |archive-date=2025-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Abubuwa daban-daban na rikice-rikice suna faruwa a wurare daban-daban da yanayi tare da [[Climate|yanayin yanayi]] daban-daban.<ref name="bioscience"/> Rikicin wuta na halitta misali yana faruwa sau da yawa a yankunan da ke da mafi girman abin da ya faru na walƙiya da biomass mai cin wuta, kamar tsarin halittu na longleaf pine a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Wutar daji, fari, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], barkewar cututtuka, canje-canje a cikin ilimin ruwa, [[guguwa]] da sauran matsanancin yanayi, rushewar ƙasa, da guguwa duk misalai ne na abubuwan da suka faru na rikice-rikice na halitta waɗanda zasu iya samar da tsari na cyclical ko lokaci-lokaci a tsawon lokaci. == Tasirin == Nan da nan bayan rikici akwai bugun daukar ma'aikata ko sake girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin gasa don sarari ko wasu albarkatu. Bayan bugun farko, ɗaukar ma'aikata yana raguwa tun lokacin da aka kafa shuka ɗaya yana da wuyar maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":0"/> Saboda dangantakar da ke dogara da sikelin tana ko'ina a cikin ilimin muhalli, sikelin sararin samaniya yana canza tasirin rikice-rikice a kan al'ummomin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romme |first=W. |last2=Everham |first2=E. |last3=Frelich |first3=L.E. |last4=Moritz |first4=M.A. |last5=Sparks |first5=R.E. |year=1998 |title=Are Large, Infrequent Disturbances Qualitatively Different from Small, Frequent Disturbances? |journal=Ecosystems |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=524–534 |bibcode=1998Ecosy...1..524R |doi=10.1007/s100219900048 |s2cid=2200051}}</ref> Misali, [[Watsewar iri|Yaduwar iri]] da kayan lambu na iya raguwa tare da nesa daga gefen konewa. Sakamakon haka, al'ummomin shuke-shuke a cikin yankunan ciki na manyan gobara suna watsawa daban-daban fiye da waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan gobara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=D.S. |last2=Lashley |first2=M.A. |year=2021 |title=Spatial scale in prescribed fire regimes: an understudied aspect in conservation with examples from the southeastern United States. |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1186/s42408-020-00087-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake nau'ikan rikice-rikice sun bambanta a kan yanayin halittu, sikelin sararin samaniya mai yiwuwa yana tasiri ga hulɗar muhalli da farfadowar al'umma daga dukkan lokuta saboda kwayoyin sun bambanta da damar warwatsewa da motsi. == Yanda canjin ke gudan == [[Fayil:Kyrill-Schäden-04.JPG|thumb|Lalacewar guguwar Kyrill a Wittgenstein, [[Jamus]]]] Sau da yawa, lokacin da canje -canjen cke faruwa ta halitta, suna samar da yanayin da ke tallafawa nasarar nau'o'i daban-daban akan kwayoyin da suka riga sun kasance. Ana iya danganta wannan ga canje-canje na jiki a cikin yanayin halittu da abiotic na tsarin halittu. Saboda wannan, ƙarfin rikici na iya canza yanayin halittu na tsawon lokaci fiye da lokacin da tasirin nan ke ci gaba. Tare da wucewar lokaci bayan rikici, sauye-sauye a cikin rinjaye na iya faruwa tare da nau'ikan rayuwa na ɗan lokaci a hankali suna zama a saman da tsayi masu tsayi, shrubs da bishiyoyi.<ref name=":0"/> Koyaya, ba tare da ƙarin rikice-rikice ba, yawancin yanayin halittu suna komawa zuwa yanayin rikice-rikicen. Dabbobi masu rai da waɗanda zasu iya sake farfadowa a gaban manya a ƙarshe sun zama masu rinjaye.<ref name=":0" /> Irin wannan canji, tare da canje-canje a cikin yalwace nau'o'i daban-daban a tsawon lokaci, ana kiransa maye gurbin muhalli. Sau da yawa maye gurbin yana haifar da yanayin da zai sake haifar da yanayin muhalli ga rikici. == Dabbobi da suka dace da rikici (eurytopy) == [[Fayil:Greece_Forest_Fire_July_25_2007.jpg|thumb|Wutar daji ta kone a tsibirin Zakynthos a [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2007.]] Rashin jituwa na iya canza gandun daji sosai. Bayan haka, ana yawan cika da kayan da suka mutu a cikin gandun daji. Wannan lalacewa da hasken rana mai yawa suna inganta yawan sabon girma. Game da gobarar daji wani bangare na abubuwan gina jiki da aka gudanar a baya a cikin biomass na shuka an mayar da shi cikin sauri zuwa ƙasa yayin da biomass ke ƙonewa. Yawancin shuke-shuke da dabbobi suna amfana daga yanayin rikici. Wasu nau'o'in sun dace musamman don amfani da wuraren da aka dame kwanan nan. Shuke-shuke tare da damar samun saurin girma na iya amfani da rashin gasa da sauri. A arewa maso gabashin Amurka, itatuwa marasa haƙuri da inuwa (itace-itace stenotopic zuwa inuwa) kamar pin cherry da [[aspen]] da sauri sun cika cikin gandun daji da wuta ko guguwa (ko tashin hankali na mutum) suka haifar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marks |first=P.L. |year=1974 |title=The Role of Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) in the Maintenance of Stability in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/aspen_bib/7081 |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=73–88 |bibcode=1974EcoM...44...73M |doi=10.2307/1942319 |jstor=1942319 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Silver maple da gabashin sycamore suna da irin wannan daidaitawa da filayen ambaliyar ruwa. Suna da haƙuri sosai ga ruwa mai tsaye kuma za su mamaye filayen ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai inda ake shafe wasu nau'o'in lokaci-lokaci d.ry<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marks |first=P.L. |year=1974 |title=The Role of Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) in the Maintenance of Stability in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/aspen_bib/7081 |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=73–88 |bibcode=1974EcoM...44...73M |doi=10.2307/1942319 |jstor=1942319 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Manazarta== 9c2h0lj5vm7opv4dsm7j7w2ojhnjzzc 0 116863 968496 798229 2026-10-17T02:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaykh Shah Shahidullah Faridi''' (ne '''John Gilbert Lennard''' ) (1915-1978) musulmi ne ɗan ƙasar [[Burtaniya]], wanda aka haifa ga dangin Kirista. == Rayuwa == Ya musulunta ne bayan ya karanta " Kashf al-Mahjub " (Bude lullubi), risasi na gargajiya akan Sufanci wanda Ali ibn Uthman al-Hujwiri ya rubuta. Ko da yake an haife girma a cikin dangin Ingilishi masu arziki ya bar gidansa don neman shaikh Sufi. A [[Indiya]], a ƙarshe ya sadu da Chishti Sabri Shaikh, Syed Muhammad Zauqi Shah kuma ya yi masa mubaya'a. Yana da shekara arba'in, an danƙa masa alhakin maye gurbinsa na ruhaniya. Ya rayu a [[Karachi]] kusan shekaru talatin har ya rasu a ranar 17 ga Ramadan na shekarar 1978. abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya rubuta ''Halayen Imani'' . Ya kuma haɗa kashi na biyu na "Tarbiatul Ushaq" ("Tarbiyar Masoyan Allah"), Syed Mohammad Zauqi Shah, 1425/2004, mashaya. ASNordeen, Kuala Lumpur, . Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwarsa, wanda aka buga kwanan nan a cikin Urdu mai suna "Talash e Haqq rudad." na Ahmed Ghazali Shaheedi, bugun M. Naeem Hashmi, Saudabad Malir Colony Karachi , {{ISBN|983-065-185-1}}. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * _________ (1970) ''Aiki na yau da kullun a Islama'' Sufi Publishers, Karachi, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/246753 OCLC 246753], new edition (1979) Mahfil-e-Zauqia, Karachi, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/12205889 OCLC 12205889] * _________ (1976) ''Ruhaniya a cikin addini'' [http://worldcat.org/oclc/28858132 OCLC 28858132] * _________ (1979) ''Bangarorin ciki na bangaskiya'' Mehfil-e-Zauqia, Karachi, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/7706353 OCLC 7706353], sabon bugu (1985) Nur Academy, Delhi, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/59078626 OCLC 59078626] * _________ (1981) ''Daglig praksis'' Da'wa, == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180623083126/http://www.themodernreligion.com/basic/belief.html Imani da Allah] * [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/faridi.htm Ma'anar Tasawwuf] * [http://muslimassembly.8m.com/battles.htm Abubuwan Ciki Daga Yaqoqin Annabi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191421/http://muslimassembly.8m.com/battles.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709010230/http://www.defending-islam.com/page236.html Ra'ayin Anti Hadith Arguments] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070517081307/http://www.moonovermedina.com/ Wata a kan Madina - kantin sayar da littattafan Sufaye] * [http://nuradeen.com/archives/Contributions/OdysseyOfTheSpirit.htm Odyssey na Ruhu - Muhammad Harun Riedinger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704174206/http://nuradeen.com/archives/Contributions/OdysseyOfTheSpirit.htm |date=2017-07-04 }} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] mo6jywmqf564vcj6magrng3oy3lf3gs 0 117369 968476 907338 2026-10-16T23:53:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" style="width:26em" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" |Sandra Ozabor |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#b0c4de;color:inherit;" |Bayani na mutum |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cikakken suna&nbsp; | class="infobox-data fn" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Sandra Ehinomen Ozabor |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Najeriya<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1997-11-04</span>)</span> Nuwamba 4, 1997 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekara 27) &nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Garin gida | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |[[Benin City|Birnin Benin]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |182 cm (6 ft 0 in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nauyin nauyi | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |63 kg (139 lb) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Spike | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |290 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Block | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |270 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#b0c4de;color:inherit;" |Bayanan volleyball |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsayi | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |[[Middle blocker|Mai toshewa na tsakiya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kungiyar yanzu | class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;" |Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSCDC) |} '''Sandra Ozabor''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 1997, a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Birnin Benin]]) ‘yar wasan kwallon raga ce ‘yar Najeriya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya (middle blocker) a ƙungiyar Hukumar Tsaro da Kare Fararen Hula ta Najeriya (NSCDC) da kuma Kungiyar kwallon volleyball ta mata ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player - Sandra Ehinomen Ozabor - FIVB Continental Olympic Qualification 2020 |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/en/volleyball/coqt/2020/cavb-women/teams/ngr-nigeria/players/sandra_ehinomen_ozabor?id=80617 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=en.volleyballworld.com |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506230353/https://en.volleyballworld.com/en/volleyball/coqt/2020/cavb-women/teams/ngr-nigeria/players/sandra_ehinomen_ozabor?id=80617 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin aiki == === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya === Ta wakilci Najeriya a wasannin Afirka na shekarar 2019 a [[Rabat]], Morocco. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saliu |first=Mohammed |date=2019-08-15 |title=Nigeria Volleyball Federation release list of players for 2019 African Games |url=https://www.brila.net/nigeria-volleyball-federation-release-list-of-players-for-2019-african-games/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506233226/https://www.brila.net/nigeria-volleyball-federation-release-list-of-players-for-2019-african-games/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ozabor ta kasance daga cikin tawagar mata ta volleyball ta Najeriya da ke buga wasan Olympics na Tokyo 2020 a Kamaru wanda ke gudana daga 2 ga watan Janairu zuwa 9 ga watan Janairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwalowo |first=’Tosin |date=2020-01-01 |title=Volleyball: 12 players invited for Olympics qualifiers |url=https://punchng.com/volleyball-12-players-invited-for-olympics-qualifiers/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=III |first=Admin |date=2020-01-01 |title=Volleyball Olympic Qualifiers: We want to make history – Coach Ajayi |url=https://blueprint.ng/volleyball-olympic-qualifiers-we-want-to-make-history-coach-ajayi/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=V'Ball Coach, Ajayi, Vows to Make History with Tokyo Olympics Qualifier – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://content.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/02/vball-coach-ajayi-vows-to-make-history-with-tokyo-olympics-qualifier/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=content.thisdaylive.com |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506231706/https://content.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/02/vball-coach-ajayi-vows-to-make-history-with-tokyo-olympics-qualifier/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuti |first=Dare |date=2020-01-01 |title=Samuel Ajayi: We want to make Olympic history |url=https://aclsports.com/samuel-ajayi-we-want-to-make-olympic-history/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sandra Ozabor ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan volleyball 19 da Samuel Ajayi ya kira don wakiltar Najeriya don [[Gasar Kwallon Raga ta Mata ta Afirka|Gasar Volleyball ta Mata ta Afirka]] ta 21 wacce ta gudana daga 14 ga watan Agusta zuwa 29 ga watan Agusta 2023 a [[Yaounde]], [[Kamaru|Kamaru.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegboyega |first=Bayo |date=2023-08-05 |title=NVBF invites 19 players for 2023 Continental Championship {{!}} Ogun State Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://ogunradio.ng/2023/08/05/nvbf-invites-19-players-for-2023-continental-championship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804111839/https://ogunradio.ng/2023/08/05/nvbf-invites-19-players-for-2023-continental-championship/ |archive-date=2024-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2023-08-06 |title=NVBF invites 19 players for 2023 Nations Championship |url=https://gazettengr.com/nvbf-invites-19-players-for-2023-nations-championship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuti |first=Dare |date=2023-08-13 |title=Volleyball: Ajayi unveils squad for 2023 African Women's C'ship |url=https://aclsports.com/volleyball-ajayi-unveils-squad-for-2023-african-womens-cship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fayiga |first=Kunle |date=2023-08-13 |title=Nigeria squad unveiled for 2023 Africa Women's Volleyball Championship - AfrosportNow |url=https://afrosportnow.com/nigeria-squad-unveiled-for-2023-africa-womens-volleyball-championship/,%20https://afrosportnow.com/nigeria-squad-unveiled-for-2023-africa-womens-volleyball-championship/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref> Ta sake kasancewa daga cikin 'yan wasan volleyball da ke wakiltar Najeriya a lokacin wasannin Afirka na 13 a [[Ghana]] wanda ya gudana daga 8 ga watan Maris zuwa 23 ga watan Maris 2024 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Nigeria Volleyball: Women's Team-Players List Released For The 13th All African Games In Ghana - Govima News |url=https://govima.com/news/nigeria-volleyball-womens-team-players-list-released-for-the-13th-all-african-games-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502154018/https://govima.com/news/nigeria-volleyball-womens-team-players-list-released-for-the-13th-all-african-games-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ochicha |first=Lovette |date=2024-01-20 |title=#13th African Games: Nigerian Women's Volleyball Team Announces 25-Player Squad for 13th African Games |url=https://www.sports247.ng/13th-african-games-nigerian-womens-volleyball-team-announces-25-player-squad-for-13th-african-games/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] pjvotxouvirsy9dbw5yvc32j053frqu 0 117949 968361 837296 2026-10-16T18:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rommel Asagwara''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Dokta Rommel''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, 1983) ya kasance likita ne na [[Najeriya]] da [[Amurka]], ɗan kasuwa kuma sanan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=Philip |date=2023-03-31 |title=How Nigerian-born aesthetician, Rommel Asagwara became member of US medical bodies |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/how-nigerian-born-aesthetician-rommel-asagwara-became-member-of-us-medical-bodies/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibeh |first=Ifeanyi |date=2023-03-31 |title=From Lagos to Atlanta: The journey of Rommel Asagwara, one of the best medical aestheticians in the USA |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/from-lagos-to-atlanta-the-journey-of-rommel-asagwara-one-of-the-best-medical-aestheticians-in-the-usa/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Mafarki ta Mafarki tare da hedkwatarta a Kasar Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rommel Asagwara: US-Based Nigerian Doctor Providing Skincare Solutions. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/08/rommel-asagwara-us-based-nigerian-doctor-providing-skincare-solutions/ |website=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2023, ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Kasar Najeriya, Mai suna "The Real Housewives of Lagos" . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-08 |title=The Real Housewives of Lagos S02E01 Recap: The Queens Are Here {{!}} THISDAY Style |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-real-housewives-of-lagos-s02e01-recap-the-queens-are-here/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.thisdaystyle.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihinsa == An haifi Asagwara a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1983, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Wanda daga baya, ya koma Faransa inda ya shafe wani bangare na rayuwarsa ta samartaka na farkon rayuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadebo |first=Bode |date=2023-03-31 |title=Meet Nigerian Medical Doctor, Asagwara, Running World-class Beauty Clinic In US |url=https://leadership.ng/meet-nigerian-medical-doctor-asagwara-running-world-class-beauty-clinic-in-us/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Louis Pasteur,dake Faransa tare da Zama Dokta na Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=Local |date=2022-07-14 |title=Meet Dr. Rommel Asagwara {{!}} Board Certified Physician & Investor |url=https://shoutoutatlanta.com/meet-rommel-asagwara-board-certified-physician-investor/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=SHOUTOUT ATLANTA |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207060431/https://shoutoutatlanta.com/meet-rommel-asagwara-board-certified-physician-investor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Asagwara ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan mazauni a Asibitin Pitie Salpetriere dake Kasar Paris, Faransa, inda daga baya, ya kuma asibitin Sud Francilien . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise Of Medical Aesthetic Industry Exciting, Interesting – Rommel Asagwara |url=https://independent.ng/the-rise-of-medical-aesthetic-industry-exciting-interesting-rommel-asagwara/ |website=The Independent Newspaper}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ya zama likitan mazaunin a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Kansas, Kansas City,dake Kasar Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rommel Asagwara's giant stride |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/rommel-asagwaras-giant-stride/ |website=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni of the KU Family Medicine Residency program |url=https://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/academics/departments/family-medicine-and-community-health/academics/residency-program/residency-alumni.html |website=KU Medical Centre}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Nauyin Botox, asibitin asarar nauyi da kayan kwalliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I Became A Doctor – Rommel Asagwara – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/why-i-became-a-doctor-rommel-asagwara/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=independent.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Weight Botox Clinic, a leading home of aesthetic |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/dream-weight-botox-clinic/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma yakasance Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Kasar Amurka. A cikin shekarar 2025, ya koma California inda ya kafa Concierge LA Doctor yana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na gida ga marasa lafiya a cikin yankin California mafi girma {{Cite web |title=ConciergeLADoctor |url=https://www.conciergeladoctor.com |access-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004021147/https://www.conciergeladoctor.com/ |archive-date=2025-10-04 |url-status=dead}} == Fina finan sa == * The Real Housewives of Legas (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Get the Real-tea: Real Housewives of Lagos Episode 1 and 2 Mashup Recap! |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/get-the-real-tea-real-housewives-of-lagos-episode-1-and-2-mashup-recap/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Likitocin Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 8b70tzuves54lhgsihmd93hba5h7xeh 0 123487 968353 748681 2026-10-16T17:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rodolfo Lacy Tamayo''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1958) [[Injiniyan muhalli]] ne kuma Ma'aikacin gwamnati na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] . Tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, an nada shi Jakadan Musamman kan Harkokin Yanayi ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a matsayin Darakta na Ayyukan Yanayi da Muhalli ga Latin Amurka a OECD.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Sergio |title=Global Clean Air Profile: Rodolfo Lacy Tamayo, Director of the Environmental Directorate at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) |url=https://globalcleanair.org/health/global-clean-air-profile-rodolfo-lacy-tamayo-director-of-the-environmental-directorate-at-the-organization-for-economic-cooperation-and-development-oecd/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Global Clean Air |publisher=Global Clean Air}}</ref> Kafin wannan ya kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin Muhalli a Ma'aikatar Muhalli da albarkatun kasa (SEMARNAT) kuma Darakta na Daraktan Muhalli a Kungiyar hadin gwiwar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban OECD.<ref name="Rodolfo Lacy Tamayo Subsecretario de Planeación y Política Ambiental">{{Cite web |title=Rodolfo Lacy Tamayo Subsecretario de Planeación y Política Ambiental |url=http://www.gob.mx/semarnat/estructuras/rodolfo-lacy-tamayo |access-date=25 May 2017 |website=Gob.mx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709035306/https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/estructuras/rodolfo-lacy-tamayo |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Oecd">{{Cite web |title=Rodolfo Lacy, Subsecretario de Planeación y Política Ambiental de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) |url=http://www.oecd.org/centrodemexico/foroocdemx/anfitrionesyexpertosocde/rodolfolacysubsecretariodeplaneacionypoliticaambientaldelasecretariademedioambienteyrecursosnaturalessemarnat.htm |access-date=26 May 2018 |website=OECD.org}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatun injiniyan muhalli tare da maida hankali a cikin Air Pollution Control da Muhalli Tasirin Muhalli a Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), harabar Azcapotzalco, ya kammala karatu a 1980; Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Sashen a Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Injiniya da Kwalejin Kwalejin wannan ma'aikatar, wakiltar ɗaliban injiniya. A shekara ta 1994 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Rockefeller don shiga cikin El Colegio de México a cikin shirin kasa da kasa Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD) wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙarni na uku na wannan shirin a Mexico. A shekara ta 2005, ya kammala digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Birane da Shirye-shiryen a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a Amurka yana gabatar da rubutunsa game da Karbon Capture da Storage (CCS).<ref name="Semblance">{{Cite web |title=Semblance |url=http://www.redpolitica.mx/yopolitico/perfil/rodolfo/lacy-tamayo |access-date=25 May 2017 |website=Red Política |publisher=El Universal}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Maris, ya kammala karatu a matsayin Dokta na Kimiyya da Injiniya daga UAM. Tun lokacin da yake dalibi ya ci gaba da ƙungiyar kwadago tsakanin injiniyoyi da masu sana'a da aka sadaukar don kare yanayi kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin injiniyan muhalli a Mexico da Latin Amurka. == Ayyuka == Ya kasance farfesa a cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban, mai ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa da kuma jami'in gwamnati na tarayya a bangaren muhalli. A lokacin aikinsa na sana'a ya shiga cikin kirkirar cibiyoyin muhalli da ka'idojin Jihar Mexico. A shekara ta 1979, ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a cikin gwamnatin tarayya a Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa kan Kula da Ingancin Ruwa, yana gudanar da ayyukan sa ido da bincike kan tasirin muhalli na sake amfani da ruwa a Birnin Mexico. Daga baya, ya shiga Babban Darakta na Ci gaban Muhalli na Gidajen Dan Adam, a cikin waɗannan ayyukan, ya kasance jagoran fasaha na Shirin Muhalli na Kasa na farko 1984-1988 da kuma mai kula da Rahoton farko kan Jihar Muhalli a Mexico a 1985.<ref name="DOF">{{Cite web |title=Programa Nacional de Ecología 1984-1988 |url=http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=4689824&fecha=26/09/1984 |access-date=29 May 2017 |website=SEGOB |publisher=DOF}}</ref> Shekaru goma bayan haka, ya shiga gwamnatin Mexico City a matsayin Darakta na karatu da ayyukan muhalli kuma daga baya, a matsayin Dakatta Janar na Rigakafi da Kula da Gishiri na Muhalli. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan, ya haɓaka kuma ya ba da taimako na fasaha ga Shirin Integral game da Ƙazantar da Yanayi na Babban Birnin Mexico (PICCA da ProAIRE), da Shirin Cikakken Ingancin Air na farko da sauran shirye-shiryen muhalli kamar sake dasa daji, sarrafa sharar gida, madadin man fetur, Bincike & Kulawa, da kuma rana ɗaya ba tare da haramtacciyar mota ba (Hoy No Circula). " A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001 an nada shi mai kula da masu ba da shawara ga Sakataren Muhalli da albarkatun kasa, matsayin da ya inganta kirkirar tsarin takaddun shaida da bayanai a kan rairayin bakin teku masu tsabta, ya bayyana Agenda for the Sea da dabarun inganta yawon shakatawa, Fasaha da Muhalli, Kayan dabbobi masu ɗorewa, kariya ga Upper Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico da Yankunan Halitta tare da kasancewar kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, Shugaba [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] ya nada Rodolfo Lacy a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin Muhalli a SEMARNAT, da farko Sakataren da ke kula da Mista [[Juan José Guerra Abud]] kuma a halin yanzu Mista [[Rafael Pacchiano Alamán]] ne ke jagoranta. A matsayinsa na [[Environmental consulting|Mai ba da shawara kan muhalli]] ya yi aiki ga Bankin Duniya da Swisscontact a [[Central America|Amurka ta tsakiya]] da Amurka ta Kudu, da kuma kamfanoni masu ba da shawara masu zaman kansu da yawa. Daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2010 Majalisar Dokoki ta Gundumar Tarayya ta nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ofishin Gudanar da Muhalli da Yankin (PAOT) a Birnin Mexico. Daga 2008 zuwa 2012 ya kasance Wakilin Jama'a a Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Arewacin Amurka (CCA-JPAC). A watan Agustan 2018, Lacy ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin Darakta na Darakta ta Muhalli, a cikin wannan shi ne ke da alhakin ci gaba da 21 x 21 Agenda da Shirye-shiryen dabarun Sakatare Janar a yankunan ENVS. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022 an nada shi Jakadan Musamman kan Harkokin Yanayi ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a matsayin Darakta na Ayyukan Yanayi da Muhalli na Latin Amurka a OECD. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 8mgrsfaohmz8jb58zhdynn0ytm7cki3 0 133030 968544 911807 2026-10-17T08:54:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sultan na Makarantu Urdu: سُلطان المدارس; Madrasa ce ta Shi'a Islamic Madrasa (makarantar addini) don neman ilimin addini a Lucknow, Indiya. Manyan darasin karatu sun hada da Fikihu, Tauhidi da Adabin Musulunci. == Game da == Ayatullah Syed Muhammad Abul Hasan ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1892. An gina manyan gine-ginen ''[[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrasa]]'' a karkashin kulawar Nawab Mehdi Hasan Khan, mai ba da agaji na Awadh. An kafa dutsen tushe a cikin shekarar 1911 kuma Lieutenant-Governor na lardunan United na Agra da Oudh Sir John Prescott Hewett ne ya kaddamar da babban zauren. Sultanul Madaris ita ce makarantar addinin Shia ta biyu a Lucknow . Na farko shi ne Madrasatul Imamia - wanda 'yan Burtaniya suka rufe kuma na uku shine Jamia Nazmia. == Darussan == Madrasa tana ba da darussan da ke biyowa: <ref name="sultanulmadaris">{{Cite web |title=Courses offered by Sultanul Madaris, Lucknow |url=http://www.sultanulmadaris.org/courses.html |access-date=2014-01-29 |publisher=sultanulmadaris.org |archive-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207184807/http://sultanulmadaris.org/courses.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Darjat Tahtaniya * Darjat Fokaania * Darjat-e-Aalia * Darj-e-[[Sannad-ul-Afazil]] (Shekaru 3) &nbsp; * Darj-e-[[Sadar-ul-Afazil]] Darussan biyu na farko ''Darja'' Tahtaniya da Darjat Fokaania wanda ya kunshi Darjas bakwai (matakan / matakai) shine hanya ta farko. == Dalibai == Manyan mutane da suka sami ilimi daga Sultanul Madaris sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ba: * Moulana Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari * Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Naqi Naqvi * Ayatullah Al-Udhma Syed Rahat Hussain Rizvi Gopalpuri * Ayatullah Syed Mohsin Nawab Rizvi Mujtahid, * Hujat Ul Islam Aga Syed Mohammad Taqi Mousavi Kashmiri * Maulana Syed Ibne Hasan Nonaharvi, Shugaba, Madrasatul Waizeen. * Farfesa Syed Shabihul Hasan Nonaharvi, Jami'ar Lucknow. , <ref name="ziyaraat">{{Cite web |title=Ziaraat |url=http://www.ziyaraat.net/fatihadisp.asp |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=ziyaraat.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709095504/http://www.ziyaraat.net/fatihadisp.asp |archive-date=9 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban Sashen Urdu a Jami'ar Lucknow, <ref>[http://www.tutorgigpedia.com/ed/Sultanul_Madaris Sultanul Madaris in Encyclopedia]</ref> * Ziya'ul Millat Maulana Mujtahid Syed Wasi Mohammad Abidi, Shugaba, [[Hoza-e-Ilmiya Wasiqa|Kwalejin Larabci ta Wasiqa]], Faizabad. * [[Maulana Hafiz Kifayat Hussain]]. * Hujjatul Islama Hakeem Maulana Syed Mazahir Hussain Rizvi Kararvi, Tsohon Shugaban Addu'o'in Jumma'a, Sultanate na Mahmudabad, Sitapur, Awadh * Baba-e-Mantiq Maulana Syed Abdul Hussain . * Allama Syed Ali Haider (Sahib da Nafse Rasool) * Maulana Ibne Hasan Karbalai, Karachi. * [[Farfesa|Farfesa.]] Saiyid Nurul Hasan, Tsohon Gwamnan West Bengal. * Farfesa Syed Suleman Abbas Rizvi, [[B.H.U|B.H.U.]] * "Aqa-e-Shariat" Maulana Syed Kalbe Abid. * Maulana Syed Hasan Rizvi, Karbala-e-Moalla, Iraki. * Maulana [[Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]], Shugaban Jammu & Kashmir Shia Association * Maulana Murtuza Husain "Fazil Lakhnavi", Lahore. * Dokta Syed Kalbe Sadiq * Maulana Syed Litafat Hussain Gopalpuri * [[Malaaz-ul-Ulema Moulana Syed Hasan Naqvi|Maulana Syed Hasan Naqvi]], Lucknow * Farfesa Imran Raza Rizvi. * Maulana Syed Mohammad Mehdi Zayadpuri . * Maulana Muhammad Mustafa Jauhar, Adeeb, Karachi. * Maulana Ariful Millat Mufti Syed Arif Husain Rizvi Mujtahid . Tsohon shugaban, Sultanul Madaris, Khairpur. * Maulana Syed Muhammad Adil Rizvi (Rizvia Karachi) * Maulana Syed Asad Raza Rizvi Gopalpuri * Maulana Syed Mohammad, Tsohon Shugaban, Sultanul Madaris. * Maulana Syed Ali, Tsohon Shugaban, Sultanul Madaris. * Maulana Syed Hussain, Farfesa Faqihat, Jamia Sultania. * Maulana Syed Ali Hussain, Malami, Faqihat, Jamia Sultania. * Maulana Altaf Haider, Malami, Faqihat, Jamia Sultania. Tsohon Shugaban, Madarse Aliya (Kolejin Gabas), Rampur (UP); Tsohon Shugaban، Jamey Imaniya Nasirya, Jaunpur (UP); Mataimakin Shugaban, Sulatanul Madaris, Lucknow (UP) ** Tsohon Shugaban, Madarse Aliya (Kolejin Gabas), Rampur (UP); ** Tsohon Shugaba, Jamey Imaniya Nasirya, Jaunpur (UP); ** Mataimakin Babban, Sulatanul Madaris, [[Lucknow]] (UP) * Khateeb-e-Akbar Allama Mirza Mohammed Athar (tsohon shugaban, Kwalejin Shia, Lucknow) * Maulana Syed Abu Iftikhar Zaidi, Imam-e-Juma, [[Burundi]]. * Maulana Aalim Husain, Shair Arabi * Maulana Khadem Husain * Maulana Syed Riyaz Akbar Aabedi Barahvi, [[Mombasa]] * Maulana Mohammad Hasan Maroofi, Imam-e-Juma, Ofishin Jakadancin Hussaini, Hounslow, [[Landan]] * Molana Mohammad Jafar waiz Ansari, Bani Madars da Jafarul uloom, Muzaffarnagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]] * Syed Sadar Uddin Mosavi [Pissan Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan] == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri]] * Madrasatul Waizeen * Jamia Nazmia * Sultanul Madaris * Tanzeem-ul-Makatib ** [[Jamiya Imamia]] a Lucknow, UP. ** [[Jameatuz Zahra]] a Lucknow, UP. ** [[Madrasa Khadeejatul Kubra]] a Lucknow, UP. * [[Jamia da Imania|Jamia Imania]], Varanasi * [[Jami'ul Uloom Jawadia]], Varanasi * [[Hoza-e-Ilmiya Wasiqa]], Faizabad * [[Babul Ilm]], Mubarakpur, Azamgarh * [[Jamia Haidariya]], Khairabad Mau. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107103915/http://sultanulmadaris.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Sultanul Madaris] b877kq1u6l4ra9upej6nrhbye6tmaa7 0 133294 968475 773899 2026-10-16T23:53:17Z Dostojewskij 4361 + Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895 968475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Blockquote|[Soviet commanders] were increasingly convinced that Paulus was virtually a prisoner in his own headquarters, guarded by his chief of staff [Schmidt]. [[Nikolay Dyatlenko|Dyatlenko]] had no doubt that Schmidt was "the eyes and hand of the Nazi Party" in the Sixth Army, because captured officers reported that "Schmidt was commanding the Army and even Paulus himself."<ref name=Beevor12/>}} '''Arthur Schmidt''' (25 ga Oktoba 1895 - 5 ga Nuwamba 1987) ya kasance jami'in soja na Jamus daga 1914 zuwa 1943. Ya kai matsayi Janar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma an fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata Sojoji na shida a Yaƙin Stalingrad a cikin 1942-43, a lokacin matakai na ƙarshe wanda ya zama kwamandansa na zahiri, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da umarnin [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] cewa ya tsaya tsayin daka duk da cewa Red Army ta kewaye shi. Ya kasance fursuna na yaki a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma an sake shi bayan ziyarar shugaban Jamus ta Yamma Konrad Adenauer zuwa Moscow a shekarar 1955. == Yaƙin Duniya na I == Schmidt ya shiga soja a matsayin mai sa kai na shekara guda a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1914, ya kai matsayin Leutnant a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1915. == Yaƙin Duniya na II == Schmidt ya rike mukamai daban-daban a ''Heer'', gami da shugaban ayyukan a Sojoji na Biyar (25 ga Agusta 1939 - 12 ga Oktoba 1939) da Sojoji na goma sha takwas (5 ga Nuwamba 1939 - 1 ga Oktoba 1940). A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1940 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata a cikin 5th Army Corps, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 25 ga Maris 1942, lokacin da ya koma Führerreserve a Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH). <ref name="AxisH" /> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1942 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jamus a cikin zinariya. An nada Schmidt a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata ga Janar Friedrich Paulus a cikin Sojoji na shida a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1942, ya maye gurbin Colonel Ferdinand Heim bayan da aka kai hari kan Marshal Semyon Timoshenko a Yaƙin Kharkov na Biyu. Masanin tarihin Burtaniya kuma marubuci Antony Beevor ya ba da bayanin Schmidt mai zuwa: {{Blockquote|[He was] a slim, sharp-featured and sharp-tongued staff officer from a Hamburg mercantile family. Schmidt, confident of his own abilities, put many backs up within Sixth Army headquarters, although he also had his supporters. Paulus relied greatly on his judgement, and as a result he played a large, some say an excessive, role in determining the course of events later that year.<ref name=B1/>}} === Kewaye da Sojoji na shida a Stalingrad === Duk da bayanan Lieutenant-Colonel Niemeyer na gaskiya da mummunan ra'ayi, Schmidt ya yi watsi da haɓaka da iyawar sojojin Soviet a Stalingrad bayan nasarar Axis ta farko, rashin nasarar da shi - ba kamar Paulus ba - daga baya bai yi ƙoƙari ya nemi gafara ba. Yin watsi da umarnin Hitler na 'Führer' na 30 Yuni 1942 cewa ƙungiyoyin Axis bai kamata su yi hulɗa da maƙwabtansu ba, Schmidt ya ba da izini ga wani jami'in daga Sojoji na shida, Lieutenant Gerhard Stöck, don a ba shi rediyo kuma ya haɗu da sojojin Romania a arewa maso yammacin Stalingrad don taimakawa tare da tattara bayanan sirri. An karɓi rahotanni da yawa na ƙarya game da tarin sojojin Soviet daga ɓangaren Romania, don haka lokacin da Stöck ya yi rediyo a karfe 5 na safe a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba cewa wani hari (wanda ke nuna farkon Operation <nowiki><i id="mwVg">Uranus</i></nowiki>, kewayewar Soviet na sojojin Axis) yana gab da farawa, Schmidt, wanda ya yi fushi lokacin da aka damu da ƙararrawar ƙarya, ba a sanar da shi ba, kodayake an farka shi minti ashirin bayan haka ya zama a bayyane cewa wannan ƙararrawar karya. ===MANAZARTA=== [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] be7hdgl3wd9b0ggekc0ctw2rvr79erj 968482 968475 2026-10-17T00:04:55Z Dostojewskij 4361 {{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Arthur}} 968482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Blockquote|[Soviet commanders] were increasingly convinced that Paulus was virtually a prisoner in his own headquarters, guarded by his chief of staff [Schmidt]. [[Nikolay Dyatlenko|Dyatlenko]] had no doubt that Schmidt was "the eyes and hand of the Nazi Party" in the Sixth Army, because captured officers reported that "Schmidt was commanding the Army and even Paulus himself."<ref name=Beevor12/>}} '''Arthur Schmidt''' (25 ga Oktoba 1895 – 5 ga Nuwamba 1987) ya kasance jami'in soja na Jamus daga 1914 zuwa 1943. Ya kai matsayi Janar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma an fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata Sojoji na shida a Yaƙin Stalingrad a cikin 1942-43, a lokacin matakai na ƙarshe wanda ya zama kwamandansa na zahiri, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da umarnin [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] cewa ya tsaya tsayin daka duk da cewa Red Army ta kewaye shi. Ya kasance fursuna na yaki a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma an sake shi bayan ziyarar shugaban Jamus ta Yamma Konrad Adenauer zuwa Moscow a shekarar 1955. == Yaƙin Duniya na I == Schmidt ya shiga soja a matsayin mai sa kai na shekara guda a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1914, ya kai matsayin Leutnant a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1915. == Yaƙin Duniya na II == Schmidt ya rike mukamai daban-daban a ''Heer'', gami da shugaban ayyukan a Sojoji na Biyar (25 ga Agusta 1939 - 12 ga Oktoba 1939) da Sojoji na goma sha takwas (5 ga Nuwamba 1939 - 1 ga Oktoba 1940). A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1940 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata a cikin 5th Army Corps, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 25 ga Maris 1942, lokacin da ya koma Führerreserve a Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH). <ref name="AxisH" /> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1942 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jamus a cikin zinariya. An nada Schmidt a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata ga Janar Friedrich Paulus a cikin Sojoji na shida a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1942, ya maye gurbin Colonel Ferdinand Heim bayan da aka kai hari kan Marshal Semyon Timoshenko a Yaƙin Kharkov na Biyu. Masanin tarihin Burtaniya kuma marubuci Antony Beevor ya ba da bayanin Schmidt mai zuwa: {{Blockquote|[He was] a slim, sharp-featured and sharp-tongued staff officer from a Hamburg mercantile family. Schmidt, confident of his own abilities, put many backs up within Sixth Army headquarters, although he also had his supporters. Paulus relied greatly on his judgement, and as a result he played a large, some say an excessive, role in determining the course of events later that year.<ref name=B1/>}} === Kewaye da Sojoji na shida a Stalingrad === Duk da bayanan Lieutenant-Colonel Niemeyer na gaskiya da mummunan ra'ayi, Schmidt ya yi watsi da haɓaka da iyawar sojojin Soviet a Stalingrad bayan nasarar Axis ta farko, rashin nasarar da shi - ba kamar Paulus ba - daga baya bai yi ƙoƙari ya nemi gafara ba. Yin watsi da umarnin Hitler na 'Führer' na 30 Yuni 1942 cewa ƙungiyoyin Axis bai kamata su yi hulɗa da maƙwabtansu ba, Schmidt ya ba da izini ga wani jami'in daga Sojoji na shida, Lieutenant Gerhard Stöck, don a ba shi rediyo kuma ya haɗu da sojojin Romania a arewa maso yammacin Stalingrad don taimakawa tare da tattara bayanan sirri. An karɓi rahotanni da yawa na ƙarya game da tarin sojojin Soviet daga ɓangaren Romania, don haka lokacin da Stöck ya yi rediyo a karfe 5 na safe a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba cewa wani hari (wanda ke nuna farkon Operation <nowiki><i id="mwVg">Uranus</i></nowiki>, kewayewar Soviet na sojojin Axis) yana gab da farawa, Schmidt, wanda ya yi fushi lokacin da aka damu da ƙararrawar ƙarya, ba a sanar da shi ba, kodayake an farka shi minti ashirin bayan haka ya zama a bayyane cewa wannan ƙararrawar karya. ===MANAZARTA=== {{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Arthur}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] 1a0yjp2oovmmqd0a16yz3vf0yx3lwfw 0 136472 968239 816461 2026-10-16T13:29:18Z Nikikrio 49326 968239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ioannis Kefalogiannis''' (Girkanci: ; 6 ga Disamba 1932 - 20 ga Janairu 2012) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar daga 1958 zuwa 1964, kuma daga 1974 zuwa 2004. A wannan lokacin ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Ministan yawon bude ido, da Ministan cikin gida na ɗan lokaci. 'Yarsa ita ce Ministan majalisar Olga Kefalogianni . == Matsalolin shari'a == Wannan shari'ar ta faru ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, lokacin da Kefalogiannis har yanzu mataimakin jam'iyyar New Democracy mai mulki ne. === Shari'a da hukunci === A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, an sami Kefalogiannis da laifi a kotun birnin Rethymno na yunkurin karbar wani mai laifi da kuma sa wasu su yi ƙarya; Kefalogians ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na shekara guda. Kefalogiannis ya musanta duk zarge-zargen kuma ya ce zai daukaka kara. Ya zargi mai gabatar da kara da yunkurin ɓata sunansa kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa shari'ar ta kasance ta siyasa. Ofishin Firayim Minista ya sanar da cewa Kefalogiannis zai guje wa aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Ministan har sai an kammala binciken. Duk da haka, shari'ar Kefalogiannis ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga gwamnatin Costas Karamanlis.[undefined] A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, an saurari karar kuma an yanke wa Kefalogiannis hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na 5mοnth.[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4nplozxq8b9cyesxf1jczasm8twqyiq 968262 968239 2026-10-16T14:27:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 968262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ioannis Kefalogiannis''' (Girkanci: ; 6 ga Disamba 1932 - 20 ga Janairu 2012) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar daga 1958 zuwa 1964, kuma daga 1974 zuwa 2004. A wannan lokacin ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Ministan yawon bude ido, da Ministan cikin gida na ɗan lokaci. 'Yarsa ita ce Ministan majalisar Olga Kefalogianni<ref>Former minister and ND veteran dies ekathimerini.com, 21 January 2012</ref> . == Matsalolin shari'a == Wannan shari'ar ta faru ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, lokacin da Kefalogiannis har yanzu mataimakin jam'iyyar New Democracy mai mulki ne. === Shari'a da hukunci === A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, an sami Kefalogiannis da laifi a kotun birnin Rethymno na yunkurin karbar wani mai laifi da kuma sa wasu su yi ƙarya; Kefalogians ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na shekara guda. Kefalogiannis ya musanta duk zarge-zargen kuma ya ce zai daukaka kara. Ya zargi mai gabatar da kara da yunkurin ɓata sunansa kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa shari'ar ta kasance ta siyasa. Ofishin Firayim Minista ya sanar da cewa Kefalogiannis zai guje wa aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Ministan har sai an kammala binciken. Duk da haka, shari'ar Kefalogiannis ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga gwamnatin Costas Karamanlis.[undefined] A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, an saurari karar kuma an yanke wa Kefalogiannis hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na 5mοnth.<ref>Former New Democracy Politician Giannis Kefalogiannis Dies at 79 Greek Reporter, 20 January 2012</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k4j5ywfy3fiyhkgizqig9fxa801s46w 0 142543 968488 801768 2026-10-17T00:39:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Mei Li Owen''' <ref>{{London Gazette|date=20 December 2019}}</ref> ( Chinese ; an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1983) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-02 |title=The 10 other Chinese candidates vying for House of Commons seats |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1780040/10-other-chinese-candidates-vying-house-commons-seats |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya kuma 'yar kwadago wacce ta kasance ' yar majalisar dokoki (MP) ta Luton North tun daga [[2019 United Kingdom general election|shekarar 2019.]] <ref name="LabourList">{{Cite web |last=Rodgers |first=Sienna |date=5 November 2019 |title=GMB's Sarah Owen picked as Labour's Luton North candidate |url=https://labourlist.org/2019/11/gmbs-sarah-owen-picked-as-labours-luton-north-candidate/ |access-date=17 December 2019 |website=[[LabourList]]}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar majalisa ta farko daga asalin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma 'yar majalisa mace ta farko daga asalin China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=John |date=9 March 2022 |title=TRAILBLAZER: Sarah Owen on racism on the doorstep and being a role model |url=https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/trailblazer-sarah-owen-on-racism-on-the-doorstep-and-being-a-role-model |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Politics Home}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Inuwa ta Kananan Hukumomi da Imani daga Oktoba 2022 zuwa Nuwamba 2023, bayan ta taba yin aiki a matsayin Ministar Inuwa ta Rashin Gidaje, Barci Mai Rauni da Imani (tana aiki a wannan sashe) tsakanin Disamba 2021 da Oktoba 2022. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Sarah Owen a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1983 a Hastings . Iyalan mahaifiyarta 'yan asalin ƙasar Malaysia ne, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Peter |date=5 May 2015 |title=The 10 other Chinese candidates vying for House of Commons seats |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1780040/10-other-chinese-candidates-vying-house-commons-seats |journal=Post Magazine |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> an kwatanta su da "Malaysia da kuma gaurayen 'yan Singapore da Nonya " tare da kakannin kakanni na China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Sarah |date=11 February 2021 |title=East & South East Asians for Labour – a name truly representing our diversity |url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/east-south-east-asians-for-labour-a-name-truly-representing-our-diversity/ |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=[[LabourList]]}}</ref> Owen ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Sussex . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Owen MP – Who is she? |url=https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/owen-sarah/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Politics.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228122435/https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/owen-sarah/ |archive-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Owen ya yi aiki a ɓangaren gwamnati a matsayin ma'aikacin kulawa na NHS, mataimakin siyasa na Majalisar Birnin Brighton da Hove da kuma ma'aikacin Hukumar Kashe Gobara ta London a sashen tsara ayyukan gaggawa. <ref name="LabourList"/> <ref name="Hastings">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Lord Sugar advisor chosen as new Labour candidate |url=https://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/lord-sugar-advisor-chosen-as-new-labour-candidate-1-3305331 |access-date=17 December 2019 |website=[[Hastings & St. Leonards Observer]]}}</ref> <ref name="PoliticsHome">{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Daniel |date=16 December 2019 |title=Class of 2019: Meet the new MPs |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/house/house-magazine/108577/class-2019-meet-new-mps |access-date=17 December 2019 |website=[[PoliticsHome]]}}</ref> Owen ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga Alan Sugar kuma ya yi aiki a kan manufofin ƙananan kasuwanci na ƙasa na Labour. <ref name="Hastings" /> Owen ta kasance jami'ar siyasa a ƙungiyar ƙwadago GMB kuma ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Ƙasa na Labour. <ref name="PoliticsHome"/> Ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan Asiya ta Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leong |first=Sunny |date=25 November 2019 |title=Sarah Owen Labour Candidate for Luton North |url=https://www.chineseforlabour.org/sarah_owen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112847/https://www.chineseforlabour.org/sarah_owen |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Chinese for Labour}}</ref> == Aikin majalisar dokoki == A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Owen a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour ga Hastings da Rye don fafatawa a zaɓen gama gari na gaba. <ref name="LabourList"/> A zaɓen gama gari na 2015, Owen ya zo na biyu da ƙuri'u 17,890, wanda ya kasance ƙuri'u 4,796 bayan zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar takarar Conservative Amber Rudd . <ref name="2015 calculus">{{Cite web |title=Election Data 2015 |url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=17 October 2015 |publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]}}</ref> <ref name="2015 council">{{Cite web |title=08 May 2015 Parliamentary Election – Results |url=http://www.hastings.gov.uk/decisions_democracy/voting_petitioning_having_your_say/elections_voting/electionresults/?elecdate=07052015&electype=general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072720/http://www.hastings.gov.uk/decisions_democracy/voting_petitioning_having_your_say/elections_voting/electionresults/?elecdate=07052015&electype=general |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Hastings Borough Council}}</ref> A babban zaɓen 2019, kwamitin da aka zabo daga Kwamitin Zartarwa na Ƙasa na Labour ya zaɓi Owen a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar a Luton North, maimakon membobin gida, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga daga wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka ji cewa GMB ya tilasta musu tsayawa takara. [1] An zaɓe Owen da ƙuri'u 23,496, wanda ya kasance mafi rinjaye na ƙuri'u 9,247 akan ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Conservative. [2] A lokacin zaɓenta, an naɗa Owen a matsayin Sakatare Mai Zaman Kanta na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ga Sakataren Harkokin Waje da Harkokin Commonwealth Lisa Nandy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chappell |first=Elliot |date=14 May 2020 |title=Full list: Labour's new parliamentary private secretaries |url=https://labourlist.org/2020/05/full-list-labours-new-parliamentary-private-secretaries/ |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2020, Owen ta yi murabus daga muƙaminta a matsayin PPS don kaɗa ƙuri'a kan daftarin Dokar Leƙen Asiri ta Ɗan Adam (Laifuka), ba tare da amincewa da Shugaban Labour ya kauracewa ba. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SarahOwen_}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2021, Owen ta sanar da cewa an naɗa ta Sakatariyar Majalisar Dokoki ta [[Rachel Reeves]] kuma an naɗa ta bulala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Reshuffle: Keir Starmers new Labour frontbench |url=https://labourlist.org/2021/05/reshuffle-keir-starmers-new-labour-frontbench-in-full/ |website=[[Labour List]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SarahOwen_}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ton39ltrmizohjf5ueacf6rqdwha4gh 2 143291 968480 803874 2026-10-17T00:00:50Z Dostojewskij 4361 16 Oktoba 2026 ➶ Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895 968480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hausa language niger.png|thumb|[[Harshen Hausa]], [[Fayil:Flag of Niger.svg|20px]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]]] [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people.svg|thumb|Flag of the Hausa people]] {| align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2" style="border: 1px solid #A4FFA4; background-color: #F3FFF3; border: 5px solid #F3FFF3" |- | * User ID: 4,361 * Registration date: 2014-09-14 |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! 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Namespace Main |- | 2014 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2015 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2016 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2017 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2018 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2019 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2020 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2021 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2022 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 2023 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 |-style='background:#DDAA77' | 2024 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 2 |-style='background:#C0C0C0' | 2025 || 4 || 0 || 4 || 2 |-style='background:#FFEE77' | 2026<br/><small><small>(17.10.2026)</small></small> || '''17''' || 0 || '''17''' || '''11''' |- |} * [https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/ha.wikipedia.org/Dostojewskij xtools.wmflabs] * [https://ha.wikiscan.org/?menu=userstats&user=Dostojewskij ha.wikiscan] <div style="border: 3px solid green; margin: 2px; background-color: white;"><div style="margin: 10px;"> * [[Fayil:Wikidata-logo.svg|20px]] [[wikidata:User:Dostojewskij/Contributions]] * [[Fayil:Commons-logo.svg|20px]] [[commons:User:Dostojewskij/Contributions]] </div></div> == Rukuni == * 🖫 [[:Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] (00:44, 1 ga Yuni, 2025) * 🖫 [[:Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] (01:41, 25 ga Yuli, 2025) * 🖫 [[:Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] (23:03, 5 ga Maris, 2026) * 🖫 [[:Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895]] (23:54, 16 Oktoba 2026) [[de:Benutzer:Dostojewskij/Bearbeitungen]] [[ca:Usuari:Dostojewskij/Contribucions]] [[oc:Utilizaire:Dostojewskij/Contribucions]] [[ru:Участник:Dostojewskij/Мои правки]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Dostojewskij/Wkład]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Dostojewskij/Gebruikersbijdragen]] [[scn:Utenti:Dostojewskij/Cuntribbuti]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Dostojewskij/Contributions]] [[pt:Usuário(a):Dostojewskij/Contribuições]] [[en:User:Dostojewskij/Contributions]] [[es:Usuario:Dostojewskij/Contribuciones]] [[uk:Користувач:Dostojewskij/Внесок]] [[no:Bruker:Dostojewskij/Bidrag]] [[wuu:User:Dostojewskij/我个贡献]] [[sv:Användare:Dostojewskij/Bidrag]] [[zh-min-nan:Iōng-chiá:Dostojewskij/Kòng-hiàn]] [[ht:Itilizatè:Dostojewskij/Kontribisyon]] [[ast:Usuariu:Dostojewskij/Collaboraciones]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Dostojewskij/Příspěvky]] [[ro:Utilizator:Dostojewskij/Contribuții]] [[bg:Потребител:Dostojewskij/Приноси]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Dostojewskij/Katkılarım]] [[lv:Dalībnieks:Dostojewskij/Devums]] [[mai:प्रयोगकर्ता:Dostojewskij/योगदान]] [[id:Pengguna:Dostojewskij/Kontribusi]] [[mg:Mpikambana:Dostojewskij/Fandraisan'anjara]] [[da:Bruger:Dostojewskij/Bidrag]] [[ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:Dostojewskij/സംഭാവനകൾ]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Dostojewskij/অবদান]] [[lmo:Utent:Dostojewskij/Contribuzzion]] [[szl:Używacz:Dostojewskij/Edycyje]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Dostojewskij/ನನ್ನ ಕಾಣಿಕೆಗಳು]] [[crh:Qullanıcı:Dostojewskij/İsseler]] [[mk:Корисник:Dostojewskij/Придонеси]] [[ky:Колдонуучу:Dostojewskij/Салымдарым]] [[sk:Redaktor:Dostojewskij/Príspevky]] [[ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:Dostojewskij/मेरो योगदानहरू]] [[ko:사용자:Dostojewskij/기여]] [[zh:User:Dostojewskij/贡献]] [[mn:Хэрэглэгч:Dostojewskij/Хэрэглэгчийн хувь нэмэр]] [[ja:利用者:Dostojewskij/投稿記録]] [[kk:Қатысушы:Dostojewskij/Үлесім]] [[it:Utente:Dostojewskij/Contributi]] [[be:Удзельнік:Dostojewskij/Уклад]] [[pa:ਵਰਤੋਂਕਾਰ:Dostojewskij/ਯੋਗਦਾਨ]] [[ceb:Gumagamit:Dostojewskij/Mga tampo]] [[hi:सदस्य:Dostojewskij/योगदान]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Dostojewskij/Muokkaukset]] [[uz:Foydalanuvchi:Dostojewskij/Hissam]] [[ms:Pengguna:Dostojewskij/Sumbangan]] [[bcl:Paragamit:Dostojewskij/Mga ambag]] [[pam:User:Dostojewskij/Deng ambag]] [[la:Usor:Dostojewskij/Conlationes]] [[sat:ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ:Dostojewskij/ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱠᱩ]] [[nn:Brukar:Dostojewskij/Bidrag]] [[fa:کاربر:Dostojewskij/مشارکت‌ها]] [[sh:Korisnik:Dostojewskij/Doprinos]] [[bs:Korisnik:Dostojewskij/Doprinosi]] [[vi:Thành viên:Dostojewskij/Đóng góp]] [[tg:Корбар:Dostojewskij/Ҳисса]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Dostojewskij/Kontributet]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Dostojewskij/Хывнӑ тӳпе]] [[tl:Tagagamit:Dostojewskij/Mga ambag ko]] [[te:వాడుకరి:Dostojewskij/నా మార్పులు]] [[simple:User:Dostojewskij/My changes]] [[mr:सदस्य:Dostojewskij/माझे योगदान]] [[af:Gebruiker:Dostojewskij/Bydraes]] [[so:User:Dostojewskij/Ku darsashooyinka]] [[yo:Oníṣe:Dostojewskij/Àwọn àfikún]] [[et:Kasutaja:Dostojewskij/Kaastöö]] [[war:Gumaramit:Dostojewskij/Akon mga ámot]] [[nds:Bruker:Dostojewskij/Mien Arbeid]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Dostojewskij/Töhfələrim]] [[sco:Uiser:Dostojewskij/Contreibutions]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Dostojewskij/Prispevki]] [[bar:Nutza:Dostojewskij/Mei Gschriebnas]] [[se:Geavaheaddji:Dostojewskij/Mu rievdadusat]] [[vec:Utensa:Dostojewskij/Contribusion]] [[eu:Lankide:Dostojewskij/Nire ekarpenak]] [[dty:प्रयोगकर्ता:Dostojewskij/मेरो योगदानहरू]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Dostojewskij/ส่วนร่วม]] [[be-tarask:Удзельнік:Dostojewskij/Унёсак]] [[gl:Usuario:Dostojewskij/Contribucións]] [[hr:Suradnik:Dostojewskij/Doprinosi]] [[jv:Naraguna:Dostojewskij/Pasumbang]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Dostojewskij/წვლილი]] [[sc:Usuàriu:Dostojewskij/Contributos mios]] [[sah:Кыттааччы:Dostojewskij/Суруйуу тиһилигэ]] [[si:පරිශීලක:Dostojewskij/මගේ දායකත්වය]] [[kw:Devnydhyer:Dostojewskij/Kevrohow]] [[ln:Utilisateur:Dostojewskij/Nkásá nakomí]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Dostojewskij/Beşdariyên min]] [[sw:Mtumiaji:Dostojewskij/Michango]] [[eo:Uzanto:Dostojewskij/Kontribuoj]] [[kaa:Paydalanıwshı:Dostojewskij/Úlesim]] [[ta:பயனர்:Dostojewskij/பங்களிப்புக்கள்]] [[sr:Корисник:Dostojewskij/Доприноси]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Dostojewskij/Fy nghyfraniadau]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Dostojewskij/Mano indėlis]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Dostojewskij/Iarrachtaí]] [[el:Χρήστης:Dostojewskij/Η συνεισφορά μου]] [[hy:Մասնակից:Dostojewskij/Ներդրում]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:Dostojewskij/Közreműködések]] [[li:Gebroeker:Dostojewskij/Mien biedrages]] [[rue:Хоснователь:Dostojewskij/Приспівкы]] [[mhr:Пайдаланыше:Dostojewskij/Мыйын надырем]] [[an:Usuario:Dostojewskij/Contribucions]] [[co:Utente:Dostojewskij/E mo cuntribuzioni]] [[qu:Ruraq:Dostojewskij/Llamk'apusqaykuna]] [[vep:Kävutai:Dostojewskij/Tehtud rad]] [[lo:ຜູ້ໃຊ້:Dostojewskij/ປະກອບສ່ວນ]] [[lb:Benotzer:Dostojewskij/Kontributiounen]] [[olo:Käyttäi:Dostojewskij/Kohendukset]] [[gan:用戶:Dostojewskij/貢獻]] [[bh:प्रयोगकर्ता:Dostojewskij/योगदान]] [[is:Notandi:Dostojewskij/Framlög]] [[io:Uzanto:Dostojewskij/Mea adportado]] [[os:Архайæг:Dostojewskij/Бавæрд]] [[su:Pamaké:Dostojewskij/Kontribusi kuring]] [[or:ବ୍ୟବହାରକାରୀ:Dostojewskij/ଅବଦାନ]] [[pdc:Yuuser:Dostojewskij/Mei Ardickele]] [[haw:Mea hoʻohana:Dostojewskij/He aha ka'u i lūlū ai]] [[hsb:Wužiwar:Dostojewskij/Přinoški]] [[km:អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:Dostojewskij/ការរួមចំណែក]] 7138mnod96og34uosay3n7bjwb7owy9 0 149278 968464 830225 2026-10-16T23:21:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Kojo Abbey''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya. <ref name="mg1">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Ghana's Samuel Kojo Abbey Aims At Winning Defender Of The Year At Mawyawadi FC |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/869820/ghanas-samuel-kojo-abbey-aims-at-winning-defender.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=[[ModernGhana]]}}</ref> Ya buga wa kungiyoyi a Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Myanmar da Brunei.<ref name="af1">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2018 |title=Ghana’s Abbey inspires his Myanmar club to victory |url=https://africafeeds.com/2018/07/23/ghanas-abbey-inspires-his-myanmar-club-to-victory/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=[[Africa Feeds Media Limited|Africa Feeds]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Abbey yana wasa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na dala na ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana lokacin da ya fara ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje zuwa Kitengela Shooters a Kenya.<ref name="af1"/> Daga nan sai ya koma [[JMC Hippos]] wadanda ke wasa a 2015-16 Uganda Super League. Daga bisani ya koma Mawyawadi FC na MNL-2, gasar kulob din Myanmar ta biyu, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Samuel Kojo Abbey Profile |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/soccer/player/971/samuel-kojo-abbey |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=[[GhanaWeb]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233254/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/soccer/player/971/samuel-kojo-abbey |archive-date=30 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zauna a can har zuwa 2019 lokacin da ya shiga Dagon FC wanda aka inganta zuwa 2019 Myanmar National League, kuma ya buga wasanni 11 a kungiyar [[Yangon]] har sai sun sha wahala a ranar karshe ta kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=Myanmar 2019 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/myan2019.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Abbey ya sanya hannu ga Kasuka FC na Brunei Super League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Brunei face Kasuka FC in first live football match |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/brunei-face-kasuka-fc-in-first-live-football-match/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Borneo Bulletin}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a wasan 1-11 da ya yi da Panchor Murai FC a ranar 20 ga Yuni, ya zama [[Brunei Super League]] hat-tricks">Baƙo na farko da ya zira kwallaye a Brunei Super League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2021 |title=BSL: KASUKA DEMOLISH PANCHOR MURAI |url=http://www.brusports.com/2021/06/20/bsl-kasuka-demolish-panchor-murai/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=BruSports News}}</ref> Abbey ya zauna tare da Kasuka a shekara mai zuwa kuma ya karbi lambar yabo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Brunei FA ta 2022, wanda DPMM FC ta doke a wasan karshe a ranar 4 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2022 |title=DPMM FC sink Kasuka FC to win Brunei FA Cup |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/dpmm-fc-sink-kasuka-fc-to-win-brunei-fa-cup-2/ |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=Borneo Bulletin}}</ref> Kungiyar Abbey ta yi wasanni 16 ba tare da an ci su ba a cikin Brunei Super League na 2023, wanda ya kawo masa lambar yabo ta farko a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=18/11/2023 Brunei Super League |url=https://www.rtbnews.rtb.gov.bn/Lists/News%202018/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=39608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119155316/https://www.rtbnews.rtb.gov.bn/Lists/News%202018/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=39608 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=Radio Television Brunei}}</ref> A cikin kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Kasuka ba a ci nasara ba a wasanni 13 kuma Abbey ya zaɓi kansa lambar yabo ta biyu a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title=Kasuka FC down DPMM FC II for BSL title |url=https://www.brusports.com/2025/02/03/kasuka-fc-down-dpmm-fc-ii-for-bsl-title/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |publisher=BruSports News}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] hqha8nmpwrfi8cpw1t8ep18u8lpp5zz 0 150061 968560 832771 2026-10-17T11:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Talal Al-Absi''' ( Arabic , an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1993) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Saudiyya wanda a halin yanzu yake taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Saudiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talal Al-Absi |url=https://www.goalzz.com/?player=94282}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Talal Al-Absi ya fara aikinsa a Al-Ittihad kuma ya fara bugawa a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013 a wasan league da Najran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Ittihad 2 – 0 Najran |url=http://slstat.com/spl2012-2013en/matchdet.php?id=165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501061319/http://slstat.com/spl2012-2013en/matchdet.php?id=165 |archive-date=2016-05-01}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko na nahiyar ga Al-Ittihad a wasan rukuni na Gasar Zakarun Turai da kungiyar Tractor ta Iran wanda ya ƙare a cikin asarar 1-0. A ranar 17 ga Yulin 2015, Al-Absi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Al-Taawoun . <ref>{{Cite web |title=بدعم من المجلس التنفيذي: التعاون يوقّع مع مدافع الاتحاد طلال العبسي لموسمين |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2015/20150717/sp26.htm}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2015 a kan Al-Ahli . A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a wasan 2-2 tare da Al-Ahli . <ref>{{Cite web |title=التعاون بالتخصص يزيح الأهلي من الصدارة |url=http://www.alriyadh.com/1123809}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 24 yayin da ya taimaka wa kulob din ya kammala na huɗu kuma ya cancanci Gasar Zakarun Turai a karo na farko a tarihi. A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2017, Al-Absi ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=التعاون يجدد عقد العبسي لثلاث سنوات |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20170511/sp26.htm}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu 2019, Al-Absi ya zama kyaftin din Al-Taawoun a wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Sarki na farko da suka yi da tsohon kulob din Al-Ittihad . Ya zira kwallaye a minti na 55 yayin da Al-Taawoun ya lashe kofin Sarki na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=التعاون يكتب التاريخ.. ويتوج بطلاً لكأس الملك |url=https://sabq.org/Sx5r4m |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113074023/https://sabq.org/Sx5r4m |archive-date=2020-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2020, Al-Absi ya rasa kisa a wasan da aka yi da [[Al-Nassr]] a gasar cin Kofin Saudiyya na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=بالترجيح .. النصر يهزم التعاون ويُتوَّج بكأس السوبر |url=https://sabq.org/9LfTpc |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106213355/https://sabq.org/9LfTpc |archive-date=2020-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2020, Al-Absi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Al-Ahli . Ya shiga kulob din bayan kammala kakar 2019-20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا: الأهلي ينهي إجراءات التعاقد مع طلال العبسي حتى 2023 |url=https://arabia.eurosport.com/article/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%81-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2023, Al-Absi ya shiga Al-Hazem a kan canja wurin kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الحزم يعزز صفوفه بـ عبسي والثاني |url=https://www.dawriplus.com/news/68769-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%B2-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.html}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |Kofin Yarima na Sarauta ! colspan="2" |Asiya ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Al-Ittihad |2012–13 |3 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2013–14<ref>{{Cite web |title=طلال العبسي 2013/14 |url=http://slstat.com/spl2013-2014ar/player.php?id=1021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428042155/http://slstat.com/spl2013-2014ar/player.php?id=1021 |archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> |15 |0 |4 |0 |2 |0 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |0 |- |2014–15 |13 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- !Jimillar !31 !0 !5 !0 !4 !0 !7 !0 !0 !0 !47 !0 |- | rowspan="6" |Al-Taawoun |2015–16 |24 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |1 |- |2016–17 |18 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |1 |- |2017–18 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |26 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- |2019–20 |22 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}} |0 |26 |2 |- !Jimillar !91 !3 !7 !0 !3 !0 !4 !1 !1 !0 !106 !4 |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Ahli |2020–21 |3 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Adadin aikinsa !125 !4 !12 !0 !7 !0 !13 !1 !1 !0 !158 !5 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] <references /> bmk6p2wtqfhkp3wnwvii0cqryy8uews 0 152719 968551 841445 2026-10-17T10:24:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Fundudzi''' (a.k.a. '''Tafkin Funduzi''') yana cikin Soutpansberg a Lardin Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Auna kimanin kilomita 5 da kilomita 3 lokacin da ya cika, an halicce shi ne ta hanyar [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]] da ta toshe hanyar Kogin Mutale. Tafkin da aladun da ke zaune da shi da kuma gandun daji na kusa da Thathe Vondo, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu tsarki ga Vhatavhatsindi, mutanen Pool waɗanda suke daga cikin mutanen Venda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eish! |url=http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/full-article?oid=8012&sn=Detail&pid=1}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ita ce kawai tafkin da ke cikin ƙasa a Kudancin Afirka.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Paolo|url-status=Yin}}</ref> == Labaran gargajiya == A cewar labarin Venda an halicci tafkin ne lokacin da aka ki cin abinci da mafaka ga kuturta mai wucewa. Ya la'anta Kraal wanda ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin ruwan sabon tafkin da aka kafa kuma Venda sun yi iƙirarin cewa da sassafe yana yiwuwa a ji sautin drum da kuka da kuka na mutanen da suka nitse da shanu. Labarin ya kuma yi imanin cewa Lake Fundudzi yana karewa da allahn python da ke zaune a dutsen. Venda suna girmama wannan allahn ta hanyar yin rawa a kowace shekara, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar jujjuyawar layin conga, wanda 'yan mata matasa na kabilar ke shiga. An ce cika tafkin da launi ya nuna yanayin kakanninmu, da kuma yiwuwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Fundudzi in Limpopo |url=http://www.sa-venues.com/attractions/limpopo/lake-fundudzi.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewitched Forests and Waters of the VhaVenda (Part 1) |url=http://www.vanhunks.com/lowveld1/venda1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Fundudzi &#124; Limpopo Attractions |url=http://www.sastay.co.za/limpopo-attractions/lake-fundudzi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131165014/http://www.sastay.co.za/limpopo-attractions/lake-fundudzi.html |archive-date=2013-01-31 |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == ozm3we76xhauyw7sgsn1zswobriddnl 0 156893 968395 910534 2026-10-16T20:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da "ruwan fanfo" yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta). == Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) == Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":1">[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023</ref> Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin "ingantaccen tushen ruwa" a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|12}} == Kayan aiki da Na'urori == [[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]] Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}} Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba. === Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli === Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli. ==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ==== Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti. === Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su === Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}</ref> kamar haka: ==== Roba (Plastic) ==== * polybutylene (PB) * high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) * block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B) * the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H) * random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R) * Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD) * Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X) * Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R) * polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C) * polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U) ==== Karfe (Metals) ==== * carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize * ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel) * Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP) * kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa) Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa. ==== Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes) ==== Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Troesken, Werner|title=The great lead water pipe disaster|url=https://archive.org/details/greatleadwaterpi00wern|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-20167-4|oclc=70176961}}</ref> Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba. == Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa == [[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha<ref>The source [https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/worlds-most-dangerous-drinking-water.html ''Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water?''] (commercial website ''qssuplies.co.uk'', March 2023) uses data of the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) ([https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list ''Destinations list''], wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20260610032155/https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/uwd ''Unsafe drinking water''], epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) ''Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study''</ref>]] Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Board.|first=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology|title=Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks|url=https://archive.org/details/drinkingwaterdis0000nati|date=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=0-309-10306-1|oclc=71294470}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.<ref>''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&E Television, 1996</ref> Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.<ref name=":03"/> Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.<ref>Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33</ref> Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. <ref>Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., & Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)</ref> Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is my tap water cloudy?|url=https://www.mwra.com/04water/2004/whitewater.htm|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.mwra.com}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa == == Kwatantawa da ruwan kwalba == ko na kwalba galibi suna jagorantar ne ta hanyar ɗandano, tsaro da aka hango, da kuma dabi'un mutum. Mummunan siffofin ji a cikin ruwan fanfo—kamar mummunan ɗandano ko warine—yana ƙarfafa yawan amfani da ruwan kwalba.<ref> Zvěřinová, I., Ščasný, M., & Otáhal, J. (2024). Bottled or Tap Water? Factors Explaining Consumption and Measures to Promote Tap Water. Water, 16(20), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203011</ref> Amfani da ruwan kwalba na roba ya ci gaba da tashi, koda a yankuna masu ingancin ruwan fanfo mai girma. Wannan ci gaban yana taimakawa ga matsalolin muhalli kamar fitar da hayaki lokacin sufuri da taruwar robobi maras rubewa.<ref>Dorigoni, A., & Bonini, N. (2023). Water bottles or tap water? A descriptive-social- norm based intervention to increase a pro-environmental behavior in a restaurant. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101971 </ref> === Amurka (United States) === Matakan gurbatawa da aka samu a cikin ruwan fanfo sun bambanta tsakanin gidaje da tsarin famfo. Yayin da yawancin gidajen Amurka ke da damar yin amfani da ruwan fanfo mai inganci, buƙatar ruwan kwalba na ƙaruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doria|first=Miguel F.|date=2006-06-01|title=Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=271–276|doi=10.2166/wh.2006.0023|pmid=16813019|issn=1477-8920|doi-access=free|bibcode=2006JWH.....4..271D }}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Zaɓen Ra'ayin Jama'a na Gallup ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da amfani da ruwan fanfo shine ɗayan babban dalilin da ke sa masu amfani da Amurka gwammace ruwan kwalba fiye da ruwan fanfo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saylor|first1=Amber|last2=Prokopy|first2=Linda Stalker|last3=Amberg|first3=Shannon|date=September 2011|title=What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=588–601|doi=10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|pmid=21643837|bibcode=2011EnMan..48..588S|s2cid=22067616|issn=0364-152X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Matakin amincewa ga ruwan fanfo ya dogara da madaidaita daban-daban, gami da dokokin gwamnati da ke akwai game da ingancin ruwa da amfani da su. A cikin 1993, ɓarnar cryptosporidiosis a Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta shafi mazauna sama da 400,000 kuma an ɗauke ta mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mac Kenzie|first1=William R.|last2=Hoxie|first2=Neil J.|last3=Proctor|first3=Mary E.|last4=Gradus|first4=M. Stephen|last5=Blair|first5=Kathleen A.|last6=Peterson|first6=Dan E.|last7=Kazmierczak|first7=James J.|last8=Addiss|first8=David G.|last9=Fox|first9=Kim R.|last10=Rose|first10=Joan B.|last11=Davis|first11=Jeffrey P.|date=1994-07-21|title=A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=331|issue=3|pages=161–167|doi=10.1056/NEJM199407213310304|issn=0028-4793|pmid=7818640|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ketare ƙa'idodin ruwan fanfo mai tsanani yana tasiri ga raguwar amon jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pierce|first1=Gregory|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Silvia|date=2017-02-01|title=Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households|url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/19/1/1/20521/Mistrust-at-the-tap-Factors-contributing-to-public|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wp.2016.143|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017WaPol..19....1P |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bambanci tsakanin ingancin ruwa na kwalba da na fanfo abu ne mai zaman muhawara. A shekarar 1999, Majalisar Kare Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta fitar da sakamako mai cike da cece-kuce daga binciken shekaru 4 a kan ruwan kwalba. Binciken ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi daya bisa uku na ruwan da aka gwada sun gurbata da sinadarai na roba (synthetic organic chemicals), kwayoyin cuta (bacteria), da arsenic. Akalla samfuri guda ya wuce ka'idojin jiha na matakan gurbatawa a cikin ruwan kwalba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 5, 2016|title=The Truth About Tap|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/truth-about-tap|access-date=2021-04-24|website=NRDC|language=en}}</ref> A Amurka, wasu hukumomin gundumomi suna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ruwan fanfo fiye da ruwan kwalba a kadarorin gwamnati da abubuwan da ke faruwa. Masu jefa ƙuri'a a Jihar Washington sun soke harajin ruwan kwalba ta hanyar shirin ƴan ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNamara |first1=Neal |title=Washington state says goodbye to bottle and candy taxes |url=https://www.federalwaymirror.com/news/washington-state-says-goodbye-to-bottle-and-candy-taxes/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=Federal Way Mirror |date=December 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Initiative Measure 1107 Concerns reversing certain 2010 amendments to state tax laws. |url=https://results.vote.wa.gov/results/20101102/initiative-measure-1107-concerns-reversing-certain-2010-amendments-to-state-tax-laws.html |publisher=Washington Secretary of State · Elections Division |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> == Nassoshi (References) == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.iccsafe.org International Code Council] - Tsarin lambobin tsaro da ma'uyar aiki 4xjdoe5nl7goojcs5ddomg7or42dko7 0 157017 968341 961636 2026-10-16T17:48:34Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]" 968341 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ovbpcf4kb32l2sfxem993jjzy51q24t 968342 968341 2026-10-16T17:49:46Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ndxhndcqpe9e7ardgg0g8odpruue5wg 968343 968342 2026-10-16T17:50:10Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jeaopg1rq4y6fict45y2lwd6leerbhw 968344 968343 2026-10-16T17:50:28Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} qhpg8uehkts4swc0ocgovewx8p8nwee 968345 968344 2026-10-16T17:50:50Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 4i6g3qc7ebmvatqv965hrclwpwu2jaj 968346 968345 2026-10-16T17:51:16Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 5v7oizbt5cuz7zb5wg0p0g6oac758qb 968347 968346 2026-10-16T17:51:35Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} pi9d2zuebk0ujj7ujlyp61yemd6a8a1 968348 968347 2026-10-16T17:52:51Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} dz1zmssyl6kom5kxluawjp2xjosheis 968349 968348 2026-10-16T17:54:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} nr57kie330f2nmjrslcvecwtf29vs3x 968350 968349 2026-10-16T17:55:13Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} rpoto373kmqh832q53gx5c096zjt4d4 968351 968350 2026-10-16T17:55:46Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 0a2t8tx3j178y3dugqytl21x2141jxv 968352 968351 2026-10-16T17:56:50Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} msu764atng5wadaknmyh5cnvv2wkn74 968354 968352 2026-10-16T17:59:12Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jifsqdnhciotbkhaqvqgp9dud8359pm 968355 968354 2026-10-16T17:59:39Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 71s1ylc5qic496ve8nm08ax0bjujrnf 968356 968355 2026-10-16T18:00:05Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} shprtwce01suciu07ngf1gsodf4rqn2 968357 968356 2026-10-16T18:00:56Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 9hub18wbyijusc7fkt5b8ej5yz7qfgq 968366 968357 2026-10-16T18:28:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jizs5qsso29accjk2ed3uycojpzrvbh 968367 968366 2026-10-16T18:29:13Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 1qifxcwtpfzcyoly8om46nigzy8xt5b 968368 968367 2026-10-16T18:29:42Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 42glnxjtnbeqxlb89ot1kns862sknml 968369 968368 2026-10-16T18:30:37Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} inj2ylijzw1ie3642apc902o66gmyg4 968370 968369 2026-10-16T18:31:16Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} fym9wsx7m9kxo2vh9o989a79gqe8oz5 968371 968370 2026-10-16T18:31:58Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 6e1jkjzc7zncgxakc532f1ekrq82a99 968373 968371 2026-10-16T18:33:06Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} k9pq5rltfomiafrmr5i0isx0dsfrhwb 968374 968373 2026-10-16T18:33:48Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jf8qubtj37avtmqndsum90elljyiw40 968375 968374 2026-10-16T18:34:38Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} dengebn5tz1v1ybnny03lglifubcrcn 968380 968375 2026-10-16T18:50:59Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} i1c4mjxazw44e7o23vq4648aflt01vm 968381 968380 2026-10-16T18:52:11Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} gco9rb74tass5xkletub3g1ipbkapuj 968382 968381 2026-10-16T18:52:36Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} r3uicw6f6p7f9objhjxufhyhd8zy0r7 968383 968382 2026-10-16T18:52:58Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 7ip9stjzj74w06lf3p2g2erps1wxr54 968384 968383 2026-10-16T18:53:57Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} cb00utvnsxbcqms1w0c143jfhu71z4i 968385 968384 2026-10-16T18:57:02Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jyuhshvwicxdj4wzge1z8o1bb3zzm50 968386 968385 2026-10-16T18:57:53Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} l4n3d4krvcjd7rl9cbgopu3vjg4isg8 968387 968386 2026-10-16T18:58:16Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ran It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 3rksa8t2bv0h1ajvaspcw04914beasa 968388 968387 2026-10-16T19:00:31Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2eming: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ran It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 0suud1tl1ihaqs031x409bflv2tv3l8 968389 968388 2026-10-16T19:01:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 968389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:I ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: |- ! cl-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" | class="infobox | class="infobox-data" * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2eming: .1em 0 It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da bayanan naira maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Saki == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} mav02s5unhlmdz8t8veia6f2izfv43m 0 158027 968392 889707 2026-10-16T19:39:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samun ruwan sha da aikin tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania''' yana da alaƙa da raguwar damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa a shekarun 2000 (musamman a yankunan birane), daidaiton samun wani nau'i na tsaftace muhalli (kusan 1% tun daga shekarun 1990), katsewar samar da ruwa da kuma gabaɗaya ƙarancin ingancin sabis.<ref name="mowi" /> Kamfanoni da yawa da kyar suke iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga saboda ƙarancin haraji da rashin inganci. Akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance na shiyyoyi kuma kamfanonin da suka fi yin fice su ne Arusha da Tanga.<ref name="pubexp">Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& |date=6 October 2011 }}, September 2009</ref> Gwamnatin Tanzania ta ɗauki wani babban mataki na sake fasalin fannin tun a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka sabunta Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAWAPO). A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 42% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa kuma kashi 30% na dukkan tsarin ruwa a ƙasar ba sa aiki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Giné|first1=Ricard|last2=Pérez-Foguet|first2=Agustí|date=November 2008|title=Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=327–342|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x|hdl=2117/8151|hdl-access=free}}</ref> An amince da wani babban Tsarin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa wanda ke haɓaka gudanar da ingantaccen albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka samar da ruwa a birane da karkara a shekarar 2006. Rarraba madafun iko ya nuna cewa alhakin samar da sabis na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya koma ga hukumomin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma kamfanonin birane 20 da kamfanonin gundumomi kusan 100 ne ke gudanar da shi, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma a yankunan karkara.<ref name="mowi" /> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun sami goyon bayan gagarumin ƙarin kasafi tun daga shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka saka fannin ruwa a cikin muhimman fannoni na Tsarin Maƙasudin Ƙasa don Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (MKUKUTA). Fannin ruwa na Tanzania ya rage kacokan ya dogara da masu ba da agaji na waje: kashi 88% na kuɗaɗen da ake da su ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na waje ne ke samar da su.<ref name="NWSDS" /> Sakamakon ya kasance maza-da-mata. Misali, wani rahoto da GIZ ta fitar ya nuna cewa "duk da gagarumin jarin da Bankin Duniya da Tarayyar Turai suka kawo, (kamfanin da ke yi wa Dar es Salaam hidima) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin ruwa mafi rashin ƙwazo a Tanzania."<ref name="GIZ">GIZ:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2008, pp. 8-9</ref> == Samun Dama == Samun ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania ya kasance mai iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ƙalubalen ababen more rayuwa da ƙarancin kuɗi ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga ci gaba. Tabbatar da bayanai kan samun dama yana da wahala musamman saboda ana amfani da ma'anoni da madogara daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin saɓani. A shekarar 2015, kashi 50% na al'umma ne ke da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" ruwa, kashi 79% da kashi 37% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.<ref>WASHwatch [url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324170857/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/ |date=2017-03-24 }}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324170857/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tanzania/summary/statistics/ |date=2017-03-24 }}</ref> A Tanzania, kusan mutane miliyan 26 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuma, kusan mutane miliyan 40 a shekarar 2015 ba su da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" aikin tsaftace muhalli. A Tanzania, a shekarar 2015, kashi 24% ne kawai na al'umma ke da damar samun "aƙalla tabbataccen" aikin tsaftace muhalli, kashi 37% da kashi 17% a yankunan birane da karkara biyo da biyo.<ref>WASHwatch</ref> Bisa ga wani rahoto, binciken gidaje a kai-a-kai yana nuna ƙarancin samar da ruwa a karkara fiye da ƙiyasin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban-ruwa (waɗanda injiniyoyin ruwa na gundumomi da hukumomin birane na ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ke tattarawa). Ga yankunan birane, bayanan binciken sun kasance mafi girma saboda sun haɗa da gidajen da ba su da alaƙa da rukunin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma suna samun ruwa daga maƙwabta, rijiyoyi masu kariya ko rijiyoyin burtsatse.<ref name="repoa" /> '''Samur da ruwa.''' Kusan rabin mutanen Tanzania ne ake ƙiyasin suna da damar samun ingantaccen ruwa, tare da gagarumin bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (kusan kashi 79% a shekarar 2010) da yankunan karkara (kusan kashi 44% a shekarar 2010).<ref name=JMP/> A yankunan karkara, an bayyana samun dama da cewa gidaje su yi tafiyar da ba ta kai kilomita ɗaya ba zuwa inda ake samun amintaccen ruwan sha a lokacin rani. Canje-canje a fannin samun ruwa yana da wuyar fahimta saboda saɓani da rashin amincin bayanai. Sai dai, ya bayyana cewa samun dama ya ƙaru a lokacin shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, amma ya tsaya cik a lokacin shekarun 2000. Kamar yaddda bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007 suka nuna, samun ingantaccen ruwa a babban yankin Tanzania ma ya ragu daga kashi 55% a shekarar 2000 zuwa kashi 52% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="NHBS" /> Ta amfani da ƙunƙuntar ma'ana, a shekarar 2007 kusan kashi 34% na gidaje ne ke da damar samun ruwan famfo, sabanin kashi 40% a shekarar 2000. Sai dai, ta amfani da faffadan ma'ana ta samun dama wadda ta haɗa da dabarun famfuna na jama'a da madaidaitan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya, an sami ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin adadin gidajen da ke ba da rahoton samun wurin ruwan sha a tsakanin kilomita ɗaya.<ref name="NHBS">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania], pp.13-16. Link was broken on 28 February 2010. 7 November 2011 - HBS document is still available on website of [http://www.nbs.go.tz Tanzanian National Bureau Of Statistics] via link to Tanzania National Data Archive (TNDA). This requires a logon which is freely available.</ref> Ƙididdiga daga Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya nuna wani yanayi daban. Sun nuna ɗan koma baya wajen samun dama daga kashi 55% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2010. Bisa ga waɗannan alkaluma, samun dama a yankunan karkara ya tsaya cik, yayin da a yankunan birane ya ragu daga kashi 94% zuwa kashi 79% a daidai wannan lokacin. Ƙididdigar JMP ta dogara ne akan hasashen amfani da bayanai, cikinsu har da bayanan Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na 2000/2001 da 2007, Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2002 da Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiya na 1999, 2005 da 2010.<ref name=JMP/><ref name="JMP country tables">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000451/http://www.childinfo.org/files/mdg_country_regional_tables.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, accessed on 28 February 2010</ref><ref>Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Water Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024122/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_wat.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012</ref> '''Tsaftace muhalli.''' Binciken Kasafin Kuɗi na Gidaje na Ƙasa yana tambayar mutane game da nau'in banɗaki da suke da shi. A shekarar 2007, kashi 93% na 'yan Tanzania sun amsa cewa suna da wani nau'i na bayan gida na rami, amma kashi 3% ne kawai ke da banɗaki na janyewa (flush toilet). Kididdigar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke sanya idanu kan cimma Burin Ci Gaban Milleniyum na tsaftace muhalli ta dogara ne kan waɗannan alkaluma, amma sai bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci don daidaita kwatanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli (JMP) ya bayyana ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a matsayin tsarin zubar da bayan gida na sirri wanda ke raba najasar ɗan adam da mu'amalar ɗan adam. An cire banɗakunan rami na tarayya ko na buɗe daga wannan ma'anar. JMP ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan rabin banɗakunan rami ne kawai a Tanzania za a iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Dangane da waccan ma'anar, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yawan jama'ar da ke da damar samun kowane nau'in banɗaki na rami. Kamar yadda ma'anar JMP ta nuna, samun ingantaccen aikin tsaftace muhalli kashi 10% ne kawai a shekarar 2010, bayan ya tashi daga kashi 8% a shekarar 1990, tare da ƙaruwa a yankunan birane da ɗan raguwa a yankunan karkara.<ref name=JMP/><ref name="who">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604024148/http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO Statistical Information System - Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010</ref><ref>Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf United Republic of Tanzania, Sanitation Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024118/https://washdata.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/TZA_san.pdf |date=16 April 2020 }}, March 2012, accessed on 19 April 2012</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Samun Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Tanzania (2007)<ref name="NHBS" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Dar es Salaam (6% na yawan jama'a) <ref>An lissafa bisa kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin birnin Dar es Salaam daga cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 44</ref> ! Sauran yankunan birane (19% na yawan jama'a) ! Karkara (75% na yawan jama'a) <ref name="JMP country tables"/> ! Jimilla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa | Faffadan ma'ana | 85% | 76% | 40% | 52% |- | Haɗin kai na gida<ref>[http://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=20 Household Budget Survey 2007 - Mainland Tanzania] "Private piped (tap) water in housing unit"</ref> | 8% | 13% | 1% | 4% |- | rowspan=2|Tsaftace muhalli |Duk wani nau'i, har da banɗakunan rami | 97% | 97% | 90% | 93% |- |Banɗaki na janyewa | 10% | 6% | 1% | 3% |} == Ingancin sabis == '''Dorewar samar da ruwa.''' Daga cikin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane da tsaftace muhalli guda ashirin (UWSSAs) da ke aiki a Tanzania, guda uku ne kawai ke iya samar da ruwa akai-akai (Arusha, Songea da Tanga). A wasu birane goma sha ɗaya ana samar da ruwa na aƙalla sa'o'i 19. A Babati da Mtwara ana samar da ruwa na sa'o'i 12 kowace rana. Mafi ƙarancin alkaluma (sa'o'i 5 kowace rana) sun fito ne daga biranen Kigoma, Lindi da Singida. A Dar es Salaam ana samar da ruwa a matsakaicin sa'o'i 9 kowace rana.<ref name="mowi" /> '''Ingancin ruwa.''' Ingancin ruwa ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ƙasar. A yankunan da ba su da bushewa sosai (da suka haɗa da Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, da Arusha), launuka da matakan datti suna zama matsala lokacin damina. Koguna da ke yankin fluoride (da suka haɗa da yankunan Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Singida, da Shinyanga na kwarin Rift Valley, kuma ya miƙa zuwa kwarurukan Pangani da Internal Drainage) suna da babban taro na fluoride. Ruwan tafkin Tanganyika da Nyasa gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan inganci in ban da kusa da yankunan birane inda ruwan datti da na hadari ke haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi na cikin gida, yayin da ingancin ruwan tafkin Victoria yake da rauni: babban datti da matakan sinadarai suna haifar da yawan tsirowar ganyaye da ciyawar ruwa.<ref name="NWSDS" /> Ikon kula da ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin alhakin ma'aikata masu samar da sabis na cikin gida a wuraren da ake samar da ruwa. Suna komawa ga Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa da aka kafa don yankunan birane da karkara a shekarun 1970.<ref name="mowi" /> Wani lamari na gurɓataccen ruwa ya faru a mahakar zinariya ta Barrick Gold North Mara a watan Mayun 2009, lokacin da ruwa mai guba (pH 4.8) ya fito daga wurin ajiyar duwatsun mahakar ya shiga cikin kogin Tigithe, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban-ruwa, wanka da kuma azaman hanyar samun ruwan sha mara kariya.<ref>[http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx Barrick Gold Corporation's response to the Mara Mine incident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070637/http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/KeyTopics/Bill-C-300-Submission-to-the-Standing-Committee/default.aspx |date=10 February 2010 }}, 8 October 2009</ref><ref>allAfrica.com [http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310017.html Tanzania: Community Still Worried By Mine Contamination], 30 December 2009</ref> '''Kula da ruwan datti.''' Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa na birane guda ashirin, 11 suna samar da wasu hanyoyin haɗi na magudanar ruwa. A Moshi rahoton adadin haɗin kai shine kashi 45% (kodayake wannan ya haɗa da wasu haɗin gwiwar masana'antu), a Morogoro rahoton adadin shine kashi 15% kuma a Dodoma da Iringa kashi 13% ne. A Dar es Salaam, tsawon hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa an ƙiyasta shi duka kilomita 188, kodayake kashi 4% na gidaje ne kawai ke da damar yin amfani da shi.<ref name="mowi" /> Bisa ga wani makala da wata ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tafukan Tsaftace Ruwa da Rukunin Gidajen Ruwa (WSP & CW) a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam suka rubuta, tafukan daidaitawa sun kasance fasaha mafi fice don kula da ruwan datti a Tanzania. An ƙaddamar da tafukan daidaitaccen ruwan datti tun a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda yanayin zafi mai kyau da kuma wadatar wuraren dausayi na halitta. A wancan lokacin, an yi rikodin akwai tsarin tafukan ruwan datti guda ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa yadi, injin takarda, wuraren jiko da sauran sarrafa ruwan datti na masana'antu. Sai dai tsarin tafukan daidaitawa da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda ƙarancin aiki da kulawa, kuskuren tsari da daidaitawa gami da haɗa sharar gida da na masana'antu.<ref>Science in Africa [http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306190140/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/september/wsp.htm |date=6 March 2002 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010</ref> An fara ne a shekarar 1998, inda aka ƙaddamar da rukunin dausayi na jucin fasaha a Tanzania. An gina rukunoni guda goma don gidajen zama da cibiyoyi kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da kwalejoji. Suna yi wa mutane kusan 12,000 hidima.<ref>[http://wspcw.udsm.ac.tz/ Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Constructed Wetlands (WSP & CW) Research Group website]</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti suna aiki a cikin gundumomin Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Arusha da Songea<ref name="mowi" /> da kuma biranen Dar es Salaam da Mwanza. Ana tattara samfuran ruwan datti daga waɗannan masana'antun sarrafa ruwan datti. Sakamakon binciken samfurori 250 ya nuna cewa an cika madaidaitan ƙasa na ruwan datti kafin a fitar da shi a kashi 88% na lokuta. == Albarkatun ruwa == [[File:Mwanza.JPG|thumb|right|Mwanza, birni na biyu mafi girma a Tanzania, yana samun ruwansa ne daga Tafkin Victoria]] Gabaɗaya kuma a matsakaice, Tanzania tana da faffadan albarkatun ruwa. Hukumar Abinci da Noma (FAO) ta bayyana cewa a shekarar 2008 Tanzania tana da kilomita mai siffar sūkuwa 96.27 (km³) na sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta, ƙiyasin albarkatun ruwan duniya yana kusa da 43,750 km³/shekara). Wannan ya yi daidai da mita mai siffar sūkuwa 2,266 (m³) ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.<ref>FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_tza.pdf ''Aquastat Fact Sheet Tanzania''], generated 2 Feb 2010</ref> Sai dai albarkatun ruwan sun rabu ba daidai ba - ta fuskar lokaci da sarari. A lokacin rani, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon watanni daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, har ma manyan koguna na iya bushewa ko kuma kwarararsu ta ragu sosai. Wasu sassan ƙasar suna samun matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama da ya kai 3,000mm a kowace shekara, yayin da a wasu yankunan (kamar Lardin Dodoma ko kwarin Rift Valley) matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake kasancewa 600mm.<ref name="repoa">Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment / Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania: [http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf ''Poverty and Human Development Report 2007''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183114/http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR%202007%20Complete.pdf |date=13 April 2020 }}, December 2007, retrieved on 19 April 2012</ref> Hasashe na nuni da cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 Tanzania za ta fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa (wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin matsakaicin albarkatun ruwa ga kowane mutum da ya gaza 1,500 m³) saboda haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma sakamakon ƙaruwar amfani da shi.<ref>World Bank (2006), [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TANZANIAEXTN/Resources/Water_Resources_Factsheets.pdf ''Water Resources in Tanzania - Factsheet'']</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2002, amfani da ruwa don samar da ruwan sha na birane a babban yankin Tanzania ya kasance kusan mita miliyan 493 (m³)/shekara, ko kuma kashi 0.5% na jimillar sabbin albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="aquastat" /> [[File:Dry Great Ruaha River and.jpg|thumb|left|Busasshen babban kogin Ruaha a shekarar 2006 yana nuna ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin rani a sassan Tanzania]] Tafuka kadai sun mamaye kusan kashi 7% na saman ƙasar Tanzania. A kan iyakokin ƙasar akwai Manyan Tafukan Afirka guda uku: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Nyasa; tafukan cikin ƙasa sun haɗa da Tafkin Rukwa, Tafkin Eyasi da Tafkin Manyara. Akwai manyan kwarurukan magudanar ruwa guda tara a Tanzania, waɗanda aka raba su gwargwadon inda ruwan ke gudanarwa. Kwari na Tafkin Victoria yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Mediterranean (ta hanyar kwarin Kogin Nile). Suna kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya kuma akwai kwarin Kogin Pangani, kwarin Kogin Ruvu/Wami, kwarin Kogin Rufiji, Kogin Ruvuma da kwarin Gaɓar Tekun Kudu, da kwarin Tafkin Nyasa. Kwari na Tafkin Tanganyika yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta kwarin Kogin Congo. Kwari na Magudanar Ruwa na Cikin Gida da na Tafkin Rukwa suna cikin kwarin Rift Valley (endorheic).<ref name="aquastat">FAO,[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/tanzania/index.stm United Republic of Tanzania, Aquastat country profile 2005]</ref> An raba Tanzania zuwa sassan gudanarwa guda tara da suka dace da manyan koguna tara ko kwarurukan tafuka. Ofisoshin Ruwa na Kwaruruka (BWOs) suna da alhakin tsara da tsara amfani da albarkatun ruwa, bisa ga Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa lamba 11 na shekarar 2009. Sashen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa yana buƙatar a gudanar da ayyukansu daidai da ƙa'idodin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa. Duk da haka, an lura cewa BWOs suna fama da matsalolin raunin hukumomi: galibi ba su da mahimman bayanai, bayyanannun tsare-tsaren bunƙasa don jagorantar saka hannun jari da tallafawa sa ido sannan kuma suna da ƙarancin rukunin ɗan adam.<ref name="repoa" /> == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania sakamako ne na mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara rashin samun ruwa, farawa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Jamus da Birtaniya. Daga shekarar 1889 zuwa 1914 a Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, an gina rijiyoyi, magudanar ruwan datti, da magudanar ruwa don amfanin mazauna Jamus kaɗai waɗanda ke zaune a gine-gine a yankunan gabashin Tanzania. Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli sun kasance a kan ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin shiyyoyi, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tsarin launin fata, don mazauna Jamus da Indiya.<ref name=":06">{{Cite journal |last1=Mwesongo |first1=Chaeka Semango |last2=Mwakipesile |first2=Augustino Edgar |date=2023-04-01 |title=Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times |url=https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/4/265/94203/Trends-for-sanitation-practices-in-Tanzania-the |journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.2166/washdev.2023.158 |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free }}</ref> A lokaci guda, 'yan Tanzania da ke yankin yamma ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da tsarin kwashe ruwan datti, sannan kuma an hana su aikin kwashe shara; sun zauna ne a cikin mummunan yanayin rayuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin wuraren tsaftace muhalli, kamar banɗakun rami da ke kusa da rijiyoyin burtsatse.<ref name=":06" /> Daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1961, Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon gudanarwa na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus kuma ta canza masa suna zuwa Tanganyika. Babu wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen samun amintaccen ruwa ga 'yan Tanzania karkashin mulkin Birtaniya. Kamar Dokokin Jamus, Birtaniyar ma ta yi cajin kuɗaɗe masu yawa don samun amintaccen ruwa a Dar es Salaam.<ref name=":06" /> Sai dai, mazauna Birtaniya sun gina tsarin kwashe ruwan datti da magudanar ruwa a yankunansu na zama tun daga shekarun 1930 yayin da suka ci gaba da sarrafa damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli bisa ga launin fata, tattalin arziki, da shiyyoyin zama.<ref name=":06" /> Turawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin shiyyoyi a cikin garuruwa inda aka kawar da sauro kuma aka raba su gida uku: na Birtaniya, na Indiya, da na 'yan ƙasar Tanzania. Ban da haka ma, 'yan Tanzania ba su da ikon siyan filaye, kuma da yawa sun zauna ne a cikin matsattsun wurare masu cunkoso, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa sakamakon amfani da banɗakunan rami da buɗatun wurare saboda ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwa.<ref name=":06" /> Waɗanda ke zaune a rukunonin gidajen da ba a tsara su ba ba su da damar samun ruwa ko tsarin tsaftace muhalli har sai a shekarun 1950. Yankunan karkara sun ci gaba da samar wa kansu ruwa da kansu, inda suka ƙara gina rijiyoyin burtsatse da amfani da banɗakunan rami.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Msami |first=Jamal Babu |url=https://www.repoa.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/An-Institutional-account-of-public-service-reforms.pdf |title=AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania |date=August 2018 |publisher=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) |edition=1 |location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publication-date=2018 |pages=59–56}}</ref> Waɗannan yankuna ba su nuna wata fito-na-fito ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba game da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grönwall |first1=Jenny |last2=Danert |first2=Kerstin |date=2020-02-05 |title=Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=419 |doi=10.3390/w12020419 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4441}}</ref> A shekarun 1950, fafaran rukunonin gidajen da ke da tsarin ruwan famfo suna yin caji ga ruwan da ake siyarwa a kantunan ruwa (kiosks) ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na gida. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne ke gudanarwa da kula da tsarin ruwan, kamar Ƙungiyar Bunƙasa Ruwa ta Makonde a Lardin Mtwara da ke Kudancin Tanzania. Ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran da ƙungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ta ɗauka a wancan lokacin shi ne samar da ruwa kyauta, alƙawarin da aka cika lokacin da Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1961.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko">Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02393792 Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery], Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39</ref> === Ayyukan sama-zuwa-ƙasa da samar da ruwan karkara kyauta (1964–1991) === Bayan haɗewar tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wato Tanganyika da Zanzibar don kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Julius Nyerere na wancan lokacin ya aiwatar da manufar gurguzu ta Afirka da ake kira Ujamaa. Wannan ya haɗa da tilasta wa ƙananan manoma na karkara ƙaurace wa matsugunansu zuwa gona-gonakin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na wannan ƙaura shi ne sauƙaƙe samar da ilimi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwa.<ref name="Time">Time Magazine:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912757,00.html TANZANIA: Ujamaa's Bitter Harvest], 27 Jan. 1975, accessed on 27 February 2010</ref> Sakamakon akidar Ujamaa, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Samar da Ruwan Karkara na Tsawon Shekaru 20 (RWSP) a shekarar 1971 da nufin samar da damar samun wadataccen ruwa mai amfani a cikin tazarar taku 400 daga kowane gida zuwa shekarar 1991. A ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, ana samar da ruwa kyauta a yankunan karkara, yayin da ake cajin haraji matsakaici don haɗin ruwa na gida a yankunan birane. Aiwatar da shirin ya kasance mai tsanani daga tsakiya: A shekarar 1972, gwamnatin tsakiya ta soke hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da wakilan gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin kwamitoci a matakin gunduma da ƙauye ƙarƙashin manufar da aka yi wa lakabi cikin baƙar magana da "rarraba madafun iko".<ref name="PMO">[http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php PMO-RALG: HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN TANZANIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518042519/http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php |date=2009-05-18 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> Bisa rahoton da WaterAid ta fitar, "ayyukan ruwa da suka biyo baya ba su dore ba kuma sun bar mummunan tarihi na rashin amincewa tsakanin mazauna ƙauye ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati".<ref name="WAMMA">WaterAid: [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf WAMMA: Empowerment in practice, How an evolutionary Government/NGO partnership has helped Tanzanian villagers to attain sustainable water and sanitation services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226114354/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/wamma.pdf |date=2012-02-26 }}, Julie Jarman and Catherine Johnson, Edited by Brian Appleton March 1997, p. 10-15</ref> Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gunduma ce ke zaɓar ƙauyuka bisa ƙa'idojin fasaha kaɗai ba tare da tuntuɓar al'ummomin ba. An hane rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi kuma aka sanye su da injina da injinan dizal waɗanda ya kamata gwamnati ta kula da su ta amfani da kuɗaɗen tsakiya. Wannan bai yi aiki da kyau ba kuma yawancin injinan ba sa aiki.<ref name="WAMMA" /> A sauran al'ummomi, rashin tafiyar da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke samarwa yadda ya kamata da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da tsarin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da fara ginin ayyukan da ba a taɓa kammala su ba.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /> A shekarun baya, ayyukan gwamnati sun durƙushe kuma an sami mummunan ɓulluwar cutar kwalara a yankunan birane da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1980.<ref name="PMO" /> Don magance wannan gazawar, an sake kafa Majalisun Garuruwa da na Gundumomi a shekarar 1978, amma sun kasance ba su da wani kuɗin shiga na kansu kuma sun dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen gwamnatin tsakiya. Samar da ayyukan gwamnati ya kasance matsalarre. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da masu ba da agaji sun gane a wancan lokacin cewa manufar samar da ruwan karkara kyauta da gudanarwa daga tsakiya ta gaza, ya ɗauke su fiye da shekaru ashirin tun daga farkon ta kafin su canza wannan manufa.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /> Wani bincike na tsakiyar lokaci na shirin RWSP da aka gudanar a shekarar 1985 ya nuna cewa kashi 46% ne kawai na al'ummar karkara ke da damar samun sabis na samar da ruwa. Daga cikin dalilan har da rashin sanya hannun waɗanda aikin zai amfana, amfani da dabarun fasaha maras dacewa, rashin isassun albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarancin hanyoyin gudanarwa da kulawa, da kuma tsarin hukumomi mara kyau da ya wuce kima daga tsakiya.<ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /><ref name="PMO" /><ref name="iaadb">International Academy of African Business and Development - IAABD, ''Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21st Century'' (May 2009) [http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf Tobias A. Swai, ''Efficiency Measurement of the Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) in Tanzania: A Data Envelopment Analysis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303233158/http://www.iaabd.org/2009_iaabd_proceedings/track15a.pdf |date=2012-03-03 }}, p.481</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar al'umma da gudanarwa (1991–yanzu) === [[File:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|left|Ginin rukunin gidaje na Michenzani kusa da Stone Town a tsibirin Zanzibar, wanda taba kasancewa abin alfahari na haɗin gwiwar bunƙasa ƙasa na Gabashin Jamus, yana nuna ƙalubalen da ke akwai wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don buɗe hanya ga sababbin ayyuka (duba buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa a gaba)]] Manufar gurguzu ta Ujamaa an daina amfani da ita a hankali lokacin da Nyerere ya mika mulki ga Ali Hassan Mwinyi, fara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1985 sannan a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya mai mulki a shekarar 1990. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen siyasa da na gudanarwa, wani ɓangare na abin da aka amince da Manufofin Ruwa na Ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1991. Babban jigon sauye-sauyen shi ne Shirin Sake Fasalin Ƙananan Hukumomi da nufin rarraba madafun iko ta hanyar mika albarkatu da alhakin samar da sabis ga majalisun gundumomi da na birane, gami da tura tallafin kuɗi na sharɗi da maras sharɗi ga majalisun.<ref name="gov">[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010</ref> Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta jaddada haɗin gwiwar al'umma wajen zaɓen ayyukan da kuma gudanarwa da kula da su ta hanyar kwamitocin ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗi don ruwa. Mazauna ƙauyen kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar kuma sun ba da lokaci da aiki, kayan cikin gida da karɓar baƙi ga maƙaikatan gwamnati da ke ziyara. Sun kuma gudanar da ilimin tsafta kuma sun yi aiki a kwamitocin lafiya. Gwamnatin gunduma tare da WaterAid ne suka ƙaddamar da gwajin sabuwar manufar a Gundumar Birnin Dodoma. Wani sabon fasali na aikin shi ne cewa ma'aikatar ruwa ta yi aiki kafadada da kafada da ma'aikatar bunƙasa al'umma da ma'aikatar lafiya. Dukkaninsu a baya ba su shiga cikin ayyukan ruwa ba. Ta amfani da taƙaitaccen sunayen ma'aikatun guda uku da na WaterAid, an kira ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar da WAMMA, wanda ya ba aikin sunansa. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatun guda uku dole ne ya kasance da maza da mata a cikin ma'aikatansa, kodayake wannan yana da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata mata. Sabanin da, an zaɓi al'ummomi bisa ga binciken buƙatu.<ref name="WAMMA"/> Sai dai kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati a dukkan matakai suna da ƙarancin albashi kuma ba su da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da za su gudanar. Sakamakon haka, wasu sun kasance marasa karsashi. Kamar sauran ayyukan da ake ɗaukar nauyinsu daga waje, aikin WAMMA ya biya kuɗaɗen alawus ga ma'aikatan fage don ayyukan da aka gudanar a wajen ofisoshinsu domin ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Duk da haka, "an biya kuɗaɗen ne a kan farashin hukuma, domin duk wani alawus mai yawa zai gurgunta ƙarfin gwamnati na dorewa ko maimaita aikin ba tare da tallafin masu ba da agaji ba."<ref name="WAMMA"/> WaterAid da farko ta yi aiki kai tsaye a matakin gunduma ba kakkautawa ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da gwamnatin shiyya ba har zuwa shekarar 1995. Shirin, wanda WaterAid da gwamnatocin gundumar suka ɗauka a matsayin nasara, daga baya an tsawaita shi daga Gundumar Birnin Dodoma zuwa wasu gundumomi uku a Lardin Dodoma. An gina ayyuka 86 a tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1996. Sabon aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatun gundumomi guda uku da tsarin sa hannun jama'a ya janyo baƙi daga daukacin sassan Tanzania.<ref name="WAMMA"/> Wani Binciken Fannin Ruwa da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993 ya bayyana cewa matsalolin fannin ruwa da aka gano a shekarar 1985 sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin sauye-sauye.<ref name="NWSDS">[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://afchive.today/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}, retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> Don aiwatar da waɗannan sauye-sauye a yankunan birane, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa, Cap 272 a shekarar 1993. Nufinta shi ne daidaita samar da ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnatin birane.<ref>[http://aolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tan18383.doc FAOlex, ''Laws of Tanzania - Waterworks Act, Cap 272'']{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, an fitar da sabbin jagorori na Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, waɗanda aka samo asali daga jagororin da aka ɓunƙasa a ƙarƙashin shirin WAMMA. Game da yankunan karkara sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka ne ke da alhakin dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa kuma ana sa ran raba tsadar kuɗi don kuɗaɗen babban birnin ƙasar.<ref name="WAMMA"/> Tun daga shekarar 1997, Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane guda 19 (UWSSAs) sun gudanar da ayyuka a manyan cibiyoyin birane a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, wadda ke ɗauke da alamun ƙwazo da za a kai rahoto ga Ma'aikatar.<ref name="GIZ"/> === Ɗan gajeren lokaci na mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa a Dar es Salaam (2003–2005) === Sakamakon sharuɗɗan Bankin Duniya na cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ayyukan ruwa hannun 'yan kasuwa don musanya da agaji, a watan Agustun 2003, an ba City Water Services Ltd., wata ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Birtaniya da Jamus, kwangilar hayar shekaru goma don gudanar da dabarun samar da ruwa na Dar es Salaam. City Water ta karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin ruwa, aika takardun kuɗi, karɓar haraji da kulawa na yau da kullum, yayin da DAWASA ta ci gaba da kula da gyarawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa. An soke kwangilar bayan shekaru biyu saboda karkatar da sharuddan kwangilar da kuma rashin ƙwazo da nuna rauni.<ref>WaterAid [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf Why did City Water fail?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226114326/http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/city_water_report_online_version.pdf |date=2012-02-26 }}, retrieved Feb 2010</ref><ref>BBC News 18 May 2005 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4558725.stm Tanzania ditches private water supplier]</ref> == Alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Manufofi da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ana bayyana su ne ta hanyar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati a matakin ƙasa; ka'idojin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar hukumar ƙasa, sannan ka'idojin muhalli ta hanyar Majalisar Ƙasa; samar da ayyuka kuma alhaki ne na hukumomin gida daban-daban. === Manufofi da ƙa'idoji === ==== Tsarin doka ==== Tsarin doka na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli yana da gindin gwiwa ne a kan ''Dokar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli Lamba 12'' da aka kafa a watan Mayun shekarar 2009. Dokar ta zayyana alhakin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a fannin ruwa, ta kafa Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a matasayin hukumomin kasuwanci, sannan ta ba da damar haɗa su waje guda idan hakan zai haifar da ingantuwar kasuwancinsu. Haka zalika, ta tanadi yin rajista da gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Samar da Ruwa na Al'umma (COWSOs) da kuma daidaita naɗin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa.<ref>[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=The%20Water%20Supply%20and%20Sanitation%20Act full text of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act nr. 12 (2009)], retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> ==== Alhakin hukumomi a matakin ƙasa ==== [[File:Dar es Salaam before dusk.jpg|thumb|right|Tsohon birnin tarayya Dar es Salaam shi ne mazaunin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa da sauran Ma'aikatun da ke da alhaki a fannin.]] '''Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Banruwa (MoWI) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin tsara manufofin WSDP gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, sa ido, kimantawa, da kuma daidaita samar da ruwa na al'umma.<ref name="GIZ"/> Haɓaka tsaftar jiki da ta muhalli tana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Rarraba madafun iko a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na Tanzania ya mika alhakin samar da ayyuka ga Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi (LGAs). LGAs sun ƙunshi majalisun birane, gundumomi, da na garuruwa guda 132: su ke da alhakin saye, samar da kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kuma sa ido kan masu samar da ayyuka a yankunansu na gudanarwa.<ref name="draft">Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTANZANIA/Resources/WATER-SECTOR-2008.pdf Draft Water Sector Performance Report for the Year 2007/2008]</ref> A kan wannan, Ofishin Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Yankuna da Ƙananan Hukumomi (PMO-RALG) ke ba su shawara. PMO-RALG tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shirye-shirye da haɓaka ƙarfin hukumomin gida. Haka kuma ita ce ke da alhakin raba albarkatu don samar da ayyuka. Sakatariyar Shiyya tana ba da tallafin fasaha ga LGAs tare da sa ido kan ayyukansu.<ref name="track" /> Sauran ma'aikatun suna taka rawa gadan-gadan a fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFEA) tana kula da kuɗaɗen cikin gwamnati kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tsara shiri da kasafin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, gami da fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i ita ce ke da alhakin ilimantar da tsaftar jiki da samar da ababen tsafta a makarantu. Ma'aikatun fanni kuma su ne ke da alhakin amfani da albarkatun ruwa don banruwa, amfanin masana'antu, da samar da wutar lantarki. '''Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatun Gwamnati'''. A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, MoWI, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horon Sana'o'i da PMO-RALG sun sanya hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU)'' don aiwatar da ayyukan tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki cikin haɗin gwiwa. Nufin yarjejeniyar shi ne sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa da tsara ayyukansu wajen gudanar da alhakinsu mai alaƙa da tsaftace muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Haɗin gwiwar zai gudana ne ta hanyar Kwamitocin Gudanarwa da Fasaha na Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar Jiki na Ƙasa.<ref>Ministry of Water and Irrigation, [http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&direction=0&order=&directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography MoU for the Integrated Implementation of Sanitation & Hygiene Activities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230944/http://maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?PHPSESSID=51ae8af5142cc94c6ac0dfeca4c79c8c&direction=0&order=&directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%202009%20Bibliography |date=2012-03-03 }} 2009</ref> '''Ƙa'idojin Tattalin Arziki.''' Masu samar da ayyukan ruwa na kasuwanci ana daidaita su ne ta hanyar ''Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa'' (EWURA) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001 ta hanyar ''Dokar Hukumar Kayyadewa da Tsara Ayyukan Makamashi da Ruwa, Cap 414''. EWURA tana da alhakin ba da lasisi, dubawa da amincewa da haraji, sa ido kan ƙwazo, da ƙa'idoji.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.ewura.go.tz/water.html EWURA Homepage], retrieved Feb 2010</ref> Ta fara aiki a fannin ruwa a shekarar 2006. '''Ƙa'idojin Muhalli'''. Tantance illolin da ka iya zuwa ga muhalli a wuraren da aka shawarta gina ayyuka ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEMC) a matsayin ɓangare na Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Jama'a. NEMC ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙa'idoji da ba da izini don zubar da ruwan datti ko guba zuwa cikin muhalli, gami da cikin albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="NWSDS" /> ==== Manufofi da dabarun aiki ==== ''Dabarun Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (NWSDS) 2006-2015 <ref name="NWSDS" /> ya tsara dabarun aiwatar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ''NAWAPO'' ta shekarar 2002.<ref>Ministry of Water and Irrigation: [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Water%20Policy.pdf&directory=Policies& National Water Policy], accessed on 5 March 2010</ref> NAWAPO tana da nufin cimma ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin ta hanyar "ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftace muhalli." Ana jagorantar ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idojin rarraba madafun iko da mayar da gudanarwa da ayyuka a matakin gida. Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara na Ƙasa (NRWSSP) 2006-2025 yana da nufin samar da tsarin manufofi don samar da daidaito da dorewar samun ruwa ga kashi 65% na al'ummar karkara zuwa shekarar 2010, kashi 74% zuwa 2015, da kashi 90% zuwa 2025. Shirin NRWSSP shi ne jigo na biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Karkara (RWSSP) wanda aka gwada a shekarar 2002. Ma'aikatar Ruwa ce ke gudanar da shirin kuma ya haɗa da manufofin sake tsara hukumomi gami da mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai da sa ido ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanan Gudanarwa. Har zuwa shekarar 2008, ƙalubalen da suka shafi rashin isasshen babban birni, jinkirin tsarin aiki na ofis (bureaucracy), da rashin sa ido na cikin gida sun haifar da ƙarancin ci gaba.<ref name=":2" /> ''Shirin Bunƙasa Fannin Ruwa na Ƙasa'' (WSDP) na 2006-2025 ya ta'allaka ne a kan samar da ayyukan kasuwanci gami da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane, da mallakar al'umma da gudanarwa a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma ya tsara aiwatar da "hanyoyin da buƙata ke jagoranta". Matakinsa na farko ya kamata ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2012, amma an tsawaita shi. Shirin "yana haɓaka haɗakar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli tare da ilimantar da tsaftar jiki." WSDP yana da ɓangorori guda huɗu: * Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa; * Bunƙasa hukumomi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki; * Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na karkara - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ɓangaren, za a ɓunƙasa cikakkun tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na gundumomi; * Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na birni - wanda ke da nufin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci na amfani da ruwa a babban birnin shiyya da gundumomi, gami da aiwatar da tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙananan garuruwa.<ref name="mowi">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& |date=6 October 2011 }} retrieved Feb 2010</ref><ref name="track" /> Manufofin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tanzania an ɓunƙasa su ne daidai da ''Hangen Nesa na Ci Gaba na 2025'' (Development Vision 2025) da Dabarun Ƙasa na Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Harshen Swahili wato MKUKUTA (Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania). Samun amintaccen ruwa ga kowa na ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2025, wanda za a cimma "ta hanyar sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ba da iko ga ƙananan hukumomi."<ref>[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 Development Vision 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193226/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm#3.0 |date=13 November 2013 }} retrieved 4 Feb 2010</ref> An amince da mahimmancin samar da ruwa da isasshen tsaftace muhalli a cikin rukuni na biyu na MKUKUTA ("Inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin jama'a"). A nan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne cimma "ƙarin damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa, mai sauƙin kuɗi, da amintaccen ruwa, tsaftace muhalli, matsuguni na gari, da kuma muhalli mai aminci kuma mai dorewa."<ref>Government of Tanzania (2005)[http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf ''National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118143326/http://www.povertymonitoring.go.tz/documents/mkukuta_main_eng.pdf |date=2008-11-18 }} For an overview of goals in water supply and sanitation cf. page 21-22 of the Annex</ref> === Samar da ayyuka === ==== Yankunan birane ==== A '''Dar es Salaam''' da gundumomi biyu na Lardin Pwani, alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin kamfanin riƙe kadarori wanda ke da alhakin zuba jari na babban birni (Hukumar Ruwa da Ruwan Datti ta Dar es Salaam - DAWASA - tare da ma'aikata kusan 60) da kuma kamfanin gudanarwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa yau da kullum tare da aika takardun kuɗi ga abokan ciniki (Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Datti na Dar es Salaam - DAWASCO - tare da ma'aikata kusan 1,500). DAWASCO tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 tare da DAWASA wacce ta kusa yin daidai da kwangilar hayar da DAWASA ta sanya wa hannu da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwa da ya gaza. Don haka rabe-rabon hukumomi tsakanin mallakar kadarori da gudanarwa sakamako ne na tarihin yunƙurin mayar da hannun 'yan kasuwan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pigeon|first=Martin|title=From Fiasco to DAWASCO: Remunicipalising Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|access-date=6 December 2013|date=c. 2012|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215002454/http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/sites/municipalservicesproject.org/files/uploadsfile/remunicipalisation-chap3-DarEsSalaam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Dar es Salaam, ƙarancin samar da ruwan famfo, musamman a matsugunai da unguwanni matsalarta na matasatsun gidaje, ya tilasta wa mazauna wurin neman wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwa na daban don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da siyan ruwa daga masu sayarwa da baro-baro waɗanda ke sake siyarwa a kan farashi mai ninki 15 zuwa 25 na farashin hukuma.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Mashauri and Katko" /> An kiyasta cewa kashi 29% na ruwan da ake samarwa a birnin yana zuwa ne daga haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma kashi 30% na mazauna birnin ne kawai ke da halitaccen haɗin gwiwa da layin rarraba kayan aiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Kjellen|first=Marianne|date=March 2000|title=Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: The Case of Water Vending|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=143–154|doi=10.1080/07900620048626|bibcode=2000IJWRD..16..143K |s2cid=154140180|issn=0790-0627}}</ref> A '''sauran birane''', gudanarwa, kulawa, da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwan datti ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Birane (UWSSAs). UWSSAs hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu na doka waɗanda aka yi niyyar gudanar da su bisa ƙa'idojin kasuwanci. An kafa su a cikin manyan birane 19 daidai da ''Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa Lamba 8'' na shekarar 1997.<ref name="track">African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program - East and Southern Africa -Nairobi, KE (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf ''Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 85</ref> An raba UWSSAs guda 19 zuwa rukunoni uku daga A zuwa C cikin jerin raguwar dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (duba ƙasa don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). Har zuwa shekarar 2010, an raba su a cikin rukunoni masu zuwa: [[File:Tz-map2.png|280px|thumb|right|Taswirar ƙasar Tanzania]] Rukuni na A (Hukumomi 13): * Arusha, * Iringa, * Shinyanga, * Songea, * Mbeya, * Morogoro, * Moshi, * Mwanza, * Musoma, * Tabora, * Tanga, * Dodoma, da * Mtwara. Rukuni na B (Hukumomi 4): * Bukoba, * Kigoma, * Sumbawanga, da * Singida. Rukuni na C: * Babati, da * Lindi. A '''gundumomi da ƙananan garuruwa''', akwai kusan ƙananan hukumomin samar da ayyukan gwamnati guda ɗari, wato Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na Biranen Gundumomi (DUWSSAs). A shekarar 2007, MoWI ta ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗa su waje guda da nufin ƙara inganci da ƙwazon sabis.<ref name="NWSDS" /> Sai dai, har zuwa shekarar 2012 haɗawar ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba domin tana karo da tsarin rarraba madafun iko na yanzu gaba ɗaya. Don haka hukumomin ba da agaji kamar GIZ sun dakatar da tallafinsu ga wannan tsari na haɗawa. Hukumomin amfani da ruwa na birane da gundumomi ba su da alhakin tsaftace muhalli na cikin gida (on-site sanitation), wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun majalisar gida da ta dace.<ref name="NWSDS" /> ==== Yankunan karkara ==== '''Bayanai na gaba ɗaya'''. A yankunan karkara, kungiyoyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli na al'umma (Community Owned Water Supply Organisations - COWSOs) ne ke samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An kafa su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na majalisun ƙauyuka biyo bayan amincewa da Tsarin Bunƙasa Sashen Ruwa. Daga cikin ƙauyuka 10,639, ƙauyuka 8,394 suna da Kwamitin Ruwa da ke kula da rumbun al'amura a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya zuwa shekarar 2007.<ref name="draft" /> Guda cikin aikin COWSOs shi ne gudanarwa da gyara tsarin samar da ruwa a madadin al'umma. Ana sauran su biya dukkan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin samar da ruwansu ta hanyar haraji da ake karba daga masu amfani da ruwa, sannan su ba da tasu gudunmawar ga kuɗaɗen babban birnin na tsarin nasu. Sai dai kuma, rashin isasshen horon fasaha ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma a fannin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare ya haifar da rashin amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma lalacewar tsarin ruwan karkara, inda kashi 40% na tsare-tsaren ruwan karkara ke fuskantar matsalar rashin aiki mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mandara|first1=Christina Geoffrey|last2=Butijn|first2=Carja|last3=Niehof|first3=Anke|date=November 2013|title=Community management and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=15|issue=S2|pages=79–100|doi=10.2166/wp.2013.014|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban tushen jarin zuba kuɗi shi ne tallafin gundumomi ga hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, wanda Sakatariyar Shiyya ke bayarwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan COWSOs guda biyu: Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Huduma ya Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha, da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (Vikundi vya Watumiaji Maji), waɗanda ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa da kuma magance rikici tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006, an kafa Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa guda 121.<ref name="mowi" /> A bisa ƙa'ida, Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa suna buƙatar biyan kuɗin memba, shiga cikin tarurruka, samar da kudurori da dokoki, da kuma tsarin zaɓe na matsayoyin shugabanci. Sai dai kuma, shigar mambobi akai-akai ya kasance kaɗan domin mazauna ƙauyen sun gwammace su shiga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.<ref name=":1" /> '''Misali: Gundumar Hai'''. A Gundumar Hai da ke Yankin Kilimanjaro mutane 200,000 a ƙauyuka 55 ne ke samun hidima ta hanyar amfani da tsarin igiyar ruwa (gravity systems) daga asali a cikin dajin rani a kan gangaren Dutsen Kilimandjaro. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin ruwan yana cikin mummunan yanayi: Al'ummomin yankin ba su gyara ababen more rayuwa ba, ingancin ruwa ya kasance mara kyau kuma wasu tsarin ma sun gaza samar da kowane irin ruwa. Manufofin ruwa na ƙasa na shekarun 1991 da 2002, waɗanda suka jaddada shigar da mutanen gida da mallakar mallaka da kuma biyan kuɗin ruwa da auna lissafi, sun canza lamarin. Tare da jarin da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ci gaba da ƙasar Jamus, sabuwar hanyar ta sami gagarumin ci gaba. Ta amfana daga nuna ƙarfi na al'ada na taimakon kai da kai. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da tsarin ruwa da kula da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan amintattun samar da ruwa - sunan gida na COWSO. Kowane amintaccen yana da mambobi goma, waɗanda kashi rabinsu dole ne su kasance mata bisa doka, waɗanda al'ummomi ke zaɓen su. Suna tsara farashi, sarrafa kuɗaɗen kansu da kuma ɗaukar manajoji na kowane tsarin ruwa. Manajojin kuma suna kula da masana fasaha da akantoci da kwamitin ruwa ya ɗauka. Ana sayar da ruwa a famfunan taron jama'a ta hannun wakilan famfo ko kuma a samar da shi ga haɗin gida mai auna lissafi. Wani kimantawa a shekarar 2002 ya nuna cewa bullar cututtukan da ke samuwa ta hanyar ruwa ta ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe fiye da kima.<ref>KfW: [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf Ex-post evaluation. Tanzania: Water Supply Uroki-Hai District, Phase I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051833/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Ex-post_Evaluation_at_KfW/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_R-Z/Tanzania_Uroki_Boma.pdf |date=19 July 2011 }}, 2002</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samar da ruwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da tsayawa ba kuma ingancin ruwa yana da kyau. Kwamitocin ruwa sun kasance masu dorewa ta fuskar kuɗi tare da fiye da kashi 90% na abokan ciniki suna biyan kuɗin ruwan su.<ref>Immaculata Raphael: [http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml No more cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809032029/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/193005/index.en.shtml |date=9 August 2011 }}, Development and Cooperation, March 2011</ref><ref>Rogers C. Marandu: [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/Water-and-a-church-in-tanzania.pdf Hai district water supply project. A model of community rural water supply initiated by a church in Tanzania], Workshop of Faith Schools Water Sanitation and Hygiene, held at Sarum College Salisbury – England, 5– 7 July 2009</ref> '''Haɗin gwiwa Tsakanin Hukumomin Gwamnati da na Gargajiya.''' A yankunan karkara da ba su da tsarin ruwa na hukuma ko gudanar da ruwa, ana mika dabarun gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gargajiya da tsaftar muhalli ta tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Anan, rashin amincewa tsakanin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin asali da ya samo asali daga gazawar manufar Ruwa Kyauta ya haifar da rashin bin dokokin hukuma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Strauch|first1=Ayron M.|last2=Almedom|first2=Astier M.|date=2011-01-27|title=Traditional Water Resource Management and Water Quality in Rural Tanzania|journal=Human Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9376-0|s2cid=154598852|issn=0300-7839}}</ref> Misali, rigingimun ruwa a matakin ƙauye galibi ana warware su ne ta hanyar gargajiya maimakon kai su gaban kotunan share fage da na gundumomi waɗanda suke ganin suna ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da rashin adalci.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Koppen|first1=B. van|chapter=Water rights and water fees in rural Tanzania.|pages=143–164|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845932923|last2=Sokile|first2=C. S.|last3=Lankford|first3=B. A.|last4=Hatibu|first4=N.|last5=Mahoo|first5=H.|last6=Yanda|first6=P. Z.|doi=10.1079/9781845932923.0143|title=Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice|year=2007|hdl=10568/36896|s2cid=56137089|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158013 |chapter-url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040605.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da ayyukan gudanar da ruwa na al'ada ta hanyar manyan mutane na ƙauye, kamar mwanamijie a ƙauyukan Sonjo. Dokoki gami da lokacin da inda za a iya tatar ruwa gami da hukunci ko tara lokacin da aka keta waɗannan dokoki suna da alaƙa ta kusa da imanin addini na gida, al'adu, da dabi'u.<ref name=":0" /> Hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da jari don ginawa da kula da tsarin ruwa a cikin al'ummomin asali za su iya amfani da damar tsarin na gargajiya don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kansu, amma gwamnatin tsakiya sau da yawa ta kan kasa amincewa da waɗannan tsarin a matsayin halatattu.<ref name=":1" /> Hukumomin gwamnati da na agajin ƙasa da ƙasa su ma suna jaddada samar da ruwan sha, suna watsi da sauran buƙatun ruwa da al'ummomin karkara ke fuskanta, gami da samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don noman rani, shanu, da wanke-wanke. Lokacin da ake samar da ruwan da aka tace kawai a cikin wadatar da ta isa don amfani, mazauna yankin suna ci gaba da amfani da gurbatattun hanyoyin gargajiya don dukkan sauran ayyukan da ke haifar da dorewar cututtukan hanji da rikici kan wadatar ruwa. Shiga tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma a cikin tsarin ci gaban tsarin ruwa na karkara na iya hana rashin ba da muhimmanci ga waɗannan buƙatun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Madulu|first=Ndalahwa F.|date=January 2003|title=Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=911–917|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024|bibcode=2003PCE....28..911M}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin farar hula === Masu fada a ji na kungiyoyin farar hula su ma suna shiga cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A shekarar 2008 sun kafa TaWaSaNet, wata hanyar sadarwa da ke da nufin karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula don shiga cikin harkokin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da manufofi cikin adalci.<ref>TAWASANET [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf ''Water and Sanitation equity report 2009''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/Water_Equity_Report_2009_1__01.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://afchive.today/20120711100650/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tawasanet/ TaWaSaNet on Yahoo! Groups]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga cikin kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a sashen ruwa na Tanzaniya (kuma aka ambata a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa - MoWI) sune: WaterAid, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV); Concern Worldwide, Plan International, WWF, Shahidi wa Maji,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56 |title=Shahidi wa Maji - What we do |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303230945/http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daraja,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |title=Daraja - Our work |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516173813/http://www.daraja.org/our-work/rtwp |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma MSABI. == Shirye-shiryen zuba jari da yanke shawara == Tsara zuba jarin ruwa ga yankunan karkara ana yin sa ne a matakin gundumomi ta sassan ruwa daban-daban. A shekarar 2009 kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta WaterAid ta yi nazari kan tsarin tsara gwamnatocin taron na gida don zuba jarin ruwa a gundumomin karkara hudu na kasar cikin gundumomi 99, wato a Mpwapwa, Kongwa, Iramba da Nzega. Tsare-tsare yana farawa da dogon jerin buri dangane da buƙatu daga matakin ƙauye. Tun da yake da wuya a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ƙa'idar zaɓi ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce ma'aunin kuɗin da aka ajiye a asusun ruwa na ƙauyen. Wannan ana kallonsa a matsayin alamar mallakar al'umma kuma ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ga kansiloli da mazauna ƙauyen. Sauran sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana sune kididdigar lafiya da bayanan da aka tattara daga aikin taswirar wuraren ruwa, amma ba a ba su babban fifiko ba a aikace. Ana yin zaɓin ne ta yadda za a raba ayyukan ruwa daidai gwargwado tsakanin mazaɓun gundumar na Membobin Majalisa. Bugu da ƙari, kansiloli suna tura ayyukan zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin mazaɓunsu, tare da ƙarin kansiloli masu fada a ji suna nuna tasiri mafi girma. Wata tabbatacciyar ka'ida kuma ita ce bayanan da suka gabata wajen kula da ababen more rayuwa: A wasu yankunan an sace famfunan hannu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ba da hujjar sabon zuba jari. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da gari, dake kan manyan hanyoyi ko kuma masu ayyukan zamantakewa da ke akwai suna da fa'ida a cikin tsarin yanke shawara, tun da jami'ai suna ziyartarsu akai-akai kuma farashin samar da ababen more rayuwa ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rahoton WaterAid ya nuna cewa idan har akwai ingantattun bayanai game da samar da ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa a karkara hakan zai iya taimaka wa wakilan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen hidima su yi fafutuka a madadin mazaɓunsu.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ben Taylor, Daraja and WaterAid Tanzania|title=Obstacles to Equity in Local Government Planning, in Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET): Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=14–15}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ra'ayin jama'a == Binciken Afrobarometer na shekarar 2008 ya tattara bayanai game da ra'ayoyin 'yan kasar Tanzaniya game da sashen ruwa. Bambancin samun gurbataccen ruwa da tsaftataccen ruwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane yana bayyana ta hanyar martani: kashi 51% na mazauna birane sun gamsu da kokarin gwamnati na samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 39% a yankunan karkara. Don haka, 'yan Tanzaniya na karkara suna kallon sashen ruwa a matsayin mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki mataki a kai. Kashi 44% na wadanda aka tambaya a yankunan karkara sun ambaci samar da ruwa a matsayin daya cikin manyan batutuwa guda uku da ya kamata gwamnati ta magance (ga kashi 16% wannan ita ce babbar matsala guda daya mafi muhimmanci). A yankunan birane, samar da ruwa ya zo na uku bayan damuwar tattalin arziki da lafiya a cikin kashi 25% na martani. Binciken ya kuma bincika batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a sashen ruwa: kashi 4% na wadanda aka tambaya sun amince cewa dole ne su biya cin hanci, bayar da kyauta, ko yi wa jami'an gwamnati alfarma domin su sami ayyukan ruwa ko tsaftar muhalli a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>[http://www.afrobarometer.org/Summary%20of%20Results/Round%204/tan_R4SOR_6mar09_final.pdf Afrobarometer Survey 2008 - Tanzania]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Survey based on a nationally representative random sample of 1,208 Tanzanians. Retrieved 23 February 2010</ref> == Taimakon tattalin arziki == Wasu alamomin gama gari na ingancin tattalin arziki na kayan aikin ruwa da na magudanar ruwa sune ingancin lissafin kudi (billing efficiency), matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (non-revenue water) da kuma yawan aikin kwadago. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, ingancin tattalin arziki na samar da ayyukan birane a sashen ruwa a Tanzaniya yana da karanci. '''Ingancin lissafin kudi.''' Bayanan gwamnati sun nuna cewa kamfanonin ruwa na birane suna da matakan ingancin lissafin kudi masu yawa (ba su taba kasancewa kasa da kashi 70% ba).<ref name="mowi" /> Sai dai wani Rahoton Binciken Kashe Kudade na Jama'a a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa kashi 15% na kudaden shiga na manyan kamfanoni 20 da EWURA ke tsarawa ba a tattara su ba.<ref name="pubexp" /> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga.''' Matsakaicin matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a tsakanin kamfanonin ruwa na shiyya 20 ya kasance kashi 45% a shekarar kudi ta 2006-2007. Bayanan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta bayar a shekarar 2009 sun nuna cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga a yankunan birane ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 55% a Dar es Salaam da kashi 25% a Tanga. An kiyasta cewa ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga ya fi yawa a kananan garuruwa da na gundumomi.<ref name="mowi" /> '''Yawan aikin kwadago.''' A matsakaici, akwai ma'aikata 10 ga kowane haɗin ruwa 1000 a cikin manyan kamfanonin ruwa ya zuwa shekarar 2007. Mafi karancin lamba a UWSSAs na Tanzaniya shi ne ma'aikata 6 ga kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, wanda aka samu a Tanga, Mbeya da Arusha.<ref name="mowi" /> Wannan ya kusan dacewa da matsakaicin yankin Saharar Afirka wanda ke da ma'aikata 5.<ref>World Bank, [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/tools/data African Infrastructure Country Diagnostic] (AICD) Database: Quick Query Employees per 1000 water connections for the period 2001-2008</ref> == Sassan kuɗi == === Farashi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === Manufar ruwa ta ƙasa (NAWAPO) tana bayyana kamfanoni a matsayin hukumomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da kayayyaki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, tana haɓaka batun '''dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare''' (operational and maintenance - O&M) a matsayin tushe na samar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Ana sa ran Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara za su biya cikakkun kuɗaɗen O&M da kuma kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen jarin gudanarwa.<ref name="track" /> An raba Hukumomin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Birane zuwa guda uku bisa ga yadda suke nuna ƙwazo wajen dawo da kuɗaɗen: * Rukunin A: hukumomin da ke biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen O&M, gami da albashin ma'aikata, kuɗin wutar lantarki da wasu gudunmawa ga zuba jari; * Rukunin B: hukumomin da ke biyan kuɗaɗen O&M, suna raba kuɗin wutar lantarki da gwamnati, kuma suna iya biyan cikakken albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin; * Rukunin C: hukumomin da ke buƙatar tallafin gwamnati don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da kuma biyan albashi ga ma'aikata na dindindin. [[File:Lindi.jpg|thumb|right|Lindi tana ɗaya daga cikin birane biyu a Tanzaniya inda kamfanin ruwa ba ya tara isassun kuɗaɗen shiga don biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki da albashi, duk da cewa tana da mafi girman farashin ruwa a ƙasar.]] An tsara wannan tsarin ne don ya zama kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanoni don inganta ayyukansu. A cewar MoWI, guda 14 daga cikin UWSSAs na shiyya 20 suna cikin rukunin A, guda 4 an rarraba su azaman B, yayin da kamfanoni a Babati da Lindi suna cikin rukunin C. Sai dai sakamakon wani bincike da Tobias A. Swai na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ya yi, ya nuna cewa UWSSAs na Rukunin A sune mafi karancin inganci duk da cewa suna dogaro da kansu.<ref name="iaadb" /> Bayanan EWURA sun kuma nuna cewa guda biyu daga cikin kamfanonin shiyya ashirin suna da rabon kuɗin gudanarwa mafi girma fiye da ɗaya, wanda ke nufin za su iya dorewar matakin hidimar yanzu. Wasu kamfanoni guda bakwai kuma suna iya tafiyar da ayyukansu na yanzu da kyar.<ref name="pubexp" /> '''Matakan farashi''' ana tsara su ne a matakin gida, amma suna buƙatar amincewar hukumar kula da kayayyaki ta ƙasa wato EWURA. A yankunan birane, UWSSAs suna ƙayyade farashi gwargwadon buƙatun kuɗaɗensu da rukunin da suke aiki a ciki. A cikin tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa da Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi ke gudanarwa, ana ƙayyade matakan farashi ta Majalisar Gundumar da abin ya shafa, amma ba tare da takamaiman manufa ta dawo da kuɗaɗen ba. Farashin yawanci yana da arha kuma ba a sake duba shi ba a shekarun baya.<ref name="NWSDS" /> A Dar es Salaam matsakaicin farashin ruwa a shekarar 2008 ya kasance TSh 599 ko dalar Amurka 0.46 ga kowace m<sup>3</sup>. Lindi ce ke da mafi girman matsakaicin farashin ruwa: TSh 833 ko dalar Amurka 0.64 ga kowace m<sup>3</sup>. Matsakaicin farashin ruwan birni ya kasance TSh 437.40, daidai da dalar Amurka 0.34 ga kowace m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name="mowi" /> UWSSAs suna gudanar da '''auna lissafin ruwa''' (water metering). A Arusha, Dodoma, Moshi, Mwanza da Tanga an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na haɗin gidaje an auna su. Alkaluman sun fito fili sama da kashi 50% a wasu birane guda goma sha ɗaya, inda Lindi ta kasance mafi muni da kashi 26% na haɗin gwiwar da aka auna. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008 akwai jimillar haɗin gidaje sama da 331,000 da aka auna a yankin da kamfanonin shiyya ke yi wa hidima (adadin ya kusan ninkawa idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2007 - kusan haɗin gwiwa 169,000 da aka auna). Kula da mita na ruwa da kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da hakan an bayyana su ta MoWI a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa ga masu samar da ruwa na birane.<ref name="mowi" /> Game da '''ikon biya''', wani nazari na binciken kasafin kuɗin gida na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan masu kuɗi na 'yan Tanzaniya suna kashe fiye da TSh 4,000 (dalar Amurka 3.10) kowane wata don ruwa, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Waɗanda ke cikin mafi rashi suna kashe kusan TSh 1,000 (dalar Amurka 0.77) kowane wata don ruwa, amma wannan yana wakiltar kashi 4.5 na kuɗaɗen shigar su. Guda cikin dalilan da suka sa talakawa ke kashe kuɗi kaɗan a zahiri akan ruwa shi ne cewa suna ɗebo ruwa kyauta daga rijiyoyi da rafuka. Ba a bambance bayanan tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ba, kodayake akwai yuwuwar talakawan birni waɗanda ba su da hanyar samun ruwa kyauta suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa don ruwa fiye da waɗanda ke yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET)|title=Out of sight and out of mind? Are marginalised communities being overlooked in decision making?|url=http://www.waterwitness.org/images/stories/ww/reports/tanzania-water-sector-equity-report-2009.pdf|work=Water and sanitation equity report, 2009|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=11}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe === '''Zuba jari.''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa, jimillar kasafin kuɗi na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 ya kasance biliyan TSh 286.5, daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 220. Daga cikin waɗannan, dalar Amurka miliyan 175 ne aka kashe a zahiri. Kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010 shi ne biliyan TSh 309.6, ko dalar Amurka miliyan 238. An ware kashi 40.1% ga ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli sannan kashi 43.9% ga ruwan birane da magudanar ruwa. Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki an ware musu kashi 8.5% da kashi 7.4% na kasafin kuɗin bi da bi.<ref name="mowi 31">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Water%20Sector%20Development%20Programme/WSSR%20Bibliography Water Sector Status Report 2009] p.31</ref> Rahoton UN Water Country Brief na Tanzaniya, ya nuna kiyasin matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a lokacin 2002–2011. A cewar rahoton, kuɗaɗen zuba jari na gwamnati dalar Amurka miliyan 30 ne kawai a kowace shekara tare da tallafin ci gaba na hukuma na dalar Amurka miliyan 82 a kowace shekara, kusan sau bakwai ƙasa da alkaluman gwamnati na shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-09. Kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sun canza sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara, tare da kololuwa a 2008-09.<ref>{{cite web|last=UN Water|title=Republic of Tanzania: UN-Water Country Brief|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822033747/http://www.unwater.org/downloads/WCB/finalpdf/TZA_pagebypage.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a na Sashen Ruwa ya ba da cikakken bincike kan tsarin kashe kasafin kuɗi. Ya bayyana cewa a sashen ruwa babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen ci gaba kuma kashi 15% ne kawai kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa akai-akai (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% na kuɗaɗen ci gaba a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin gwamnati). Haka kuma, sakamakon manufar rarraba madafun iko na gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin da aka ware wa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da shiyyoyi ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A shekarar kuɗi ta 2008-2009 LGAs suna da rabo a cikin jimillar kasafin kuɗin sashen ruwa na kusan kashi 25%, yayin da adadin ya kasance kashi 20% ga shiyyoyi. Sabanin haka, wani sashe na kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tsakiya da ke ƙaruwa ana sadaukar da shi ne ga nazarin dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies): wannan yana nuna irin rawar haɗin gwiwa da tsara manufofi da MoWI ke canzawa zuwa gare ta.<ref name="pubexp" /> '''Financing.''' Tanzaniya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi karɓar tallafin ƙasashen waje a yankin Saharar Afirka.<ref>Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html Overview of Aid in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091313/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/dpg-tanzania/overview-of-aid-in-tanzania.html |date=24 May 2010 }}, retrieved 24 February 2010</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da taimako ta hanyar tallafi, lamuni na rangwame da sauƙaƙe bashi. Gudanar da taimako a Tanzaniya yana jagorantar da Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa (JAST) wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma an yi niyya don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Sanarwar Paris kan Ingantaccen Taimako. JAST tana ba da shawarar haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗen ci gaba cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati, tana haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa da haɓaka "rarraba ayyuka" tsakanin masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref>Development Partners Group Tanzania [http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html JAST for Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124201/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/aid-effectiveness/joint-assistance-strategy-for-tanzania-jast.html |date=7 October 2010 }}, retrieved 4 February 2010</ref> Sai dai Rahoton Kashe Kuɗaɗen Jama'a ya nuna cewa ba duka kashe kuɗi a sashen ruwa ke cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnati ba. Kwatanta tsakanin bayanan OECD da na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi akan tallafin bangarori biyu ya nuna cewa akwai gibi tsakanin tushen guda biyu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami tallafin da ba ya cikin kasafin kuɗi na kusan kashi 26% na jimillar tallafin bangarori biyu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.<ref name="pubexp" /> Dangane da bayanan da MoWI ta amurke, na kuɗaɗen da aka tsara don sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009-2010, kusan kashi 88% za a samar da su ne daga canja wurin kuɗaɗen waje.<ref name="mowi" /> == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Tanzaniya tana karɓar tallafin waje daga hukumomin bayar da gudunmawa da yawa. An tsara su a cikin Rukunin Abokan Ci Gaba (DPG) wanda ke da nufin inganta daidaiton masu ba da gudunmawa da ingantaccen taimako. Ana gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin DPG da Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin ruwa ta hanyar rukunoni guda huɗu na ayyuka na jigo waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |title=Development Partners Group Tanzania |access-date=26 February 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525162332/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/external/home.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manyan masu ba da gudunmawa guda biyar a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya sune: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Jamus, Netherlands da Bankin Duniya. A cikin iyakokin JAST, Gwamnatin Tanzaniya, Bankin Duniya, Jamus, da gwamnatin Dutch suna ba da gudunmawa ga Asusun WSDP Basket Fund wanda wani tsari ne na Tsarin Sashi Guda (SWAp).<ref name="mowi" /> Sauran masu ba da gudunmawa sun haɗa da: AFD ta Faransa, JICA ta Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, UK (DFID), Amurka (USAID da MCC). === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) yana cikin sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya tare da ayyuka guda uku. Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001, yana mai da hankali kan inganta damar samun ruwa, inganci da amincin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Dar es Salaam.<ref>African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF ''Dar Salaam Water Supply & Sanitation Project, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726091819/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2001-129-EN-ADF-BD-WP-COMPLETE-TANZANIA-DAR-ES-SALAM.PDF |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> An amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Gundumar Monduli a shekarar 2003 da nufin tabbatar da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna ƙauyuka goma sha takwas a Gundumar Monduli. AfDB ta ba da tallafin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 10 wanda ya rufe kashi 90% na kuɗaɗen aikin.<ref>African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2003-145-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-MONDULI-DISTRICT-WATER-PROJECT.PDF ''Monduli District Water Supply Project, Appraisal Report'']</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, AfDB tare da sauran masu ba da gudunmawa suna ba da gudunmawa ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Karkara. Shirin yana da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara da kuma inganta ƙarfin hukumomi - a matakin gunduma da gwamnati - don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na karkara bisa ga buƙata.<ref>African Development Fund [http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760 ''Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Program, Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225108/http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/no-sap-rural-water-supply-sanitation-program-760/ |date=10 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>African Development Fund, [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF ''Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Program, Appraisal Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114530/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/TZ-2006-086-EN-ADF-BD-WP-TANZANIA-RWSSI-APPRAISAL-REPORT.PDF |date=27 September 2011 }}, retrieved Feb 2010</ref> === Hukumar Tarayyar Turai === Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafi ga sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Tanzaniya ta hanyar albarkatun Asusun Ci Gaban Turai National Indicative Programme (NIP) da kuma Tsarin Ruwa na EU. A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, ayyuka goma sha uku da aka haɗa gwiwa da Tsarin Ruwa don tallafawa suna kan aiwatarwa, akan jimillar kuɗi yuro miliyan 20.08.<ref>European Commission [http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/jar08_tz_en.pdf JOINT ANNUAL REPORT, Tanzania 2008]</ref> Haɗin gwiwar EU a sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana mai da hankali ne kan talakawa a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane. Tsakanin 2003 da 2007, EU ta ƙaddamar da kusan yuro miliyan 33 ga Shirin Samar da Ruwa zuwa Cibiyoyin Shiyya, wanda aka ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi na Jamus. Babban makasudin shirin shi ne inganta damar samun daidaiton samar da ruwa mai dorewa da sabis na gudanar da ruwan sha a cibiyoyin shiyya guda uku na Mwanza, Iringa da Mbeya. An samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe na kusan yuro miliyan 6.6 don Aikin Gyaran Magudanar Ruwa na Mwanza tsakanin 2000 da 2004, wanda manufarsa ita ce hana ambaliyar danyen ruwan sha daga Mwanza zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Ana tallafawa ruwan karkara da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar babban tsarin kasafin kuɗi na EU don haɗa kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>European Commission's Delegation in Tanzania [http://deltza.ec.europa.eu/en/cooperation/sectors/water.htm EU Water Projects]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Jamus === [[File:Mbeya.jpg|thumb|right|Mbeya birni ne inda haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus ke tallafawa ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.]] Tun daga shekarun 1970, Jamus tana haɗa gwiwa da Gwamnatin Tanzaniya a yunƙurinta na inganta yanayin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasar. Ana gudanar da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus galibi ta hanyar KfW da GIZ. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, KfW ta samar da EUR 17.25 miliyan don Water Basket. Bugu da ƙari, KfW tana aiki a cikin ayyukan ƙasa da na shiyya da yawa a Tanzaniya. Misali, a cikin shekarar 2003 KfW ta ba da yuro miliyan 21 don aikin ''Supporting Regional Center's Water Supply and Sewerage'' a cikin garuruwan Mbeya da Mwanza da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. An kuma shirya nazarin dacewa da tsarin zuba jari don Iringa, inda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 2006. Makasudin aikin shi ne inganta samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da ayyukan magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙarfin hukumomin samar da ruwa na birane masu zaman kansu. Don cimma wannan, an faɗaɗa tare da gyara ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, an inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli kuma an gudanar da matakan gina ƙarfi, gami da inganta tsarin IT da ake amfani da su don lissafin kuɗi.<ref>KfW Tanzania Office [http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/LocalPresence/Sub-Sahara62/Office_Tanzania/Activities_in_Tanzania/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation.jsp KfW Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Tanzania], retrieved 4 Feb 2010</ref> GIZ tana haɓaka damar cikin gida a cikin sashen, gami da ma'aikatar, EWURA da kuma masu samar da sabis na kasuwanci, kamar waɗanda ke Tanga da kuma Yankin Kilimanjaro.<ref>GIZ [http://www.GIZ.de/de/dokumente/en-tanzanian-german-development-cooperation.pdf ''Tanzanian-German Development Cooperation - Water sector'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p.10-13</ref> === Indiya === A shekarar 2012 gwamnatan Indiya ta ba da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 178 don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa don rage ƙarancin ruwa a Dar es Salaam "zuwa 2014". Lamunin zai ba da kuɗin haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antar Upper Ruvu zuwa mita cubic 196,000 daga mita cubic 82,000 na yanzu a rana guda kuma a gina sabon layin watsawa daga masana'antar zuwa birnin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, wasu sassa na birnin suna karɓar ruwa sau biyu a mako yayin da wasu ba su sami ko ɗaya ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania: Dar es Salaam Gets U.S. $271 Million for Water|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210081281.html|publisher=allafrica.com|access-date=12 May 2013|date=8 October 2012}}</ref> === Netherlands === Gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da kuɗi don WSDP Water Basket (ta hanyar umarni ga KfW). Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Netherlands (SNV) tana ba da tallafi a manyan fannoni guda uku na sashen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: (a) inganta aikin wuraren ruwa da ke akwai ta hanyar taswirar wuraren ruwa (wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar WaterAid), (b) tallafi ga ayyukan ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da lafiyar muhalli a makarantu, da (c) gina ƙarfi a cikin IWRM.<ref name="mowi" /><ref>[http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034836/http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/tanzania/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0906000.aspx |date=28 July 2011 }}[[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation|SNV]]<span> joins hands with WaterAid and CONCERN during Water Week</span>, retrieved Feb 2010</ref> === Amurka === Amurka ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 66.3 don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa Masana'antar Lower Ruvu wacce ke samar da ruwa ga Dar es Salaam daga mita cubic 180,000 zuwa 270,000 kowace rana, gami da rage ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga da kuma gyara masana'antun tace ruwa guda biyu a Morogoro kusa da Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Millennium Challenge Account Tanzania|title=The Water Sector|url=http://www.mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|access-date=12 May 2013|date=20 June 2012|archive-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724042704/http://mca-t.go.tz/en/about-us-v15-70/vision/projects-v15-96/the-water-sector.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, USAID/Tanzania ta ba da kuɗin shirin shekaru 3 na dala miliyan 15 na Tanzania Integrated Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (iWASH<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania iWASH Project|url=http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012173151/http://www.globalwaters.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/August-21-NEW-iWASH-brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>) wanda ya haɗa da tallafin dacewa daga haɗin gwiwar Water and Development Alliance (WADA) tsakanin USAID da Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Shirin ya fara ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita ba da kuɗaɗen farko ta hanyar 2013, sannan kuma ta hanyar 2015 (tare da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 4.6). Wani ƙarin shirin na shekaru 2, WADA II, ya fara a watan Satumban shekarar 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi zuwa watan Agusta 2013 ta hanyar ba da kuɗi tare da Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF). Wannan haɗaɗɗen shirin (iWASH) yana aiki ne don tallafawa ayyukan samar da ruwa mai dorewa, masu dogaro da kasuwa, === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya yana ba da goyon baya sosai ga Tanzaniya. A watan Disamba 2009, ya amince da Tallafin Rage Talauci na Bakwai (PRSC): wanda shi ne na hudu cikin jerin tallafin kasafin shekara biyar don aiwatar da MKUKUTA. Wannan PRSC na Bakwai ya ƙunshi alkawarin dala miliyan 170.<ref>World Bank, ''Seventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit, Tanzania''</ref> A fannin ruwa, Bankin Duniya ya bayar da dala miliyan 200 ga ''Shirin Tallafin Fannin Ruwa'' daga 2007 zuwa 2012. Shirin ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: a) ƙarfafa ikon cibiyoyi wajen inganta sarrafa albarkatun ruwa; b) tallafawa hukumomin ƙananan gwamnati wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan karkara da tsaftace muhalli don cimma MDGs; c) tallafawa Dar es Salaam, manyan birane da ƙananan birane wajen faɗaɗa samar da ruwan birane da tsaftace muhalli; d) tallafawa gina ikon cibiyoyi, haɗa da daidaita manufofi da tsarin aiki.<ref>World Bank, ''Water Sector Support Project, Overview''</ref><ref>Tanzania Receives IDA Credit for Water Sector Support Project</ref> Bankin Duniya yana kuma gudanar da '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli''' a Tanzaniya, inda yake bayar da tallafi a fannin tsaftace muhalli da tsabtace jiki.<ref>Water and Sanitation Program, ''Sector Support to Tanzania National WSS Program''</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} kd8btp6jv4bmjaaa4m2p2ugytdw0q0i 3 159540 968275 865634 2026-10-16T14:43:44Z Deepfriedokra 13105 Deepfriedokra moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Spidersnyc]] to [[Tattaunawar user:SpidersNYC]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Spidersnyc|Spidersnyc]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SpidersNYC|SpidersNYC]]" 865634 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Spidersnyc! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Spidersnyc|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) rvd005qqktr11yqkb6sjayr8yt5z7xb 0 159933 968440 868991 2026-10-16T21:53:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Safmarine''', a takaice dai yana nufin '''Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu''', sannan kuma daga baya kuma yana nufin '''Layin Kwantena na Afirka ta Kudu''', layin jigilar kaya ne na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1946, wanda ke ba da ayyukan jigilar kaya tare da layukan kaya da jiragen ruwan kwantena . Kamfanin Maersk Line ne ya saya shi a shekarar 1999, kuma an haɗa shi gaba ɗaya cikin wannan kamfanin a shekarar 2020. Haka kuma yana gudanar da jiragen ruwan fasinja da jiragen ruwa na musamman. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_South_African_Marine_Corporation.svg|thumb|Tutar Safmarine ta Majalisar Wakilai, wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar 1969]] Masana masana'antu [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] da masu jiragen ruwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] ne suka kafa kamfanin a watan Yunin 1946 tare da jiragen ruwan yakin Amurka guda uku na Victory . {{Rp|308}}A shekarar 1950 ta shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka amma a shekarar 1959, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana'antu ya taimaka wajen samar da kuɗaɗen sake siyanta kuma ya mayar da ita ga hannun Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}}Zai sayar da kadarorinsa a shekarar 1984. <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}} Safmarine ta shahara sosai a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma ƙwararre [[Afirka|a Afirka]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙasashe sama da 130 a faɗin duniya, kuma tana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 1200 na jiragen ruwa. Layin kwantenar Safmarine yana da hedikwata kuma an yi masa rijista a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], tun daga shekarar 1996, lokacin da ta kammala sayen layin kwantenar Belgium CMBT, wanda hakan ya kasance wani ɓangare na Compagnie Maritime Belge . A shekarar 1999, kamfanin jigilar kaya [[Denmark|na ƙasar Denmark]] AP Moller-Maersk Group ya sayi Safmarine, inda Maersk Line ya zaɓi ya riƙe alamar Safmarine maimakon haɗa ta gaba ɗaya cikin Maersk Sealand. A shekarar 2002, Safmarine ta sayi Torm Lines. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2011, an yanke shawarar cewa Safmarine za ta haɗa ayyukan tallafi da gudanarwa na cikin gida zuwa na kamfanin 'yar'uwarta Maersk Line . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=prezencenewmedia.com |url=http://www.prezencenewmedia.com/safmarine/info_detailed/index.php?AssetID=1626 |access-date=2022-03-19 |publisher=prezencenewmedia.com}}</ref> <ref name="safmarine1">{{Cite web |title=Safmarine {{!}} Maersk |url=https://www.safmarine.com/maersk |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=www.safmarine.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an maye gurbin Safmarine gaba ɗaya cikin Maersk Line. == Ayyukan fasinja == Safmarine ta gudanar da aikin jigilar fasinjoji tsakanin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1965 da 1977 da kuma tsakanin 1984 da 1985. === 1965 zuwa 1977 === An fara ayyukan fasinjojin Safmarine a shekarar 1965, lokacin da jiragen ruwa biyu na Union-Castle Line suka yi amfani da su a kan jiragen ruwa [[Southampton|na Southampton]] - [[Durban]], RMS An mayar da RMS da <nowiki><i id="mwVA">Gidan Pretoria</i></nowiki> zuwa Safmarine domin biyan buƙatun gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. {{Rp|308}}An sake sanya wa jiragen ruwan suna ''SA Vaal'' da ''SA Oranje'' bi da bi, an sake fenti su da launukan Safmarine amma sun ci gaba da aiki iri ɗaya da da. A shekarar 1969, an canja jiragen biyu daga Birtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarun 1970, cinikin jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ya fara raguwa, galibi saboda gogayya da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu da kuma nasarar da sabbin jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya suka samu a juyin juya hali, wajen ɗaukar kaya cikin inganci da tattalin arziki fiye da jiragen ruwa na gargajiya, na da. Don haka, a shekarar 1975, an janye ''SA Oranje'' da 'yar uwarta RMS ''Edinburgh Castle'' <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}}kuma an sayar da shi don a lalata shi. An kuma janye ''Gidan Tarihi na RMS Pendennis'' a watan Yunin 1976, wanda ya bar ''SA Vaal'' ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da RMS na Union-Castle Windsor Castle, da kuma ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu na jigilar kaya/fasinja RMMV ''Good Hope Castle'' da RMMV ''Southampton Castle'' . A watan Oktoba na 1977, kamfanonin biyu sun janye ayyukansu na fasinja kuma aka sayar da ''SA Vaal'' ga Carnival Cruise Lines, wanda ya zama SS ɗinsu. Bikin . <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}} == Manazarta == fpkpz4p2t8qwzrcxnh7fludza38qqcu 0 161317 968287 889604 2026-10-16T15:18:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca A. Hare Cokley''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1978) 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|kare hakkin nakasassu]] kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a wacce a halin yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Shirin Haƙƙin Nakasassu ta farko ta Amurka a Gidauniyar Ford . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Cokley |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/people/rebecca-cokley/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Ford Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Kafin ta shiga Ford, Cokley ita ce daraktan da ta kafa Shirin Shari'a na Nakasassu a Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Cokley Archives - Center for American Progress |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/about/staff/cokley-rebecca/bio/ |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin gwamnatin Obama, Cokley ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Majalisar Kasa kan Nakasassu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2015 |title=NCD Welcomes Rebecca Cokley as Executive Director {{!}} NCD.gov |url=https://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/2013/041613 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071203/http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/2013/041613 |archive-date=2017-05-10 |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=www.ncd.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da kuma bayar da shawarwari == An haifi Rebecca A. Hare a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1978, a California, kuma Cokley ta girma a yankin San Francisco Bay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Disabled mothers-to-be face indignity: 'Do you have a man? Can you have sex?' |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-30/how-modern-medicine-neglects-disabled-mothers |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> An haife ta da achondroplasia, wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da ke haifar da [[Wada|dwarfism]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Amber |title=A Mom with a Disability Advocates for Others |url=http://www.easterseals.com/explore-resources/living-with-disability/a-mom-with-a-disability-advocates-for-others.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112917/http://www.easterseals.com/explore-resources/living-with-disability/a-mom-with-a-disability-advocates-for-others.html |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Easterseals}}</ref> An haifi iyayen Cokley biyu da irin wannan dwarfism kuma sun haɗu a wani babban taro na Little People of America a shekarun 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |title=My Family Cokley |url=http://www.udprogram.com/my-family-cokley/ |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=UNDERSTANDING DWARFISM |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita jikanyar Alkali James A. Hare Jr, da Katherine Terrell Hare ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OBIT |url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1996/rt9605/960515/05150097.htm |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=scholar.lib.vt.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017170204/https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1996/rt9605/960515/05150097.htm |archive-date=2022-10-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="ourstory">{{Cite web |title=About Rebecca Hare Cokley |url=https://sites.google.com/a/pinedafoundation.org/ios/transcribe-videos-now/transcribe-rebecca/about-rebecca-hare-cokley |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=IT'S OUR STORY Answers from America's Disability Activists}}</ref> Cokley ta fara aikinta a Cibiyar Jagorancin Ilimi inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar tana gina kayan aiki da albarkatu don ƙarfafawa da ilmantar da matasa masu nakasa da manyan abokan hulɗarsu. <ref name="dvp">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=People We Love: Rebecca Cokley |url=https://disabilityvisibilityproject.com/2014/08/03/people-we-love-rebecca-cokley-washington-dc/ |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Disability Visibility Project}}</ref> Cokley ta shiga cikin Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Manufofin Ilimi a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="ndla">{{Cite web |title=Organizer's Forum: Tuesday, March 15th – Topic: Women, Gender and the Disability Rights Movement |url=http://www.disabilityleadership.org/organizers-forum/calls/women-gender-and-disability-march-15-2016/ |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=National Disability Leadership Alliance}}</ref> == Gwamnatin Obama == Daga 2009 zuwa 2013, Cokley ta yi aiki a matsayin wacce aka naɗa a gwamnatin Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] . Abokinta kuma mai ba ta shawara, Paul Steven Miller, tsohon kwamishinan Hukumar Daidaito da Damammaki ta Aiki (EEOC) ne ya ɗauke ta aiki don ta shiga gwamnatin Obama. Cokley ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sirri ga Mataimakiyar Sakatare a Ofishin Ilimi na Musamman da Ayyukan Gyaran Hali . Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta a Kula da Fifiko don Hulɗa da Jama'a a Ofishin Ma'aikatan Shugaban Ƙasa da ke Fadar White House inda take da alhakin wayar da kan jama'a game da bambancin ra'ayi da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru don ɗaukar ƙwararru zuwa ga gwamnati. Naɗinta na ƙarshe a gwamnatin Obama shine Mataimakiyar Musamman ga Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaban Gudanarwa don Rayuwar Al'umma a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka . A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2013, ta zama babbar darakta a Majalisar Kasa kan Nakasassu ta hanyar naɗa Shugaban NCD Jeff Rosen. A ƙarƙashin mulkinta, NCD ta mayar da hankali kan manyan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|tashin hankalin 'yan sanda]], ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ɗaliban da ke karatun sakandare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health on College Campuses |url=https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD_Mental_Health_Report_508_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028203219/https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD_Mental_Health_Report_508_0.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-28 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> da kuma rashin da'a da kuma yawan gano ɗaliban da ke da nakasa a fannin ilimi. == Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka == A watan Yulin 2018, Cokley ya shiga Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka (CAP), wata cibiyar tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma darektan farko na kungiyar ta Disability Justice Initiative. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=David M. |date=14 August 2018 |title='Disability Rights Are Civil Rights': Inside the CAP's New Disability Justice Initiative |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/inside-caps-new-disability-justice-initiative |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=Pacific Standard |language=en}}</ref> Sanata [[Tammy Duckworth]], wanda shi ma nakasassu ne, ya kasance mai jawabi a taron farko. <ref name=":0" /> Yayin da yake CAP, Cokley ya soki Eugene Scalia, wanda [[Donald Trump]] ya nada a matsayin Sakataren Kwadago, saboda tarihinsa kan [[Tsaro da lafiya na aiki|tsaron ma'aikata]] da 'yancin nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cokley |first=Rebecca |date=2019-09-19 |title=Trump's Labor Secretary Nominee Delights in Destroying Rights for Disabled Workers |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/disability/news/2019/09/19/474806/trumps-labor-secretary-nominee-delights-destroying-rights-disabled-workers/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa na Democrat na 2020, Cokley ya yi shawarwari da yakin neman zaben Elizabeth Warren kan manufofin nakasassu. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A shekarar 2015, domin murnar cika shekaru 25 da [[Dokar Amurkawa ta nakasassu ta shekarar 1990|kafa Dokar Nakasassu ta Amurka]], Ƙungiyar Kula da Nakasassu ta Ƙasa ta shigar da Cokley cikin zauren jagoranci na Susan M. Daniels na Shahararrun Masu Nakasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Rebecca Cokley, National Council on Disability |url=https://www.pyd.org/blog/national-center/ndmc/rebecca-cokley-disability-mentoring-hall-fame-2015/ |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Partners for Youth with Disabilities |archive-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319113009/https://www.pyd.org/blog/national-center/ndmc/rebecca-cokley-disability-mentoring-hall-fame-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma sami kyautar tunawa da Frank Harkin daga Majalisar Ƙasa kan Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Wrap Up: NCIL 2015 Annual Conference on Independent Living |url=http://www.advocacymonitor.com/wrap-up-ncil-2015-annual-conference-on-independent-living/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319113210/http://www.advocacymonitor.com/wrap-up-ncil-2015-annual-conference-on-independent-living/ |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=the advocacy monitor}}</ref> An naɗa Cokley a matsayin Jami'ar Brandeis a matsayin Richman Distinguished Fellow in Public Life ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Cokley named 2020 Richman Fellow |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2019/august/rebecca-cokley-richman.html |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=BrandeisNOW |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Jami'ar Arizona ta gayyace ta don ta shirya wani taron tattaunawa kan haƙƙin nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Disability Expert, Rebecca Cokley, to Headline University of Phoenix Webinar |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15280261/disability-expert-rebecca-cokley-to-headline-university-of-phoenix-webinar |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref> Cokley ya tuntuɓi ko ya ba da shaidar ƙwararru ga Majalisar Ƙasa kan Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta, Hukumar Daidaito da Damammakin Aiki, Bankin Duniya, kwamitin ba da shawara kan Tikitin Aiki na Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a, Kwamitin Aiki na Shugaban Ƙasa kan Aikin Manya da Nakasassu, da kuma kwamitin Sake Ba da Izini ga Dokar Zuba Jari ta Ma'aikata ta Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka . <ref name="ourstory"/> Littattafan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da "Ci gaban Matasa da Jagorancin Matasa: Takardar Bayani" daga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasa kan Ma'aikata da Nakasa ga Matasa, labarai kan hulɗar jama'a don jaridar Impact, "411 akan Bayyana Nakasa," "Shirya Hanyar Aiki: Jagora ga Jagorancin da Aka Mai da Hankali Kan Aiki," da kuma manufofi daban-daban na Ƙungiyar Jagorancin Matasa ta Ƙasa. <ref name="ourstory"/> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 2bsyfraxncxnih47f7t4ntob55yoxjh 0 162116 968535 886337 2026-10-17T08:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Steven Garrett Gregg''' (3 ga Nuwamba, 1955 - 11 ga Satumba, 2024) ya kasance ɗan wasan motsa jiki na Amurka. <ref name=sr>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417170202/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gr/steve-gregg-1.html Steve Gregg] – Olympic athlete profile at Sports-Reference.com</ref>Ya lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar 200 m butterfly a gasar Olympics ta 1976, 1975 Pan American Games, da kuma gasar zakarun duniya ta 1973 da 1978. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, ya kare digirin digirinsa a fannin kimiyyar halittu da ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zauna a yankin Chicago tare da iyalinsa.<ref name=sr/> == Yin iyo na farko == An haifi Gregg a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1955, a Wilmington, Delaware, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Tatnall mai zaman kanta a New Castle County, Delaware, a wajen Wilmington. Ya fara zuwa ruwa yana da shekaru biyar kuma ya fara yin iyo a gasa a kusa da shekaru 9, yana halartar Makarantar Swim ta Wilmington a karkashin Kocin Bob Mattson na musamman. A zamaninsa a matsayin mai yin iyo, Kocin Mattson ya jagoranci tawagar yin iyo ta Jihar North Carolina, inda Gregg daga baya zai yi fice a matsayin mai iyo.<ref name=Zabitka>Zabitka, Matt, "State Swimming Reputation Grows", ''The News Journal'', Wilmington, Delaware, 18 September 1973, pg. 17</ref> Ya lashe abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin dan makarantar Sophomore, ya dauki na farko a cikin 500 freestyle da na biyu da na uku a cikin 100 freestyle and 100 butterfly a Gasar Cin Kofin Jihar Delaware a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1970, wanda ya faru a Makarantar Ruwa ta Wilmington . <ref>Zabitka, Matt, "Hitchings Standout in State Swimming", ''The Morning News'', Wilmington, Delaware, 31 December 1970, pg. 22</ref>Yayinda yake a makarantar sakandare a Tatnall, Gregg ya kafa rikodin haduwa a cikin 200 freestyle a Winter Delaware State Swim Meet da aka gudanar a Wilmington Swim School tare da lokacin 1:50.22 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1971.<ref>Smith, Paul J. "Swimmers Wash Away Records", ''The News Journal'', Wilmington, Delaware, 28 December 1971, pg. 46</ref> A wannan gamuwa, ya lashe 500 freestyle tare da rikodin rikodin lokaci na 4:56.059.<ref>Smith, Paul, J., "Swimming Records Take a Dunk", ''The Morning News'', Wilmington Delaware, 29 December 1971, pg. 42</ref> === Rubuce-rubucen ƙasa na mita 100 === [[File:GreggSteveOlympian1973.png|left|thumb|Gregg a kusa da '73]] A watan Maris na shekara ta 1973, a lokacin Babban shekarunsa a Tatnal, yana ci gaba da yin iyo don Wilmington Athletic Club (Wilmington Swim School), ya karya Mark Spitz's 1966 National Record for the 100-meter butterfly with a 52.05 in the Middle Atlantic Junior Olympics, kuma ya kafa rikodin haduwa a cikin mita 200 freestyle da kuma mita 200 na mutum medley.<ref>Smith, Gary, "Gregg's No Spitzin Image of Olympian", ''The News Journal'', Wilmington, Delaware, 26 March 1973, pg. 21</ref> == Jihar North Carolina == A watan Agustan 1973, nan da nan kafin shekararsa ta farko a Jihar North Carolina, ya lashe malamin mita 200 a taron AAU National a Louisville, Kentucky, tare da mafi kyawun kansa 2:04.11, wanda ya damu da 1972 Olympian Robin Backhouse da .4 seconds. A sakamakon nasarar Gregg, an zaba shi don yin iyo don Amurka a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Aquatic a Belgrade a watan Satumba. A LA Invitational Swim Meet a Mission Viejo, California, Gregg ya kasance na biyu a cikin mita 200 tare da 2:06.17 a watan Agustan 1973, kodayake mai kammala wuri na farko Jorge Delgado ya yi iyo a cikin 2:04.38, lokaci mafi sauri a duniya a wannan shekarar, kodayake ba sabon rikodin duniya ba. Gregg shine dan wasan NC na farko da ya zama dan wasan Amurka na shekaru hudu a jere, inda ya lashe lambar yabo a jere daga 1974-1977. Yin iyo ga Kocin Don Easterling, ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a cikin 200 Butterfly a 1976 kuma ya kasance zakaran ACC sau shida a cikin shekaru hudu a Jihar NC. Ya sami gasar zakarun ACC sau hudu a cikin 200 butterfly daga 1974-77, sau ɗaya a cikin 100 butterfly a 1975 kuma sau ɗaya a 500 freestyle a 1974. <ref name="NCSHOF">{{Cite web |title=North Carolina State Athletic Hall of Fame |url=https://gopack.com/news/2013/11/19/NC_State_s_2013_Hall_of_Fame_Class_Steven_Gregg |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=North Carolina State Hall of Fame}}</ref> Jihar NC ta sanya a cikin Top 10 sau biyu a lokacin da Gregg ke aiki tare da tawagar, ta sami matsayi na bakwai a 1974 kuma ta shida a 1976. <ref name="NCSHOF"/><ref name="Olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Olympic Biography, Steven Gregg |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/51372 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> == Wasannin Olympics na Montreal na 1976 == [[Fayil:Steve_Gregg,_Mike_Bruner,_Bill_Forrester_1976_Olympics.jpg|left|thumb|'76 Olympic Podium, (l zuwa r), S. Gregg, M. Bruner, B. Forrester]] Lokacinsa a gasar Olympics ta Montreal ta 1976 don lambar azurfa a tseren mita 200 ya kasance 1:59.54. Gregg ya kammala na biyu ga Mike Bruner, wanda 1:59.23 ya karya rikodin duniya na 1:59.63 na Roger Pyttel na Jamus wanda ya kafa wata daya da suka gabata. Gregg kuma ya gama a karkashin tsohon rikodin duniya na Pyttel. Amurkawa Mike Bruner, Gregg, da Bill Forrester sun mamaye taron, tare da kusan kammalawa, suna fitar da Pyttel, kusa da na huɗu, kuma kawai .06 seconds daga takarar lambar yabo. Kodayake ya kasance na biyar a rabi a alamar mita 100, Gregg ya kasance mai karfi kuma ya rufe sosai don ya taɓa na biyu a ƙarshen taron 200.<ref name="OlympediaR">{{Cite web |title=1976 Men's 200 Meter Butterfly Results |url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/6563 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Olympedia}}</ref><ref name="Olympedia"/> Gregg ya yi iyo sosai a cikin safiya na farko wanda ya kafa rikodin Olympics a tseren mita 200 na 2:00.24, amma lokutan karshe sun kasance da sauri, kuma rikodin sa ya riƙe sa'o'i tara kawai. == 1973, 1978 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Ruwa ya 1973, 1978 == Gregg ya dauki azurfa a cikin malamin mita 200 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Aquatics a watan Satumbar 1973 a Belgrade, Yugoslavia, tare da lokaci na 2:03.58, kawai .26 seconds bayan dan wasan Olympics na Amurka Robin Bakhaus, wanda ya damu a taron a cikin AAU Nationals 'yan makonni da suka gabata. A cikin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Aquatics ta Agusta 1978, a Berlin, Jamus ta Yamma, Ba'amurke Mike Bruner ya kori Gregg wanda ya kafa rikodin duniya 2:01.17 a cikin malamin mita 200, tare da Gregg ya sake karɓar azurfa a taron kamar yadda ya yi a gasar Olympics ta 1976 zuwa Bruner. Har yanzu yana yin iyo a gasa kuma ba da nisa da lokacin wasansa na Olympics, Gregg ya kasance na farko tare da 2:00.84 a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta AAU a Woodlands, Texas, a waje da Houston a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1978. === Bayan yin iyo na gasa === Gregg ta kammala karatu a Jihar NC tare da digiri a Zoology, kuma daga baya ta sami Jagora a Kimiyya ta motsa jiki daga Jami'ar Arizona, da PhD a motsa jiki da Biochemistry daga UC Berkeley. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga yin iyo na gasa kuma ya kammala karatunsa, ya sayar da Gatorade don Kamfanin Quaker Oats a Brussels, Belgium kusan shekaru shida. Daga nan sai ya koma Chicago, ya kasance a cikin kasuwancin tallace-tallace da talla kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo wasannin Olympics na 2016 zuwa Chicago. Ya yi ritaya daga tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye ba da daɗewa ba bayan 2013.<ref name="NCSHOF"/> Gregg ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai yin iyo na Masters, yana fafatawa da farko a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kyauta da tashi kuma ya yi iyo tare da Masters ta hanyar akalla 2013 a Birnin Chicago.<ref name="USMS">{{Cite web |title=United States Masters Event Results for Steven G. Gregg |url=https://www.usms.org/comp/meets/indresults.php?SwimmerID=005TM |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=United States Masters Swimming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218175516/https://www.usms.org/comp/meets/indresults.php?SwimmerID=005TM |archive-date=18 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gregg ya kuma kasance mai aiki a matsayin memba na yarjejeniya a cikin Gidauniyar Swimming ta Amurka, kuma a cikin Gidan Gidauniyoyin Gidauniya.<ref name="Olympedia"/> Ya kuma yi aiki a kan kwamitin daraktocin Hall of Fame na Duniya kuma ya ba da jagora na farko ga kungiyar Swim Across America. Gregg ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, yana da shekaru 68. === Daraja === A shekara ta 1989 an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Delaware . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in Wilmington, Delaware - 1989 |url=https://www.desports.org/inductees/1989/ |website=www.desports.org}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin mutanen Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina * Jerin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics a wasan iyo (maza) * Jerin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gasar cin kofin duniya a cikin iyo (maza) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://desports.org/steve-gregg/ Steve Gregg, daga Gidan Tarihi na Wasanni na Delaware da Hall of Fame a Wilmington, Delaware - 1989] * [https://swimswam.com/former-olympic-silver-medalist-steve-gregg-dies-at-68/ Tsohon dan wasan Olympics na azurfa Steve Gregg ya mutu yana da shekaru 68] * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/51372 Tarihin Olympedia, Steven Gregg] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417170202/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gr/steve-gregg-1.html Steve Gregg - Bayanan ɗan wasan Olympics a Sports-Reference.com] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 64jpfb0jf9zuq7hl0g2mafdf1wanmte 0 163146 968547 914484 2026-10-17T09:45:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sylke von Gaza''' (* 1 ga Yuli 1966 a Hamburg a matsayin Sylke von Gazen genannt Gaza) ɗan Jamus mai fasaha ne. Da farko dai, mai zane mai ban mamaki, tana kuma gudanar da ayyuka da dama da ke binciken tasirin da tasirin zane a wuraren gine-gine da kuma tsarin zane, gami da wuraren da aka keɓe musamman ga wurin. Von Gaza tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[München|Munich]], Venice da Zurich. == Rayuwa == An fara kai Sylke von Gaza [[Hamburg|,]] 'yar shekara uku da haihuwa zuwa Italiya, inda kakarta ta raka ta a dogayen tafiye-tafiye zuwa Venice da Emilia-Romagna. A lokacin ziyarar yarinta zuwa cocin Ravenna, Assisi da [[Venezia|Venice]], kaɗan ne kawai, ta fara jin daɗin zane da gine-gine. Wannan gogewa ta yi tasiri mai ɗorewa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙarfafa aikinta har zuwa yau. Digirin farko na jami'a na Sylke von Gaza yana cikin [[Injinia.|<u>fannin injiniyanci</u>]] . Daga baya, a matsayinta na ɗalibi a fannin zane-zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Munich daga 2002 zuwa 2007 a ƙarƙashin mai zane ɗan ƙasar Ireland Sean Scully, ta sami sha'awar Old Masters da Abstract expressionism . Ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts da ke Munich a shekarar 2007, inda ta kammala karatunta da takardar shaidar [[Meisterschüler]] ("summa cum laude"). == Aiki == Zane-zanen Renaissance na ƙasar Netherland da na Italiya koyaushe babban tushen wahayi ne ga Sylke von Gaza. Da manyan zane-zanenta masu kama da man shafawa, ta sanya kanta a cikin al'adar Tsohon Malamai ba tare da ta ambaci su kai tsaye a cikin yaren da take amfani da shi ba. Venice, wacce ke da yanayi mai kyau tsakanin abin da ya gabata da na yanzu, tana samar da yanayi mai kyau na ƙirƙira ga mai zane, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Helga Meister |date=29 September 2016 |title=Im Ehrenhof wird der Vorhang gelüftet |url=https://www.wz.de/home/kultur/kunst/ausstellung-im-ehrenhof-wird-der-vorhang-gelueftet-1.2285220 |access-date=2017-08-05 |publisher=Westdeutsche Zeitung WZ |language=de |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821004437/http://www.wz.de/home/kultur/kunst/ausstellung-im-ehrenhof-wird-der-vorhang-gelueftet-1.2285220 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ayyukansa ba wai kawai yana bincika tambayoyin al'ada da asali a cikin zane ba, har ma yana haifar da tattaunawa game da muhimmancin fasaha da al'umma. Aikinta zuwa yanzu za a iya raba shi zuwa sassa daban-daban. Babban aikinta ya ƙunshi ''Early Works'', ayyukan mutum ɗaya, ƙungiyoyin ayyuka masu jigo, ayyukan da suka shafi wurin da kuma jerin ''Zane-zanen Veil'', daga cikinsu ''akwai Zane-zanen Grey Veil'' da ''Zane-zanen Red Veil'' . A cikin aikin ƙirƙira na Sylke von Gaza, [[Gyele|mayafin]], wato misalin wucewar abubuwa da kuma wucewar abubuwa, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Martin H. |date=2007-03-01 |title=Die Schleier der Sylke von Gaza – Who is afraid of grey, white and red? |url=https://gallery.mailchimp.com/318adf9121d00cc96b2e23458/files/796f6cd2-fb7c-492b-9d9f-e652cc7a0330/Schmidt_2007_Die_Schleier_der_Sylke_von_Gaza.pdf |access-date=2020-05-20 |language=de}}</ref> Ikon bayyanawa ta hanyar ɓoyewa, da kuma nuna shi a bayyane ta hanyar ɓoyewa - mai zane ta fahimci wannan babban ƙarfin zane kuma ta sanya shi ya zama muhimmin abu ga aikinta. Tun daga shekarar 2012, mai zane yana aiki a kan ayyukan da suka mayar da hankali kan zane a [[Gine-gine masu tsarki|wurare masu tsarki]], galibi a majami'un Venetian . Tun da 2013, tare da haɗin gwiwar Curia Patriarchale di Venezia, von Gaza yana yin zane a cikin Chiesa San Fantin (2014), Chiesa San Lio (2015), Cappella Santissima Trinità (2016). An yi rarrabuwa a cikin labarin tarihi na fasaha a shekarar 2016 a lokacin baje kolin kayan tarihi ''na bayan labule.'' ''Boyewa da Wahayi tun lokacin Renaissance'' a Gidan Tarihi na Kunstpalast Düsseldorf, wanda Beat Wismer da Farfesa Claudia Blümle suka shirya. Nunin mai taken ya ƙunshi ''manyan zane-zanen Veil'' guda biyu da mai zane ya yi. Sauran ayyukan Sylke von Gaza suna cikin tarin tarin kayan tarihi a gidan kayan tarihi na Sprengel Hannover, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus Munich da gidan tarihi na Diocese na Venice, da sauransu. Domin bikin Biennale na Venice na 2015, Hukumar Venetian Curia ta ba da umarnin Von Gaza da wani aiki na musamman ga cocin Renaissance na iyalan Gussoni a cocin San Lio . Yana aiki a wurin a cikin cocin yayin aikin ''Beyond the Veil'', <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gianmatteo Caputo |date=2015 |title=Beyond the Veil: Red Veil Paintings nella Chiesa di San Lio |url=http://www.veneziaupt.org/pls/veneziaupt/v3_s2ew_consultazione.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=633 |access-date=2017-07-18 |publisher=Uffici Beni Culturali & Turismo della Curia Patriarcale di Venezia UBC |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821002615/http://www.veneziaupt.org/pls/veneziaupt/v3_s2ew_consultazione.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=633 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> mai zane ya ƙirƙiri ''zane-zanen Gussoni Red Veil Triptych'', wanda yanzu aka sanya shi har abada a cikin cocin Renaissance wanda Tullio <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Tullio Lombardo: Pietà with Saints |url=https://savevenice.org/our-restorations/church-of-san-lio-tullio-lombardo-pieta-with-saints/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |publisher=Save Venice Inc.}}</ref> da Pietro Lombardo suka tsara a kusa da 1479. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Pietro Lombardo: Gussoni Chapel |url=https://savevenice.org/our-restorations/church-of-san-lio-pietro-lombardo-gussoni-chapel/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |publisher=Save Venice Inc.}}</ref> An binne shahararren mai zane na Veduta Giovanni Antonio Canal (1697–1768), wanda aka fi sani da Canaletto, a cikin cocin. A gayyatar da Seminario Patriarcale di Venezia von Gaza aka samar da aikin ''Il Nido.'' ''Aikin Hajji zuwa Ma'auni'' <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Gianmatteo Caputo |date=2017 |title=Sylke von Gaza: "Il Nido. A Pilgrimage towards Equilibrium" presso la Basilica della Salute, Padiglioni Paralleli 2017 |url=http://www.veneziaupt.org/pls/veneziaupt/V3_S2EW_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=658 |access-date=2017-08-25 |publisher=Curia Patriarcale di Venezia |language=it}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don Padiglioni Paralleli <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Padiglioni Paralleli alla Biennale 2017 |url=http://www.veneziaupt.org/pls/veneziaupt/V3_S2EW_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=654&rifi=guest&rifp=guest |access-date=2017-07-22 |publisher=Curia Patriarcale di Venezia |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821003325/http://www.veneziaupt.org/pls/veneziaupt/V3_S2EW_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=654&rifi=guest&rifp=guest |archive-date=2017-08-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a cikin Basilica Santa Maria della Salute don dacewa da 57th International Art Exhibition La Biennale di Venezia 2017. A cikin bazara 2019, shigarwa ''Il Nido'' yayi tafiya zuwa Gedächtniskirche a Berlin . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 7bkz2yci0j5ofv25b2kjh17v78cc0oa 0 163490 968483 896437 2026-10-17T00:06:57Z Dostojewskij 4361 Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895 968483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrude Fehr''' (5 Maris 1895 – 16 Agusta 1996) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ɗaukar hoto. An haife ta a [[Mainz]] a ranar Talata 5 ga Maris 1895 kuma ta rasu a shekarar 1996 tana da shekaru 101.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover photographer Gertrude Fehr |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/274628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722115859/https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/274628 |archive-date=July 22, 2021 |access-date=2020-02-17 |website=rkd.nl |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Gertrude Fehr ta fito ne daga wani fitaccen iyali na Yahudawa na Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-03 |title=These Jewish Women Photographers From the Met's Exhibit Are Absolutely Worth a Look |url=https://www.heyalma.com/these-jewish-women-photographers-from-the-mets-exhibit-are-absolutely-worth-a-look/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326190553/https://www.heyalma.com/these-jewish-women-photographers-from-the-mets-exhibit-are-absolutely-worth-a-look/ |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Hey Alma |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1918, bayan ta fara koyon aiki a ɗakin karatu na [[Eduard Wasow]] da [[München|ke Munich]], Fehr ta buɗe ɗakin karatu nata, inda ta ɗauki ma'aikata shida aiki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Musée de l'Elysée: Gertrude Fehr (1895-1996), a woman photographer at the forefront |url=http://www.elysee.ch/en/exhibitions-and-events/events/detail/news/gertrude-fehr-1895-1996-a-woman-photographer-at-the-forefront/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305222844/http://www.elysee.ch/en/exhibitions-and-events/events/detail/news/gertrude-fehr-1895-1996-a-woman-photographer-at-the-forefront/ |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |access-date=2020-02-17 |website=www.elysee.ch}}</ref> A shekarar 1933, an tilasta mata barin [[Jamus]] saboda yanayin siyasa a wancan lokacin. Ta gudu tare da Jules Fehr, mijinta na gaba [[Switzerland|a Switzerland]], zuwa [[Faris|Paris]] . A shekarar 1934, su biyun suka buɗe makarantar Publiphot. A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, ita da mijinta suka ƙaura zuwa [[Switzerland]] inda suka buɗe makarantar daukar hoto a Lausanne . Ta gabatar da shawarar daukar hoto mai launi a shekarar 1950. Ta mutu a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Fehr, Gertrude}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] igmxjg0tov16f3yp5719fu82ws3iouh 0 163770 968563 898060 2026-10-17T11:29:50Z ~2026-55678-48 50136 /* */ 968563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abba Mohammed Mustapha | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin tattalin arziki | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin tattalin arzikin ci gaba }} '''Abba Mohammed Mustapha''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[tattalin arziki]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Economics na [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]], Damaturu, Jihar Yobe, inda yake riƙe da matsayin Assistant Lecturer.<ref name="YSU">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff Detail: Mal. ABBA MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA |url=https://eco.ysu.edu.ng/acadstaffdetail.php?asid=9 |website=Yobe State University, Department of Economics |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Abba Mohammed Mustapha yana da digirin B.Sc., M.Sc,da phD kuma yana aiki cikakken lokaci a Sashen Economics na [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]]. Shafin sashen ya bayyana matsayinsa na Lecturer II.<ref name="YSU"/> Fannin ƙwarewarsa shi ne [[Development economics|tattalin arzikin ci gaba]], yayin da fannonin da yake sha'awar bincike suka haɗa da tattalin arzikin al'umma da [[international trade|cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa]].<ref name="YSU"/> == Bincike == Binciken Abba Mohammed Mustapha ya shafi fannonin tattalin arzikin ci gaba, al'umma da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa. Shafin Sashen Economics na Yobe State University ya jera waɗannan fannoni a matsayin wuraren ƙwarewa da sha'awar bincikensa.<ref name="YSU"/> == Nassoshi == <references/> [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana tattalin arziki na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Masu bincike na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] 7kpbr0x5psf850bwb4jbwengk9uvbu8 0 165829 968508 964137 2026-10-17T03:37:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Marshaylee Knighten (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1997) tsohuwar ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka a ƙungiyar USSSA Pride kuma a halin yanzu mataimakin kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta San Diego Toreros . Ta taba buga wasan softball na kwaleji a Oklahoma, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasanni hudu a jere na Kwalejin Mata daga 2016 zuwa 2019, kuma ta lashe gasar kasa a matsayinta na sabuwar shekara a 2016 da kuma ta biyu a 2017 . An nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi fice a WCWS a shekarar 2017. == Aikin kwaleji == A shekarar farko ta shekarar 2016, ta buga wasanni 60 tare da fara wasa 36, kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar a matsakaicin bugun batting (.400), gudu (52), bugun (78), ninki biyu (22), uku uku (3) da kuma kashi na slugging (.682). Wasa biyu da ta yi sau 22 ya daidaita tarihin Big 12, kuma ta kasance ta 12 a ƙasa da maki 0.37 a kowane wasa. Ta zama ta farko a cikin sabbin 'yan wasa da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar a matsakaicin bugun batting tun 2010. Ta kammala kakar wasa da bugun gida 13, bugun gudu 62 da aka yi a (RBI), matsakaicin bugun .397 da kuma kashi .670 na bugun slugging. <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Shay Knighten |url=https://soonersports.com/sports/softball/roster/shay-knighten/1049 |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A lokacin gasar World Series ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2016, ta yi nasara da ci 9-19 (.474) da bugun gida biyu, da kuma bugun RBI takwas, don taimakawa Sooners lashe gasar kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Spotlight Shines on Title-Winning Sooners |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2016/6/15/211020189.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an nada ta a matsayin Babban Sabon Shekara na 12, ƙungiya ta biyu ta All-American, kuma ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasa uku na ƙarshe a gasar National Freshman of the Year ta NFCA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 1, 2016 |title=Parker Headlines OU's All-American Trio |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2016/6/1/210991202.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2016 |title=OU's Shay Knighten is finalist for Freshman of the Year |url=https://tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/ousportsextra/ous-shay-knighten-is-finalist-for-freshman-of-the-year/article_00c09e27-e69b-5796-8e06-715f5c823f16.html |access-date=July 1, 2021}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekararta ta biyu a shekarar 2017, ta buga wasanni 70 tare da fara wasa sau 69. Ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na bakwai a ƙasar a gasar RBI (70), ta 23 a bugun (76), ta 29 a gasar RBI a kowane wasa (1.00) da kuma ta 40 a jimillar maki (122). <ref name="Bio" /> A lokacin gasar World Series ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2017, ta samu maki .350, inda ta samu maki hudu, ta samu maki biyu, ta samu maki daya a gida, sannan ta samu maki daya a RBI. A wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai da Florida, ta ci kwallaye uku a jere a zagaye na 17 don taimakawa Sooners ta lashe wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 6, 2017 |title=Sooners Win Instant Classic in Game 1 |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2017/6/6/211617714.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun, ta ci kwallaye uku a jere don taimakawa Oklahoma lashe gasar zakarun ƙasa a jere, kuma daga baya aka naɗa ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi fice . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 6, 2017 |title=National Champions Again!!! |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2017/6/6/211619191.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an nada ta a matsayin Babbar 'Yar Wasa ta Shekara ta 12 kuma ta biyu a ƙungiyar All-American. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin wacce ta fi kowacce kyau a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai a Gasar ESPY ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 21, 2017 |title=Knighten Nominated for ESPY Award |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2017/6/21/211633493.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A shekararta ta farko a shekarar 2018, ta fara wasanni 53 inda jimillar wasanni 14 tare da bugun da yawa da kuma wasanni bakwai tare da RBIs da yawa. A lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe a shekarar 2019, ta buga wasanni 56 tare da fara wasa 55, ta zo ta biyu a ƙungiyar da maki 131. A lokacin gasar Duniya ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2019, ta yi nasara a wasanni biyu na gasar zakarun Oklahoma da UCLA, ciki har da bugun da ta yi da kunnen doki, wanda ya yi kunnen doki sau biyu a zagaye na bakwai a wasa na biyu. Bayan kakar wasa ta bana, an nada ta a matsayin ƙungiyar All-Big 12 second. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2019 |title=OU Sweeps Big 12 Individual End-of-Year Awards |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2019/5/8/211802914.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Ta kammala aikinta da matsakaicin bugun .360, bugun 247 da kuma bugun 148 da ta ci, kuma ta zo ta huɗu a cikin bugun da aka yi wa sadaukarwa (10) da kuma na shida a cikin RBIs (197) a tarihin shirin. <ref name="Bio" /> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == An zaɓi Knighten a matsayi na 20 a jimilla ta hanyar USSSA Pride a cikin Tsarin NPF na 2019 . A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2019, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Knighten signs one year contract to Pride |url=http://www.usssapride.org/knighten-signs-one-year-contract-to-pride/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=usssapride.org |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182530/http://www.usssapride.org/knighten-signs-one-year-contract-to-pride/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko da ta yi da ƙungiyar a shekarar 2019, ta yi nasara da ci 2-3 da ci biyu da kuma ci uku a gasar Cowles Cup, don taimakawa USSSA Pride ta lashe gasar NPF. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lombardo |first=Kayla |date=August 17, 2019 |title=USSSA Pride Capture Second Straight Cowles Cup |url=https://www.softballamerica.com/stories/usssa-pride-capture-second-straight-cowles-cup/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=softballamerica.com}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2019, an naɗa Knighten a matsayin mataimakin kocin ɗalibai na Sooners. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2019 |title=OU softball: Oklahoma staff adds five former players |url=https://www.normantranscript.com/oklahoma/ou-softball-oklahoma-staff-adds-five-former-players/article_ccafc908-da3c-11e9-b342-234a1486c339.html |access-date=July 1, 2021}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2020, an naɗa Knighten a matsayin mataimakin koci ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta San Diego Toreros . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2020 |title=National Champion, All-American Shay Knighten Joins Staff |url=https://usdtoreros.com/news/2020/10/7/softball-national-champion-all-american-shay-knighten-joins-staff.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=usdtoreros.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Knighten ga Kenny da Marci Knighten. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Briayna da Marjani, da kuma ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Marquis. Mahaifinta, Kenny, yana buga ƙwallon baseball a USC, yayin da 'yar uwarta, Marjani, ke buga ƙwallon softball a Nebraska kuma ta kasance 'yar Amurka a 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shay Knighten bio |url=http://usssapride.com/player/shay-knighten/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=usssapride.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2016 |title=National Siblings Day: Softball Edition |url=https://www.flosoftball.com/articles/5050528-national-siblings-day-softball-edition |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=flosoftball.com}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] iwni62x0idkdfx26gss6w6xn3v1r5n4 0 165834 968365 957922 2026-10-16T18:27:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Rosemary Ampem|birth_date={{birth date|1992|8|27|df=y}}|position=Mai tsaron baya|years1=|clubs1=Ghana Immigration Football Club|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=Ghana}}'''Rosemary Ampem''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1992) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga Ghana wadda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ta wakilci ƙasar Ghana a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa, sannan ta kuma buga wa Ghana Immigration Football Club. Ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana da ta halarci Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka ta 2014.<ref name="Citi">{{cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=25 players called into Black Queens squad for African Champs |url=https://citifmonline.com/2014/07/25-players-called-into-black-queens-squad-for-african-champs/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Citi 97.3 FM |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214151312/https://citifmonline.com/2014/07/25-players-called-into-black-queens-squad-for-african-champs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GhanaFA2014">{{cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=Black Queens name final 21 for AWC |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Ghana Football Association}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ampem ta fara wakiltar Ghana tun daga matakan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. An saka sunanta cikin jerin 'yan wasan Ghana da suka halarci Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 ta FIFA ta 2008.<ref name="FIFA2008">{{cite web |title=FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup 2008 |url=https://www.fifa.com/ |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Ampem ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta FIFA da aka gudanar a Jamus. Jerin 'yan wasan FIFA ya nuna cewa ta kasance mai tsaron baya kuma tana taka leda a Ash Town Ladies a lokacin gasar.<ref name="FIFA2010">{{cite web |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Germany 2010 - List of Players |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fu20w/2010/pdf/FU20W_2010_SquadLists.pdf |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002704/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2010/pdf/FU20W_2010_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sake wakiltar Ghana a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta FIFA ta 2012 a Japan. A cikin jerin 'yan wasan gasar, an bayyana Ampem a matsayin mai tsaron baya, tare da ranar haihuwarta 27 ga Agusta 1992, kuma tana wakiltar Ash Town Ladies.<ref name="FIFA2012">{{cite web |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Japan 2012 - List of Players |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2012/pdf/FU20W_2012_SquadLists.pdf |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217180051/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fu20w/2012/pdf/fu20w_2012_squadlists.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A matakin babbar ƙungiyar mata ta Ghana, an gayyaci Ampem zuwa sansanin Black Queens domin shirye-shiryen wasannin neman gurbin Gasar Mata ta Afirka. Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Ghana ta saka sunanta cikin jerin 'yan wasan da aka gayyata a shekarar 2012.<ref name="GFA2012">{{cite web |title=25 players called up for Black Queens camping |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/25-players-called-up-for-black-queens-camping |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=Ghana Football Association}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Black Queens da aka zaɓa domin Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka, wadda aka gudanar a Namibia daga 11 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2014. Ghana ta kasance cikin rukuni na B tare da Afirka ta Kudu, Kamaru da Aljeriya.<ref name="GFA2014">{{cite web |title=Twenty-five Queens called to camp |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/twenty-five-queens-called-to-camp |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=Ghana Football Association}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Ghana ta sake gayyatar Ampem zuwa sansanin Black Queens domin shirye-shiryen wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a gasar Olympics ta 2016. A lokacin, an bayyana ta a matsayin 'yar wasan Ghana Immigration.<ref name="GFA2015">{{cite web |title=22 Players invited to Black Queens camp on Monday |url=https://ghanafa.org/22-players-invited-to-black-queens-camp-on-monday |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=Ghana Football Association}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da aka gayyata zuwa sansanin Black Queens domin shirye-shiryen wasannin neman gurbin Gasar Mata ta Afirka ta 2016. Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Ghana ta bayyana ta a matsayin 'yar wasan Immigration.<ref name="GFA2016">{{cite web |title=Twenty-four players invited to Black Queens camp |url=https://ghanafa.org/twenty-four-players-invited-to-black-queens-camp-o |access-date=30 August 2026 |website=Ghana Football Association}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar CA Ouriense Feminino ta Portugal ta sanya hannu da Rosemary Ampem kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.<ref name="GhanaSoccerNet">{{cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=Portuguese side CA Ouriense Feminino sign Rosemary Ampem on two-year deal |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet}}</ref> == Rayuwar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa == Ampem ta wakilci Ghana a matakai daban-daban na ƙwallon ƙafar mata, ciki har da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17, ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 da babbar ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasa. Ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta FIFA ta 2010 da ta 2012, sannan ta kasance cikin tawagar Black Queens a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka ta 2014.<ref name="FIFA2010" /><ref name="FIFA2012" /><ref name="GFA2014" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} slw24dp2q90e5nnlyur1wljftkiw8cy 3 165893 968265 912801 2026-10-16T14:34:47Z Manchiu 28957 Manchiu moved page [[Tattaunawar user:ChomponU Pongsawet]] to [[Tattaunawar user:VocalCat2207]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ChomponU Pongsawet|ChomponU Pongsawet]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/VocalCat2207|VocalCat2207]]" 912801 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ChomponU Pongsawet! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ChomponU Pongsawet|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) awtr4o3zrpl1so2royezcwi0vquo1qz 0 166303 968302 916104 2026-10-16T15:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reginald Howard White''' (Disamba 19, 1961 - Disamba 26, 2004) ƙwararren mai tsaron [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL) tsawon shekaru 15. White ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji ga ƙungiyar masu ba da agaji ta Tennessee, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta All-American . Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Memphis Showboats na United States Football League (USFL), an zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko na NFL Supplemental Draft na 1984, sannan ya buga wa Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers da Carolina Panthers, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan tsaro mafiya kyau a tarihin NFL. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi White kuma ya girma a Chattanooga, Tennessee . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Chattanooga native, NFL star Reggie White getting an ESPN '30 for 30' documentary |url=https://foxchattanooga.com/sports/content/espn-producing-30-for-30-documentary-for-chattanooga-native-nfl-star-reggie-white-minister-of-defense-green-bay-packers-howard-school |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=WTVC-FOX |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi har zuwa shekara takwas lokacin da aka ajiye shi tare da kakarsa, Mildred Dodd. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0925362/bio/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantar sakandare a Howard High School a ƙarƙashin Kocin Robert Pulliam, tsohon ɗan wasan baya a Tennessee . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Branton |first=B. B. |date=April 17, 2013 |title=Reggie White, Howard HS to be Honored by Pro Football HOF |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2013/4/17/249143/Reggie-White-Howard-HS-to-be-Honored.aspx |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Chattanoogan.com |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da yake ƙarami a Hustlin' Tigers, White ya yi tackles 140 (kawai 88) da kuma buhu 10, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta All-American. An ba shi lambar yabo ta farko a Tennessee ta ''Knoxville News Sentinel'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=London |first=Mike |date=October 9, 2007 |title=Ex-Vol Robert Pulliam dies |url=http://tennessee.scout.com/2/688780.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111140550/http://tennessee.scout.com/2/688780.html |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Scout.com}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Reggie, Thelma Collier, ta shaida wa ''Sports Illustrated'' cewa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12, ya sanar wa iyalinsa cewa yana son zama abu biyu: ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma minista. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Paul |date=November 27, 1989 |title=The Eagles' Dominating Defensive End, Reggie White, a Baptist Minister, Reaps as Much Mayhem as He Sows |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1989/11/27/white-heat-the-eagles-dominating-defensive-end-reggie-white-a-baptist-minister-reaps-as-much-mayhem-as-he-sows |website=vault.SI.com |access-date=September 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129213130/https://vault.si.com/vault/1989/11/27/white-heat-the-eagles-dominating-defensive-end-reggie-white-a-baptist-minister-reaps-as-much-mayhem-as-he-sows |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == White ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji a Tennessee daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2004 |title=Reggie White, 1983 Vol Captain and Consensus All-America, Deat at Age 43 |url=https://utsports.com/news/2004/12/26/reggie_white_1983_vol_captain_and_consensus_all_america_deat_at_age_43.aspx |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=University of Tennessee Athletics |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tukuru a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa a ƙarshen shekararsa ta farko, inda ya yi rijistar tackles 51 (32 kaɗai) da kuma sacks biyu, ya dawo da bugun fanareti biyu, sannan ya toshe bugun da ya kafa wa Tennessee maki na farko a wasan da ƙungiyar ta yi nasara a kan abokin hamayyarta na wancan lokacin Georgia Tech da ci 23-10. An ba shi kyautar '''Andy Spiva Award''', wadda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga ɗan wasan tsaron da ya fi samun ci gaba a Vols. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara biyu a kakar wasa ta 1981, White ya yi nasarar cin kwallaye 95 (kashi 61), wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a wasa takwas, da kuma wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a wasa bakwai a jere a wasa ɗaya (na yadi). Ya kuma toshe yunƙurin ƙarin maki uku. Ya yi tackles 10 da kuma kora biyu, daya daga cikinsu ya haifar da tsaro, a wasan da suka yi da Memphis State, kuma an nada shi "fitaccen ɗan wasan tsaron baya" na ƙungiyar a wasan. Saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan da Tennessee ta yi nasara a kan Georgia Tech da ci 10-7, wanda ya haɗa da murmurewa daga bugun fenariti wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar Vols, <ref name="82squad" /> an ayyana shi a matsayin "Mai Layin Kudu maso Gabas na Mako" ta UPI . <ref name="honorees" /> White ya yi tackles guda takwas a wasan da Tennessee ta doke Wisconsin da ci 28-21 a gasar Garden State Bowl ta 1981, kuma an nada shi a matsayin "Mafi Kyawun Ɗan Wasan Tsaro". <ref name="82squad" /> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 1981, an naɗa shi cikin ƙungiyar Sophomore All-American ta ''The Football News'' . An nada White a matsayin ɗan wasan Amurka na Preseason All-American a kakar wasa ta 1982, amma ya sha wahala sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawunsa, kuma wasansa ya ragu. <ref name="83squad" /> Duk da cewa ya yi nasarar jefa ƙwallo sau 47 kacal (36 kacal a wasa ɗaya), duk da haka ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da kora bakwai, kuma ya kasance na uku bayan abokan wasansa Mike Cofer da Carlton Peoples a "manyan wasanni". Wasansa mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta bana ya zo ne a wasan Vols da LSU na 24-24, inda ya yi nasarar jefa kwallaye takwas, ciki har da sac da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na huɗu. Ya buga tackles guda takwas, jakunkuna biyu, da kuma bugun da aka tilasta masa a wasan da Tennessee ta sha kashi a hannun Iowa da ci 28-22 a gasar Peach Bowl ta 1982. Da yake ƙudurin inganta abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin kamfen na matasa, White ya fara wasa a lokacin kakarsa ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1983, inda ya yi rikodin tackles 100 (72 solo), tarihin makarantar a kakar wasa ɗaya, ya yi tackles 15, ya yi tackles 9 don asara, da kuma wani hari da aka kai masa. Duk da cewa Pittsburgh ta doke Tennessee da ci 13-3 a wasan farko na kakar wasa, White ya ci gaba da hana 'yan wasan Panthers shiga filin wasa, duk da cewa yana cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata da Bill Fralic, dan wasan gaba na Amurka na Panthers. Reggie ya yi nasarar korar 'yan wasa biyu a wasan da Tennessee ta doke New Mexico da ci 31-6, da kuma nasarar da makarantar ta samu a wasanni daya tilo da ta yi nasara a kan The Citadel da ci An nada White a matsayin "Southeast Lineman of the Week" saboda rawar da ya taka - wanda ya haɗa da tackles 12 da kuma kora uku - a wasan da Tennessee ta doke LSU da ci 20-6, kuma ya kori ɗan wasan tsakiya na Alabama Walter Lewis sau biyu a wasan da Tennessee ta doke Tide da ci 41-34. <ref name="profile2" /> A wasan da Tennessee ta yi da Maryland a gasar Florida Citrus Bowl ta 1983, White ya kori dan wasan Maryland mai buga wasan tsakiya Boomer Esiason a zagaye na biyu, wanda hakan ya sa ya fice daga wasan. White ya kasance ɗan wasa na All-American, ɗan wasan shekara na SEC, kuma ya lashe kyautar Lombardi Award . A lokacin da yake aiki a Jami'ar Tennessee, White ya yi rijistar tackles 293 (201 solo), sacks 32, tackles-for-lose 19, fomble recovery hudu, da kuma bats-down guda bakwai. Kofinsa guda 15 a kakar wasa (a shekarar 1983) ya kasance tarihi a makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Patrick |date=November 19, 2016 |title=Vols' Derek Barnett ties Reggie White's sack record |url=https://www.wbir.com/article/sports/college/vols/vols-derek-barnett-ties-reggie-whites-sack-record/51-354033977 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=WBiR |language=en-US}}</ref> Maki 32 da ya samu na korar 'yan wasa daga aiki ya kasance tarihi a makaranta har sai da Derek Barnett ya karya tarihin a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fraychineaud |first=Jason |date=December 30, 2016 |title=Derek Barnett breaks Reggie White's sack record at Tennessee |url=https://www.saturdaydownsouth.com/tennessee-football/derek-barnett-breaks-reggie-whites-sack-record-tennessee/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Saturday Down South |language=en-US}}</ref> Tarihinsa na wasa ɗaya tilo na jakunkuna huɗu (daga wasan da suka yi da The Citadel a 1983) ya kasance har zuwa 2013, lokacin da Corey Miller ya yi jakunkuna huɗu da rabi a wasan da suka yi da Kentucky . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2013 |title=Tennessee beats Kentucky, 27–14 |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recap/_/gameId/333340096 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == === Wasannin Wasannin Memphis === Bayan aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji, Memphis Showboats ya zaɓi White a gasar USFL Territorial Draft ta 1984, kuma damar buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a jihar da ya je kwaleji ta isa abin burge shi da ya sa hannu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White – USFL |url=https://www.usflsite.com/players/Reggie_White/p-whitereg001 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=United States Football League}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Jeff |date=October 8, 2018 |title=Exclusive: New USFL book highlights Memphis Showboats' crazy times and Reggie White |url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/2018/10/08/memphis-showboats-reggie-white-usfl-book-pepper-rodgers-jeff-pearlman/1521320002/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=The Commercial Appeal |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya buga wa Memphis wasa na tsawon kakar wasa biyu, tun daga wasanni 36. A matsayinsa na memba na Showboats, ya tara jakunkuna 23.5, tsaro ɗaya da kuma bugun da aka tilasta masa don ya buga kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White Stats |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/players/reggie-white/stats/ |access-date=May 18, 2017 |website=Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site |language=en}}</ref> === Philadelphia Eagles === Lokacin da USFL ta ruguje a shekarar 1985, White ta rage albashinta a Philadelphia. Eagles sun sanya masa hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 4/dala miliyan 6 (tare da kyautar sayen 'yan wasa ta dala 400,000) bayan sun sayi sauran shekaru ukun da suka rage a kwangilar Memphis. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beech |first=Mark |date=December 26, 2019 |title=Book excerpt: How Reggie White changed the Packers and Green Bay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1436144/2019/12/26/book-excerpt-how-reggie-white-changed-the-packers-and-green-bay/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=The Athletic |language=en}}</ref> Har yanzu ana ɗaukar White a matsayin wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba, amma ba a san sunansa ba tukuna. Ya shiga Eagles bayan fara kakar wasa ta 1985, inda bai buga wasanni na farko ba. Lokacin da ya fara wasa a ƙarshe, ya yi tackles goma da kuma jakunkuna biyu da rabi a wasansa na farko. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya samu nasarar jefa kwallaye 13 a wasanni da dama, kuma an zaɓe shi gwarzon ɗan wasan NFC Defensive Rookie na Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Didinger |first=Ray |date=September 29, 2019 |title=Didinger: 34 years ago, the NFL was introduced to Reggie White |url=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/didinger-34-years-ago-the-nfl-was-introduced-to-reggie-white |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=PhiladelphiaEagles.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya buga wa Eagles wasa tsawon kakar wasa takwas, jimilla wasanni 121, kuma ya yi nasarar jefa kwallaye 124, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama shugaban korar Eagles a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia Eagles Career Defense Leaders |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/phi/career-defense.htm |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa tarihin Eagles na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da kora 21 a kakar wasa daya (1987, kakar wasa ta takaita zuwa wasanni 12). Mafi ƙarancin adadin safa da ya taɓa samu a Philadelphia shine 11 a shekarar 1989. White shi ma ya zama ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo da ya taɓa tara jakunkuna 20 ko fiye a wasanni 12 kacal. Ya kafa tarihi a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ta NFL a shekarar 1987 ta hanyar matsakaicin adadin sata a kowane wasa, tare da 1.75. A tsawon lokacin da ya yi yana aiki da Eagles, White ya tara tarin 'yan wasa fiye da adadin wasannin da ya buga. A shekarar 2008, ''ESPN Sportsnation'' ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar Eagles. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2008 |title=Who is the greatest in Eagles history? |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/chat/sportsnation/polling?event_id=3575&action=1&question27010=107674 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823001355/http://sports.espn.go.com/chat/sportsnation/polling?event_id=3575&action=1&question27010=107674 |archive-date=August 23, 2008 |access-date=November 7, 2008 |website=[[ESPN]] |publisher=ESPN Sportsnation}}</ref> A shekarar 1991, ya kafa tarihin mafi yawan kwallayen da aka kare a kakar wasa daya ta hannun dan wasan baya da ya zura kwallaye 13, tarihin da JJ Watt ya karya tun lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Five things to watch: Texans vs. Bills |url=http://www.houstontexans.com/news/article-2/Five-things-to-watch-Texans-vs-Bills/e8fd16a0-5bcb-4df1-a600-8c6e868998c4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105233605/http://www.houstontexans.com/news/article-2/Five-things-to-watch-Texans-vs-Bills/e8fd16a0-5bcb-4df1-a600-8c6e868998c4 |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> === Masu Tattarawa na Green Bay === [[Fayil:President_Clinton_is_presented_with_a_Green_Bay_Packers_football_team_jacket_by_lineman_Reggie_White_and_quarterback_Brett_Favre_of_the_Super_Bowl_Champion_Green_Bay_Packers_-_DPLA_-_274161a6469f4f1aafbfe84bc4461581.jpg|right|thumb| White tare da abokin wasansa Brett Favre (a baya) suna gabatar wa Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] da rigar ƙungiyar Packers a wani bikin 1997 bayan nasarar da Packers ta samu a Super Bowl XXXI]] [[Fayil:19981213_28_Reggie_White,_Lambeau_Field.jpg|alt=White at Lambeau Field in 1998.|thumb| White a filin Lambeau a shekarar 1998]] A shekarar 1993, White ya zama wakili mai 'yanci . Cinikinsa ya fara sabon zamani a NFL na 'yan wasa masu neman 'yanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Clark |date=2021-03-20 |title=How did NFL free agency begin? With Reggie White and the sound of a gavel |url=https://talkoffametwo.com/nfl/nfl-free-agency-in-1993 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Talk of Fame}}</ref> Kamfanin Green Bay Packers ne ya sanya masa hannu kuma ya amince da kwangilar shekaru 4/dala miliyan 17. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGinn |first=Bob |date=April 6, 1993 |title=17 million reasons convince Reggie White |url=http://archive.jsonline.com/sports/packers/191927631.html |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Milwaukee Journal}}</ref> A lokacin, shi ne ɗan wasa na uku mafi albashi a NFL, yana bin bayan John Elway da Dan Marino kawai. A lokacin da yake buga wa Packers wasa na tsawon kakar wasa shida, White ya sake samun wasu jakunkuna 68.5 don zama, a lokacin, jagorar Packers a wannan rukunin (yanzu na uku bayan Clay Matthews III da Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Bay Packers Career Defense Leaders |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/gnb/career-defense.htm |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> An kuma girmama White saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙungiya. Ya taimaka wa Packers lashe Super Bowl XXXI . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl XXXI – New England Patriots vs. Green Bay Packers – January 26th, 1997 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199701260gnb.htm |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin wasan, White ya samu sa'o'i uku don kafa tarihin wasa ɗaya tilo na Super Bowl, ciki har da sa'o'i uku da suka lashe wasanni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kloepping |first=Sarah |date=May 4, 2023 |title=From the archives: Reggie White through the years with the Green Bay Packers |url=https://www.packersnews.com/picture-gallery/sports/nfl/packers/2023/05/04/photos-reggie-white-through-years-green-bay-packers/11795538002/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Packers News |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ita ce kawai gasar da ya samu a kowane mataki. A shekarar 1998, an nada White a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan tsaron gida na NFL a karo na biyu a rayuwarsa. === Carolina Panthers === A shekara ta 2000, White ya fito daga ritayar shekara guda kuma ya fara dukkan wasanni 16 ga Carolina Panthers. Wannan shi ne kakar wasa mafi ƙarancin wasa, domin ya samu sa'o'i biyar da rabi da kuma bugun fanareti ɗaya da aka tilasta masa a lokacin da yake tare da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White 2000 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WhitRe00/gamelog/2000/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya sake yin ritaya a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radclliffe |first=JR |date=December 13, 2023 |title=This was the original coverage of Reggie White's shocking death in 2004 |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/nfl/packers/2023/12/13/packers-great-reggie-white-died-in-2004-heres-our-coverage-of-it/71907080007/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki na NFL == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Tatsuniya |- | style="background:#00ffff; width:3em;" | | Ɗan Wasan Tsaro na NFL na Shekara |- | style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;" | | Ya lashe gasar Super Bowl |- | style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;" | | Ya jagoranci gasar |- | '''Mai ƙarfin hali''' | Babban matsayi a aiki |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="2" |Team ! colspan="2" |Games ! colspan="4" |Tackles ! colspan="3" |Fumbles ! colspan="4" |Interceptions |- !GP !GS !Cmb !Solo !Ast !Sck !FF !FR !TD !Int !Yds !TD !PD |- !1985 !PHI |13 |12 |100 |— |— |13.0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1986 !PHI |16 |16 |98 |— |— |18.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! style="background:#00ffff;" |1987 !PHI |12 |12 |76 |— |— | style="background:#cfecec;" |'''21.0''' |0 |1 | style="background:#cfecec;" |'''1''' |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1988 !PHI |16 |16 |'''133''' |— |— | style="background:#cfecec;" |18.0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1989 !PHI |16 |16 |123 |— |— |11.0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1990 !PHI |16 |16 |83 |— |— |14.0 |0 |1 |0 |'''1''' |33 |0 |0 |- !1991 !PHI |16 |16 |100 |— |— |15.0 |0 |'''3''' |0 |'''1''' |0 |0 |0 |- !1992 !PHI |16 |16 |81 |— |— |14.0 |0 |1 |'''1''' |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1993 !GB |16 |16 |76 |'''57''' |'''19''' |13.0 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |- !1994 !GB |16 |15 |50 |36 |14 |8.0 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |- !1995 !GB |15 |13 |41 |31 |10 |12.0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |- !1996 ! style="background:#afe6ba;" |GB |16 |16 |38 |29 |9 |8.5 |3 |'''3''' |0 |'''1''' |'''46''' |0 |6 |- !1997 !GB |16 |16 |45 |31 |14 |11.0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |'''7''' |- ! style="background:#00ffff;" |1998 !GB |16 |16 |46 |33 |13 |16.0 |'''4''' |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |- !2000 !CAR |16 |16 |16 |15 |1 |5.5 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WhitRe00.htm Career] !232 !228 !1,111 !232 !80 !198.0 !14 !20 !2 !3 !79 !0 !29 |} == Ritaya == A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, White shine shugaban korar 'yan wasan NFL da aka fi kora da maki 198. (Tun daga lokacin Bruce Smith ya zarce shi, wanda ya tara 200 a cikin wasanni 47 da ya buga.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NFL Sacks Career Leaders (since 1960) |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/sacks_career.htm |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Idan aka kirga lokacin da ya yi a USFL, White yana da jimillar kora 221.5, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama shugaban kora na kwararru a fagen kwallon kafa. White ya kuma yi rikodin kutse sau uku, wanda ya mayar da shi na tsawon yadi 79. Ya dawo da bugun fanareti 20, wanda ya dawo da shi tsawon yadi 137 da kuma bugun touchdown guda biyu. Kakar wasa tara a jere (1985–1993) tare da akalla sacks 10 har yanzu tarihi ne na NFL. An nada shi a matsayin All-Pro tsawon kakar wasa 13 daga cikin 15 da ya yi, ciki har da takwas a matsayin wanda aka zaba a matsayin 'yan wasa na farko. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar White a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsaro a tarihin NFL. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Jeff |date=March 15, 2024 |title=Ranking greatest defensive players in NFL history: Where Aaron Donald fits on all-time list after retirement |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/ranking-greatest-defensive-players-in-nfl-history-where-retiring-aaron-donald-fits-on-all-time-list/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=CBSSports.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandt |first=Gil |author-link=Gil Brandt |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Reggie White, J.J. Watt among best defenders I've ever seen |url=https://www.nfl.com/photos/reggie-white-j-j-watt-among-best-defenders-i-ve-ever-seen-0ap3000000674160 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=NFL.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitlock |first=Jason |title=The unstoppable Reggie White |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=whitlock/041230 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gehman |first=Jim |date=October 21, 2023 |title=Reggie White was simply the greatest |url=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/reggie-white-was-simply-the-greatest |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=PhiladelphiaEagles.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kokawa ta ƙwararru == White ya bayyana a allon wasan kokawa na ƙwararru guda biyu, kokawa ɗaya. A watan Afrilun 1995, ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Lawrence Taylor mai suna "All-Stars" a wasan da suka fafata da Bam Bam Bigelow a gasar WrestleMania XI . A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, ya shiga wani shiri a bayan fage tare da All-Stars, inda ya yi kira ga King Kong Bundy, memba na Kamfanin Miliyan Dollar . Kafin da kuma lokacin wasan, All-Stars da Million Dollar Corporation sun shiga cikin rikici, wanda White ya shiga. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1997, White ya yi kokawa a wasansa na ƙwararru ɗaya tilo da ya buga wa WCW a Slamboree . Ya yi kokawa da tsohon ɗan wasan NFL (kuma abokin wasan LT na All-Star) Steve McMichael . Mutanen biyu sun kwaikwayi yadda ake buga ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin fafatawar. White ya sami martani mai daɗi daga ƙungiyar kokawa ta ƙwararru a [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte]], [[North Carolina]], amma duk da haka ya sha kashi a hannun McMichael bayan an buge shi da jakar ƙarfe ta Zero Halliburton da abokin wasansa na Hudu, Jeff Jarrett ya ba McMichael a asirce. == Hidimar Kirista == White da kansa Kirista ne mai ƙarfi kuma ya bayyana imaninsa a fili. Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan Kirista a lokacin da yake Jami'ar Tennessee, kuma ya nuna sha'awar zama mai wa'azi tun daga shekararsa ta biyu a shekarar 1981. Ya zama mai wa'azin Baptist a wannan lokacin. Ya sami laƙabin "Ministan Tsaro" a lokacin da yake babban jami'i. A shekarar ƙarshe ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta White, an ruwaito cewa wani abokinsa ya ba White faifan CD na koyarwa daga malamin addinin Almasihu Monte Judah. Bayan ya yi ritaya, White ya fara nazarin Attaura (littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki) da kuma tauhidin Almasihu mai lura da Attaura. White ya kuma yi karatun Ibrananci a ƙarƙashin Nehemia Gordon. A watan Oktoba na 2003, malamin addinin Almasihu kuma mai wa'azin talabijin Michael Rood ya yi wa White hira, kuma ya tattauna nazarinsa na Attaura. <ref>{{YouTube|GUneJ6xmoLY}}</ref> An watsa hirar a ranakun 4 da 6 ga Fabrairu, 2005, a tashar talabijin ta Sky Angel. White ta ci gaba da shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin na Rood na rabin sa'a mai suna "A Rood Awakening From Israel". Bayan mutuwar White, an keɓe mujallar Messianic ''Yavoh'' ta Janairu 2005 a matsayin "mai imani da Almasihu", wanda ya haifar da rudani game da akidun addinin White. Wasu sun bayar da rahoton - ba daidai ba - cewa White ya yi watsi da Kiristanci kuma yana karatun addinin Yahudanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2008}} An taɓa White saboda fargabar konewar cocin baƙar fata a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An ƙone cocin Inner City da ke Knoxville, Tennessee, inda White ya kasance mataimakin minista, a shekarar 1996. An tara sama da dala 912,000 don sake gina shi, gami da ƙananan gudummawar dala 250,000 daga magoya bayan Wisconsin, amma ba a sake gina ginin ba kuma an rushe taron. Ba a taɓa bayar da wani bayani ko lissafin kuɗi ba kuma an sha wahala sunansa. ("Ina Kuɗin Ya Je?" Jaridar Green Bay News-Chronicle, Disamba 8, 2000). Haka kuma a shekarar 1996 ya fito a fim ɗin ''Reggie's Prayer'' tare da Pat Morita, fim ɗin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie's Prayer |url=https://dove.org/review/8001-reggies-prayer/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Dove.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya buga wasan jaruma Reggie Knox, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya yi ritaya bayan kakar wasa ta 1996 ya zama malamin tarihi na aji 10 kuma babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantar sakandare a Portland, Oregon . Fim ɗin ya kuma samu halartar abokan wasansa na Packers , Brett Favre da Mike Holmgren, a matsayin masu gyaran gida, da kuma Keith Jackson a matsayin mataimakin koci. MC Hammer yana taka rawar mai tsaron wurin shakatawa. A wata hira da ABC 's 20/20, White ta yi tsokaci game da 'yan luwadi. White ya zama abokin ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da luwaɗi ; ya bayyana a wani kamfen na tallata 'yan luwaɗi da 'yan madigo don shawo kan 'yan luwaɗi da 'yan madigo cewa za su iya "dakatar," ko kuma kawo ƙarshen luwaɗinsu. Sakamakon haka, CBS ta janye kwangilar shekaru 5, dala miliyan 6 saboda kasancewa wani ɓangare na The NFL Today saboda kalamansa da ya kira luwaɗi zunubi. [1] [2] Duka Green Bay Packers da NFL sun yi adawa da tallan, tunda White ya bayyana sanye da kayan ƙwallonsa ba tare da izinin ƙungiyar ko gasar ba. Daga baya an cire kayan aikin tallan. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 1998, an gayyaci White ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dokokin Wisconsin, kuma a cikin wani jawabi mai cike da suka, ya ba wa majalisar mamaki ta hanyar sake nanata imaninsa cewa luwaɗi zunubi ne kuma "shawara," yayin da kuma ya yi amfani da launin fata don jaddada dalilin da ya sa Allah ya halicci kabilu daban-daban. Ya ce baƙar fata suna da baiwar bauta da biki, 'yan Japan da sauran 'yan Asiya "na iya mayar da talabijin zuwa agogo," 'yan Hispanik suna da baiwar "tsarin iyali" kuma "suna iya sanya mutane 20, 30 a gida ɗaya," 'yan Indiya suna da baiwar ruhaniya, kuma "ku mutane (ma'ana 'yan majalisa fararen fata) kuna yin aiki mai kyau na gina kasuwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi wannan yanayi, kuma kun san yadda ake amfani da kuɗi." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1998-03-25 |title=White Stuns Lawmakers With Speech - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/white-stuns-lawmakers-with-speech/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, ya aika wa ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' ta hanyar fakis yana neman gafara, amma a shekara ta 2000, jim kaɗan bayan ya sanya hannu da Carolina Panthers, ya sauya ra'ayi ta hanyar cewa "Ba zan canza komai ba" game da jawabin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 1998 |title=White issues letter of apology for being "clumsy, inappropriate' |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1998/04/04/white-issues-letter-of-apology-for-being-clumsy-inappropriate/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="t363">{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Charles |date=2000-07-31 |title=White has no regrets about controversial 1998 speech Panthers star wouldn't change highly criticized address |url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2000/07/31/white-regrets-about-controversial-speech-panthers-star-wouldn39t-change-highly-criticized-address/29623774007/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=GoUpstate}}</ref> == Mutuwa da gado == A safiyar ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2004, an yi gaggawar kai White daga gidansa da ke Cornelius, North Carolina, zuwa wani asibiti da ke kusa da Huntersville, North Carolina, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsa. Daga baya an gano cewa dalilin mutuwarsa ya faru ne saboda arrhythmia . A cewar Ofishin Masu Duba Lafiya na Gundumar Mecklenburg, abin da ya fi haifar da arrhythmia shine cututtukan zuciya da huhu, wanda White ya shafe shekaru yana fama da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasquarelli |first=Len |author-link=Len Pasquarelli |date=May 20, 2005 |title=Thursday roundup: Maddox rides to Ben's defense |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2063708 |access-date=January 30, 2017 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> An kuma bayyana cewa [[Bugawar bacci|rashin bacci]], wanda aka gano cewa White yana da shi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=AASM Accredits 1,000th Facility – News – Sleep Review<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.sleepreviewmag.com/news.php?p=62 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019112049/http://www.sleepreviewmag.com/news.php?p=62 |archive-date=October 19, 2006}}</ref> wataƙila ya taimaka wajen mutuwarsa. Sara, bazawara ta White, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Barci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sleep Wellness Institute, Wisconsin sleep disorders treatment center |url=http://www.sleepwellandlive.com/ |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> ta kafa Gidauniyar Bincike da Ilimi ta Reggie <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White Sleep Disorders Foundation |url=http://www.reggiewhitefoundation.org/ |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> wacce aka keɓe ga duk mutanen da ke da damar samun magani ga matsalolin barci, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba. "Crescent Rising" wani shiri ne na Gidauniyar Reggie White, wanda aka fara a watan Mayu na 2007, wanda ke ba da ayyukan rushewa kyauta ga masu gidaje a yankin [[New Orleans]] da guguwar Katrina ta shafa. An ƙirƙiri shirin Crescent Rising don hanzarta rushewa ta hanyar ƙarfafa gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don hanzarta murmurewa daga lalacewar guguwa. Gidauniyar ta rushe gidanta na farko a watan Yunin 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merrill |first=Elizabeth |date=July 20, 2007 |title=New Orleans opens arms to ArenaBowl |url=https://www.espn.com/extra/afl/news/story?id=2943839 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> == Daraja == === Ritaya daga lambar Jersey === [[Fayil:Reggie_White_HOF_jersey.jpg|thumb| Rigar White's Philadelphia Eagles ta Philadelphia Eagles da aka nuna a zauren kwararru na ƙwallon ƙafa da ke Canton, Ohio]] A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2005, Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers, da Jami'ar Tennessee sun yi ritaya daga buga wa White riga mai lamba 92. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2005 |title=Eagles honor Reggie White, retire his jersey |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2249043 |access-date=October 6, 2023 |website=ESPN.com |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> [[Jami'ar Tennessee]] ta yi ritayar rigar White a lokacin wasan hutun rabin lokaci a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2005, a lokacin wasa da Ole Miss, karo na uku da ta yi ritaya a zamanin ƙwallon ƙafa na zamani a makarantar; an kuma bayyana wata alama ta tunawa a ƙarshen kudu na filin wasa na Neyland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2005 |title=No. 10 Vols jump to early lead, beat Rebels |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recap/_/gameId/252742633 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317175318/https://www.espn.com/college-football/recap/_/gameId/252742633 |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> A lokacin da aka yi wasan hutun rabin lokaci a Lambeau Field a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2005, White ya zama na 5 a Green Bay Packer da aka yi wa ritayar lambarsa ta hannun kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2005 |title=Packers To Retire Reggie White's Number Sept. 18 |url=https://www.packers.com/news/packers-to-retire-reggie-white-s-number-sept-18-2459413 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Packers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2005, Philadelphia Eagles ta ajiye rigarta a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a lokacin wasan ''ƙwallon ƙafa na daren Litinin'' da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Eagles da Seattle Seahawks, wanda Mike Holmgren, tsohon kocin White ya jagoranta a Green Bay, ya horar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2005 |title=Eagles retire White' No. 92 in special ceremony |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2249043 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> White ya zama ɗan wasa na farko kuma tilo (har zuwa Janairu 2026) a tarihin NFL da aka yi masa ritaya a hukumance daga ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Packers da Eagles sun kuma sanya hular kwalkwali don girmama White don sauran wasannin kakar wasa. === Zaɓen Zaɓen Zaɓen Shahararru === An zaɓe White bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a zaɓen farko da ya yi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White, 2006 Pro Football Hall Of Fame Class |url=https://sicovers.com/featured/1-reggie-white-2006-pro-football-hall-of-fame-class-july-26-2006-sports-illustrated-cover.html |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Sports Illustrated Covers |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilner |first=Barry |date=August 6, 2006 |title=White's induction dominates Hall of Fame ceremony |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2006/08/06/White-s-induction-dominates-Hall-of-Fame-ceremony/stories/200608060220 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> An yi masa ado a wani biki a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2006, a Canton, OH . Matar Reggie kuma wacce yanzu bazawara ce, Sara White, ta gabatar da jawabin amincewa da mijinta a bikin. Ɗansu, Jeremy White, ne ya gabatar da ita. An zaɓi White a matsayin ɗan wasan Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame a shekara ta 2005, da kuma Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame a shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White |url=https://www.wihalloffame.com/reggie-white |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reggie White |url=http://www.phillyhall.org/inductee_profile.asp?ind=68 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref> An shigar da shi cikin Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame a shekara ta 2006. === Titunan da aka sanya wa suna === An yi bikin sanya hannu a hukumance na Reggie White Boulevard a shekarar 2008, a mahadar titin 20th da Carter a Chattanooga, Tennessee . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2008 |title=Reggie White Boulevard Sign Hanging Is Monday |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2008/12/5/140297/Reggie-White-Boulevard-Sign-Hanging.aspx |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Chattanoogan.com |language=en}}</ref> Reggie White Way a Green Bay, Wisconsin, tana gefen titin Lombardi kusa da Lambeau Field. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oneida Nation Walk of Legends |url=https://www.greenbay.com/listing/oneida-nation-walk-of-legends/3251/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=GreenBay.com |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== 52e9s78ekal290usodylbnrhwfolxj6 0 166905 968456 919787 2026-10-16T22:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Innerstebergland.jpg|thumb|295x295px| '''Tuddan Salzgitter''' (daga dama) sun samar da wani tudu da ya yi iyaka da arewa maso gabas da gabashin Innerste Uplands.]] '''Salzgitter Hills''' (kuma ''Salzgitterscher Höhenzug'') yanki ne na tudu har zuwa {{Convert|322.9|m|ft}} a tsayi, a tsaunukan Lower Saxon tsakanin Salzgitter da Goslar a gundumomin Wolfenbüttel da Goslar da kuma a yankin garin Salzgitter mai zaman kansa. Tuddai suna cikin jihar tarayya ta Jamus ta [[Lower Saxony]]. Sunan Jamus {{Lang|de|Salzgitter-Höhenzug}} kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a arewacin Harz Foreland, duk da cewa ba a same ta a taswira ba, kuma ana amfani da ita wajen nufin layin tuddai a arewacin tsaunukan Harz tsakanin garuruwan da aka ambata a sama. Dajin jihar Salzgitter Hills yana ƙarƙashin kulawar ofisoshin gandun daji da dama na Lower Saxony, ciki har da {{Lang|de|Revierförsterei Salder}} a cikin Salzgitter-Salder. Za a iya raba tsaunukan Salzgitter zuwa waɗannan sassa huɗu da ba a ambata sunayensu ba: * '''Sashen Arewa maso Yamma''' (wanda ya ƙunshi galibin '''Lichtenberge''' )<br /><br /><br /><br /> (har zuwa 254.2&nbsp;m tsayi; tsakanin Holle da [[Salzgitter-Gebhardshagen]] ) * '''Sashen Arewa-Tsakiya'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> (har zuwa 275.3&nbsp;m tsayi; tsakanin Salzgitter-Gebhardshagen da Salzgitter-Bad ) * '''Sashen Kudu-tsakiya'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> (har zuwa 307.0&nbsp;m tsayi; tsakanin Salzgitter-Bad da Liebenburg ) * '''Sashen Kudu'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> (har zuwa 322.9&nbsp;m tsayi; tsakanin Liebenburg da Goslar- Immenrode da Goslar- [[Hahndorf (Goslar)|Hahndorf]] ) == Matsugunan zama == [[Fayil:Burg_lichtenberg.jpg|thumb| Katangar Fadar Lichtenberg daga kudu, tare da ƙauyen Lichtenberg a bango]] Daga cikin ƙauyuka da garuruwa (mafi girma) a cikin da kewayen tsaunukan Salzgitter (daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas) akwai: * Holle - 'yan kilomita yamma da yammacin ƙarshen sashin arewa maso yamma ( Landkreis Hildesheim ) * Baddeckenstedt – kudu maso yamma na sashin arewa maso yamma ( Landkreis Wolfenbüttel ) ** Wartjenstedt - yamma da ƙarshen yamma na sashen arewa maso yamma ** Burgdorf (ƙaramin Baddeckenstedt) - arewa maso yamma na sashen arewa maso yamma ** Elbe (ƙaramin Baddeckenstedt) - kudu da sashen arewa maso yamma ** Haverlah (ƙaramin Baddeckenstedt) - kudu maso yammacin ɓangaren arewacin tsakiya * Salzgitter – a arewacin sassan arewa maso yamma da kuma arewa ta tsakiya ( kreisfreie Stadt ) ** Osterlinde - arewacin sashen arewa maso yamma ** [[Lichtenberg (Salzgitter)|Lichtenberg]] - arewacin sashen arewa maso yamma ** [[Gebhardshagen]] - kan sauyin yankin arewa maso yamma zuwa yankin tsakiya na arewa ** Bad - akan sauyawa daga arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiya ** Ringelheim - yammacin sauyawa daga arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiya * Liebenburg - a kan miƙa mulki daga arewa zuwa kudancin tsakiyar sashe ( Landkreis Goslar ) ** Dörnten - yammacin sashin kudu ** [[Groß Döhren]] - gabas da sashin kudu ** Othfresen - kudu da yankin tsakiyar kudu * Vienenburg - 'yan kilomita kaɗan a gabashin yankin kudu (Landkreis Goslar) ** Immenrode (ƙauyen yammacin Vienenburg) - kudu maso gabashin ɓangaren kudu ** [[Weddingen]] - kudu maso gabashin sashen kudu * Goslar - kudu da ƙarshen kudu na ɓangaren kudu (Landkreis Goslar) ** [[Hahndorf (Goslar)|Hahndorf]] (ƙauyen arewacin Goslar) - kudancin ɓangaren kudu ** [[Jerstedt]] (ƙauyen arewa maso yamma na Goslar) - kudu maso yammacin ɓangaren kudu == Majiyoyi == * Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde da Raumforschung: Geographische Landesaufnahme 1:200000. Naturräumliche Gliederung Deutschlands. Rana naturräumlichen Einheiten auf Blatt 86 Hannover. Bad Godesberg 1960 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194058/http://www.langelsheim.de/media/custom/62_2843_1.PDF?La=1&object=med%7C62.2843.1/ Landschaftsschutzgebiet im Landkreis Goslar] (PDF-Datei; 2,56 MB) * [http://www.natur-und-umwelthilfe-goslar.de/ Aktiver Naturschutz im Salzgitter-Höhenzug] pnefli1bsc92xcn7lvm1ksxstjdnzj8 0 167588 968438 923404 2026-10-16T21:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saeed Madhkour Al-Ghamdi''' (An haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif1942) wanda aka fi sani da '''Saeed Ghorab''', <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=سعيد غراب .. منحه الملك فيصل لقبًا خاصًا وشطبه ساهم في العودة لقطبي جدة |trans-title=Saeed Ghorab... King Faisal granted him a special title and his removal contributed to the return of the two poles of Jeddah |url=https://www.goal.com/ar-sa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8--%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9/ma6bm5kva0je1ezerscgta19e |website=goal.com |language=ar}}</ref> tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Saudi Arabia wanda ya buga wasan gaba a Al-Ittihad, Al-Ahli, [[Al-Nassr]], da ƙungiyar ƙasar Saudi Arabia . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ghorab a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1942, a ƙauyen Al-Dhafir a yankin Al-Bahah, a kusa da gangaren Dutsen Hijaz a yammacin Saudi arabiya . Daga nan sai ya koma Jedda tun yana Dan ƙarami.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == Ghorab ya fara aikin kwallon kafa tare da ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Ahli . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=سعيد غراب |url=https://www.arageek.com/bio/saed-gorab |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=أراجيك - Arageek |language=ar}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga Al-Ittihad, kafin ya koma [[Al-Nassr]] na ɗan lokaci saboda aikinsa tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Jirgin Sama. A lokacin da yake Al-Nassr Ghorab ya sami gagarumin nasara ta hanyar zira kwallaye takwas a wasan daya da ya samu a kan Al-Najma a lokacin gasar cin kofin a shekarar 1969. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan ya koma Al-Ahli, amma daga baya ya yi aiki na karshe tare da Al-Ittihad, inda ya kasance har sai da ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ghorab ya buga wasa wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Saudi Arabiya daga shekara ta 1967 zuwa shekarar 1974. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saeed Gurab |url=https://www.ksa-team.com/english/players.php?id=350 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.ksa-team.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 1967, ya taka leda a jerin gwaje-gwaje da Pakistan inda ya zira kwallaye da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=للتاريخ منتخب الستينيات |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/558172 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=arriyadiyah.com |language=ar}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1967, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar da Saudi Arabia ta samu 4-0 a kan Tunisiya a [[Riyadh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Team - Saudi Arabia vs Tunisia |url=https://www.ksa-team.com/english/matches.php?id=963 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.ksa-team.com}}</ref> Ghorab ya taka leda a wasanni uku na Kofin Gulf ciki har da 1970, 1972, da 1974. <ref>{{Cite web |last=الموقع |first=إدارة |date=2023-01-10 |title=سعيد غراب .. جوهرة السعودية السمراء صاحب الهاتريك الأول في تاريخ كاس الخليج |trans-title=Saeed Ghorab, Saudi Arabia's dark jewel, who scored the first hat-trick in the history of the Gulf Cup. |url=https://al-kas.com/91823/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=صحيفة الكأس الرياضية |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1972 edition da aka gudanar a Saudi Arabiya ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye biyar, ciki har da hat-trick a kan Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, hat-tric na farko da aka rubuta a gasar cin kofin Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Before the start of the Gulf 25.. Jassim Yaqoub clung to the top scorers – اتحاد كأس الخليج العربي لكرة القدم |url=https://agcff.com/en/7349/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf Cup 1972 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/gulf72.html |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2024 |title=Gulf Cup: A Vision Realized to Create a Legacy Spanning Over Five Decades |url=https://qna.org.qa/en/news/news-details?id=0017-gulf-cup-a-vision-realized-to-create-a-legacy-spanning-over-five-decades&date=8/12/2024 |website=[[Qatar News Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Gulf 25: Players who shined bright during the regional tournament |url=https://www.alkassenglish.net/NewsDetails-12130-Gulf-25-Players-who-shined-bright-during-the-regional-tournament- |website=www.alkassenglish.net}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye uku a gasar ta shekarar 1974, inda ya zira kwallayen a kan Bahrain, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf Cup 1974 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/gulf74.html |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa, Ghorab ya bi aikin horarwa ta hanyar shiga Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Brazil a [[Rio de Janeiro]], <ref name=":2" /> inda ya sami difloma mai zurfi a horarwa. Bayan ya dawo [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], ya shiga cikin haɓaka ƙwarewar gida. Ya fara aiki a matsayin koci da mai kula, gami da kula a Al-Ittihad . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kocin kungiyar matasa ta Al-Ittihad kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar a shekarar 1984. A shekarar 1985, an naɗa Ghorab mataimakin kocin , yayin da yake kula da tawagar matasa a wannan shekarar. Ayyukansa na koci sun wuce harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kulob, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz da ke Jeddah a shekarar 1987. A shekarar 1989, ya zama babban kocin ƙungiyar farko ta Al-Rabee Club. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ya ɗauki alhakin horar da tawagogin matasa da na ƙananan shekaru na , inda ya ci gaba da sadaukar da kansa wajen haɓaka da horar da matasa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref name=":2" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 6ixdkig56zmj8go6m3kidxloqr1h63t 0 169039 968515 928695 2026-10-17T05:25:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:The_Wave_-_Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg|thumb| ''Wave'' daga Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] [[File:Winslow_Homer_Summer_Squall.jpg|thumb| ''Ruwan bazara'', 1904. Tsarin teku na Winslow Homer .]] '''Siffar teku''' [[hoto]] ne, [[Painting|zane]], ko wani aikin fasaha wanda ke nuna [[teku]], a wata ma'anar misali na fasahar teku . Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga yanayin ƙasa, wanda aka fara amfani da shi don hotunan ƙasa a cikin fasaha. Ta hanyar irin wannan ci gaba, "siffar teku" kuma ta zama ma'anar ainihin fahimtar teku kanta. Ana amfani da shi wajen tsara yanayi ga wurare masu kyau waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da teku. Kyawawan yanayin teku suna samun kariya ta doka dangane da bambancin halittu/lafiyar tekuna ( Yarjejeniyar OSPAR, da kuma yanayin teku na gani da al'adu ( [[Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Turai|Yarjejeniyar Yanayin Ƙasa ta Turai]] ). == Tarihi == An fara rubuta kalmar teku kuma an ƙirƙira ta a shekarar 1790. ''Smithsonian'' ya lura a shekarar 2016 cewa amfani da aka fara samu shine 1804. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blei |first=Daniela |date=23 June 2016 |title=Inventing the Beach: The Unnatural History of a Natural Place |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/inventing-beach-unnatural-history-natural-place-180959538/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin misali na kalmar "Landscape". Kalmar tana ci gaba da amfani da ita ga ayyukan fasaha waɗanda galibi ke nuna teku a buɗe (sau da yawa tare da jigilar kaya a kai), da kuma kallon teku. == Amfani da tsare-tsare == [[File:Clifton_Beach_5.jpg|left|thumb| Hoton teku a bakin teku na Clifton, South Arm, Tasmania, Ostiraliya]] A Burtaniya, an bayyana yanayin teku a cikin tsarin tsare-tsare da amfani da ƙasa a matsayin haɗin ƙasa, bakin teku da [[teku]] da ke maƙwabtaka da juna a cikin wani yanki, wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar haɗakar gani tsakanin ƙasa da teku da kimanta halayen yanayin ƙasa na bakin teku, tare da manyan filayen da ke samar da wuraren raba tsakanin yanki ɗaya na teku da na gaba. Hukumomin muhalli na gwamnati a [[Wales]] (UK) da Ireland ne suka haɗu wajen [[Shirye-shiryen shimfidar wuri|tsara tsarin shimfidar ƙasa]] a bakin teku a shekara ta 2000 don taimakawa wajen tsara sararin samaniya (a wancan lokacin) don haɓaka noman iska a bakin teku . An daidaita sakamakon "Jagorar mafi kyawun aiki a kimanta yanayin teku" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=M. |last2=Briggs |first2=J. |last3=Minto |first3=P. |last4=Bagnall |first4=D. |last5=Foley |first5=K. |last6=Williams |first6=A. |date=March 2001 |title=Guide to Best Practice in Seascape Assessment |url=https://oar.marine.ie/bitstream/10793/553/1/INTERREG%205%20Guide%20to%20Best%20Practice%20in%20Seascape%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=oar.marine.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260402014900/https://oar.marine.ie/bitstream/10793/553/1/INTERREG%205%20Guide%20to%20Best%20Practice%20in%20Seascape%20Assessment.pdf |archive-date=2026-04-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> tun daga lokacin kuma an yi amfani da shi a [[Scotland]] da [[Wales]] don jagora ga masu haɓaka gonakin iska na ƙasashen waje da kuma don gudanar da kimantawa kan tsare-tsaren sarari. A halin yanzu, an kuma yi amfani da kalmar a Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |title=English Heritage |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.8684 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.english-heritage.org.uk}}</ref> tana nufin wuraren tarihi da na tarihi na teku - wata hanya daban amma mai dacewa ta hanyoyin da ta ƙunshi abin da ke ƙarƙashin saman teku. Wannan amfani da kalmar ya bambanta daga mai da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa da fahimtar gani, maimakon haka ya dogara ne kawai akan fahimtar fahimta (abin da ke ƙarƙashin saman teku ba ya gani ga yawancinmu). [[Harshen Welsh]] ya bambanta tsakanin 'Morluniau' (yanayin teku a ma'anar gargajiya ta hoto, kallo ko [[Painting|zane]] ), da kuma 'Morweddau' (yanayin teku a matsayin yanki na musamman, wanda ke nuna halaye da halaye na musamman). Babu irin wannan bambanci a cikin harshen Turanci. == Manazarta == 7gtypqaxd8nwo5a841e2a2nh0fuwmlc 0 169922 968513 931728 2026-10-17T04:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirin Shuka Itace Biliyan Daya''' shine aikin gwamnatin Iran don dasa bishiyoyi daga 2021-2025. A cikin 2021, gwamnati ta ba da umarni ga Ministan Aikin Gona Jihad, Kungiyar Kula da albarkatun kasa da Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Muhalli don gudanar da shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title='Iran's ecosystem has capacity for planting 1 billion trees in 4 years' |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/482730/Iran-s-ecosystem-has-capacity-for-planting-1-billion-trees-in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311122650/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/482730/Iran-s-ecosystem-has-capacity-for-planting-1-billion-trees-in |archive-date=2023-03-11 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=National plan targets planting one billion saplings |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/480906/National-plan-targets-planting-one-billion-saplings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209082041/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/480906/National-plan-targets-planting-one-billion-saplings |archive-date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=طرح کاشت یک میلیارد درخت در ایران؛ احتمال موفقیت این طرح چقدر است؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/c51k1w1711yo |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=BBC News فارسی |language=fa}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=كاشت یك میلیارد درخت حداقل به ۱۸ هزار میلیارد تومان اعتبار نیاز دارد |url=https://www.areeo.ac.ir/fa-IR/AREEO/1/news/view/16954/187555/Staging |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308023444/https://www.areeo.ac.ir/fa-IR/AREEO/1/news/view/16954/187555/Staging |archive-date=2024-03-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rikicin ruwa na Iran ya haifar da shakku game da yiwuwar aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=ابراهیم رئیسی و وعده‌ای دیگر ؛ این بار کاشت یک میلیارد اصله درخت در چهار سال |url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-raeisi-new-planting-plan/6992853.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601174817/https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-raeisi-new-planting-plan/6992853.html |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=صدای آمریکا |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=معاون وزیر کشاورزی: می‌توانیم آب مورد نیاز دو میلیارد نفر را تامین کنیم |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202305221413 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603064312/https://www.iranintl.com/202305221413 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=ایران اینترنشنال |language=fa}}</ref> Gwamnati za ta dasa bishiyoyi miliyan ɗari uku. Za a samar da tsire-tsire miliyan 250 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.111.ir/detail/410551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610095417/https://www.111.ir/detail/410551 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=انعقاد ۹ تفاهم‌نامه همکاری با دستگاه‌های کشور برای کاشت یک میلیارد درخت |url=https://dolat.ir/detail/408394 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=dolat.ir |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85061080/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072356/https://www.irna.ir/news/85061080/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.irna.ir}}</ref> Manufofin aikin sun haɗa da sake farfado da gandun daji na halitta, da itatuwan gona, don ƙara [[Yankin birni mai laushi|sararin samaniya na birane]], da kuma magance [[Guguwar ƙura|guguwar yashi]]. == Ka shuka == Gundumomin Arewa za su karɓi Crataegus da itatuwan oak. A yammacin ''Carpinus betulus'' (hornbeams na Turai). Gundumomi na tsakiya za su karɓi Robin, fraxinus, da lilacs na Farisa. A ƙarshe, lardunan Kudancin za su shuka eucalyptus da itatuwan mangrove.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == otm1i0wr6t2p41hstxbd4sweaskfi0u 0 170442 968507 945646 2026-10-17T03:30:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sharon Janny den Adel''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1974) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta ƙasar Holland wacce ita ce jagorar mawaƙan ƙungiyar sinfonic metal a cikin Temptation . Tana yin wasan kwaikwayo tun tana 'yar shekara 14, kuma ta kafa Within Temptation tare da abokin tarayya Robert Westerholt a shekarar 1996. An kuma zabe ta a matsayin shugabar juriyar Dutch don Gasar Eurovision Song ta 2018. <ref name="eurovisie">{{Cite web |title=Sharon den Adel in vakjury Eurovisie Songfestival |url=https://www.ad.nl/show/sharon-den-adel-in-vakjury-eurovisie-songfestival~ad7e2471/ |access-date=30 April 2018 |publisher=ad.nl}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sharon Janny den Adel a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1974 a Waddinxveen . <ref name="WTSharon">{{Cite web |title=Sharon den Adel |url=http://www.within-temptation.com/band-members/sharon-den-adel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604115641/http://www.within-temptation.com/band-members/sharon-den-adel/ |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=Within Temptation}}</ref> Ta zauna a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] na tsawon shekaru biyar tun tana yarinya. Masu rawa na Balinese da ta gani a wannan lokacin sun yi wahayi zuwa ga motsi na rawa a kan mataki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=About the dresses from Black Symphony and the 'Sharon dance' Within Temptation (EPISODE #18) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUw2BQuvxT4 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816104335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUw2BQuvxT4&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |publisher=Within Temptation }}</ref> Bayan dawowa daga [[Suriname]] zuwa Netherlands, abokan aji sun zalunci ta saboda salon tufafinta daban-daban, salon gashi, da fata mai duhu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2016 |title=Sharon den Adel speaks out on bullying and discrimination |url=https://addhoc.nu/2016/01/04/sharon-den-adel-speaks-out-on-bullying-and-discrimination/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403061600/http://addhoc.nu/2016/01/04/sharon-den-adel-speaks-out-on-bullying-and-discrimination/ |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Tun tana 'yar shekara 14, ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, gami da ƙungiyar blues rock da ake kira Kashiro . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 2008 |title=My Life Story: Sharon den Adel |journal=[[Metal Hammer]] |issue=176 |page=65}}</ref> Yayin da haɗin gwiwarsu ta girma, a cikin 1996 sun zo su kafa ƙungiyar da ake kira The Portal, kodayake an canza sunan zuwa Within Temptation kafin rikodin su na farko. <ref name="WTSharon" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About WT |url=http://www.within-temptation.com/about-wt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613023306/http://www.within-temptation.com/about-wt/ |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> Den Adel yana da digiri na farko a cikin zane-zane.<ref name="aboutinterview">{{Cite web |title=Rock |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/withintemptatio_2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521131640/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/withintemptatio_2.htm |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Horarwa da murya === Sharon ba ta taɓa yin karatun waka ba kuma ta bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2006 cewa ta yi waka a cikin mawaƙa kuma galibi tana koyar da kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tup |date=10 July 2006 |title=Interview with Sharon den Adel |url=http://tup.buzznet.com/user/journal/34351/interview-sharon-den-adel-within/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309213909/http://tup.buzznet.com/user/journal/34351/interview-sharon-den-adel-within/ |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=Buzznet}}</ref> Ta kasance tana motsa jiki ita kaɗai sa'o'i uku ko hudu a kowace rana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowar |first=Chad |title=Within Temptation Interview: A Conversation With Vocalist Sharon Den Adel |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/withintemptatio_2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521131640/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/withintemptatio_2.htm |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=About.com}}</ref> An bayyana ta da cewa tana da muryar mezzo-soprano. === A cikin Jaraba === [[File:Within_Temptation_2011_5.jpg|thumb|Den Adel yana aiki tare da A cikin Jaraba a cikin 2011]] Robert Westerholt da den Adel sun kafa Within Temptation (da farko ana kiranta The Portal, kodayake an canza sunan kafin rikodin su na farko) a cikin 1996. Westerholt ya gabatar da den Adel ga kiɗansa lokacin da ya yi tare da ƙungiyar The Circle, wanda yayi kama da kiɗan da Within Temptation zai yi.<ref name="QA" /><ref name="WTSharon" /> Ta bayyana aikinsu a matsayin epic da cinematic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=f.y.e. - for your entertainment |url=http://www.fye.com/Within-Temptation_stcVVcatId480281VVviewcat.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822111604/http://www.fye.com/Within-Temptation_stcVVcatId480281VVviewcat.htm |archive-date=22 August 2007 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=fye.com}}</ref> Muryarta tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sautin ƙungiyar, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa samun horo na murya ba.<ref name="QA">{{Cite web |title=Answers To Your Questions |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/asktheartist/index.aspx?askID=80 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010824/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/asktheartist/index.aspx?askID=80 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=[[Roadrunner Records]]}}</ref> Kafin Within Temptation ta zama sananniya, ta yi aiki a wani kamfani na kayan ado, ta bar bayan ƙungiyar ta sami nasara tare da waƙoƙin da suka buga "Ice Queen". Tana amfani da kwarewarta ta hanyar tsara kayan ado da kayan ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About.com: Sharon den adel interview |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/withintemptatio_2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521131640/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/withintemptatio_2.htm |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> About.com ya bayyana den Adel a matsayin "mai raira waƙa mai ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa wanda yake da ƙwarewar raira waƙa da ƙarfi tare da cikakken ƙungiyar mawaƙa da mawaƙa yayin da take raira waƙa a hankali da motsin rai tare da piano kawai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Within Temptation - 'An Acoustic Night At The Theatre' |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/w/fr/withintemptation-anacousticnight.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915082856/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/w/fr/withintemptation-anacousticnight.htm |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=[[About.com]]}}</ref>Lokacin da aka tambaye ta idan ta fi so ta raira waƙa a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland ko Ingilishi, den Adel ta ce tana son ƙarshen saboda "Yaren mutanen Holland kawai bai dace da salon kiɗanmu ba. Har ila yau, ba shine mafi kyawun yaren da za a raira waƙa ba. Italiyanci ko Mutanen Espanya zai zama mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓuka".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2006 |title=Interview with Sharon Den Adel from Within Temptation |url=http://tup.buzznet.com/user/journal/34351/interview-sharon-den-adel-within/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309213909/http://tup.buzznet.com/user/journal/34351/interview-sharon-den-adel-within/ |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=26 November 2012 |publisher=[[Buzznet]]}}</ref> An gayyaci ƙungiyar sau da yawa don yin gasa a Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision a matsayin wakilan Dutch, amma sun ƙi a kowane lokaci tun lokacin da suka sami ba wuri mafi kyau ga ƙungiyar ƙarfe don gabatar da kansu ba. A cikin 2018, an zaɓi den Adel a matsayin mai juri don fitowar wannan shekarar.<ref name="eurovisie" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=Within Temptation : "On fait ce qu'on veut, tant pis si des gens n'aiment pas" |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/musique/within-temptation-on-fait-ce-qu-on-veut-tant-pis-si-des-gens-n-aiment-pas-12-03-2019-8029944.php |access-date=12 March 2019 |publisher=[[Le Parisien]]}}</ref> === Indigo na === A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2017, den Adel ta sanar a cikin shirin talabijin na Dutch RTL Late Night, cewa a rana mai zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba, 2017, za a saki na farko don aikinta na solo My Indigo, wanda kuma ake kira "My Indigo".<ref>{{Cite web |title=DONTTEARMEDOWN - within Temptation International Fan Site |url=http://donttearmedown.info/updates/20171103-official-statement/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509192155/http://donttearmedown.info/updates/20171103-official-statement/ |archive-date=2018-05-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon den Adel lanceert soloproject - RTL Nieuws |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/boulevard/entertainment/sharon-den-adel-lanceert-soloproject |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110115009/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/boulevard/entertainment/sharon-den-adel-lanceert-soloproject |archive-date=10 November 2017 |website=www.rtlnieuws.nl}} </ref> A cewar den Adel, ba a fara aikin ba ne don a saki shi ga jama'a saboda ita ce hanyar magance matsalolin mutum, kuma saboda toshewar marubuci don tsarawa don A cikin Jaraba. Bayan shekaru biyu da ta rubuta wa kanta kuma tare da sake samun wahayi don rubuta don A cikin Jaraba, den Adel ta yanke shawarar raba aikin a fili a matsayin aikin daban mai suna "My Indigo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2017 |title=Within Temptation's Sharon den Adel Reveals My Indigo Solo Song |url=http://loudwire.com/within-temptation-sharon-den-adel-my-indigo-solo-project/ |website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2017 |title=Within Temptation-zangeres Sharon den Adel start soloproject |url=https://www.nu.nl/muziek/5000744/within-temptation-zangeres-sharon-adel-start-soloproject.html}}</ref> An saki kundi na farko mai taken kansa a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2018. === Haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu masu fasaha === {{Multiple image|caption_align=center}}Baya ga babban aikinta a cikin jaraba, den Adel ta yi a kan mataki da kuma a cikin ɗakin karatu tare da sanannun masu fasaha daga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, gami da Tarja Turunen, Armin van Buuren, Bayan Har abada, De Heideroosjes, Oomph!, Delain, Agua de Annique, Anneke van Giersbergen da Evanescence . Kafin kafa A cikin Jaraba, den Adel ya yi aiki tare da Voyage, wanda wasu daga cikin mambobin A cikin Jarabci na gaba suka kafa, a kan waƙar "Frozen" (kada a rikita shi da waƙar A cikin Jamuwa ta wannan taken). Mai ba da murya ya shiga cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na dutse da ƙarfe da yawa, yana raira waƙar Anna Held a cikin biyu daga cikin fitowar Tobias Sammet's Avantasia, The Metal Opera da The Metal Opera Part II, daga baya kuma yana raira waƙa da ɓangaren "Muse" a cikin kundin Ghostlights na 2016. Ta kuma dauki bangare na "Indian" a wasan kwaikwayo na Ayreon a cikin Electric Castle . Den Adel sannan ya hada kai a kan ayyukan Timo Tolkki guda biyu, kasancewar shi ne baƙon murya a kan waƙar Avalon na Timo Tolkki "Shine", don aikin The Land of New Hope, kuma an nuna shi a cikin waƙar aikinsa na solo "Are You the One?". A cikin yanayin ƙarfe na symphonic, den Adel ya haɗu da After Forever a kan waƙar "Beyond Me", wanda aka saki a cikin kundin Prison of Desire, yana yin waƙar kai tsaye tare da ƙungiyar a zaɓaɓɓun kide-kide.<ref name="Beyond Me">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2006 |title=WITHIN TEMPTATION Singer To Perform With AFTER FOREVER |url=https://archive.blabbermouth.net/news/within-temptation-singer-to-perform-with-after-forever/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019170831/https://archive.blabbermouth.net/news/within-temptation-singer-to-perform-with-after-forever/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na duet tare da Marko Hietala a kan waƙar "No Compliance" don kundin Delain Lucidity, kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar a kan zaɓaɓɓun wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye na waƙar.<ref name="Delain live">{{Cite web |title=WITHIN TEMPTATION – Interview with Sharon den Adel |url=http://metal-and-highheels.com/music/within-temptation-interview-with-sharon-den-adel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925090618/http://metal-and-highheels.com/music/within-temptation-interview-with-sharon-den-adel/ |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=Metal and High Heels}}</ref> Den Adel na ɗaya daga cikin baƙi masu ba da gudummawa da aka gayyace su don fassarar Tarja Turunen na Feliz Navidad, wanda ya ƙunshi sunayen sunaye daga yanayin ƙarfe mai nauyi kuma an sake shi azaman fa'ida guda.<ref name="Feliz Navidad">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2017 |title=Tarja Turunen Lines Up All-Star Cast for 'Feliz Navidad' Cover |url=http://loudwire.com/tarja-turunen-all-star-cast-feliz-navidad-charity-cover/ |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=Loudwire.com}}</ref><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>{{Multiple image|caption_align=center}}Har ila yau, yana shiga wasu nau'ikan kiɗa, den Adel ya rubuta tare kuma ya rubuta murya don waƙar "In and Out of Love" a kan Armin van Buuren's 2008 trance album Imagine, wanda ya ba su kyaututtuka don "Best Progressive House / Trance Track" da "Best video" a kan International Dance Music Awards . <ref name="2009 nominees">{{Cite web |title=31st Annual International Dance Music Awards |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308114612/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2009#idmanominees |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> Sun yi waƙar ta musamman tare da Orchestra na Metropole a bikin bikin gala na Golden Harp na 2010, inda aka ba van Buuren kyautar aikin kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2010 |title=Armin van Buuren awarded with Gouden Harp |url=http://www.armadamusic.com/news/2010/03/armin-van-buuren-awarded-with-gouden-harp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408055756/http://www.armadamusic.com/news/2010/03/armin-van-buuren-awarded-with-gouden-harp/ |archive-date=8 April 2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |publisher=[[Armada Music]]}}</ref> A cikin fitowar 2009 na Night of the Proms, den Adel ya yi baƙo a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon John Miles na "Stairway to Heaven".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2009 |title=Stairway to Heaven – John Miles, Sharon den Adel & Katona Twins |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXhJK9XLf1s |access-date=14 August 2012 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2012, den Adel ya bayyana a wani kamfen na sadaka da gidan rediyo na Belgium ya yi don tara kuɗi ga yara da ke raira waƙar ''het Meneer Konijn ya yi ƙarya'' tsakanin sauran fitattun mutanen Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WTofficial |date=30 November 2012 |title=Sharon records song for Meneer Konijn |url=http://www.within-temptation.com/the-unforgiving-2/sharon-records-song-for-meneer-konijn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202739/http://www.within-temptation.com/the-unforgiving-2/sharon-records-song-for-meneer-konijn/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Within Temptation}}</ref> Waƙar daga baya ta hau kan sigogi na Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De Vrienden Van Meneer Konijn – Het Meneer Konijn lied |url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/10a645/De-Vrienden-Van-Meneer-Konijn-Het-Meneer-Konijn-lied |access-date=28 October 2013 |publisher=ultratop.be}}</ref> A cikin 2014, den Adel ya haɗu da rapper na Dutch Ali B a kan waƙar "Hier".<ref name="Ali B">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=Video: Ali B en de Muziekkaravaan #6 Sharon den Adel |url=https://www.puna.nl/video-ali-b-en-de-muziekkaravaan-6-sharon-den-adel/ |access-date=12 August 2020 |publisher=Puna |language=nl}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar ƙarfe ta Amurka Evanescence ta nemi Sharon ta haɗa kai da su don "Amfani da Muryata". Tare da jagorar mawaƙa Amy Lee, wasu mawaƙa sun shiga cikin waƙar kamar mawaƙa na rock Lzzy Hale, Taylor Momsen, Deena Jakoub da sauransu da yawa da Lindsey Stirling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiVita |first=Joe |date=28 August 2020 |title=Evanescence Debut 'Use My Voice' Music Video |url=https://loudwire.com/evanescence-debut-use-my-voice-feat-lzzy-hale-taylor-momsen-sharon-den-adel-lindsey-stirling/ |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin yawon shakatawa na Worlds Collide, den Adel ya shiga ƙungiyar a kan mataki don yin waƙar a kwanakin da aka zaɓa.<ref name="wcamsterdam">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2022 |title=Concert review: Within Temptation & Evanescence differ in delivery but are comparable in excellence |url=https://www.strifemag.com/uncategorized/within-temptation-evanescence-ziggo-dome-amsterdam/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=Striffe Magazine}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[File:Within_Temptation_live_at_Q_Music.jpg|right|thumb|Den Adel da Westerholt (cibiyar) suna yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ɗakunan Q-Music]] Den Adel and long-term partner and bandmate Robert Westerholt have three children together. Their first child was born in December 2005.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} In February 2009, Den Adel announced that she was pregnant with her second child,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new kid on the block |url=http://www.within-temptation.com/en/index.php?c=news&command=show_item&id=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608041436/http://www.within-temptation.com/en/index.php?c=news&command=show_item&id=131 |archive-date=8 June 2009 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> who was born in June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alive and Kicking! |url=http://www.within-temptation.com/en/index.php?c=news&command=show_item&id=144 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724141011/http://www.within-temptation.com/en/index.php?c=news&command=show_item&id=144 |archive-date=24 July 2009 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> In November 2010, she announced that she was expecting her third child, whose birth was announced in March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon: Important News |url=http://www.within-temptation.com/headlines/sharon-important-news/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722073309/http://www.within-temptation.com/headlines/sharon-important-news/ |archive-date=22 July 2013 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> Den Adel and Westerholt eventually married in 2018.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}} == Bayanan da aka yi == === Indigo na === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Bayyanar baƙi === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Babban ko wani mai zane ! scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Album |- |1996 |"Fron" |Tafiye-tafiye |''runguma'' |- |1997 |"Jirgin" |Silicon Head |''Bash'' |- | rowspan="7" |1998 |"Isis & Osiris" | rowspan="7" |Ayreon | rowspan="7" |''A cikin Gidan Wutar Lantarki'' |- |"Flight mai ban mamaki" |- |"Tushen yanke shawara" |- |"Tunnel na Haske" |- |"Gidan Aljanna" |- |"Cosmic Fusion" |- |"Wani Lokaci, Wani Wuri" |- |1999 |"Ranar yau da kullun a Bosnia" |Daga Heideroosjes |''Schizo'' |- | rowspan="5" |2000 |"Bayan Ni" |Bayan Har abada |''Kurkukun Desire'' |- |"Farewell" |Abin sha'awa |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarfe''<br /><small>''The Metal Opera: Pt 1 &amp;amp; 2 - Gold Edition''{{Ref label|note_a1|A|}}</small> |- |"Ku zo" |Gidan marayu |''A ciki'' |- |"Fly" | rowspan="2" |Rashin lafiya | rowspan="2" |''Gine-gine na tunanin'' |- |- |"Tsarin tunanin" |- |2001 |"Kiran Ƙarshe ga Dan Adam" |Daga Heideroosjes |''Saurin Gabatarwa'' |- | rowspan="4" |2002 |"Lokaci" | rowspan="2" |Aemen | rowspan="2" |''Rashin Rashin Ruwa'' |- |"Waltz" |- |"A cikin Ba a sani ba" |Abin sha'awa |''The Metal Opera Sashe na II''<br /><small>''The Metal Opera: Pt 1 &amp;amp; 2 - Gold Edition''{{Ref label|note_a2|A|}}</small> |- |"Shin Kai ne?" |Timo Tolkki |''Waƙar yabo ga Rayuwa'' |- |2005 |"Kyakkyawan" |Daga Heideroosjes| {{N/a}}{{Ref label|note_b1|B|}} |- |2006 |"Babu bin doka" |Delain <small> (kuma yana nuna Marko Hietala) </small> |''Bayyanawa'' |- |2008 |"A ciki da kuma waje da soyayya" |Armin van Buuren |''Ka yi tunanin'' |- | rowspan="3" |2009 |"Wani wuri" {{Ref label|note_c1|C|}} |Ruwa na Annique |''Iska Mai Tsarki'' |- |"Bauta" |Chris Jones| {{N/a}} |- |"Matakala zuwa Sama" |John Miles, 'yan tagwaye na KatonaKatona Twins| {{N/a}}{{Ref label|note_d1|D|}} |- |2010 |"Ƙasar da ke gaba" |Oomph! |''Gaskiya Ko Ƙarfi'' |- |2011 |"Ka ci gaba da numfashi" |Ruud Jolie |''Domin Dukkanin da Mu sani'' |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |"Nostradamus" |Koeverduh |''Wesley da Jama'a'' |- |"Tsakanin Duniya Biyu da Ni" |Leander Rising |''Zuciya mai laushi'' |- |"Het Meneer Konijn Lied" |Masu zane-zane daban-daban |''Daga Vrienden Van Meneer Konijn'' |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |"Mai Haskakawa" |Avalon |''Ƙasar Sabon Bege'' |- |"Babu bin doka" | rowspan="2" |Tsayawa|{{N/a}}{{Ref label|note_e1|E|}} |- |"Babu kwanciyar hankali"|{{N/a}}{{Ref label|note_e2|E|}} |- |2014 |"Taya" |Ali B |''Ali B a cikin Muziekkaravaan'' |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |"Isle of Evermore" |Abin sha'awa |''Hasken fatalwa'' |- |"Paradise (Mene ne Game da Mu?) " (sabon cakuda) | rowspan="2" |Tarja Turunen |''Mafi Haske'' |- | rowspan="" |2017 |"Kirsimeti mai farin ciki" |''Kirsimeti mai farin ciki'' |- | rowspan="" |2019 |"Sirens" |Saint Asonia |''Rashin Halitta'' |- | rowspan="" |2020 |"Ku Yi amfani da Muryata" |Rashin jituwa |''Gaskiya Mai Bitter'' |- | rowspan="" |2022 |"An ɓace" |Tambayar Iskandariya |''The Retaliators (Music from the Motion Picture) '' da Duba Abin da ke ciki (Deluxe edition) ''Dubi Abin da ke Cikin Gida (Deluxe edition) '' |- |} * '''A''' ^ An fitar da bugu na musamman daga baya.  * '''B''' ^ Bayyanawa ta musamman a Bikin Pinkpop .  * '''C''' ^ Rufe na Waƙar A Cikin Jaraba, daga The Silent Force .  * '''D''' ^ Bayani na musamman na waƙar don 2009 Night of the Proms a cikin Netherlands.  * '''E''' ^ Bayyanawa ta musamman a bikin muryoyin mata na Metal.  === Sauran waƙoƙi === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Album |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |"Abin da nake Bukata Yau da Dare" | rowspan="3" |''Liefde Voor Muziek (Live) '' |- |"Virgin State of Mind" |- |"Abubuwan da Ya Kamata Na Yi" |- |} == Hotunan bidiyo ==   == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Karo wil goed dood'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Karo wil goed dood |url=https://www.2doc.nl/documentaires/2023/02/karo-wil-goed-dood.html |access-date=27 February 2023 |publisher=2Doc.nl |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raatgever |first=Stefan |date=9 February 2023 |title=Karo wilde dood, maar haar omgeving niet belasten met het trauma van een zelfmoord |url=https://www.parool.nl/kunst-media/karo-wilde-dood-maar-haar-omgeving-niet-belasten-met-het-trauma-van-een-zelfmoord~bd627e77/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |publisher=[[Het Parool]] |language=nl}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" align="center" |Kyaututtuka |- | align="center" |'''Shekara''' | align="center" |'''Kyautar''' | align="center" |'''Sashe''' | align="center" |'''Ayyukan da aka zaba''' |'''Sakamakon'''<ref name="2009 nominees" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2012 |title=Within Temptation's Sharon den Adel Voted Loudwire's 2011 Rock Goddess of the Year |url=http://loudwire.com/within-temptation-sharon-den-adel-loudwire-2011-rock-goddess-of-the-year/ |access-date=23 May 2017 |website=Loudwire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2015 |title=Sharon Den Adel Rock Goddess of the Year – 4th Annual Loudwire Music Awards |url=http://loudwire.com/within-temptation-sharon-den-adel-rock-goddess-of-the-year-4th-annual-loudwire-music-awards/ |access-date=23 May 2017 |website=Loudwire}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2009 | rowspan="2" align="center" |Kyautar Waƙoƙin Dance ta Duniya | align="center" |Mafi Kyawun Gidan Ci gaba / Hanyar Kasuwanci | rowspan="2" align="center" |''A ciki da kuma fita daga soyayya<br /><small> (Armin van Buuren feat Sharon den Adel) </small>''|{{Won}} |- | align="center" |Bidiyo mafi kyau|{{Won}} |- |2011 | rowspan="2" align="center" |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Loudwire | rowspan="2" align="center" |Allahn Rock na Shekara | rowspan="2" align="center" |''Sharon den Adel''|{{Won}} |- |2014|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta a == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nx1oqf5n1mwdeq59f5q82fuy4jmrtcz 0 170928 968465 934655 2026-10-16T23:28:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968465 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Acmispon junceus, ma'anar ''Lotus junceus'' da ''Syrmatium junceum'', nau'in legume ne na asalin [[California]]. An san shi da sunayen gama gari rush broom da '''rush deervetch''' . Yana da iyaka a [[California]], inda aka san shi daga arewa da tsakiya na gabar teku da tsaunukan bakin teku. Ana iya samunsa daga rairayin bakin teku a cikin ƙasa zuwa gangaren Macijin da chaparral. Yana da gashi, mai laushi ko yaduwar ganye mai laushi wanda aka haɗa da ganye kowannensu ya ƙunshi ƙananan ganye. Inflorescence yana ɗauke da furanni 8 masu launin rawaya kowannensu har zuwa kimanin santimita daya. 'Ya'yan itace karamin [[Legum|legume]] ne mai bakinsa. == Manazarta ==  {{Taxonbar|from1=Q15520387|from2=Q15542739|from3=Q39108798|from4=Q6685272}} * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,3958,3992 Jiki na Jepson] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LOJU2 Bayanan shuke-shuke na USDA] == Haɗin waje == * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Lotus+junceus Hoton hoto] {{Speciesbox|taxon=Acmispon junceus|image=|authority=(Benth.) Brouillet<ref name=POWO_60448525-2/>|synonyms={{Species list |Hosackia juncea|Benth. |Lotus junceus|(Benth.) Greene |Syrmatium junceum|(Benth.) Greene }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name=POWO_60448525-2/>|status=G4|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref name="TNC status 14 may 2022">{{cite web | url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.146286/Lotus_junceus | title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 }}</ref>}} 2rngecimwnrxxaxse1j2v5m2piokz58 0 174533 968512 946537 2026-10-17T04:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Gwsanjoaquin.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Ƙasar da ke cikin kwarin San Joaquin, CA]]{{Databox}}{{Databox}} Shirin Kula da Muhalli na Ruwa (GAMA) shiri ne na saka idanu don ruwan kasa wanda aka aiwatar a cikin 2000 a [[California]], Amurka. Hukumar Kula da albarkatun ruwa ta Jihar California ce ta kirkireshi a matsayin ci gaba daga shirye-shiryen ruwa na karkashin kasa da suka riga sun kasance. GAMA tana saka idanu kan fannoni daban-daban a cikin ruwan kasa kamar [[ingancin ruwa]] da jimlar rabon ta hanyar ayyukan bincike da hukumomi da yawa suka gudanar a fadin jihar da kuma cikin gida. GAMA na son inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da albarkatun ruwa na ƙasa da kuma inganta saka idanu kan binciken ruwa na ƙasa a duk faɗin jihar don tantance yiwuwar haɗari daga wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=California |first=State of |title=State Water Resources Control Board |url=https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/gama/about.shtml |access-date=2018-04-20 |website=www.waterboards.ca.gov |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219172321/https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/gama/about.shtml |archive-date=2017-12-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ruwa na karkashin kasa na California == Kimanin kashi 85% na ruwan da manoma da mazauna ke amfani da shi a California a yau daga ruwan kasa ne, tare da 'yan California miliyan 6 da ke dogaro da wannan hanya kawai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Understanding California's Groundwater {{!}} Water in the West |url=http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/groundwater/overview/index.html |access-date=2018-04-20 |website=waterinthewest.stanford.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kwarin Tsakiya babban mai amfani ne na ruwan kasa don dalilai na noma wanda ke samar da babban rabo na abinci ba kawai ga California ba, har ma da sauran Amurka. Wannan albarkatun na dogon lokaci ba a tsara su ba, wanda ke taimaka wa mutum ya fahimci rikicin ruwan kasa da ke faruwa a yau a California. Wannan ya dogara sosai da albarkatun a cikin karni da ya gabata, kuma yana da mahimmanci musamman a Lokacin fari. Lokacin da akwai karancin dusar ƙanƙara da karancin ruwan sama, mutane sun dogara da ruwa mai zurfi.<ref name=":1" /> A tsawon lokaci, batutuwan sun taso kamar raguwar ƙasa wanda ke faruwa daga famfo ruwa mai zurfi da sauri fiye da yadda zai iya cikawa a karkashin kasa. Wannan shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aka gabatar da GAMA. == Ayyukan bincike == [[File:Aquifer_multilang.svg|left|thumb|250x250px|Unconfined aquifer yana nufin wani ruwa mai zurfi. Ƙayyadadden ruwa yana nufin zurfin ruwa.]] Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da GAMA, akwai wasu ayyukan da GAMA ke da niyyar cimma don fahimtar tsarin ruwan kasa na California. === Shirin Basin da ya fi muhimmanci === An fara shi a shekara ta 2002 don taimakawa wajen fahimtar haɗarin da aka ɗora a kan ruwan kasa na California, wannan aikin yana kallon zurfin ruwa da zurfi. Ruwa mai zurfi don wannan aikin yana kallon yadda ake amfani da wannan ruwa don amfani da jama'a. Rashin ruwa mai zurfi yana magance ƙarin amfani da ruwa na gida kamar [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]]. Ta hanyar bin diddigin waɗannan aquifers guda biyu, jami'ai suna fatan samun damar fahimtar tasirin da ke kan ruwan kasa, don samar da ƙarin bayani ga masu amfani.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == szvlmibd71qffjle7o9uwxfbr4jjzor 0 174534 968431 958144 2026-10-16T21:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968431 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} The Innovative Clean Transit Rule ('''ICT''') wani tsari ne wanda Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta [[California]] ta gabatar wanda ke buƙatar hukumomin sufuri na jama'a a jihar California su sauya jiragen bas din su zuwa bas din fitar da iska (ZEB), ko dai bas din lantarki ko Bas din mai.<ref name="ICTFactSheet">{{Cite web |title=Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) Regulation Fact Sheet {{!}} California Air Resources Board |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/innovative-clean-transit-ict-regulation-fact-sheet |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=ww2.arb.ca.gov}}</ref> ZEBs ne kawai za a ba da izini don sayen sabbin bas, kuma duk rundunar dole ne ta yi amfani da ZEBs nan da 2040. == Tarihi == Dokar farko ta CARB don sarrafa hayakin jiragen ruwa ita ce Dokar Jirgin Ruwa don Hukumomin Jirgin Ruwanci, Sashe na 2023 a ƙarƙashin Title 13 na California Code of Regulations (CCR); 13 CCR §2023 an karɓa a watan Fabrairun 2000 bayan an gano kwayoyin diesel a matsayin gurɓataccen iska mai guba. <ref name="13CCR2023-09">{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2009 |title=California Administrative Code, Title 13, Division 3, Chapter 1, Article 4 (13 CCR § 2020) |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Prevous%20Transit%20Fleet%20Regulation%20Order.pdf |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Barclays Official California Code of Regulations}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;: §{{Rp|§2020(a)}}(a) ''Dokar Jirgin Ruwa'' yadda ya kamata ta sauya mafi yawan hukumomi daga man fetur. An bayar da irin wannan ka'ida (13 CCR §2022) a cikin 2005 don rufe manyan motoci mallakar hukumomin gwamnati da masu amfani, kuma an faɗaɗa ta hanyar 13 CCR 2025/2027 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diesel Particulate Matter Control Measure for Municipality or Utility On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel-Fueled Vehicles |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/title13ccr2022_ADA.pdf |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=California Air Resources Board}}</ref> a matsayin Dokar Jirgin Sama da Bus ta Jihar California ta 2008 ga duk motoci da bas din diesel a California. [3]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fleet Rule for Public Agencies and Utilities |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/fleet-rule-public-agencies-and-utilities |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=California Air Resources Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Regulation Order: Regulation to Reduce Emissions of Diesel Particulate Matter, Oxides of Nitrogen and Other Criteria Pollutants from In-Use Heavy-Duty Diesel-Fueled Vehicles |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onrdiesel/documents/tbfinalreg.pdf |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713190701/https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onrdiesel/documents/tbfinalreg.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Truck and Bus Regulation |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/truck-and-bus-regulation |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=California Air Resources Board}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An karɓi dokar ICT a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018. ICT ta yi gyare-gyare ga ''Dokar Jirgin Ruwa'' ta yanzu.<ref name="13CCR2023">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2018 |title=Final Regulation Order, Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Section 2023 |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2018/ict2018/res18-60attacha.pdf |access-date=3 January 2019 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223155838/https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2018/ict2018/res18-60attacha.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan shine na farko irin wannan ZEB a Amurka, kuma kwamitin CARB mai mambobi goma sha shida ne ya goyi bayan shi, karkashin jagorancin Mary D. Nichols. === Dokar Jirgin Ruwa === A karkashin Dokar Fleet ta baya, : An buƙaci hukumomin sufuri 6 don biyan bukatun hayaki don bas din birane a ƙarƙashin "hanyar diesel" ko "hanyar man fetur ta daban", ban da hukumomin da ke cikin Gundumar Kula da Ingancin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kudu (SCAQMD), waɗanda ake buƙata don bin "hanyar mai ta daban". <ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.1 (a) SCAQMD daban ya ba da umarnin cewa ba za a sake sayen bas din diesel ba (Dokar 1192, an karɓa Yuni 2000), kuma daga baya gyare-gyare ga Dokar Fleet ya buƙaci hukumomin sufuri a cikin SCAQ MD don zaɓar "hanyar man fetur" a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rule 1192 - Clean On-Road Transit Buses |url=https://www.aqmd.gov/home/rules-compliance/rules/fleet-rules/transit-buses |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=South Coast AQMD}}</ref><ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.1 (a) (4) An bayyana bas din birni a matsayin motocin da ke da damar akalla fasinjoji 15 kuma an yi niyya ne don aiki a cikin birni.<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023 (a) (13) An tsawaita ka'idojin a cikin 2005 don amfani da ƙananan motocin da hukumomin sufuri ke sarrafawa, gami da jiragen kulawa. <ref name="13CCR2023-09" />{{Rp|§2023.2}}<ref name="ACT-2018" /> Dokar Fleet ta buƙaci hukumomin sufuri su zaɓi hanyar su a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2001. <ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.1 (a) (1) A karkashin "hanyar man fetur ta daban", ana buƙatar akalla kashi 85% na bas din birane da aka saya don amfani da madadin man fetur ko tare da injuna waɗanda suka cika bukatun hayaki na 13 CCR 1956.1 .<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />&nbsp;&nbsp;: §2023.1 (b) (1) A karkashin "hanyar diesel", matsakaicin hayakin jiragen ruwa don NOx da kwayoyin diesel (PM) an karfafa su a hankali.<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.1 (d), (e) Ga duka hanyoyi biyu, an lissafa hayakin PM na diesel a matsayin jimlar jiragen ruwa kuma an kwatanta da hayakin PM a cikin 2002; farawa a cikin 2004, ana buƙatar PM na diesel ya zama 60% ko ƙasa (hanyar diesel) ko 80% ko ƙasa (hanya ta man fetur) na ƙimar 2002, sannan ≤40% (diesel) ko ≤60% (sauran) ta hanyar 2005, kuma ci gaba da raguwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />{{Rp|§2023.1(e)}} Bugu da kari, a karkashin Dokar Fleet, ana buƙatar hukumomin da ke da manyan jiragen ruwa (fiye da bas 200) don shiga cikin shirin zanga-zangar Zero Emission Bus (ZEB).<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.3 (b) (1) An bayyana ZEBs a matsayin bas tare da motar lantarki wanda ke jawowa daga batir, hydrogen fuel cell, ko waya ta sama ta hanyar trolley.<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.3 (a) An buƙaci Aikin Nuni na Farko don samun aƙalla ZEBs uku a cikin sabis na kudaden shiga na shekara ɗaya, don farawa ba daga baya ba sai Fabrairu 28, 2006. <ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.3 (b) (1) Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar manyan hukumomin sufuri a kan "hanyar diesel" don aiwatar da Ci gaban ZEB Demonstration Project, ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin ZEB guda shida a cikin sabis na kudaden shiga na shekara ɗaya, don farawa ba daga baya ba daga Janairu 1, 2009.<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />: §2023.3 (b) (2) Farawa a cikin 2011 (hanyar diesel) ko 2012 (hanyar man fetur), ana buƙatar hukumomin sufuri don yin ZEBs aƙalla 15% na sabbin sayayya / hayar su har zuwa 2026, tare da ƙarin ƙididdigar da aka samu don aiwatarwa da wuri.<ref name="13CCR2023-09" />{{Rp|§2023.3(c)}} === Shirye-shiryen ZEB na matukin jirgi === CARB ta ba da kuɗin shirin matukin jirgi don San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District don taimakawa hukumomin sufuri ciki har da Visalia Transit, FCRTA (Fresno County) , San Joaquin RTD, da MAX (Modesto) sayen bas din batir-wutan lantarki daga Proterra farawa a cikin 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=San Joaquin Valley Transit Electrification Project |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/movingca/pdfs/proterra.pdf |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=California Air Resources Board}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koyaya, dokar ICT ta fi girma fiye da shirye-shiryen yanki, ta kawar da duk hayakin motoci na sufuri da kuma amfani da duk hukumomin sufuri a duk fadin jihar. == Manazarta == 6racj27kbemdyg7eq5383vqovn4gz7z 0 174868 968372 947542 2026-10-16T18:32:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roshven''' wani gari ne da ke gabashin gabar tekun Loch Ailort, a Lochaber, a yankin majalisar [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]], Scotland. A samansa akwai Rois-bheinn, tudu mafi tsayi a yankin. == Tarihi == [[File:A_remote_house_on_the_shore_of_Loch_Ailort_-_geograph.org.uk_-_86252.jpg|left|thumb| Gidan Roshven, wanda shine gidan Blackburns, shine gidan da aka gina a zamanin da.]] A tarihi, ana kiran ƙauyen da suna '''Irin''' . An ba wa Ranald Macdonald, ƙani ga Donald Macdonald, ɗan shekara ta 4 na Kinlochmoidart, kyautar Irin daga Clanranald a shekarar 1749. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta 1841, Mary Anderson, wacce asalinta daga [[Kinlochailort]] ce ta mamaye babban gidan da aka ƙone. A shekarar 1854, Jemima Blackburn, wata mai zane, da mijinta, Hugh Blackburn, farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Glasgow, sun sayi Roshven Estate, daga hannun Doctor Donald Martin na dangin Beallach. An yi wa Blackburn suna ne saboda ɗaukar hotunan yankin, shuke-shuke da dabbobin da ke cikinsa a cikin shahararrun zane-zanen da ta yi a ƙasar. Ta kware musamman wajen zana tsuntsaye da furanni. Roshven Estate ya mamaye kusan eka 4500. Daga baya sun gyara gidan Georgian da ke cikin ƙauyen. Gidajensu da ke Glasgow da Roshven sun zama wuraren da wasu fitattun mutane a ƙarni suka ziyarta, ciki har da John Ruskin, Sir John Everett Millais, Anthony Trollope, Duke na Argyll, Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Lister, Farfesa Helmholtz, Lord Kelvin da James Clerk-Maxwell, ɗan uwan Jemima na farko. Da farko an yi niyyar Roshven ya zama ƙarshen layin dogo na Mallaig Extension . adawa daga masu filaye ya sa aka gina layin West Highland zuwa Mallaig, inda aka buɗe layin dogo a watan Afrilun 1901. Saboda haka, Roshven bai taɓa samun sabis daga layin dogo ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dickson |first=Neil K |date=November 2019 |editor-last=Reynolds |editor-first=Paul |title=Professor Blackburn of Roshven and the West Highland Railway |url=https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Journal-236-Nov-2019.pdf |journal=The Railway & Canal Historical Society |volume=39 |issue=236 |pages=4}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Janairu 1894, da misalin ƙarfe 11:50 na dare.&nbsp;a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai girman 4 a ma'aunin Richter ta faru a Roshven da kuma matsugunan Arisaig da [[Glenmoidart]] . == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == [[File:Two_burns_meet,_Roshven_-_geograph.org.uk_-_371919.jpg|left|thumb| Konewa biyu sun haɗu a Roshven]] [[File:Small_anchorage_by_Roshven_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_125799.jpg|left|thumb| Wurin Anchorage kusa da Roshven Farm]] Roshven yana cikin tsaunukan Scotland, a yankin Lochaber. Tana kan gabar kudu maso gabashin Loch Ailort tare da titin A861, kudu maso yammacin matsugunin Inverailort da gabashin Glenuig . Ana iya sanya jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a kan Loch kusa da Roshven House. A wani lokaci ana shirin gina tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa a Roshven. Yankin yana da tsaunuka, Rois-Bheinn shine dutse mafi tsayi kuma mafi rinjaye, kodayake Roshven yana kewaye da wasu tsaunuka kamar An Stac, Sgurr Na Ba Glaise da Sgurr Dhomhuill Mor. Babban ƙonewa da ke faruwa a Roshven shine Irin Burn wanda ya samo asali daga Lochan na Craoihhe kuma ya ratsa ta bayan Roshven Farm. Mashigin tekun yana bakin teku a gaban gonar. Roshven yana da yanayi daban-daban kuma ba a iya faɗi ba. Fort William, wanda ke da nisan mil 30, yana samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na milimita 3500-4500 kowace shekara. Yana fuskantar lokacin zafi da danshi da kuma lokacin hunturu mai sauƙi da danshi. Dusar ƙanƙara ba ta cika faruwa ba saboda Roshven, kamar yawancin Lochaber, yana fuskantar iska mai dumi da danshi daga Gulf Stream. A cewar ƙungiyar Royal Meteorological Society, ɗaya daga cikin zuriyar Hugh da Jemima Blackburn, Vera Philippa Blackburn (gwauruwar William) wadda ta mutu a shekarar 1932, tana da sha'awar ilimin yanayi kuma ta riƙe ma'aunin ruwan sama a Roshven inda ta rubuta yanayi da ruwan sama tsawon shekaru da yawa. == Namun daji == === Dabbobi === Kamar sauran yankunan tsaunuka, ana samun nau'ikan namun daji da yawa a Roshven, na ruwa da na ƙasa. A Loch Ailort akwai nau'ikan kifaye da yawa kamar su mackerel, kifin teku da [[salmon]] . Ana kuma samun kifi mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin konewa da rafuka da ke gudana daga tsaunukan da ke kewaye. Akwai lokutan da dolphins da whales ke taruwa a cikin Loch, kuma wani kifin whale ya mutu bayan ruwa ya nutse a bakin teku. Ana yawan ganin [[Dabbar rendiya|barewa]], dila, kuliyoyi na daji, squirrels da kuma pine martens a yankin. Duk da haka, tsuntsayen su ne babban abin jan hankalin Roshven kuma wannan shine abin da ya zaburar da Blackburn a cikin zane-zanenta. Sau da yawa ana ganin gaggafa masu launin zinare ko dai suna shawagi a kan tsaunukan ko kuma, akai-akai, a gaban tsaunuka da bishiyoyi. [[File:Roshven_Estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_370114.jpg|right|thumb| Kayan lambu a Roshven Estate]] Tsire-tsiren da ke tsiro a Roshven suna da dausayi, saboda yawan ruwan sama, amma sun ɗan bambanta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shuke-shuken shine rhododendron, kuma bishiyoyi kamar Scots pine, oak, birch da toka sun zama ruwan dare. Duk da ruwan sama, ƙasar ba ta da kyau don noman amfanin gona saboda ƙasa siririya ce, ba ta da isasshen 'ya'ya kuma sau da yawa ana iya cika ta da ruwa sosai. == Tattalin arziki da kasuwanci == Yawon bude ido yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin. Gonar Roshven tana ɗauke da gidajen haya guda biyar waɗanda ake ba wa baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalets |url=http://www.roshven.com/chalets.html |access-date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Roshven.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715204128/http://www.roshven.com/chalets.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana yin farautar barewa a kan tuddai da kuma tafiya a kan tsaunuka, kamun kifi, yin kwale-kwale da kuma hawan duwatsu. Ana kuma yin kiwon tumaki a tuddai, kuma ana noma ciyawa da ciyawa a gonaki masu ƙanƙanta, waɗanda ke kan iyaka da bakin teku, domin suna da ƙasa mai kauri kuma ana iya amfani da su wajen samar da abinci ga shanu da tumaki don su ci a lokacin hunturu. == Manazarta == 5krmpydrmmsjdgv464btes198shdbpc 0 175100 968549 951618 2026-10-17T10:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ta'addanci na muhalli''' wani aiki ne na tashin hankali wanda aka aikata don tallafawa abubuwan muhalli, akan mutane ko dukiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ecoterrorism - definition of ecoterrorism by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ecoterrorism |access-date=2010-10-02 |publisher=Thefreedictionary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Ecoterrorism |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecoterrorism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411043638/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecoterrorism |archive-date=2010-04-11 |access-date=2010-10-02 |publisher=Merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Ta'addanci na muhalli wani nau'i ne na tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya fito ne daga wannan makarantar tunani wanda ya haifar da [[Muhalli mai zurfi|zurfin ilimin muhalli]], [[Ecofeminism]], ilimin muhallar jama'a, da Bioregionalism. Babban-N bayanai sun sami lokuta kaɗan na mutuwar sakamakon ta'addanci na muhalli. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=2024 |title=Searching for Ecoterrorism: The Crucial Case of the Unabomber |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/searching-for-ecoterrorism-the-crucial-case-of-the-unabomber/EC862D788A13F848A001D6DD097C272E |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=1986–1999 |doi=10.1017/S000305542300148X |issn=0003-0554}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Loadenthal |first=Michael |date=2017 |title="Eco-Terrorism": An Incident-Driven History of Attack (1973–2010) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/26/article/674314 |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–33 |issn=1930-1197}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Carson |first=Jennifer Varriale |last2=LaFree |first2=Gary |last3=Dugan |first3=Laura |date=2012 |title=Terrorist and Non-Terrorist Criminal Attacks by Radical Environmental and Animal Rights Groups in the United States, 1970–2007 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2011.639416 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=295–319 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2011.639416 |issn=0954-6553 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Amurka, yunkurin muhalli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi akai-akai ya shiga cikin ƙonewa, lalata dukiya da lalatawa (ba tare da mutuwar mutane ba) har zuwa tsakiyar 2000s lokacin da ya kara canzawa zuwa rashin biyayya ga farar hula da zanga-zangar jama'a. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Zeitzoff |first=Thomas |date=2026 |title=Where’s the Sabotage? Repression, Recruitment, and Tactical Evolution in the U.S. Radical Environmental Movement |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/QYFAWKVUNASDBGYBKTBQ |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=da Silva |first=João Raphael |date=2020 |title=The Eco-Terrorist Wave |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2019.1680725 |journal=Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=203–216}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kalmar ''Ta'addanci na muhalli'' ba a ƙirƙira ta ba har zuwa shekarun 1960; duk da haka, tarihin ta'addancin muhalli ya riga ya wuce wannan lokacin. Kodayake ba a kira shi ta'addanci na muhalli a lokacin ba, akwai abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin mutanen da ke amfani da ta'addance don karewa ko kare muhalli. Ana iya ganinsa a cikin [[Yaƙin Maiden|Yaƙin Desmoiselles]], ko Yakin Maidens . Yakin Demoiselles jerin tawaye ne na manoma don mayar da martani ga sabbin ka'idojin gandun daji da gwamnatin Faransa ta aiwatar a 1827. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 1996 |title=Peter Sahlins. <italic>Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France</italic>. (Harvard Historical Studies, number 115.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 188. Cloth $29.95, paper $14.95 |journal=The American Historical Review |doi=10.1086/ahr/101.1.192-a |issn=1937-5239}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1829, kungiyoyin manoma da suka yi ado da tufafin mata sun tsoratar da masu tsaron gandun daji da masu yin gawayi wadanda suka ji sun dauki ƙasar ba bisa ka'ida ba don amfani da ita. Rikicin ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa Mayu 1832. Wannan misali na musamman ana ɗaukarsa aikin ta'addanci na muhalli saboda manoma sun yi amfani da dabarun da suka yi kama da kungiyoyin ta'addancin muhalli na zamani. Manoma na Ariege sun rufe sunayensu kuma sun aikata ayyukan ta'addanci. Sun yi niyya musamman ga jami'an gwamnati waɗanda suka keta haƙƙin gandun daji; duk da haka, ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin prehistory [bayani da ake buƙata] maimakon ainihin aikin ta'addanci na muhalli saboda manoma ba masu kula da muhalli ba ne.  Manoma sun aikata ayyukansu don kare muhalli saboda sun ji suna da'awar hakan saboda shi ne babban hanyar samun kudin shiga da hanyar rayuwa ga tsararraki. Ana iya samun lokuta na ta'addanci na muhalli a zamanin mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka. 'Yan asalin ƙasar da' yan asalin ƙasar ba su da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da ƙasa kamar dukiya da Turawa suka yi. Lokacin da Turawa suka mallaki wasu ƙasashen waje sun yi imanin cewa 'yan asalin ba sa amfani da ƙasar yadda ya kamata. Ƙasa wani abu ne da aka nufa don samun riba da kuma samun riba. Sau da yawa 'yan asalin za su shiga yaƙi don kare ƙasarsu. Wannan yayi kama da yadda masu kula da muhalli na zamani ke gwagwarmaya don kare ƙasa daga manyan kamfanoni da ke da niyyar sare ƙasa don gina masana'antu. Misali na Turawa da ke keta haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar ana iya samunsa a cikin mulkin mallaka na [[Aljeriya]]. Lokacin da Faransanci suka mallaki Aljeriya sun kwace ƙasar daga 'yan asalin saboda sun yi imanin cewa ba sa amfani da ita yadda ya kamata, suna da'awar cewa salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya yana lalata muhalli don tabbatar da kwace ƙasarsu; duk da haka, 'yan asalin Aljeriya suna cikin yaƙe-yaƙe don ƙoƙarin kiyaye ƙasarsu da salon rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stacey Renee Davis |date=2002 |title=Turning French Convicts into Colonists: The Second Empire's Political Prisoners in Algeria, 1852-1858 |journal=French Colonial History |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=93–113 |doi=10.1353/fch.2011.0013 |issn=1543-7787 |s2cid=144372045}}</ref> A Amurka, yunkurin muhalli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi akai-akai ya shiga cikin ƙonewa, lalata dukiya da lalata (ba tare da mutuwar mutane ba) har zuwa tsakiyar 2000s lokacin da ya karu zuwa rashin biyayya ga farar hula da zanga-zangar jama'a.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> Babban-N bayanai sun sami lokuta kaɗan na mutuwar sakamakon ta'addanci na muhalli.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirsch-Hoefler |first=Sivan |last2=Mudde |first2=Cas |date=2014 |title=“Ecoterrorism”: Terrorist Threat or Political Ploy? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2014.913121 |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |language=en |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=586–603 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2014.913121 |issn=1057-610X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Ta'addanci na muhalli, rashin biyayya ga farar hula, da sabuntawa == Sau da yawa ana bayyana ta'addanci na muhalli a matsayin amfani da tashin hankali don ci gaba da canjin manufofin muhalli. Kungiyoyin da suka dace da wannan bayanin suna shirye su haifar da damuwa da damuwa ta jiki ga wadanda suka shafa idan sun yi imanin cewa zai ci gaba da burinsu na muhalli. Wannan nau'in aikin muhalli ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya fi dacewa da aikin muhallu wanda ba bisa ka-idaita ba ne kuma za a rarraba shi azaman nau'in rashin biyayya ga farar hula kuma yana amfani da zanga-zangar, zama da sauran ayyukan farar hula don haifar da canjin muhalli. Har ila yau, ta'addanci na muhalli na iya haɗawa da sabuntawa da sunan muhalli, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne saboda wannan ya haɗa da laifuka akan dukiya wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ga mutane. A Amurka, ma'anar FBI game da ta'addanci ya haɗa da ayyukan tashin hankali kan dukiya, wanda ke sa yawancin ayyukan sabuntawa su fada cikin mulkin ta'addancin cikin gida.<ref name="fbi.gov">{{Cite web |title=The Threat of Eco-Terrorism |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/the-threat-of-eco-terrorism |website=FBI}}</ref> Yawancin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu kare muhalli sun kalubalanci ma'anar FBI game da ta'addanci saboda rashin daidaito idan aka kwatanta da sauran ma'anar ta'addancin kamar na Cibiyar Manufofin Kasa da Kasa don Yaki da Ta'addanci wanda ya bayyana cewa ayyukan ta'addance kawai wadanda aka tsara da gangan ga fararen hula.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amster |first=Randall |date=September 2006 |title=Perspectives on Ecoterrorism: Catalysts, Conflations, and Casualties |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10282580600827991 |journal=Contemporary Justice Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=287–301 |doi=10.1080/10282580600827991 |issn=1028-2580 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masu kula da muhalli masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna sukar haɗuwa da ta'addanci na muhalli tare da ecotage ta gwamnatoci da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin kayan aiki na maganganu don amfani da ra'ayoyin da aka riga aka tsara game da ta'adda da kuma amfani da su ga ayyukan da ba su dace da abin da ta'aikatar ta'addance ba.<ref name="tw">{{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Travis |date=March 2008 |title=Reframing Ecotage as Ecoterrorism: News and the Discourse of Fear |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524030801945617 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |bibcode=2008Ecomm...2...25W |doi=10.1080/17524030801945617 |issn=1752-4032 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sabotage ya haɗa da lalata, ko barazanar lalata, dukiya, kuma a wannan yanayin an kuma san shi da monkeywrenching ko Ecotage. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plows |first=A |last2=Wall |first2=D |last3=Doherty |first3=B |date=2004 |title=Covert Repertoires: Ecotage in the UK |url=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/56/1/Covert%20Repertoires-%20Ecotage%20in%20the%20UK%20%28BDoherty%29.pdf |journal=Social Movement Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1080/1474283042000266128 |s2cid=145206105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809150349/https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/56/1/Covert%20Repertoires-%20Ecotage%20in%20the%20UK%20%28BDoherty%29.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2026-09-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyuka da yawa na sabotage sun haɗa da lalacewar kayan aiki da wuraren da ba a sarrafa su ba ta amfani da ƙonewa.<ref name="fbi.gov" /> == Falsafa == Tunanin da ke bayan ta'addanci na muhalli ya tashi daga yunkurin kare muhalli, wanda ya sami kuɗi a cikin shekarun 1960. Ra'ayoyin da suka samo asali daga tsattsauran ra'ayi na muhalli sun "kafa ne akan imanin cewa jari-hujja, al'umma mai zaman kanta, da juyin juya halin masana'antu da sabbin abubuwan da suka biyo baya sun kasance da alhakin satar yanayi".<ref name="Long" /> Har ila yau, ana nuna yanayin muhalli mai zurfi ta hanyar imanin cewa al'ummar ɗan adam ne ke da alhakin lalacewar muhalli kuma, idan an bar al'ummar yanzu ba tare da kulawa ba, zai haifar da cikakkiyar lalacewar mahalli.<ref name="Deep">{{Cite book|edition=Angela G.}}</ref> Craig Rosebraugh, mai magana da yawun Animal Liberation Front da Earth Liberation Front, ya tabbatar da lalacewa ko tashin hankali kai tsaye kamar yadda ya kamata mugunta don mayar da martani ga rashin aiki game da kokarin muhalli. Rosebraugh ya ambaci "zaɓin-mugunta" kuma ya tambayi ko "babban mugunta ne don lalata wannan dukiyar wannan kamfani ko kuma ya zaɓi ya ba da damar waɗannan kamfanoni su ci gaba da lalata muhalli" Yawancin kungiyoyin da ake zargi da ta'addanci na muhalli sun fito ne daga falsafar muhalli mai zurfi na muhallar muhalli. Masana ilimin muhalli masu zurfi sun yi imanin cewa fahimtar mutum dole ne ya zo ne daga ganewa tare da mafi girman yanayi. Ilimin muhalli mai zurfi yana kira ga cikakken hadin kai tare da muhalli sabili da haka ya rarraba kungiyoyin kiyayewa da yawa a matsayin "marasa zurfi", yana ƙarfafa hanyoyin da suka fi karfi ga gwagwarmayar muhalli. Biocentrism babban ka'ida ne na ilimin muhalli mai zurfi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devall |first=Bill |date=July 1991 |title=Deep ecology and radical environmentalism |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941929109380758 |journal=Society & Natural Resources |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=247–258 |bibcode=1991SNatR...4..247D |doi=10.1080/08941929109380758 |issn=0894-1920 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "bangaskiya cewa 'yan adam kawai memba ne na al'ummar halittu" kuma duk abubuwa masu rai ya kamata su sami hakkoki kuma sun cancanci kariya a ƙarƙashin doka. Sauran masu ta'addanci na muhalli suna motsawa ta fannoni daban-daban na ilimin muhalli mai zurfi, kamar burin dawo da muhalli zuwa "al'ada", watau, kafin masana'antu, jihar.<ref name="Leader-2003" /> == Misalan dabarun == Akwai dabaru iri-iri da masu ta'addanci da kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ta'addancin muhalli ke amfani da su. Misalan sun hada da: * Tsayar da itace wata dabara ce ta yau da kullun da mambobin Duniya ta Farko! suka fara amfani da ita! a cikin 1984. Tsayar da itace ya haɗa da buga ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa a cikin kututturen itace wanda za'a iya katako tare da niyyar lalata chainsaw ko ma'adinai. Wannan kuma na iya cutar da mai katako sosai, kodayake an bayar da rahoton mutum daya kawai na mummunan rauni. * Arson wata dabara ce da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan kwanan nan a cikin Earth Liberation Front (ELF). An danganta ELF da kone-kashen shafuka kamar ci gaban gidaje, dillalai na SUV, da shagunan sarkar.<ref name="Long" /> * Masu ta'addanci sun yi amfani da bama-bamai, yayin da suke da wuya. Misali, an kai hari kan shafin ginin Superphénix tare da rokoki masu yaki da tanki (RPG-7). Yayinda masu fafutukar kare muhalli suka gudanar da shi, an yi muhawara game da matsayin fashewar bam na Bunbury a 1976 a Ostiraliya a matsayin aikin ta'addanci. * Monkeywrenching wata dabara ce da [[Edward Abbey]] ya shahara a cikin littafinsa The Monkey Wrench Gang wanda ya haɗa da lalata kayan aikin da ke lalata muhalli. == Shahararrun mutane da aka yanke musu hukuncin aikata laifukan ta'addanci == * [[Arrow na Tre]] * Dave Foreman - FBI ta kama shi saboda makirci don lalata layin wutar lantarki wanda ke ciyar da tashar famfo na ruwa <ref name=":9" /> * James Lee<ref name="Background Report">{{Cite web |title=Background Report: Discovery Communications Building Hostage-Taking |url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/announcements/Background_Report_Discovery_building.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227105707/http://www.start.umd.edu/start/announcements/Background_Report_Discovery_building.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=4 September 2010 |publisher=Start |page=1}}</ref> * Wiebo Ludwig - wanda ake zargi da yawa da lalata maɓuɓɓugar mai da iskar gas a Alberta, Kanada * [[Ted Kaczynski]] * Jeff Luers * Marius Mason * Daniel McGowan - wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin shiga cikin konewa a wani kamfani na katako <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grigoriadis |first=Vanessa |date=2007-06-18 |title=Daniel McGowan Becomes the First New Yorker Convicted of Ecoterrorism - New York Magazine |url=http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/33544/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212235251/http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/33544/ |archive-date=2010-12-12 |access-date=2010-10-02 |publisher=Nymag.com}}</ref> * John Togo - shugaban mayakan da ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da yawa tare da kamfanonin mai, gami da Shell, Chevron, da ExxonMobil == Kungiyoyin da ake zargi == Kungiyoyin da ake zargi da ta'addanci na muhalli gabaɗaya ƙungiyoyi ne na ƙauyuka, ba su da tsari na matsayi, kuma yawanci suna son hanyoyin kai tsaye don cimma burinsu. Stefan Leader ya bayyana wadannan kungiyoyi, wato ELF, kamar yadda suke da "tsayayya mara jagora" wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "hanyar da kungiyoyin ta'addanci za su iya aiwatar da ayyukan tashin hankali yayin da suke rage haɗarin shiga ta hanyar masu tilasta bin doka. Babban ka'idar juriya ba tare da jagora ba shine cewa babu iko na tsakiya ko sarkar umarni".<ref name="Leader-2003">{{Cite journal |last=Leader |first=Stefan H. |last2=Peter Probst |year=2003 |title=The Earth Liberation Front and Environmental Terrorism |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorism-and-political-violence_winter-2003_15_4/page/37 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=37–58 |doi=10.1080/09546550390449872 |s2cid=143655407}}</ref>Ainihin wannan ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke aiki da kansu, suna raba manufofi, amma ba su da shugabannin tsakiya ko tsarin ƙungiya. Wadanda suke so su shiga galibi ana ƙarfafa su fara nasu tantanin halitta, maimakon neman wasu mambobi kuma su jefa sirrin su cikin haɗari.<ref name="Leader-2003" /> === Kungiyoyi a Amurka === Kungiyoyin da aka zarge su da ta'addanci a Amurka sun hada da Animal Liberation Front (ALF), <ref name="Jarboe-2002">{{Cite web |last=Jarboe |first=James F. |date=2002-02-12 |title=The Threat of Eco-Terrorism |url=http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311231725/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm |archive-date=11 March 2008 |access-date=25 June 2017 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> Earth Liberation Front, <ref name="Jarboe-2002" /> Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, Earth First!Duniya ta Farko!, <ref name="Jarboe-2002" /> Ƙungiyar don Ceton Tsaro, da Masu Rashin Hakki. A shekara ta 2010, an soki FBI a cikin rahotanni na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka saboda sa ido mara kyau (da sanyawa a cikin jerin masu kula da ta'addanci) na kimanin mambobi 2000 na haƙƙin dabbobi da kungiyoyin kare muhalli kamar [[Greenpeace]] da PETA . A cikin wata shaida ta 2002 ga Majalisa ta Amurka, wani jami'in FBI ya ambaci ayyukan Sea Shepherd Conservation Society a cikin mahallin ta'addanci na muhalli.<ref name="Jarboe-2002" /> The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ta shiga tsakani game da kifi, farautar seal, da ayyukan kamun kifi tare da dabarun aiki kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1986, kungiyar ta haifar da kusan dala miliyan 1.8 a cikin lalacewar kayan aikin da masu kamun kifi na Iceland suka yi amfani da su. A shekara ta 1992, sun lalata jiragen ruwa biyu na Japan waɗanda ke kama kifi na squid ta hanyar yanke tarun su da jefa bama-bamai masu ƙanshi a cikin jiragen ruwa. [[Edward Abbey]] ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, Duniya ta Farko! ya fara ne a shekarar 1980. Kodayake an yaba wa kungiyar da zama sananne, ana amfani da itacen itace a lokacin kamfen ɗin da aka danganta da asalin ta'addanci na muhalli. A cikin 1990, Duniya ta Farko! Masu shirya Judi Bari da Darryl Cherney sun ji rauni lokacin da bam din bututun motsi ya fashe a ƙarƙashin wurin zama na direba na Bari. Hukumomi sun yi zargin cewa ana jigilar bam din kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya fashe. Ma'aurata sun kai karar masu bincike, suna zargin kama karya, bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba, maganganun tsegumi da makirci. A shekara ta 2002, wani juri ya gano cewa jami'an FBI da jami'an 'yan sanda na Oakland sun keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki na' yancin magana da kariya daga binciken da ba bisa ka'ida ba na Duniya ta Farko! masu shirya taron. The Earth Liberation Front, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1992, ya shiga kungiyar Animal Liberation Front. An haɗa su da farko da ƙonewa amma suna da'awar cewa suna aiki don cutar da mutum ko dabba.<ref name="Long" /> Misali na kwanan nan na konewar ELF shine Maris 2008 "ƙone gidaje masu alatu a cikin unguwar Seattle na Woodinville".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2008 |title=FBI: Eco-Terrorism Remains No. 1 Domestic Terror Threat |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/fbi-eco-terrorism-remains-no-1-domestic-terror-threat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024193503/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,343768,00.html |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=14 December 2012 |publisher=Fox News}}</ref> Wata tutar da aka bari a wurin ta yi iƙirarin ci gaban gidaje ba kore ba ne kamar yadda aka tallata, kuma an sanya hannu kan ELF. A watan Satumbar 2009 ELF ta dauki alhakin lalata hasumiyoyin rediyo guda biyu a Seattle. [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] a shekara ta 2001 ta kira ELF a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Amurka", da kuma "barazanar ta'addanci".<ref name="Jarboe-2002" />An ambaci Coalition to Save the Preserves a cikin shaidar FBI a matsayin ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin jerin ƙonewa a Arizona. Yin amfani da irin wannan dabarun ga ELF, sun haifar da fiye da dala miliyan 5 a cikin lalacewa.<ref name="Jarboe-2002" /> Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai sun danganta [[Ted Kaczynski]], wanda aka fi sani da Unabomber, ga masu gwagwarmayar muhalli, kuma sun ce raunin 23 da mutuwar uku daga bama-bamai na wasika ayyukan wani mai ta'addanci ne mai zaman kansa. Daga cikin wadanda ke yin irin waɗannan zarge-zarge sun kasance ABC, The New York Times, mujallar Time, da ''Amurka A Yau''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1996 |title=Exploding ABC's Uni bomber Hoax. |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330080304/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1360 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2012-03-21 |publisher=FAIR}}</ref> An kuma gurfanar da kungiyoyi da yawa na "na gida" a karkashin dokokin Tarayyar Amurka da suka shafi ta'addanci na muhalli. Wadannan sun hada da, da sauransu, kungiyar Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty . Wani misali shine Hardesty Avengers wanda ya kai bishiyoyi a cikin Hardesty Mountains a cikin Willamette National Forest a shekarar 1984. A cikin 2008 Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya ce masu ta'addanci na muhalli sun wakilci "ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar ta'addancin cikin gida a Amurka a yau" suna ambaton yawan laifukansu (fiye da 2,000 tun 1979); babbar tasirin tattalin arziki (asarar fiye da dala miliyan 110 tun 1979)); yawan wadanda abin ya shafa (daga kamfanonin duniya zuwa kamfanonin katako zuwa wuraren gwajin dabbobi zuwa kamfanonin binciken kwayoyin halitta); da suke da kuma yawan tashin hankali da dabarun su (wani kwanan nan da aka aika wa kamfanin gwajin samfurin California <ref name="FBI-20080630">{{Cite web |date=2008-06-30 |title=Putting Intel to Work Against ELF and ALF Terrorists |url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/june/ecoterror_063008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705013607/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/june/ecoterror_063008 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> iya kare ku kowane ma'aikaci da kuka). Ba a san shi ba, duk da haka, shine yadda masu ba da labari da ayyukan tarwatsawa na FBI ke taka rawa wajen kirkirar kungiyoyin ta'addanci da kuma ci gaba da aikata laifuka. A cikin shekara ta 2015, wanda ake kira "green anarchist" Eric McDavid an sake shi daga hukuncin da aka yanke masa a shekara ta 2007 bayan an bayyana cewa FBI ta gudanar da wani shiri don yaudarar masu gwagwarmayar da ba su sani ba ta hanyar "tsayarwa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plinkington |first=Ed |date=January 13, 2015 |title=Role of FBI informant in eco-terrorism case probed after documents hint at entrapment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/13/fbi-informant-anna-eric-mcdavid-eco-terrorism |website=The Guardian}}</ref>FBI ta ambaci hukuncin da aka yi a shekarar 2007 a cikin da'awar da ta yi a shekarar 2008 cewa ta'addanci na muhalli babbar barazana ce. Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobi ta Kasa a cikin tarihin tsattsauran ra'ayi na kare hakkin dabbobi ta tattara cikakken jerin manyan masu tsattsa ra'ayi da ayyukan ta'addanci na muhalli tun 1983. == Amsar Gwamnatin Amurka == Spiking itatuwa ya zama laifi na tarayya a Amurka lokacin da aka kara shi ga Dokar Magunguna a shekarar 1988. <ref name="Code">{{Cite web |title=18 USC Chapter 91 - Public Lands |url=http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/18C91.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215131637/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/18C91.txt |archive-date=15 December 2012 |access-date=14 December 2012 |website=US Code}}</ref> A karkashin Dokar Kare Kasuwancin Dabbobi ta 1992 ya zama laifi na tarayya don "salar da fiye da $ 10,000 a cikin lalacewa yayin da yake shiga cikin "rashin jituwa na jiki ga aikin kamfani na dabba ta hanyar sata da gangan, lalacewa, ko haifar da asarar duk wani dukiya [...] da kamfanin dabba ya yi amfani da shi." A shekara ta 2006, an sabunta wannan kuma an sake masa suna Dokar Ta'addanci ta Kamfanin Dabbobi ta majalisa ta 109. <ref name="Bill">{{Cite web |title=S. 3880 (109th): Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/s3880/text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221082607/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/s3880/text |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=14 December 2012 |website=Govtrack.us}}</ref> Dokar sabuntawa ta haɗa da haifar da lahani da asarar da aka samu a kan "mahimmanci na biyu" tare da ƙarawa ga azabtarwa ga waɗannan laifuka. A shekara ta 2003, wata kungiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, Majalisar musayar dokokin Amurka (ALEC), ta gabatar da "Dokar Ta'addanci ta Dabbobi da Muhalli" wanda ya bayyana "yancin dabbobi ko kungiyar ta'addanci na muhalli" <ref name="FBI-20080630" /> a matsayin "mutane biyu ko fiye da aka shirya don manufar tallafawa duk wani aikin da ya shafi siyasa da nufin hana ko hana kowane mutum shiga cikin aikin da ya haɗa da dabbobi ko aikin da ya ƙunshi albarkatun halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-12-25 |title=ALEC - Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act |url=http://www.alec.org/news/press-releases/press-releases-2003/september/alec-offers-legislation-to-fight-domestic-terror-by-animal-rights-and-eco-extremist-groups.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024015907/http://www.alec.org/news/press-releases/press-releases-2003/september/alec-offers-legislation-to-fight-domestic-terror-by-animal-rights-and-eco-extremist-groups.html |archive-date=October 24, 2007 |access-date=2012-12-10}}</ref>Ba a kafa dokar ba. FBI ta bayyana cewa "tun daga shekara ta 2005... bincike ya haifar da tuhumar mutane 30".A shekara ta 2006, wani shari'ar FBI da ake kira "Operation Backfire" ya kawo tuhumar ta'addanci na cikin gida a kan mutane goma sha ɗaya da ke da alaƙa da ELF da ALF. "Qarwar ta haɗa da tuhumar da ta shafi ƙonewa, makirci, amfani da na'urori masu lalacewa, da lalata kayan aikin makamashi. "<ref name="Press Room">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2006 |title=Eco-Terror Indictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/january/elf012006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202070918/http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/january/elf012006 |archive-date=2 December 2012 |access-date=14 December 2012 |website=The Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref>Operation Backfire ya kasance sakamakon konewar 1998 na wani wurin shakatawa a Vail, Colorado ta ƙungiyar, "The Family".Lamarin ya haifar da dala miliyan 26 a cikin lalacewa. FBI ta haɗu tare da Ofishin Alcohol, Taba sigari, Arms da Explosives don hukunta mutane da duk wata ƙungiya ta'addanci ta gaba. Koyaya, an soki Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Bush, gami da FBI, a cikin 2010 saboda bincike mara kyau da gurfanar da kungiyoyin zanga-zangar Amurka masu goyon bayan hagu kamar Greenpeace. ''Jaridar Washington Post'' ta ruwaito cewa "FBI ba ta bude ba kuma ta tsawaita bincike kan wasu kungiyoyin masu fafutuka na Amurka kuma ta sanya mambobin kungiyar kare muhalli a cikin jerin masu sa ido na ta'addanci, duk da cewa suna shirin rashin biyayya ga farar hula ba tare da tashin hankali ba, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ce Litinin. " == Dubi kuma == * Ta'addanci na noma * [[Anarcho-primitivism]] * Cibiyar Taimako ga Fursunoni na Duniya * Ecofascism * Ta'addanci na muhalli a cikin almara * [[Gudanar da muhalli|Mai yaƙi na muhalli]] * Ta'addanci na muhalli * [[Tsoron yanayi mai tsananin gaske|Tsoro mai tsananin gaske]] * [[Thermcon|THERMCON]] - aikin FBI akan "Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy" (EMETIC) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ks18hvmrrfez0nfuc6rals2sdl4th6s 0 175194 968376 963949 2026-10-16T18:38:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:An_oil_rig_offshore_Vungtau.jpg|right|thumb|Fitar da kayayyaki a wuraren da ake fitar da mai daga Vietnam a Tekun Kudancin China.]]{{Databox}} Flaring na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da flaring na samarwa, hanya ce da kuma halin yanzu na zubar da adadi mai yawa na iskar mai mai mai da ke tattare da shi (APG) yayin hakar mai. An fara raba iskar gas daga ruwa da abubuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin rijiyar, sannan a saki shi cikin tarin flare kuma a ƙonewa shi cikin yanayin Duniya (yawanci a cikin harshen wuta). Inda aka yi, iskar gas da ba a so (yawanci '''iskar gas''' ta halitta da ke mamaye [[methane]]) an dauke ta da rashin fa'ida, kuma ana iya kiranta da iskar gas, iskar flare, ko kuma kawai "gas mai [[Shara|sharar gida]]". Ba za a rikita fashewar yau da kullun ba tare da fashewar tsaro, fashewar kulawa, ko wasu ayyukan fashewar da ke da gajeren lokaci ko ƙaramin ƙarar gas.{{Rp|1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPIECA - Resources - Flaring Classification |url=http://www.ipieca.org/resources/energy-efficiency-solutions/flaring-and-venting/flaring-classification/ |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=[[IPIECA|International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association]] (IPIECA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321080727/https://www.ipieca.org/resources/energy-efficiency-solutions/flaring-and-venting/flaring-classification/ |archive-date=2022-03-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fiye da {{Convert|145|e9m3|e12cuft|0}} (5 na iskar gas an kiyasta cewa an ƙone su a duk duniya a cikin shekara ta 2018. <ref name="wb2019pr">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Increased Shale Oil Production and Political Conflict Contribute to Increase in Global Gas Flaring |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/12/increased-shale-oil-production-and-political-conflict-contribute-to-increase-in-global-gas-flaring |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617183844/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/12/increased-shale-oil-production-and-political-conflict-contribute-to-increase-in-global-gas-flaring |archive-date=2026-06-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin wannan an yi amfani da APG akai-akai a dubban wuraren rijiyar, kuma adadi ne mai yawa daidai da amfani da iskar gas na Kudancin da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Manyan ma'aikata bakwai tun daga shekara ta 2014 sune Rasha, Iraki, Iran, Amurka, Aljeriya, Venezuela da Najeriya.<ref name="top30">{{Cite web |date=June 2019 |title=Top 30 Flaring Countries (2014 –2018) |url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/645771560185594790/pdf/New-ranking-Top-30-flaring-countries-2014-2018.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504125154/https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/645771560185594790/pdf/New-ranking-Top-30-flaring-countries-2014-2018.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa na Rasha sun fi girma, tare da rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke kara matakan a wasu ƙasashe. Amurka ta ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 10% na jimlar duniya ta 2018.<ref name="eiaflvdata">{{Cite web |title=Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production Data |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_VGV_mmcf_a.htm |access-date=2019-12-28 |publisher=[[U.S. Energy Information Administration]]}}</ref> Flarewar yau da kullun, tare da [[fitar da iskar gas]] da gangan da kuma fitar da isar gas da ba da gangan ba, suna da mummunar sakamako. Rashin amfani da albarkatun farko ba ya samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na yanzu ko na gaba, yayin da yake haifar da alhakin ta hanyar gina iskar gas da sauran [[Mai gurɓata|gurɓataccen abu]] a cikin biosphere.<ref name="GGFRP">{{Cite web |title=Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction#1 |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref name="resil">{{Cite web |last=Zoheir Ebrahim and Jörg Friedrichs |date=2013-09-03 |title=Gas flaring - the burning issue |url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-09-03/gas-flaring-the-burning-issue/ |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=resilience.org}}</ref> Tare da mafi yawan tsinkaye da ke nuna amfani da man fetur da iskar gas suna ƙaruwa a cikin makomar da za a iya gani, [[Bankin Duniya]] a cikin 2002 ya ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar Rage Gas na Duniya (GGFRP); haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu tare da manufar yin ritaya daga aikin lalacewa.<ref name="unsds">{{Cite web |title=Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=1532 |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, ta ci gaba da ƙaddamar da Zero Routine Flaring ta hanyar 2030 Initiative; wanda kasashe 32, kamfanoni 37, da cibiyoyin banki 15 suka amince da shi a ƙarshen 2019. <ref name="uncip">{{Cite web |title=UN Climate Initiatives Platform - Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 |url=http://climateinitiativesplatform.org/index.php/Zero_Routine_Flaring_by_2030 |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527015828/http://climateinitiativesplatform.org/index.php/Zero_Routine_Flaring_by_2030 |archive-date=2018-05-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Masu goyon baya da ke zaune a Amurka sune Gwamnatin Tarayyar Amurka, Jihar California, da Bankin Duniya. Bayanan duniya na 1996-2018 sun nuna cewa yawan iskar gas ya fadi 10%, yayin da samar da mai ya karu da kashi 40%.<ref name="wbdata">{{Cite web |date=June 2019 |title=Global gas flaring and oil production (1996-2018) |url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/182101560185376968/pdf/Global-gas-flaring-and-oil-production-1996-2018.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524033136/https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/182101560185376968/pdf/Global-gas-flaring-and-oil-production-1996-2018.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Looking_S_at_gas_flare_at_dawn_002_-_near_Arnegard_North_Dakota_-_2013-07-07.jpg|right|thumb|Farin samarwa (cibiyar hoto) a wani wurin hakar mai a yankunan karkara a Arewacin Dakota.]] [[File:ISS-42_Texas_and_the_Gulf_Coast_at_night.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton dare daga sararin samaniya wanda ke kama yaduwar al'ada na fashewa a kudu maso gabashin Texas. An bayyana babban bakan hasken fitilu da aka warwatsa daga sama da hagu daga ƙananan tsakiya ta hanyar daruruwan fitila na gas daga rijiyoyin mai na karkara a cikin Eagle Ford Group a kudancin San Antonio. Hoton da aka ɗauka daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya, Fabrairu 2015.]] An yi amfani da fashewar APG na yau da kullun tun lokacin da aka fara sayar da maɓuɓɓugar mai na farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1850. Kodayake hydrocarbons na ruwa da iskar gas suna da irin wannan ƙarfin makamashi ''ta hanyar taro'', abin da ke cikin makamashi mafi girma 1000 ''ta hanyar girma'' man fetur yana sa ajiya da sufuri ya fi tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuel energy density |url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Energy_density |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=University of Calgary}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka yadu don shawo kan wannan rashin amfani na iskar man fetur an samu ne kawai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Misali, bututun mai na transcontinental, wanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin tattarawa da rarrabawa na yanki, yanzu ya bazu a ko'ina cikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global natural gas pipeline network |url=http://www.snamatlas.it/world_of_gas |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=snam}}</ref> Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS) don sarrafa APG cikin ruwa ko matse mai a cikin rijiyar sun kuma zama masu saurin motsi kuma sun bambanta da iyawarsu.{{Rp|50}} Hanyoyin yanke shawara da ke haifar da lalacewar APG a zamanin yau sun dogara sosai ga yanayin yanki. Gabaɗaya, manufofin kudi da kuɗi da haɗari na kusa na masu yanke shawara za su ƙayyade sakamakon. Wasu nau'o'in izini ko wasu [[Tsarin mulki|ka'idoji]] aikin flaring da fitarwa sun wanzu a mafi yawan [[Yanke hukunci|hukunce-hukunce]], amma cikakkun bayanai sun bambanta sosai.: 20 : 7 Abubuwan da zasu iya kara yawan ayyukan lalacewa sun hada da (ba cikakken jerin ba): * saurin fadada hakar mai a cikin yankuna da ke nesa da kayan aikin bututun mai na yanzu. : 49 {{Rp|49}} * hanzarta jadawalin cirewa wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da Rashin dukiya. * karuwar kalubale a cikin kayan aiki, kamar jinkiri a fadada karfin sufuri. * Yawan iskar gas wanda ke haifar da ƙananan ko ƙarancin farashi. * gasa daga ƙananan farashi da ƙananan tushen gurɓataccen iskar gas.<ref name="eiange">{{Cite web |title=Natural gas and the environment |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> * mafi ɗan lokaci (duka na lokaci da na ƙasa) yanayin wasu ayyukan hakar mai (misali mai mai tsayi). <ref name="resil" /> * Rashin madadin a shafin tare da isasshen hanzari don haɗin kai tare da ayyuka da jadawalin daban-daban. : 55 {{Rp|55}} * raunin tsari, kamar yadda ya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa, rikice-[[Siyasa|Rikicin siyasa]] ko Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.<ref name="wb2019pr" /> == Manazarta == tra71mmo2g17ja66j8ce1nw5jihqrcj 0 175420 968300 949140 2026-10-16T15:29:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subspeciesbox|name=Sierra Nevada red fox|image=Sierra Nevada Red Fox, Lassen Volcanic National Park- Keith Slausen USFS 2002.jpg|image_caption=A Sierra Nevada red fox in [[Lassen Volcanic National Park]], 2002|status=T1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103277/Vulpes_vulpes_necator | title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 }}</ref>|genus=Vulpes|species=vulpes|species_link=Red fox|subspecies=necator|authority=[[Clinton Hart Merriam|Merriam]], 1900|synonyms=|range_map=Range and sighting areas of Sierra Nevada red fox.png|range_map_caption=Sierra Nevada red fox historical range and recent sightings}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Dila mai ja na Sierra Nevada''' ( '''''Vulpes vulpes necator''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''dila mai tsayi na Sierra''', wani nau'in dila mai ja ne da ake samu a [[Yankin Cascade|Oregon Cascades]] da Sierra Nevada . Wataƙila yana ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da suka fi fuskantar barazanar rayuwa a Arewacin Amurka. Dila mai suna High Sierra yana da yawancin halayensa na zahiri da dila mai launin ja, kodayake yana da ɗan ƙanƙanta kuma yana da wasu halaye na musamman don tafiya a kan dusar ƙanƙara. An gano dila mai suna High Sierra a matsayin wani nau'in halitta a shekarar 1937, amma bincikensa ya ƙare fiye da rabin ƙarni kafin a sake gano yawan jama'arta tun daga shekarar 1993. Wannan nau'in jajayen dila na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 6. == Bayani == Kamar sauran dilalan dutse, dilalan ja na Sierra Nevada sun ɗan ƙanƙanta kuma sun fi dilalan ja na Arewacin Amurka ƙanana da nauyi. Jawowarsu na iya zama ja, giciye, ko azurfa, yayin da jajayen ke da launin launin toka-launin ruwan kasa na musamman kamar dila na tsaunuka. <ref name="Perrine2010">{{Cite web |last=John Perrine |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Sierra Nevada Red Fox (''Vulpes vulpes necator''): A Conservation Assessment |url=https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentVersionID=41941 |access-date=2015-12-16 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223053240/https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentVersionID=41941 |archive-date=2015-12-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk matakai uku suna faruwa ne a cikin Oregon Cascade da Sonora Pass, amma mutane masu launin ja ne kawai aka samu a cikin al'ummar Lassen. An rufe fatar ƙafafunsu da gashin gashi, wani abu da aka saba amfani da shi wajen tafiya a kan dusar ƙanƙara. Dila ja na Sierra Nevada suna da tsawon rai idan aka kwatanta da sauran dila ja, yawanci suna rayuwa shekaru biyar zuwa shida. Matan da ba a kula da su ba ba su taɓa haihuwa ba ko kuma ba su taɓa haihuwa ba tsawon shekaru ƙalilan. <ref name="SacksLecture2014">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Ben Sacks Lecture on Sacramento Valley and Sierra Nevada Red Fox |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1aKfLl5YZI |access-date=2015-12-16 |publisher=California Department of Fish and Wildlife}}</ref> == Bincike == [[File:Sierra_Nevada_red_fox_in_Yosemite_2014-12-13.jpg|left|thumb|280x280px| An sake bayyana a Yosemite a shekarar 2014 bayan kusan shekaru 100]] === Ganowa da sake ganowa === Dila ja na Sierra Nevada ɗaya ne daga cikin nau'ikan dila uku a cikin tsaunukan Arewacin Amurka, suna faruwa a [[Yankin Cascade|tsaunukan Cascade]] a kudu da Kogin Columbia da kuma jejin Sierra Nevada na [[California]] . <ref name="Sacks et al. Expansion Fragmentation">{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Benjamin |date=June 2010 |title=North American montane red foxes: expansion, fragmentation, and the origin of the Sacramento Valley red fox |url=https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Sacksetal2010-ConsGen_001.pdf |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1523–1539 |bibcode=2010ConG...11.1523S |doi=10.1007/s10592-010-0053-4 |s2cid=7164254 |access-date=2015-12-05 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150720/https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Sacksetal2010-ConsGen_001.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Fox Family Tree">{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Gail |year=2011 |title=Tracing the fox family tree: the North American red fox has a diverse ancestry forged during successive ice ages |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi132.pdf |publisher=Science Findings |issue=132 |pages=5 |access-date=2015-12-05}}</ref> Joseph Grinnell ya gano bambancin yawan diloli a tsaunukan Oregon Cascades, Mount Shasta, Lassen Peak, da Sierra Nevada a shekarar 1937. Daga nan sai binciken ya ƙare na kimanin shekaru 60 zuwa 75, ya danganta da wurin da aka yi binciken. An fara sake gano mutanen Lassen a shekarar 1993 <ref name="Perrine2010" /> sannan aka gano mutanen Sierra Nevada a Sonora Pass a shekarar 2010 <ref name="Statham2012">{{Cite journal |last=Mark J. Statham |last2=Adam C. Rich |last3=Sherri K. Lisius |last4=Benjamin N. Sacks |year=2012 |title=Discovery of a remnant population of Sierra Nevada red fox (''Vulpes vulpes necator'') |url=https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Stathametal2012-SNRFdiscovery.pdf |journal=Northwest Science |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=122–132 |bibcode=2012NWSci..86..122S |doi=10.3955/046.086.0204 |s2cid=32876374 |access-date=2015-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155211/https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Stathametal2012-SNRFdiscovery.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma an fara gano mutanen Oregon Cascades a shekarar 2011. Al'ummar Lassen da Sonora Pass sun ware kansu daga juna kuma ba a san ko akwai wani adadi da ya rage a Dutsen Shasta ba. <ref name="SacksLecture2014" /> === Dila mai ja a kwarin Sacramento === Nazarin kwayoyin halitta da aka fara a shekarar 2010 ya kuma nuna cewa dila ja na kwarin Sacramento ( ''Vulpes vulpes patwin'' ) wani nau'in dila ne daban wanda ya fi kusanci da dila ja na Sierra Nevada fiye da dila ja na ƙasa da aka fara samu a sauran California. <ref name="Sacks et al. Expansion Fragmentation" /> <ref name="Perrine2007">{{Cite journal |last=John D. Perrine |last2=John P. Pollinger |last3=Benjamin N. Sacks |last4=Reginald H. Barrett |last5=Robert K. Wayne |year=2007 |title=Genetic evidence for the persistence of the critically endangered Sierra Nevada red fox in California |url=https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/SierraNevadaWildlife/SierraNevadaRedFox/RF-Perrine07.pdf |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=1083–1095 |bibcode=2007ConG....8.1083P |doi=10.1007/s10592-006-9265-z |s2cid=20629983 |access-date=2011-04-21}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yankin da aka takaita kuma mai kunkuntar da ke tsakanin dila ja da na kwarin Sacramento ya kasance mai daidaito tsawon shekaru da dama, duk da faɗaɗa yawan dila ja da ba na asali ba sau biyar a sauran yankunan ƙasa da gabar tekun California. Wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda halayen auren dila ɗaya da kuma zaɓin abokin aure na musamman. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benjamin N. Sacks |last2=Marcelle Moore |last3=Mark J. Statham |last4=Heiko U. Wittmer |year=2011 |title=A restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion |url=https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Sacksetal2011_000.pdf |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=326–341 |bibcode=2011MolEc..20..326S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04943.x |pmid=21143330 |s2cid=2995171 |access-date=2015-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151847/https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Sacksetal2011_000.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Irin wannan iyaka ta kwayoyin halitta na iya wanzuwa tsakanin dila ja na Sierra Nevada da dila ja na Sacramento Valley da dila mai ƙasa da aka gabatar. <ref name="USFWS 12-Month Finding">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2015 |title=12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Sierra Nevada Red Fox as an Endangered or Threatened Species |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/10/08/2015-25289/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-12-month-finding-on-a-petition-to-list-sierra-nevada |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == === Nisa === [[File:Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_289085807_on_6_December_2024.jpg|thumb| Dila mai launin ja na Melanistic Sierra Nevada]] Yawan adadin dilan ja na Sierra Nevada wani fanni ne na bincike mai zurfi. A Oregon, binciken da ake ci gaba da yi a Mount Hood <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Wolverine Tracking Project 2014-5 Season Report |url=http://www.cascadiawild.org/uploads/8/2/5/8/8258980/wolverine_tracking_project_2014-5_report.pdf |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=Cascadia Wild}}</ref> da Central Oregon <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Final Progress Report: Forest Carnivore Research in the Northern Cascades of Oregon |url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/hunting/small_game/docs/forest_carnivore_project_report_hiller.pdf |publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-17 |title=Citizen Science Fall 2015 Annual Report |url=http://centralcascades.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/FCCW-Citizen-Science-2014-15-Annual-Report.pdf |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=Friends of the Central Cascades Wilderness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122835/http://centralcascades.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/FCCW-Citizen-Science-2014-15-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da aka lura a shekarar 2012 da 2013. Shaidun kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan sun kuma nuna cewa an faɗaɗa yankin zuwa yammacin Oregon tun daga shekarun 1940. <ref name="Statham et al 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Statham |first=Mark |date=February 2012 |title=The origin of recently established red fox populations in the United States: translocations or natural range expansions? |url=http://www.mammalsociety.org/articles/origin-recently-established-red-fox-populations-united-states-translocations-or-natural-ran |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |bibcode=2012JMamm..93...52S |doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-033.1 |access-date=2016-02-03 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115220731/http://www.mammalsociety.org/articles/origin-recently-established-red-fox-populations-united-states-translocations-or-natural-ran |archive-date=2016-01-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A California, an gano gawarwakin a arewacin Yosemite National Park a lokacin hunturu na 2014-15, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=Fox photographed with remote motion-sensitive camera |url=https://home.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/rare-sierra-nevada-red-fox-spotted-in-yosemite-national-park.htm |access-date=2015-01-29 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Stanislaus National Forest a ƙarshen 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=CSERC cameras detect rare fox at new location in the Stanislaus Forest!!! |url=http://www.cserc.org/news/cserc-cameras-detect-rare-fox-new-location-the-stanislaus-forest/ |access-date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center}}</ref> da kuma Lassen Volcanic National Park a 2018. Yankunan farko biyu suna kusa da Sonora Pass, amma ba a tabbatar da cewa mutanen suna cikin mutanen Sonora Pass ba. === Tsawon mazaunin === Tsayin da ke kewaye da dila mai launin ja na Sierra Nevada shi ma wani fanni ne na bincike na yanzu. An gano Oregon tsakanin ƙafa 4900 zuwa 6500, kodayake lura da Cascade red fox a [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] ya nuna cewa ana iya samun ƙananan tsaunuka yayin da ake warwatsewa . Binciken da John Perrine ya yi kan Lassen Peak, ta amfani da kyamarori 144 masu saurin motsi daga 1997 zuwa 2002, ya gano cewa babu wani ɗan dawakai da ke ƙasa da ƙafa 4520. <ref name="Perrine2007" /> A tarihi, binciken Grinnell na shekarar 1937 ya gano cewa akwai tsakanin ƙafa 4500 zuwa 11,500 a California. {{Rp|381}}Da farko an bayyana dila a shekarar 1906 cewa yana faruwa a sama da ƙafa 6000 a babban yankin Sierra. {{Rp|281}} == Diet == Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 kan ragowar mutanen da suka tsira a Dutsen Lassen ya gano cewa dila mafarauta ne masu farautar dare waɗanda abincinsu ya fi kama da na dabbobi masu shayarwa, musamman beraye da barewa, waɗanda ake ƙara musu tsuntsaye, kwari da 'ya'yan itacen pinemat manzanita idan ana samun su a lokacin. Lagomorphs (zomaye, zomaye da pikas) kusan ba sa cikin abincin dila. == Matsayi da kiyayewa == [[Fayil:Redfox_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg|left|thumb|256x256px| An ɗauki hoton wani mutum a watan Satumba, 2010]] Kama dila mai launin ja na Sierra Nevada da aka rubuta ya fara ne lokacin da Moses Schallenberger na jam'iyyar Stephens-Townsend-Murphy ya shafe hunturu na 1844 - 45 a Donner Pass, yana shan matsakaicin dila mai launin ja a kowane kwana biyu. Masu farautar dabbobi sun nemi gashin ja na dila a farkon karni na 20 saboda ya fi laushi fiye da na dila mai launin toka na California ( ''Urocyon cinereoargenteus'' ). <ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Nevada red fox (Vulpes vulpes necator) |url=https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_SierraNevadaWildlifeRisk/SierraNevadaRedFox.php |access-date=2011-04-30 |publisher=Sierra Forest Legacy}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jihar California ta haramta kama dila ja na Sierra Nevada a shekarar 1974 kuma ta lissafa nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana a shekarar 1980. <ref name="Aubry1997">{{Cite web |date=1997-08-12 |title=Mesocarnivores of Northern California: Biology, Management, & Survey Techniques |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/harris.pdf |access-date=2015-12-16 |publisher=The Wildlife Society, Northern California Chapter |pages=55–61}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa kashi 29 na yawan jama'ar da ke zaune a yankin Sierra Nevada na dila ya kai ga manya 29 kusa da Sonora Pass a [[California]] . Kashi na Musamman na Yawan Jama'a [[Yankin Cascade|na Kudancin Cascades]] ya ƙunshi kimanin manya 42 kusa da Lassen Volcanic National Park da kuma mutane da ba a san adadinsu ba a yankuna biyar na [[Oregon]] . <ref name="USFWS 12-Month Finding" /> Ba a san sauran al'umma ba. Haɗuwa da jajayen dila da ba na asali ba da kuma nasarar ɗaukar ma'aikata sune manyan abubuwan da ke damun kiyayewa. <ref name="USFWS 12-Month Finding" /> <ref name="Aubry1997" /> <ref name="SacksLecture2014" /> Dila nau'in dila ne na gibin bayanai a Oregon <ref name="Oregon 2015 Conservation Plan">{{Cite web |title=Oregon 2015 Conservation Plan |url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/public_comment.asp |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma Hukumar Kula da Daji ta Amurka ta sanya shi nau'in da ke da alaƙa da Oregon. <ref name="R6 USFS SSSL">{{Cite web |title=Region 6 Forest Service Special Status Species Lists 7/21/2015 |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents3/2670-1950-final-sss-list-enc1-20150713.xlsx |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=Interagency Special Status / Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP)}}</ref> An gano cewa ba a ba da garantin jerin sassan yawan jama'a na Kudancin Cascades ba. <ref name="USFWS 12-Month Finding" /> An sanya Sashen Yawan Jama'a na Sierra Nevada a ƙarƙashin Dokar Nau'in Da Ke Fuskantar Barazana a shekarar 2021. == Asali == Nau'o'in halittu guda uku da ke cikin tsaunukan sun rabu bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta Wisconsin, shekaru 15 zuwa 20,000 da suka wuce, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith B. Aubry |last2=Mark J. Statham |last3=Benjamin N. Sacks |last4=John D. Perrine |last5=Samantha M. Wisely |year=2009 |title=Phyleogeography of the North American red fox: vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia |url=https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Aubry_2009_red_fox_phylogeography.pdf |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=2668–2686 |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.2668A |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04222.x |pmid=19457180 |s2cid=11518843 |access-date=2015-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121048/https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Aubry_2009_red_fox_phylogeography.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> tare da Kogin Columbia wataƙila ya raba Cascade da Sierra Nevada ja dila. Duk da haka, kafin shekarar 2010, ana ɗaukar cewa dila mai launin ja a tsaunukan Oregon shine dila mai launin ja na Cascade. <ref name="Sacks et al. Expansion Fragmentation" /> Saboda haka, littattafan da aka buga a baya sun nuna cewa ba daidai ba ne ga Cascade da Sierra Nevada red fox. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Vulpes vulpes necator|Sierra Nevada red fox}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1aKfLl5YZI Ben ya kori Lakca kan Sacramento Valley da Sierra Nevada Red Fox, 2014] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260921001152/https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Sierra-Nevada-Red-Fox Ba da rahoton ganin jajayen dila na Sierra Nevada ga Sashen Kifi da Namun daji na California] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 55uwvagsxxiz7ef4bndw80uqngb2j2c 0 175424 968516 949146 2026-10-17T05:28:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref name=tnc/>|genus=Silene|species=salmonacea|authority=T.W.Nelson, J.P.Nelson & S.A.Erwin}} '''''Silene salmonacea''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba a cikin dangin Caryophyllaceae wanda aka fi sani da sunaye na musamman '''na Klamath Mountain catchfly''' da kuma '''catchfly mai furen salmon''' . An san shi ne kawai daga Gundumar Trinity, California, inda yake girma a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunukan Klamath na kudancin ƙasar. Yana cikin flora na ƙasan serpentine . Ƙaramin ganye ne mai dawwama wanda tsayinsa ya kai santimita kaɗan. Ganyen da ke da siffar cokali suna da tsawon santimita 3.5. Ganyen yana da launin toka-kore kuma yana da laushin ulu kaɗan. Kowace fure tana da siffar tubular calyx na sepals ɗin da aka haɗa da jijiyoyi goma. Akwai furanni biyar masu launin ruwan hoda na salmon, kowannensu yana da lobes huɗu a ƙarshen. Wannan shukar tana faruwa a yankuna shida, biyu daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mutane ƙasa da biyar. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=81720 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9477 CalFlora] * [http://www.northcoastcnps.org/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi/Go?_id=silene_salmonacea&sort=DEFAULT&search=silene%20salmonacea Ƙungiyar Shuke-shuke ta 'Yan Asalin California] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Silene+salmonacea Hotunan hoto] {{Taxonbar|from=Q7514493}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0dcbp2isasqr0fxjlemu3x4nbe1q0xw 0 175452 968527 961086 2026-10-17T07:45:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Stegnogramma burksiorum''''', wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen fassara '''''Thelypteris burksiorum''''', '''asalin Alabama''', nau'in fern ne a cikin dangin Thelypteridaceae . <ref name="CFLW">{{Citation|last1=amp}}</ref> Yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ''Stegnogramma pilosa'' (syn. ''Thelypteris pilosa'' ) kuma an yi masa kallon nau'in ''alabamensis'' na wannan nau'in; <ref name="CFLW" /> an kuma yi masa kallon nau'in biyu a matsayin wani nau'in halitta mai rikitarwa. ''Stegnogramma burksiorum'' asalinsa ɗan asalin [[Alabama]] ne a Amurka. <ref name="CFLW" /> == Manazarta == <ref name="CFLW"/> <ref name="tnc">[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Thelypteris+pilosa ''Thelypteris pilosa''.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> j81qzzf7geij7y6nsv34ircjc7eu9rn 0 175814 968470 950404 2026-10-16T23:36:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanarwar Amurka game da Haƙƙoƙi da Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam''', wadda aka fi sani da '''Sanarwar Bogota''', ita ce [[Kayan kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa|kayan aikin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya]] na farko a duniya, wanda ya fara tun kafin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya]] ƙasa da shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quintana |first=Francisco-José |date=2024-04-04 |title=The (Latin) American Dream? Human Rights and the Construction of Inter-American Regional Organisation (1945–1948) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jhil/25/4/article-p560_5.xml |journal=Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=560–591 |doi=10.1163/15718050-bja10100 |issn=1388-199X |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ko da yake sanarwa ba yarjejeniya ce da ta shafi doka ba, a taƙaice dai, amma hukuncin Kotun Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Tsakanin Amurka da kuma Hukumar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Tsakanin ƙasar Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cerna |first=Christina M. |date=2009 |title=Reflections on the Normative Status of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Anniversary Contributions - International Human Rights |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol30/iss4/12 |journal=University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law |publisher= |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1211-1237 |doi= |access-date=2025-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703002937/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol30/iss4/12/ |archive-date=2025-07-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> sun tabbatar da cewa sanarwar ta haifar da wajibcin ƙasashen duniya ga ƙasashe membobin OAS. An maye gurbin wannan sanarwar da cikakkun bayanai na [[Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] (wanda ke aiki tun daga ranar 18 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1978 duk da haka, ana ci gaba da amfani da ita ga ƙasashen da ba su amince da Yarjejeniyar ba, kamar [[Cuba]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da [[Kanada]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Multilateral Treaties |url=http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights_sign.htm |access-date=2016-03-30 |website=www.oas.org |publisher=Organization of American States}}</ref> {{Blockquote|All men are born free and equal, in dignity and in rights, and, being endowed by nature with reason and conscience, they should conduct themselves as brothers one to another.|Preamble, American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man}} == Tarihi == Kasashen [[Amurka]] sun amince da wannan sanarwar a taron kasa da kasa na tara na kasashen Amurka da aka yi a [[Bogotá]], [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System |url=https://www.cidh.org/basicos/english/Basic1.%20Intro.htm |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref> Ma'aikatan gwamnatin ƙasar Amurka ne suka jagoranci kuma suka tsara taron da sanarwar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan-American conferences 1826-1948 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-American-conferences#ref225128 |access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> Wannan taron ya amince da Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka kuma ta haka ne aka kafa OAS . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghidirmic |first=Bogdan |date=2018 |title=The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man: An Underrated Gem of International Human Rights Law |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=699817 |journal=Journal of Law and Public Administration |language=English |volume=IV |issue=7 |pages=50–60 |issn=2501-2657}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Babi na Ɗaya na Sanarwar ya bayyana jerin [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa]] da 'yan ƙasashen da suka sanya hannu za su ci moriyarsu, tare da ƙarin [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu]] da suka wajaba a kansu. A matsayin bitar da aka yi, babi na biyu ya ƙunshi jerin ayyukan da suka dace. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin gabatarwar: <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1948-06-10 |title=American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man / : adopted by the 9th International Conference of American States |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/565094?ln=en&v=pdf |journal=United Nations Digital Library |language=en |publisher=UN}}</ref> {{Blockquote|The fulfillment of duty by each individual is a prerequisite to the rights of all. Rights and duties are interrelated in every social and political activity of man. While rights exalt individual liberty, duties express the dignity of that liberty.}} == Manazarta == qhxna7ny8wsbzm3885enrpjoadx8k2k 0 175987 968566 953265 2026-10-17T11:35:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Talauci a Kanada''' yana nufin jihar ko yanayin da mutum ko iyali ba su da mahimman albarkatu - kudi ko in ba haka ba - don kula da yanayin rayuwa a cikin al'ummarsu. Masu bincike da gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da ma'auni daban-daban don auna [[talauci]] a Kanada ciki har da Low-Income Cut-Off (LICO), Low Income Measure (LIM), da Market Basket Measure (MBM). <ref name="HRSDC_2008">{{Cite web |title=Low Income in Canada: 2000-2006 Using the Market Basket Measure – October 2008 |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/publications_resources/research/categories/inclusion/2008/sp-864-10-2008/page04.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622170335/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/publications_resources/research/categories/inclusion/2008/sp-864-10-2008/page04.shtml |archive-date=22 June 2009 |publisher=[[Human Resources and Skills Development Canada]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Ayyuka da Ci gaban Jama'a na Kanada sun ba da sanarwar kafa layin talauci na farko na Kanada wanda zai dogara da MBM. MBM tana la'akari da farashin kwando na kayan asali da ayyuka da iyali na manya biyu da yara biyu ke buƙata don kula da yanayin rayuwa mai sauƙi.<ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2017">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2017 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190226/dq190226b-eng.htm |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2020">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2020 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220323/dq220323a-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806165459/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220323/dq220323a-eng.htm |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Government of Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Akwai karuwar talauci a Kanada da sauran kasashe masu masana'antu da yawa a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref name="Kazemipur_20000301">{{Cite journal |last=Kazemipur |first=Abdolmohammad |last2=Halli |first2=Shiva |date=1 March 2000 |title=The invisible barrier: Neighbourhood poverty and integration of immigrants in Canada |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1007/s12134-000-1009-1 |issn=1874-6365 |s2cid=145543834}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, yawan talauci na Kanada ya kasance daga cikin mafi girma na kasashe membobin Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) - kasashe mafi arziki a duniya. Adadin mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci na hukuma ya ragu sosai daga 14.5% a 2015 zuwa 10.1% a 2019, <ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2019">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2021 |title=Canadian Income Survey, 2019 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210323/dq210323a-eng.htm |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> da 6.4% a shekara ta 2020. <ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2020" /> [[Talauci na yara a Kanada]] ya ragu tun 2015, tare da yawan yaran da ke rayuwa cikin talauci ya ragu da kashi 71% a shekarar 2020. Talauci na yara yana da tasiri sosai a kan gidajen 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada. Dangane da binciken 2019 da masu bincike a Majalisar Al'ummai ta Farko da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Kanada (CCPA), kusan kashi 50% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada - duka a ciki da waje - suna rayuwa cikin talauci.<ref name="Beedie_20190624" /> Ya zuwa 2020, kimanin 'yan Kanada miliyan 2.4, ko 6.4% na yawan jama'a, sun zauna a ƙasa da layin talauci, a cewar Statistics Canada Canadian Income Survey, a shekarar 2020 da aka saki a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2022.<ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2020" /> == Bayani na yanzu == Binciken Kudin Kanada na 2020 (CIS) wanda aka fitar a watan Maris na 2022 ta hanyar Ayyuka da Ci gaban Jama'a na Kanada (ESDC) ya ce akwai raguwa sosai a cikin talauci daga 14.5% a cikin 2015 zuwa 6.4% a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar mafi girman raguwar shekaru 5 tun 1976. <ref name="StatCan_infographic_20220713" /> Kimanin 'yan Kanada miliyan 2.4 suna zaune a ƙasa da Ofishin Talauci na Kanada, bisa ga dawowar harajin samun kudin shiga na shekara ta 2020.<ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2020" /><ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2019" /> Duk da yake sakamakon yana ƙarfafawa, ministan ESDC ya yi gargadi cewa binciken kudaden shiga na Kanada na shekara ta 2020 yana buƙatar a tsara shi a kan yanayin "matakan tallafin kudaden shiga da ba a taɓa gani ba na wucin gadi".<ref name="ESDC_20220323">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Canada's poverty rate decreased significantly in 2020 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/news/2022/03/canadas-poverty-rate-decreased-significantly-in-2020-federal-emergency-and-recovery-benefits-mitigated-the-pandemics-economic-impact.html |access-date=August 9, 2022 |format=news releases}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, kashi 84% na 'yan Kanada 15 da sama sun sami kudin shiga daga canja wurin gwamnati idan aka kwatanta da kashi 69% a cikin 2015. Canjin ya haɗa da Faɗin Tsaro na Tsofaffi (OAS) / Ƙarin Ƙarin Kuɗi (GIS), Tsarin Fensho na Kanada (CPP) / Shirin Fensho ya Quebec (QPP), fa'idodin Inshorar aiki (EI), da fa'idodin Yara. Amma karuwar ta kasance galibi a cikin hanyar gaggawa da fa'idodin farfadowa da suka shafi cutar ta COVID-19 a Kanada, gami da fa'idar gaggawa da farfadowar COVID-19 (ERB), fa'idar farfado da Kanada (CRB), fa-idar kula da lafiyar Kanada (CRSB), faɗin ɗaliban gaggawa na Kanada (CESB) galibi ta hanyar fa'idodin gaggawa da warkewa da suka danganci da cutar ta COVID-19.<ref name="StatCan_infographic_20220713" /> A cikin rukunin shekaru 0 zuwa 54 yaduwar ƙananan kuɗin shiga ya ragu sosai; akwai karuwar ƙarancin kuɗin shiga a cikin waɗanda suka wuce 65.<ref name="StatCan_infographic_20220713" /> Gini coefficient ya ragu daga 0.343 a cikin 2010 zuwa 0.302 a cikin 2020, wanda shine alamar rashin daidaito.<ref name="StatCan_infographic_20220713">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Income in Canada, 2020 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2022040-eng.htm |access-date=August 8, 2022 |website=Government of Canada via Statistics Canada}}</ref> == Bayyana talauci a Kanada == Rahoton kididdigar Kanada na 1968 game da kudaden shiga na Kanada ya ba da "tushen bayyanawa da auna ƙananan kudaden shiga a Kanada". Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Musamman na 1971 kan Talauci a Kanada "ya kawo talauci daga inuwa". A shekara ta 1976, Kanada ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]], wanda ya tilasta wa gwamnatin tarayya ta yi la'akari da talauci a matsayin batun' yancin ɗan adam. A cikin littafinsa na 2020, The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979, masanin tarihi Will Langford ya bayyana muhimmancin ci gaba a cikin shekaru ashirin na muhawara game da " siyasar talauci ta duniya" daga ƙarshen 1950s zuwa ƙarshen 1970s don mayar da martani ga "rashin daidaito mai zurfi" a duka matakan gida da na duniya. A cikin dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar Kanada a wannan lokacin, ana ganin ci gaba a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don rage talauci. Langford ya bayyana yadda wannan tsarin ya kasance mara tasiri wajen kawar da talauci ta kowace hanya mai ma'ana yayin da aka saka talauci a cikin "dangantaka ta zamantakewar jari-hujja da matsayi na tattalin arziki". <ref name="Bower_2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bower |first=Shannon |date=2021 |title=The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979 by Will Langford (review) |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=193–194 |doi=10.52975/llt.2021v88.0016 |issn=1911-4842 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canjin daga jihar jin dadin ya faru ne a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s, yayin da gwamnatocin ƙasa da Margaret Thatcher ta jagoranta a Burtaniya a 1979, Ronald Reagan a Amurka a 1980, Helmut Kohl a Jamus a 1983, da Brian Mulroney a Kanada 1984 sun karɓi manufofin tattalin arziki waɗanda suka fi son kasuwar kyauta, <ref name="Haymes_2015">{{Cite book|edition=Maria}}</ref>: 7 duniya, 'yanci, da raguwar Kudin gwamnati tare da karuwar haɓaka a cikin masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Coulter_2009">{{Cite journal |last=Coulter |first=Kendra |date=January 2009 |title=Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada |journal=Journal of Women, Politics & Policy |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=23–45 |doi=10.1080/15544770802367788 |issn=1554-477X |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar David Harvey, gwamnatocin da suka aiwatar da manufofin neoliberal sun mayar da hankali kan inganta yanayin don ayyukan kasuwa da tara kudade kuma sun fice daga jihar zamantakewa da manufofin sake rarrabawa. <ref name="Harvey_2007" /><ref name="Coulter_2009" /> A shekara ta 2004, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta bayyana wadannan ra'ayoyin a matsayin " fadada falsafar gargajiya mai sassaucin ra'ayi" ko neo-Liberal - "falsafar da ke tallafawa da kuma fitar da tattalin arzikin duniya", tana tallafawa kasuwa kyauta da jari-hujja ta hanyar sauƙaƙe "hawan kayayyaki, ayyuka da babban birnin", yana iyakance tsangwama na gwamnati ga kamfanoni, da rage kashe kuɗin jama'a. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kasuwa kyauta da shawarwarin manufofin jama'a sun inganta ta hanyar masu tunani, kungiyoyin 'yanci, da jam'iyyun siyasa, kuma sune batun muhawara mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Ravi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boas |first=Taylor C. |last2=Gans-Morse |first2=Jordan |year=2009 |title=Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-comparative-international-development_summer-2009_44_2/page/137 |journal=[[Studies in Comparative International Development]] |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=137–161 |doi=10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Kanada, Cibiyar Fraser da Cibiyar Broadbent suna ba da muhawara a bangarorin biyu na waɗannan muhawara yayin da suke da alaƙa da batutuwa kamar ma'anar talauci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Another howler from the Fraser Institute |url=https://www.institutbroadbent.ca/another_howler_from_the_fraser_institute |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Institut Broadbent}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na 2002 kan "Talauci, Gidaje da Rashin Gida: Matsalar da Zaɓuɓɓuka", ya ce talauci, gidaje da rashin gidaje sun kasance babban ƙalubale a Kanada kamar yadda ya kasance a 1971 bisa ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa na Musamman na 1971 kan Talauci a Kanada, amma a shekara ta 2002, abubuwan da suka faru da fahimtar talauci, zama da rashin gida sun karu da rikitarwa.{{Rp|2}} A shekara ta 2013, an sami canji daga binciken talauci, zuwa rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga a matakin kasa da kasa a cikin bincike da wallafe-wallafen da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF), Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD), da Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (WEF). A shekara ta 2014, WEF ta bayyana karuwar rata a matsayin "babban haɗarin da duniya ke fuskanta".<ref name="Torjman_2014" /> Wani labarin 2014 a cikin mujallar Forum for Social Economics, ya ce manufofin neoliberal da aka kafa tun daga shekarun 1980 sun haifar da yanayin duniya na rashin daidaito a rarraba kudin shiga.<ref name="Fiorentini_20140827">{{Cite journal |last=Fiorentini |first=Riccardo |date=27 August 2014 |title=Neoliberal Policies, Income Distribution Inequality and the Financial Crisis |journal=Forum for Social Economics |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=115–132 |doi=10.1080/07360932.2014.951376 |issn=0736-0932 |s2cid=154693538}}</ref> Wani taron masu gudanarwa na Afrilu 29, 2014 wanda Makarantar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Kanada ta shirya ya lura cewa akwai canji a cikin bincike daga talauci a Kanada zuwa gwaje-gwaje na rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga, misali a cikin rahoton Kwamitin Tsayawa kan Kudi na Disamba 2013. <ref name="Torjman_2014">{{Cite journal |last=Torjman |first=Sherri |date=June 2014 |title=Book Review: Poverty in Canada |url=https://maytree.com/wp-content/uploads/1046ENG.pdf |journal=Caledon Institute of Social Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210063324/https://maytree.com/wp-content/uploads/1046ENG.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=August 11, 2022}}</ref> A karkashin umarninsa na 2016 don bunkasa dabarun rage talauci na kasa, sashen tarayya na Ayyuka da Ci gaban Jama'a na Kanada (ESDC) ya tuntubi al'ummomin farko, Inuit da Métis, matakan gwamnati guda uku, da al'ummomi masu damuwa. Rahoton da ya biyo baya - "Hanyar da kowa ya samu: dabarun rage talauci na farko na Kanada" - an sake shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 2018. Ya kafa Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBM) a matsayin ma'auni na hukuma na talauci na Kanada, ya kafa layin talauci na farko na hukuma a Kanada, kuma ya gabatar da manufofi na rage talauci.<ref name="Opportunity_for _all" />: 5 <ref name="Canadian Income Survey, 2018">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Canadian Income Survey, 2018 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200224/dq200224a-eng.htm |access-date=25 February 2020 |series=The Daily}}</ref> Bisa ga binciken da suka yi, rahoton ya fadada ma'anar talauci don haɗawa ba kawai damuwa da kuɗi ba har ma da "samun damar samun gidaje masu dacewa, abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai ginafi, da kiwon lafiya".<ref name="Opportunity_for _all" />: 32 Talauci a Kanada yana nufin jihar ko yanayin da mutum ko al'umma ba su da mahimman albarkatu, kudi ko in ba haka ba, don kula da yanayin rayuwa mai sauƙi.<ref name="Opportunity_for _all" />: 5 A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Ayyuka da Ci gaban Jama'a na Kanada sun ba da sanarwar kafa layin talauci na farko na Kanada wanda zai dogara da Ma'aunin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBM). MBM tana la'akari da farashin kwando na kayan asali da ayyuka da iyali na manya biyu da yara biyu ke buƙata don kula da yanayin rayuwa mai sauƙi.<ref name="Opportunity_for _all" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Employment and Social Development |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Understanding Systems: The 2021 report of the National Advisory Council on Poverty |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/poverty-reduction/national-advisory-council/reports/2021-annual.html |access-date=August 6, 2022 |format=service description}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e950ig2jan8sfwgtnwm1ak90cuhzyb4 0 176007 968524 950982 2026-10-17T07:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1998, Dokta Ian Gary Swayze ya bayyana Farfesa Starson (a.k.a. Scott Jeffery Schutzman) ba zai iya yarda da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa ba kuma saboda haka ya kamata a yi masa magani ba tare da son rai ba kamar yadda aka ba da umarni. Starson ya nemi wata kungiya ta shari'a da aka sani da Kwamitin Yarjejeniya da Capacity don sake duba wannan shawarar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2003, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta buga hukuncin ta a cikin shari'ar. A cikin yanke shawara 6 zuwa 3, yawancin sun riƙe cewa Starson yana da damar ƙin magani. == Tarihi == Scott Jeffery Schutzman, wanda ya canza sunansa zuwa Starson kuma ya fi son a kira shi "Profesor", ya sami digiri na injiniyan lantarki kuma yana da sha'awar ilimin lissafi (ko da yake ba sana'arsa ba ce). An gano shi da cutar bipolar.<ref name="delicate">{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Judith I. |date=November 2008 |title=The Delicate Dance in Canadian Mental Health Policy: Balancing Equality Rights, Family Rights and Community Rights |url=http://www.jemh.ca/issues/v3n2/documents/JEMH_v3n02_article_The_Delicate_Dance_in_Canadian_Mental_Health_Policy.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethics in Mental Health |volume=3 |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122430/http://www.jemh.ca/issues/v3n2/documents/JEMH_v3n02_article_The_Delicate_Dance_in_Canadian_Mental_Health_Policy.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya fahimci cewa ba shi da 'na al'ada' kuma yana da matsala wajen hulɗa da mutane. Ya yarda cewa yana da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, amma ya ki yarda da yanayinsa a matsayin rashin lafiya. Ya kuma ki yarda da hanyoyin da likitocinsa suka ba da shawarar saboda tsoron cewa zai rage tunaninsa. Da ya yarda da maganin kwakwalwa amma babu magani. Dokta Ian Gary Swayze, wanda ba likitan farko na Starson ba ne amma wanda ya sake nazarin sigogi na likita, ya fara shaida. "[T]tsarinsa yana da ban tsoro. Zai ba ni shawarar hanya mai tsanani, wanda ba ya dainawa wanda mai yiwuwa zai zama makomar Farfesa Starson, idan bai sami magani ba, "Swayze ya shaida. A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 1998, Swayze ya bayyana Starson ba zai iya yarda da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa ba don haka ya kamata a ba shi magani ba tare da son rai ba kamar yadda aka ba shi. Starson ya nemi Kwamitin Yarjejeniya da Capacity don sake duba wannan shawarar. Kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa, saboda Starson bai gane cewa ba shi da lafiya kuma yana buƙatar magani, Starson bai iya fahimtar sakamakon yarda ba; ya kasa fahimtar haɗari da fa'idodi sabili da haka ba shi da ikon yanke shawara game da magani. Daga baya aka tuhumi Starson sau da yawa da barazanar mutuwa kuma ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a cibiyoyi. == Manazarta == 8chb1wtdye81f4rvj3ghejxm1j03a4c 0 176202 968517 951676 2026-10-17T06:04:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Yemisi Sophie Odusanya (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Sisi Yemmie''', ƴar Najeriya ce mai rubutun ra'ayin abinci da salon rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sontag |first=Elazar |date=2020-07-28 |title=On Food Vlogger Yemisi Odusanya and the Joy of Watching Experts Cook |url=https://www.eater.com/2020/7/28/21274847/nigerian-food-youtuber-yemisi-odusanya-sisi-yemmie |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=[[Eater (website)|Eater]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sisi Yemmie a shekara ta 1984 kuma ta girma a garin [[Warri]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] . Ita ƴar ƙabilar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce. Ta sami digiri a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga Jami'ar Igbinedion, Okada <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Simisola |date=2020-03-18 |title=Biography of Sisi Yemmie |url=https://allnigeriainfo.ng/biography-of-sisi-yemmie/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=AllNigeriaInfo |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129015851/https://allnigeriainfo.ng/biography-of-sisi-yemmie/ |archive-date=2021-01-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin diflomasiyyar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'an Birmingham da difloma a cikin Sashen Sadarwar Cikin Gida daga PR Academy, London. == Ayyuka == Sisi Yemmie ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta raba bidiyon girke-girke na abinci waɗanda aka ƙirƙira sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a cikin kicin ta a tashar YouTube, SisiYemmieTV . Ta kuma raba abun ciki game da iyaye, dangantaka da salon rayuwa. A cikin shekarar 2018, CNN Africa ta bayyana ta tare da [[Linda Ikeji]] da [[Chiamaka Obuekwe]] a matsayin "mata da suka buga zinare a kafofin sada zumunta". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tom Bouchier Hayes and Munachim Amah |date=22 January 2018 |title=How these Nigerian women are cashing in on social media |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/22/africa/nigerian-bloggers-social-media/index.html |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019, tana da masu biyan kuɗi 168,000, bidiyo 531, da ra'ayoyi miliyan 18.4 a tashar YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akindare |first=Okunola |date=2019-02-11 |title=Fisayo Fosudo's YouTube Channel Makes Money, But Not From YouTube Alone |url=https://techcabal.com/2019/02/11/fisayo-fosudos-youtube-channel-makes-money-but-not-from-youtube-alone/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Charles III|Yarima Charles]] ya bayyana tashar ta a matsayin "Mai Girma" yayin ziyarar da ya kai Majalisar Burtaniya a Legas. An lissafa ta a matsayin babbar mace ta Najeriya da ta zama YouTuber a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagorar edita a kan Cosmopolitan Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steigrad |first=Alexandra |date=2015-02-16 |title=Cosmopolitan is Heading to Nigeria |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/cosmopolitan-is-heading-to-nigeria-8188735/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=[[Women's Wear Daily|WWD]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ita da saurayinta na lokacin, yanzu mijinta, Yomi Odusanya sun lashe kakar wasa ta farko ta My Big Nigerian Wedding reality show kuma an ɗauki nauyin bikin aurensu zuwa kimanin miliyan 15. Suna da ƴaƴa biyar, bayan an haife su da tagwaye a tsakiyar shekara ta 2024. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |[[Kyautar ELOY]] |Mai amfani da yanar gizo na mata|{{Won}} | |- |2015 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] | rowspan="2" |Blogger na shekara|{{Won}} |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar ELOY]]|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.pencom.gov.ng/}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] nziho1j7qrs3fhrnr2aljzb25kqtthf 0 176324 968536 952570 2026-10-17T08:26:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Streptanthus callistus 123519271.jpg|status={{TNCStatus}}|status_system=TNC|genus=Streptanthus|species=callistus|authority=[[J.L.Morrison]]}} '''''Streptanthus callistus''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin mustard ba, wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Mount Hamilton jewelflower''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biological Evaluation, Monterey S. of Watsonville Biological Evaluation Santa Clara County, California, Live Oak Associates, Inc. |url=http://www.morgan-hill.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/5105 |access-date=2026-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092249/http://www.morgan-hill.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/5105 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana da yawa a gundumar Santa Clara, California, inda aka san shi daga kusan sau biyar kawai a kusa da Dutsen Hamilton . Yana girma a chaparral da dazuzzuka da kuma a kan busassun [[Scree|bishiyoyi]] . Itacen shuka ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke samar da ƙaramin tushe har zuwa santimita 8 ko 9 tsayi tare da tushe mai kauri. Ganyen haƙoran masu siffar oval ba su da tsawon santimita 2. Furen furanni kamar tarin furanni ne, waɗanda suka fi girma ba su da lahani. Furannin da ke ƙasan raceme suna da kalyces na sepals masu launin shuɗi-kore a ƙarƙashin santimita ɗaya mai tsayi tare da furanni masu launin shuɗi mai haske a ƙarshen. Furannin da ke saman raceme ɗin suna da ƙananan furanni masu tsayi, masu launin shunayya, marasa gashi. 'Ya'yan itacen siliki ne mai siffar silinda, mai siffar gashin baki, wanda tsawonsa ya kai santimita 2 ko 2.5. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2240,2621,2635 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Streptanthus+callistus Hotunan hoto] {{Taxonbar|from=Q7623312}} lyzaj4qd0jryktinm84z6v72egvgsmp 0 176354 968537 952652 2026-10-17T08:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=VU|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn|author=Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group|year= 1996 |title= ''Stygobromus mackenziei'' |article-number= e.T20994A9242306 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20994A9242306.en|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>|status2=G1|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref name=NatureServe>{{cite web |title=''Stygobromus mackenziei'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110812/Stygobromus_mackenziei |website=NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life |version=7.1|publisher=NatureServe |access-date=18 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>|genus=Stygobromus|species=mackenziei|authority=Holsinger, 1974}} '''''Stygobromus mackenziei''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''amphipod na kogon Mackenzie''', nau'in amphipod ne mai siffar troglomorphic a cikin dangin Crangonyctidae . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[California]], inda yake faruwa ne kawai a cikin Kogon Empire. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Glimpse of Empire Cave's Biodiversity |url=https://ucsccampusreserve.ucsc.edu/maps-habitats-organisms-stewardship/cave-organisms.html |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan kogo wani bangare ne na Porter Caves, a harabar Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10682540}} 9qebeasx6qkjjgedxvr5oowpv8okmg9 0 176360 968538 952666 2026-10-17T08:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Stygoparnus comalensis.jpg|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.117094/Stygoparnus_comalensis|title=''Stygoparnus comalensis''|website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|author=NatureServe|publisher=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia|access-date=22 April 2023|date=7 April 2023}}</ref>|status2=LE|status2_system=ESA|status2_ref=<ref name=ecos>{{cite web|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/7175|title=Comal Springs dryopid beetle (''Stygoparnus comalensis'')|website=Environmental Conservation Online System|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=fws>USFWS. [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-12-18/pdf/97-33041.pdf Final rule to list three aquatic invertebrates in Comal and Hays Counties, TX, as endangered.] ''Federal Register'' '''62'''(243):66295–66304. December 18, 1997. Accessed on 22 April 2023.</ref>|genus=Stygoparnus|parent_authority=Barr & Spangler, 1992|species=comalensis|authority=Barr & Spangler, 1992}} '''''Stygoparnus''''' nau'in [[Buzuzu|ƙwaro]] ne mai kama da juna wanda ke ɗauke da nau'in ƙwaro guda ɗaya '''''Stygoparnus comalensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Comal Springs dryopid ƙwaro''' . Wannan ƙwaro mai wuya yana da yawa a [[Texas]] a Amurka, inda aka san shi daga [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugan ruwa]] guda biyu. [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Nau'i ne da gwamnatin tarayya ta lissafa a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar karewa]] a Amurka. An fara tattara ƙwaro mai suna Comal Springs dryopid a shekarar 1987 kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin sabon nau'in a shekarar 1992. Wannan ƙwaro yana da tsawon milimita 3 zuwa 3.7. Nau'in halitta ne na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yana da idanu marasa kyau da kuma launin fata mai laushi. Ita ce kawai nau'in ruwa da aka sani a cikin iyalinsa. An san shi daga Comal Springs a Comal County, da kuma Fern Bank Springs a Hays County, Texas . Ko da yake yana rayuwa a cikin maɓuɓɓuga, ƙwaro ba ya yin iyo kuma wataƙila yana rayuwa a cikin iska a cikin kogo. Ba a san komai game da tarihin rayuwar ƙwaro ba saboda mazaunin kogon [[karst]] yana da wahalar bincikawa. Kwaro yana rayuwa a cikin wani maɓuɓɓuga ɗaya da Edwards Aquifer ke ciyar da shi, da kuma wani maɓuɓɓuga ɗaya da ba a san tushen ruwa ba. An daɗe ana amfani da Edwards Aquifer don samun ruwansa, wanda ake amfani da shi don dalilai da yawa, kamar [[ban ruwa]] . Babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar nau'in da sauran dabbobin da ba kasafai ake samun su a yankin ba kamar su amphipod na kogon Peck ita ce asarar tushen ruwan da ke ciyar da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071004022014/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Stygoparnus+comalensis ''Stygoparnus comalensis'' .] Tsarin Kula da Yanayi. == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Cheryl B. Barr & Paul J. Spangler |year=1992 |title=A new genus and species of stygobiontic dryopid beetle, ''Stygoparnus comalensis'' (Coleoptera: Dryopidae), from Comal Springs, Texas |url=http://biostor.org/reference/85679 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington]] |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=40–54}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q1814908|from2=Q18116489}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pbm63xrada9kfsw77v4gp1l1epczfco 0 176575 968522 954104 2026-10-17T07:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kirk, Seat da Well na St Fillan''' suna cikin ƙauyen Kilallan, wanda a da shine babban cibiyar addini ta tsohuwar cocin Kilallan (Cill Fhaolain) ko Killellan, kusa da Kilmacolm, [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]] . An haɗa tsohuwar cocin da Houston a shekarar 1760, kodayake cocin ya sami damar amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci har zuwa 1771. Burbushin Kirk wani abin tarihi ne da aka tsara kuma makabartar da ke kewaye da shi gini ne da aka jera.<ref name="Kilallan">{{Cite web |title=Kilallan Kirk |url=http://www.kilallan.org/ |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Kaburburan suna da nisan {{Convert|4|mi|km|0}} yamma da tsakiyar Houston, kusa da Titin Kilallan. == Tarihi == [[File:St_Fillan's_Kirk,_Kilallan,_Renfrewshire_-_ruins_and_access_lane.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Titin Kirk da hanyar shiga]] Ana amfani da wasu kalmomi daban-daban ga tsohon cocin (Kilfillan, Kylhelan, Killilellin, Kyllinan, Kilenan, Kilellan da Killallan), Za a yi amfani da Kilallan a nan don daidaito. Wurin shine wurin da aka gina wani ɗakin St Fillan a ƙarni na bakwai, wataƙila mai bin Saint Columba, wanda aka girmama shi sosai har ƙashin hannunsa yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan tarihi masu tsarki da aka yi faretin su a gaban Sojojin Scotland a Bannockburn . <ref name="Elderslie">{{Cite web |title=Elderslie Estates |url=http://www.elderslie.org/elderslie-in-action.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190428/http://www.elderslie.org/elderslie-in-action.html |archive-date=2 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunansa a cikin Gaelic yana nufin 'ƙaramin kerkeci' kuma ranar bikinsa ita ce 9 ga Janairu. Baƙi 'yan asalin Ireland ne suka gabatar da ƙungiyar St Fillan, kuma cocin ɗaya daga cikin cocin da Walter Fitz Alan, Steward na Scotland ya bai wa Paisley Abbey a shekara ta 1169, wata gidauniya da shi da kansa ya kafa. Akwai wasu wurare da dama na St Fillan da ke da majami'u, rijiyoyi, kujeru, da sauransu a wasu wurare a Scotland. Saint Fillan shine waliyin masu tabin hankali. === Masu Alkawari === A shekara ta 1781, an rubuta cewa mutanen Cameron, wani ɓangare mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Covenanters na Scotland daga Sanquhar waɗanda suka bi koyarwar Richard Cameron, suna amfani da Kirk don ayyukan ibada. An kuma san mabiyan da "Society Men", "Sanquharians," har ma da "Hillmen" saboda suna amfani da wurare masu nisa don riƙe Conventicles, misali, an san cewa Kirkbride Kirk da aka keɓe a Nithsdale ba a rufe shi da rufin gida ba don ƙoƙarin hana Covenanters amfani da shi. == Tsohon Kirk da farfajiyar coci == Ikklisiyar Houston da Killellan ta yanzu ta samo asali ne daga shekarar 1771 lokacin da aka haɗa ƙungiyoyin coci guda biyu na Houston da Killellan. Tsohon cocin kirk da ke kusa da ƙauyen Kilallan an san shi da Cocin St Fillan wanda ya ba wa ƙauyen suna. An bar tsohon ginin cocin a wuri ɗaya sakamakon haɗin kai kuma an yi watsi da shi kuma an cire shi daga rufin wani lokaci bayan 1791. Hanyar Barochan da ke arewacin Kirk ita ce kabarin Flemings na Fadar Barochan da ke kusa, manyan sarakunan feudal da kuma magada Kirk. Katangar tana ɗauke da duwatsu biyu na asali ; mafi tsufa an rubuta shi a shekarar 1635. Duk da haka, ginin na yanzu ya tsufa sosai, tun daga ƙarni na 10 ko na 11, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar tsohon siffar kirk mai kusurwa huɗu. <ref name="Kilallan" /> Wannan abin tunawa da aka tsara yanzu yana hannun Kilallan Kirk Preservation Trust bayan gudummawar da Elderlie Estates ta bayar a shekarar 2005. Ana gudanar da hidimar shekara-shekara a St Fillan's a tsakanin tarkacen ta hannun minista da kuma taron cocin da ke da alaƙa da cocin. <ref name="Kilallan" /> [[File:St_Fillan's_Kirk,_Kilallan,_Renfrewshire_-_entrance_and_church_ruins.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Ƙofar shiga tsohon kirk da coci.]] Ƙofofin da ke fuskantar arewa da kudu wataƙila su ne ainihin tsarin ginin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu. Duk da haka, gyare-gyaren ƙarni na 17 da 18 sun haifar da toshe ƙofofi da tagogi da tsoffin duwatsun kaburbura, da sauransu, da kuma sabuwar ƙofa mai kwanan wata 1635 da ke kan bangon kudu tana nuna ka'idojin bayan gyara. <ref name="Canmore">{{Cite web |title=Canmore - Kilallan Kirk |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/42250/kilallan-st-fillans-church-and-churchyard |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Wani rami mai murabba'i a gefen hagu na ƙofar yana nuna wurin da tsoffin motocin 'yan sanda suka yi fashi, aka gano su bisa kuskure aka kuma ba su kyauta ga wani gidan tarihi na yankin, waɗanda har yanzu ba su gano su ba. An ba da labari game da wata mace mai gajeriyar jiki wadda, bayan ta aikata wani mummunan aiki, aka sanya mata joug a wuyanta domin ta sha wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Duk da haka, ta faɗi daga akwatin da aka sa ta tsaya a kai kuma gajeren sarkar ta yi sanadiyyar shake ta. <ref name="Kilallan" /> Kararrawar cocin tana ɗauke da rubutun "CAROLVS HOG ME FECIT 1618" duk da cewa an sake yin amfani da shi a shekarar 1844. An cire shi daga kirk aka rataye shi a kan bishiya a Barochan House, gidan Flemings na Fleming Aisle, ana amfani da shi kowace rana. Yanzu haka ana ajiye kararrawa a cocin cocin kuma ana buga ta sau ɗaya a shekara kafin hidimar shekara-shekara a ranar Lahadi ta farko a watan Yuli, ranar idin waliyyai. <ref name="Canmore" /> An gano tsabar kudin tagulla ta Byzantine na ƙarni na 6 da kuma gicciyen dutse mai siffar dutse na zamanin da a cikin baraguzan cocin. <ref name="Canmore" /> An gano wani ɓangare na kabarin wani jarumi, wanda ke ɗauke da wani ɓangare na takobi, an gina shi a bangon cocin. <ref name="Kilallan" /> Cocin da aka yi watsi da shi ya sami ɗan gyara tsawon shekaru kuma a shekarar 1955, ganuwar tana cikin kyakkyawan yanayi kuma ta nuna alamun kulawa. An yi amfani da cikin cocin don binne mutane a ƙarni na 19 tare da ƙara Barochan Aisle, shingen ƙarfe da aka raba daga ƙarshen gabas da kuma alluna da aka ɗora a bango a wurare da dama. Duk da haka, tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin wannan wuri da aka fallasa tare da haɓakar shuke-shuke yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa kuma an gudanar da wani babban aikin gyarawa kuma an kammala shi nan da shekarar 2014. <ref name="Canmore" /> === Filin coci === Har yanzu ana amfani da makabartar da ke kewaye da cocin har zuwa shekarar 1856. <ref name="Kilallan" /> An rubuta cewa an gina tsohon rubutun a cikin bangon iyaka na makabartar. Rikodin kabari ya gano kaburbura guda 58 da kuma yiwuwar kafa kaburbura guda biyu da kuma aikin juriya da ke kan wani bango na baya wanda yake da siffar oval, don haka ya yi daidai da tsoffin majami'u. === Manse === Gidan cocin, wanda yanzu ake kira Kilallan Farm ko House, wanda ke kusa da St Fillan's, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gidan zama mafi tsufa da ake da shi a Renfrewshire. <ref name="Kilallan" /> Tana da barga da kuma byre da aka canza yanzu kuma an sayar da ita a kusan shekara ta 1771 ta hannun magada, an rubuta yanayinta a matsayin 'mara kyau' a cikin Asusun Kididdiga na farko. Yana da wani dutse mai kama da loupin wanda ministan tsohon Kirk ke amfani da shi don hawa dokinsa. A shekarar 1950, wani baƙo ya rubuta cewa tsohon filin glebe yana da albarka sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran filaye a yankin kuma a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tsohon lambun girki na firistocin kafin gyarawa. === Ministoci === [[File:St_Fillan's_Kirk,_Kilallan,_Renfrewshire_-_memorial_to_a_kirk_minister.jpg|thumb|268x268px| Allon tunawa da Rev James Hutcheson.]] Allon allo a wajen bangon kudu yana tunawa da Rev James Hutcheson, wanda ya yi aiki a nan daga 1649 zuwa mutuwarsa yana da shekaru 81 a 1706. Ya kuma shahara saboda shigarsa cikin lamarin mayu na Christian Shaw ko [[Maƙaryaci na Paisley|Paisley]], wanda ya faru a shekarar 1697. Christian Shaw, mai shekaru 11, ya bayar da shaida da ta kai ga zargin mutane takwas da maita. An ruwaito cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun "yi wa Shaw sihiri" kuma yana nuna halaye kamar tashi sama, kuma yana amai da kwal, gashi, ulu, lanƙwasa fil, da sauransu. An rataye mutane bakwai sakamakon shaidar Christian, maza uku da mata huɗu, yayin da aka sami mutum na takwas da ake zargi a mace a cikin ɗakinsa. An san James Hutcheson a duk faɗin Scotland saboda tsananin adawarsa da maita, kuma mako guda kafin shari'ar ya yi wa'azi na tsawon awa ɗaya a Paisley Abbey, inda ya yi Allah wadai da babbar murya kuma ya yi kira da a ɗauki mataki kan dukkan fannoni na ayyukan arna ga masu sauraro waɗanda suka ƙunshi dukkan alkalai, alkalai da kuma shaidu da yawa a shari'o'in da ke tafe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Witch Hunt 1697 |url=http://rwh1697research.co.uk/christian-shaw/1696-allegations/ |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108174131/http://rwh1697research.co.uk/christian-shaw/1696-allegations/ |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rev Peter Dale ya kasance ministan haɗin gwiwar cocin Houston da Kilallan tun daga lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1843 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1856 kamar yadda aka rubuta a kan wani allo na marmara a bango na ciki. == Kujerar St Fillan == [[File:St_Fillan's_Seat,_Kilallan,_Houston.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Kujerar St Fillan]] Wannan tubalin dutse mai tsayi wanda aka fi sani da kujera ta St Fillan ko Pulpit (NS 38396892), yana kan dutsen busasshe a gefen yamma na layin. Dutse ne na halitta wanda ke fuskantar kudu kuma yana kallon Kirk da kuma wani fili, a kusurwar Rijiyar St Fillan. Wani rami mai zagaye yana samar da wurin zama mai fuskantar kudu, kuma a gefen dama akwai ƙaramin rami mai siffar oval. Al'adun gargajiya na gida sun nuna cewa Saint Fillan ya zauna a kan wannan kujera, ya yi wa'azi kuma ya yi wa waɗanda suka tuba da jarirai baftisma da ruwan tsarki daga kofin da aka ɗebo daga rijiyar da ke kusa. <ref name="Canmore2">{{Cite web |title=St Fillan's Seat |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/42249/kilallan-st-fillans-seat |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Haka kuma ana cewa yana warkar da cutar rheumatism idan wanda ke fama da cutar ya fara zama a kan kujera sannan a ja shi ƙasa da tudu da ƙafafunsa don kammala maganin, kodayake wannan na iya zama ruɗani da wani wurin zama na Scotland na St Fillan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St Fillan's Well and Houston |url=http://www.grianpress.com/Brotchie/PageC2.html |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Tsoffin zane-zane sun nuna cewa matakin ƙasa a yankin wurin zama ya ragu sosai sakamakon ruwan sama da ayyukan shanu da dawaki. <ref name="Antiquaries1">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-13 |title=The Journal of Antiquities |url=https://thejournalofantiquities.com/2016/12/13/st-fillans-holy-well-and-chapel-kilallan-renfrewshire-scotland/ |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> == Rijiyar St Fillan == [[File:St_Fillan's_Holy_Well_and_spring_site,_Kilallan,_Renfrewshire._Boulder_and_the_ruins_of_the_well_basin.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Rijiyar Tsarkaka ta St. Fillan.]] Rijiyar tsarki ta St Fillan wataƙila an yi ta girmama ta tun kafin zamanin Kiristanci da kuma ruwan bazara da waliyyin da kansa yake amfani da shi. Ruwan yana gudana ne daga ƙarƙashin wani babban dutse da aka keɓe wanda wataƙila ya faɗo daga sama kuma yana gudana zuwa wani kwano mai siffar tubali da dutse mai lalacewa yanzu. An yi zaton ruwan tsarki yana warkar da yara marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da ciwon rickets ta hanyar mu'ujiza; an ɗaure guntun zane da tsummoki a kan rassan da suka rataye a rijiyar a matsayin hadaya ta rantsuwa. Firist mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Calvin, James Hutcheson, ya cika rijiyar da duwatsu a kusan shekarar 1690. Duk da haka, an share wannan daga baya yayin da ruwan ya ci gaba da gudana har ma an tura shi zuwa tsohon gonar don amfanin gida. Wannan zai iya bayyana kasancewar tubalan gini a wurin a halin yanzu. An yi amfani da ruwan rijiyar clootie don yin baftisma a St Fillan Kirk da kuma a al'adance a wurin zama na St Fillan. <ref name="Antiquaries3">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-13 |title=The Journal of Antiquities |url=https://thejournalofantiquities.com/2016/12/13/st-fillans-holy-well-and-chapel-kilallan-renfrewshire-scotland/ |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> An yi amfani da rassan suna rataye a kan rijiyar. Duk da haka, babu wata bishiyar da ke tsiro a nan a yanzu. Tsoffin zane-zane sun nuna cewa rijiyar tana da katanga mai zagaye da duwatsu uku a ƙarni na 19. <ref name="Antiquaries1" /> Zane na shekarar 1923 ya nuna matakai uku na dutse ko tubali a matsayin siffar 'U' da bututun da ya cika ya huda ruwan tsarki ya shiga cikin wani tsohon wurin wanka na faranti mai kusurwa huɗu da aka sanya a ƙasa. Zane ya nuna wani itace da ke tsiro a fadin dutsen da ke bayan rijiyar. An ce ana amfani da ruwan ne wajen warkar da 'bairns' na baya-baya, wato waɗanda ba sa bunƙasa. <ref name="Brotchie, Page 39" /> == Stane na Kneelins == An rubuta cewa wani nau'in Petrosomatoglyph da ake kira 'Kneelins Stane' yana nan a wani wuri a arewacin tsohon Kirk, ɗan nesa, kuma yana ɗauke da manyan ramuka guda biyu da ƙaramin rami ɗaya waɗanda mahajjata suka yi wa waliyai addu'a a nan, kuma tsawon shekaru gwiwoyinsu da sandunansu suna sanya waɗannan ramuka a cikin wannan babban dutse mai faɗi da aka kafa a cikin dazuzzuka. == Giciyen Barochan == Bayan da Laird na Barochan ya motsa shi, yanzu haka ana ajiye abin tunawa a Paisley Abbey . Gicciye ne mai siffar Celtic wanda aka sassaka shi tun ƙarni na 8 ko 9. Gicciyen yana kusa da Kilallan (NS40586937), kusa da Barochan Castle a wurin da aka gina hanyar da ta taɓa kaiwa ga Dumbarton Castle, wurin zama na tsohuwar Masarautar Strathclyde . Sassaka ta makarantar Govan ce ta sassaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barochan Cross |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/43098/barochan-cross |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> == Shaidar taswirar ƙasa da sunayen wurare == [[File:St_Fillan's_Kirk,_interior_&_view_towards_altar,_Kilallan,_Renfrewshire.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Hanyar Barochan da kuma cikin cocin.]] Kamar yadda aka faɗa, akwai wasu sunayen wurare da dama da ake kira 'St Fillan' a Scotland, ciki har da rijiyoyi, kogo, coci-coci, ƙauye da sauran abubuwan halitta. Asalin Saint Fillan da tarihinsa sun ɓace a cikin hazo na lokaci kuma sunan yana iya nufin mutane daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. Ana amfani da haruffa daban-daban don tsohuwar parish da kirk akan tsoffin taswira da sauran takardu, kamar Kilfillan, Kylhelan, Killilellin, Kyllinan, Kilenan, Kilellan da Killallan. Bugu da ƙari, an yi wa Killellen alama da gine-gine biyu, wataƙila suna wakiltar cocin da kuma gidan sarauta ko kuma vicarage a taswirar Timothy Pont na kimanin 1560 zuwa 1614. An yi kiyasin gonakin Barfillan na Arewa, Yamma, Tsakiya da Gabas a shekarar 1800. Akwai wani tudun Crosslee kusa, wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin hakan da kuma, kamar yadda aka faɗa, Gicciyen Barochan ya taɓa tsayawa a kusa da wurin. == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] so0etepw7okgfajrylrkceiz55bev30 0 176705 968474 954982 2026-10-16T23:48:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Don '''Sancho Jimeno de Orozco y Urnieta''' (1640–1707) wani jami'in soja ne na ƙasar Sipaniya, mai martaba, mai filaye kuma mai kula da mulkin mallaka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]] daga 1693 zuwa 1695. Shi ne sarkin Katangar San Luis a tsibirin Tierra Bomba, wani sansanin soja da ya kare daga maharan Faransa a lokacin harin da aka kai a Cartagena de Indias a shekarar 1697. Bayan gwamnan Cartegena mai ci, Don Diego de los Rios, ya miƙa birnin ga Faransa a lokacin farmakin, an kira Urnieta ya mulki Cartagena tsakanin 1698 zuwa 1699. == Rayuwa == Don Sancho wani basarake ne ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya daga cikin talakawan iyali daga ƙasar Basque . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shafi na John of Austria the Younger, kuma ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Spain Netherlands. Daga baya ya yi tafiya zuwa Cartagena a Amurka a shekara ta 1670. Ya auri Maria Ines Blanco de Salcedo y Fernandez Calvo kuma yana da ɗa ɗaya, Maria Teresa Jimeno Orozco y Blanco de Salcedo wanda ya yi aure tare da Juan Fernandez de Miranda Gandarillas wanda zuriyarsa ta zama wani ɓangare na muhimman iyalai na Colombia har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2013 |title=Don Sancho Jimeno I |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.co/opinion/columna/don-sancho-jimeno-i |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acosta de Samper |first=Soledad |title=Los Filibusteros y Sancho Jimeno |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/pircar/pircar6a.htm |website=banrepcultural.org |publisher=}}</ref> Don Sancho yana da gonaki kusa da Cartagena, inda yake da shanu da bayi. An san shi da cewa ya yi yaƙi da bayin da suka gudu a yankin da ke kewaye da Cartagena, lokacin da bayin suka yi ƙoƙarin 'yantar da sauran bayi da kuma yin sata daga matafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los cimarrones de la provincia de Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVII: Relaciones, diferencias y políticas de las autoridades - RITA - Revue Interdisciplinaire de Travaux sur les Amériques |url=http://www.revue-rita.com/dossier/los-cimarrones-de-la-provincia-de-cartagena-de-indias-en-el-siglo-xvii-relaciones-diferencias-y-politicas-de-las-autoridades.html |publisher=}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Cartagena tsakanin 1693 da 1695, an naɗa shi a matsayin Ubangijin Gidan San Luis de Bocachica a 1695. Lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kai hari ga gidan sarauta tare da wasu 'yan fashin teku a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Baron na Pointis da kuma Ducasse mai saukar ungulu a watan Afrilun 1697. == Kariyar Castle na San Luis de Bocachica == A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1697, an ga jiragen ruwa 29 na rundunar Pointis daga Bocachica. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartagena de Indias |url=http://www.armada.mde.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo5/tomo_05_18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113043358/http://www.armada.mde.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo5/tomo_05_18.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-13}}</ref> Sun sauka da sojoji a gabar tekun tsibirin Tierra Bomba kuma suka yi wa Fadar San Luis kawanya, lamarin da ya hana isowar sojoji masu taimako. Duk da cewa Sifaniya ta san da harin da Faransa ke shirin kai wa, yayin da 'yan leƙen asiri suka gano tafiyar jiragen ruwan Faransa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Brest]] a watan Janairun wannan shekarar. Birnin Cartagena da sansanoninsa ba su da shiri sosai lokacin da 'yan fashin teku suka isa. A cikin gidan sarautar, akwai mutane 139 kacal, wasu sojojin Spain (yawancinsu bayi ne), suna da isassun makamai da foda, amma ba su da abinci sosai. Abincin ya iso ne kawai lokacin da 'yan fashin teku suka kewaye gidan sarautar a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1697, jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Faransa suka yi wa sansanin hari da manyan bindigogi 80 kowannensu. Bayin suka tashi tsaye, suna neman a amince da shan kayen lokacin da 'yan fashin teku suka isa gadar. Don Sancho ya ƙi mika gidan sarauta duk da tawayen, don haka Faransa ta kama shi a cikin sansanin yayin da yake shi kaɗai. Lokacin da aka kama shi, ya musanta mika gidan sarautar San Luis de Bocachica, wani aiki da Pointis ya yi la'akari da shi abin sha'awa. A cewar shahararren tatsuniyar, Don Sancho, a matsayin alamar rashin yarda da shan kaye, ya karya takobinsa a matsayin Ubangijin Gidan Sarauta. Domin girmamawa ga jarumtar Jimeno, Pointis ya ba shi takobinsa. Bayan kama shi da Faransawa, Pointis ya ba wa Don Sancho gidan yari a gonarsa da ke Isla Baru . An tsare shi a matsayin fursuna har sai da Faransawa suka bar Cartagena a watan Yunin 1697. Daga baya aka sake naɗa Don Sancho a matsayin gwamnan Cartagena a shekarar 1698, bayan tserewar tsohon gwamna Don Diego de Los Rios, wanda ya miƙa birnin ga Faransa a watan Mayu na shekarar 1697 ba tare da wani faɗa ba. A farkon karni na 18, kotunan Spain sun yanke wa Don Sancho hukunci, bisa zargin cewa 'yan leƙen asirin Faransa sun lalata ma'aikatan gwamnati na Spain kafin harin. Duk da haka, an ayyana labarin takobin Pointis a matsayin shaida a kan Don Sancho. Bayan shekaru da yawa a cikin tsarin hukuncin, an ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da laifi. == Gado == Ikon Don Sancho na kare sansanin soja da ƙaramin runduna ya shawo kan Sifaniya ta ƙara yawan kariya a kan Cartagena Bay a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kuma sauran ƙasashen Turai sun gamsu cewa a hare-haren da za su kai daga baya za su buƙaci ƙarin ƙarfi da manyan bindigogi. Marubuta biyu sun yi fice a aikinsu kan tatsuniyar Don Sancho. Shahararren marubucin Colombia na ƙarni na 19 Soledad Acosta de Samper, wanda ya rubuta labarin soyayya mai ban sha'awa game da Don Sancho ga matarsa a lokacin Harin Cartagena; da kuma mawaƙi Alvaro Miranda, wanda a shekarar 1982 ya rubuta waƙar ''Indiana, los escritos de Don Sancho Jimeno.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miranda |first=Alvaro |title=Pagina Oficial Poeta Àlvaro Miranda |url=http://www.poetamiranda.com/cabildo/semblanza.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002303/http://www.poetamiranda.com/cabildo/semblanza.html |archive-date=2016-11-14 |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=}}</ref> A Cartagena, akwai wani titi mai suna ''calle de Don Sancho'', wanda galibi masu yawon bude ido ke ziyarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calle de Don Sancho - Cartagena de Indias |url=http://www.cartagenacaribe.com/arquitectura/plazasycalles/donsancho.htm |publisher=}}</ref> Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Colombia tana da wani jirgin ruwa mai suna ''ARC Sancho Jimeno'' wanda ya yi aiki tsakanin 1953 da 1974. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colombia |url=http://www.histarmar.com.ar/MarinaMercanteExtr/MarinaMercanteColombia/Mercantes/ARCSanchoJimeno.htm |publisher=}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ldueu9zq3i4w9pg16geaf8x1p9aekwt 0 176756 968559 955282 2026-10-17T10:58:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sword of Honor (wanda aka fi sani da Sword of Power, '''Mbele ga Lulendo,''', ko Mbele a Lusimba) takobi ne na bikin na [[Masarautar Kongo]] . == Tarihi == Zuwan Masu binciken Portuguese zuwa [[Masarautar Kongo]] a cikin 1483 nan da nan ya biyo bayan na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a wannan yankin (Dubi Cocin Katolika a Kongo). A karni na 16, kiristanci na masarautar Kongo yana ci gaba sosai, kuma [[Afonso I na Kongo]] ya fara kirkirar sabon reshe na Katolika wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa na tauhidin Kongo ga imanin Cocin Katolika na Portugal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=John K. |date=March 2013 |title=AFRO-CHRISTIAN SYNCRETISM IN THE KINGDOM OF KONGO |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021853713000224/type/journal_article |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=53–77 |doi=10.1017/S0021853713000224 |issn=0021-8537 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mbele_a_lulendo,_BM.jpg|thumb|Sword of Honor (mbele a lulendo) na baƙin ƙarfe da itace.]] Wannan ci gaban cocin Katolika a Kongo ya haifar da kirkirar kayan tarihi iri-iri waɗanda suka ƙunshi waɗannan sababbin al'adun. Daga cikinsu akwai Sword of Honor . A matsayin kwafin takobi na gida wanda mazauna Turai suka shigo da shi a cikin karni na 15 da 16, an miƙa takobi na girmamawa, tare da gicciye, ga sarakuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon kayan sarauta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|editor-first2=National Museum of African Art (U.S.)}}</ref> Bayan lokaci, sun zo ne don wakiltar ikon shugaban, ƙauye ko masarauta gaba ɗaya. Baya ga rawar da suke takawa a matsayin alamomin matsayi, ana zargin cewa takobi sun kuma taka rawar gani a cikin kambi, nuni na aminci, ayyukan shari'a, bukukuwan addini da bukukuwan jana'izar.[1] Wasu kafofin sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa ana iya amfani da takobi don kisa, kodayake ana muhawara game da daidaito na tushen tsakanin malamai kuma an san wasu takobin kisa da Mutanen Bantu na Masarautar Kongo suka yi amfani da su, kamar takobin Ngulu.[2] Bayan mutuwar masu su, ana binne takobi tare da su ko kuma an ba da su ga magajin su.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamar == Da yake an yi shi da ƙarfe, takobin girmamawa sun dace da al'adar ƙarfe a Afirka, kayan sun haɗa da dangin tarihi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Blades of Power and Prestige |url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/striking-iron-the-art-of-african-blacksmiths/blades-of-power-and-prestige/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=africa.si.edu |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126002754/https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/striking-iron-the-art-of-african-blacksmiths/blades-of-power-and-prestige/ |archive-date=2025-11-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_2006.66.10_Sword_(3).jpg|thumb|Bayani daga wuyan Sword of Honor (Brooklyn Museum) ]] Siffar takobi tana nuni da makamai na Hispano-Portuguese na karni na 16. Fiye da haka, wuyan takobi na girmamawa yana nuna alamun makamai kamar Carracks baki ko Rapier. Duk da haka, ya kuma bambanta kansa daga waɗanda ta hanyar S-shaped transverse loop.<ref name=":1" /> An yi la'akari da wakiltar mutum, ana iya fassara wuyan takobi a matsayin haɗuwa da alamar addini ta Katolika da Kongo. A lokaci guda jikin Kristi ne a kan gicciye, da kuma mutumin da ke da hannun dama da aka ɗaga hannun hagu. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Mbele a lulendo - Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |url=https://www.vmfa.museum/artworks/mbele-a-lulendo-65052 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=www.vmfa.museum |language=en}}</ref> Wannan bayanin na ƙarshe, a cikin tsarin ruhaniya da zamantakewa na Kongo, hoton hanyar tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa, da kuma daidaituwa da mai mulkin al'umma ya kawo. Hannun dama ya ɗaga "yana murna da doka" (yamba mambu), yayin da hannun hagu "yana sanyaya al'umma" (lembika kanda). <ref name=":3" /> Ana zaton wannan alama tana da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo na sangamento, <ref name=":0" /> da sauran abubuwa na ruhaniya na yankin kamar su mannequin na jana'izar Niombo na Mutanen Bwemde. <ref name=":1" /> Hakazalika, gicciye da aka samu a kan gashin takobi ko a ƙarshen masu gadi na iya haɗawa da wannan haɗuwa da tauhidin Katolika da Kongolese.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 43vdjkku4vku92vkchigjojqekuarv0 0 176790 968539 958461 2026-10-17T08:36:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subal Kumar Dey''' ɗan jarida ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya daga Agartala, Tripura. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan jaridar yau da kullun ta [[Yaren Bengali|harshen Bengali]] ''Syandan Patrika'' da Syandan TV,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Biplab Deb inaugurated ‘Syandan TV’, sister company of ‘Syandan Patrika’ |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/Tripura/cm-biplab-deb-inaugurated-‘syandan-tv’-sister-company-of-‘syandan-patrika’-36915.cms |access-date=2022-01-29 |website=tripurachronicle.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129050742/https://tripurachronicle.in/Tripura/cm-biplab-deb-inaugurated-%E2%80%98syandan-tv%E2%80%99-sister-company-of-%E2%80%98syandan-patrika%E2%80%99-36915.cms |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> tashar labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Bangla Newspaper List - Syandan Patrika |url=http://onlinebanglanewspaperlist.com/details.php?id=53 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=onlinebanglanewspaperlist.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2017 |title=Journalists take out second march, say CPM hijacked first |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/journalists-take-out-second-march-say-cpm-hijacked-first-tripura-4859611/ |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Tripura Newspapers' Society (TNS),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Syed Sajjad |date=26 March 2020 |title=COVID-19 {{!}} Tripura newspapers stop printing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/covid-19-tripura-newspapers-stop-printing/article31171517.ece |access-date=14 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Agartala Press Club,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eminent Journalist Subal Kumar Dey elected as the President of Agartala Press Club |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/Tripura/eminent-journalist-subal-kumar-dey-elected-as-the-president-of-agartala-press-club-10924.cms |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=tripurachronicle.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507013259/https://tripurachronicle.in/Tripura/eminent-journalist-subal-kumar-dey-elected-as-the-president-of-agartala-press-club-10924.cms |archive-date=2021-05-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma memba na Friends (ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Tripura). == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a cikin dangin Bengali na Indiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=সংবাদব্যক্তিত্ব সুবল কুমার দে'র " দ্রোহকাল " গ্রন্থের আবরণ উন্মোচন - আরশি কথা |url=http://www.aarshikatha.co.in/2019/08/drohokal-subal-de-aarshikatha.html?m=1 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=www.aarshikatha.co.in}}</ref> Kalyani Dey, tsohon kansilan gundumar Agartala, ita ce matarsa. Ta rasu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2020. ''Drohokal'' shine littafin tarihin rayuwarsa [[Yaren Bengali|na harshen Bengali]] wanda aka buga a shekarar 2019. Yana ba da labarin shekaru 50 da ya yi yana aikin jarida.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pctejliy8bj75gmcmn2vtyb0s2kgwud 0 176869 968232 955799 2026-10-16T12:57:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rahman Buğra Çağıran''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasarTurkiyya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na TFF 2. Kungiyar Lig Batman Petrolspor . == Ayyukan sana'a == Rahman ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan Yeni Malatyaspor a shekarar 2016 bayan ya samu nasara a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tare da Arsinspor . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsinspor'un yıldızı Rahman Buğra Çağıran, Yeni Malatyaspor'da! – Yeni Malatyaspor Haberleri |url=http://www.haberturk.com/spor/futbol/haber/1273185-rahman-bugra-cagiran-yeni-malatyasporda |publisher=}}</ref> Rahman ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan Yeni Malatyaspor wasa na farko a wasan 1-1 na Süper Lig tare da [[Antalyaspor]] a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EVKUR YENİ MALATYASPOR ANTALYASPOR A.Ş. – Maç Detayları TFF |url=http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=29&macId=180354 |website=www.tff.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * Rahman Buğra Çağırana cikinƘungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Turkiyya * {{Soccerway|rahman-bugra-cagran/235289}} * Rahman Buğra Çağırana www.mackolik.com (a cikin Turkiyya) * [https://www.uefa.com/under17/teams/players/250046839--rahman-cagiran/ Bayanan UEFA U17] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250429202657/http://yenimalatyaspor.org.tr/?ym=futbol&pid=400&tur=2 Bayanan martaba na Yeni Malatyaspor] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 4xkv1p3rxl2oabgrake7gw4mfpu3z74 0 177120 968233 957108 2026-10-16T13:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rahoton Halsbury game da Albashi da Sharuɗɗan Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya da Ungozoma na 1974''' ya ba da shawarar matsakaicin ƙarin albashi na 33% ga ma'aikatan jinya wanda gwamnatin Labour ta wancan lokacin ta aiwatar. == Mahalli == A watan Fabrairun 1974, gwamnatin jam'iyyar Labour ta tsiraru ta karɓi mulki tare da Barbara Castle a matsayin Sakatariyar Harkokin Ayyukan Jin Daɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Castle [née Betts], Barbara Anne, Baroness Castle of Blackburn |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76877 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.oxforddnb.com |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/76877}}</ref> Makonni na farko a ofis ɗinta sun yi daidai da kamfen ɗin 'Biyan Kuɗi Mai Kyau ga Ma'aikatan Jinya' na Royal College of Nursing (RCN) kuma Castle ta sanar da ita nan da nan game da matsalolin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE PAY (Hansard, 23 May 1974) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1974/may/23/national-health-service-pay |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> Ma'aikatan jinya a faɗin Burtaniya ba su ji daɗin albashi da sharuɗɗa ba kuma sun ƙara bayyana a bainar jama'a yayin zanga-zangar. Duk da cewa ƙungiyoyin kwadago ba su daidaita matakan da suka ɗauka a wannan lokacin ba, a bayyane yake cewa wannan batu ne da ya shafi dukkan sassan ƙasar inda ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar kwakwalwa ta COHSE a Huddersfield suka fara yajin aikinsu na farko a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1974, inda suka bar aiki na tsawon awa ɗaya a sassa biyar. A [[Landan|Landan,]] Winifred Prentice, Shugabar RCN ta jagoranci wata tawagar wakilai arba'in da biyar don ganawa da Barbara Castle a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1974. Sun gabatar wa Castle da 'Yancin Jinya' cikakken rahoto wanda ya bayyana damuwa kan matakan kulawa, ma'aikata, ilimi da horo, da albashi <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=1970s |journal=Nursing Times |volume=101}}</ref> kuma yayin da suka haɗu, dubban ma'aikatan jinya sun yi tattaki ta London. <ref name=":1" /> Betty Newstead, Shugabar Sashen Hulɗa da Ma'aikata na RCN ta ba Castle wa'adin: idan ba a kafa wani bincike mai zaman kansa game da albashi cikin makonni uku ba, RCN za ta umurci membobinta da su yi murabus gaba ɗaya. RCN za ta kafa kanta a matsayin hukumar samar da ayyukan yi kuma ta bai wa ma'aikatan jinya kwangilar wucin gadi ga NHS a kan farashi mai girma kamar yadda ma'aikatan hukumar suka umarta. Kafin taron, Castle yana yin matakai masu kyau. Ta sanar da goyon bayan gwamnati mai zuwa don aiwatar da shawarwarin Rahoton Briggs na 1972 kan [[Ilimi na jinya|ilimi]], horo, da ƙa'idojin ƙwararru ga ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma. Tallafin da ya haɗa da ware fam miliyan 18 don ƙarin malaman da ake buƙata don gyara horar da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Briggs Committee on Nursing |url=https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/report-briggs-committee-nursing |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=Policy Navigator |language=en |ref=Polnav |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117112635/https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/report-briggs-committee-nursing |archive-date=17 January 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kwamitin == A ranar 23 ga Mayu 1974, Castle ta sanar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa game da albashin ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma da kuma yanayin aikinsu, inda Tony Giffard, Earl na 3 na Halsbury ya zama Shugaba. [1] Kwanan nan ne Halsbury ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na Shugaban kwamitin sake duba albashin likitoci da likitocin hakora na gwamnatin Conservative mai barin gado (1971-1974). [2] An ruwaito cewa Halsbury 'ya yi imanin cewa wauta ce a ba da shawarar ga likitoci da likitocin haƙori duk wani abu da ke buƙatar gwamnati ta karya manufofinta' na daidaita ƙarin albashi na jama'a. [2] Castle ya naɗa Halsbury da sanin matsayinsa kan ƙarin albashi. Ta yi ikirarin cewa akwai buƙatar samun mata a cikin kwamitin. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa ƙaramin kwamiti wanda ya haɗa da Harold Atcherley, Farfesa Ronald Harry Graveson CBE, QC; Mary Green, Ian Wilson Macdonald, Dorothy Wedderburn, da Norah Willis JP. Duk da cewa ana rubuta rahoton a lokacin bazara, yawancin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan jinya sun dakatar da zanga-zangar a hukumance, kodayake COHSE da ma'aikatan jinya daban-daban sun ci gaba da zanga-zangar, tare da nuna goyon baya ga jama'a. == Manazarta == 5hqz789smi2nxijcnyri3lwianhd2ei 0 177205 968521 957845 2026-10-17T07:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sophia Zoungas''' likitan endocrinologist ne daga Victoria, Australia . An san ta da aikinta a cikin kula da [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] da matsalolin jijiyoyinta kuma tana jagorantar shirin bincike mafi girma na fassarar Australia a cikin kulawar ciwon sukiri da kuma daidaita ayyukan ciwon sukadi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Professor Sophia Zoungas - AAHMS |url=https://aahms.org/fellowship/professor-sophia-zoungas/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=aahms.org |language=en-AU}}</ref> Binciken Zoungas ya binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin ciwon suga, matakan glucose da kuma haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, kuma ya bai wa mutanen da ke fama da ciwon suga damar samun magungunan da za su rage haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon zuciya. Nazarin asibiti da aka amince da su a duniya ya ta'allaka ne akan tasirin rage hawan jini a cikin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon suga na nau'in 2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Institute |url=https://www.georgeinstitute.org.au/people/sophia-zoungas}}</ref> Ita ce shugabar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Magungunan Rigakafi a Jami'ar Monash kuma Farfesa ce ta Ciwon Cutar Ciwon Ciki, Lafiyar Vascular da Tsuga kuma mataimakiyar darakta ce ta Bincike a Alfred Health . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophia Zoungas |url=https://research.monash.edu/en/persons/sophia-zoungas |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Monash University |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019063330/https://research.monash.edu/en/persons/sophia-zoungas |archive-date=2022-10-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Sophia Zoungas |url=https://www.alfredhealth.org.au/research/leading-clinical-trials/bio/prof-sophia-zoungas |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Alfred Health |language=en}}</ref> Zoungas yana magana a fili game da fa'idodin kasancewa mai aiki da endocrinologist da kuma masanin kimiyya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa (2014-16) da kuma shugaban kasa (2016-18) na Australian Diabetes Society <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Council Members |url=https://www.diabetessociety.com.au/past-council-members/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Australian Diabetes Society |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance shugabar kungiyar National Association for Diabetes Centers a Australia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-14 |title=President of the Australian Diabetes Society - ellines.com |url=https://www.ellines.com/en/achievements/31388-president-of-the-australian-diabetes-society/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=ellines.com - Η πρώτη διαδικτυακή χώρα στον κόσμο}}</ref> A cikin 2022 an zabi Zoungas a matsayin ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Australiya <ref name=":0" /> kuma a cikin wannan shekarar an ba shi lambar yabo ta Kellion daga Australian Diabetes Society . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Diabetes Society - Past Award Recipients |url=https://diabetessociety.com.au/previous-grants-awards.asp |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=diabetessociety.com.au}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == Zoungas yana da fiye da wallafe-wallafe 300 a cikin mujallu masu bita kuma an san shi a matsayin mai bincike da aka fi ambaton shi a fagen ciwon sukari. * Saurin motsi na bugun jini yana inganta tsinkayen abubuwan da suka faru na zuciya: mutum mai shiga cikin meta-analysis na bayanan lura daga batutuwa 17,635. * Rashin sukari mai tsanani da haɗarin abubuwan da suka faru da mutuwa * Albuminuria da aikin koda da kansu suna hango hasashen sakamakon zuciya da koda a cikin ciwon sukari * Binciken koda na ciwon sukari * Jagoran aiki na asibiti don kula da ciwon sukari a cikin cututtukan koda masu tsanani * Binciken rage hawan jini da kuma kula da glucose a cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophia Zoungas |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=y7U8hXQAAAAJ&view_op=list_works |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0mpnurn5acuxby4jelg3jz15nzkhbww 0 177321 968441 958281 2026-10-16T21:55:06Z Nura Bello 24854 968441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bal Keshav Thackeray''' ({{IPA|mr|baːɭ̆ keːʃəʋ ʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː}} ; 23 ga Janairu 1926 - 17 Nuwamba 2012), wanda aka fi sani da '''Balasaheb Thackeray''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya kafa Shiv Sena na asali, ɗan Marathi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma jam'iyyar Hindu mai ra'ayin kishin ƙasa, wacce ke aiki galibi a jihar [[Maharashtra]]. Thackeray ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai zane mai ban dariya tare da jaridar Turanci ''mai suna The Free Press Journal'' da ke [[Mumbai|Bombay]], amma ya bar jaridar a shekarar 1960 ya kafa nasa jaridar siyasa ''mai suna Marmik.''<ref name=":6" /> Mahaifinsa Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, wani jigo a ƙungiyar Sanyukta Maharashtra (United Maharashtra), ya tsara falsafarsa ta siyasa, wadda ta yi kira da a ƙirƙiri wata ƙasa ta daban ga masu magana da Marathi. Ta hanyar ''Mārmik'', Bal Thackeray ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan ƙaruwar tasirin waɗanda ba 'yan Marathi ba a Mumbai.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=The legacy of Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray, the tiger of Marathi resurgence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bal-thackeray/photo/maharashtra-shiv-sena-bal-thackeray-passes-away-368594-2012-11-03 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Yana da babban tasiri a siyasance a jihar, musamman a [[Mumbai]]. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, Thackeray ya gina Shiv Sena tare da taimakon Madhav Mehere, Babban Lauyan Ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Indiya, Babasaheb Purandare, masanin tarihi na Gwamnatin Maharashtra da Madhav Deshpande, Babban Akanta na Shiv Sena. Waɗannan mutane uku, a wani ɓangare, su ne suka haifar da nasarar Shiv Sena da kuma daidaiton siyasa a Mumbai har zuwa shekarar 2000 domin tabbatar da ci gabanta zuwa cibiyar tattalin arziki. Thackeray shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa jaridar ''Saamana'' da ke yaren Marathi. Bayan tarzomar 1992–93, shi da jam'iyyarsa sun ɗauki matsayin akidar Hindutva . A shekarar 1999, an haramta wa Thackeray kada kuri'a da kuma tsayawa takara a kowace zabe na tsawon shekaru shida bisa shawarar Hukumar Zaɓe saboda shiga cikin neman ƙuri'u da sunan addini. An kama Thackeray sau da yawa kuma ya shafe ɗan lokaci a gidan yari, amma bai taɓa fuskantar wata babbar matsala ta shari'a ba. Bayan rasuwarsa, an yi masa jana'iza ta ƙasa, inda mutane da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bal Thackeray's funeral procession on way to Shivaji Park; lakhs of supporters follow |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bal-thackerays-funeral-procession-on-way-to-shivaji-park-lakhs-of-supporters-follow-504876 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Thackeray bai riƙe wani muƙami a hukumance ba, kuma ba a taɓa zaɓensa a hukumance a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyarsa ba. == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Bal Thackeray a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1926 a [[Pune]], ɗan Prabodhankar Thackeray da matarsa Ramabai Thackeray. Iyalin na cikin Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu, wata al'umma mai tushen ƙabila a Arewacin Indiya. al'umma. Mahaifinsa Keshav mai sha'awar marubuci ɗan Birtaniya ɗan asalin Indiya William Makepeace Thackeray ne, kuma ya canza sunan mahaifinsa daga Panvelkar zuwa "Thackeray" sigar Anglicised ta sunan kakanninsu "Thakare". <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=The story of Thackerays: Roots and an anglicised surname |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/the-story-of-thackerays-roots-and-an-anglicised-surname-1623344-2019-11-28 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifin Thackeray, Keshav ƙwararren ɗan jarida ne kuma mai zane-zane ta hanyar sana'a; shi ma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ne kuma marubuci wanda ke da hannu a Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, wanda ke ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar wata ƙasa ta harshe daban ga masu magana da Marathi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Remembering Prabodhankar Thackeray on his 137th Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/remembering-prabodhankar-thackeray-on-his-137th-birth-anniversary-5973469.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa wata mujalla mai suna Prabodhan, inda ya tallata falsafar Hindu da manufofin ƙasa don farfaɗo da Hindutva a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Prabodhankar Thackeray contributed to the rise of Hindutva in 20th-century Maharashtra |url=https://scroll.in/article/982665/how-prabodhankar-thackeray-contributed-to-the-rise-of-hindutva-in-20th-century-maharashtra |access-date=4 September 2026 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref> Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri sosai wajen tsara ra'ayoyin siyasa na Bal Thackeray. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Thube |first=Surajkumar |date=2020-12-30 |title=How Prabodhankar Thackeray contributed to the rise of Hindutva in 20th-century Maharashtra |url=https://scroll.in/article/982665/how-prabodhankar-thackeray-contributed-to-the-rise-of-hindutva-in-20th-century-maharashtra |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Thackeray shi ne babba na 'yan'uwa takwas, tare da 'yan'uwa Shrikant Thackeray (mahaifin Raj Thackeray ) da Ramesh Thackeray, da 'yan'uwa mata biyar (Sanjeevani Karandikar, Prabhavati (Pama) Tipnis, Malati (Sudha) Sule, Sarla Gadkari da Susheela Gupte). A shekarar 2006 Raj ya rabu da Shiv Sena ya kafa jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Maharashtra Navnirman Sena . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-10 |title=Raj Thackeray launches new party - Express India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223148/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref> Duk da rabuwar kai da Raj ya yi daga babbar jam'iyyar, ya ci gaba da da'awar cewa Thackeray shi ne mai ra'ayinsa kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu ta inganta a shekarun ƙarshe na Thackeray. == Aikin mai zane-zane == Thackeray ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zane mai ban dariya a cikin ''Jaridar Free Press'' da ke Mumbai. An kuma buga zane-zanen sa a cikin mujallar ''The Times of India'' da aka buga a ranar Lahadi. Bayan rashin jituwa tsakanin Thackeray da Free Press Journal, shi da mutane huɗu ko biyar, ciki har da ɗan siyasa George Fernandes, suka bar jaridar suka fara nasu jaridar kowace rana, wato News Day. Takardar ta tsira tsawon wata ɗaya ko biyu. A shekarar 1960, ya ƙaddamar da fim ɗin ''Marmik'' mai ban dariya na mako-mako tare da ɗan'uwansa Srikant. Ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi "Manoos na Marathi" (masu magana da Marathi, ko kuma mutanen da ke magana da Marathi) waɗanda suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi, shige da fice da kuma korar ma'aikatan Marathi. Ofishinta da ke Ranade Road ya zama wurin taruwar matasan Marathi. Daga baya Thackeray ya bayyana cewa "ba wai kawai zane mai ban dariya bane na mako-mako, har ma babban dalilin haihuwa da girma na Sena". Wannan batu ne na ''Marmik'' a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1966 wanda ya fara sanar da ƙaddamar da zama memba na Shiv Sena . Thackeray ya zana zane-zanen ban dariya na ''Free Press Journal'', ''Times of India'' da ''Marmik'' baya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ''Saamna'' har zuwa 2012. Ya ambaci mai zane mai ban dariya na New Zealand David Low a matsayin abin da ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa. == Siyasa == === 1966–1998 === Nasarar ''Marmik'' ta sa Thackeray ya kafa Shiv Sena a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1966. Sunan ''Shiv Sena'' (Rundunar Shivaji ) yana nufin Sarkin Maratha na ƙarni na 17 Shivaji . Da farko, Thackeray ya ce ba jam'iyyar siyasa ba ce, rundunar Shivaji Maharaj ce, wacce ke da sha'awar yin yaƙi don Marathi ''maanus'' (mutum). Ta bukaci a fifita masu magana da harshen [[Marati|Marathi]] na yankin jihar (ƙungiyar "'ya'yan ƙasa") a ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. Manufar farko ta Shiv Sena ita ce tabbatar da tsaron aikinsu yayin fafatawa da 'yan asalin Kudancin Indiya da Gujarati . A cikin manufofin jam'iyyar ta 1966, Thackeray ya fi dora alhakin kan 'yan kudancin Indiya. A cikin ''Marmik'', Thackeray ya buga jerin jami'an kamfanoni daga wani kundin adireshi na gida, da yawa daga cikin 'yan asalin Kudancin Indiya ne, yana ambaton hakan a matsayin shaida cewa ana nuna wariya ga Maharashtrian. <ref name="Prakash2010" /> Jam'iyyarsa ta bunƙasa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Manyan shugabanni kamar Babasaheb Purandare, babban lauya na ƙungiyar kwadago ta Maharashtra Madhav Mehere ya shiga jam'iyyar kuma akawu mai hayar Madhav Gajanan Deshpande ya goyi bayan fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan jam'iyyar. A shekarar 1969, an daure Thackeray da Manohar Joshi bayan sun shiga zanga-zangar neman hade yankunan Karwar, Belgaum da Nipani a Maharashtra. A shekarun 1970, ba ta yi nasara a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi ba kuma ta fi yin tasiri a Mumbai, idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan jihar. Jam'iyyar ta kafa ofisoshin rassan yankin kuma ta sasanta takaddama da koke-koke da ake yi wa gwamnati. Daga baya ta fara amfani da dabarun tashin hankali tare da kai hari kan jam'iyyun adawa, 'yan cirani da kafofin watsa labarai; jam'iyyar ta tayar da hankali ta hanyar lalata kadarorin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Thackeray ya goyi bayan [[Indira Gandhi]] a bainar jama'a a lokacin [[Matsalar Gaggawa (India)|Gaggawar 1975]] ; Thackeray ya goyi bayan jam'iyyar Congress sau da yawa. Dr. Hemchandra Gupte, Magajin Garin Mumbai kuma tsohon likitan iyali kuma amintaccen Thackeray, ya bar Shiv Sena a shekarar 1976 yana mai ambaton muhimmancin kuɗi, tashin hankalin da membobin Shiv Sena suka yi, da kuma goyon bayan Thackeray ga Indira Gandhi da kuma gaggawar 1975. A siyasance, Shiv Sena ya nuna adawa da kwaminisanci, kuma ya kwace ikon ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago a Mumbai daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (CPI). Matasa marasa aikin yi na gida daga masana'antar masaku da ke raguwa sun shiga jam'iyyar kuma ta ƙara faɗaɗa saboda Maharashtrian daga yankin Konkan . A shekarun 1980, ya zama barazana ga jam'iyyar Congress mai mulki wadda da farko ta ƙarfafa ta saboda tana fafatawa da CPI. A shekarar 1989, Thackeray ya ƙaddamar da jaridar ''Saamna'' ta Sena. Saboda Thackeray ya ƙi amincewa da rahoton Hukumar Mandal, babban mataimakiyarsa Chhagan Bhujbal ta bar jam'iyyar a shekarar 1991. Bayan rikicin Bombay na 1992, Thackeray ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin wanda ba ya goyon bayan Musulunci kuma bisa ga Hindutva . Daga baya Shiv Sena ta yi kawance da jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Kawancen jam'iyyar BJP da Shiv Sena sun lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Maharashtra a shekarar 1995, kuma sun hau mulki daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 1999. Thackeray ya ayyana kansa a matsayin babban ministan "mai kula da nesa". <ref name=":0" /> Thackeray yana da tasiri a masana'antar fina-finai. Ma'aikatan jam'iyyarsa sun yi zanga-zanga kan fina-finan da ya ga suna da ce-ce-ku-ce kuma za su kawo cikas ga nuna fina-finai, wanda hakan zai haifar da asara. Fim ɗin <nowiki><i id="mwAS0">Bombay</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi a shekarar 1995 kan tarzomar, sun fuskanci adawa daga gare su. === 1999–2012 === A ranar 28 ga Yulin 1999, an haramta wa Thackeray kada kuri'a da tsayawa takara a kowace zabe na tsawon shekaru shida daga 11 ga Disamba 1999 zuwa 10 ga Disamba 2005 bisa shawarar Hukumar Zabe saboda aikata laifukan cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar neman kuri'u da sunan addini. A shekara ta 2000, an kama shi saboda rawar da ya taka a rikicin amma aka sake shi saboda lokacin da aka kayyade ya ƙare. A shekara ta 2002, Thackeray ya yi kira da a kafa ƙungiyoyin ' yan kunar bakin wake na Hindu domin tunkarar barazanar ta'addanci. A martanin da ta mayar, gwamnatin Maharashtra ta shigar da ƙara a kansa saboda tayar da ƙiyayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Akalla kungiyoyi biyu ne aka kafa kuma ake kula da su karkashin jagorancin jami'an sojojin Indiya masu ritaya, Laftanar Kanar Jayant Rao Chitale da Laftanar Janar PN Hoon (tsohon babban kwamandan rundunar sojin yamma), suka amsa kiran da kalaman kin barin 'yan Pakistan su yi aiki a Indiya saboda zargin da ake yi wa Pakistan na goyon bayan hare-haren da 'yan bindiga ke kai wa a Indiya. Bayan da aka ɗage haramcin kaɗa ƙuri'a na shekaru shida da aka sanya wa Thackeray a shekarar 2005, ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko a zaɓen BMC na 2007. Gwamnati ba ta binciki ƙararraki takwas ko tara da aka yi wa Thackeray da ''Saamna'' saboda rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi tayar da hankali ba. Thackeray ya ce Shiv Sena ta taimaka wa mutanen Marathi a Mumbai, musamman a ɓangaren gwamnati. Thackeray ya yi imanin cewa dole ne a shirya mabiya addinin Hindu don fafatawa da waɗanda ke adawa da asalinsu da addininsu. Jam'iyyun adawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi zargin cewa Shiv Sena ba ta yi wani abin a zo a gani ba wajen magance matsalar rashin aikin yi da yawancin matasan Maharashtrian ke fuskanta a lokacin mulkinta, wanda hakan ya saba wa tushen akidarta na 'ya'yan ƙasa.' A watan Nuwamba na 2005, ɗan uwan Thackeray, Raj Thackeray, ya rabu da Shiv Sena ya kafa Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) a ranar 9 ga Maris na 2006 a lokacin ritayar Thackeray da kuma naɗa ɗansa, Uddhav maimakon Raj a matsayin shugaban Shiv Sena. Narayan Rane shi ma ya yi murabus a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2005 a wancan lokacin. A shekara ta 2007, an kama shi na ɗan lokaci aka kuma bayar da belinsa bayan ya kira Musulmai da 'Gurɓar Kore' a lokacin wani gangamin Shiv Sena. A ranar 27 ga Maris 2008, don nuna rashin amincewa da editan Thackeray, shugabannin Shiv Sena da ke [[Delhi]] sun yi murabus, suna masu cewa sun yi abin da bai dace ba ga wadanda ba 'yan Marathi ba a Maharashtra kuma sun sanar da cewa za su kafa wata jam'iyya daban. <ref name="TOI_quit" /> Da yake jawabi ga taron manema labarai, shugaban Shiv Sena na Arewacin Indiya, Jai Bhagwan Goyal, ya ce an yanke shawarar barin jam'iyyar ne saboda ra'ayin manyan shugabannin jam'iyyar game da Maharashtrians. Goyal ya ci gaba da cewa Shiv Sena ba ta bambanta da ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na Khalistan da Jammu da Kashmir waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin mutane a kan iyakokin yankin. Babban manufar waɗannan rundunonin shine raba ƙasarmu. Kamar Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, Shiv Sena shi ma ya raina 'yan Arewa 'yan Indiya kuma ya yi musu rashin tausayi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n9sbrsughtrpy83qfa20in624ygxe01 968442 968441 2026-10-16T22:04:59Z Nura Bello 24854 968442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bal Keshav Thackeray''' ({{IPA|mr|baːɭ̆ keːʃəʋ ʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː}} ; 23 ga watan Janairu 1926 - 17 Nuwamba 2012), wanda aka fi sani da '''Balasaheb Thackeray''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya kafa Shiv Sena na asali, ɗan Marathi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma jam'iyyar Hindu mai ra'ayin kishin ƙasa, wacce ke aiki galibi a jihar [[Maharashtra]]. Thackeray ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai zane mai ban dariya tare da jaridar Turanci ''mai suna The Free Press Journal'' da ke [[Mumbai|Bombay]], amma ya bar jaridar a shekarar 1960 ya kafa nasa jaridar siyasa ''mai suna Marmik.''<ref name=":6" /> Mahaifinsa Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, wani jigo a ƙungiyar Sanyukta Maharashtra (United Maharashtra), ya tsara falsafarsa ta siyasa, wadda ta yi kira da a ƙirƙiri wata ƙasa ta daban ga masu magana da Marathi. Ta hanyar ''Mārmik'', Bal Thackeray ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan ƙaruwar tasirin waɗanda ba 'yan Marathi ba a Mumbai.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=The legacy of Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray, the tiger of Marathi resurgence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bal-thackeray/photo/maharashtra-shiv-sena-bal-thackeray-passes-away-368594-2012-11-03 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Yana da babban tasiri a siyasance a jihar, musamman a [[Mumbai]]. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, Thackeray ya gina Shiv Sena tare da taimakon Madhav Mehere, Babban Lauyan Ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Indiya, Babasaheb Purandare, masanin tarihi na Gwamnatin Maharashtra da Madhav Deshpande, Babban Akanta na Shiv Sena. Waɗannan mutane uku, a wani ɓangare, su ne suka haifar da nasarar Shiv Sena da kuma daidaiton siyasa a Mumbai har zuwa shekarar 2000 domin tabbatar da ci gabanta zuwa cibiyar tattalin arziki. Thackeray shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa jaridar ''Saamana'' da ke yaren Marathi. Bayan tarzomar 1992–93, shi da jam'iyyarsa sun ɗauki matsayin akidar Hindutva . A shekarar 1999, an haramta wa Thackeray kada kuri'a da kuma tsayawa takara a kowace zabe na tsawon shekaru shida bisa shawarar Hukumar Zaɓe saboda shiga cikin neman ƙuri'u da sunan addini. An kama Thackeray sau da yawa kuma ya shafe ɗan lokaci a gidan yari, amma bai taɓa fuskantar wata babbar matsala ta shari'a ba. Bayan rasuwarsa, an yi masa jana'iza ta ƙasa, inda mutane da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bal Thackeray's funeral procession on way to Shivaji Park; lakhs of supporters follow |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bal-thackerays-funeral-procession-on-way-to-shivaji-park-lakhs-of-supporters-follow-504876 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Thackeray bai riƙe wani muƙami a hukumance ba, kuma ba a taɓa zaɓensa a hukumance a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyarsa ba. == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Bal Thackeray a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1926 a [[Pune]], ɗan Prabodhankar Thackeray da matarsa Ramabai Thackeray. Iyalin na cikin Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu, wata al'umma mai tushen ƙabila a Arewacin Indiya. al'umma. Mahaifinsa Keshav mai sha'awar marubuci ɗan Birtaniya ɗan asalin Indiya William Makepeace Thackeray ne, kuma ya canza sunan mahaifinsa daga Panvelkar zuwa "Thackeray" sigar Anglicised ta sunan kakanninsu "Thakare". <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=The story of Thackerays: Roots and an anglicised surname |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/the-story-of-thackerays-roots-and-an-anglicised-surname-1623344-2019-11-28 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifin Thackeray, Keshav ƙwararren ɗan jarida ne kuma mai zane-zane ta hanyar sana'a; shi ma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ne kuma marubuci wanda ke da hannu a Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, wanda ke ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar wata ƙasa ta harshe daban ga masu magana da Marathi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Remembering Prabodhankar Thackeray on his 137th Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/remembering-prabodhankar-thackeray-on-his-137th-birth-anniversary-5973469.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa wata mujalla mai suna Prabodhan, inda ya tallata falsafar Hindu da manufofin ƙasa don farfaɗo da Hindutva a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Prabodhankar Thackeray contributed to the rise of Hindutva in 20th-century Maharashtra |url=https://scroll.in/article/982665/how-prabodhankar-thackeray-contributed-to-the-rise-of-hindutva-in-20th-century-maharashtra |access-date=4 September 2026 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref> Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri sosai wajen tsara ra'ayoyin siyasa na Bal Thackeray. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Thube |first=Surajkumar |date=2020-12-30 |title=How Prabodhankar Thackeray contributed to the rise of Hindutva in 20th-century Maharashtra |url=https://scroll.in/article/982665/how-prabodhankar-thackeray-contributed-to-the-rise-of-hindutva-in-20th-century-maharashtra |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Thackeray shi ne babba na 'yan'uwa takwas, tare da 'yan'uwa Shrikant Thackeray (mahaifin Raj Thackeray ) da Ramesh Thackeray, da 'yan'uwa mata biyar (Sanjeevani Karandikar, Prabhavati (Pama) Tipnis, Malati (Sudha) Sule, Sarla Gadkari da Susheela Gupte). A shekarar 2006 Raj ya rabu da Shiv Sena ya kafa jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Maharashtra Navnirman Sena . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-10 |title=Raj Thackeray launches new party - Express India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223148/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref> Duk da rabuwar kai da Raj ya yi daga babbar jam'iyyar, ya ci gaba da da'awar cewa Thackeray shi ne mai ra'ayinsa kuma dangantakar da ke tsakaninsu ta inganta a shekarun ƙarshe na Thackeray. == Aikin mai zane-zane == Thackeray ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zane mai ban dariya a cikin ''Jaridar Free Press'' da ke Mumbai. An kuma buga zane-zanen sa a cikin mujallar ''The Times of India'' da aka buga a ranar Lahadi. Bayan rashin jituwa tsakanin Thackeray da Free Press Journal, shi da mutane huɗu ko biyar, ciki har da ɗan siyasa George Fernandes, suka bar jaridar suka fara nasu jaridar kowace rana, wato News Day. Takardar ta tsira tsawon wata ɗaya ko biyu. A shekarar 1960, ya ƙaddamar da fim ɗin ''Marmik'' mai ban dariya na mako-mako tare da ɗan'uwansa Srikant. Ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi "Manoos na Marathi" (masu magana da Marathi, ko kuma mutanen da ke magana da Marathi) waɗanda suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi, shige da fice da kuma korar ma'aikatan Marathi. Ofishinta da ke Ranade Road ya zama wurin taruwar matasan Marathi. Daga baya Thackeray ya bayyana cewa "ba wai kawai zane mai ban dariya bane na mako-mako, har ma babban dalilin haihuwa da girma na Sena". Wannan batu ne na ''Marmik'' a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1966 wanda ya fara sanar da ƙaddamar da zama memba na Shiv Sena . Thackeray ya zana zane-zanen ban dariya na ''Free Press Journal'', ''Times of India'' da ''Marmik'' baya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ''Saamna'' har zuwa 2012. Ya ambaci mai zane mai ban dariya na New Zealand David Low a matsayin abin da ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa. == Siyasa == === 1966–1998 === Nasarar ''Marmik'' ta sa Thackeray ya kafa Shiv Sena a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1966. Sunan ''Shiv Sena'' (Rundunar Shivaji ) yana nufin Sarkin Maratha na ƙarni na 17 Shivaji . Da farko, Thackeray ya ce ba jam'iyyar siyasa ba ce, rundunar Shivaji Maharaj ce, wacce ke da sha'awar yin yaƙi don Marathi ''maanus'' (mutum). Ta bukaci a fifita masu magana da harshen [[Marati|Marathi]] na yankin jihar (ƙungiyar "'ya'yan ƙasa") a ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. Manufar farko ta Shiv Sena ita ce tabbatar da tsaron aikinsu yayin fafatawa da 'yan asalin Kudancin Indiya da Gujarati . A cikin manufofin jam'iyyar ta 1966, Thackeray ya fi dora alhakin kan 'yan kudancin Indiya. A cikin ''Marmik'', Thackeray ya buga jerin jami'an kamfanoni daga wani kundin adireshi na gida, da yawa daga cikin 'yan asalin Kudancin Indiya ne, yana ambaton hakan a matsayin shaida cewa ana nuna wariya ga Maharashtrian. <ref name="Prakash2010" /> Jam'iyyarsa ta bunƙasa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Manyan shugabanni kamar Babasaheb Purandare, babban lauya na ƙungiyar kwadago ta Maharashtra Madhav Mehere ya shiga jam'iyyar kuma akawu mai hayar Madhav Gajanan Deshpande ya goyi bayan fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan jam'iyyar. A shekarar 1969, an daure Thackeray da Manohar Joshi bayan sun shiga zanga-zangar neman hade yankunan Karwar, Belgaum da Nipani a Maharashtra. A shekarun 1970, ba ta yi nasara a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi ba kuma ta fi yin tasiri a Mumbai, idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan jihar. Jam'iyyar ta kafa ofisoshin rassan yankin kuma ta sasanta takaddama da koke-koke da ake yi wa gwamnati. Daga baya ta fara amfani da dabarun tashin hankali tare da kai hari kan jam'iyyun adawa, 'yan cirani da kafofin watsa labarai; jam'iyyar ta tayar da hankali ta hanyar lalata kadarorin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Thackeray ya goyi bayan [[Indira Gandhi]] a bainar jama'a a lokacin [[Matsalar Gaggawa (India)|Gaggawar 1975]] ; Thackeray ya goyi bayan jam'iyyar Congress sau da yawa. Dr. Hemchandra Gupte, Magajin Garin Mumbai kuma tsohon likitan iyali kuma amintaccen Thackeray, ya bar Shiv Sena a shekarar 1976 yana mai ambaton muhimmancin kuɗi, tashin hankalin da membobin Shiv Sena suka yi, da kuma goyon bayan Thackeray ga Indira Gandhi da kuma gaggawar 1975. A siyasance, Shiv Sena ya nuna adawa da kwaminisanci, kuma ya kwace ikon ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago a Mumbai daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (CPI). Matasa marasa aikin yi na gida daga masana'antar masaku da ke raguwa sun shiga jam'iyyar kuma ta ƙara faɗaɗa saboda Maharashtrian daga yankin Konkan . A shekarun 1980, ya zama barazana ga jam'iyyar Congress mai mulki wadda da farko ta ƙarfafa ta saboda tana fafatawa da CPI. A shekarar 1989, Thackeray ya ƙaddamar da jaridar ''Saamna'' ta Sena. Saboda Thackeray ya ƙi amincewa da rahoton Hukumar Mandal, babban mataimakiyarsa Chhagan Bhujbal ta bar jam'iyyar a shekarar 1991. Bayan rikicin Bombay na 1992, Thackeray ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin wanda ba ya goyon bayan Musulunci kuma bisa ga Hindutva . Daga baya Shiv Sena ta yi kawance da jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Kawancen jam'iyyar BJP da Shiv Sena sun lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Maharashtra a shekarar 1995, kuma sun hau mulki daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 1999. Thackeray ya ayyana kansa a matsayin babban ministan "mai kula da nesa". <ref name=":0" /> Thackeray yana da tasiri a masana'antar fina-finai. Ma'aikatan jam'iyyarsa sun yi zanga-zanga kan fina-finan da ya ga suna da ce-ce-ku-ce kuma za su kawo cikas ga nuna fina-finai, wanda hakan zai haifar da asara. Fim ɗin <nowiki><i id="mwAS0">Bombay</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi a shekarar 1995 kan tarzomar, sun fuskanci adawa daga gare su. === 1999–2012 === A ranar 28 ga Yulin 1999, an haramta wa Thackeray kada kuri'a da tsayawa takara a kowace zabe na tsawon shekaru shida daga 11 ga Disamba 1999 zuwa 10 ga Disamba 2005 bisa shawarar Hukumar Zabe saboda aikata laifukan cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar neman kuri'u da sunan addini. A shekara ta 2000, an kama shi saboda rawar da ya taka a rikicin amma aka sake shi saboda lokacin da aka kayyade ya ƙare. A shekara ta 2002, Thackeray ya yi kira da a kafa ƙungiyoyin ' yan kunar bakin wake na Hindu domin tunkarar barazanar ta'addanci. A martanin da ta mayar, gwamnatin Maharashtra ta shigar da ƙara a kansa saboda tayar da ƙiyayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Akalla kungiyoyi biyu ne aka kafa kuma ake kula da su karkashin jagorancin jami'an sojojin Indiya masu ritaya, Laftanar Kanar Jayant Rao Chitale da Laftanar Janar PN Hoon (tsohon babban kwamandan rundunar sojin yamma), suka amsa kiran da kalaman kin barin 'yan Pakistan su yi aiki a Indiya saboda zargin da ake yi wa Pakistan na goyon bayan hare-haren da 'yan bindiga ke kai wa a Indiya. Bayan da aka ɗage haramcin kaɗa ƙuri'a na shekaru shida da aka sanya wa Thackeray a shekarar 2005, ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a karon farko a zaɓen BMC na 2007. Gwamnati ba ta binciki ƙararraki takwas ko tara da aka yi wa Thackeray da ''Saamna'' saboda rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi tayar da hankali ba. Thackeray ya ce Shiv Sena ta taimaka wa mutanen Marathi a Mumbai, musamman a ɓangaren gwamnati. Thackeray ya yi imanin cewa dole ne a shirya mabiya addinin Hindu don fafatawa da waɗanda ke adawa da asalinsu da addininsu. Jam'iyyun adawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi zargin cewa Shiv Sena ba ta yi wani abin a zo a gani ba wajen magance matsalar rashin aikin yi da yawancin matasan Maharashtrian ke fuskanta a lokacin mulkinta, wanda hakan ya saba wa tushen akidarta na 'ya'yan ƙasa.' A watan Nuwamba na 2005, ɗan uwan Thackeray, Raj Thackeray, ya rabu da Shiv Sena ya kafa Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) a ranar 9 ga Maris na 2006 a lokacin ritayar Thackeray da kuma naɗa ɗansa, Uddhav maimakon Raj a matsayin shugaban Shiv Sena. Narayan Rane shi ma ya yi murabus a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2005 a wancan lokacin. A shekara ta 2007, an kama shi na ɗan lokaci aka kuma bayar da belinsa bayan ya kira Musulmai da 'Gurɓar Kore' a lokacin wani gangamin Shiv Sena. A ranar 27 ga Maris 2008, don nuna rashin amincewa da editan Thackeray, shugabannin Shiv Sena da ke [[Delhi]] sun yi murabus, suna masu cewa sun yi abin da bai dace ba ga wadanda ba 'yan Marathi ba a Maharashtra kuma sun sanar da cewa za su kafa wata jam'iyya daban. <ref name="TOI_quit" /> Da yake jawabi ga taron manema labarai, shugaban Shiv Sena na Arewacin Indiya, Jai Bhagwan Goyal, ya ce an yanke shawarar barin jam'iyyar ne saboda ra'ayin manyan shugabannin jam'iyyar game da Maharashtrians. Goyal ya ci gaba da cewa Shiv Sena ba ta bambanta da ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na Khalistan da Jammu da Kashmir waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin mutane a kan iyakokin yankin. Babban manufar waɗannan rundunonin shine raba ƙasarmu. Kamar Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, Shiv Sena shi ma ya raina 'yan Arewa 'yan Indiya kuma ya yi musu rashin tausayi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4elvtbs1fk5b29bb5nnobip0mirbz0h 0 177552 968548 967157 2026-10-17T10:01:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran''' (an haife shi ne 13 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=About Our General Secretary |url=https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115160627/https://ammk.com/about-chief.php |archive-date=15 November 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri LED. T. V. Dhinakaran CMRajya Sabha profile |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda aka fi sani da TTV shine kafa Babban Sakatare na Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . Ma'aikatansa sun girmama shi a matsayin Makkal Selvar.  A da, shi ne Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha. An kore shi daga AIADMK a watan Agusta na 2017. <ref name="ccc">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NARASIMHAN |first=T. E. |date=28 August 2017 |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na Majalisar Tamil Nadu ta 15 daga Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Pradeep Kumar}}</ref> Shi ɗan uwan VK Sasikala ne. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar RK Nagar da ake sa ran yi a watan Disamba na 2017. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2018 Dhinakaran ya kaddamar da jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa mai suna Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam . <ref name="ppp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Dhinakaran launches party, names it 'Amma Makkal Munetra Kazhagam' after Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhinakaran-launches-new-party-names-it-amma-makkal-munetra-kazhagam-after-late-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa/story-mmciQ87QUNa1Vue1OIZ8pK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dhinakaran a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963. Shi ɗan kanwar Sasikala Vanithamani, T. Vivekanandam Muniyaraiyar. Kanin sa, Baskaran "Bas", ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a harkar fina-finai a matsayin jarumi a cikin ''shirin Thalaivan'' (2014). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=The other side of TTV Dinakaran: All you didn't know about the AIADMK leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ttv-dinakaran-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-973973-2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Dhinakaran a matsayin mutum mai sauƙin kai da kuma addini. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Dhinakaran ya kasance memba na Lok Sabha, yana wakiltar Periyakulam daga 1999 zuwa 2004, <ref name="report">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |pages=85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran, Shri T. T. V. Lok Sabha Profile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=112&lastls=13 |access-date=25 August 2017 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref> kuma ya zo na biyu a kujerar a babban zaɓen 2004 lokacin da JM Aaron Rashid ya kayar da shi. A zaɓen maye gurbin RK Nagar, ya kayar da ɗan takarar AIADMK E. Madhusudhanan da gagarumin rinjaye a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinakaran wins RK Nagar bypoll, creates history in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Ya hau kujerar MLA a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017. An sake mayar da Dinakaran cikin AIADMK kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar babban sakatare a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, sa'o'i kafin VK Sasikala ta bar gidan yari don yin shari'ar kadarori marasa daidaito. An kore shi daga jam'iyyar a watan Agusta na 2017 <ref name="ccc" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da jam'iyyarsa, Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018. <ref name="ppp" /> Dhinakaran ya sanar da cewa Sasikala zai zama babban sakatare yayin da zai zama mataimakin babban sakatare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalini Lobo |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sasikala will be General Secretary, I will be Deputy General Secretary of AMMK, says TTV Dhinakaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-will-be-the-general-secretary-and-i-will-be-the-deputy-general-secretary-of-ammk-says-ttv-dhinakaran-1194718-2018-03-21 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare. <ref name="AMMK">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Dhinakaran elected AMMK general secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-elected-ammk-general-secretary/article26895023.ece |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ya kasa lashe kujerarsa ga Kadambur Raju a mazabar Majalisar Kovilpatti a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu a shekarar 2021. Dhinakaran ya sanar a ranar 11 ga Maris 2024 cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta shiga Jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) kafin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, yana mai tabbatar mata da goyon bayanta ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Ta kasa samun nasara daga kowace kujera biyu, duk da cewa Dhinakaran ya sami nasarar zama ta biyu a zaben da aka yi wa mazabar Theni Lok Sabha . == Kamawa da Shari'a == === Shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta hukumar zabe === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'yan sandan Delhi sun shigar da ƙara a kan Dhinakaran game da zargin yunƙurin ba Hukumar Zaɓe ta Indiya (ECI) cin hanci don alamar zaɓen AIADMK. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2017, 'Yan sandan Delhi sun kama Dhinakaran, bayan kwanaki hudu a jere da suka yi suna yi masa tambayoyi daga Sashen Laifuka na 'Yan sandan Delhi. Masu bincike sun zargi Dhinakaran da laifin yin amfani da sunan Sukesh Chandrashekhar a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar, wacce aka ruwaito ta kai darajar ₹50 crore. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa an kama Chandrashekhar a wani otal a Kudancin Delhi da tsabar kuɗi ₹1.3 crore, wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne a matsayin kashi na farko na cin hancin. An kuma kama wani makusancin Dhinakaran, Mallikarjuna, saboda zarginsa da hannu a cikin jigilar kudaden ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. An tuhumi Dinakaran da laifin shirya makirci da cin hanci da rashawa a shari'ar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun hukuma har zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, lokacin da wata kotu ta musamman ta ba shi beli bisa ga jinginar kansa na ₹5 lakh, tare da lura cewa ba a gano takamaiman jami'an ECI da aka yi niyyar ba da cin hanci ba tukuna. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2018, wata kotu a Delhi ta gabatar da tuhumar laifuka a kansa bisa laifin shirya makirci da lalata shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK symbol case: Delhi Court grants bail to TTV Dhinakaran – Times of India ► |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aiadmk-symbol-case-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-ttv-dhinakaran/articleshow/58943119.cms |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, Hukumar Tsaro (ED) ta kira Dhinakaran don ƙarin tambayoyi don fuskantarsa fuska da fuska da Sukesh Chandrashekhar game da rashin daidaito a cikin bayanansu. == Zaɓen da aka yi jayayya a kai da kuma mukamai da aka gudanar == === Zaɓen Rajya Sabha === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5EDEB;text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" |Zaɓe ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Jam'iyyar siyasa ! style="background-color:#034F38;color:white" | Sakamako |- | 2004 | Tamil Nadu | AIADMK ||{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}} |} === Lok Sabha === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | <small>Jam'iyyar Adawa</small> ! <small>Kuri'un 'Yan adawa</small> ! % ! <small>Sakamako</small> ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2024 | Theni| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 292,668 | 25.65 | <small>Thanga Tamil Selvan</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 571,493 | 50.08| {{No|Lost}} | -278,825 | -24.43 |- ! 2004 | rowspan="2" | Periyakulam| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=2}} | 325,696 | 46.49 | <small>JM Aaron Rashid</small>| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}} | 346,851 | 49.51| {{No|Lost}} | -21,155 | -3.02 |- ! 1999 | 303,881 | 45.6 | <small>P. Selvendran</small>| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 258,075 | 38.8| {{yes2|Won}} | 45,806 | 6.8 |} === Zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Tamil Nadu === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Shekara ! Mazabar mazaba ! colspan="2" | Biki ! Kuri'u ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! colspan="2" | Jam'iyyar Adawa ! Kuri'un 'Yan adawa ! % ! Sakamako ! Gefe ! % |- ! 2021 | Kovilpatti| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 56,153 | 31.23 | <small>Kadambur Raju</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 68,558 | 38.13| {{no2|Lost}} | -12,405 | -6.9 |- ! 2017 | RK Nagar| {{Party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 89,013 | 50.32 | <small>E. Madhusudhanan</small>| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} | 48,306 | 27.31| {{yes2|Won}} | 40,707 | 23.01 |} === Mukamai a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Indiya === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 1999 | Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki, Lok Sabha | Periyakulam | 21 Oktoba 1999 | 6 ga Fabrairu 2004 | Shekaru 4, kwana 108 |- | 2004 | Dan majalisar dokoki, Rajya Sabha | Tamil Nadu | 30 Yuni 2004 | 29 Yuni 2010 | Shekaru 5, kwana 364 |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Zaɓe ! rowspan="2" | Matsayi ! rowspan="2" | Zaɓen mazaɓar da aka zaɓa ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin mulki |- ! An kama shi a ofishin ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokacin aiki a ofis |- | 2016 | Memba na Majalisar Dokoki | Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar | 29 Disamba 2017 | 3 Mayu 2021 | Shekaru 3, kwana 125 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l07q9z9jdbld4t1j93219wwggffjsp8 0 177553 968514 960248 2026-10-17T05:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Syama Prasad Mookerjee''' (6 ga Yuli 1901 - 23 ga Yuni 1953) lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Indiya, ƙwararriyar mai ilimi, ɗan siyasa, mai fafutukar Hindutva, kuma minista a gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, 1941–1942: Syama Prasad Mookerjee ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kuɗi a majalisar ministocin Bengal mara rarrabuwa. A wancan lokacin, Firayim Ministan Bengal shi ne AK Fazlul Huq wanda Nehru ya naɗa ko da bayan ya yi adawa da Majalisar . Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Masana'antu da Kayayyaki na Indiya (wanda a yanzu ake kira Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ) a majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru bayan ya rabu da Hindu Mahasabha . Bayan rashin jituwa da Nehru, yana zanga-zangar adawa da Yarjejeniyar Liaquat-Nehru, Mukherjee ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministocin Nehru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee |url=http://www.shyamaprasad.org/biography.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721220952/http://shyamaprasad.org/biography.htm |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=www.shyamaprasad.org}}</ref> Da taimakon [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=What was the Liaquat-Nehru pact, due to which Syama Prasad Mookerjee resigned from the Union cabinet? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/liaquat-nehru-pact-syama-prasad-mookerjee-resigned-8682347/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ya kafa Bharatiya Jana Sangh a 1951. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatiya Jana Sangh {{!}} Indian political organization |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220121501/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha daga 1943 zuwa 1946. 'Yan sandan Jammu da Kashmir sun kama shi a shekarar 1953 lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin ketare iyakar jihar. An gano cewa yana da [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] na ɗan lokaci kuma aka kai shi asibiti amma ya mutu kwana ɗaya bayan haka. {{Sfn|Bakshi|1991}} {{Sfn|Smith|2015}} Tunda Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata (BJP) ita ce magajin Bharatiya Jana Sangh, ana kuma ɗaukar Mukherjee a matsayin wanda ya kafa BJP ta hanyar membobinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Party |url=https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812020512/https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=www.bjp.org}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aikin ilimi == An haifi '''Shyama Prasad Mukherjee''' a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1901 a Calcutta, {{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2010}} {{Sfn|MK Singh|2009}} wanda yanzu yake a jihar [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] ta Indiya. An haifi kakansa Ganga Prasad Mukherjee a Jirat kuma shi ne mutum na farko a cikin iyalin da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Calcutta. Mahaifinsa shi ne Ashutosh Mukherjee, alkali a Babbar Kotun Calcutta, Fadar Shugaban Bengal, kuma shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Calcutta . {{Sfn|Dash|1968}} Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee. {{Sfn|MK Singh|2009}} Ya kasance ɗalibi mai hazaka sosai kuma ya zo Calcutta don yin karatu tare da taimakon masu kuɗi na Jirat. Daga baya ya zauna a yankin Bhawanipore na Calcutta. Mukherjee ya yi rajista a Cibiyar Mitra ta Bhawanipur a shekarar 1906 kuma daga baya malamansa suka bayyana halayensa a makaranta da kyau. A shekarar 1914, ya ci jarrabawar kammala karatunsa ta ƙarshe kuma aka shigar da shi Kwalejin Shugabanci . {{Sfn|Roy|2014}} {{Sfn|Trilochan Singh|1952}} Ya yi jarrabawar Inter Arts a shekarar 1916 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Turanci, inda ya sami matsayi na farko a aji na farko a shekarar 1921. {{Sfn|MK Singh|2009}} Ya auri Sudha Devi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1922. {{Sfn|Chander|2000}} Mukherjee ya kuma kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Bengali, inda aka ba shi maki a matsayin ajin farko a shekarar 1923 {{Sfn|KV Singh|2005}} sannan ya zama memba na Majalisar Dattawa ta Jami'ar Calcutta a shekarar 1923. {{Sfn|Mukhopadhyay|1993}} Ya kammala karatunsa na LLB a shekarar 1924. {{Sfn|MK Singh|2009}} Ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya a Babbar Kotun Calcutta a shekarar 1924, a shekarar da mahaifinsa ya mutu. {{Sfn|Bakshi|1991}} Daga baya, ya tafi Ingila a shekarar 1926 don yin karatu a Lincoln's Inn kuma aka kira shi zuwa Ingila Bar a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Das|2000}} A shekarar 1934, yana da shekaru 33, ya zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Calcutta mafi ƙaranci; ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa 1938. {{Sfn|Gandhi|2007}} A lokacin da yake Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a, Rabindranath Tagore ya gabatar da Jawabin Taro na Jami'a a Bengali a karon farko, kuma an gabatar da harshen Indiya a matsayin darasi don jarrabawar mafi girma. {{Sfn|Sen|1970}} {{Sfn|Aich|1995}} A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1938, Majalisar Dattawa ta Jami'ar Calcutta ta yanke shawarar ba wa D.Litt girmamawa. akan Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a a ra'ayinsa "saboda matsayi da nasarorin da ya samu, mutum mai dacewa da kuma dacewa da ya sami irin wannan digiri." Mukherjee ya karɓi D.Litt daga Jami'ar Calcutta a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1938. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Hony. Degrees |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223845/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=27 October 2017 |website=caluniv.ac.in}}</ref> Shi ne kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Indiya na 15 a tsakanin 1941-42. == Aikin siyasa kafin samun 'yancin kai == Ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a shekarar 1929 lokacin da ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Bengal a matsayin ɗan takarar Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) mai wakiltar Jami'ar Calcutta. {{Sfn|Lal|2008}} Duk da haka, ya yi murabus a shekara mai zuwa lokacin da INC ta yanke shawarar kauracewa majalisar dokoki. Daga baya, ya tsaya takarar a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa kuma an zaɓe shi a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Bakshi|1991}} A shekarar 1937, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen da ya kawo Jam'iyyar Krishak Praja kan mulki. {{Sfn|Sengupta|2011}} {{Sfn|Harun-or-Rashid|2003}} {{Sfn|Mukherjee|2015}} Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Lardin Bengal a 1941–42 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta AK Fazlul Haq wadda aka kafa a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1941 bayan murabus ɗin gwamnatin Congress. A lokacin mulkinsa, an yi takura wa kalamansa game da gwamnati kuma an takaita zirga-zirgarsa. An kuma hana shi ziyartar gundumar Midnapore a shekarar 1942 lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani ta yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka da dukiyoyi masu yawa. Ya yi murabus a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1942, yana zargin gwamnatin Burtaniya da kokarin rike Indiya ko ta halin kaka, sannan ya soki manufofinta na danniya kan kungiyar Quit India. Bayan ya yi murabus, ya tattara don tallafawa da kuma shirya agaji tare da taimakon Mahabodhi Society, Ramakrishna Mission da Marwari Relief Society.{{Sfn|Sengupta|2011}} {{Sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011}} A shekarar 1946, an sake zaɓensa a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa daga Jami'ar Calcutta. {{Sfn|Sengupta|2011}} An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001}} === Ƙungiyar Hindu Mahasabha da Bengali ta gida === [[Fayil:Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee.jpg|left|thumb]] Mukherjee ya shiga addinin Hindu Mahasabha a Bengal a shekarar 1939 {{Sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001}} kuma ya zama shugaban riƙo a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukherji, Shyama Prasad - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mukherji,_Shyama_Prasad |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=en.banglapedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713031157/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mukherji,_Shyama_Prasad |archive-date=13 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar mai aiki a shekarar 1940. {{Sfn|Trilochan Singh|1952}} A watan Fabrairun 1941, Mukherjee ya shaida wa wani taron mabiya addinin Hindu cewa idan Musulmai suna son zama a Pakistan, ya kamata su "kunna jakarsu da kayansu su bar Indiya."&nbsp;... [zuwa] duk inda suke so". Duk da haka, Hindu Mahasabha ta kuma kafa gwamnatocin haɗin gwiwa na larduna tare da Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta All-India a Sindh da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma yayin da Mukherjee ke jagorantarta. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha a shekarar 1943. {{Sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001}} Ya ci gaba da wannan matsayi har zuwa 1946, inda Laxman Bhopatirkar ya zama sabon shugaban ƙasa a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Sarkar|Bhattacharya|2008}} {{Sfn|Christenson|1991}} Mukherjee ya nemi a raba Bengal a shekarar 1946 domin hana shigar da yankunan da Hindu ke da rinjaye a Gabashin Pakistan wanda Musulmi ke da rinjaye. {{Sfn|MK Singh|2009}} Wani taro da Mahasabha ya gudanar a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1947 a Tarakeswar ya ba shi izinin ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da raba Bengal. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1947, ya rubuta wa Lord Mountbatten wasiƙa yana cewa dole ne a raba Bengal ko da kuwa ba a raba Indiya ba. {{Sfn|Amrik Singh|2000}} Ya kuma yi adawa da yunkurin da Sarat Bose, babban ɗan'uwan Subhas Chandra Bose, Kiran Shankar Roy ; Shugaban Jam'iyyar Majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Bengal ; [[Satya Ranjan Bakshi]] ; Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Firayim Ministan Bengal a wancan lokacin da Abul Hashim {{Sfn|Begum|1994}} {{Sfn|Chatterji|2002}} na gaza cimma burinsu na kafa sabuwar Bengal mai 'yanci a shekarar 1947. Har ma ƙungiyar Front Bloc ta Netaji da kuma jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya sun goyi bayan shawarar United Bengal . {{Sfn|Sinha|Dasgupta|2011}} Mukherjee ya ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar Hindu ta Bengali a Gida . Yana nufin motsin mutanen Hindu na Bengali don Raba Bengal a shekarar 1947 don ƙirƙirar ƙasarsu, wanda aka fi sani da West Bengal, a cikin Tarayyar Indiya, bayan shawarar da ƙungiyar Musulmi ta gabatar da kuma kamfen ɗin haɗa dukkan lardin Bengal a cikin Pakistan, wanda zai zama ƙasar Musulmin Indiya ta Burtaniya . Ya yaudari 'yan Hindu na Bengali ta hanyar cewa kasancewar ƙasar da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka ta United Bengal za ta zama ƙasa mai 'yanci ta [[Pakistan]] kuma za a danne 'yan Hindu a matsayin tsiraru, maimakon yanayin da Bose-Suhrawardy ke ciki na Bengal mai zaman lafiya da wadata a fannin tattalin arziki. === Masu adawa da ficewa daga ƙungiyar 'yan aware ta Indiya === Bayan hukuncin da Hindu Mahasabha ta yanke na kauracewa ƙungiyar Quit India {{Sfn|Bapu|2013}} da kuma shawarar [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] na rashin shiga cikin ƙungiyar. {{Sfn|Chandra|2008}} {{Sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987}} {{Sfn|Bandopadhyaya|2004}} {{Sfn|Golwalkar|1974}} == Aikin siyasa bayan samun 'yancin kai == [[File:The_first_Cabinet_of_independent_India.jpg|thumb| (L to R zaune) [[B. R. Ambedkar|BR Ambedkar]], Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, Sardar Baldev Singh, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, John Matthai, Jagjivan Ram, Amrit Kaur and '''Shyama Prasad Mukherjee''' . (L zuwa R tsaye) Khurshed Lal, RR Diwakar, Mohanlal Saksena, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, NV Gadgil, KC Neogy, Jairamdas Daulatram, K. Santhanam, Satya Narayan Sinha da BV Keskar.]] [[File:Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_and_Dr._Shamprasad_Mukherjee_President,_Bhartiya_Janasangha_(Now_BJP)_talking_on_the_Campus_of_Parliament,_1951.jpg|thumb| [[B. R. Ambedkar|BR Ambedkar]] da Shyama Prasad Mukherjee suna magana a harabar majalisar dokoki, 1951]] Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya naɗa Mukherjee cikin gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya a matsayin Ministan Masana'antu da Kayayyaki a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1947. Mukherjee ya yi Allah wadai da kisan Mahatma Gandhi a matsayin "abin mamaki mafi girma da zai iya fadawa Indiya. Cewa wanda ya 'yantar da Indiya kuma ya dogara da kanta, abokiyar kowa kuma makiyin kowa, miliyoyin mutane suna ƙauna kuma suna girmama shi, ya kamata ya faɗi a hannun mai kisan kai, ɗaya daga cikin al'ummarsa da mutanen ƙasarsa, lamari ne mai matuƙar kunya da bala'i." Ya fara samun sabani da Hindu Mahasabha bayan kisan Gandhi, inda Vallabhbhai Patel ya zargi Mahasabha da haifar da yanayin da ya kai ga kisan. Mukherjee ya ba da shawarar ƙungiyar ta dakatar da ayyukanta na siyasa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, a watan Disamba na 1948, ya tafi. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilansa shi ne kin amincewa da shawararsa ta barin waɗanda ba 'yan Hindu ba su zama membobi. {{Sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001}} {{Sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990}} {{Sfn|Islam|2006b}} Mukherjee ya yi murabus tare da KC Neogy daga majalisar ministoci a ranar 8 ga Afrilun 1950 saboda rashin jituwa game da yarjejeniyar Delhi ta 1950 da Firayim Ministan Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan . Mukherjee ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da suka cimma na kafa kwamitocin tsiraru da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙin tsiraru a ƙasashen biyu, domin a ganinsa hakan ya bar wa 'yan Hindu da ke Gabashin Bengal rahamar Pakistan. A lokacin da yake jawabi a wani gangami a Calcutta a ranar 21 ga Mayu, ya bayyana cewa musayar yawan jama'a da kadarori a matakin gwamnati a matakin yanki tsakanin Gabashin Bengal da [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|jihohin]] [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] da [[Bihar]] ita ce kawai mafita a halin da ake ciki a yanzu. {{Sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990}} {{Sfn|Das|2000}} {{Sfn|Roy|2007}} Mukherjee ya kafa Bharatiya Jana Sangh a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1951 a Delhi, ya zama shugabanta na farko. A zaɓen 1952, jam'iyyar Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) ta lashe kujeru uku a Majalisar Dokokin Indiya, ciki har da na Mukherjee. Ya kafa Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party a Majalisar Dokoki ta Tarayya. Ya ƙunshi mambobi 32 na Lok Sabha da kuma mambobi 10 na Rajya Sabha ; duk da haka, shugaban majalisar bai amince da shi a matsayin jam'iyyar adawa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Indian political organization) – Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919608/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114053/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919608/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri BJS da nufin gina ƙasa da kuma mayar da duk waɗanda ba 'yan Hindu ba 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar "koyar da al'adun Indiya" a cikinsu. Jam'iyyar ta kasance mai kusanci da RSS a akida kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mai goyon bayan ƙabilancin Hindu . {{Sfn|Dossani|Rowen|2005}} == Ra'ayi kan matsayi na musamman na Jammu da Kashmir == Bayan ya goyi bayan Mataki na 370 a lokacin tattaunawar majalisar dokoki kan dokar, <ref name="g064">{{Cite web |last=नक़वी |first=क़मर वहीद |date=2019-08-06 |title=जनसंघ चाहता था अनुच्छेद 370, सिर्फ़ हसरत मोहानी ने किया था विरोध |url=https://www.satyahindi.com/india/shyamaprasad-mukherjee-supported-article-370-103769.html |website=www.satyahindi.com}}</ref> Mukherjee ya fara adawa da dokar bayan ya samu sabani da Nehru. Ya yi yaƙi da ita a ciki da wajen majalisar dokoki, ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Bharatiya Jana Sangh shine soke ta. Ya ɗaga muryarsa yana adawa da tanadin a jawabinsa na Lok Sabha a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1952. Ya kira shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarƙashin labarin da Balkanization of India da kuma ka'idar ƙasashe uku ta [[Sheikh Abdullah]] . {{Sfn|Ram|1983}} {{Sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990}} An bai wa jihar tutarta tare da wani firayim minista wanda aka buƙaci izinin kowa ya shiga jihar. A cikin adawa da wannan, Mukherjee ya taɓa cewa ''"Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge"'' (Ƙasa ɗaya ba za ta iya samun kundin tsarin mulki guda biyu ba, Firayim Minista biyu, da alamun ƙasa biyu). Bharatiya Jana Sangh tare da Hindu Mahasabha da Jammu Praja Parishad sun ƙaddamar da wani babban Satyagraha don a cire kayan. {{Sfn|Ram|1983}} {{Sfn|Yoga Raj Sharma|2003}} A cikin wasiƙarsa ga Nehru mai kwanan wata 3 ga Fabrairu 1953, ya rubuta cewa bai kamata a jinkirta batun shigar Jammu da Kashmir cikin Indiya ba, wanda Nehru ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ambaton matsalolin duniya da batun zai iya haifarwa. <ref name="ht0902" /> Mukherjee ya ziyarci Kashmir a shekarar 1953 kuma ya halarci yajin cin abinci don nuna rashin amincewa da dokar da ta hana 'yan ƙasar Indiya zama a cikin jihar da kuma tilasta musu ɗaukar katin shaida. {{Sfn|MK Singh|2009}} Mukherjee yana son zuwa Jammu da Kashmir amma saboda tsarin izinin da ake da shi, ba a ba shi izini ba. An kama shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu a Lakhanpur yayin da yake ketare iyaka zuwa Kashmir ba bisa ka'ida ba. {{Sfn|Chander|2000}} {{Sfn|Kadian|2000}} Duk da cewa an soke dokar katin shaidar saboda kokarinsa, ya mutu a matsayin wanda aka tsare a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1953. {{Sfn|Bakshi|1991}} A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2019, lokacin da Gwamnatin Indiya ta gabatar da wani gyara ga kundin tsarin mulki don soke Mataki na 370, yawancin membobin BJP sun bayyana lamarin a matsayin cikar burin Mukherjee. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mukherjee yana da 'yan'uwa uku; An haifi Rama Prasad a shekarar 1896, Uma Prasad a shekarar 1902 da kuma Bama Prasad Mukherjee wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1906. Rama Prasad ta zama alkali a Babbar Kotun Calcutta, yayin da Uma ta shahara a matsayin mai tafiya a ƙasa da kuma marubuciyar tafiye-tafiye. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata uku; Kamala wacce aka haifa a shekarar 1895, Amala wacce aka haifa a shekarar 1905 da Ramala a shekarar 1908. {{Sfn|Roy|2014}} Ya yi aure a shekarar 1922 da Sudha Devi na tsawon shekaru 11 kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyar - na ƙarshe, ɗa mai watanni huɗu, ya mutu sakamakon [[Rashin jinin jiki|cutar diphtheria]] . Matarsa ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu sau biyu jim kaɗan bayan haka a shekarar 1933 ko 1934. {{Sfn|Roy|2014}} {{Sfn|Basu|1995}} {{Sfn|Baxter|1969}} Mukherjee ta ƙi sake yin aure bayan mutuwarta. {{Sfn|Raj Kumar|2014}} Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Anutosh da Debatosh, da kuma 'ya'ya mata biyu, Sabita da Arati. {{Sfn|Das|2000}} Kakarsa Kamala Sinha ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a ma'aikatar IK Gujral . Mukherjee kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Mahabodhi ta Buddha. A shekarar 1942, ya maye gurbin MN Mukherjee ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar. Kayayyakin tarihi na almajiran [[Gautama Buddha|Gautam Buddha]] guda biyu, Sariputra da Maudgalyayana, waɗanda Sir Alexander Cunningham ya gano a cikin Babban Stupa a [[Sanchi Stupa|Sanchi]] a shekarar 1851 kuma aka ajiye a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], HMIS Tir ne ya dawo da su Indiya. An gudanar da wani biki wanda 'yan siyasa da shugabannin ƙasashen waje da dama suka halarta washegari a Calcutta Maidan . Nehru ne ya mika su ga Mukherjee, wanda daga baya ya kai waɗannan kayan tarihi zuwa Cambodia, Burma, [[Tailan|Thailand]] da Vietnam . Bayan dawowarsa Indiya, ya ajiye kayan tarihi a cikin Sanchi Stupa a watan Nuwamba 1952. {{Sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011}} {{Sfn|Ahir|1991}} {{Sfn|Narendra Kr Singh|1996}} == Mutuwa == [[File:Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb| Shyama Prasad Mukherjee a kan tambarin Indiya na 1978]] An kama Mukherjee lokacin da ya shiga Kashmir a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1953. {{Sfn|Bhave|1995}} An fara kai shi da abokan aikinsa guda biyu da aka kama zuwa Babban Gidan Yarin Srinagar . Daga baya aka mayar da su wani gida a wajen birnin. Yanayin Mukherjee ya fara tabarbarewa kuma ya fara jin zafi a baya da kuma zafin jiki mai yawa a daren tsakanin 19 da 20 ga watan Yuni. An gano cewa yana da ciwon pleurisy wanda shi ma ya kamu da shi a shekarun 1937 da 1944. Likitan ya rubuta masa allurar streptomycin da foda, duk da haka, Mukherjee ya sanar da shi cewa likitan iyalinsa ya gaya masa cewa streptomycin bai dace da tsarin jikinsa ba. Likitan, duk da haka, ya gaya masa cewa sabbin bayanai game da maganin sun bayyana kuma ya tabbatar masa cewa zai yi kyau. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, ya ji zafi a yankin zuciya, ya fara gumi sannan ya fara jin kamar ya suma. Daga baya aka mayar da shi asibiti aka kuma gano yana da [[ciwon zuciya]] na ɗan lokaci. Ya mutu bayan kwana ɗaya. {{Sfn|Smith|2015}} {{Sfn|Bakshi|1991}} {{Sfn|Chander|2000}} Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cewa ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni da karfe 3:40 na yamma.&nbsp;na kamu da bugun zuciya. {{Sfn|Chakrabarty|Roy|1974}} {{Sfn|Chander|2000}} {{Sfn|Das|2000}} Atal Bihari Vajpayee ya yi iƙirarin cewa kama Mukherjee a Jammu da Kashmir "makircin Nehru ne" kuma mutuwar Mukherjee ta kasance "har yanzu asiri ne". {{Sfn|Das|2000}} Jam'iyyar BJP a shekarar 2011 ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike domin gano musabbabin mutuwar Mukherjee. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=BJP demands inquiry into SP Mukherjee's death; claims murder conspiracy by Sheikh Abdullah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bjp-demands-inquiry-into-sp-mukherjee-s-death-claims-murder-conspiracy-by-sheikh-abdullah/story-8bQWp9xZwfZy0OYUY5FaZP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721162533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bjp-demands-inquiry-into-sp-mukherjee-s-death-claims-murder-conspiracy-by-sheikh-abdullah/story-8bQWp9xZwfZy0OYUY5FaZP.html |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ifvk1zqqfm9vtkxgjqdsodijuu9ndbg 0 177629 968234 960897 2026-10-16T13:05:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rahul Alex Panicker''' jagora ne a fannin fasaha kuma ɗan kasuwa, a da ya taɓa zama Babban Jami'in Ƙirƙira a Cibiyar Wadhwani don Ƙwarewar Fasaha ta Artificial Intelligence,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=EmTech Digital AI for Social Good Rahul Panicker, Wadhwani Institute for Artificial Intelligence |url=https://events.technologyreview.com/video/watch/rahul-panicker-ai-social-good/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=MIT Tech Review}}</ref> kuma an fi saninsa da Shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa Embrace Innovations <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mischler |first=Michèle |title=Social Entrepreneurs of the Year 2013 |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/content/social-entrepreneurs-year-2013 |access-date=20 March 2013 |publisher=Schwab Foundation}}</ref> da Embrace, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke da nufin taimaka wa jarirai masu haihuwa da ba su da juna biyu da kuma waɗanda ba su da nauyi, ta hanyar amfani da na'urar dumama jarirai mai araha. Har zuwa farkon shekarar 2016, Panicker ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Embrace Innovations, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke tsara da kuma kawo fasahar kiwon lafiya ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, farawa da na'urar dumama jarirai. Kudin injin dumama jarirai na Embrace bai kai kashi 1% na injin dumama jarirai na gargajiya ba, kuma a halin yanzu ana rarraba shi a asibitoci a Indiya, da kuma sama da ƙasashe 15 masu tasowa. Shi ma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Ƙirƙirar Lafiya ta FICCI a Indiya. Tun daga shekarar 2016, ya shiga cikin bincike da kuma magana game da tasirin da fasahar kere-kere ta AI za ta iya yi da kuma abin da al'umma za ta iya yi don shiryawa nan gaba, ciki har da a TEDx IIT Kharagpur . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Panicker a Mavelikara, Kerala, India zuwa Moly da PC Mathen Panicker na Kottarakara . Ya halarci [[Indian Community School|Makarantar Community Community School]], Kuwait, da Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Trivandrum, Indiya, kuma ya fito daga Vayalikada, Thiruvananthapuram . Panicker yana da digiri na biyu da na uku a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki na Stanford, da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Fasaha daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya (IIT Madras), Indiya. Shi kuma tsohon ɗalibi ne a makarantar zane-zane da ke Stanford . A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunsa na digirin digirgir a [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], Panicker ya yi aiki a fannin koyon na'ura da kuma na'urorin gani. Aikin digirinsa ya yi amfani da dabarun koyon injina don nuna karuwar karfin tsarin sadarwa mai amfani da na'urori masu ... Aikinsa ya haɗa da ingantawa mai lanƙwasa, koyon injina, na'urorin gani masu daidaitawa da kuma na'urorin daidaita hasken sarari. Ya kuma yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na SLAC National Accelerator, inda ya yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi na wucin gadi don sarrafa hasken wutar lantarki. == Sana'a == Kafin fara Embrace, Panicker ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Infinera Corporation. A lokacin da yake can, ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da aka kafa tare, Shugaba, kuma memba na Hukumar Infinera, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707174325/http://www.infinera.com/company/mgmt.html David F. Welch], Ph.D., ke jagoranta a cikin sabbin rukunin samfuran, yana aiki akan tsarin sadarwa mai saurin gaske. === Runguma === A shekarar 2007, yayin da suke karatu a Stanford, Panicker da wasu 'yan uwansu da suka kammala karatun sun kasance wani ɓangare na wani aji, Tsarin Kasuwanci don Tsammanin Farashi Mai Tsada, a makarantar d. a Jami'ar Stanford. An nemi su ƙirƙiri injin samar da jarirai mai rahusa wanda za a iya amfani da shi a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Sun ƙera na'urar dumama jarirai wadda ba ta da wutar lantarki, ana sa ran za ta yi araha kuma an ƙera ta ne don amfani da ita har ma ga iyaye mata na karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Bayan kammala karatun, sun kafa ƙungiyar Embrace (ƙungiyar agaji), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna 501(c)(3), a shekarar 2008 domin aiwatar da aikinsu. Ƙungiyar da ba ta riba ba, Embrace, tana ba da gudummawar na'urorin dumama jarirai ga asibitocin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali, yayin da ƙungiyar zamantakewa mai neman riba, Embrace Innovations, ke sayar da na'urorin dumama ga wasu asibitoci. An kuma ba Embrace kyautar INDEX: Design to Improve Life a shekarar 2011, <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily News Staff |date=27 September 2011 |title=Embrace, Stanford enterprise, wins Index Award |url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2011/09/27/embrace-stanford-enterprise-wins-index-award/ |access-date=27 September 2011 |publisher=The Stanford Daily}}</ref> da kuma Fast Company Innovation By Design Awards, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=The 11 Winners Of Our 2012 Innovation By Design Awards |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671027/the-11-winners-of-our-innovation-by-design-awards |access-date=17 October 2012 |publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuang |first=Cliff |title=Why Good Design Is Finally A Bottom Line Investment |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1640520/from-awww-to-awesome-babies-doc-funds-incubators-to-help-save-20m-infants |access-date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi |- | 2015 | MIT Technology Review TR35 35-Masu ƙirƙira-'Yan ƙasa da shekara 35 a duk duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=35 Innovators Under 35, 2015 |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/lists/innovators-under-35/2015/ |publisher=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> |- | 2013 | Kyautar Kirkire-kirkire ta Tattalin Arziki don Kirkire-kirkire a Zamantakewa da Tattalin Arziki |- | 2013 | Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da Gidauniyar Schwab, Ɗan Kasuwa na Zamani na Shekara <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Entrepreneurs of the Year 2013 |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/rahul-panicker/ |publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mischler |first=Michèle |title=Social Entrepreneurs of the Year 2013 |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/content/social-entrepreneurs-year-2013 |access-date=20 March 2013 |publisher=Schwab Foundation}}</ref> |- | 2012 | Kyautar Zane-zanen Masana'antu ta Ƙungiyar Zane-zanen Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Amurka (IDEA) Zinare <ref>{{Cite web |last=OZLER |first=Levent |title=Best in Show of the 2012 International Design Excellence Awards |url=https://www.dexigner.com/news/25546 |access-date=27 August 2012 |publisher=Dexigner}}</ref> |- | 2012 | Wanda Ya Lashe Kyautar Fasaha |- | 2012 | CNBC TV18 Young Turk <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Young Turks |url=https://www.facebook.com/cnbcyoungturks/photos/a.149390181794157.33633.121567547909754/325886100811230/?type=3&theater |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> |- | 2008 | [[Echoing Green]] Fellow <ref>{{Cite web |title=Echoing Green Fellows |url=http://www.echoinggreen.org/fellows/rahul-panicker |publisher=Echoing Green}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] csg9591k4n2srdaoy9m95t3xjgm33n1 0 177677 968484 960995 2026-10-17T00:06:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanjiv Rai''' ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya. Shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin ARE Technologies <ref>{{Cite web |title=WEF Young Global Leader |url=http://www.weforum.org/young-global-leaders/sanjiv-rai |access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> kuma yana gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci na AceWP Innovation Labs da Biliyoyin Masu Kirkirar Kayayyaki. Yana da hannu a cikin haɓaka tsarin haɗin kai da ƙira na tushen AI. == Ilimi == Rai ya yi karatu a wani ƙauye mai nisa na karkara. Daga nan ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Calcutta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Startup Bootcamp |url=http://www.startupbootcamp.org/mentors/sanjiv-rai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619070734/http://www.startupbootcamp.org/mentors/sanjiv%2Drai.html |archive-date=2018-06-19 |website=Startupbootcamp}}</ref> Rai ɗalibi ne na farko a [[Jami'ar Harvard]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Julia |date=2015 |title=FOUNDERS AND IDEAS FOR THE ASIAN ENTREPRENEURIAL LANDSCAPE |url=http://www.hpair.org/harvard-2015-tentative-speakers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206061215/http://www.hpair.org/harvard-2015-tentative-speakers/ |archive-date=2015-02-06 |website=HPAIR}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da jami'o'i a [[IIT Bombay]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=IIT Bombay - Research collaboration panel |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/uma/~aim2003/aim2003/morning_faculty_presentations/77.JPG}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=IIT Bombay - Academia Industry Meet |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/uma/~aim2003/aim2003/members.htm |website=Academia Industry Meet - ARE Technologies Ltd}}</ref> da kuma kwangila da Jami'ar Princeton . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2004, Rai ta ƙirƙiro tsarin hasashen AI na MogIA.<ref name="AI-system-predicts-trump">{{Cite web |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=28 October 2016 |title=Trump will win the election and is more popular than Obama in 2008, AI system finds |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/28/donald-trump-will-win-the-election-and-is-more-popular-than-obama-in-2008-ai-system-finds.html |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=CNBC}}</ref> Rai ya ce MogIA hanya ce mafi daidaito wajen hasashen sakamakon zaɓe domin ba ta "sha wahala daga son zuciya daga masu shirye-shirye/masu haɓaka shirye-shirye". <ref name="AI-system-predicts-trump" /> [[File:Sanjiv-rai-with-Sir-Tim-Berner-Lee.jpg|thumb| Sanjiv Rai tare da Tim Berners-Lee da Farfesa Dimitar Sasselov a wani taron Harvard a watan Maris na 2012]] Rai ya fara aiki a kan binciken haɗin gwiwar AI a shekarar 2004 ko 2005, gami da aikin farko a fannin sadarwa na kwantum don D5 Chip. Ya ƙirƙiro kayan aikin tantance AceWP a AreTec. Rai ya yi aiki tare da NASA inda ya kasance Babban Mai Zane na aikin CHANDRA. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Document |url=http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/08/sbir/phase1/SBIR-08-1-O1.04-8613.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120724014628/http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/08/sbir/phase1/SBIR%2D08%2D1%2DO1.04%2D8613.html |archive-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> Rai ta ƙirƙiro sigar farko ta kayan aikin ilmantarwa bisa ga gaskiya ta kama-da-wane don AceWP don kwaikwayon hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya na gaske a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na gaskiya mai ƙarfi ga ɗaliban injiniya. Rai ya jagoranci kwamitocin fasaha da dama kuma ya jagoranci shirye-shirye a IEEE, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=IEEE |url=https://www.ewh.ieee.org/r1/ct/c_smc/chapterofficers.htm |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416153707/https://www.ewh.ieee.org/r1/ct/c_smc/chapterofficers.htm |archive-date=2025-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Convergence - Standards |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/uma/~wcsc/ |website=Convergence and Seamless Communication}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 2014 |title=Speakers Bulgaria |url=http://www.speakersbulgaria.com/category/indian-speakers/page/2/}}</ref> Majalisar Nanotechnology,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Sanjiv |date=2006 |title=IEEE |url=https://www.ewh.ieee.org/r1/ct/c_smc/chapterofficers.htm |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416153707/https://www.ewh.ieee.org/r1/ct/c_smc/chapterofficers.htm |archive-date=2025-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> GEOSS,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Sanjiv |date=July 2014 |title=Speakers Bulgaria |url=http://www.speakersbulgaria.com/category/indian-speakers/page/2/}}</ref> ASQ-Electronics and Communications, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=ASQ |url=https://asq.org/divisions-forums/ec/about/index.html |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605095405/https://asq.org/divisions-forums/ec/about/index.html |archive-date=2016-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwamitin Nanotechnology, da WEF. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 78n1evrjq89lt6lon0heo7wtauyz1sy 0 177896 968444 964066 2026-10-16T22:06:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sairee Chahal''' ' yar kasuwa ce [[Fasaha|ta fasaha]] kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Shugabar SHEROES, wani dandali da ke tallafawa mata 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="founder">{{Cite web |title=This founder’s helping more women do their own thing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/people/this-founders-helping-more-women-turn-entrepreneur/articleshow/64416982.cms |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Sairee Chahal’s Shoes: The SHEROES Story And Backing Women Entrepreneurs In India |url=https://inc42.com/features/sairee-chahal-the-sheroes-story-and-women-entrepreneurs-in-india/ |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.inc42.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Chahal ta ƙaura zuwa Delhi daga garinsu, Muzaffarnagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]], don yin karatu. Ta kammala karatunta na M. Phil a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Daga baya ta sami takardar shaidar PGDBM (Difloma ta gaba a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci) a Cibiyar Fasahar Gudanarwa da ke Ghaziabad . Chahal kuma tsohon ɗalibi ne a fannin bayar da kyaututtukan Cartier kuma ɗan ƙungiyar Aspen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal has built an online world for women from all walks of life to help each other start a career |url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Outlook Business |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="founder" /> == Sana'a == === Kwanakin farko === Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Chahal ta fara samun gogewa a wani kamfani da ke da ƙananan kamfanoni. A shekarar 1999, ta sami damar ƙaddamar da jaridar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa. Sairee ta fara aiki a kan kamfaninta mai suna Fleximoms, a shekarar 2012. Fleximoms ya taimaka wa mata su sami damar yin aiki daga nesa da kuma ofis. <ref name="founder" /> === SHEROES === An kafa SHEROES a shekarar 2014 a matsayin layin taimakon waya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Years In, Sheroes Helpline Aims For High Empathy, Deep Impact |url=http://www.healthcollective.in/2019/08/sheroes-helpline-empathy/ |access-date=2020-08-26 |website=www.healthcollective.in |language=en-US}}</ref> ta fito a matsayin hanyar sada zumunta da aka keɓe ga mata. Tana aiki a matsayin babban tsarin kasuwanci wanda ke aiki don inganta harkokin kasuwanci, aikin yi da kuma harkokin kuɗi ga mata. Masu amfani za su iya zuwa wannan dandali don cike gibin jinsi da kuma samun damar mu'amala, ganewa da ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal talks about Sheroes, an online community for women |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/sairee-chahal-talks-about-sheroes-an-online-community-for-women/articleshow/64434117.cms |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal: A sense of identity |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-trailblazers/sairee-chahal-a-sense-of-identity/46167/1 |access-date=2018-03-11 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfanin Mahila Money wanda Chahal ya kafa, yana ba da ƙananan lamuni ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa mata. Ana bayar da tallafin kuɗi tsakanin Rs. 10,000 zuwa Rs. 2,00,000 a ƙarƙashin wannan shiri. Mutum zai iya neman rancen kuma a amince da shi cikin awanni 48. Waɗanda aka ƙi amincewa da aikace-aikacen za su iya zama a cikin al'umma don ƙarin koyo game da kuɗi da kuma inganta zaman lafiyar kuɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money, Visa and Transcorp launch Mahila Money Prepaid Card for women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/mahila-money-visa-and-transcorp-launch-mahila-money-prepaid-card-for-women-entrepreneurs-details-here/2463545/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Dandalin dijital yana samar da ƙananan lamuni ga [[mata 'yan kasuwa]] don taimakawa wajen kafa kasuwanci, haɓaka kasuwanci da damar samun aiki. Yana mai da hankali kan tallafawa harkokin kasuwanci da kuma ilimin kuɗi na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money to launch prepaid card to support women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahila-money-to-launch-prepaid-card-to-support-women-entrepreneurs-11647424248587.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahila Money ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi 60 da suka mayar da hankali kan mata don samun ƙarin amincewa a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: After six months of lending, Sheroes founder explains how tough it is |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/interview-after-six-months-of-lending-sheroes-founder-learns-it-is-tougher-than-it-looked/articleshow/88474677.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111223831/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/interview-after-six-months-of-lending-sheroes-founder-learns-it-is-tougher-than-it-looked/articleshow/88474677.cms |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Bankin Paytm Payments Ltd === A shekarar 2019, Bankin Paytm Payments ya nada Chahal a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paytm Payments Bank appoints Sairee Chahal to board of directors |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/paytm-payments-bank-appoints-sairee-chahal-to-board-of-directors-1555740199641.html |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gidauniyar Milan === Chahal yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Milan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day Special: How much do you know about the founder of SHEROES, SaireeChahal? |url=https://www.newscrab.com/lifestyle/Womens-Day-Special-How-much-do-you-know-about-the-founder/cid6683858.htm |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.newscrab.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Cartier <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women forum hosts Cartier awards finalist Sairee Chahal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others-do-not-use/women-forum-hosts-cartier-awards-finalist-sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2013-06-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mata Masu Nasara <ref name="award">{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal |url=https://www.fempower.in/media/sairee-chahal |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.fempower.in |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Devi <ref name="award" /> * Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya <ref name="award" /> * Zaɓin edita don kyautar mata ta L'Oreal Femina <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0uegbvrrqjxxnu5etkah11ftz5muf7k 0 177904 968243 962045 2026-10-16T13:41:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Balkrishna Mahadev Gogte''' ( IAST: '''Bāḷakr̥shṇa Mahādeva Gogaṭe''' ; 16 Satumba 1916 - 26 Fabrairu 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''Raosaheb Gogte''' (IAST: '''Rāvasāheba Gogaṭe'''), lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, mai masana'antu, mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai ilimi. Gogte shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kamfanoni ta Gogte, wacce ke da hannu a haƙar ma'adinai, ma'adanai, gishiri da yadi. Ya ba da sunansa ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gogte, Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gogte, Zauren Gogte da ke Shivaji Park Gymkhana da ke Dadar, [[Mumbai]], Gidan Gogte da ke Oberoi Hotel da ke Mumbai, Zauren Gogte da ke Belgaum Chamber of Commerce, da kuma Zauren Gogte da ke Belgaum. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar Farko, Iyali da Ilimi: 1916–1936 === An haifi Gogte a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1916 a Tembhu,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} a lokacin yana cikin shugabannin Bombay,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} ga Dr. Mahadev Gogte (1891–1953) da Kamlabai Gogte (ɗan Ambutai Latey).{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Iyalinsu Chitpavan brahmin ne, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma an kafa shi a matsayin ''gharana'' a Karad tun zamanin kakan Gogte. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Mahaifin Gogte likitan tiyata ne a Karad, yana da digirin LM &amp;amp; S. daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da ke [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga dangin Latey (Bhagwat) masu arziki waɗanda suka kasance dangin [[:mr:सदाशिवगड (कराड)|Sadashivgad]] na Karad a ƙarƙashin Peshwas tun bayan Yaƙin Kharda a 1795. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} An haifi Gogte a matsayin babban ɗan'uwa cikin 'ya'ya biyar, yana da ƙanne biyu da ƙanne biyu.{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ta hannun ɗan'uwansa Vaman, Gogte kawu ne na uba ga Anjali Dandekar, matar farko ta Dilip Dandekar, shugaban Kokuyo Camlin, da kuma Jayant, mijin wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi Jyoti Gogte . Ta hannun ɗan'uwansa Vasudev, Gogte kawu ne na uba ga Rekha Agashe, matar mataimakin shugaban BCCI [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], don haka kakan Mandar, Ashutosh da Sheetal Agashe ne . Shi kuma kakan kawu ne ga mawaƙi Rashmi Parekh, jikanyar ɗan'uwansa Vasudev ta hanyar 'yarsa ta biyu Madhuri. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Tun daga shekarar 1925, Gogte ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilak da ke Karad, kafin a tura shi Jalgaon a shekarar 1926, don ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin kawunsa na uba Narayanrao Gogte, wanda shi ne shugaban makarantar New English School da ke can.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}}{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1928, ya raka kawunsa zuwa Chalisgaon, inda za su zama membobin [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi Ashram]] a can, tare da Hari Vinayak Pataskar.{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1929, ya koma Karad don ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilak,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a lokacin da yake can, abokin aji ne na Yashwantrao Chavan har zuwa 1930.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A farkon shekarun 1930, mahaifinsa da kawunsa sun shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya a matsayin 'yan Gandhi . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1931, mahaifin Gogte ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Belgaum, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} inda Gogte ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Chintamanrao da ke Shahapur, a lokacin kuma a Jihar Sarauta ta Sangli . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A lokacin da yake makaranta a Shahapur, Gogte ya shahara a fannin ba da labari, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakataren ƙungiyar ɗalibai, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar jama'a da dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar 'yancin Indiya kuma an taɓa kama shi saboda karanta sanarwar Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a bainar jama'a. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A farkon shekarar 1932, yana da shekaru 16, ya tsira daga wani yunƙurin kisan kai daga ɗaliban makarantarsa guda biyu, waɗanda suka jefa bam a wurin da Gogte da wasu ɗalibai suka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Govind Ballal Deval na 1916 ''mai suna Samshay Kallol'' . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Duk da cewa dangin sun fito ne daga zuriyar sarakunan Peshwai, amma iyalan ba su da talauci sosai, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a shekarar 1933, mahaifin Gogte ya bar aikin likitancinsa don kafa masana'antar niƙa gari . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A wannan shekarar, yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ya kammala karatunsa na jami'a ta hanyar cin jarrabawarsa ta Jami'ar Bombay, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} sannan ya ci gaba da karatun [[Doka|lauya]], inda ya kammala jarrabawarsa ta lauya a kotun koli a shekarar 1935, yana da shekaru goma sha tara. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Daga nan sai ya koma [[Mumbai]] don yin aiki a Babbar Kotun Bombay na tsawon shekara guda. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A lokacin da yake baƙunci a gidan ɗan uwansa na farko Laxman "Rajabhau" Bhave da ke Mumbai a shekarar 1936, Gogte ya saba da Ushatai Chiplunkar. Ita ce ƙanwar matar ɗan uwansa, kuma an yi musu alkawari jim kaɗan bayan sun san juna. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1943, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza uku, Arvind (wanda aka haifa a 1944), Anand (wanda aka haifa a 1946) da Shirish (wanda aka haifa a 1950). {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} === Aikin lauya: 1936–1943 === A shekarar 1936, yana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya, Gogte ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fafutuka a Belgaum. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in farko da ya yi fice shi ne na mata biyu masu yanka mutane daga Baluchistan waɗanda aka tuhume su da zamba, barazana ga aikata laifuka da kuma cin zarafi . Kare kansa ya sa aka wanke su, amma gazawar Gogte na samun kuɗin hidimarsa ya sa matan suka ba shi wuƙaƙen Rampuri guda biyu da suka yi a matsayin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Wannan lamari, tare da sunan da matan biyu suka yi masa ( ''Raosaheb'' ) ya yaɗu sosai a cikin da'irori na shari'a da jaridu, wanda ya haifar da sunan da za a san shi da shi a sauran rayuwarsa ta sana'a da ta kashin kansa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Tun daga shekarar 1936, Gogte ya koyar da shari'a a ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} tare da aikinsa na kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma ya ci gaba da kafa taron ɗaliban gundumar Belgaum . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A kusan wannan lokacin, an wanke Gogte daga zargin karya na karkatar da zanen ƙarfe da Manajan ƙarfe da ƙarfe na Belgaum ya ba shi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Lokacin da aka yi wa Dokar Motoci kwaskwarima a shekarar 1939, an naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Darakta na Ƙungiyar Masu Aikin Bas na Belgaum ta hannun Keshavrao Gokhale na Majalisar Dokoki ta Bombay, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} inda ya shiga cikin shari'o'i da dama na inshorar haɗari, rabon hanya, da kuma tattaunawar harajin hanya tsakanin jihohi da Masarautun Sangli da Kolhapur . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A irin wannan lokacin, lokacin da tattaunawar raba hanya tsakanin jihohin, tsakanin ƙungiyar da kuma ƙasashen sarauta ta zo ga cikas, [[Babban Minista|Babban Ministan]] Jihar Kolhapur ya ba da umarnin a kama Gogte, amma ya kauce wa kamawa ta hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Miraj sanye da kaya irin na mace, bayan da sakataren Shivaji VII, [[Maharaja]] na Kolhapur a lokacin ya sanar da shi. Bayan wannan lamari, Hukumar Deccan States da Gwamnatin Bombay sun fara tattaunawa a hukumance kuma sun warware ta. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ƙarshen shekarar 1942, Gogte ya shirya taron All India Motor Union Congress kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban lauya ga dukkan shari'o'in da ke tsakanin ƙungiyar da Gwamnatin Bombay. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1943, an naɗa Gogte a matsayin babban lauya mai kula da shari'o'i tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu aikin bas a Belgaum, [[Pune]], [[Nashik]] da [[Ahmedabad]] da kuma hukumomin sufuri na yankinsu . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Zai ci gaba da wakiltar sassa daban-daban na masana'antar sufuri bisa doka har zuwa shekarun 1950. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Zuwa shekarar 1944, Gogte ya sami rancen kuɗi don kasuwancinsa na jigilar kaya . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da shigar Indiya a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da rage yawan man fetur, ya yanke shawarar yin koyi da wani kamfanin [[Birtaniya]] a [[Chennai|Madras]], sannan ya kafa wata tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da iskar gas wadda ke amfani da [[gawayi]] don samar da mai ga motocinsa. Wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A tsakanin 1945 da 1948, Gogte ya sake yin ƙoƙarin kafa injin niƙa na ƙarfe a Karad, amma bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1952, Gogte ya shiga harkar jigilar mackerel daga gabar tekun Karwar zuwa cikin [[Maharashtra]] da Karnataka. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Bukatar kiyaye kamun kifi, ta sa shi neman jari daga Raja na Jihar Kurundwad (Ƙaramin yaro) don gina masana'antar kankara a Belgaum, wanda Morarji Desai, Babban Ministan Unified Bombay a wancan lokacin, ya buɗe. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Bisa shawarar Babban Jami'in Kifi na Bombay, Gogte ya yi tafiya zuwa Aberdeen don yin nazarin daskarewar ruwa domin ya kafa kamfaninsa don wannan aiki, amma daga ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A farkon shekarun 1950, sha'awar [[Japan]] a ma'adinan ƙarfe da manganese na Goa na Portugal ya sa Gogte ya bincika yiwuwar haƙar ma'adinan a gundumomin Ratnagiri da Arewacin Kanara . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1954, ya fara haƙar ma'adinai a kusa da Kuveshi, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da sauran masu ma'adinai don kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Samar da Ma'adanai ta Manganese, wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa daga masu ba da lamuni na gida, Gogte ya kafa kamfanin Gogte Mines kuma ya fara haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe a Redi a shekarar 1957, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} bayan ya yi hayar eka 187 da gunthas 16 don aikin, kuma ya samar da tan 15,000 na ma'adinan ƙarfe a cikin watanni huɗu na farko. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da 'yan kwangila suka fara buƙatar ƙarin farashi, ya ba da umarnin jigilar ma'adinan guda biyu masu sarrafa kansu, waɗanda Yashwantrao Chavan da matarsa Venutai suka ƙaddamar. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da aka gano wani kuskure a cikin ƙirar su, Gogte ya yi nasara a shari'ar sulhu, wacce HR Gokhale ya ba da shawara, a kan masu kera jiragen ruwa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A lokaci guda, Gogte zai kuma taimaka wa Mohan Singh Oberoi da kafa harsashin otal ɗinsa mai suna Oberoi da ke [[Mumbai]] ; wanda Gogte ya yi wa Satyanarayan Puja a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da shi, kuma daga baya Oberoi ya sami ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan otal ɗin da aka sanya wa suna Gogte. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsakanin 1959 da 1960, ya ƙara samun kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Baroda don shigo da kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai masu inganci daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} bayan fitar da tan 92,798 na ɗanyen ƙarfe a cikin wannan shekarar kuɗi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsakanin 1961 da 1964, kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai ya ci gaba da aiki ba tare da wata matsala ba, don haka Gogte ya yi ƙoƙarin samun oda daga Japan. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1963, ya yi bincike kan fili mai fadin eka 1500 kusa da Nala Sopara domin gina wani wurin hakar gishiri . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ya ɗora wa ɗan'uwansa Vasudev alhakin kula da shi, wanda zai yi amfani da dabarun samar da gishiri [[Faransa|na Faransa]] da [[Tunisiya]] a wurin aikin. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} An ƙaddamar da kamfanin Gogte Salts a shekarar 1964 a hannun Sadashiv Govind Barve . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1966, an naɗa Gogte a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, kuma an sanya wa [[Gogte College of Commerce|Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gogte]] suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Karnatak Law Society |url=https://klsbelagavi.org/our-university/ |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Bayan samun riba bayan shekaru goma na aiki, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya kafa kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai nasa a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1967. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Mines Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U99999MH1967PTC013783 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} === Tsohuwar masana'antar: 1970–1991 === A shekarar 1972, an zaɓi Gogte a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Belgaum, kuma zai gudanar da kamfen a faɗin yankunan karkara da birane na Belgaum tare da majalisar don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa su kafa ƙananan masana'antu a yankunansu. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1974, Gogte ya sami masu siyan ma'adinan ƙarfe a [[Romainiya|Romania]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} ya haɗa kamfanin Gogte Minerals a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1977, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Minerals Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINERALS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U14100MH1977PTC019505 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> don haɓaka [[Taki|takin]] ammonium chloride . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1977, Gogte ya shiga cikin wani shiri na musamman, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma a shekarar 1978, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa masana'antar takarda a gundumar Chandrapur tare da taimakon Vasantdada Patil, amma wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A daidai lokacin, Gogte ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tsarin bas na cikin gari zuwa Belgaum. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsarin da ake takaddama a kai ya ci karo da shirin Kamfanin Birnin Belgaum na yin hakan. Gogte ya sami lasisin wannan shirin ne ta hanyar jayayya daga Hukumar Sufuri ta Yankin bayan ya gabatar da wasiƙa daga Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na wancan lokacin, Morarji Desai, yana mai kin amincewa da ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi da ke da ikon kula da ayyukan sufuri a birane. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} An yaba wa jama'a game da hidimar bas ɗin birni, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka mayar da shi ƙasa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A daidai lokacin, an kuma zaɓe shi shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Maharashtra . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1979, Gogte ya ƙara bayar da gudummawar kuɗi ga ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, waɗanda suka girmama shi ta hanyar sanya wa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gogte suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About – KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgavi |url=http://www.git.edu/4415/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Gogte Institute of Technology|KLS GIT]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731215426/http://www.git.edu/4415/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1980, Gogte ya kafa Gogte Textiles, yana shiga harkar yadi . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Infrastructure Development Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-INFRASTRUCTURE-DEVELOPMENTCORPORATION-LIMITED/U17115KA1980PLC003828 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin shawarar SM Krishna, ya nemi izinin samun lasisi daga Gwamnatin Karnataka a ƙarƙashin Gundu Rao, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} don kafa masana'antar yadi a Kakti, inda ya sayi eka 100 don wannan aikin kuma ya yi odar injunan saka daga [[Switzerland]] . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Bayan alkawuran ƙarfafa kuɗi daga Ma'aikatar Masana'antu sun gaza, Gogte ya yi kira ga RN Malhotra a Bankin Reserve na Indiya da ta samar da jarin aiki . An samu ƙarfafa gwiwa ta kuɗi daga Bankin Jihar Mysore da IDBI, ƙarƙashin shawarar Shankarrao Chavan . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1981, an zaɓe Gogte a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Horarwa ta Ƙasa a Injiniyan Masana'antu (NITIE), {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma a shekarar 1982, ya zama batun tarihin rayuwarsa a cikin littafin [[Marati|Marathi]] na DK Barve. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1986, an ƙara naɗa shi shugaban Kamfanin Masana'antu da Zuba Jari na Jihar Maharashtra (SICOM). {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1980, Gogte ya ci gaba da zama shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu ta Indo-Arab, kuma ya yi aiki kan haɓaka yankin Konkan tare da saka hannun jari [[Saudi Arebiya|a Saudiyya]] . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ɗan Gogte Arvind, da matarsa Mangal (wanda aka haifa a Patwardhan, Gimbiya ta Masarautar Kurundwad (Junior)), {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} sun miƙa samfuran tawul ɗin rigarsu ta Textile Mills ga Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi na lokacin, wanda aka ce matarsa Sonia Gandhi ta tambaya game da su. Lokacin da Gandhi ya nemi Gogte ya shirya ziyartar masana'antar, ma'aikatan masana'antar sun shiga yajin aiki. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Zuwa shekarar 1990, Gogte Textile Mills ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin fitar da kayan yadi a Karnataka, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a shekarar 1991, Gogte ya zama batun wani tarihin rayuwa na MV Kamath. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} === Shekarun da suka gabata, mutuwa, da gado: 1991-2000 === A farkon shekarun 1990, Gogte ya ba da gudummawa ga Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Belgaum, kuma majalisar ta mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya wa ɗakin taro da ke hedikwatarsu da ke Belgaum Gogte Hall suna. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya yi wa'adi na uku a jere a matsayin shugaban NITIE har zuwa 1994. Abokin Naval Tata ne, yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni uku na [[Kamfanin Tata|Tata Group]], da kuma darakta a otal-otal na Oberoi . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ya sha fama da ciwon spondylitis tun daga shekarar 1976, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} bayan an yi masa tiyata cikin nasara. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A matsayinsa na mai kula da fasaha da kimiyya, ya shirya kade-kade da dama a Belgaum don Bal Gandharva da Lata Mangeshkar, tare da tallafin kimiyya ga binciken Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ya kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Marathi da Kannada. Taron Karnatak Drama ya kuma girmama shi da goyon bayansa ga wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar sanar da kyautar Gogte Dramatic Award ta shekara-shekara da ake bai wa masu wasan kwaikwayo.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya mutu a Belgaum, Karnataka, a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2000, yana da shekaru 83. Matarsa ta bar shi har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2007, 'ya'yansa maza uku da iyalansu: jikoki bakwai, da jikoki biyu a lokacin; ƙanensa Vaman da 'yar'uwarsa Leela suma sun tsira daga gare shi, da kuma zuriyar dukkan 'yan uwansa. {{Sfn|Gogte Committee|2006}} Ya tsira daga harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar 'ya'yansa maza uku da jikoki uku. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Baya ga sunayen kwalejojin da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak ta kafa don girmama shi a shekarar 1966 da 1979, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai kama da shi a hedikwatar ƙungiyar ilimi ta Karnataka a shekarar 1986. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A yau, shi ne sunan Gogte Hall da ke Shivaji Park Gymkhana a Dadar, [[Mumbai]], Gogte Suite da ke Oberoi Hotel da ke Mumbai, da kuma Gogte Hall da ke Belgaum Chamber of Commerce. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Shi ne kuma sunan Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Raosaheb Gogte, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Inspiration |url=http://www.gogatewalkecollege.com/our_inspiration.php |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=gogatewalkecollege.com |publisher=Gogte Walke College}}</ref> da kuma Da'irar Gogte da ke Belgaum. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Circle |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gogte+Circle/@15.8481606,74.5048859,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bbf6698e1e78621:0x2a2eeaeb3ecf32f0!8m2!3d15.8481555!4d74.5070746 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Google Maps]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ej7xejhm36j580r7xi9nx2ta6qyadhg 0 177962 968494 962229 2026-10-17T02:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shabbal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. == Ilimi == Shabbal tana da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Shabbal Primary School'''. Haka kuma akwai '''Junior Secondary School, Shabbal''', wadda take cikin jerin makarantun sakandare na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. A cikin ayyukan da aka gudanar ta [[Education Trust Fund]] (TETFund), an yi aikin gyaran gine-ginen ajujuwa biyu na Shabbal Primary School, Akko. == Lafiya == Akwai '''Shabbal Health Post''' a yankin Kumo Central na Karamar Hukumar Akko. An kafa cibiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2001, kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta matakin farko. Bayanan Hukumar Bunƙasa Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare ta Jihar Gombe sun kuma nuna Shabbal Health Post a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Bayanan [[Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa]] ([[INEC]]) na shekarar 2015 sun nuna wuraren zaɓe masu alaƙa da Shabbal Primary School, ciki har da '''Gaudare, Shabbal Pri. Sch.''' da '''Shabbal Primary Sch. (Ngaudare, Kofar Jauro)'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Shabbal yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Kumo ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771102/ Nigeria Postcode — 771102]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]. * [https://tetfund.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2000-RECONCILED-PROJECTS-1.pdf TETFund — 2000 Reconciled Projects]. * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/staff-count-gombe-state-primary-healthcare-development-agency-gsphcda/ Gombe State Primary Healthcare Development Agency — Staff Count]. * [https://thehospitalbook.com/shabbal-health-post/ Shabbal Health Post]. fgrkvtfnlsog25wiivyf74gtia6gtay 0 178049 968406 962365 2026-10-16T21:12:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabara''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Sabara yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Sabara tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]], [[Lokulakuli]], [[Loluba]], [[Loteni]], [[Loyila]], [[Loyilme]], [[Maitunku]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Sabon Layi Maitunku]], [[Unguwan Magaji]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Yemfiyo]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Ilimi == Kundin wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na Jihar Gombe ya ambaci '''Sabara, Sabon Pri. Sch.''' a matsayin wani wurin zaɓe a yankin Dadiya na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf PU Directory, Gombe State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |date=2026-08-15 }}, Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Sabara na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-sabara.html Sabara, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> myrdd3ot1nbrlzyuctrm8e6hs4tvsiw 0 178061 968511 964145 2026-10-17T04:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin Ayyukan 'Yan Wasa Masu Kyau''' ( '''EPPP''' ) wani shiri ne na ci gaban matasa wanda [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] ta fara. Manufar EPPP ita ce inganta inganci da adadin 'yan wasan da manyan ƙungiyoyin Ingila suka samar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elite Player Performance Plan, Premier League Youth Development |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422012902/http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan.html |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref> Matakan da EPPP ta gabatar don 'yantar da matasa 'yan wasa ta hanyar kafa tsarin makarantun [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyi]] a Ingila da kuma daidaita kuɗin canja wuri tsakanin makarantu sun zama abin jayayya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeremy Peace could scrap West Brom academy « Express & Star |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/west-bromwich-albion-fc/2013/07/02/jeremy-peace-could-scrap-west-brom-academy/ |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=Expressandstar.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709211848/https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/west-bromwich-albion-fc/2013/07/02/jeremy-peace-could-scrap-west-brom-academy/ |archive-date=2022-07-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun rufe makarantunsu saboda sauye-sauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Paul |date=2012-06-08 |title=Wycombe Wanderers scrap youth academy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18278621 |access-date=2016-07-27 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> == Tallafi == Kungiyoyin mambobi 72 na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa sun amince da EPPP a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2011. Kungiyoyin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a 46 a kan amincewa da kuma 22 a kan rashin amincewa, inda uku suka ƙi shiga gasar, ɗaya kuma ya ƙi shiga. == Ka'idoji da mayar da hankali == [[Premier League|Gasar Premier]] ta buga jerin ƙa'idodi masu zuwa waɗanda aka tsara EPPP bayan da membobin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa suka amince da su: <ref name="EPPP P and F">{{Cite web |title=Elite Player Performance Plan |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan/ |publisher=The Premier League |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030449/http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan/ |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ƙara yawan 'yan wasan gida da ingancinsu wajen samun kwangiloli na ƙwararru a ƙungiyoyi da kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar farko a matakin mafi girma. * Ƙirƙiri ƙarin lokaci ga 'yan wasa don yin wasa da kuma samun horo * Inganta samar da horo * Aiwatar da tsarin aunawa mai inganci da tabbatar da inganci * Yi tasiri mai kyau ga jarin dabarun cikin Tsarin Kwalejin, yana nuna darajar kuɗi * Nemi aiwatar da manyan nasarori a kowane fanni na ci gaban 'yan wasa Shirin yana da nufin inganta ci gaban matasa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan waɗannan abubuwa: <ref name="EPPP P and F" /> * Ba wa ƙungiyoyi damar samun ƙarin lokacin koyarwa tare da matasan 'yan wasansu * Taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi su haɓaka alaƙa da makarantun yankin domin taimakawa matasa 'yan wasa su sami mafi kyawun iliminsu na ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma ɓangaren ilimi. * Ba wa ƙungiyoyin da suka sami maki mafi girma a rukuni damar ɗaukar matasa masu hazaka daga wasu wurare fiye da yadda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokokin da ake da su a yanzu. * Yin aiki tare da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa don sake duba tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu don tantance diyya Tsarin ya gabatar da tsarin zamani na gano baiwa da kuma daukar ma'aikata, gami da bincike a fannoni kamar [[Jikin mutum|sigogin ilimin halittar jiki]], tasirin shekaru, bayanin halayyar dan adam, kwarin gwiwa, yanke shawara, iyawar fasaha da kuma raguwar aiki. <ref name="EPPP P and F" /> == Canje-canje daga tsarin makarantar da ta gabata == Manyan canje-canje daga tsarin makarantar da aka kafa sune: '''Soke dokar "minti 90"''' - An ba wa makarantun horo damar ɗaukar 'yan wasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ne kawai idan sun zauna cikin mintuna 90 na lokacin tafiya daga wurin horon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Premiership's Way Around The 90 Minute Rule |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/66919-school-for-football-the-premierships-way-around-the-90-minute-rule |website=The Bleacher Report}}</ref> Wannan ya samar wa kowace ƙungiya "wurin kama kifi". Akwai wasu keɓancewa ga dokar don samar wa 'yan wasa da ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa. An hana manyan ƙungiyoyi ɗaukar matasan 'yan wasa daga gida tun suna ƙanana don yin atisaye. '''Tsarin makarantar mai matakai huɗu''' - An ba da shawarar cewa za a yi maki huɗu na makarantun gaba da sakandare, inda manyan makarantun za su iya ɗaukar mafi kyawun 'yan wasa da kuma karɓar mafi girman kuɗi. Makarantun rukuni na 1 za su sami lokacin hulɗa mai kyau da matasa 'yan wasa, suna buƙatar aƙalla ma'aikata 18 na cikakken lokaci da kuma kasafin kuɗin aiki na £2.5m. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ipswich Town apply for Category One academy status |url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/sport/ipswich-town/ipswich_town_apply_for_category_one_academy_status_1_2170760 |website=East Anglian Daily Times}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Za a sake duba makarantun ilimi duk bayan shekaru biyu sannan a sake rarraba su idan ya cancanta. Rarraba rukuni sakamakon binciken kuɗi ne mai zaman kansa. '''Tsarin kuɗin da aka ƙayyade ga canja wurin 'yan wasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18''' - Tsarin kuɗin da aka tsara shine: {| class="wikitable" !Shekarun da aka yi a makarantar kimiyya ! Kuɗin da aka ƙayyade a kowace shekara |- | shekaru 9-11 | £3,000 |- | shekaru 12-16 | £12,500 – £40,000 ya danganta da nau'in makarantar |} Wannan zai maye gurbin tsarin diyya na yanzu da kotun mai zaman kanta ta ƙayyade. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nixon back new EPPP |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11719/7268908/Nixon-backs-new-EPPP |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Saboda haka, ɗan wasa ɗan shekara 14 wanda ya yi shekaru 6 a kulob ɗin (Rukunin 3) zai karɓi kuɗin farko na £46,500 (£3,000 × 3 + £12,500 × 3). Ana biyan ƙarin kuɗaɗen da aka ƙayyade ga ɗan wasan da ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a kowace gasa ta ƙwararru ta manyan 'yan wasa: {| class="wikitable" !Bayyanar ! [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] ! Gasar Zakarun Turai ! League One ! Gasar League ta Biyu |- | 10 | £150,000 | £25,000 | £10,000 | £5,000 |- | 20 | £300,000 | £50,000 | £20,000 | £10,000 |- | 30 | £450,000 | £75,000 | £30,000 | £15,000 |- | 40 | £600,000 | £100,000 | £40,000 | £20,000 |- | 50 | £750,000 | £125,000 | £50,000 | £25,000 |- | 60 | £900,000 | £150,000 | £60,000 | £30,000 |- | 70 | £1,000,000 | £175,000 | £70,000 | £35,000 |- | 80 | £1,100,000 | £200,000 | £80,000 | £40,000 |- | 90 | £1,200,000 | £225,000 | £90,000 | £45,000 |- | 100 | £1,300,000 | £250,000 | £100,000 | £50,000 |} === Tsarin ƙungiyar matasa === Za a soke tsarin tsohuwar ƙungiyar matasa sannan a maye gurbinsa da ƙungiyar ci gaban ƙwararru . Ƙungiyoyi masu manyan makarantu za su fafata da sauran waɗanda suke da irin wannan matsayi a manyan makarantu da sauransu. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun bayyana aikace-aikacensu na neman matsayin makarantar sakandare a bainar jama'a, ciki har da Fulham, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Category One Status |url=http://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2012/august/01/category-one-status |publisher=Fulham FC}}</ref> [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Academy gets top marks |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Academy-news/2012/August/Academy-is-Category-One-EPPP}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Southampton, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saints Receive Category One Status |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/news/article/saints-receive-category-one-status-274540.aspx?pageView=full#anchored |website=Southampton FC |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319073128/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/news/article/saints-receive-category-one-status-274540.aspx?pageView=full#anchored |archive-date=2016-03-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Stoke City, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy Granted |url=http://www.stokecityfc.com/news/article/academy-granted-category-one-status-274069.aspx |website=Stoke City F.C.}}</ref> [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAFC Academy awarded top status |url=http://www.safc.com/news/reserves-and-academy/2012/august/academy-awarded-top-status |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy granted Category One status |url=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120728/academy-granted-category-one-status_2236884_2862643 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731004034/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120728/academy-granted-category-one-status_2236884_2862643 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |website=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> == Takaddama == An yi maraba da EPPP da shakku daga sassan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila . Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa [[Premier League]] ta yi wa Hukumar Kwallon Kafa zagon ƙasa ta hanyar barazanar cire duk wani tallafi na ci gaban matasa idan Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ba ta amince da sabuwar yarjejeniyar ba. Wasu sun bayyana shi a matsayin hanyar ciyar da manyan mutane kawai. Sabbin dokokin na nufin cewa makarantar koyon sana'o'i ta rukuni na 1 za ta iya zuwa kowace filin horo don kallon ɗan wasa (ta ba da sanarwar awanni 48) kuma ta sayi ɗan wasan bisa ƙayyadadden kuɗi tun daga £3,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=The new Elite Player Performance Programme is bad for the future of the English game |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/crystal-palace/8956789/The-new-Elite-Player-Performance-Programme-is-bad-for-the-future-of-the-English-game.html |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Hereford United, Wycombe Wanderers da Yeovil Town sun rufe makarantunsu a farkon kakar wasa ta 2012-13, suna masu cewa kudin aiwatar da EPPP na daga cikin dalilan hakan. [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] ta rufe makarantarsu a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015-16, inda ta yi nuni da cewa EPPP ce ta sa aka rufe makarantar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club statement: Brentford Academy restructuring |url=http://www.brentfordfc.co.uk/news/article/brentford-academy-restructuring-11.05.16-3109002.aspx |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=Brentfordfc.co.uk}}</ref> Bolton ta kuma rage darajar makarantarsu a shekarar 2015 domin adana kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=UPDATED: Wanderers to save £1 million by downgrading youth academy |url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/13328157.Wanderers_to_save_cash_in_Academy_shake_up/ |website=The Bolton News}}</ref> Sun sake rage darajarsa a shekarar 2020. Salford City ta daina makarantar horar da 'yan wasa kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2020-2021. A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2020, Birmingham City ta sanar da cewa za ta maye gurbin ƙungiyar ci gabanta da ƙungiyar "B" da kuma ƙungiyar makarantarsu da ƙungiyar "C". <ref name="Bham">{{Cite web |title=Birmingham City: CLUB STATEMENT - ACADEMY UPDATE |url=https://bcfc.com/news/articles/2020/club-statement-academy-update/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208083107/https://bcfc.com/news/articles/2020/club-statement-academy-update/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.premierleague.com/youth/EPPP Tsarin Ayyukan 'Yan Wasa Masu Kyau daga http://www.premierleague.com] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1tyayzix6v216q8m0aybsc9d631e61r 0 178192 968468 962994 2026-10-16T23:33:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Sarakunan Gargajiya da Hukumomin Gargajiya a Akko | native_name = Hukumomin Gargajiya na Akko | settlement_type = Traditional institutions | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Akko | headquarters = Kumo | traditional_institutions = Akko Emirate, Gona Emirate, Pindiga Emirate | traditional_titles = Lamido Akko, Lamido Gona, Emir of Pindiga | ethnic_groups = Fulani, Tangale, Tera, Jukun and other communities | population_as_of = 2006 }} '''Sarakunan Gargajiya da Hukumomin Gargajiya a Akko''' suna nufin tsarin sarautun gargajiya da masarautun da suke cikin [[Akko Local Government Area]] na [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Akko na daga cikin yankunan Gombe da suke da tsarin masarautu masu muhimmanci, kuma rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa ƙaramar hukumar tana da hukumomin gargajiya guda uku: [[Akko Emirate]], [[Gona Emirate]] da [[Pindiga Emirate]]. <ref>{{cite news |author=William Attah |title=2025 Budget: Akko LGA Collates Demands From Citizens |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://independent.ng/2025-budget-akko-lga-collates-demands-from-citizens/}}</ref> Tsarin hukumomin gargajiya na Akko yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wakiltar al'adu, tarihin al'umma da kuma hulɗar shugabannin gargajiya da jama'a. A taron tuntuba kan kasafin kuɗin Akko na shekarar 2025, an haɗa wakilan sarakunan gargajiya daga hukumomin gargajiya guda uku tare da wakilan mazabu, ƙungiyoyin mata, matasa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. <ref>{{cite news |author=William Attah |title=2025 Budget: Akko LGA Collates Demands From Citizens |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://independent.ng/2025-budget-akko-lga-collates-demands-from-citizens/}}</ref> == Hukumomin Gargajiya a Akko == Masarautar Akko '''Masarautar Akko''' tana daga cikin manyan hukumomin gargajiya a yankin Akko. Shugabanta yana amfani da taken '''Lamido Akko'''. A shekarar 2025, rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana Alhaji Umar Muhammad Atiku a matsayin Lamido Akko. <ref>{{cite news |title=Oluremi Tinubu honoured as ‘Sarauniyar Yaki’ of Akko Emirate |work=The PUNCH |date=5 October 2025 |url=https://punchng.com/oluremi-tinubu-honoured-as-queen-warrior-of-akko-emirate/}}</ref> Lamido Akko yana daga cikin sarakunan gargajiya da ke taka rawa wajen tattaunawa kan al'amuran tsaro da zaman lafiya a yankinsa. A shekarar 2022, Alhaji Umar Muhammad Atiku ya bayyana cewa majalisar masarautar ta shirya tattaunawa tsakanin manoma da makiyaya kafin noma, lokacin girbi da bayan girbi domin rage rikice-rikice da ƙarfafa zaman lafiya a yankin Akko. <ref>{{cite news |author=Abdulrazaq Mungadi |title=How we identify, end hatred between farmers, herders – Gombe Emir |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 January 2022 |url=https://thesun.ng/how-we-identify-end-hatred-between-farmers-herders-gombe-emir/}}</ref> Ayyukan masarautar Akko ba su tsaya kan al'amuran gargajiya kawai ba, domin sarautar tana shiga cikin mu'amala da hukumomin gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kan ci gaban al'umma. A shekarar 2025, Lamido Akko ya yaba wa gwamnatin Jihar Gombe kan ayyukan ilimi da kuma shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ci gaban yankin Akko. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Pioneers Transnational Education System, Gets Licence For Lincoln Varsity |work=New Telegraph |date=2025 |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/gombe-pioneers-transnational-education-system-gets-licence-for-lincoln-varsity/}}</ref> Masarautar Gona '''Masarautar Gona''' tana ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin gargajiya guda uku da suke cikin Akko. Garin Akko yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Gona, kuma ana samun shugabannin gargajiya na gundumomi da ƙauyuka a ƙarƙashinta. Rahoton ''The PUNCH'' ya bayyana Gona a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masarautu uku da suke cikin wakilcin Akko. <ref>{{cite news |author=Chima Azubuike |title=Gombe community accuses Reps member Usman Kumo of marginalisation |work=The PUNCH |date=13 January 2022 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-community-accuses-reps-member-usman-kumo-of-marginalisation/}}</ref> Shugaban Masarautar Gona yana amfani da taken '''Lamido Gona'''. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun ambaci Alhaji Umar Abdulkadir Abdussalam a matsayin Lamido ko Sarkin Gona, kuma an gudanar da wasu muhimman bukukuwa da nadin sarautu a fadarsa da ke Akko. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Governor Bags Traditional Title of Madawakin Gona |work=The Street Reporters Newspaper |date=17 April 2021 |url=https://streetreporters.ng/2021/04/17/gombe-governor-bags-traditional-title-of-madawakin-gona/}}</ref> Masarautar Gona tana kuma da tsarin shugabannin gundumomi da ƙauyuka. A wani shirin kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a yankin Akko-Gona, an samu halartar Lamido Gona tare da shugaban gundumar Lawanti da sauran shugabannin gundumomi da ƙauyuka, abin da ke nuna yadda tsarin gargajiya yake da matakai daban-daban daga masarauta zuwa gunduma da ƙauye. <ref>{{cite news |title=NAF organises 2-day medical outreach in Gombe |work=The Authority News |date=23 October 2020 |url=https://authorityngr.com/2020/10/23/naf-organises-2-day-medical-outreach-in-gombe/ |access-date=4 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205013322/https://authorityngr.com/2020/10/23/naf-organises-2-day-medical-outreach-in-gombe/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Masarautar Pindiga '''Masarautar Pindiga''' ita ma tana daga cikin hukumomin gargajiya guda uku na Akko. [[Pindiga]] ita ce cibiyar masarautar, kuma tana cikin Akko Local Government Area. Rahoton ''The PUNCH'' ya tabbatar da cewa Pindiga na daga cikin masarautun da suke cikin yankin Akko. <ref>{{cite news |author=Chima Azubuike |title=Gombe community accuses Reps member Usman Kumo of marginalisation |work=The PUNCH |date=13 January 2022 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-community-accuses-reps-member-usman-kumo-of-marginalisation/}}</ref> A cikin tsarin sarautar Pindiga, shugaban masarautar yana amfani da taken '''Emir of Pindiga'''. A shekarar 2025, rahoton ''TheCable'' ya bayyana Alhaji Adamu Haruna Yakubu a matsayin Emir na Pindiga a cikin jerin sarakunan masarautun aji na farko na Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite news |title=Emirates, chiefdoms, kingdoms and the changing times |work=TheCable |date=22 January 2025 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/emirates-chiefdoms-kingdoms-and-the-changing-times/}}</ref> Pindiga tana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tarihi da al'adun gargajiya na Akko. A shekarar 2018, an gudanar da bikin nadin sarauta da gabatar da sandar mulki ga Sarkin Pindiga a garin Pindiga, inda aka jaddada muhimmancin sarakunan gargajiya wajen zaman lafiya da haɗin kan jama'a. <ref>{{cite news |author=S-Davies Wande |title=Dankwambo charges traditional rulers on peace, security |work=Tribune Online |date=11 November 2018 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/dankwambo-charges-traditional-rulers-on-peace-security/}}</ref> == Sarakunan Gargajiya == Sarakunan gargajiya na Akko suna wakiltar matakin shugabanci na gargajiya a cikin masarautun yankin. Manyan shugabannin hukumomin gargajiya guda uku su ne '''Lamido Akko''', '''Lamido Gona''' da '''Emir na Pindiga'''. Jerin sarakunan aji na farko na Jihar Gombe da aka wallafa a shekarar 2025 ya haɗa Umar Muhammad Atiku na Akko, Adamu Haruna Yakubu na Pindiga da Umar Abdulsalam na Gona. <ref>{{cite news |title=Emirates, chiefdoms, kingdoms and the changing times |work=TheCable |date=22 January 2025 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/emirates-chiefdoms-kingdoms-and-the-changing-times/}}</ref> A tsarin sarautar gargajiya, ƙarƙashin manyan sarakunan masarautu akwai shugabannin gundumomi da na ƙauyuka. Misali, a Pindiga Emirate akwai sarakunan ƙauyuka da gundumomi da ke hulɗa da jama'a kai tsaye. A shekarar 2026, Village Head na Jaurowal da ke Pindiga Emirate ya yi kira ga gwamnati da masu hannu da shuni su taimaka wajen samar da hanyoyi, asibitoci da makarantu ga al'ummomin yankin. <ref>{{cite news |author=Chima Azubuike |title=Village head laments as Gombe roads claim five lives |work=The PUNCH |date=19 June 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/village-head-laments-as-gombe-roads-claim-five-lives/}}</ref> Haka kuma, a Gona Emirate akwai shugabannin gundumomi da ƙauyuka da suke gudanar da ayyukan shugabanci a matakin ƙasa. Rahoton wani aikin jinƙai na rundunar sojin sama ya ambaci shugaban gundumar Lawanti tare da shugabannin sauran gundumomi da ƙauyuka na Akko-Gona Emirate. <ref>{{cite news |title=NAF organises 2-day medical outreach in Gombe |work=The Authority News |date=23 October 2020 |url=https://authorityngr.com/2020/10/23/naf-organises-2-day-medical-outreach-in-gombe/ |access-date=4 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205013322/https://authorityngr.com/2020/10/23/naf-organises-2-day-medical-outreach-in-gombe/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayin Sarakuna a Zaman Lafiya == Sarakunan gargajiya suna taka rawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin yankin Akko. Lamido Akko Umar Muhammad Atiku ya bayyana cewa majalisar masarautar tana shirya tattaunawa tsakanin manoma da makiyaya tare da hukumomin tsaro domin magance matsalolin da ka iya haifar da rikici. <ref>{{cite news |author=Abdulrazaq Mungadi |title=How we identify, end hatred between farmers, herders – Gombe Emir |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 January 2022 |url=https://thesun.ng/how-we-identify-end-hatred-between-farmers-herders/}}</ref> A matakin jihar ma, an dora wa sarakunan gargajiya nauyin taimakawa wajen kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankunansu. A bikin nadin Sarkin Pindiga da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bukaci sarakunan gargajiya su taimaka wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kai a yankunansu. <ref>{{cite news |author=S-Davies Wande |title=Dankwambo charges traditional rulers on peace, security |work=Tribune Online |date=11 November 2018 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/dankwambo-charges-traditional-rulers-on-peace-security/}}</ref> == Hulɗa da Gwamnati == Hukumomin gargajiya na Akko suna hulɗa da gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma da gwamnatin jiha a kan batutuwan ci gaban al'umma. A lokacin shirye-shiryen kasafin kuɗin Akko na shekarar 2025, an gudanar da taron tuntuba da ya haɗa wakilan hukumomin gargajiya guda uku tare da shugabannin al'umma da ƙungiyoyi domin gabatar da buƙatun jama'a. <ref>{{cite news |author=William Attah |title=2025 Budget: Akko LGA Collates Demands From Citizens |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://independent.ng/2025-budget-akko-lga-collates-demands-from-citizens/}}</ref> Sarakunan gargajiya suna kuma karɓar jami'an gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a fadodinsu. Misali, a shekarar 2022, tawagar Gwamnan Jihar Gombe ta ziyarci fadar Lamido Gona a Akko a wani rangadin siyasa, inda aka kuma bayyana dangantakar aiki da fahimtar juna tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummar Gona Emirate. <ref>{{cite news |title=We’ll Ensure Effective Implementation of Kolmani Integrated Devt Project, Gombe Governor Pledges |work=THISDAYLIVE |date=29 December 2022 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/12/29/well-ensure-effective-implementation-of-kolmani-integrated-devt-project-gombe-governor-pledges/}}</ref> == Sarauta da Al'adu == Sarakunan gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana al'adun gargajiya da tsarin sarauta na yankin. A masarautar Akko, misali, ana amfani da sarautun gargajiya wajen karrama mutanen da suka bayar da gudummawa ga al'umma. A shekarar 2025, Lamido Akko ya ba Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa Oluremi Tinubu sarautar '''Sarauniyar Yaki''' saboda ayyukanta na tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin marasa ƙarfi da kare muradun mata da yara. <ref>{{cite news |title=PHOTOS: First Lady conferred with traditional title in Gombe |work=The PUNCH |date=2 October 2025 |url=https://punchng.com/photos-first-lady-conferred-with-traditional-title-in-gombe/}}</ref> A Gona Emirate ma ana amfani da sarautun gargajiya wajen karrama mutane bisa irin gudummawar da suka bayar ga ci gaban al'umma. Misali, Emir na Gona Umar Abdulkadir Abdussalam ya ba Gwamnan Jihar Gombe Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya sarautar '''Madawakin Gona''' a shekarar 2021, inda aka danganta karramawar da shugabanci da ayyukan ci gaba. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Governor Bags Traditional Title of Madawakin Gona |work=The Street Reporters Newspaper |date=17 April 2021 |url=https://streetreporters.ng/2021/04/17/gombe-governor-bags-traditional-title-of-madawakin-gona/}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Hukumomin Gargajiya == Hukumomin gargajiya na Akko suna da muhimmanci wajen haɗa tarihi, al'adu, shugabanci da zamantakewar jama'a. Kasancewar Akko tana da masarautu guda uku ya ba yankin tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya wanda ya haɗa manyan sarakuna da shugabannin gundumomi da ƙauyuka. <ref>{{cite news |author=William Attah |title=2025 Budget: Akko LGA Collates Demands From Citizens |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://independent.ng/2025-budget-akko-lga-collates-demands-from-citizens/}}</ref> Haka kuma, sarakunan gargajiya suna taimakawa wajen isar da buƙatun jama'a zuwa ga gwamnati, musamman a wuraren da suka shafi tsaro, hanyoyi, makarantu, lafiya da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa. Kiran da shugaban Jaurowal ya yi a shekarar 2026 na samar da hanyoyi, asibitoci da makarantu ya nuna irin wannan rawa da shugabannin gargajiya ke takawa wajen bayyana buƙatun al'ummominsu. <ref>{{cite news |author=Chima Azubuike |title=Village head laments as Gombe roads claim five lives |work=The PUNCH |date=19 June 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/village-head-laments-as-gombe-roads-claim-five-lives/}}</ref> == Jerin Hukumomin Gargajiya == {| class="wikitable" ! Hukumomin Gargajiya ! Shugaban Hukumomin ! Wuri |- | [[Akko Emirate]] | Lamido Akko Kumo [[Gona Emirate]] Lamido Gona Akko - [[Pindiga Emirate]] Emir na Pindiga Pindiga } == Duba kuma == * [[Akko]] * [[Kumo]] * [[Pindiga]] * [[Gona Emirate]] * [[Akko Emirate]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Gombe]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hb79mo3ukjsaosoi16mifiipr4j1exh 0 178335 968552 963688 2026-10-17T10:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Balanga''' ko '''Balanga Dam''' babban madatsar ruwa ne da ke [[Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Dam ɗin yana ƙarƙashin Balanga Local Government Area, kuma yana cikin yankin Upper Benue River Basin. Kundin bayanan madatsun ruwa na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ya nuna cewa Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ita ce mai mallakar dam ɗin, yayin da Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta jihar ke kula da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630115409/https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |archive-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi da gina dam == An fara aikin gina Balanga Dam a shekarar 1982, kuma kundin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ya nuna cewa an kammala shi a shekarar 1985. An tsara dam ɗin ne domin amfani da ruwa ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da samar da ruwa, ban ruwa, samar da wutar lantarki, kiwo da kamun kifi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630115409/https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |archive-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rahotannin jaridu sun nuna cewa dam ɗin ya kasance muhimmin ginshiƙi ga noma musamman noman rani a yankin Balanga. A shekarun da tsarin ban ruwan yake aiki sosai, manoma daga Balanga da wasu ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da dam ɗin sun dogara da ruwa wajen noma, musamman shinkafa, tare da samar da aikin yi ga manoma da ma'aikatan gona.<ref>{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}</ref> == Wuri da yanayin dam == Balanga Dam yana kan kogin Balanga, wanda yake cikin tsarin kogunan Upper Benue. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa sun sanya wurin dam ɗin a kusan 9.922506°N da 11.600942°E, a tsayin kusan mita 335 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630115409/https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |archive-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dam ɗin yana da tsayin kusan mita 45 da tsawon crest na mita 320. An kuma bayyana shi a kundin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa a matsayin dam ɗin rockfill, tare da tafkin da yake bayan dam ɗin wanda ke da yankin kusan kilomita murabba'i 7.6 da ƙarfin ɗaukar ruwa kusan cubic metres 72.6 miliyan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630115409/https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |archive-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Amfanin tafkin == Babban amfani da Balanga Dam ya haɗa da samar da ruwa da ban ruwa. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cewa dam ɗin na da muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa noman rani, yayin da rahoton ''Punch'' ya bayyana cewa an tsara amfani da kusan hekta 4,000 na ƙasa a yankin Balanga Dam domin noman rani a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe set for large-scale irrigation farming |work=Punch Newspapers |date=17 January 2020 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-set-for-large-scale-irrigation-farming/}}</ref> Noman rani da ake gudanarwa ta hanyar tsarin ban ruwan dam ɗin ya kasance wata babbar hanyar samun kuɗin shiga ga al'ummomin yankin. A shekarar 2024, manoman da suka yi magana da ''Trust Radio'' sun bayyana cewa rufe tsarin ban ruwan ya jefa manoma da ma'aikatan gona da dama cikin matsalar rashin aikin yi da raguwar hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga.<ref>{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == Kamun kifi na daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara dam ɗin domin tallafawa. Kundin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ya jera ''fishing'' a cikin manufofin Balanga Dam, tare da ban ruwa, samar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630115409/https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |archive-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsalolin tsarin ban ruwa == A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tsarin ban ruwan Balanga Dam ya fuskanci matsaloli. A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar manoman rani ta Balanga ta shaida cewa hanyoyin ruwa na dam ɗin sun cika da laka kuma wasu muhimman kayan aikin ban ruwa sun lalace, lamarin da ya hana manoma samun ruwa zuwa gonakinsu yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Rabi'u Sani |title=Gombe farmers seek rehabilitation of Balanga dam |work=News Agency of Nigeria |date=24 January 2023 |url=https://nannews.ng/gombe-farmers-seek-rehabilitation-of-balanga-dam/}}</ref> Rahoton ''Trust Radio'' na shekarar 2024 ya kuma bayyana cewa gwamnatin jihar ta dakatar da aikin ban ruwa a dam ɗin tun daga shekarar 2019 saboda wasu matsalolin tsaro da kuma matsalar rashin kai ruwa zuwa cibiyar ban ruwa. Rahoton ya ce wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwa da hanyoyin ban ruwan sun lalace saboda tsawon lokacin da ba a yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}</ref> == Kokarin farfado da dam == Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta yi kokarin farfado da Balanga Dam da tsarin ban ruwansa. A shekarar 2024, ''Nigerian Tribune'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin jihar ta shiga haɗin gwiwa da abokan hulɗar ci gaba domin farfado da dam ɗin da kuma mayar da shi wajen tallafa wa noman rani da samar da ababen more rayuwa ga al'umma.<ref>{{cite news |last=Michael |first=Ishola |title=Gombe govt, development partners synergise to revive Balanga dam |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=18 August 2024 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gombe-govt-development-partners-synergise-to-revive-balanga-dam/}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an ruwaito cewa an gyara wani ɓangare na magudanan ban ruwan Balanga Dam, kuma ana sa ran fadada hanyoyin ban ruwan zai ƙara yawan filayen da za a iya noma a duk shekara. Rahoton ''The Sun'' ya ce yankin da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin ban ruwan na da damar tallafa wa fiye da eka 11,000 na noman shekara-shekara idan aka kammala sauran ayyukan hanyoyin ruwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACReSAL drills 250 boreholes to boost irrigation farming in Gombe |work=The Sun Nigeria |url=https://thesun.ng/acresal-drills-250-boreholes-to-boost-irrigation-farming-in-gombe/}}</ref> == Samar da wutar lantarki == Samar da wutar lantarki na daga cikin manufofin asali na Balanga Dam. Bayan dogon lokaci da aka fi amfani da dam ɗin wajen ban ruwa, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri na ƙara amfani da dam ɗin wajen samar da ƙananan wutar lantarki ta ruwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU, UNIDO Funded Dam Rehabilitation To Generate 320kilowatt Of Hydropower For Gombe |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=9 December 2025 |url=https://independent.ng/eu-unido-funded-dam-rehabilitation-to-generate-320kilowatt-of-hydropower-for-gombe/}}</ref> Aikin ƙananan wutar lantarki da ake ginawa a Balanga Dam an tsara shi ne domin samar da kusan kilowatt 320 na wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Haka kuma, an haɗa tsarin da wani bangare na hasken rana mai ƙarfin kilowatt 300, wanda zai kai jimillar ƙarfin samar da makamashin lantarki zuwa kusan kilowatt 620.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU’s hydro power project to deliver 620kw |work=The Nation Newspaper |date=11 December 2025 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/eus-hydro-power-project-to-deliver-620kw/}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2026, ''The Sun'' ta ruwaito cewa aikin Balanga Small Hydropower Project ya kai kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na kammalawa, yayin da gwamnatin jihar ta sake jaddada muhimmancin aikin wajen inganta samar da makamashi da tsaron ruwa a jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG, partners move to unlock 3,500MW small hydropower potential |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=25 August 2026 |url=https://thesun.ng/fg-partners-move-to-unlock-3500mw-small-hydropower-potential/}}</ref> == Noman rani da samar da abinci == Balanga Dam na da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da damar noman rani a kudancin Jihar Gombe. A lokacin da tsarin ban ruwan yake aiki, manoma suna amfani da ruwa wajen noma a lokacin da damina ta ƙare, abin da ke ba su damar samar da amfanin gona a wasu lokutan shekara da ba za a iya dogaro da ruwan sama kawai ba.<ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe set for large-scale irrigation farming |work=Punch Newspapers |date=17 January 2020 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-set-for-large-scale-irrigation-farming/}}</ref> Rahotannin manoma sun nuna cewa noman rani a yankin Balanga ya kasance tushen aikin yi ga matasa da sauran ma'aikatan gona. Saboda haka, matsalolin da suka shafi hanyoyin ban ruwa sun shafi ba kawai samar da amfanin gona ba, har ma da tattalin arzikin iyalan da suka dogara da noma a yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe farmers seek rehabilitation of Balanga dam |work=News Agency of Nigeria |date=24 January 2023 |url=https://nannews.ng/gombe-farmers-seek-rehabilitation-of-balanga-dam/}}</ref> == Muhimmancin tattalin arziki == Muhimmancin Balanga Dam ya haɗa da noma, kamun kifi, samar da ruwa, aikin yi da kuma samar da makamashi. Lokacin da dam ɗin da tsarin ban ruwan suke aiki, manoma da ma'aikatan gona daga Balanga da sauran yankunan da ke kewaye suna samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki da suka dogara da ruwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}</ref> Sabon shirin haɗa wutar lantarki da aikin gona ya ƙara faɗaɗa muhimmancin dam ɗin. Rahotannin ''The Guardian'' da ''The Sun'' sun bayyana cewa aikin makamashi yana da alaƙa da samar da wutar lantarki ga al'umma da kuma tallafa wa ayyukan sarrafa amfanin gona da noman rani.<ref>{{cite news |last=Agbajileke |first=Owede |title=EU commits to sustainable devt in Nigeria with Balanga project |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=10 December 2025 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/eu-commits-to-sustainable-devt-in-nigeria-with-balanga-project/}}</ref> == Matsayin Balanga Dam a ci gaban yankin == Balanga Dam na daga cikin muhimman ababen more rayuwa na ruwa a kudancin Jihar Gombe. Tsarinsa ya haɗa amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa, samar da ruwa, kamun kifi da kuma samar da wutar lantarki, yayin da sabbin ayyukan gyara da makamashi ke ƙoƙarin dawo da dam ɗin cikin cikakken amfani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630115409/https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf |archive-date=2026-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu, makomar Balanga Dam tana da alaƙa da kammala ayyukan gyaran hanyoyin ban ruwa da kuma shirin ƙananan wutar lantarki. Idan aka kammala waɗannan ayyuka yadda aka tsara, dam ɗin zai iya ƙara tallafawa noman shekara-shekara, samar da aikin yi, samar da makamashi da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi.<ref>{{cite news |title=FG, partners move to unlock 3,500MW small hydropower potential |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=25 August 2026 |url=https://thesun.ng/fg-partners-move-to-unlock-3500mw-small-hydropower-potential/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Balanga]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kogin Gongola]] * [[Dadin Kowa Dam]] * [[Noman rani]] * [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Madatsun ruwa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Madatsun ruwa a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Balanga]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Noma a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Koguna da tafkuna a Jihar Gombe]] bsgi06dvfous313nv9h2tf8frxqoj2t 0 178409 968261 964045 2026-10-16T14:26:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurɓatar roba''', kamar [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓatar filastik]], tana faruwa a wurare daban-daban, kuma tana samo asali ne daga wurare daban-daban, tun daga sarkar [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|sarrafa]] [[masana'antar abinci]] har zuwa lalacewar taya . <ref name="Leeuw 2017">{{Cite web |last=Leeuw |first=Sarah de |date=2017-06-23 |title=Prevent Rubber Contamination in Food Processing Environments |url=https://www.processindustryinformer.com/prevent-rubber-contamination-food-processing-environments/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Process Industry Informer |quote=[2016] there was a significant increase in the number of recorded recalls of food products contaminated with rubber, a 22% surge compared to 2015. (Source: US market, Food Safety Magazine)}}</ref> <ref name="Science NetLinks 2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-06 |title=Road Rubber - Science Updates |url=http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Science NetLinks |quote=All that rubber that gets worn off your tires has to go somewhere. And according to her research, a lot of it winds up in lakes, streams, and rivers. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111051043/http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/ |archive-date=2018-01-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yanzu haka ƙurar roba da ta halitta da kuma gutsuttsuran da ke faruwa a cikin abinci, waɗanda ake samu a iska a matsayin barbashi a cikin [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓataccen iska]], waɗanda aka ɓoye a cikin ƙasa a matsayin [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓataccen ƙasa]], da kuma a cikin [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa, tafkuna da teku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamis |first=Jacqueline E. |last2=Koelmans |first2=Albert A. |last3=Dröge |first3=Rianne |last4=Kaag |first4=Nicolaas H. B. M. |last5=Keur |first5=Marinus C. |last6=Tromp |first6=Peter C. |last7=Jongbloed |first7=Ruud H. |date=2021-07-02 |title=Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants |journal=Microplastics and Nanoplastics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w |issn=2662-4966 |s2cid=237303583 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Ƙwayoyin lalata tayoyi da hanyoyi (TRWP) === [[File:Old_tires_1.jpg|thumb| Hoton tsohon tayoyin mota]] Lalacewar tayoyin [[Vehicle|mota]] babban tushen gurɓatar roba ne, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baensch-Baltruschat |first=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |year=2020 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |pmid=32422457 |s2cid=216385897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wasu hanyoyin kuma na iya zama daga ciyawar wucin gadi <ref name="KPCNews 1970">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Artificial turf may have health drawbacks |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/opinions/article_d1702ddd-8fe6-59a8-8248-854497bb8657.html |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=KPCNews}}</ref> (yawanci ana yin su ne daga tsoffin tayoyi da aka yayyanka) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Redondo-Hasselerharm |first=Paula E. |last2=de Ruijter |first2=Vera N. |last3=Mintenig |first3=Svenja M. |last4=Verschoor |first4=Anja |last5=Koelmans |first5=Albert A. |date=2018-12-04 |title=Ingestion and Chronic Effects of Car Tire Tread Particles on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=52 |issue=23 |pages=13986–13994 |bibcode=2018EnST...5213986R |doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05035 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=6284208 |pmid=30407008}}</ref> da zoben roba da hatimi. <ref name="Leeuw 2017" /> Barbashin lalacewar taya da hanya (TRWP) ko barbashin lalacewar taya (TWP) sakamako ne kai tsaye na lalacewar saman hanya yayin jigilar ababen hawa kuma ana tsammanin ana sakin su cikin muhalli a cikin adadin tan miliyan 6 a shekara, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Carrasco-Navarro |first=Victor |last2=Nuutinen |first2=Aino |last3=Sorvari |first3=Jouni |last4=Kukkonen |first4=Jussi V. K. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |bibcode=2022ArECT..82..180C |doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00905-4 |issn=1432-0703 |pmc=8818004 |pmid=34928416}}</ref> inda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke fitar da kimanin tan 1120,000 da 1327,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Roubeau Dumont |first=E. |last2=Gao |first2=X. |last3=Zheng |first3=J. |last4=Macairan |first4=J. |last5=Hernandez |first5=L. M. |last6=Baesu |first6=A. |last7=Bayen |first7=S. |last8=Robinson |first8=S. A. |last9=Ghoshal |first9=S. |last10=Tufenkji |first10=N. |date=2023-07-05 |title=Unraveling the toxicity of tire wear contamination in three freshwater species: From chemical mixture to nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423006854 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=453 |bibcode=2023JHzM..45331402R |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131402 |issn=0304-3894 |pmid=37062096 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Switzerland, an kiyasta cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 90% na ƙananan filastik da ake fitarwa zuwa muhalli. Tsarin tsaftace ruwan hanya ya dawo da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran kuma ya ƙare a cikin muhalli. Duk nau'in taya da kuma yanayin amfani da ita suna shafar tsarin taya, amma roba yawanci shine babban sashi banda wasu ƙarin abubuwa kamar mai, abubuwan cikawa, sinadarai na vulcanization da sauran sinadarai da aka ƙara don ƙara aiki. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Abin damuwa shi ne, ba kamar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|fitar da hayaki daga taya ba]], gurɓatar taya ba ta da tsari, duk da bincike da dama da ke nuna yiwuwar gubar da ke tattare da ita. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da haka ana ƙera wasu na'urori a ƙoƙarin rage yawan barbashi da ake fitarwa daga lalacewar taya da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarewa cikin muhalli. Ko da yake ba a iya ganin ƙurar taya nan take a ido ba, ƙurar taya tana da babban ɓangare na tarkacen hanya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theodoros Grigoratos and Giorgio Martini |year=2014 |title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC89231/jrc89231-online%20final%20version%202.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission Joint Research Centre]] Institute of Energy and Transport |quote=It is estimated that an average passenger vehicle tyre lasts for 40,000-50,000 km before it is worn out, with approximately 10-30% of its tread rubber emitted into the environment. ... A wide range of chemicals can be found in vehicle tyres, depending on required performance standards and the manufacturing company. It has been reported that a common-sized all season passenger commercial tyre contains approximately 30 kinds of synthetic rubber, 8 kinds of natural rubber, 8 kinds of carbon black, steel cord for belts, polyester and nylon fibre, steel bead wire and 40 different chemicals, waxes, oils, pigments, silica and clays.}}</ref> <ref name="Kole2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kole |first=Pieter Jan |last2=Löhr |first2=Ansje J. |last3=Van Belleghem |first3=Frank |last4=Ragas |first4=Ad |date=2017-10-20 |title=Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=14 |issue=10 |page=1265 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14101265 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=5664766 |pmid=29053641 |quote=Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. ... The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 18 cikin 100 na TWP da ake fitarwa kowace shekara suna shiga cikin yanayin ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wurare masu nisa saboda jigilar yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, an gano cewa laka a cikin ƙasa magudanar ruwa ne ga TWP kuma yawan ruwan saman waɗannan ƙwayoyin ya yi ƙasa sosai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Fahimtar tasirin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙalubale domin yawan fitar da sinadarai daga TWP ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zafin jiki, pH, da gishiri, da kuma girman ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma abun da ke cikin TWP. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Rarrabawa == Ƙwayoyin ƙurar roba masu laushi sosai, dangane da rarrabuwa, za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin microplastic (saboda roba wani polymer ne kawai) ko kuma daban, a matsayin roba mai kyau saboda abubuwan da ke cikinta, abubuwan da ake buƙata, da nau'in ragar haɗin sinadarai sun ɗan bambanta. A irin wannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana ambaton gurɓatar roba a ɓoye lokacin da aka magance gurɓatar filastik . <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baensch-Baltruschat |first1=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |date=2020-09-01 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |article-number=137823 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free |pmid=32422457 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B }}</ref> An gano cewa 6PPD-quinone, wani maganin hana iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi a tayoyin roba, yana kashe Coho Salmon da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa idan ya taru a cikin hanyoyin ruwa sakamakon gurɓatar taya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tire dust killing coho salmon returning to Puget Sound, new research shows|work=The Seattle Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/tire-dust-is-killing-salmon/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Carbonyl sulfide * Hydrofuramide * Sake amfani da tayoyi == Manazarta == b0o8d6uxcklzflry0akh38a6oj7zmqi 0 178410 968491 964043 2026-10-17T01:17:03Z Danjuma Anthony 23304 968491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''KwaZulu''' wani yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na Bantustan a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka kafa a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1970 a matsayin ''Hukumar Yankin Zulu'', wanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi niyya a matsayin wurin zama na al'ummar Zulu . An ƙaura da babban birnin daga Nongoma zuwa Ulundi a shekarar 1980. Cif [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] da shugaban Inkatha ne suka jagoranci har zuwa lokacin da aka soke ta a shekarar 1994, waɗanda suka aiwatar da ikon mulkin kai mai iyaka wanda gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yanke a matsayin wani ɓangare na wariyar launin fata, amma suka ƙi 'yancin kai na wasu ƙasashe huɗu, suna korafi game da rarrabuwar kawuna na ƙasar, da kuma gazawar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haɗa yankin KwaZulu mai dorewa da maƙwabtaka, duk da adawa mai ƙarfi daga fararen fata. <ref name="Trust2004" /> Daga baya FW de Klerk ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi cewa ya yi imanin cewa Buthelezi zai amince da 'yancin kai idan aka bai wa ƙasarsa tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Richards Bay]], shawarar da ta gaza saboda adawar fararen fata ga ra'ayin. <ref name="independentDeKlerkEnded">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-23 |title=FW de Klerk: The day I ended apartheid |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-day-i-ended-apartheid-1886128.html |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Ba a taɓa cimma wani yunƙuri na mayar da sassan ƙasar, tare da sassan ƙasar Swazi ta KaNgwane, zuwa ƙasar da ke makwabtaka da ita ta Swaziland (yanzu Eswatini) a shekarar 1982 ba. [1] [2] Wannan zai bai wa ƙasar Swaziland da ke da iyaka da ruwa damar shiga teku. Gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland ne suka cimma yarjejeniyar, amma jama'a sun yi adawa da yankin da aka tsara za a mayar da shi. [3] Sarki Sobhuza na Swaziland ne ya yi iƙirarin mallakar yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na masarautar gargajiya ta sarakunan Swazi, kuma gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tana fatan amfani da ƙasar a matsayin yankin kariya daga kutsen 'yan daba daga Mozambique . Afirka ta Kudu ta mayar da martani ga gazawar sauya tsarin mulkin ta hanyar dakatar da 'yancin cin gashin KaNgwane na ɗan lokaci, sannan ta maido da shi a watan Disamba na 1982 sannan ta ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1984. [4] [5] An haɗa KwaZulu da lardin Natal na Afirka ta Kudu da ke kewaye don kafa sabuwar lardin KwaZulu-Natal . == Districts in 1991 == Gundumomin lardin da yawan jama'a a ƙidayar jama'a ta 1991. <ref name="RSAdist">{{Cite web |title=Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code |url=http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619202856/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/ |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=18 August 2013 |publisher=Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Duba kuma == * Manyan Ministocin KwaZulu == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{SA-Bantustans}}{{South African Governments|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|28.3167|S|31.4167|E|source:wikidata}} q1fouv7q46z9r9j7xce3pht7caqpbei 0 178461 968509 964233 2026-10-17T03:37:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shadhali''' ko '''Shazali''' ko '''Shazaliyya''' (Larabci:'''الطريقة الشاذلية''') tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112155719/http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 89g5fxl4p2uukbkwx5pijfiv0wdwvi8 0 178472 968401 964329 2026-10-16T20:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ryder Patrick Anderson''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1998) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Ole Miss Rebels da Indiana Hoosiers . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anderson a [[Katy, Texas]] . Babban ɗan'uwansa, Rodney, ya kasance mai gudu a duk jihar. Dukansu Andersons sun lashe gasar zakarun jihohi daban-daban a shekarar 2012 da 2015, bi da bi, a makarantar sakandare ta Texas mai suna Katy High School. Ryder ya fara makarantar sakandare a matsayin mai tsaron gida amma da sauri ya wuce matsayin, don haka babban kocinsa ya sauya shi zuwa mai tsaron baya. == Ayyukan kwaleji == A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Anderson ya himmatu ga Ole Miss . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan Anderson |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Ryder-Anderson-87787/ |website=247sports.com}}</ref> A Ole Miss, Anderson yana da 98 tackles, 15 don asarar, 9.5 sacks, daya wucewa kare, daya fumble dawo, da daya tilasta fumble. A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2021, Anderson ya shiga tashar canja wurin kwallon kafa ta kwaleji. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, ya koma Indiya. A Indiana, yana da 47 tackles, 7.5 tackles don asarar, 2.5 sacks, da 1 tilasta fumble. Gabaɗaya a cikin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da jimlar tackles 147, jimlar tackle 22.5 don asarar, jimlar sacks 9.5, tsaron da aka kare, wanda aka dawo da shi, da jimlar fumbles guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryder Anderson College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/ryder-anderson-1.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2021, Anderson ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2022. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === New York Giants === Anderson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NFL na 2022. Ya sanya hannu tare da New York Giants a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2022.<ref name="u467">{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Mike |date=2022-05-14 |title=Former IU defensive end Ryder Anderson signs undrafted free agent deal with Giants |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/former-iu-defensive-end-ryder-anderson-signs-undrafted-free-agent-deal-with-giants/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> An dakatar da Anderson a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, kuma ya sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Giants sign 15 players to practice squad; 1 spot remains |url=https://www.giants.com/news/practice-squad-roster-2022-nfl-season-davis-webb-quincy-roche |website=Giants.com}}</ref> An ɗaga Anderson daga tawagar motsa jiki don wasannin mako na 6 da mako na 7 a kan Baltimore Ravens da Jacksonville Jaguars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomone, Dan |date=October 15, 2022 |title=Giants elevate DL Ryder Anderson, WR Marcus Johnson; DB Tony Jefferson to IR |url=https://www.giants.com/news/ryder-anderson-marcus-johnson-tony-jefferson-roster-baltimore-ravens |website=Giants.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomone, Dan |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Landon Collins activated, Azeez Ojulari to IR among series of roster moves |url=https://www.giants.com/news/landon-collins-azeez-ojulari-ryder-anderson-quincy-roche0 |website=Giants.com}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Giants sun dakatar da Anderson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Giants announce 53-man roster for 2023 |url=https://www.giants.com/news/new-york-giants-roster-2023-nfl-season-joe-schoen-brian-daboll-transactions |website=Giants.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Giants sign 12 players to practice squad |url=https://www.giants.com/news/new-york-giants-practice-squad-roster-nfl-2023-cole-beasley-darrian-beavers |website=Giants.com}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ta 2023, Giants sun sanya hannu a kansa zuwa kwangilar ajiya / gaba a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Giants sign 10 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-10-players-to-reserve-future-contracts-2024-joe-schoen |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=Giants.com}}</ref> New York ta dakatar da Anderson a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citak, Matt |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Giants sign 3 defenders; DL Ryder Anderson waived/injured |url=https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-kyler-baugh-trey-kiser-ryder-anderson-waived-yodny-cajuste-injured-reserve-roster-moves |website=Giants.com}}</ref> === Masu Tsarki na New Orleans === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2024, Anderson ya shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasan New Orleans Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans Saints announce roster moves |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/will-harris-practice-squad-new-orleans-saints-roster-moves-announced-transactions-november-6-2024 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=NewOrleansSaints.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2025 |title=New Orleans Saints announce roster moves |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-1-6-2025 |website=NewOrleansSaints.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya/gaba da Saints a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2025. An yi wa Anderson afuwa daga New Orleans a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Saints cut DE Ryder Anderson |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/saints-cut-de-ryder-anderson |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=NBC Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> === Birmingham Stallions === A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2026, Anderson ya sanya hannu tare da Birmingham Stallions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=James |title=Birmingham Stallions Sign Six New Players, Lose One |url=https://pfnewsroom.com/news/birmingham-stallions-sign-six-new-players-lose-one/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=PF Newsroom}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=James |title=Birmingham Stallions Finalize 2026 UFL Roster With Cutdowns |url=https://pfnewsroom.com/news/birmingham-stallions-finalize-2026-ufl-roster-with-cutdowns/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=PF Newsroom}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Anderson ɗan Rod ne da Jobie Anderson . 'Yan uwansa sune Rodney Anderson da Nic Anderson kuma kawunsa shine Mark Anderson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryder Anderson - Football |url=https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/2616 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Ole Miss Athletics - Hotty Toddy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crittenden |first=Jesse |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Behind family support and hard work, Nic Anderson's patience is paying off |url=https://oklahoma.rivals.com/news/behind-family-support-and-hard-work-nic-anderson-s-patience-is-paying-off |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://iuhoosiers.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/15457 Rayuwar Indiya Hoosiers] * [https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/2616 Ole Miss Rebels bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] ebqcsaedivk4zambh5v2nnj6d6m1stn 0 178645 968550 965037 2026-10-17T10:13:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An samo allon tafkin Bashplemi (Georgian) a kusa da Tafkin Bashpleomi a yankin Dmanisi na Georgia. An yi shi da basalt kuma an yi tunanin zuwa kusan karni na farko KZ, an rubuta shi da tsarin rubuce-rubuce da ba a sani ba a baya, akalla haruffa 60 a tsawon.<ref name="shengelia">{{Cite journal |last=Shegelia |first=Ramaz |last2=Gordeziani |first2=Levan |last3=Tushabramishvili |first3=Nikoloz |last4=Poporadze |first4=Nodar |last5=Zourabichvili |first5=Othar |display-authors=2 |date=2024 |title=Discovery Of Unknown Script Characters In Georgia: The Bashplemi Lake Tablet |journal=Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=96–113 |doi=10.14795/j.v11i3.1035 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="tablet">{{Cite web |last=Radley |first=Dario |date=2024-12-04 |title=Mysterious tablet with unknown language unearthed in Georgia |url=https://archaeologymag.com/2024/12/tablet-with-unknown-language-unearthed-in-georgia/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=Archaeology News Online Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bincike == An samo allon ne a cikin 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvajal |first=Guillermo |date=2024-11-26 |title=An ancient inscription from the Late Bronze Age in an unknown language found in Georgia in the Caucasus |url=https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/11/an-ancient-inscription-from-the-late-bronze-age-in-an-unknown-language-found-in-georgia-in-the-caucasus/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=LBV Magazine English Edition |language=en}}</ref> ta ƙungiyar masunta na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeologists Uncover 14,000-Year-Old Tablet With Unknown Language |url=https://evrimagaci.org/tpg/archaeologists-uncover-14000yearold-tablet-with-unknown-language-76923 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=The Pinnacle Gazette |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207233433/https://evrimagaci.org/tpg/archaeologists-uncover-14000yearold-tablet-with-unknown-language-76923 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Halin archaeological na allon ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne daga Late Bronze Age ko Early Iron Age . <ref name="shengelia" /> == Bayyanawa == Allon yana da ma'auni 24.1 da 20.1 cm kuma da alama an yi shi ne daga basalt na vesicular da aka samo a cikin gida.<ref name="shengelia" /> An yi zane-zane tare da bututun conical sannan a kwantar da shi.<ref name="tablet" /> == Alamomi == Akwai haruffa 39 na musamman a cikin layi bakwai na kwance. Sun nuna wasu kamanceceniya da wasu rubutun farko, musamman rubutun proto-Kartvelian, amma kuma Colchian runes, Rubutun Grakliani Hill da Asomtavruli.[1][2] == Manazarta == hophyr0vqofpsbn94psexnciej12f9p 0 178652 968567 965051 2026-10-17T11:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ngoc_Lu_bronze_drum_surface.gif|thumb|Yankin tagulla na Ngọc Lũ, ƙarni na 2-3 BC, [[Vietnam]]]] Drums na tagulla kayan tarihi ne na dā da aka samo a al'adu daban-daban a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kudancin China. An jefa drums a cikin tagulla ta amfani da hanyar da aka rasa. Drums ɗin duka kayan kida ne da abubuwa na addini. An yi musu ado da alamu na lissafi, al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun da yaƙi, dabbobi da tsuntsaye, da jiragen ruwa. Ana ɗaukar drum din tagulla ɗaya daga cikin alamomin ƙasa na [[Vietnam]]. == Tarihi == [[File:Trong_dong_Dong_Son.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Đông Sơn a Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris]] Rubutun rubuce-rubuce na farko da ke kwatanta drum ɗin sun bayyana a cikin ''Shi Ben'', littafin Sinanci wanda aka rubuta daga ƙarni na 3 BC. Hou Hanshu, wani littafi na daular Han wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 AD, ya bayyana yadda Janar na daularHan Ma Yuan na tattara drum din tagulla daga arewacin Vietnam don narkewa da sakewa cikin dawakai na tagulla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dong Son Drums - Symbols of a Maritime Bronze Age Society in Asia |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/dong-son-drums-bronze-age-169896}}</ref> Ana girmama drum din tagulla a cikin Addinin gargajiya na Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results of survey and excavations undertaken at Dong Co temple relic, Tu Liem district, Hanoi |url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3186/17430/results-of-survey-and-excavations-undertaken-at-dong-co-temple-relic-tu-liem-district-hanoi.html |website=Vietnam Museum of History}}</ref> Laos Đồng Cổ (allahn drum na tagulla) tare da drum din tagulla da aka tono an bauta musu a cikin temples da yawa kamar su Đồng Cổ Temple a Thanh Hóa da kuma Cao Sơn Temple a Hanoi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tạ Đức, Cao Sơn, Bronze Drums, Nationalism and History – le Minh Khai's SEAsian History Blog (And More!) |url=https://leminhkhai.blog/ta-duc-cao-son-bronze-drums-nationalism-and-history/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024646/https://leminhkhai.blog/ta-duc-cao-son-bronze-drums-nationalism-and-history/ |archive-date=2023-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Littafin ƙarni na 14 Việt Dien U Linh ya ambaci addinin Bronze drum tun daga farkon 1020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Đền Đồng Cổ |url=https://sodulich.hanoi.gov.vn/diem-den/diem-den-du-lich-di-san-di-tich/den-dong-co.html |website=Hanoi Tourism Department}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 1902, masanin binciken Austrian Franz Heger ya buga tarin manyan tagulla 165, wanda ya raba su cikin rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan hudu. Masana binciken kayan tarihi na kasar Sin sun rarraba su cikin drum din Yue mai nauyi, gami da drum din Đông Sơn, da drum din Dian, wanda ke da nau'o'i takwas: Wanjiaba, Shizhaishan, Lengshuichong, Zunyi, Majiang, Beiliu, Lingshan da Ximeng. A kasar Sin, a lokacin yakin neman zabe mai girma daga shekara ta 1958 zuwa shekara ta 1960, an tattara mutane don tattara dukkan kayan ƙarfe, gami da kayan tagulla na dā, an narke su don samar da ƙarfe a cikin murhun bayan gida. Yawancin tsoffin tagulla sun lalace a sakamakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2012 |title=Vanishing bronze drums raise concern |url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2012-11/01/content_7349074.htm |website=Shenzhen Daily}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == === Wanjiaba drum (kafin Heger I) === A shekara ta 1976, masu binciken tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano wani nau'in nau'in I a Wanjiaba, Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan . Yawanci suna da kayan ado masu sauƙi ko babu. A shekara ta 1990, masu binciken tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano nau'ikan tagulla 29 na Wanjiaba, daga cikinsu an sami 26 a Yunnan, daya a Vietnam, da biyu a Thailand. A sakamakon haka, malaman kasar Sin sun fara watsar da rarrabawar Heger don tallafawa ra'ayin cewa Yunnan, ba Vietnam ba ta samar da drum din tagulla na farko ba, kuma Wanjiaba ita ce wurin haihuwar drum din tagusa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Xiaorong |date=2004 |title=Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=7–33 |doi=10.1353/asi.2004.0004 |s2cid=55076970 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan da'awar ta haifar da ƙin yarda daga masu binciken tarihi na Vietnam waɗanda suka rarraba drum din Wanjiaba, wanda aka samo a Vietnam, don kasancewa a ƙarshen zamanin Heger I. === Drum din Đông Sơn (Heger I) === [[File:Dong_Son_drums.jpg|thumb|Sanyawa a saman Drum din Ngọc Lũ]] An samar da drum din Đông Sơn daga kimanin 600 BC har zuwa karni na uku AZ ta hanyar Al'adun Đông Sơn da ke tsakiyar Red River Delta. Masanin Vietnamese Pham Huy Thong ya rarraba su cikin rukuni biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin alamomi da aka samo a saman dukkan drum din Đông Sơn shine hoton "taurari", tare da adadi daban-daban na spikes da ke fitowa daga cibiyar, ba a san ma'anarsa a halin yanzu ba. Yawancin drum din da aka samu suna da hoton tauraron mai ma'ana 12, yayin da Cổ Loa, Ngọc Lũ, Sông Đà, Lâm suna da tauraron kusurwa 14. Drum din Hoàng Hạ yana da tauraron maki 16 kuma drum din Bình Đà yana da tauraro mai maki 6. Ana kuma samun drum din Đông Sơn a tsibirin Indonesia kuma an gano su har zuwa Java da New Guinea kuma ana ganin su a matsayin tabbacin haɗin kasuwanci tsakanin waɗannan yankuna.[1] A cewar masu bincike, drum din tagulla ya samo asali ne daga al'adun Dong Son, wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin da Sarakunan Hung suka kafa mulkin Van Lang.[2][3] Drums na tagulla sun zama alama mai tsarki ta al'adun ƙasar Vietnamese.[4] === Gangar na Dian === [[File:Western_Han_Bronze_Cowrie_Container_1.jpg|right|thumb|Drum din tagulla na Dian]] Dian masarauta ce ta ƙarni na 3 zuwa 2 BC da ke Yunnan, kudu maso yammacin China . Mutanen Dian sun kasance ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ƙarfe, sun yi amfani da hanyar ƙirar ƙira da hanyar cirewa da ta ɓace don jefa manyan abubuwa na tagulla. Kabarin al'ada na manyan mutanen Dian ya kasance tare da manyan drum din tagulla cike da harsashi. An cire saman drum din kuma an maye gurbin su da murfin tagulla kuma drum din tagulla wani lokacin yakan zama nau'in kayan al'ada, wanda ke dauke da abubuwa masu rantsuwa. === Drum na Shizaishan === An tono adadi mai yawa na Heger I drums a Yunnan da Guangxi kamar ''Shizhaishan'' (1975) da ''Shaguo'' (1983) ana kiransu da nau'in drums na Shizhaisham. Hadisin Shizaishan na nau'in Heger I ya samo asali ne daga nau'in pre-Heger I, yana da yankunan rarraba iri ɗaya na kudancin China da arewacin Vietnam. Ba kamar Đông Sơn ba, wannan al'adar ta ɓace tun farkon karni na 1 BC. Bayan wannan, kudancin kasar Sin ya sami lokaci tare da ƙananan tagulla.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imamura |first=Keiji |year=2010 |title=The Distribution of Bronze Drums of the Heger I and Pre-I Types: Temporal Changes and Historical Background |url=https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/records/27618 |journal=Tokyo University Archaeology Research Institute Bulletin |volume=24 |page=30 |doi=10.15083/00027609}}</ref> == Alamomi da amfani == A cikin Al'adun Vietnamese, drum din tagulla (Vietnamese) muhimmiyar alama ce ta kasa ta tarihin kafa Sarakunan Hùng. Ana iya samun drum da hotuna na kayan ado, kamar tsuntsu na Lạc, a cikin saitunan zamani daban-daban kamar alamomi, alamu na ado da kayayyaki. Ana amfani da shi azaman abu na al'ada a cikin bukukuwan girmamawa na sarakunan Hùng. ''Drum din Hy Cuong'', wanda aka samo a cikin 1990 a ƙauyen Co Tich, kusa da Haikali na Hùng a Lardin Phu Tho shine mafi girman drum din tagulla da aka taɓa samu a Vietnam tare da 93 centimeters a diamita. An ce drum din ya samo asali ne daga tsakanin 3 BC da 1 AD, ana kallon shi azaman dukiyar ƙasa kuma ana nuna shi a Haikali na Hùng, wanda aka keɓe ga Sarakunan Hùng.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=Hung Temple's Bronze Drum and Dong Son Bronze Drums – a sacred symbol of the Vietnamese people |url=https://vovworld.vn/en-US/sunday-show/hung-temples-bronze-drum-and-dong-son-bronze-drums-a-sacred-symbol-of-the-vietnamese-people-746456.vov}}</ref> Tambarin tagulla (Harshen Zhuang) alama ce ta al'adun Zhuang a kudancin kasar Sin . Labarin mutanen Zhuang, ''Asalin drum din tagulla'' yana gaya wa drum din tagusawa waɗanda suke kamar "taurari" don fitar da mugayen ruhohi. Wani babban drum na tagulla, mita shida a diamita alama ce a garin Huanjiang, Guangxi. An gane shi a matsayin mafi girman tagulla ta Guinness World Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese bronze drum sets new Guinness World Record - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290618.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629171154/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290618.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2018}}</ref> Al'adar rawa ta tagulla tana kiyayewa ta kabilun Yi da Zhuang a wasu ƙauyuka a Wenshan da Hechi. A lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], an dauki drum din tagulla a matsayin ragowar al'umma mai koma baya kuma ana kwace su don a hallaka su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li Yang |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bronze drums and the man |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202210/04/WS633b8edaa310fd2b29e7af32_1.html |website=China Daily}}</ref> Har ila yau, drum din tagulla muhimmiyar al'adun al'adun mutanen Karenni ne, a gare su an san drums din da drum din ruwan sama ko frog drums (''Hpà-si'' ko ''Pam klo''), bayan hotunan frogs da suka bayyana a kusa da tympanum. Akwai nau'ikan drum guda biyu wadanda su ne drum na namiji da drum na mace. Karenni suna buga drum din frog don kawo ruwan sama da sauran bukukuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karen Drum 2 K |url=https://www.drumpublications.org/karendrum2_k.php}}</ref> Har yanzu ana amfani da drum din tagulla a bikin a Kudancin China da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta kabilun daban-daban, kamar Mutanen Lolo, Mutanen Zhuang, Mutanen Karenni, Mutanen Khmu, Mutanen Miao da Mutanen Muong. Gabaɗaya ana buga su a tsakiya tare da ma'auni mai laushi, kuma a gefe tare da katako ko sandar bamboo. A [[Tailan|Thailand]], ana amfani da drum din tagulla a wasu bukukuwan a cikin temples, inda ake kira ''Mahorathuek'' (มโห жи). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4muy0vb4onus42bu9vaa43afpkdzuyb 0 178946 968553 966442 2026-10-17T10:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968553 wikitext text/x-wiki Taisei Marukawa ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Super League Dewa United Banten . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === Marukawa ya fara aikinsa lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ta hanyar shiga makarantar sakandare ce ta Hiroshima Minami . Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Chuo daga 2016 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taisei Marukawa |url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2021/06/03/taisei-marukawa |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}}</ref> === Senglea Athletic === Kafin rabi na biyu na 2019-20, Marukawa ya koma [[Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=丸川太誠選手 マルタプレミアリーグ、セングレア・アスレチック来季加入内定 |url=https://www.footballnavi.jp/chuo_fc/news_view.php?kn=18209 |publisher=footballnavi.jp}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Maltese Premier League Senglea Athletic . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Wilkson dan Taisei Marukawa Pernah Satu Klub, Pelatih Persebaya Ungkap Keuntungannya |url=https://today.line.me/id/v2/article/YJjpgW |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=id}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, a matsayin mai farawa a cikin nasara 1-2 ga Balzan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balzan vs Senglea Athletic |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/matchstats?gameId=523871 |access-date=3 February 2019 |website=ESPN.COM}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Senglea Athletic a wasan 2-2 a kan Ħamrun Spartans a Filin wasa na Hibernians . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senglea Athletic vs Hamrun Spartans |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/malta/premier-league/senglea-athletic-fc/hamrun-spartans-fc/2881732/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=Soccerway |language=id}}</ref> === Valletta === A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2020, Marukawa ya sanya hannu tare da Valletta . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=VALLETTA FC COMPLETE TAISEI MARUKAWA, MIHAILO JOVANOVIC SIGNINGS |url=https://www.maltafootball.com/2020/08/26/valletta-fc-complete-taisei-marukawa-mihailo-jovanovic-signings/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=maltafootball}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a Valletta a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2020 a wasan da ya ci Birkirkara 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Valletta – Birkirkara |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/bov-premier-league/2020-2021/live-valletta-fc-birkirkara_mtc1213285/live.shtml |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=eurosport.com}}</ref> kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Valletta a 1-1 draw a kan Hibernians a Filin wasa na kasa, Ta' Qali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hibernians vs Valletta |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/18/malta/premier-league/hibernians-fc/valletta-fc/3405235/venue/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=soccerway.com |language=id}}</ref> === Nuhu Jurmala === A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021, Marukawa ya koma Latvia.[1] Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Kungiyar Latvian Higher League Noah Jurmala . [2] === Persebaya Surabaya === A cikin 2021, ya sanya hannu a kulob din Indonesiya Persebaya . A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2021, Marukawa ta fara bugawa Persebaya wasa a lokacin da ta ci Persikabo 3-1. <ref>{{Soccerway|595064}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar 2021, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a Persebaya tare da zira kwallayi a cikin Liga 1 na 2021-22, wanda ya ba su nasara 1-3 a kan PSS Sleman . [1] A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2021, Marukawa ya zira kwallaye a Persebaya a wasan da ya yi da Persija Jakarta a minti na 25, yana wasa a Filin wasa na Manahan, Persebaya ya sami damar satar dukkan maki uku bayan ya doke Persija da ci 1-0. Wannan burin ya zama burin Persebaya kawai na nasara kuma ya sami nasarar zama na 5 a cikin matsayi.[2] === PSIS Semarang === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] ghti0lg40o0kteeo8ryyo6c2ctl7z9f 0 179277 968390 967806 2026-10-16T19:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 968390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox|name=Ruminants|image=Ruminantia.jpg|taxon=Ruminantia|authority=[[Scopoli]], 1777|subdivision=* "[[Tragulina]]" * [[Pecora]]}}<templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" />Ruminants suna {{Databox}}cin ganyayyaki ko bincike artiodactyls na '''Ruminantia''' wanda ke iya samun abubuwan gina jiki daga fiber na tsire-tsire (kamar cellulose) ta hanyar fermenting shi a ciki ciki na musamman kafin narkewa, musamman ta hanyar ayyukan microbial. Shirin, wanda ke faruwa a gaban tsarin narkewa sabili da haka ana kiransa fermentation, yawanci yana buƙatar ingesta mai fermented (wanda aka sani da cud) don a sake fitarwa kuma a cinye shi. Tsarin sake '''cinyewa''' ingesta don ci gaba da rushe kwayoyin shuka da kuma motsa narkewar ana kiransa '''rumination''' ko cinye kur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumination: The process of foregut fermentation |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Rumination.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719095546/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Rumination.html |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruminant Digestive System |url=http://faculty.fortlewis.edu/LASHELL_B/Nutr2-Rumdigestion.pdf}}</ref> Kimanin nau'ikan ruminants 200 sun haɗa da nau'ikan gida da na daji.<ref name="Fernández-20052">{{Cite journal |last=Fernández |first=Manuel Hernández |last2=Vrba |first2=Elisabeth S. |date=1 May 2005 |title=A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=269–302 |doi=10.1017/s1464793104006670 |issn=1469-185X |pmid=15921052 |s2cid=29939520}}</ref> Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da [[Saniya|shanu]], duk [[Bovine|shanu]] na gida da na [[Antelope|doki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[Rago|tumaki]], giraffes, [[Dabbar rendiya|deer]], gazelles, da antelopes. Har ila yau, an ba da shawarar cewa notoungulates sun dogara da rumination, sabanin sauran [[Atlantogenata|atlantogenatans]] waɗanda suka dogara da yisti na baya, kodayake wannan ba cikakke ba ne. Ruminants suna wakiltar ƙungiya mafi yawa na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suborder Ruminatia, the Ultimate Ungulate |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Ruminantia.html}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ruminantia ta haɗa da iyalai daban-daban guda shida: Tragulidae, Giraffidae, Antilocapridae, [[Dabbar rendiya|Cervidae]], Moschidae, da Bovidae.<ref name="Fernández-2005">{{Cite journal |last=Fernández |first=Manuel Hernández |last2=Vrba |first2=Elisabeth S. |date=1 May 2005 |title=A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=269–302 |doi=10.1017/s1464793104006670 |issn=1469-185X |pmid=15921052 |s2cid=29939520}}</ref>{{Reflist|30em}} == Magana == Kalmar ''Ruminari'' ta fito ne daga Latin rūminārī, "don ruminate", daga ''Rumen'', ciki na farko. Hanyar da ake fitar da abinci da sake dafa shi ana kiransa ''rumination'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruminant - Etymology, Origin & Meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/ruminant |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi da juyin halitta == Abubuwan burbushin burbushin halittu na farko sun bayyana a farkon Eocene kuma sun kasance ƙananan, mai yiwuwa masu cin komai, mazaunan gandun daji.<ref name="DeMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=DeMiguel |first=D. |last2=Azanza |first2=B. |last3=Morales |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=Key Innovations in Ruminant Evolution: A Paleontological Perspective |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=412–433 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12080 |pmid=24148672}}</ref> Artiodactyls tare da kayan haɗi na ƙashin kai sun fara faruwa a farkon Miocene.<ref name="DeMiguel" /> === Halitta === '''Ruminantia''' rukuni ne na kambi na ruminants a cikin tsari Artiodactyla, wanda Spaulding et al. suka bayyana a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin ƙididdigar da ta haɗa da ''[[Saniya|Bos taurus]]'' (cow) da Tragulus napu (mouse deer) ". '''Ruminantiamorpha''' wani yanki ne mai girma na artiodactyls, wanda Spaulding et al. suka bayyana a matsayin "Ruminantia tare da duk wani nau'in da ya fi dacewa da membobin Ruminantia fiye da kowane nau'in rayuwa". <ref name="Spaulding2009">{{Cite journal |last=Spaulding |first=M |last2=O'Leary |first2=MA |last3=Gatesy |first3=J |year=2009 |title=Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=9 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7062S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 |pmc=2740860 |pmid=19774069 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Wannan ma'anar tushe ce ga Ruminantiamorpha, kuma ya fi hadawa fiye da ƙungiyar kambi Ruminantia. A matsayin rukuni na kambi, Ruminantia kawai ya haɗa da kakanninmu na ƙarshe na duk ruminants da suka wanzu (rayayyu) da zuriyarsu (rayayye ko waɗanda suka ƙare), yayin da Ruminantiamorpha, a matsayin rukuni mai tushe, ya haɗa da kakanni masu cin ganyayyaki waɗanda suka fi alaƙa da ruminants masu rai fiye da sauran mambobin Artiodactyla. Lokacin la'akari da kawai rayayyun taxa (neontology), wannan ya sa Ruminantiamorpha da Ruminantia daidai, kuma ana amfani da Ruminentia kawai. Don haka, ana amfani da Ruminantiamorpha ne kawai a cikin mahallin paleontology. Dangane da haka, Spaulding ya haɗa wasu nau'ikan dangin Anthracotheriidae a cikin Ruminantiamorpha (amma ba a cikin Rumanantia ba), amma ya sanya wasu a cikin 'yar'uwar Ruminantiomorpha, Cetancodontamorpha . <ref name="Spaulding2009" /> Ana iya wakiltar sanya Ruminantia a cikin Artiodactyla a cikin wannan cladogram:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=N.R. |year=2006 |title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals |journal=BMC Evol Biol |volume=6 |page=93 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 |pmc=1654192 |pmid=17101039 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="O'Leary2013">{{Cite journal |last=O'Leary |first=M.A. |last2=Bloch |first2=J.I. |last3=Flynn |first3=J.J. |last4=Gaudin |first4=T.J. |last5=Giallombardo |first5=A. |last6=Giannini |first6=N.P. |last7=Goldberg |first7=S.L. |last8=Kraatz |first8=B.P. |last9=Luo |first9=Z.-X. |last10=Meng |first10=J. |last11=Ni |first11=X. |last12=Novacek |first12=M.J. |last13=Perini |first13=F.A. |last14=Randall |first14=Z.S. |last15=Rougier |first15=G.W. |year=2013 |title=The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6120 |pages=662–667 |bibcode=2013Sci...339..662O |doi=10.1126/science.1229237 |pmid=23393258 |s2cid=206544776 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Song2012">{{Cite journal |last=Song |first=S. |last2=Liu |first2=L. |last3=Edwards |first3=S.V. |last4=Wu |first4=S. |year=2012 |title=Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=37 |pages=14942–14947 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10914942S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211733109 |pmc=3443116 |pmid=22930817 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="dos Reis2012">{{Cite journal |last=dos Reis |first=M. |last2=Inoue |first2=J. |last3=Hasegawa |first3=M. |last4=Asher |first4=R.J. |last5=Donoghue |first5=P.C.J. |last6=Yang |first6=Z. |year=2012 |title=Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1742 |pages=3491–3500 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 |pmc=3396900 |pmid=22628470 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{Cite journal |last=Upham |first=N.S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=J.A. |last3=Jetz |first3=W. |year=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17 |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |pmc=6892540 |pmid=31800571 |doi-access=free}}(see e.g. Fig S10)</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin Ruminantia, ana ɗaukar Tragulidae (doki-doki) a matsayin mafi yawan asali, <ref name="Kulemzina2011">{{Cite journal |last=Kulemzina |first=Anastasia I. |last2=Yang |first2=Fengtang |last3=Trifonov |first3=Vladimir A. |last4=Ryder |first4=Oliver A. |last5=Ferguson-Smith |first5=Malcolm A. |last6=Graphodatsky |first6=Alexander S. |year=2011 |title=Chromosome painting in Tragulidae facilitates the reconstruction of Ruminantia ancestral karyotype |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=531–539 |doi=10.1007/s10577-011-9201-z |issn=0967-3849 |pmid=21445689 |s2cid=8456507}}</ref> tare da sauran ruminants da aka rarraba a matsayin na infraorder Pecora. Har zuwa farkon karni na 21, an fahimci cewa dangin Moschidae (musk deer) 'yar'uwa ce ga [[Dabbar rendiya|Cervidae]]. Koyaya, binciken phylogenetic na 2003 da Alexandre Hassanin (na Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Kasa, Faransa) da abokan aiki, bisa ga nazarin mitochondrial da nukiliya, sun bayyana cewa Moschidae da Bovidae sun zama 'yar'uwa ga [[Dabbar rendiya|Cervidae]]. Dangane da binciken, Cervidae ya rabu da Bovidae-Moschidae clade shekaru miliyan 27 zuwa 28 da suka gabata.<ref name="Hassanin2003">{{Cite journal |last=Hassanin |first=A. |last2=Douzery |first2=E. J. P. |date=2003 |title=Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10760976 |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=206–28 |doi=10.1080/10635150390192726 |pmid=12746147 |doi-access=free}}</ref> cladogram mai zuwa ya dogara ne akan babban binciken jerin kwayoyin halitta mai laushi daga 2019: <ref name="RumiantPhylo2020">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=L. |last2=Qiu |first2=Q. |last3=Jiang |first3=Y. |last4=Wang |first4=K. |year=2019 |title=Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits |journal=Science |volume=364 |issue=6446 |bibcode=2019Sci...364.6202C |doi=10.1126/science.aav6202 |pmid=31221828 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  Hi [[File:Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm|thumb|375x375px| (Bidiyo) impala yana haɗiyewa sannan ya sake fitar da abinci - halayyar da aka sani da "tauna kurciya"]] === Rarraba === * '''Dokar Artiodactyla''' ** Suborder Tylopoda: [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] da llamas, nau'o'in halittu 7 masu rai a cikin nau'o-nau'i 3 ** Suborder Suina: [[aladu]] da peccaries[[Peccary|ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ** Suborder Cetruminantia: ruminants, whales da Hippos *** '''Clade Ruminantia''' **** Infraorder Tragulina (paraphyletic) <ref name="Clauss2014">{{Cite journal |last=Clauss |first=M. |last2=Rossner |first2=G. E. |date=2014 |title=Old world ruminant morphophysiology, life history, and fossil record: exploring key innovations of a diversification sequence |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/94203/1/AnnZoolFenn_omasum_2014.pdf |journal=Annales Zoologici Fennici |volume=51 |issue=1–2 |pages=80–94 |doi=10.5735/086.051.0210 |s2cid=85347098}}</ref> ***** Iyali †Leptomerycidae ***** Iyali †Hypertragulidae ***** Iyali †[[Praetragulidae]] ***** Iyali †GelocidaeGishiri ***** Iyali †Bachitheriidae ***** Iyali Tragulidae: Chevrotains, nau'o'in 6 masu rai a cikin nau'o-in 4 ***** Iyali †Archaeomerycidae ***** Iyali †[[Lophiomerycidae]] **** Infraorder Pecora ***** Iyalin [[Dabbar rendiya|Cervidae]]: [[Dabbar rendiya|deer]] da Moose, nau'in halittu 49 masu rai a cikin nau'o'i 16 ***** Iyali †Palaeomerycidae ***** Iyali †Dromomerycidae ***** Iyali †Hoplitomerycidae ***** Iyali †Climacoceratidae ***** Giraffidae na iyali: giraffe da okapi, nau'in halittu 2 masu rai a cikin nau'o'i 2 ***** Iyali Antilocapridae: pronghorn, nau'in rayuwa guda ɗaya a cikin nau'i ɗaya ***** Family Moschidae: musk deer, nau'o'in halittu 4 a cikin jinsin daya ***** Iyali Bovidae: [[Saniya|shanu]], awaki, [[Rago|tumaki]], da antelope, nau'in halittu 143 masu rai a cikin nau'ikan 53. == Tsarin narkewar abinci == Hofmann da Stewart sun raba ruminants zuwa manyan rukuni uku bisa ga nau'in abinci da halaye na ciyarwa: masu zaɓar hankali, nau'ikan matsakaici, da masu cin ciyawa / redghage, tare da zaton cewa halaye na abinci a cikin ruminants suna haifar da bambance-bambance na morphological a cikin tsarin narkewar su, gami da glandar salivary, girman rumen, da rumen papillae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ditchkoff |first=S. S. |year=2000 |title=A decade since "diversification of ruminants": has our knowledge improved? |url=https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/ditchkoff/PDF%20publications/2000%20-%20Oecologia.pdf |journal=Oecologia |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=82–84 |bibcode=2000Oecol.125...82D |doi=10.1007/PL00008894 |pmid=28308225 |s2cid=23923707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073320/https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/ditchkoff/PDF%20publications/2000%20-%20Oecologia.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Koyaya, Woodall ya gano cewa akwai ɗan alaƙa tsakanin abun da ke cikin fiber na abincin mai cin nama da halaye na morphological, ma'ana cewa rarrabuwar rarrabuwar masu cin nama ta Hofmann da Stewart sun ba da ƙarin bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woodall |first=P. F. |date=1 June 1992 |title=An evaluation of a rapid method for estimating digestibility |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=181–185 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00492.x |issn=1365-2028}}</ref> Har ila yau, wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa sune pseudoruminants, waɗanda ke da ciki mai sashi uku maimakon hudu kamar ruminants. Hippopotamidae (wanda ya hada da Hippopotamuses) sanannun misalai ne. Pseudoruminants, kamar ruminants na gargajiya, sune masu fermentor kuma mafi yawan ruminate ko chew cud. Koyaya, jikin su da hanyar narkewa sun bambanta sosai da na ruminant mai ɗakuna huɗu. Monogastric herbivores, kamar rhinoceroses, dawakai, aladu, da zomo, ba ruminants ba ne, saboda [[Zomo|buns]] da ciki mai sauƙi. Da yake suna da fermenters na baya, waɗannan dabbobi suna ferment cellulose a cikin babban cecum. A cikin ƙananan fermenters na baya na tsari Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, da pikas), da kuma Caviomorph rodents (Guinea pigs, Capybaras, da dai sauransu), an samar da kayan daga cecum a cikin Cecotropes, ya wuce ta cikin babban hanji, an fitar da shi kuma daga baya an sake shi don shan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin cecottropes. Sabanin haka, colonic monogastrics kamar [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] da [[aladu]] suna da sauƙi, ciki guda ɗaya amma suna amfani da fermentation na hindgut a matsayin ƙarin hanyar metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=C.E. |last2=Hume |first2=I.D. |year=1998 |title=Contributions of microbes in vertebrate gastrointestinal tract to production and conservation of nutrients |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=393–427 |doi=10.1152/physrev.1998.78.2.393 |pmid=9550998}}</ref> Ba kamar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun cecal ba, ƙwararrun microbial suna faruwa ne da farko a cikin babban hanji mai girma (colon) maimakon ƙwararrun Cecum, kuma ba sa samarwa ko sake cinye cecotropes. [[File:Abomasum_(PSF).png|thumb|250x250px|Hoton da aka tsara na tsarin narkewa mai cin nama]] [[File:Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_041.png|right|thumb|350x350px|Hanyoyi daban-daban na ciki a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. <'''D'''="mwAUY">B id="mwAUU">A, kar'''E'''; B, ''C">Mus decumanus''; C, ''Mus Musculus''; D, weasel; E, makircin ciki mai cin nama, kibiyar da ke nuna layin da abinci ya ɗauka; '''F''', ciki na mutum. a, ƙaramin karkata; b, babban karkata; c, ƙars'''H''' zuciya '''G''', raƙumi; H, ''Echidna aculeata''. Cma, babban karkata; Cmi, ƙaramin karkata. I, ''Bradypus tridactylus'' Du, duodenum; MB, cecal diverticulum; **, fitowar duodenum, †, reticulum; ††, rumen. A (a cikin E da G), abomasum; Ca, rabuwa ta zuciya; O, psalterium; Oe, esophagus; P, pylorus; R (a dama a cikin E da hagu a cikin G), rumen; R (zuwa hagu a cikin E kuma zuwa dama a cikin G) reticulum; Sc, rabuwa na zuciya; Sp, rabuwa da pyloric; WZ, ƙwayoyin ruwa. (daga littafin Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy) ]] [[File:Ruversin.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Rashin narkewar abinci a cikin ciki mai sauƙi na dabbobi marasa ruminant da ruminants ]] Bambanci na farko tsakanin ruminants da nonruminants shine cewa ciki na ruminants yana da sassan huɗu: # rumen - wuri na farko na fermentation na microbial # reticulum # omasum - yana karɓar ƙanƙara, kuma yana shan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu narkewa # Abomasum - ciki na gaskiya Gidajen biyu na farko sune rumen da reticulum. Wadannan sassan biyu sun hada da bututun fermentation kuma sune babban shafin ayyukan microbial. Gurasar tana da mahimmanci ga narkewa saboda tana rushe carbohydrates masu rikitarwa, kamar cellulose, kuma tana bawa dabba damar amfani da su. Microbes suna aiki mafi kyau a cikin yanayin zafi, mai laushi, anaerobic tare da kewayon zafin jiki na 37.7 zuwa 42.2 ° C (99.9 zuwa 108.0 ° F) da pH tsakanin 6.0 da 6.4. Ba tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin cuta ba, ruminants ba za su iya amfani da abubuwan gina jiki daga abinci ba. Ana gauraya abinci da [[Yawu|hawaye]] kuma ya rabu cikin yadudduka na abu mai ƙarfi da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do ruminants digest? |url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/biology/how-do-ruminants-digest |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=OpenLearn |publisher=The Open University}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi suna haɗuwa don samar da kur ko bolus. Sa'an nan kuma a sake fitar da ita kuma a cinye ta don hada shi gaba ɗaya da hawaye kuma ya rushe girman ƙwayoyin. Ƙananan girman ƙwayoyin suna ba da damar ƙara yawan sinadarin abinci. Fiber, musamman cellulose da hemicellulose, an fara karya su a cikin waɗannan ɗakunan ta hanyar [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] (yawanci ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, da wasu protozoa, fungi, da [[Yis|yisti]]) a cikin ƙwayoyin mai ƙwayoyin (VFAs): acetic acid, propionic acid, da butyric acid. Protein da nonstructural carbohydrate (pectin, [[sukari]], da starches) suma suna fermented. Saliva yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda yana samar da ruwa ga yawan microbial, yana sake zagaya nitrogen da ma'adanai, kuma yana aiki azaman mai hana pH na rumen. Irin abincin da dabba ke cinyewa yana shafar adadin hawaye da aka samar. Kodayake rumen da reticulum suna da sunaye daban-daban, suna da nau'ikan nama da rubutu iri ɗaya, suna sa ya zama da wahala a raba su da gani. Suna kuma yin irin wannan aiki. Tare, ana kiran waɗannan ɗakunan reticulorumen. Digesta mai lalacewa, wanda yanzu yana cikin ƙananan ruwa na reticulorumen, sannan ya wuce cikin ɗakin na gaba, omasum. Wannan ɗakin yana sarrafa abin da zai iya wucewa cikin abomasum. Yana riƙe girman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kamar yadda zai yiwu don shiga cikin abomasum. Omasum kuma yana shan sinadarin mai mai narkewa da ammoniya. Bayan wannan, ana motsa digesta zuwa cikin ciki na gaskiya, abomasum. Wannan shi ne ɓangaren ciki na ruminant ciki. Abomasum daidai yake da ciki na monogastric, kuma ana narke digesta a nan ta hanyar da ta dace. Wannan ɓangaren yana fitar da acid da enzymes waɗanda ke ci gaba da narke kayan da ke wucewa. Wannan kuma shine inda ruminant ke narkewar microbes da aka samar a cikin rumen. A ƙarshe an motsa digesta zuwa cikin ƙananan hanji, inda narkewa da shan abubuwan gina jiki ke faruwa. Ƙananan hanji shine babban wurin shan abinci mai gina jiki. Yankin saman digesta ya karu sosai a nan saboda villi da ke cikin ƙananan hanji. Wannan karuwar yanki yana ba da damar samun ƙarin sinadarin abinci. Microbes da aka samar a cikin reticulorumen kuma ana narke su a cikin ƙananan hanji. Bayan karamin hanji shine babban hanji. Babban matsayi a nan shine rushewa galibi fiber ta hanyar fermentation tare da microbes, shan ruwa (ions da ma'adanai) da sauran kayayyakin fermented, da kuma fitar da sharar gida. Fermentation yana ci gaba a cikin babban hanji kamar yadda yake a cikin reticulorumen. Ƙananan glucose ne kawai ke sha daga carbohydrates na abinci. Yawancin carbohydrates na abinci suna fermented cikin VFAs a cikin rumen. Glucose da ake buƙata azaman makamashi ga kwakwalwa da kuma lactose da kitsen madara a cikin samar da madara, da sauran amfani, sun fito ne daga tushen da ba na sukari ba, kamar VFA propionate, glycerol, lactate, da furotin. Ana amfani da VFA propionate don kusan 70% na glucose da glycogen da aka samar da kuma furotin don wani 20% (50% a ƙarƙashin yanayin yunwa).<ref>William O. Reece (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gvt_qSsLobUC&pg=PA350 Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals], pages 357–358 {{ISBN|978-0-7817-4333-4}}</ref> == Yawanci, rarraba, da domestication == Raminants na daji sun kai akalla miliyan 75 kuma 'yan asalin su ne a duk nahiyoyi sai dai Antarctica da Australia. <ref name="Fernández-2005" /> Kusan kashi 90% na dukkan nau'o'in suna samuwa a Eurasia da Afirka.<ref name="hackmann" /> Dabbobi suna zaune a yanayi daban-daban (daga wurare masu zafi zuwa arctic) da wuraren zama (daga filayen budewa zuwa gandun daji). <ref name="hackmann" /> The population of domestic ruminants is greater than 3.5 billion, with cattle, sheep, and goats accounting for about 95% of the total population. Goats were domesticated in the Near East {{Circa|8000 BC}}. Most other species were domesticated by 2500 BC., either in the Near East or southern Asia. == Ilimin jiki mai haske == Dabbobi masu haske suna da siffofi daban-daban na jiki wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin fasalulluka na ruminants shine hakoran su da ke ci gaba da girma. A lokacin kiwo, abun da ke cikin silica a cikin abinci yana haifar da abrasion hakora. Ana biyan wannan ta hanyar ci gaba da girma hakora a duk rayuwar ruminant, sabanin mutane ko wasu wadanda ba ruminants ba, waɗanda hakora suka daina girma bayan wani zamani. Yawancin ruminants ba su da incisors na sama; a maimakon haka, suna da babban hakora don cinye abinci na shuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dental Anatomy of Ruminants |url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/cowpage.html |access-date=2026-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928131653/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/cowpage.html |archive-date=2011-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani fasalin ruminants shine babban ƙarfin ajiyar ruminal wanda ke ba su damar cin abinci da sauri kuma su kammala tsarin cinyewa daga baya. Wannan an san shi da rumination, wanda ya ƙunshi sake zubar da abinci, sakewa, sakewa da sakewa. Rumination yana rage girman ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke inganta aikin microbial kuma yana ba da damar narkewa ta hanyar narkewa. Ba kamar camelids ba, ruminants suna Yin jima'i a matsayin tsaye kuma ba a haifar da ovulators ba. == Ilimin microbiology na Rumen == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Vertebrates ba su da ikon hydrolyse beta [1-4] glycosidic bond na cellulose na shuka saboda rashin enzyme cellulase. Don haka, ruminants gaba ɗaya sun dogara da microbial flora da ke cikin rumen (a cikin foregut), ko kuma zuwa ƙaramin digiri na hindgut, don narke cellulose. Gudanar da abinci a cikin rumen ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar rumen microflora, wanda ya ƙunshi yawan mutane da yawa na nau'ikan [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], protozoa, wani lokacin [[Yis|yisti]] da sauran ƙwayoyin - 1 ml na rumen an kiyasta ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta biliyan 10-50 da protozoa miliyan 1, da kuma yisti da ƙwayoyin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fermentation Microbiology and Ecology |url=http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/microbes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926050349/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/microbes.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> Tunda mahalli a cikin rumen [[wiktionary:anaerobic|Anaerobic]] ne, yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan microbial suna da tilastawa ko anaerobes na zaɓi waɗanda zasu iya lalata kayan shuka masu rikitarwa, kamar cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, da [[Protein (mai gina jiki)|sunadarai]]. Hydrolysis na cellulose yana haifar da sukari, wanda aka kara fermented zuwa acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, da [[methane]]. Yayin da kwayoyin cuta ke gudanar da fermentation a cikin rumen, suna cinye kusan 10% na carbon, 60% na phosphorus, da 80% na nitrogen da ruminant ke cinyewa.<ref name="Callewaert">{{Cite journal |last=Callewaert |first=L. |last2=Michiels |first2=C. W. |date=2010 |title=Lysozymes in the animal kingdom |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=127–160 |doi=10.1007/S12038-010-0015-5 |pmid=20413917 |s2cid=21198203}}</ref> Don dawo da waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki, ruminant sannan ya narkar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin Abomasum. Enzyme lysozyme ya daidaita don sauƙaƙe narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruminant abomasum.<ref name="Irwin">{{Cite journal |last=Irwin |first=D. M. |last2=Prager |first2=E. M. |last3=Wilson |first3=A. C. |date=1992 |title=Evolutionary genetics of ruminant lysozymes |journal=Animal Genetics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00131.x |pmid=1503255}}</ref> Pancreatic ribonuclease kuma yana lalata RNA na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan hanji a matsayin tushen nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jermann |first=T. M. |last2=Opitz |first2=J. G. |last3=Stackhouse |first3=J. |last4=Benner |first4=S. A. |date=1995 |title=Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the artiodactyl ribonuclease superfamily |url=http://64.238.189.139/pubs/Reconstructing%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20the%20artiodactyl%20ribonuclease%20superfamily.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=374 |issue=6517 |pages=57–59 |bibcode=1995Natur.374...57J |doi=10.1038/374057a0 |pmid=7532788 |s2cid=4315312 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521104301/http://64.238.189.139/pubs/Reconstructing%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20the%20artiodactyl%20ribonuclease%20superfamily.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> A lokacin kiwo, ruminants suna samar da babban kumfa - kimantawa daga 100 zuwa 150 lita na kumfa a kowace rana ga saniya. Matsayin hawaye shine samar da isasshen ruwa don fermentation rumen da kuma aiki a matsayin wakili mai hanawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumen Physiology and Rumination |url=http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu:80/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/rumination.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980129111027/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu:80/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/rumination.html |archive-date=29 January 1998}}</ref> Rumen fermentation yana samar da adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin acid, don haka kiyaye pH mai dacewa na ruwa na rumen wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin rumen fermentation. Bayan digesta ya wuce ta cikin rumen, omasum yana shan ruwa mai yawa don enzymes na narkewa da acid a cikin abomasum ba su narke ba.<ref name="Clauss2014" /> == Tannin guba a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa == Tannins sune mahaɗan phenolic waɗanda ake yawan samun su a cikin shuke-shuke. Ana samun su a cikin ganye, bud, iri, tushen, da ƙwayoyin tsiro, tannins suna rarraba a cikin nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban. Tannins an raba su zuwa nau'o'i biyu: tannins masu narkewa da tannins masu ƙuntata. Dangane da mayar da hankali da yanayin su, ko dai aji na iya samun sakamako mara kyau ko mai fa'ida. Tannins na iya zama mai fa'ida, bayan an nuna shi don kara samar da madara, ci gaban ulu, yawan ovulation, da kuma kashi na raguna, da kuma rage haɗarin kumbura da rage nauyin kwayar cuta ta ciki. Tannins na iya zama mai guba ga ruminants, saboda suna fitar da sunadarai, suna sa ba su samuwa don narkewa ba, kuma suna hana shan abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar rage yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na proteolytic rumen. Matsayi mai yawa na cin tannin na iya haifar da guba wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tannins: fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules' [Cornell University Department of Animal Science? (c) 2018] |url=https://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/tannin.html}}</ref> Dabbobi waɗanda galibi suna cinye tsire-tsire masu wadata da tannin na iya haɓaka hanyoyin kariya daga tannins, kamar turawar dabarun lipids da extracellular polysaccharides waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ɗaurewa da tannins.<ref name="Barry" /> Wasu ruminants (goats, deer, elk, moose) suna iya cin abinci da yawa a cikin tannins (shafuka, rassa, bark) saboda kasancewar sunadarai masu ɗaure tannin a cikin hawan su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=PJ |display-authors=etal |year=1989 |title=Tannin-binding proteins in saliva of deer and their absence in saliva of sheep and cattle |journal=J Chem Ecol |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1335–47 |doi=10.1007/BF01014834 |pmid=24272016 |s2cid=32846214}}</ref> == Muhimmancin addini == Dokar Musa a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta ba da izinin cin wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke da ƙafar ƙafafu (watau membobin tsari na Artiodactyla) da kuma "waɗanda ke cinye ƙafar", wani tsari da aka kiyaye har zuwa yau a cikin Dokokin abinci na Yahudawa da kuma dokokin abinci na Samariyawa, ƙungiyoyin Sunan Mai Tsarki da kuma ƙungiyoyin da ke bin waɗannan dokokin abinci, kamar Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Habasha, Adventists na bakwai, Ikilisiyar Allah ta Philadelphia, da wasu ƙungiyoyi. == Sauran amfani == An faɗaɗa aikatau 'don yin tunani' a matsayin kwatanci don ma'anar yin tunani ko yin tunani a kan wasu batutuwa. Hakazalika, ana iya 'ya'yan ra'ayoyi' ko 'ya'ya'. 'Chew the cud', ko 'Chew one's cud', shine yin tunani ko yin tunani. A cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, "[[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|rumination]]" yana nufin tsarin tunani, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da ilimin narkewar abinci. == Ruminants da canjin yanayi == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> A matsayin samfur na cin cellulose, shanu suna fitar da methane, ta haka ne suka dawo da wannan carbon da shuke-shuke suka kwace a cikin yanayi. Bayan kimanin shekaru 10 zuwa 1, wannan methane ya lalace kuma ya sake komawa zuwa CO. Da zarar an canza su zuwa , tsire-tsire na iya sake yin photosynthesis kuma su gyara wannan carbon zuwa cellulose. Daga nan, shanu za su iya cin shuke-shuke kuma sake zagayowar ta fara. Ainihin, methane da aka samo daga shanu ba ya ƙara sabon carbon zuwa yanayi. Maimakon haka yana daga cikin yanayin halitta na carbon ta hanyar sake zagayowar carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Werth |first=Samantha |date=19 February 2020 |title=The Biogenic Carbon Cycle and Cattle |url=https://clear.ucdavis.edu/explainers/biogenic-carbon-cycle-and-cattle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221070734/https://clear.ucdavis.edu/explainers/biogenic-carbon-cycle-and-cattle |archive-date=21 February 2024 |website=CLEAR Center |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, fermentation na ciki ya kai kashi 43% na jimlar hayakin gas daga duk ayyukan noma a duniya, [1] 26% na jimlar iskar gas daga aikin gona a Amurka, da kuma kashi 22% na jimlar fitar da methane na Amurka. [2] Naman daga ruminants da aka haifa a cikin gida yana da sawun carbon mafi girma fiye da sauran nama ko tushen kayan lambu na furotin bisa ga nazarin meta-analysis na duniya na nazarin nazarin rayuwar rayuwa.[3] Samar da methane ta dabbobi masu nama, galibi ruminants, an kiyasta 15-20% samar da methane a duniya, sai dai idan an farautar dabbobi a cikin daji. [4][5] Yawan shanu na cikin gida da na madara na yanzu yana kusa da miliyan 90, kusan kashi 50% sama da yawan mutanen daji na Bison na Amurka na miliyan 60 a cikin shekarun 1700, wanda ya fara yawo a yankin Arewacin Amurka wanda yanzu ya zama Amurka.[6] == Dubi kuma == * Ɗaya daga cikin Gida * Mai Haskakawa == Manazarta ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tfaskyeauvhj2lx2snww0wha628dumc 0 179284 968245 968186 2026-10-16T13:42:45Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Sadarwar tangaraho */ 968245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jengre''' gari ne da ke cikin Masarautar Pengana, a Gundumar Jere, cikin [[Bassa, Plateau State|Ƙaramar Hukumar Bassa]] ta [[Jihar Filato]], a kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alozie |first=Ezinwa |date=2022-10-27 |title=Special Prayer for Adventist College of Nursing Sciences' Inaguration in Jengre |url=https://adventist.news/news/special-prayer-for-adventist-college-of-nursing-sciences-inaguration-in-jengre |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Adventist News Network |language=en}}</ref> Gari ne daga cikin matsugunan al'ummar [[Zele language|Jere]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blench|first=Roger |date=2021-01-01 |title=Introduction to the Shammɔ peoples of Central Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/48907913/Introduction_to_the_Shamm%C9%94_peoples_of_Central_Nigeria}}</ref> Jengre yana yankin arewacin [[Bassa, Plateau State|Ƙaramar Hukumar Bassa]], kuma yana iyaka da Jihar Kaduna ta ɓangaren arewa, a wani wuri da ake kira ''Kan'iyaka''. Jengre ita ce hedkwatar Masarautar Pengana, kuma a nan ne mazaunin babban basaraken masarautar, wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da Ogomo Pengana, yake. An gina fadar Ogomo a garin Jengre na al'ummar [[Zele language|Jere]] a kusan shekarar 1952.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yearwood |first=Peter J. |title=The Creation of the Pengana Chieftaincy on the Northern Jos Plateau, Nigeria, 1952-55 |last2=Dr John |first2=Nengel |publisher=Peter J. Yearwood, University of Papua New Guinea and Dr John Nengel, University of Jos in Nigeria |pages=7–8}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokaci, fadar ta kasance mazaunin dindindin na mai mulkin masarautar.<ref name=":0" /> == Sadarwa == === Sadarwar tangaraho === Layin sadarwar [[Telegraphy|tangaraho]] da ya taso daga [[Zungeru]], wadda a wancan lokacin ita ce babban birnin [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate|Yankin Arewacin Najeriya na ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya]], ya bi ta [[Naraguta]] da [[Rahama]] kafin ya isa Jengre a shekarar alif 1913. An kuma gina ofishin sadarwar tangaraho a garin, tare da shimfiɗa wayoyin sadarwa guda biyu a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Rahama da Jengre.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1913_northern_nigeria/3064634_1913_northern_nigeria_opt.pdf|title=Annual Report of the Colonies, Northern Nigeria, 1913|trans-title=XIV.—POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS.|issue=821|page=19|location=London|date=December 1914|access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Populated places in Plateau State]] [[Category:Towns in Nigeria]] [[Category:Bassa, Plateau State]] {{Nigeria-geo-stub}} t8pbsnrc7jh7gp9l68j63ez5n5l3sxi 0 179303 968490 968149 2026-10-17T01:15:21Z Danjuma Anthony 23304 /* */ I remove the Infobox and added Databox 968490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karonmajigi''' al'umma ce da ke cikin Babban Birnin Tarayya FCT na Najeriya, Yana kusa da babban birnin Abuja . Lambar gidan waya ta ƙauyen ita ce 900108<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZIP Code |url=https://www.zipcode.com.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=ZIP Code |language=en}}</ref>. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Karonmajigi tana da bambancin kabilanci, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin Mini Najeriya sun kasance kungiyoyi daban-daban, gami da 'yan asalin Gwandara, da kuma Hausa, Yoroba, Igbo, da sauransu. Al'ummar galibi masu karamin karfi ne ke zaune a cikin al'umma kuma suna da haɗin gidaje na al'ada tare da manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karonmajigi – Dunes Foundation |url=https://dunesfoundation.org/communities-we-serve/karonmajigi/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da gudanarwa == Al'ummar tana da nisan kilomita 10 (kimanin kilomita 6.2) daga tsakiyar yankin Abuja . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karonmajigi in Nigeria {{!}} Facts and Information about Karonmajigi - Places-in-the-World.com |url=https://places-in-the-world.com/nigeria/karonmajigi/2334969 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=places-in-the-world.com}}</ref> Ya fada karkashin gwamnatin Majalisar Yankin Abuja (AMAC), daya daga cikin majalisun yanki shida a cikin FCT. Ministan da shugaban Najeriya ya nada ne ke gudanar da FCT, yayin da Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCDA) ke kula da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa. == Yawan jama'a == Yawan al'ummar Karonmajigi ya ƙunshi mutane daga ƙabilu daban-daban, wanda ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT), wanda ke jan hankalin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na kasar Najeriya. Ƙabilar Gwandara na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, sannan al'ummar yankin ta ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na masu nakasa. , sau da yawa mazauna yankin suna kiransu Unguwar Guragu (Hausa don al'ummar nakasassu). == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} imz4sfmj4zfxutihoh1zmickkqt4jtw 0 179341 968298 968108 2026-10-16T15:27:19Z Baby juuu 38856 968298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ojomu Beach''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Alpha Beach''', wani rairayin bakin teku ne da ke cikin al'ummar [[Okun Alfa]], a [[Ƙaramar Hukumar Eti-Osa]], [[Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana gefen gabar Tekun Atlantika, kuma a tarihi, wurin ya kasance wajen shakatawa da nishaɗi. Haka kuma, yana daga cikin shimfidar yanayin gabar teku na gabashin Legas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Randle |first=Bashorun |date=2023-01-02 |title=Cry havoc and “buga” dancing at the united nations (grime, ruin and remnants) Part viii |url=https://businessday.ng/columnist/article/cry-havoc-and-buga-dancing-at-the-united-nations-grime-ruin-and-remnants-part-viii/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-06-16 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Rairayin bakin tekun da al'ummar Okun Alfa da ke kewaye da shi sun ja hankalin jama'a saboda illolin zaizayar gabar teku, ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma hauhawar ruwan teku da ke shafar wasu sassan gabar tekun Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |date=2014-07-23 |title='The ocean can consume us, yet we can't help ourselves' |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/the-ocean-can-consume-us-yet-we-cant-help-ourselves/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=EnviroNews - latest environment news, climate change, renewable energy |language=en-US}}</ref> An kuma bayyana Ojomu Beach a matsayin wurin al'adu da yawon buɗe ido a Jihar Legas, kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan al'umma da nishaɗin da ake gudanarwa a gabar teku.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Eti-Osa]] [[Jihar Legas]] * [[Alpha Beach]] * [[Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rairayin bakin teku a Legas]] [[Category:Eti-Osa]] [[Category:Wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Jihar Legas]] {{Nigeria-geo-stub}} {{LagosNG-geo-stub}} ckfvfy0cgspgy72heas7bpoy95769ja 0 179353 968295 968136 2026-10-16T15:25:47Z Baby juuu 38856 968295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Urua Inyang''' wani gari ne da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Ika, Nigeria|Ika]], a Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urua Inyang, Nigeria - Facts and information on Urua Inyang - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/7073463-place-urua-inyang.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com}}</ref> Yana da iyaka da ƙauyuka biyu, wato Ikot Eseden da [[Ikot Nsung|Ikot Usun]]. Tsohon mai tsaron ragar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Najeriya, [[Vincent Enyeama]], ɗan asalin Urua Inyang ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-24 |title=Vincent Enyeama Biography, Family and Net Worth |url=https://buzznigeria.com/vincent-enyeama-biography-family/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wuraren da ake zaune a Jihar Akwa Ibom]] {{Nigeria-geo-stub}} lwsugjmzxuss06v0hdvxv2r555scc4q 0 179354 968296 968147 2026-10-16T15:26:16Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwar farko */ 968296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris, 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga 1913 zuwa 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == drhe9giaiurhsjpp87fkc2bw83r3o2q 968297 968296 2026-10-16T15:26:41Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Euthanasia */ 968297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris, 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == dr7wwv6kits36sdwb6qij3kxl5g2qb9 968314 968297 2026-10-16T16:35:08Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == 6bc8j9om3946pmp527vbx7qlnfd6oqk 968315 968314 2026-10-16T16:35:18Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == kbjr6lps9qqlaca2us34m8o5om43utd 968316 968315 2026-10-16T16:35:33Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa shekarar 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == ixowaj5ed5znbv62fvpu10x4yg2snt3 968331 968316 2026-10-16T17:16:51Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Manazarta */ m 968331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa shekarar 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == {{reflist}} fi2w4e0f9y10jopmwh8x12tsu934xb3 968332 968331 2026-10-16T17:17:33Z Em-mustapha 6594 added [[Category:Matattun 1948]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 968332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa shekarar 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1948]] pgt8ijs3lqg48c42g5lil975cyr9ucr 968334 968332 2026-10-16T17:18:17Z Em-mustapha 6594 added [[Category:Mutanen Jamus]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 968334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa shekarar 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jamus]] pbk505jmsa2tit7m28dn9fx38lg5dx3 968335 968334 2026-10-16T17:18:44Z Em-mustapha 6594 added [[Category:Likitan Jamus]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 968335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pirna_Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb| Gida mai lamba 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, a matsayin abin tunawa]] '''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar alif 1876 - 25 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1948) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka san shi da amincewa da ƙwararre kan izinin [[euthanasia]] na Third Reich kuma wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Ofishin Lafiya na Shirin Euthanasia na T-4 . An yanke wa Nitsche hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Maris na shekarar 1948 a Dresden. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Nitsche a cikin shekarar alif 1876 a Colditz, Saxony. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Nitsche, likitan kwakwalwa ne. <ref name="Böhm">{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059 |s2cid=32985121}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar firamare (Jamus: <nowiki>''</nowiki> Volksschule <nowiki>''</nowiki> ) a Pirna daga 1882 zuwa 1887. <ref name="Böhm" /> == Sana'a == Nitsche ya sami lasisin aikin likitanci a shekarar 1901 kuma ya sami matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1925. Nitsche bai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi ba sai a watan Mayun 1933. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya kasance mai goyon bayan eugenics da euthanasia {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} kuma ya kasance a wurin zanga-zangar gas a wurin da za ta zama cibiyar euthanasia ta Brandenburg a watan Disamba 1939 ko Janairu 1940. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ba wai akidar launin fata ta Nazi ba ce ta ja hankalinsa, sai dai goyon bayansa ga kimiyyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesansa na "magani mai ci gaba". Da yake ya kafu sosai, Nitsche bai sake samun kwarin gwiwa daga ci gaban aiki ba, amma ya kasance mai himma a fannin akida lokacin da daga baya ya shiga Action T4 . == Euthanasia == Ya kasance mataimakin darakta na asibitin Sonnenstein daga shekarar 1913 zuwa shekarar 1918 kuma darektan cibiyar daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A shekarar 1940, ya zama mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Lafiya na Action T4 (Jamusanci: ''Medizinische Abteilung'' ) a ƙarƙashin Werner Heyde, wanda ke da wata ƙungiya mai suna Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (Jamusanci: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'' ) wadda ke kula da rajista, kimantawa, da kuma zaɓar marasa lafiya don mutuwar manya. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} A matsayinsa na babban likitan shirin T4, {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Nitsche ya ɗauki nauyin yin wasiƙa da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] game da yin rijista da kuma canja wurin marasa lafiya don a kashe su. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} Ya gaji Heyde a matsayin shugaban ofishin likitanci a watan Disamba na 1941. {{Sfn|Friedlander|1995}} == Shari'a da aiwatarwa == An kama shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1945. An yi shari'arsa daga ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1947, zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 1947. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Kula da Kawancen Kawancen Mai Lamba 10 saboda kashe mutane sama da dubu ɗaya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga ayyukansa, yana mai cewa an yi su ne don 'yantar da marasa lafiya daga radadi. An kashe shi ta hanyar amfani da bindigar guillotine a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1948, a Dresden. [1] == Duba kuma == * Aiki na T4 * Gwajin Likitoci * Gidan Tarihin Masu tabin hankali na Saxon == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jamus]] [[Rukuni:Likitan Jamus]] 8g5fd45m9ygp8qdtj5yxmr703qmojlz 0 179367 968246 968190 2026-10-16T13:43:42Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Aiki da bincike */ 968246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Haladu Ali Gagman | honorific_prefix = Dr. | occupation = University lecturer, Researcher, Academic administrator | employer = [[Sa'adu Zungur University]] | known_for = Dean of the Faculty of Science | field = [[Biology]], Parasitology, Anthelmintic research | nationality = Nigerian }} '''Haladu Ali Gagman''' malamin jami'a ne kuma mai bincike ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[ilmin halittu]]. Shi ne shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya na huɗu (fourth substantive Dean) a [[Jami'ar Sa'adu Zungur]], wadda a baya aka sani da Jami'ar Jihar Bauchi, Gadau. A cewar shafin jami'ar, ya fara riƙe wannan muƙami a watan Janairun 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty of Science |url=https://sazu.edu.ng/faculty-of-science |website=Sa'adu Zungur University |access-date=16 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Gagman ya yi bincike a fannin ƙwayoyin halitta da cututtukan da ƙananan tsutsotsi ke haddasawa, tare da nazarin yiwuwar amfani da tsirrai wajen yaƙar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. A wasu wallafe-wallafen bincike, an bayyana shi a matsayin mai aiki a Sashen Biological Sciences na tsohuwar Bauchi State University, Gadau.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gagman |first=Haladu Ali |display-authors=etal |title=In vitro study of the anthelmintic activity of aqueous and methanol extract of Guiera senegalensis against egg hatch and larval development of Caenorhabditis elegans |journal=Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences |year=2018 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=274–278 |doi=10.4314/bajopas.v11i2.38 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333101435_In_vitro_study_of_the_anthelmintic_activity_of_aqueous_and_methanol_extract_of_Guiera_senegalensis_against_egg_hatch_and_larval_developmental_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans }}</ref> A shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, Gagman da abokan bincikensa sun wallafa bincike kan tasirin ruwan tsiron Cassia siamea da kuma sinadarin methanol wajen rage motsin Caenorhabditis elegans, wata ƙaramar tsutsa da ake amfani da ita a binciken kimiyya. An wallafa sakamakon binciken a mujallar Tropical Life Sciences Research.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gagman |first=Haladu Ali |display-authors=etal |title=In Vitro Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Cassia siamea Against the Motility of Caenorhabditis elegans |journal=Tropical Life Sciences Research |year=2020 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=145–159 |doi=10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.10 |url=https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.10 }}</ref> Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2019 ya yi nazari kan tasirin tsirrai irin su Detarium microcarpum, Guiera senegalensis da Cassia siamea a kan ƙwayoyin kansar nono. Gagman yana cikin marubutan wannan bincike, wanda aka wallafa a mujallar Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adebayo |first=Ismail Abiola |display-authors=etal |title=Detarium microcarpum, Guiera senegalensis, and Cassia siamea Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest and Inhibit Metastasis on MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |year=2019 |doi=10.1155/2019/6104574 |url=https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6104574 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilmin halittu]] [[Rukuni:Masu gudanar da harkokin ilimi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Bauchi]] ovuxiqhxllj59rwe3qgt3b2hi68g43x 0 179369 968242 968201 2026-10-16T13:41:04Z Baby juuu 38856 968242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ninpiden''' (a.k.a. '''Shinobi Hiden''', ko Legends of Ninja Secrets) ingantaccen littafin ninjutsu ne wanda aka rubuta shi ta hanyar memba na dangin Hattori Hanzō a cikin shekara ta alif 1560 (ko da yake mai yiwuwa an rubuta shi a farkon shekarun 1700, rubutun farko da muke da shi a shekara ta alif 1731). [1] An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mahimman matani uku na tarihi na ninjutsu, tare da Shōninki da Bansenshukai.[2][3] Ya kamata a ba da shi a cikin iyalin Hattori, kuma an yi la'akari da watsa ta sirri ba tare da baƙi ba kuma har ma a cikin iyali, kaɗan ne suka == Manazarta == 4elc2e2s4tp8zpf0pcafz2vth7k5lmb 0 179370 968244 968210 2026-10-16T13:42:01Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Shari'a */ 968244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kyoketsu_shoge.jpg|thumb|Kyoketsu-shoge]]{{Databox}} '''kyoketsu-shoge ('''Japanese) wani takobi ne mai gefen biyu, tare da wani takobi mai lankwasawa da aka haɗe kusa da wuyan hannu a kusurwar digiri 45-60.[1] Wannan an haɗa shi da kusan {{Convert|10 to(-) 18|feet|m}} zuwa 18 feet (3-5 na igiya, [[Sarƙar wuya|sarkar]], ko gashi wanda ya ƙare a cikin babban [[zobe]] na ƙarfe. Wataƙila ninja na Lardin Iga ne suka yi amfani da shi, ana zaton shi ne mai gabatarwa ga ''kusarigama'' da aka fi sani da shi (sickle da sarkar). <ref name="kihon">{{Cite web |date=1995 |title=Kyoketsu Shoge by Joe Maurantonio |url=http://www.kihon.com/articles/kyoketsu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131053029/http://www.kihon.com/articles/kyoketsu.html |archive-date=2020-01-31 |access-date=2020-01-31 |website=www.kihon.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana daukar Ninja daga ajin manoma na karkara waɗanda ke zaune a gonaki masu nisa, kuma kamanceceniya kayan aikin gona da kuma babban sassauci ya ba shi fa'idodi da yawa a cikin gwagwarmayar ɓoye.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Masaaki Hatsumi}}</ref> kyoketsu-shoge yana da amfani da yawa. Ana iya amfani da takobi don yanka da kuma turawa. Ana iya amfani da sarkar ko igiya, wani lokacin ana yin ta da gashin mutum ko gashin doki don ƙarfi da juriya, don hawa, kama abokin gaba, ɗaure abokin gaba da sauran irin waɗannan amfani. Tsawon kewayon makamin ya haɗu da kayan aiki tare da ikon kai farmaki ko shiga abokin gaba a abin da mai amfani ya ɗauka "mai aminci" nesa daga hanya. Lokacin da aka ƙware da wannan makami, ana iya amfani da shi don ɗaure takobi kuma ya ja shi daga hannun abokin hamayyarsa, yana sa su zama marasa lahani. Ana amfani da igiya da zobe na kyoketsu-shoge a wasu lokuta don rufe ƙafafun abokin gaba kuma ya yi tafiya da su.[1] Yawanci zobe na zagaye yana da laushi maimakon zagaye a cikin ɓangaren giciye don samar da riƙewa mai ƙarfi da kuma tsari mai ƙarfi, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da zobe don bugawa da bugawa a cikin amfani. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kayan aiki azaman taimakon hawa, kuma ana iya jefa shi kuma a ajiye shi a kusurwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-09 |title=How To Use The Kyoketsu Shoge |url=http://www.shinmyoken.com/martial-arts-training/how-to-use-the-kyoketsu-shoge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131130212/http://www.shinmyoken.com/martial-arts-training/how-to-use-the-kyoketsu-shoge/ |archive-date=2020-01-31 |access-date=2020-01-31 |website=shinmyoken.com |publisher=Bujinkan Shinmyoken Dojo |language=en}}</ref> == Shari'a == A cikin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Ireland]], an haramta "''kyoketsu shoge'', kasancewa tsawon igiya, igiya, waya ko sarkar da aka ɗaure a gefe ɗaya zuwa wuka mai ƙugiya" a ƙarƙashin Dokar Makamai da Makamai ta shekarar alif (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Justice |date=25 January 2019 |title=Firearms - your questions answered |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/31d35-firearms-your-questions-answered/?referrer=http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/FAQ |website=Government of Ireland}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == * A cikin zane-zane na GI Joe: Renegades, Jinx da Storm Shadow sun yi amfani da wani sashi mai canzawa a lokacin "The Return of the Arashikage, Parts 1 and 2" * A cikin fim din ''Ninja Assassin'', an yi amfani da wani nau'in sarkar da aka gyara na wannan makami a matsayin babban makamin Raizo. * A cikin fim din Game of Death II, Lee Chen-kwok (李振國) / Bobby Lo (盧博比) yana amfani da ɗaya don ƙetare bene na laser. * A cikin kakar wasa ta farko ta jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] ''Daredevil'', jarumin Japan Nobu ya yi amfani da takobi tare da ƙwarewa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Fight Scenes From 'Marvel's Daredevil' |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-daredevil-best-fight-scenes |access-date=2020-01-31 |website=Marvel Entertainment |language=en}}</ref> * A cikin manga Spirit Circle, Fone yana amfani da wannan makami don kai hari Stona. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin makamai na martial arts == Manazarta == 5mhl2y56hyq16otfvasa2w1x3mcfcaj 0 179374 968251 968221 2026-10-16T13:53:11Z Baby juuu 38856 968251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hankourao Seydou | honorific_prefix = Professor | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar lissafi, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = Medical physics, environmental physics | nationality = Nigerian }} '''Hankourao Seydou''' farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na likitanci da kimiyyar lissafin muhalli (''medical and environmental physics'') a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. A watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2023, jami'ar ta ɗaukaka shi daga matsayin babban malami zuwa matsayin farfesa tare da wasu manyan malamai tara. Rahoton jaridar ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa ɗaukaka matsayin ta biyo bayan taron majalisar gudanarwar jami'ar karo na 48.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State University Promotes 10 Senior Lecturers To Professors |url=https://independent.ng/gombe-state-university-promotes-10-senior-lecturers-to-professors/ |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=3 April 2023 |access-date=16 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi da bincike == Binciken da aka wallafa a shafin bincike mai alaƙa da sunansa ya nuna cewa Seydou ya yi aiki kan batutuwan kimiyyar muhalli da nazarin abubuwa masu guba a cikin ruwa da laka ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi. Daga cikin ayyukan da aka danganta da shi akwai bincike kan gano sinadarai masu nauyi a cikin laka ta Kogin Kubanni ta amfani da fasahar ''Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Seydou Hankouraou — Independent Researcher |url=https://independent.academia.edu/DrSeydouHankouraou |website=Academia.edu |access-date=16 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar lissafi]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] pv5istcoh9rxz5y7de2i8x30drp0uyd 0 179375 968235 2026-10-16T13:18:56Z Mohamed mohsens 40191 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:de:Special:Redirect/revision/222386713|Injy El Mokkaddem]]" 968235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Injil Al Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma ya yi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. fzqwgk915rc1tdk8deybkq1xwuc0mfe 968236 968235 2026-10-16T13:19:48Z Mohamed mohsens 40191 /* */ fixed 968236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Injy El Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma ya yi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. id4oq827r4a6gvt8l54bghxijcu8ono 968237 968236 2026-10-16T13:22:14Z Mohamed mohsens 40191 /* */ Added data box 968237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Injy El Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma ya yi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. sa464buppzgovdxhiqysuy2fvdpu7pq 968240 968237 2026-10-16T13:36:57Z Baby juuu 38856 968240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Injy El Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga wayan Yuli,a shekara ta alif [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma ya yi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. oa0usasuyufkcsoh5i3lfnjtkwad6nb 968241 968240 2026-10-16T13:38:05Z Baby juuu 38856 968241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Injy El Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga wayan Yuli,a shekara ta alif [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma ya yi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar (2006), ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. dwroye0avauj2n2nmub5ep35flmf1gw 968271 968241 2026-10-16T14:37:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 968271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Injy El Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga wayan Yuli,a shekara ta alif [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma tayi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar (2006), ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. 5vpcje2jtefchcjosafs9wn4ykn71tz 968279 968271 2026-10-16T14:56:24Z Mohamed mohsens 40191 /* */ Added links 968279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Injy El Mokkaddem''' ( {{Lang-ar|إنجي المقدم}} (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga wayan Yuli,a shekara ta alif [[1977]] ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin [[Misra|a Masar]] . Injy El Mokkadem ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin cairo]] kuma tayi karatun wata makarantar Katolika ta Armenia mai zaman kanta a can. Ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira|American University in Cairo]] tare da ƙaramar yarinya a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo . Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a masana'antar talla. Da farko ta bayyana a kafafen yada labarai a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai Ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗi a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a tashar talabijin ta Orbit a cikin shirin wasan ''El Selem W El Thaaban'' . Tun daga shekarar (2006), ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a cikin shirin barkwancin talabijin ''mai suna Ahmed Etgawez Mona'' . Da farko ta fito a fina-finan barkwanci kamar ''Harramt Ya Baba'' ko ''Sharbat Loz'', daga nan ta koma wasan kwaikwayo ta kuma fito a fina-finan ''Soqoot Hor'', da ''30 Youm'', da ''La Totfe' Al Shams'' a ''Kalam Banat'', da kuma ''Layali Eugenie'' A cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Masar da Amurka (girfriends guide to divorce) wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2021 mai suna The 45 Rules of Divorce, ta taka rawar marubuciya mai shekaru arba'in. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * [https://elcinema.com/en/person/1103774/ Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa akan elcinema.com] nvx2o5enagsh2zg6h7hsz5ghsouwvkj 0 179376 968247 2026-10-16T13:47:30Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376064306|Principle]]" 968247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Statua_Iustitiae.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Ma'anar adalci makaho ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ce.]] '''ka'ida''' na iya danganta da ainihin gaskiya ko ra'ayi wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushe ga tsarin imani ko halayyar ko sarkar tunani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010-01-01 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=Angus |editor2-last=Lindberg |editor2-first=Christine A. |title=New Oxford American Dictionary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |url-access=subscription |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-539288-3}}</ref> Suna ba da jagora don halayyar ko kimantawa.<ref name=":0" /> Ka'idar na iya bayyana dabi'u, don haka ana bayyana su ta hanyar dokoki da ka'idoji. Ka'idojin cire dabi'u don haka za a iya sauƙaƙa su a cikin maganganun manufofi da ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |date=2021 |title=Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence}}</ref> A cikin [[doka]], ka'idoji masu girma, manyan ka'idojin sun kafa [[Doka|dokoki]] da za a bi, an gyara su ta hanyar yanke hukunci da jagororin da suka shafi mahallin da daidaito. A cikin kimiyya da yanayi, ka'ida na iya bayyana muhimman halaye na tsarin ko nuna manufar tsarin da aka tsara. Ayyukan da suka dace ba za su yiwu ba idan an yi watsi da ɗayan ƙa'idodin. Tsarin na iya kasancewa a bayyane kuma a aiwatar da shi daga takardar ka'idoji, kamar yadda aka yi a cikin IBM's 360/370 Principles of Operation. Yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe ka'idar aiki, gami da ambaton "ka'idoji na farko," daga ka'idojin "jagoranci" ko "misali", kamar daidaito, [[adalci]], da dorewa. Ka'idodin "mafi girma" (Super-Ps) suna ba da tushe don warware bambance-bambance da gina yarjejeniya / daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharpley |first=D. |date=2024 |title=Leadership Principles and Purpose |url=https://www.routledge.com/Leadership-Principles-and-Purpose-Developing-Leadership-Effectiveness-and-Future-Focused-Capability/Sharpley/p/book/9781032575063}}</ref> Misalan ka'idoji sun haɗa da entropy a fannoni da yawa da mafi ƙarancin aiki a cikin kimiyyar lissafi. Misalan a cikin doka mai bayyanawa, cikakke, da kuma muhimmiyar doka sun haɗa da koyarwar ko zato da ke samar da ka'idojin halayyar, kamar rabuwa da coci da jihar a cikin aikin gwamnati, tsakiya na ilimin halitta, [[wiktionary:fairness|adalci]] a cikin ɗabi'a, da sauransu. A cikin Turanci na yau da kullun, kalma ce mai mahimmanci da kuma haɗin gwiwa da ke nufin mulkin mallaka, wanda rashin shi, kasancewa "marasa ka'ida," ana ɗaukarsa lahani ne. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don bayyana cewa gaskiyar ta rabu da wasu manufofi ko al'ada, kamar lokacin da aka ce wani abu gaskiya ne kawai "a ka'ida" amma ba a zahiri ba. == A matsayin doka == === A matsayin dokar ɗabi'a === [[File:Socrates_BM_GR1973.03-27.16.jpg|thumb|[[Socrates]] ya fi son fuskantar kisa maimakon ya ci amanar ka'idodinsa.]] Ka'idar tana wakiltar dabi'u waɗanda ke jagorantar da sarrafa halayyar mutane a cikin wata al'umma. Don "aiki bisa ka'ida" shine yin aiki daidai da ka'idodin ɗabi'a.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/us/politics/jeff-flake-transcript-senate-speech.html "Full Transcript: Jeff Flake's Speech on the Senate Floor."] ''New York Times''. 24 October 2017. 25 October 2017.</ref>Ana amfani da ka'idoji a lokacin ƙuruciya ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewa. Akwai zaton 'yanci na mutane wanda aka hana. Ka'idojin misali sun haɗa da Na farko, kada ka cutar da shi, Dokar Zinariya da Koyarwar Ma'ana. === A matsayin dokar shari'a === Yana wakiltar jerin dabi'u waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ka'idojin da aka rubuta waɗanda ke tsara rayuwar al'umma da ke biyayya ga ikon hukuma, gabaɗaya jihar. Dokar ta kafa wajibin doka ta hanyar tilasta; saboda haka yana aiki a matsayin ka'idar da ke iyakance 'yanayin mutane. Dubi, don misalai, Ka'idar yanki, ka'idodin gida, da [[Tsarin taka Tsantsan|Ka'idar kariya]]. === A matsayin dokar kimiyya === Ka'idar Archimedes, Andangantashi da nauyin ruwa, misali ne na farko na doka a kimiyya. Wani farkon wanda Malthus ya kirkira shine ''ka'idar yawan jama'a'', yanzu ana kiranta Ka'idar Malthusian..<ref>Elwell, Frank W. [http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Essays/Malthus1.htm "T. Robert Mathus's Principle ...."] ''Rogers State University''. 2013. 25 October 2017.</ref> Freud ya kuma rubuta a kan ka'idoji, musamman Ka'idar gaskiyar da ake buƙata don kiyaye ka'idar da jin daɗi. Masana ilimin halittu suna amfani da ka'idar fifiko da ka'ida na nomenclature na Binominal don daidaito a cikin nau'ukan suna. Akwai ka'idoji da yawa da aka lura a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, musamman a cikin ilimin sararin samaniya wanda ke kiyaye ka'idar matsakaici, ka'idar ɗan adam, ka'idodin ma'ana, da ka'idar cosmological. Sauran sanannun ka'idoji sun haɗa da Ka'idar rashin tabbas a cikin injiniyoyin lissafi da ka'idojin pigeonhole da ka'idodin superposition a cikin lissafi. == A matsayin axiom ko tushen tunani == === Ka'idar isasshen dalili === Ka'idar ta bayyana cewa kowane abin da ya faru yana da bayani mai ma'ana.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sufficient-reason/ "Principle of Sufficient Reason."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611143503/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sufficient-reason/|date=2018-06-11}} ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 7 September 2016. 25 October 2017.</ref> Ka'idar tana da maganganu iri-iri, dukansu watakila mafi kyau a taƙaita su da masu zuwa: : Ga kowane bangare ''x'', idan ''x'' ya wanzu, to akwai isasshen bayani game da dalilin da ya sa ''x'' ya wanzuwa. : Ga kowane taron e, idan e ya faru, to akwai isasshen bayani game da dalilin da ya sa e ya faru. : Ga kowane ra'ayi ''p'', idan ''p'' gaskiya ne, to akwai isasshen bayani game da dalilin da ya sa ''p'' gaskiya ne. Koyaya, mutum ya fahimci cewa a cikin kowane jumla akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin maganganu da batun. Don cewa "Duniya tana da zagaye" ya dace da dangantaka kai tsaye tsakanin batun da maganganu. === Ka'idar rashin jituwa === [[File:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto na Aristotle; kwafin Roman Imperial na wani siffar tagulla da Lysippos ya yi]] A cewar [[Aristotle]], "Ba zai yiwu abu ɗaya ya kasance kuma ba ya kasance a lokaci guda ga abu ɗaya kuma a cikin wannan batu.. "Misali, ba zai yiwu a daidai wannan lokacin da wuri ba, ruwan sama yana yi kuma ba ruwan sama ba. === Ka'idar da aka ware a tsakiya === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>K''A''<nowiki/>'id''A'' cire na uku ko "''P'' tertium exclusum," wata ka'ida ce ta ma'anar gargajiya da [./Gottfried_Wilhelm_Lei&#x3C;i&#x20;id= ''B''" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz] ya tsara kamar haka: ko dai A shine B ko A ba B bane. Ana karanta shi kamar haka: Ko dai ''P'' gaskiya ne, ko kuma ƙin yarda ((((((((((((The principle of the excluding third or "principium tertium exclusum," is a principle of the traditional logic formulated canonically by [[:en:Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz|Leibniz]] as: either ''A'' is ''B'' or ''A'' isn't ''B''. It is read the following way: either ''P'' is true, or its denial ¬''P'' is.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAT3201.0001.001|title=Principia mathematica, by Alfred North Whitehead ... and Bertrand Russell.|last=Whitehead|first=Alfred North|date=2005}}</ref> It is also known as "''tertium non datur''" ('A third (thing) is not'). Classically, it is considered to be one of the most important fundamental principles or laws of thought (along with the principles of identity, non-contradiction, and sufficient reason).))))))))da shi ¬P ne. Har ila yau an san shi da "tertium non datur" ('A na uku (wani abu) ba ne'). A al'ada, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji ko ka'idojin tunani (tare da ka'idodin ainihi, rashin saɓani, da isasshen dalili). == Dubi kuma == * Ahimsa * Axiom * Sakamakon * Ragewa * Sakamakon da ya dace * Maxim (falsafa) * Ka'idar rashin tashin hankali * <span class="plainlinks">Tabbacin kai</span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9hku4wsq4h4o0719qhe2gbuorqfzhn3 968248 968247 2026-10-16T13:48:31Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968248 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Statua_Iustitiae.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Ma'anar adalci makaho ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ce.]] '''ka'ida''' na iya danganta da ainihin gaskiya ko ra'ayi wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushe ga tsarin imani ko halayyar ko sarkar tunani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010-01-01 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=Angus |editor2-last=Lindberg |editor2-first=Christine A. |title=New Oxford American Dictionary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |url-access=subscription |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-539288-3}}</ref> Suna ba da jagora don halayyar ko kimantawa.<ref name=":0" /> Ka'idar na iya bayyana dabi'u, don haka ana bayyana su ta hanyar dokoki da ka'idoji. Ka'idojin cire dabi'u don haka za a iya sauƙaƙa su a cikin maganganun manufofi da ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |date=2021 |title=Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence}}</ref> A cikin [[doka]], ka'idoji masu girma, manyan ka'idojin sun kafa [[Doka|dokoki]] da za a bi, an gyara su ta hanyar yanke hukunci da jagororin da suka shafi mahallin da daidaito. A cikin kimiyya da yanayi, ka'ida na iya bayyana muhimman halaye na tsarin ko nuna manufar tsarin da aka tsara. Ayyukan da suka dace ba za su yiwu ba idan an yi watsi da ɗayan ƙa'idodin. Tsarin na iya kasancewa a bayyane kuma a aiwatar da shi daga takardar ka'idoji, kamar yadda aka yi a cikin IBM's 360/370 Principles of Operation. Yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe ka'idar aiki, gami da ambaton "ka'idoji na farko," daga ka'idojin "jagoranci" ko "misali", kamar daidaito, [[adalci]], da dorewa. Ka'idodin "mafi girma" (Super-Ps) suna ba da tushe don warware bambance-bambance da gina yarjejeniya / daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharpley |first=D. |date=2024 |title=Leadership Principles and Purpose |url=https://www.routledge.com/Leadership-Principles-and-Purpose-Developing-Leadership-Effectiveness-and-Future-Focused-Capability/Sharpley/p/book/9781032575063}}</ref> Misalan ka'idoji sun haɗa da entropy a fannoni da yawa da mafi ƙarancin aiki a cikin kimiyyar lissafi. Misalan a cikin doka mai bayyanawa, cikakke, da kuma muhimmiyar doka sun haɗa da koyarwar ko zato da ke samar da ka'idojin halayyar, kamar rabuwa da coci da jihar a cikin aikin gwamnati, tsakiya na ilimin halitta, [[wiktionary:fairness|adalci]] a cikin ɗabi'a, da sauransu. A cikin Turanci na yau da kullun, kalma ce mai mahimmanci da kuma haɗin gwiwa da ke nufin mulkin mallaka, wanda rashin shi, kasancewa "marasa ka'ida," ana ɗaukarsa lahani ne. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don bayyana cewa gaskiyar ta rabu da wasu manufofi ko al'ada, kamar lokacin da aka ce wani abu gaskiya ne kawai "a ka'ida" amma ba a zahiri ba. == A matsayin doka == === A matsayin dokar ɗabi'a === [[File:Socrates_BM_GR1973.03-27.16.jpg|thumb|[[Socrates]] ya fi son fuskantar kisa maimakon ya ci amanar ka'idodinsa.]] Ka'idar tana wakiltar dabi'u waɗanda ke jagorantar da sarrafa halayyar mutane a cikin wata al'umma. Don "aiki bisa ka'ida" shine yin aiki daidai da ka'idodin ɗabi'a.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/us/politics/jeff-flake-transcript-senate-speech.html "Full Transcript: Jeff Flake's Speech on the Senate Floor."] ''New York Times''. 24 October 2017. 25 October 2017.</ref>Ana amfani da ka'idoji a lokacin ƙuruciya ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewa. Akwai zaton 'yanci na mutane wanda aka hana. Ka'idojin misali sun haɗa da Na farko, kada ka cutar da shi, Dokar Zinariya da Koyarwar Ma'ana. === A matsayin dokar shari'a === Yana wakiltar jerin dabi'u waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ka'idojin da aka rubuta waɗanda ke tsara rayuwar al'umma da ke biyayya ga ikon hukuma, gabaɗaya jihar. Dokar ta kafa wajibin doka ta hanyar tilasta; saboda haka yana aiki a matsayin ka'idar da ke iyakance 'yanayin mutane. Dubi, don misalai, Ka'idar yanki, ka'idodin gida, da [[Tsarin taka Tsantsan|Ka'idar kariya]]. === A matsayin dokar kimiyya === Ka'idar Archimedes, Andangantashi da nauyin ruwa, misali ne na farko na doka a kimiyya. Wani farkon wanda Malthus ya kirkira shine ''ka'idar yawan jama'a'', yanzu ana kiranta Ka'idar Malthusian..<ref>Elwell, Frank W. [http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Essays/Malthus1.htm "T. Robert Mathus's Principle ...."] ''Rogers State University''. 2013. 25 October 2017.</ref> Freud ya kuma rubuta a kan ka'idoji, musamman Ka'idar gaskiyar da ake buƙata don kiyaye ka'idar da jin daɗi. Masana ilimin halittu suna amfani da ka'idar fifiko da ka'ida na nomenclature na Binominal don daidaito a cikin nau'ukan suna. Akwai ka'idoji da yawa da aka lura a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, musamman a cikin ilimin sararin samaniya wanda ke kiyaye ka'idar matsakaici, ka'idar ɗan adam, ka'idodin ma'ana, da ka'idar cosmological. Sauran sanannun ka'idoji sun haɗa da Ka'idar rashin tabbas a cikin injiniyoyin lissafi da ka'idojin pigeonhole da ka'idodin superposition a cikin lissafi. == A matsayin axiom ko tushen tunani == === Ka'idar isasshen dalili === Ka'idar ta bayyana cewa kowane abin da ya faru yana da bayani mai ma'ana.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sufficient-reason/ "Principle of Sufficient Reason."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611143503/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sufficient-reason/|date=2018-06-11}} ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 7 September 2016. 25 October 2017.</ref> Ka'idar tana da maganganu iri-iri, dukansu watakila mafi kyau a taƙaita su da masu zuwa: : Ga kowane bangare ''x'', idan ''x'' ya wanzu, to akwai isasshen bayani game da dalilin da ya sa ''x'' ya wanzuwa. : Ga kowane taron e, idan e ya faru, to akwai isasshen bayani game da dalilin da ya sa e ya faru. : Ga kowane ra'ayi ''p'', idan ''p'' gaskiya ne, to akwai isasshen bayani game da dalilin da ya sa ''p'' gaskiya ne. Koyaya, mutum ya fahimci cewa a cikin kowane jumla akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin maganganu da batun. Don cewa "Duniya tana da zagaye" ya dace da dangantaka kai tsaye tsakanin batun da maganganu. === Ka'idar rashin jituwa === [[File:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto na Aristotle; kwafin Roman Imperial na wani siffar tagulla da Lysippos ya yi]] A cewar [[Aristotle]], "Ba zai yiwu abu ɗaya ya kasance kuma ba ya kasance a lokaci guda ga abu ɗaya kuma a cikin wannan batu.. "Misali, ba zai yiwu a daidai wannan lokacin da wuri ba, ruwan sama yana yi kuma ba ruwan sama ba. === Ka'idar da aka ware a tsakiya === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>K''A''<nowiki/>'id''A'' cire na uku ko "''P'' tertium exclusum," wata ka'ida ce ta ma'anar gargajiya da [./Gottfried_Wilhelm_Lei&#x3C;i&#x20;id= ''B''" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz] ya tsara kamar haka: ko dai A shine B ko A ba B bane. Ana karanta shi kamar haka: Ko dai ''P'' gaskiya ne, ko kuma ƙin yarda da shi ¬P ne. Har ila yau an san shi da "tertium non datur" ('A na uku (wani abu) ba ne'). A al'ada, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji ko ka'idojin tunani (tare da ka'idodin ainihi, rashin saɓani, da isasshen dalili). == Dubi kuma == * Ahimsa * Axiom * Sakamakon * Ragewa * Sakamakon da ya dace * Maxim (falsafa) * Ka'idar rashin tashin hankali * <span class="plainlinks">Tabbacin kai</span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 76gcq4g9izof960dyvn2ar2mrhv4h3y 0 179377 968249 2026-10-16T13:51:13Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378400973|Félix Mourinho]]" 968249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Manuel Mourinho Félix''' (12 ga Fabrairu 1938 - 25 ga Yuni 2017), wanda aka fi sani da '''Félix Mourinho''', <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Morreu Félix Mourinho, pai de José Mourinho |trans-title=Death of Félix Mourinho, José Mourinho's father |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/morreu-o-pai-de-jose-mourinho |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> ya kasance [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] da kuma kocin Portugal. == Ayyukan wasa == An haifi Mourinho a Ferragudo, a Gundumar Faro da ke yankin Algarve na ƙasar Portugal. Ya buga wasanni 19 a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma ya fara buga wasa a gasar Firimiya a kakar 1955–1956 tare da ƙungiyar Vitória de Setúbal. Ya shafe shekaru 13 yana buga wa ƙungiyar wasa. A wannan lokacin, ya taimaka mata wajen lashe Kofin Portugal sau biyu, sannan ya halarci wasanni da dama a gasar Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. <ref name="AT">{{Cite web |last=Tadeia |first=António |date=12 February 2016 |title=Defendeu apenas dois clubes em 19 anos: o V. Setúbal e o Belenenses. O pai do melhor treinador português de sempre sofreu o primeiro golo de Eusébio, mas no mesmo jogo defendeu-lhe um penalti. E ganhou uma Taça de Portugal. |trans-title=He only represented two clubs in 19 years: V. Setúbal and Belenenses. The father of the best Portuguese coach of all time let in Eusébio's first goal, but he saved his penalty in the same match. And he won a Portuguese Cup. |url=http://antoniotadeia.com/f80/62/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183432/http://antoniotadeia.com/f80/62/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=António Tadeia |language=pt}}</ref> Kafin 1968-69 ya fara, Mourinho ya sanya hannu a kan 'yan uwansa na farko na kulob din Belenenses, ya kammala a matsayi na biyu mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta biyar - tare da cancanta shiga gasar cin Kofin UEFA - kuma ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin shekara mai zuwa yana da shekaru 36. Ya sami kwallo daya ga tawagar kasar Portugal, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin José Henrique na Benfica a cikin minti na mutuwa na nasarar 2-1 a kan Jamhuriyar Ireland a gasar cin kofin Brazil ta 1972. <ref name="AT" /> == Ayyukan horarwa == Mourinho ya fara horar da shi a shekara ta 1976 (ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Belenenses, yayin da yake dan wasa mai aiki). Shirinsa na farko a saman matakin ya kasance a cikin 1980-81 tare da Amora, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba a matsayin zakara a shekarar da ta gabata. Ya bar tawagar a tsakiyar yakin kuma ya koma Segunda Liga tare da Rio Ave, ya sami wannan nasarar bayan ya lashe wasanni bakwai a cikin 11.<ref name="AT" /> Lokacin da Mourinho ya samu a saman jirgin shine 1981-82 da 1983-84, wanda ya jagoranci Rio Ave zuwa matsayi na biyar a cikin tsohon da kuma na karshe na kofin cikin gida a cikin karshen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Sérgio |date=28 October 2015 |title=Mourinho e as memórias de um Rio Ave em maré alta |trans-title=Mourinho and the memories of on-a-rise Rio Ave |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/felix-mourinho/mourinho-e-as-memorias-de-um-rio-ave-em-mare-alta |access-date=26 June 2017 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Tsohon ya ga ɗansa [[José Mourinho|José]] ya shiga cikin tawagar a karo na farko, kuma galibi ana ba shi aiki tare da neman wasu kungiyoyi ga mahaifinsa lokacin da ba ya wasa ga masu ajiya. Mourinho da wuya ya zaɓi ɗansa, amma a ranar ƙarshe ta kamfen ɗin da aka zaba a kan Sporting CP, wani mai tsaron gida ya ji rauni a cikin dumi kafin wasan, don haka ya gaya wa ɗansa ya canza. Koyaya, shugaban kasar José Maria Pinho, yana tsoron barazanar nepotism, ya soke shawarar yin hakan; abin da ya faru ya ga ma'aurata sun bar kulob din don shiga Belenenses a lokacin rani mai zuwa - kafin haka, an yi la'akari da kocin don aikin Portugal, amma an wuce shi ga Fernando Cabrita. <ref name="Indy" /> == Mutuwa == Mourinho ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2017 a Setúbal, yana da shekaru 79. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=Jose Mourinho's father Felix dies at the age of 79 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/10927714/jose-mourinhos-father-felix-dies-at-the-age-of-79 |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> == Daraja == === Mai kunnawa === '''Vitória Setúbal''' * Kofin Portugal: 1964-65, 1966-67; wanda ya zo na biyu: 1961-62, 1965-66, 1967-68 <ref name="AT" /> === Manajan === '''Amora''' * Sashe na Biyu: 1979-80 <ref name="AT" /> '''Rio Ave''' * Kofin Portugal wanda ya zo na biyu: 1983-84 <ref name="AT" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Félix Mourinhoa ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) * Félix Mourinho manager statsa ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) * {{NFT player|45847}} * Félix Mourinhoa EU-Football.info (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] bpdec3o537s7vvazwy0dutj100wzdcc 968250 968249 2026-10-16T13:51:41Z Baby juuu 38856 968250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''José Manuel Mourinho Félix''' (12 ga Fabrairu 1938 - 25 ga Yuni 2017), wanda aka fi sani da '''Félix Mourinho''', <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Morreu Félix Mourinho, pai de José Mourinho |trans-title=Death of Félix Mourinho, José Mourinho's father |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/morreu-o-pai-de-jose-mourinho |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> ya kasance [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] da kuma kocin Portugal. == Ayyukan wasa == An haifi Mourinho a Ferragudo, a Gundumar Faro da ke yankin Algarve na ƙasar Portugal. Ya buga wasanni 19 a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma ya fara buga wasa a gasar Firimiya a kakar 1955–1956 tare da ƙungiyar Vitória de Setúbal. Ya shafe shekaru 13 yana buga wa ƙungiyar wasa. A wannan lokacin, ya taimaka mata wajen lashe Kofin Portugal sau biyu, sannan ya halarci wasanni da dama a gasar Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. <ref name="AT">{{Cite web |last=Tadeia |first=António |date=12 February 2016 |title=Defendeu apenas dois clubes em 19 anos: o V. Setúbal e o Belenenses. O pai do melhor treinador português de sempre sofreu o primeiro golo de Eusébio, mas no mesmo jogo defendeu-lhe um penalti. E ganhou uma Taça de Portugal. |trans-title=He only represented two clubs in 19 years: V. Setúbal and Belenenses. The father of the best Portuguese coach of all time let in Eusébio's first goal, but he saved his penalty in the same match. And he won a Portuguese Cup. |url=http://antoniotadeia.com/f80/62/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183432/http://antoniotadeia.com/f80/62/ |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=António Tadeia |language=pt}}</ref> Kafin 1968-69 ya fara, Mourinho ya sanya hannu a kan 'yan uwansa na farko na kulob din Belenenses, ya kammala a matsayi na biyu mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta biyar - tare da cancanta shiga gasar cin Kofin UEFA - kuma ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin shekara mai zuwa yana da shekaru 36. Ya sami kwallo daya ga tawagar kasar Portugal, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin José Henrique na Benfica a cikin minti na mutuwa na nasarar 2-1 a kan Jamhuriyar Ireland a gasar cin kofin Brazil ta 1972. <ref name="AT" /> == Ayyukan horarwa == Mourinho ya fara horar da shi a shekara ta 1976 (ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Belenenses, yayin da yake dan wasa mai aiki). Shirinsa na farko a saman matakin ya kasance a cikin 1980-81 tare da Amora, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba a matsayin zakara a shekarar da ta gabata. Ya bar tawagar a tsakiyar yakin kuma ya koma Segunda Liga tare da Rio Ave, ya sami wannan nasarar bayan ya lashe wasanni bakwai a cikin 11.<ref name="AT" /> Lokacin da Mourinho ya samu a saman jirgin shine 1981-82 da 1983-84, wanda ya jagoranci Rio Ave zuwa matsayi na biyar a cikin tsohon da kuma na karshe na kofin cikin gida a cikin karshen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Sérgio |date=28 October 2015 |title=Mourinho e as memórias de um Rio Ave em maré alta |trans-title=Mourinho and the memories of on-a-rise Rio Ave |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/felix-mourinho/mourinho-e-as-memorias-de-um-rio-ave-em-mare-alta |access-date=26 June 2017 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Tsohon ya ga ɗansa [[José Mourinho|José]] ya shiga cikin tawagar a karo na farko, kuma galibi ana ba shi aiki tare da neman wasu kungiyoyi ga mahaifinsa lokacin da ba ya wasa ga masu ajiya. Mourinho da wuya ya zaɓi ɗansa, amma a ranar ƙarshe ta kamfen ɗin da aka zaba a kan Sporting CP, wani mai tsaron gida ya ji rauni a cikin dumi kafin wasan, don haka ya gaya wa ɗansa ya canza. Koyaya, shugaban kasar José Maria Pinho, yana tsoron barazanar nepotism, ya soke shawarar yin hakan; abin da ya faru ya ga ma'aurata sun bar kulob din don shiga Belenenses a lokacin rani mai zuwa - kafin haka, an yi la'akari da kocin don aikin Portugal, amma an wuce shi ga Fernando Cabrita. <ref name="Indy" /> == Mutuwa == Mourinho ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2017 a Setúbal, yana da shekaru 79. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=Jose Mourinho's father Felix dies at the age of 79 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/10927714/jose-mourinhos-father-felix-dies-at-the-age-of-79 |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> == Daraja == === Mai kunnawa === '''Vitória Setúbal''' * Kofin Portugal: 1964-65, 1966-67; wanda ya zo na biyu: 1961-62, 1965-66, 1967-68 <ref name="AT" /> === Manajan === '''Amora''' * Sashe na Biyu: 1979-80 <ref name="AT" /> '''Rio Ave''' * Kofin Portugal wanda ya zo na biyu: 1983-84 <ref name="AT" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Félix Mourinhoa ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) * Félix Mourinho manager statsa ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) * {{NFT player|45847}} * Félix Mourinhoa EU-Football.info (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] icgq0ynheafz5aifwb10h4bp4rq5t0z 0 179378 968253 2026-10-16T14:10:44Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320711176|Constitutional liberalism]]" 968253 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles>Tsarin mulki na kundin tsarin mulki wani nau'i ne na gwamnati wanda ke goyan bayan ka'idodin sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya da [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]]. Ya bambanta da dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi saboda ba game da hanyar zabar gwamnati ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Nathan |date=27 January 2014 |title=It's Not Democracy You Want...It's Liberalism |url=http://assentmagazine.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/its-not-democracy-you-wantits-liberalism/ |access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> Jarida kuma masanin [[Fareed Zakaria]] ya bayyana cewa sassaucin ra'ayi na tsarin mulki "yana game da burin gwamnati ne. Yana nufin al'ada, mai zurfi a tarihin Yamma, wanda ke neman kare ikon cin gashin kai da mutunci daga tilastawa, komai tushen - jihar, coci, ko al'umma".<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=November 1997 |title=The Rise of Illiberal Democracy |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53577/fareed-zakaria/the-rise-of-illiberal-democracy |accessdate=9 February 2014 |newspaper=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> A cikin jihar mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta tsarin mulki, ana tsara kasuwar sassaucin Ra'ayi kuma ana ((((((((((explains that constitutional liberalism "is about government's goals. It refers to the tradition, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source—state, church, or society".<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=November 1997 |title=The Rise of Illiberal Democracy |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53577/fareed-zakaria/the-rise-of-illiberal-democracy |accessdate=9 February 2014 |newspaper=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> In a constitutionally liberal state, a liberal market is regulated and protected at the level of the constitution and so trade is mostly free, but not entirely unhampered)))))))kiyaye ta a matakin kundin tsarin mulki don haka cinikayya galibi kyauta ce, amma ba gaba ɗaya ba ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanberg |first=Victor |date=1999 |title=Markets and Regulation: On the Contrast Between Free-Market Liberalism and Constitutional Liberalism. |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1009007511719.pdf |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–243 |doi=10.1023/A:1009007511719 |s2cid=152810983 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, dimokuradiyya ta zama ruwan dare a duniya, amma ta kasance tana raguwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Freedom in the World 2019 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205150927/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Freedom House ta ruwaito cewa a cikin 2018 akwai dimokuradiyya 116 na zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Freedom in the World 2018 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116145430/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores |archive-date=2018-01-16 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe ba su da sassaucin ra'ayi a tsarin mulki kuma ana iya bayyana su a matsayin Dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2013 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013#.Uve5o2SwIaM |access-date=9 February 2014 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plattner |first=Marc |date=28 January 2009 |title=Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One Without the Other |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53815/marc-f-plattner/liberalism-and-democracy-cant-have-one-without-the-other |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=77 |issue=2 |access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> Tsarin mulki na sassaucin ra'ayi ya bambanta da tsarin mulki mai sassaucin rikitarwa. Duk da yake tsohon ya tabbatar da dabi'un ikon mallakar mutum a matakin tsarin mulki, na ƙarshe yana kula da 'yancin tabbatar da dabi-un kansa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanberg |first=Victor |date=2011 |title=Liberal Constitutionalism, Constitutional Liberalism and Democracy |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/36458/1/617387559.pdf |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=22 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s10602-010-9090-8 |s2cid=144433277 |via=Springer |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar masanin zamantakewa Kim Lane Scheppele, "ya girmama haƙƙin mutane ta hanyar sanya iyakoki kan abin da gwamnatoci zasu iya yi a cikin sunan mafi rinjaye kuma suna buƙatar cibiyoyin jihar dimokuradiyya su kasance masu lissafi da iyakancewa". == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin kai na gargajiya * Tsarin Mulki * Manufofin Dimokuradiyya * Tarihin dimokuradiyya * Dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi * Dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi * Yanayin mai tsaron dare * 'Yancin kai na zamantakewa == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9jriq22hbeami7loteqkeax2yb4axde 968255 968253 2026-10-16T14:12:04Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968255 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles>Tsarin mulki na kundin tsarin mulki wani nau'i ne na gwamnati wanda ke goyan bayan ka'idodin sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya da [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]]. Ya bambanta da dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi saboda ba game da hanyar zabar gwamnati ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Nathan |date=27 January 2014 |title=It's Not Democracy You Want...It's Liberalism |url=http://assentmagazine.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/its-not-democracy-you-wantits-liberalism/ |access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> Jarida kuma masanin [[Fareed Zakaria]] ya bayyana cewa sassaucin ra'ayi na tsarin mulki "yana game da burin gwamnati ne. Yana nufin al'ada, mai zurfi a tarihin Yamma, wanda ke neman kare ikon cin gashin kai da mutunci daga tilastawa, komai tushen - jihar, coci, ko al'umma".<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=November 1997 |title=The Rise of Illiberal Democracy |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53577/fareed-zakaria/the-rise-of-illiberal-democracy |accessdate=9 February 2014 |newspaper=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> A cikin jihar mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta tsarin mulki, ana tsara kasuwar sassaucin Ra'ayi kuma ana kiyaye ta a matakin kundin tsarin mulki don haka cinikayya galibi kyauta ce, amma ba gaba ɗaya ba ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanberg |first=Victor |date=1999 |title=Markets and Regulation: On the Contrast Between Free-Market Liberalism and Constitutional Liberalism. |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1009007511719.pdf |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–243 |doi=10.1023/A:1009007511719 |s2cid=152810983 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, dimokuradiyya ta zama ruwan dare a duniya, amma ta kasance tana raguwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Freedom in the World 2019 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205150927/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Freedom House ta ruwaito cewa a cikin 2018 akwai dimokuradiyya 116 na zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Freedom in the World 2018 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116145430/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores |archive-date=2018-01-16 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe ba su da sassaucin ra'ayi a tsarin mulki kuma ana iya bayyana su a matsayin Dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2013 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013#.Uve5o2SwIaM |access-date=9 February 2014 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plattner |first=Marc |date=28 January 2009 |title=Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One Without the Other |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53815/marc-f-plattner/liberalism-and-democracy-cant-have-one-without-the-other |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=77 |issue=2 |access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> Tsarin mulki na sassaucin ra'ayi ya bambanta da tsarin mulki mai sassaucin rikitarwa. Duk da yake tsohon ya tabbatar da dabi'un ikon mallakar mutum a matakin tsarin mulki, na ƙarshe yana kula da 'yancin tabbatar da dabi-un kansa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanberg |first=Victor |date=2011 |title=Liberal Constitutionalism, Constitutional Liberalism and Democracy |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/36458/1/617387559.pdf |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=22 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s10602-010-9090-8 |s2cid=144433277 |via=Springer |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar masanin zamantakewa Kim Lane Scheppele, "ya girmama haƙƙin mutane ta hanyar sanya iyakoki kan abin da gwamnatoci zasu iya yi a cikin sunan mafi rinjaye kuma suna buƙatar cibiyoyin jihar dimokuradiyya su kasance masu lissafi da iyakancewa". == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin kai na gargajiya * Tsarin Mulki * Manufofin Dimokuradiyya * Tarihin dimokuradiyya * Dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi * Dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi * Yanayin mai tsaron dare * 'Yancin kai na zamantakewa == Bayanan da aka ambata == rme6dya6bp64i87df92vv9gk2xw2hja 0 179379 968254 2026-10-16T14:10:57Z Marwan Bello 31239 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377091526|Sulaiman Adebola Adegunwa]]" 968254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sulaiman Adebola Adegunwa''' Listeni[[Order of the Niger|OFR]], ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, mai ba da taimako, kuma tsohon shugaban Sterling Bank Plc . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Essay Holdings Limited; Kamfanin Iyaye na Rite Foods Limited . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fototec boss reneges on house donation to LASU |url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/fototec-boss-reneges-on-house-donation-to-lasu/ |access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Thai Farm International Limited, wani kamfani da ke Najeriya wanda ke mai da hankali kan samar da rogo da sarrafa shi.. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Sulaimon, Ososa, [[Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun, Najeriya]]. == Ayyuka == Adegunwa tana da digiri na biyu na girmamawa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] da [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, an nada shi babban darakta na Sterling Bank Plc, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2014. A shekarar 2006, an ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta [[Order of the Niger|Jami'in umurnin]] [[Najeriya]] (OON) daga tsohon Shugaban Najeriya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian National Awards |url=http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20061228122222zg/sections/important-documents/nigerian-national-awards/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=NigerianMuse}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f2na000gcsdu05dxhjer8a6loyh1beu 0 179380 968256 2026-10-16T14:14:05Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Agwu Inobia''' ko '''Eze Agwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Eze Agwu.wav|Saurara|help=no}} yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa birnin [[Arochukwu]], birni na uku mafi girma a [[Jihar Abia]], a yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Maƙeri ne kuma jagoran danginsa. An ce Eze Agwu zuriyar Nna Uru ne. Nna Uru yana da alaƙa da waɗanda suka kafa al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da su, wato [[Abiriba]] da kuma [[Edda people]]. Al'adun Edda da Abiriba sun bayyana cewa kakanninsu ne suka kafa Arochukwu. Dangin Eze Agwu sun zauna a wani yanki da a yanzu ake kira birnin-jiha na Amanagwu. A matsayinsu na sababbin mazauna, ƙarfin yankin na Obong Okon Ita ya yi tsayayya da dangin Eze Agwu, lamarin da ya haifar da fara [[Aro-Ibibio Wars|Yaƙe-yaƙen Aro da Ibibio]]. Da farko, yaƙin ya tsaya cak ba tare da wani ɓangare ya yi nasara ba. Bangarorin biyu sun shirya auren sarkin Obong Okon Ita da wata mata daga dangin Eze Agwu domin ƙoƙarin samar da zaman lafiya. A ƙarshe, auren bai samar da zaman lafiya ba, amma daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin. Sarki Agwu Inobia ya gayyaci wani malamin addini mai suna [[Nnachi]] daga ƙungiyar Edda domin ya taimaka masa wajen warware wannan tsayawar yaƙi da kuma samun nasara. Bayan isowarsa, Nnachi da Eze Agwu sun ƙulla ƙawance da basarake [[Akakpokpo Okon]] na masarautar Ibibio ta Obong Okon Ita. Akakpokpo Okon ɗa ne daga auren sarkin Obong Okon Ita da wata mata daga ƙabilar Igbo. Ƙungiyar Eze Agwu da Nnachi ta yanke shawarar taimaka wa Akakpokpo wajen hambarar da ɗan'uwansa, Sarki [[Akpan Okon]], amma an fuskanci gagarumar turjiya ga wannan yunƙuri na juyin mulki. Nnachi ya nemi taimakon wata ƙungiya daga gabashin Kogin Cross da aka sani da [[Akpa]]. An ce mutanen Akpa suna da bindigogi, kuma ana danganta su da shigar da wannan makami cikin yankin. Sarakuna [[Osim and Akuma Nnubi]] sun jagoranci sojojin Akpa domin taimakawa wajen yaƙi da mutanen Ibibio. Ƙawancen da ke tsakanin Eze Agwu, Nnachi, Akakpokpo Okon da Akpa ya ƙarfafa matsayinsu wajen yaƙi da sojojin Obong Okon Ita a tsakanin shekarun 1690 zuwa 1720, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Osim Nnubi. Sakamakon Yaƙe-yaƙen Aro da Ibibio, ƙawancen ya kafa masarautar Arochukwu. An naɗa Akuma Nnubi a matsayin sarkin Arochukwu a madadin ɗan'uwansa Osim Nnubi, wanda ya mutu a ƙarshen yaƙin. Basarake Akakpokpo ya mutu, sannan aka haɗa daular [[Ulu Okon]] cikin zuriyar Eze Agwu. An shigar da Amanagwu cikin biranen-jihohi 19 na Arochukwu a matsayin birni na farko, kuma Eze Agwu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin zuriyoyi uku da suka kafa Arochukwu. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * http://www.aro-okigbo.com/history_of_the_aros.htm * https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232256/http://www.aronetwork.org/others/arohistory.html * http://www.aronewsonline.com/origincivilization.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229222141/http://www.aronewsonline.com/origincivilization.html |date=2019-12-29 }} * http://abiribaenachioken.com/about-us/index.php?page=History-of-Abiriba {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223231802/http://abiribaenachioken.com/about-us/index.php?page=History-of-Abiriba |date=2022-02-23 }} * http://www.ebonyionline.com/edda-migration/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223233312/http://www.ebonyionline.com/edda-migration/ |date=2022-02-23 }} [[Category:Aro people]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} gjrobo9d7uglh832a38y34r2fu9mv6m 0 179381 968258 2026-10-16T14:19:23Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367000409|List of countries with multiple capitals]]" 968258 wikitext text/x-wiki   Wasu ƙasashe ana iya ɗaukar su da [[Babban birni|manyan birane]] da yawa. A wasu lokuta, birni ɗaya shine babban birni don wasu dalilai, kuma ɗayan ko fiye wasu sune babban birni saboda wasu dalilai, ba tare da an dauke su babban birni na hukuma ba fiye da sauran. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta inda akwai babban birni guda ɗaya da aka ayyana bisa(((((((((have multiple [[:en:Capital_city|capitals]]. In some cases, one city is the capital for some purposes, and one or more others are capital for other purposes, without any being considered an official capital in preference to the others. There are also cases where there is a single legally defined capital, but one or more other cities operate as the [[:en:Seat_of_government|seat of government]] of some or all parts of the national government; in these situations, sources may disagree on whether these other cities are considered additional capital cities.)))))))) doka, amma ɗayan birane ko fiye suna aiki a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnati na wasu ko dukkan sassan gwamnatin ƙasa; a cikin waɗannan yanayi, kafofin na iya rashin jituwa kan ko ana ɗaukar waɗannan sauran biranen ƙarin manyan biranen. == Fiye da babban birni daya a halin yanzu == '''Labarin launi:'''  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ![[Jerin kasashen|Country]] !Capital !Details |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'' American Samoa'' |Pago Pago |Official capital and home to the territorial government.<ref name="Swaney-1994">Swaney, Deanna (1994). ''Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit''. Lonely Planet Publications. {{ISBN|9780864422255}}.</ref> |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Fagatogo |Seat of government, where the legislature, High Court and District Court are located. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Utulei |Legislative capital and home to the executive office building of the country. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{BEN}}''' |[[Porto-Novo]] |Official capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Cotonou]] |Seat of government; ''de facto'' administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]''' |Sucre |Constitutional capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |La Paz |Seat of government; ''de facto'' executive and legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{BDI}}''' |[[Gitega]] |Official political capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Bujumbura]] |Economic capital and seat of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi |url=https://presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/ |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}  |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Eswatini''' |[[Mbabane]] |Administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Lobamba]] |Legislative capital and royal residence. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{HND}}''' |Tegucigalpa | rowspan="2" |Joint constitutional capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Honduras |url=https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1982/es/102763 |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Comayagüela |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' [[Ivory Coast]]''' |[[Yamoussoukro]] |Official capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Abidjan]] |''De facto'' administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Malaysia''' |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |Constitutional and legislative capital; royal seat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Putrajaya |''De facto'' administrative and judicial capital. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'' Montserrat'' |Plymouth |''De jure'' capital. Abandoned in 1997, following a volcanic eruption. A new capital, Little Bay, is currently under construction. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Brades |''De facto'' capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Netherlands''' |[[Amsterdam]] |Capital per constitution. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Hague|The Hague]] |Seat of government. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''''' Palestine'''''{{Refn|The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the [[Palestine|State of Palestine]] on November 15, 1988. As of September 2025, the State of Palestine is recognized as a sovereign state by 157 of the 193 [[member states of the United Nations]], or just over 80% of all UN members. It is a [[United Nations General Assembly observers|non-member observer state]] at the [[United Nations]] since November 2012.<ref> [https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/L.28 United Nations A/67/L.28 General Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201102703/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F67%2FL.28|date=1 December 2012}}. 26 November 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2012 |title=Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129 |access-date=29 November 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> This limited status is largely due to the [[United States]], a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power, which has consistently used its veto or threatened to do so to block Palestine’s full membership to UN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Fails to Recommend Full United Nations Membership for State of Palestine, Owing to Veto Cast by United States {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423110923/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=press.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=UN assembly approves resolution granting Palestine new rights and reviving its UN membership bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-resolution-palestinians-membership-rights-us-assembly-875560e897f27d6600090420f36404e4 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2024-04-18 |title=US vetoes Palestinian request for full UN membership |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/18/us-veto-palestine-membership-request-united-nations-council |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations with it.<ref>Segal, Jerome M., Chapter 9, "The State of Palestine, The Question of Existence", in Philosophical perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Tomis Kapitan editor, M.E. Sharpe, 1997, {{ISBN|1-56324-878-6}}.</ref><ref>Boyle, Francis A. Creation of the State of Palestine; 1 Eur. J. Int'l L. 301 (1990)</ref><ref>Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority's Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (24 December 2009), para 43.a.</ref><ref>[[John Dugard|Dugard, John]] (22 July 2009; Op-Ed essay). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23iht-eddugard.html "Take the Case"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars.}} |[[Jerusalem]] |Proclaimed capital of the country, but with limited recognition. The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (''Al-Quds Ash-Sharif'')". [[Isra'ila|Israel]] exercises ''de facto'' control over Jerusalem, but neither state's claims to Jerusalem are widely recognized by the international community. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |[[Ramallah]] |''De facto'' capital of the country. It is also the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Philippines''' |[[Manila]] |''De jure'' capital of the country. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Metro Manila |''De facto'' capital of the country. While [[Manila]] is designated as the country's capital, the seat of government is the ''National Capital Region'', commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''' South Africa''' |[[Pretoria]] |Administrative and executive capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Cape Town]] |Legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Bloemfontein]] |Judicial capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' South Korea''' |[[Seoul]] |Official capital and the primary seat of the National Assembly. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Sejong City |''De facto'' administrative capital; since the Sejong Government Complex was finished in 2014, some authorities have moved there from [[Seoul]], making it their primary seat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{LKA}}''' |Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte |Legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Kolombo|Colombo]] |Executive, judicial, and commercial capital. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''''' Western Sahara'''''{{Refn|[[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]] is recognized by [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |44 UN member states]] and [[South Ossetia]]. It was proclaimed by the [[Polisario Front]] on 27 February 1976, in [[Bir Lehlou]]. The Western Sahara government calls the territories under its control the ''Liberated Territories'' or the ''[[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]]''. [[Morocco]] occupies the rest of the disputed territory, and calls these lands its [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Southern Provinces]]. The claimed [[capital city]] of Western Sahara is [[Laayoune]], which is also its largest city. Since Western Sahara does not control Laayoune, it has established a [[temporary capital]] in [[Tifariti]], although most of the day-to-day administration happens in [[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni]], one of the [[Sahrawi refugee camps]] located in [[Tindouf]], [[Algeria]].}} |[[Laayoune]] |''De jure'' capital of the country due to it being ''de facto'' under [[Moroko|Morocco]]'s control. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |Rabouni, [[Tindouf]]{{Refn|[[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni]] as one of the capitals of [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]] is located outside this country, in [[Tindouf]], [[Algeria]].}} |''De facto'' capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Tifariti). |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |Tifariti |Provisional capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Rabouni). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{YEM}}''' |[[Sanaa]] |Official and constitutional capital. It is still considered the country's ''de jure'' capital due to it being under Houthi control since 2014. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Aden |Seat of the Presidential Leadership Council (the internationally recognized government of Yemen) and the country's ''de facto'' capital. It is currently claimed by this [[Zartarwa (gwamnati)|executive body]] as the country's provisional capital. |} == Fiye da babban birni daya a baya == Wadannan ƙasashe suna da birane biyu waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin manyan biranen gudanarwa a lokaci guda, saboda dalilai daban-daban kamar yaƙi, yanayi ko rabuwa. A wasu lokuta, babban birnin na biyu ana ɗaukarsa babban birnin wucin gadi. {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ![[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] !Shekaru (s) !Babban birni !Bayani |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|British Raj}}''' | rowspan="3" |1858–1947 |[[Kolkata]] (an.k.a. Calcutta) (1858-1911) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Babban birnin gudanarwa |- |New Delhi (1911-1947) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Shimla (an.k.a. Simla) |Babban birnin bazara |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}''' | rowspan="2" |1873–1918 |[[Vienna]] |Cisleithania |- |[[Budapest]] |Masarautar Hungary |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="4" |''' Jamhuriyar Sin''' | rowspan="2" |1937–1945 |Nanjing (an san shi da Nanking) |Babban birnin kasar da ke karkashin ikon JapanYanayin ɗan tsana |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Chongqing]] |Babban birnin wucin gadi na Jamhuriyar Sin da ke karkashin mulkin Kuomintang |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |1945–1991 |Nanjing |Babban birnin gudanarwa, majalisa, da na shari'a (wanda aka yi amfani da shi tsakanin 1949 Retreat da 1992 Consensus) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Taipei]] |Babban birnin wucin gadi na Jamhuriyar Sin da ke karkashin mulkin Kuomintang a TaiwanJamhuriyar Sin a Taiwan |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Vichy France}}''' | rowspan="2" |1940–1944 |Vichy |Babban birnin gudanarwa na zahiri |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Faris|Paris]] |Babban birnin kundin tsarin mulki, kuma babban birnin gwamnatin soja ta JamusGudanar da Sojojin Jamus |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}''' | rowspan="3" |1943–1944 |Brindisi (1943-Fabrairu 1944) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Babban birni na wucin gadi |- |Salerno (Fabrairu-Yuni 1944) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Rum|Roma]] |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da Allies suka sake shiAbokan hulɗa sun 'yantar da su |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Italian Social Republic}}''' | rowspan="2" |1943–1944 |Salò |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da ya zama babban birni |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Rum|Roma]] |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da Allies suka sake shiAbokan hulɗa sun 'yantar da su |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Demokradiyyar Koriya''' | rowspan="2" |1948–1972 |[[Seoul]] |Babban birni na doka, ko da yake a takaice a cikin 1950 |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Pyongyang]] |Gidan gwamnati na wucin gadi |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Laos}}''' | rowspan="2" |1947–1975 |[[Vientiane]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Luang Prabang]] |Babban birnin sarauta |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{LBY}}''' | rowspan="2" |1951–1963 |[[Tripoli]] | rowspan="2" |Ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane biyu na [[Masarautar Libya]], sannan Bayda ya zama babban birnin Libya daga 1963 zuwa 1969 |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Benghazi]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Malawi|1960}}''' | rowspan="2" |1974–1994 |[[Lilongwe]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa da shari'a |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Zomba]] |Babban birnin majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |Tarayyar Netherlands da Indonesia | rowspan="2" |1948–1956 |[[Amsterdam]] |Masarautar Netherlands |- |[[Jakarta|Batavia]] |Amurka ta Indonesia |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{NOR}}''' | rowspan="2" |1940 |[[Oslo]] |Babban birnin hukuma |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Hamar |Babban birnin na wucin gadi na rana ɗaya wanda ya zauna a majalisar <ref>[https://annomuseum.no/angrepet Kongens nei - 9. april] {{Small|(Norwegian)}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan="3" |1962–1971 |Rawalpindi (1962-14 Agusta 1967) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Kujerar gwamnati |- |[[Islamabad]] (14 ga Agusta 1967-1971) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Dhaka]] |Tsarin mulki "babban birni na biyu" da kuma ''de jure'' Babban birni na majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''' Philippines''' | rowspan="2" |1948–1976 |Birnin Quezon |Babban birnin hukuma |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Manila]] |Cibiyar gwamnati ta zahiri |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="1" |1901–1976 |Baguio |Babban birnin bazara (har yanzu an san shi da babban birnin bazara, a waje da amfani da siyasa) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagcountry|Serbia and Montenegro}}''' | rowspan="2" |2003–2006 |[[Belgrade]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa da majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Podgoritsa|Podgorica]] |Babban birnin shari'a |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin manyan biranen ƙasa - Jerin manyan manyan biranen ƙasar. * Jerin manyan biranen da aka gina da manufa == Bayani ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 8mw1i0hfopy5yplcsykyd3t5nvy5uh1 968260 968258 2026-10-16T14:20:18Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968260 wikitext text/x-wiki   Wasu ƙasashe ana iya ɗaukar su da [[Babban birni|manyan birane]] da yawa. A wasu lokuta, birni ɗaya shine babban birni don wasu dalilai, kuma ɗayan ko fiye wasu sune babban birni saboda wasu dalilai, ba tare da an dauke su babban birni na hukuma ba fiye da sauran. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta inda akwai babban birni guda ɗaya da aka ayyana bisa doka, amma ɗayan birane ko fiye suna aiki a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnati na wasu ko dukkan sassan gwamnatin ƙasa; a cikin waɗannan yanayi, kafofin na iya rashin jituwa kan ko ana ɗaukar waɗannan sauran biranen ƙarin manyan biranen. == Fiye da babban birni daya a halin yanzu == '''Labarin launi:'''  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ![[Jerin kasashen|Country]] !Capital !Details |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'' American Samoa'' |Pago Pago |Official capital and home to the territorial government.<ref name="Swaney-1994">Swaney, Deanna (1994). ''Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit''. Lonely Planet Publications. {{ISBN|9780864422255}}.</ref> |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Fagatogo |Seat of government, where the legislature, High Court and District Court are located. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Utulei |Legislative capital and home to the executive office building of the country. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{BEN}}''' |[[Porto-Novo]] |Official capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Cotonou]] |Seat of government; ''de facto'' administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]''' |Sucre |Constitutional capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |La Paz |Seat of government; ''de facto'' executive and legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{BDI}}''' |[[Gitega]] |Official political capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Bujumbura]] |Economic capital and seat of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi |url=https://presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/ |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}  |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Eswatini''' |[[Mbabane]] |Administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Lobamba]] |Legislative capital and royal residence. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{HND}}''' |Tegucigalpa | rowspan="2" |Joint constitutional capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Honduras |url=https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1982/es/102763 |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Comayagüela |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' [[Ivory Coast]]''' |[[Yamoussoukro]] |Official capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Abidjan]] |''De facto'' administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Malaysia''' |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |Constitutional and legislative capital; royal seat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Putrajaya |''De facto'' administrative and judicial capital. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'' Montserrat'' |Plymouth |''De jure'' capital. Abandoned in 1997, following a volcanic eruption. A new capital, Little Bay, is currently under construction. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Brades |''De facto'' capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Netherlands''' |[[Amsterdam]] |Capital per constitution. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Hague|The Hague]] |Seat of government. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''''' Palestine'''''{{Refn|The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the [[Palestine|State of Palestine]] on November 15, 1988. As of September 2025, the State of Palestine is recognized as a sovereign state by 157 of the 193 [[member states of the United Nations]], or just over 80% of all UN members. It is a [[United Nations General Assembly observers|non-member observer state]] at the [[United Nations]] since November 2012.<ref> [https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/L.28 United Nations A/67/L.28 General Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201102703/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F67%2FL.28|date=1 December 2012}}. 26 November 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2012 |title=Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129 |access-date=29 November 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> This limited status is largely due to the [[United States]], a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power, which has consistently used its veto or threatened to do so to block Palestine’s full membership to UN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Fails to Recommend Full United Nations Membership for State of Palestine, Owing to Veto Cast by United States {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423110923/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=press.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=UN assembly approves resolution granting Palestine new rights and reviving its UN membership bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-resolution-palestinians-membership-rights-us-assembly-875560e897f27d6600090420f36404e4 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2024-04-18 |title=US vetoes Palestinian request for full UN membership |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/18/us-veto-palestine-membership-request-united-nations-council |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations with it.<ref>Segal, Jerome M., Chapter 9, "The State of Palestine, The Question of Existence", in Philosophical perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Tomis Kapitan editor, M.E. Sharpe, 1997, {{ISBN|1-56324-878-6}}.</ref><ref>Boyle, Francis A. Creation of the State of Palestine; 1 Eur. J. Int'l L. 301 (1990)</ref><ref>Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority's Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (24 December 2009), para 43.a.</ref><ref>[[John Dugard|Dugard, John]] (22 July 2009; Op-Ed essay). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23iht-eddugard.html "Take the Case"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars.}} |[[Jerusalem]] |Proclaimed capital of the country, but with limited recognition. The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (''Al-Quds Ash-Sharif'')". [[Isra'ila|Israel]] exercises ''de facto'' control over Jerusalem, but neither state's claims to Jerusalem are widely recognized by the international community. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |[[Ramallah]] |''De facto'' capital of the country. It is also the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Philippines''' |[[Manila]] |''De jure'' capital of the country. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Metro Manila |''De facto'' capital of the country. While [[Manila]] is designated as the country's capital, the seat of government is the ''National Capital Region'', commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''' South Africa''' |[[Pretoria]] |Administrative and executive capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Cape Town]] |Legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Bloemfontein]] |Judicial capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' South Korea''' |[[Seoul]] |Official capital and the primary seat of the National Assembly. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Sejong City |''De facto'' administrative capital; since the Sejong Government Complex was finished in 2014, some authorities have moved there from [[Seoul]], making it their primary seat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{LKA}}''' |Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte |Legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Kolombo|Colombo]] |Executive, judicial, and commercial capital. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''''' Western Sahara'''''{{Refn|[[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]] is recognized by [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |44 UN member states]] and [[South Ossetia]]. It was proclaimed by the [[Polisario Front]] on 27 February 1976, in [[Bir Lehlou]]. The Western Sahara government calls the territories under its control the ''Liberated Territories'' or the ''[[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]]''. [[Morocco]] occupies the rest of the disputed territory, and calls these lands its [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Southern Provinces]]. The claimed [[capital city]] of Western Sahara is [[Laayoune]], which is also its largest city. Since Western Sahara does not control Laayoune, it has established a [[temporary capital]] in [[Tifariti]], although most of the day-to-day administration happens in [[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni]], one of the [[Sahrawi refugee camps]] located in [[Tindouf]], [[Algeria]].}} |[[Laayoune]] |''De jure'' capital of the country due to it being ''de facto'' under [[Moroko|Morocco]]'s control. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |Rabouni, [[Tindouf]]{{Refn|[[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni]] as one of the capitals of [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]] is located outside this country, in [[Tindouf]], [[Algeria]].}} |''De facto'' capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Tifariti). |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |Tifariti |Provisional capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Rabouni). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{YEM}}''' |[[Sanaa]] |Official and constitutional capital. It is still considered the country's ''de jure'' capital due to it being under Houthi control since 2014. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Aden |Seat of the Presidential Leadership Council (the internationally recognized government of Yemen) and the country's ''de facto'' capital. It is currently claimed by this [[Zartarwa (gwamnati)|executive body]] as the country's provisional capital. |} == Fiye da babban birni daya a baya == Wadannan ƙasashe suna da birane biyu waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin manyan biranen gudanarwa a lokaci guda, saboda dalilai daban-daban kamar yaƙi, yanayi ko rabuwa. A wasu lokuta, babban birnin na biyu ana ɗaukarsa babban birnin wucin gadi. {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ![[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] !Shekaru (s) !Babban birni !Bayani |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|British Raj}}''' | rowspan="3" |1858–1947 |[[Kolkata]] (an.k.a. Calcutta) (1858-1911) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Babban birnin gudanarwa |- |New Delhi (1911-1947) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Shimla (an.k.a. Simla) |Babban birnin bazara |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}''' | rowspan="2" |1873–1918 |[[Vienna]] |Cisleithania |- |[[Budapest]] |Masarautar Hungary |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="4" |''' Jamhuriyar Sin''' | rowspan="2" |1937–1945 |Nanjing (an san shi da Nanking) |Babban birnin kasar da ke karkashin ikon JapanYanayin ɗan tsana |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Chongqing]] |Babban birnin wucin gadi na Jamhuriyar Sin da ke karkashin mulkin Kuomintang |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |1945–1991 |Nanjing |Babban birnin gudanarwa, majalisa, da na shari'a (wanda aka yi amfani da shi tsakanin 1949 Retreat da 1992 Consensus) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Taipei]] |Babban birnin wucin gadi na Jamhuriyar Sin da ke karkashin mulkin Kuomintang a TaiwanJamhuriyar Sin a Taiwan |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Vichy France}}''' | rowspan="2" |1940–1944 |Vichy |Babban birnin gudanarwa na zahiri |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Faris|Paris]] |Babban birnin kundin tsarin mulki, kuma babban birnin gwamnatin soja ta JamusGudanar da Sojojin Jamus |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}''' | rowspan="3" |1943–1944 |Brindisi (1943-Fabrairu 1944) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Babban birni na wucin gadi |- |Salerno (Fabrairu-Yuni 1944) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Rum|Roma]] |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da Allies suka sake shiAbokan hulɗa sun 'yantar da su |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Italian Social Republic}}''' | rowspan="2" |1943–1944 |Salò |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da ya zama babban birni |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Rum|Roma]] |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da Allies suka sake shiAbokan hulɗa sun 'yantar da su |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Demokradiyyar Koriya''' | rowspan="2" |1948–1972 |[[Seoul]] |Babban birni na doka, ko da yake a takaice a cikin 1950 |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Pyongyang]] |Gidan gwamnati na wucin gadi |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Laos}}''' | rowspan="2" |1947–1975 |[[Vientiane]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Luang Prabang]] |Babban birnin sarauta |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{LBY}}''' | rowspan="2" |1951–1963 |[[Tripoli]] | rowspan="2" |Ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane biyu na [[Masarautar Libya]], sannan Bayda ya zama babban birnin Libya daga 1963 zuwa 1969 |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Benghazi]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Malawi|1960}}''' | rowspan="2" |1974–1994 |[[Lilongwe]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa da shari'a |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Zomba]] |Babban birnin majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |Tarayyar Netherlands da Indonesia | rowspan="2" |1948–1956 |[[Amsterdam]] |Masarautar Netherlands |- |[[Jakarta|Batavia]] |Amurka ta Indonesia |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{NOR}}''' | rowspan="2" |1940 |[[Oslo]] |Babban birnin hukuma |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Hamar |Babban birnin na wucin gadi na rana ɗaya wanda ya zauna a majalisar <ref>[https://annomuseum.no/angrepet Kongens nei - 9. april] {{Small|(Norwegian)}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan="3" |1962–1971 |Rawalpindi (1962-14 Agusta 1967) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Kujerar gwamnati |- |[[Islamabad]] (14 ga Agusta 1967-1971) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Dhaka]] |Tsarin mulki "babban birni na biyu" da kuma ''de jure'' Babban birni na majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''' Philippines''' | rowspan="2" |1948–1976 |Birnin Quezon |Babban birnin hukuma |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Manila]] |Cibiyar gwamnati ta zahiri |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="1" |1901–1976 |Baguio |Babban birnin bazara (har yanzu an san shi da babban birnin bazara, a waje da amfani da siyasa) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagcountry|Serbia and Montenegro}}''' | rowspan="2" |2003–2006 |[[Belgrade]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa da majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Podgoritsa|Podgorica]] |Babban birnin shari'a |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin manyan biranen ƙasa - Jerin manyan manyan biranen ƙasar. * Jerin manyan biranen da aka gina da manufa == Bayani ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] n1z0loyxtwmzt78pm62mbcpboh3eqq4 968267 968260 2026-10-16T14:35:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 968267 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Wasu ƙasashe ana iya ɗaukar su da [[Babban birni|manyan birane]] da yawa. A wasu lokuta, birni ɗaya shine babban birni don wasu dalilai, kuma ɗayan ko fiye wasu sune babban birni saboda wasu dalilai, ba tare da an dauke su babban birni na hukuma ba fiye da sauran. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta inda akwai babban birni guda ɗaya da aka ayyana bisa doka, amma ɗayan birane ko fiye suna aiki a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnati na wasu ko dukkan sassan gwamnatin ƙasa; a cikin waɗannan yanayi, kafofin na iya rashin jituwa kan ko ana ɗaukar waɗannan sauran biranen ƙarin manyan biranen. == Fiye da babban birni daya a halin yanzu == '''Labarin launi:'''  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ![[Jerin kasashen|Country]] !Capital !Details |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'' American Samoa'' |Pago Pago |Official capital and home to the territorial government.<ref name="Swaney-1994">Swaney, Deanna (1994). ''Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit''. Lonely Planet Publications. {{ISBN|9780864422255}}.</ref> |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Fagatogo |Seat of government, where the legislature, High Court and District Court are located. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Utulei |Legislative capital and home to the executive office building of the country. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{BEN}}''' |[[Porto-Novo]] |Official capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Cotonou]] |Seat of government; ''de facto'' administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]]''' |Sucre |Constitutional capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |La Paz |Seat of government; ''de facto'' executive and legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{BDI}}''' |[[Gitega]] |Official political capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Bujumbura]] |Economic capital and seat of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi |url=https://presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/ |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}  |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Eswatini''' |[[Mbabane]] |Administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Lobamba]] |Legislative capital and royal residence. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{HND}}''' |Tegucigalpa | rowspan="2" |Joint constitutional capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Honduras |url=https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1982/es/102763 |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Comayagüela |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' [[Ivory Coast]]''' |[[Yamoussoukro]] |Official capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Abidjan]] |''De facto'' administrative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Malaysia''' |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |Constitutional and legislative capital; royal seat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Putrajaya |''De facto'' administrative and judicial capital. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'' Montserrat'' |Plymouth |''De jure'' capital. Abandoned in 1997, following a volcanic eruption. A new capital, Little Bay, is currently under construction. |- style="background-color: #AFEAEA; vertical-align:top;" |Brades |''De facto'' capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Netherlands''' |[[Amsterdam]] |Capital per constitution. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Hague|The Hague]] |Seat of government. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''''' Palestine'''''{{Refn|The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the [[Palestine|State of Palestine]] on November 15, 1988. As of September 2025, the State of Palestine is recognized as a sovereign state by 157 of the 193 [[member states of the United Nations]], or just over 80% of all UN members. It is a [[United Nations General Assembly observers|non-member observer state]] at the [[United Nations]] since November 2012.<ref> [https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/L.28 United Nations A/67/L.28 General Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201102703/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F67%2FL.28|date=1 December 2012}}. 26 November 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2012 |title=Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129 |access-date=29 November 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> This limited status is largely due to the [[United States]], a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power, which has consistently used its veto or threatened to do so to block Palestine’s full membership to UN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Fails to Recommend Full United Nations Membership for State of Palestine, Owing to Veto Cast by United States {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423110923/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=press.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=UN assembly approves resolution granting Palestine new rights and reviving its UN membership bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-resolution-palestinians-membership-rights-us-assembly-875560e897f27d6600090420f36404e4 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2024-04-18 |title=US vetoes Palestinian request for full UN membership |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/18/us-veto-palestine-membership-request-united-nations-council |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations with it.<ref>Segal, Jerome M., Chapter 9, "The State of Palestine, The Question of Existence", in Philosophical perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Tomis Kapitan editor, M.E. Sharpe, 1997, {{ISBN|1-56324-878-6}}.</ref><ref>Boyle, Francis A. Creation of the State of Palestine; 1 Eur. J. Int'l L. 301 (1990)</ref><ref>Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority's Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (24 December 2009), para 43.a.</ref><ref>[[John Dugard|Dugard, John]] (22 July 2009; Op-Ed essay). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23iht-eddugard.html "Take the Case"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars.}} |[[Jerusalem]] |Proclaimed capital of the country, but with limited recognition. The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (''Al-Quds Ash-Sharif'')". [[Isra'ila|Israel]] exercises ''de facto'' control over Jerusalem, but neither state's claims to Jerusalem are widely recognized by the international community. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |[[Ramallah]] |''De facto'' capital of the country. It is also the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Philippines''' |[[Manila]] |''De jure'' capital of the country. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Metro Manila |''De facto'' capital of the country. While [[Manila]] is designated as the country's capital, the seat of government is the ''National Capital Region'', commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of Manila is a part. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''' South Africa''' |[[Pretoria]] |Administrative and executive capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Cape Town]] |Legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Bloemfontein]] |Judicial capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' South Korea''' |[[Seoul]] |Official capital and the primary seat of the National Assembly. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Sejong City |''De facto'' administrative capital; since the Sejong Government Complex was finished in 2014, some authorities have moved there from [[Seoul]], making it their primary seat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{LKA}}''' |Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte |Legislative capital. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Kolombo|Colombo]] |Executive, judicial, and commercial capital. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''''' Western Sahara'''''{{Refn|[[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]] is recognized by [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |44 UN member states]] and [[South Ossetia]]. It was proclaimed by the [[Polisario Front]] on 27 February 1976, in [[Bir Lehlou]]. The Western Sahara government calls the territories under its control the ''Liberated Territories'' or the ''[[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]]''. [[Morocco]] occupies the rest of the disputed territory, and calls these lands its [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Southern Provinces]]. The claimed [[capital city]] of Western Sahara is [[Laayoune]], which is also its largest city. Since Western Sahara does not control Laayoune, it has established a [[temporary capital]] in [[Tifariti]], although most of the day-to-day administration happens in [[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni]], one of the [[Sahrawi refugee camps]] located in [[Tindouf]], [[Algeria]].}} |[[Laayoune]] |''De jure'' capital of the country due to it being ''de facto'' under [[Moroko|Morocco]]'s control. |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |Rabouni, [[Tindouf]]{{Refn|[[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni]] as one of the capitals of [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]] is located outside this country, in [[Tindouf]], [[Algeria]].}} |''De facto'' capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Tifariti). |- style="background-color: #FFBFBF; vertical-align:top;" |Tifariti |Provisional capital of the country, and also, one of its capitals-in-exile (along with Rabouni). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{YEM}}''' |[[Sanaa]] |Official and constitutional capital. It is still considered the country's ''de jure'' capital due to it being under Houthi control since 2014. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Aden |Seat of the Presidential Leadership Council (the internationally recognized government of Yemen) and the country's ''de facto'' capital. It is currently claimed by this [[Zartarwa (gwamnati)|executive body]] as the country's provisional capital. |} == Fiye da babban birni daya a baya == Wadannan ƙasashe suna da birane biyu waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin manyan biranen gudanarwa a lokaci guda, saboda dalilai daban-daban kamar yaƙi, yanayi ko rabuwa. A wasu lokuta, babban birnin na biyu ana ɗaukarsa babban birnin wucin gadi. {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ![[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] !Shekaru (s) !Babban birni !Bayani |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|British Raj}}''' | rowspan="3" |1858–1947 |[[Kolkata]] (an.k.a. Calcutta) (1858-1911) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Babban birnin gudanarwa |- |New Delhi (1911-1947) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Shimla (an.k.a. Simla) |Babban birnin bazara |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}''' | rowspan="2" |1873–1918 |[[Vienna]] |Cisleithania |- |[[Budapest]] |Masarautar Hungary |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="4" |''' Jamhuriyar Sin''' | rowspan="2" |1937–1945 |Nanjing (an san shi da Nanking) |Babban birnin kasar da ke karkashin ikon JapanYanayin ɗan tsana |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Chongqing]] |Babban birnin wucin gadi na Jamhuriyar Sin da ke karkashin mulkin Kuomintang |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |1945–1991 |Nanjing |Babban birnin gudanarwa, majalisa, da na shari'a (wanda aka yi amfani da shi tsakanin 1949 Retreat da 1992 Consensus) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Taipei]] |Babban birnin wucin gadi na Jamhuriyar Sin da ke karkashin mulkin Kuomintang a TaiwanJamhuriyar Sin a Taiwan |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Vichy France}}''' | rowspan="2" |1940–1944 |Vichy |Babban birnin gudanarwa na zahiri |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Faris|Paris]] |Babban birnin kundin tsarin mulki, kuma babban birnin gwamnatin soja ta JamusGudanar da Sojojin Jamus |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}''' | rowspan="3" |1943–1944 |Brindisi (1943-Fabrairu 1944) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Babban birni na wucin gadi |- |Salerno (Fabrairu-Yuni 1944) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Rum|Roma]] |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da Allies suka sake shiAbokan hulɗa sun 'yantar da su |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Italian Social Republic}}''' | rowspan="2" |1943–1944 |Salò |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da ya zama babban birni |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Rum|Roma]] |Babban birni har zuwa 1944 lokacin da Allies suka sake shiAbokan hulɗa sun 'yantar da su |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |''' Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Demokradiyyar Koriya''' | rowspan="2" |1948–1972 |[[Seoul]] |Babban birni na doka, ko da yake a takaice a cikin 1950 |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Pyongyang]] |Gidan gwamnati na wucin gadi |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Kingdom of Laos}}''' | rowspan="2" |1947–1975 |[[Vientiane]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Luang Prabang]] |Babban birnin sarauta |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{LBY}}''' | rowspan="2" |1951–1963 |[[Tripoli]] | rowspan="2" |Ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane biyu na [[Masarautar Libya]], sannan Bayda ya zama babban birnin Libya daga 1963 zuwa 1969 |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Benghazi]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flag|Malawi|1960}}''' | rowspan="2" |1974–1994 |[[Lilongwe]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa da shari'a |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Zomba]] |Babban birnin majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |Tarayyar Netherlands da Indonesia | rowspan="2" |1948–1956 |[[Amsterdam]] |Masarautar Netherlands |- |[[Jakarta|Batavia]] |Amurka ta Indonesia |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{NOR}}''' | rowspan="2" |1940 |[[Oslo]] |Babban birnin hukuma |- style="vertical-align:top;" |Hamar |Babban birnin na wucin gadi na rana ɗaya wanda ya zauna a majalisar <ref>[https://annomuseum.no/angrepet Kongens nei - 9. april] {{Small|(Norwegian)}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |'''{{Flag|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan="3" |1962–1971 |Rawalpindi (1962-14 Agusta 1967) | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;" |Kujerar gwamnati |- |[[Islamabad]] (14 ga Agusta 1967-1971) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Dhaka]] |Tsarin mulki "babban birni na biyu" da kuma ''de jure'' Babban birni na majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="3" |''' Philippines''' | rowspan="2" |1948–1976 |Birnin Quezon |Babban birnin hukuma |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Manila]] |Cibiyar gwamnati ta zahiri |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="1" |1901–1976 |Baguio |Babban birnin bazara (har yanzu an san shi da babban birnin bazara, a waje da amfani da siyasa) |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagcountry|Serbia and Montenegro}}''' | rowspan="2" |2003–2006 |[[Belgrade]] |Babban birnin gudanarwa da majalisa |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Podgoritsa|Podgorica]] |Babban birnin shari'a |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin manyan biranen ƙasa - Jerin manyan manyan biranen ƙasar. * Jerin manyan biranen da aka gina da manufa == Bayani ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 0r6sj2cvdct8nega49ac5q8lpp58on4 0 179382 968259 2026-10-16T14:20:02Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adebisi Akanji''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Adebisi Akanji.wav|Saurara|help=no}} (1935–2023) ɗan fasaha ne ɗan [[Najeriya]], sannan kuma shi ne Olúwo (babban firist na Ògbóni) na Ilédì Lárọ̀ Ohùntótó, wato babban wurin taron ƙungiyar Ògbóni Ìbílẹ̀ a [[Osogbo]], babban birnin [[Jihar Osun]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == A farkon rayuwarsa, ya yi aikin [[tubali|gina gine-gine]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-01/23/003r-012300-idx.html |title=Nigeria's 'Concrete' Achievements |author=Jo Ann Lewis |date=23 January 2000 |page=G01 | work=Special to The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=2030&table=artists |title=Adebisi Akanji |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=7 July 2015 |quote= |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010625/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=2030&table=artists |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara ƙirƙirar sassaka ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasar sassaka dabbobi daga siminti, bisa tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya da ake samu a gidajen al'adun [[Yoruba culture|Yoruba]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/oshogbo/akanji_B.htm |title=Adebisi Akanji |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=6 July 2015 |quote=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Akanji ya fi shahara saboda ƙirƙirar allunan siminti masu ramuka da sauran ayyukan sassaka. Ya kuma yi ayyukan ƙera kayayyakin yadi.<ref name="auto" /> Ayyukansa sukan bayyana jigogi daga tatsuniyoyi da al'adun gargajiya na mutanen [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. Tare da haɗin gwiwar [[Susanne Wenger]], ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki a wurin ibadar [[Oshun|Osun]] da ke [[Osogbo]], Najeriya, kuma shi ne ya ƙirƙiri da dama daga cikin sassaken da ke wannan wurin ibada.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.susannewenger-aot.org/media/press-release-august-2015/ |title=Official Opening of the Arch of the Flying Tortoise, Osun-Osogbo, Aug. 2015 on susannewenger-aot.org |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010608/http://www.susannewenger-aot.org/media/press-release-august-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adebisi Akanji - Artistic Genius and Co-Creator |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/adebisi-akanji-artistic-genius-and-co-creator/vAWBDJDfnxp6uA |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma yi amfani da alkalami da tawada wajen zane, da kuma fenti na mai wajen ƙirƙirar zane-zanen fasaha masu girma biyu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adunsa da asalin ƙabilarsa. [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een cementen sculptuur van Adebisi Akanji bij de ingang tot het huis van Susanne Wenger TMnr 20014554.jpg|thumb|Wani sassaken siminti da Adebisi Akanji ya ƙirƙira a ƙofar gidan Susanne Wenger.]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akanji, Adebisi}} [[Category:Masu sassaka 'yan Najeriya na ƙarni na 20]] [[Category:Masu fasaha na Yoruba]] [[Category:Haihuwa a shekarun 1930]] [[Category:Masu aikin tubali 'yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu fasaha 'yan Najeriya na ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Masu sassaka na ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Maza masu sassaka]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Osun]] {{Nigeria-sculptor-stub}} 70isnrufm95rylxru630jpy48gkuy1w 968264 968259 2026-10-16T14:29:09Z Baby juuu 38856 968264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adebisi Akanji''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Adebisi Akanji.wav|Saurara|help=no}} daga (1935–2023) ɗan fasaha ne ɗan [[Najeriya]], sannan kuma shi ne Olúwo (babban firist na Ògbóni) na Ilédì Lárọ̀ Ohùntótó, wato babban wurin taron ƙungiyar Ògbóni Ìbílẹ̀ a [[Osogbo]], babban birnin [[Jihar Osun]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == A farkon rayuwarsa, ya yi aikin [[tubali|gina gine-gine]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-01/23/003r-012300-idx.html |title=Nigeria's 'Concrete' Achievements |author=Jo Ann Lewis |date=23 January 2000 |page=G01 | work=Special to The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=2030&table=artists |title=Adebisi Akanji |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=7 July 2015 |quote= |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010625/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=2030&table=artists |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara ƙirƙirar sassaka ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasar sassaka dabbobi daga siminti, bisa tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya da ake samu a gidajen al'adun [[Yoruba culture|Yoruba]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/oshogbo/akanji_B.htm |title=Adebisi Akanji |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=6 July 2015 |quote=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Akanji ya fi shahara saboda ƙirƙirar allunan siminti masu ramuka da sauran ayyukan sassaka. Ya kuma yi ayyukan ƙera kayayyakin yadi.<ref name="auto" /> Ayyukansa sukan bayyana jigogi daga tatsuniyoyi da al'adun gargajiya na mutanen [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. Tare da haɗin gwiwar [[Susanne Wenger]], ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki a wurin ibadar [[Oshun|Osun]] da ke [[Osogbo]], Najeriya, kuma shi ne ya ƙirƙiri da dama daga cikin sassaken da ke wannan wurin ibada.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.susannewenger-aot.org/media/press-release-august-2015/ |title=Official Opening of the Arch of the Flying Tortoise, Osun-Osogbo, Aug. 2015 on susannewenger-aot.org |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010608/http://www.susannewenger-aot.org/media/press-release-august-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adebisi Akanji - Artistic Genius and Co-Creator |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/adebisi-akanji-artistic-genius-and-co-creator/vAWBDJDfnxp6uA |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma yi amfani da alkalami da tawada wajen zane, da kuma fenti na mai wajen ƙirƙirar zane-zanen fasaha masu girma biyu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adunsa da asalin ƙabilarsa. [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een cementen sculptuur van Adebisi Akanji bij de ingang tot het huis van Susanne Wenger TMnr 20014554.jpg|thumb|Wani sassaken siminti da Adebisi Akanji ya ƙirƙira a ƙofar gidan Susanne Wenger.]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akanji, Adebisi}} [[Category:Masu sassaka 'yan Najeriya na ƙarni na 20]] [[Category:Masu fasaha na Yoruba]] [[Category:Haihuwa a shekarun 1930]] [[Category:Masu aikin tubali 'yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu fasaha 'yan Najeriya na ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Masu sassaka na ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Maza masu sassaka]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Osun]] {{Nigeria-sculptor-stub}} llokqgl0cgmqew5ydedryo450ryxsy7 0 179383 968263 2026-10-16T14:29:03Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alimi Adewale''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1974) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai fasahar gani ta zamani ɗan [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Abulude|first1=Samuel|title=Visual Artist Alimi Adewale Unveils ‘Divergence|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/477831/visual-artist-alimi-adewale-unveils-divergence|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|accessdate=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409112459/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/477831/visual-artist-alimi-adewale-unveils-divergence|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Biography|url=http://www.alimiadewale.com/biography/|website=Alimi Adewale|accessdate=8 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Oyebode|first1=Bukola|title=ALIMI ADEWALE: I EXPERIENCED REJECTION AS A SELF TAUGHT ARTIST|url=http://thesoleadventurer.com/2016/07/03/alimi-adewale-i-experienced-rejection-as-a-self-taught-artist/|website=The Sole Adventure|accessdate=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021415/http://thesoleadventurer.com/2016/07/03/alimi-adewale-i-experienced-rejection-as-a-self-taught-artist/|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukansa na fasaha suna binciko muhimman matsalolin birane, rubuta rayuwar mutanen da ke zaune a birane ta hanyar fasaha, da kuma batun zanen tsiraici a fasahar Afirka, wanda ake ta muhawara a kansa, a matsayin wata hanya ta bayyana ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Abulude|first1=Samuel|title=Visual Artist Alimi Adewale Unveils ‘Divergence|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/477831/visual-artist-alimi-adewale-unveils-divergence|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|accessdate=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409112459/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/477831/visual-artist-alimi-adewale-unveils-divergence|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> An haifi Alimi Adewale a Legas, Najeriya, inda ya fara karatun injiniyan inji. Ya fara sha'awar fasaha ne sakamakon ziyartar baje-kolin ayyukan fasaha, sannan ya ƙara haɓaka iliminsa da ƙwarewarsa ta hanyar halartar shirye-shiryen koyon fasaha a sassa daban-daban na duniya.<ref name=pearl>{{cite web|url=https://www.pearllam.com/artist/alimi-adewale/ |title=Alimi Adewale (B. 1974) |work=Pearl Lam Gallery |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an baje kolin ayyukansa a bikin baje kolin fasahar Afirka ta zamani na [[1-54]], wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a [[London]] a lokacin makon Frieze.<ref name=artsy>{{cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-1-54-london-2024-brings-new-voices-contemporary-african-art-fore |title=1-54 London 2024 Brings New Voices of Contemporary African Art to the Fore | first=Arun|last=Kakar|work=Artsy|date=11 October 2024}}</ref> == Ilimi == Adewale ya sami digiri a fannin [[injiniyan inji]] daga Jami'ar Ilorin, Najeriya. Ya yi hidimar ƙasa ta matasa masu yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) a shekarar 2002, inda aka tura shi Enugu. Sha'awarsa ga fasaha ta ƙaru ne sakamakon ziyartar baje-kolin fasaha. Bayan kammala karatunsa a [[jami'a]], ya shiga koyon sana'ar zane a ƙarƙashin Kamoru Sarumi a yankin [[Yaba, Legas|Yaba]] na Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Alimi Adewale :: – Biography |url=https://new.alimiadewale.com/?page_id=85 |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2009, ya zama mai fasaha na cikakken lokaci bayan ya yi murabus daga aikinsa. A shekarar 2011, ya ƙaddamar da wani baje kolin fasaha a Quintessence Gallery, inda aka nuna ayyukan da suka shafi [[carnival]], [[Living spaces|wuraren zama]] da cunkoson birane. A shekarar 2016, Adewale ya halarci shirin zama na masu fasaha na Konstepidemin a ƙasar Sweden. A shekara ta gaba, ya kasance mai fasaha da aka ba damar zama da aiki a cibiyar Miliki da ke Legas. An baje kolin ayyukansa a ƙasashe daban-daban, a wurare da suka haɗa da Anima Gallery, Belvedere Artspace, Galleri Astley, Just Africa da ke Stockholm, da Alara. Haka kuma, ya shiga baje-kolin fasaha da dama a faɗin duniya tare da haɗin gwiwar Nil Gallery Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alimi Adewale – Bloom Art |url=https://bloomartlagos.com/portfolio/alimi-adewale/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nengi Omuku]] * [[Stella Fakiyesi]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adewale, Alimi}} [[Category:Masu zanen Najeriya na ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Masu fasaha na Yarbawa]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1974]] [[Category:Mutane masu rai]] [[Category:Masu zanen zamani]] [[Category:Ɗaliban tsofaffin jami'ar Ilorin]] {{Nigeria-painter-stub}} cqxk8pp4pt01h0rdejuacrn252moaml 3 179384 968266 2026-10-16T14:34:47Z Manchiu 28957 Manchiu moved page [[Tattaunawar user:ChomponU Pongsawet]] to [[Tattaunawar user:VocalCat2207]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ChomponU Pongsawet|ChomponU Pongsawet]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/VocalCat2207|VocalCat2207]]" 968266 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:VocalCat2207]] 3hpcjpwnt0c4q7vfj613niig3jiqeq8 0 179385 968268 2026-10-16T14:36:12Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362106878|Manju Swaraj]]" 968268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manju Swaraj''' darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, marubucin allo wanda ke aiki a cikin fina-falla na Kannada . Ya jagoranci fina-finai kamar ''Shravani Subramanya'' (2013), ''Srikanta shekara ta'' (2017), ''Pataki'' (2017) da ''Mane Maratakkide'' (2019). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Manju Swaraj ya auri Sahana a shekara ta 2016. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2009 |<nowiki><i id="mwJw">Shishira</i></nowiki> | |- |2013 |''Shravani Subramanya'' | |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwMw">Srikanta</i></nowiki> | |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwOQ">Pataki</i></nowiki> | |- |2019 |''Mane Maratakkide'' | |- |2026 |''Sarala Subbarao'' |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=4 February 2026 |title=Manju Swaraj: Sarala Subbarao celebrates love in its purest form |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Feb/04/kannadainterviews2026feb04manju-swaraj-sarala-subbarao-celebrates-love-in-its-purest-form |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|5930593}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dra9c6wo1d34qcmzot09ucjbwyfvr08 968272 968268 2026-10-16T14:37:56Z Baby juuu 38856 968272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Manju Swaraj''' darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, marubucin allo wanda ke aiki a cikin fina-falla na Kannada . Ya jagoranci fina-finai kamar ''Shravani Subramanya'' (2013), ''Srikanta shekara ta'' (2017), ''Pataki'' (2017) da ''Mane Maratakkide'' (2019). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Manju Swaraj ya auri Sahana a shekara ta 2016. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2009 |<nowiki><i id="mwJw">Shishira</i></nowiki> | |- |2013 |''Shravani Subramanya'' | |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwMw">Srikanta</i></nowiki> | |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwOQ">Pataki</i></nowiki> | |- |2019 |''Mane Maratakkide'' | |- |2026 |''Sarala Subbarao'' |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=4 February 2026 |title=Manju Swaraj: Sarala Subbarao celebrates love in its purest form |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Feb/04/kannadainterviews2026feb04manju-swaraj-sarala-subbarao-celebrates-love-in-its-purest-form |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|5930593}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 71v4xjgixwtsbpodr8s1t0l2ucbsts6 0 179386 968270 2026-10-16T14:37:09Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375734868|Conquest]]" 968270 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumph_of_Victory_-_WGA20328.jpg|thumb|The Triumph of Victory by Peter Paul Rubens (wanda aka zana a shekara ta ) ]]   '''Cin nasara''' ya haɗa da samun iko da yankin wani abu ta hanyar [[yaƙi]]. A tarihi, cin nasara ya faru akai-akai a cikin tsari na kasa da kasa, kuma ka'idoji masu amfani ba su mallake su a ƙarƙashin [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba, gami da a cikin soja da [[dokar kasa da kasa]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=Kendall}}</ref> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], yayin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Al'ummai kuma, bayan Yaƙin((((((()'''Conquest''' involves achieving control of another entity's territory through [[:en:War|war]].<ref>https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e275</ref> Historically, conquests occurred frequently in the [[:en:International_order|international order]], and practical [[:en:Norm_(philosophy)|norms]] hardly governed them under [[:en:Rule_of_law|rule of law]], including in [[:en:Military_justice|military]] and [[:en:International_law|international law]].<ref name=":12">{{citation|last=Gotberg|first=Brook|chapter=The End of Conquest: Consolidating Sovereign Equality|date=2008|title=International Norms and Cycles of Change|editor-last=Sandholtz|editor-first=Wayne|chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/2340/chapter-abstract/142497228?redirectedFrom=fulltext|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538008-8|editor2-last=Stiles|editor2-first=Kendall}}</ref> After [[:en:World_War_I|World War I]], as the [[:en:League_of_Nations|League of Nations]] was established and, after [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]], with the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], prohibitions against conquests were [[:en:Codification_(law)|codified]].<ref name=":12" /> Scholars have debated the role of norms))))) Duniya na II, tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an tsara haramtacciyar cin nasara.<ref name=":1" /> Masana sun yi muhawara game da rawar da ka'idoji ke takawa game da cin nasara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Altman |first=Dan |date=2020 |title=The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=490–522 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000119 |issn=0020-8183 |s2cid=226467742 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yawancin wayewa sun shiga cikin cin nasarar soja, tare da misalai sune Jamhuriyar Roma (da kuma Daular da ta biyo baya), jihohin Girka kamar tsohuwar [[Athens]] da Sparta, da [[Daular Achaemenid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek civilization - Athenian Empire, City-States, Democracy &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece/The-Athenian-empire}}</ref> Mutanen da suka waye a zamanin da sun gudanar da [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] a kan babban sikelin waɗanda, a zahiri, sun ci nasara.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_pt=ALLTYPES&as_vt=Cambridge+Ancient+History&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_isbn=&as_issn= Cambridge Ancient History]''. Vol I pg. 261, 519; Vol III, 99, 100-101 {{ISBN|0-521-85073-8}}</ref> A [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]] ana iya ganin tasirin mamayewa da cin nasara a cikin nau'ukan launin fata daban-daban da aka wakilta a cikin zane-zane da siffofi. Inganta aikin [[Agricultural|noma]] ya sauƙaƙa rarraba ma'aikata, gami da kafa manyan sojoji masu sana'a da inganta fasahar soja. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da tsarin siyasa na matsayi, yaƙi ya zama yaduwa da lalacewa. [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]] sun yi amfani da hanyar cin nasara a hankali, wanda ba na soja ba inda suka kafa mulkin mallaka a kan makwabtansu sannan suka kori sarakunan da ke mulki. Halil İnalcık ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi.[1] Nasarar irin wannan ba ta haɗa da juyin juya halin tashin hankali ba amma tsari ne na jinkirin daidaitawa, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar bureaucratic kamar rajistar yawan jama'a da albarkatu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin lokaci na feudal. === Ka'idoji game da cin nasara === Masana sun yi muhawara game da kasancewar al'ada game da cin nasara tun daga shekara ta 1945.<ref name=":0" /> Cin nasarar manyan yankuna ya kasance mai wuya, amma jihohi tun daga 1945 sun ci gaba da bin karɓar ƙananan yankuna.<ref name=":0" /> Za'a iya la'akari da Yakin Russo-Ukrainian a matsayin misali na zamani na yaƙin cin nasara, tare da la'akari cewa a lokacin rikici akwai, koda kuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a idanun dokar kasa da kasa, mamayewar Rasha na Crimea da sassa huɗu na kudu maso gabashin Ukraine a cikin 2014 da 2022, bi da bi. A kan abin da ya faru a Rasha, Tanisha Fazal ya rubuta,<blockquote>Ka'idoji suna mutuwa sannu a hankali. Yunkurin kama ƙasa kamar yadda ya yi a Rasha a cikin 2022 na iya kasancewa da wuya, aƙalla a yanzu. Amma yayin da masu tayar da kayar baya ba tare da hukunta su ba, jihohi na iya ƙara yin aiki a kan ikirarin yanki a cikin ikon da ba a sani ba - waɗanda ba za su iya haifar da babbar martani ta duniya ba. Wadannan ƙananan hare-hare na iya zama mafi lalacewa ga al'ada game da cin nasarar yankin. Yayin da tashin hankali ke tashi, babbar hanyar yanar gizo ta dokoki da cibiyoyin da suka hada da tsarin kasa da kasa na iya fara fitowa. Ko da yake ba za a iya gujewa ba, mutuwar al'ada za ta bar duniya a cikin haɗari.</blockquote> == Ra'ayoyi == === Tasirin ƙaura === Nasarar soja tana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi haifar da ƙauran ɗan adam. === Fashi === [[File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene55_William_Hastings_battlefield.jpg|thumb|William the Conqueror ya jagoranci dakarunsa a Yaƙin Hastings, 1066, Bayeux Tapestry .]] Fashi da sojojin da suka yi nasara a lokacin yaƙi ya zama al'ada a duk tarihin da aka rubuta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Sandholtz |first=Wayne |date=2008 |title=Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107087766 |journal=European Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=101–131 |doi=10.1177/1354066107087766 |issn=1354-0661 |s2cid=143721778 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin yakin Napoleon kuma musamman bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ka'idoji game da ganimar lokacin yaƙi sun zama karɓa sosai.<ref name=":02" /> A cikin [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] na zamani, dokar kasa da kasa ta haramta fashi, kuma ya zama [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]]. === Daular Daular === [[File:1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG|thumb|Vasily Vereshchagin, The Apotheosis of War, 1871; an sadaukar da shi "ga duk masu cin nasara, da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma zuwa", tarin kwanyar a cikin hamada.]] Imperialism shine kiyayewa da fadada iko a kan kasashen waje, musamman ta hanyar fadadawa, ta amfani da iko mai ƙarfi (ƙarfin soja da na tattalin arziki) da kuma iko mai laushi (ƙarfin diflomasiyya da mulkin mallaka na al'adu). Imperialism yana mai da hankali kan kafa ko kiyaye iko da kuma [[Daula|Daular]] da ta fi dacewa. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Imperialism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=imperialism |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/imperialism |access-date=22 February 2019 |quote=... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...}}</ref> === Maimaitawa === Hakkin kasashe na shiga cikin kare kansu daga yakin basasa an tsara shi a cikin Mataki na 51 na [[Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="j161" /> Za'a iya ganin aikin soja a matsayin ci gaba da kai farmaki kan ikon mallakar ƙasar da aka mamaye. Wasu suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin sake kama yankunan da ba a yarda da su ba yana ƙaruwa tare da wucewar lokaci.<ref name="j161">{{Cite journal |last=Akande |first=Dapo |last2=Tzanakopoulos |first2=Antonios |date=31 December 2021 |title=Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09b60629-e627-47f1-8cb1-3f8b9bcf3b88/files/sfx719p271 |journal=European Journal of International Law |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1307 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chab109 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rdpxb7k17mb62xc4jktfd66wyasoat2 968273 968270 2026-10-16T14:37:57Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumph_of_Victory_-_WGA20328.jpg|thumb|The Triumph of Victory by Peter Paul Rubens (wanda aka zana a shekara ta ) ]]   '''Cin nasara''' ya haɗa da samun iko da yankin wani abu ta hanyar [[yaƙi]]. A tarihi, cin nasara ya faru akai-akai a cikin tsari na kasa da kasa, kuma ka'idoji masu amfani ba su mallake su a ƙarƙashin [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba, gami da a cikin soja da [[dokar kasa da kasa]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=Kendall}}</ref> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], yayin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Al'ummai kuma, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an tsara haramtacciyar cin nasara.<ref name=":1" /> Masana sun yi muhawara game da rawar da ka'idoji ke takawa game da cin nasara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Altman |first=Dan |date=2020 |title=The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=490–522 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000119 |issn=0020-8183 |s2cid=226467742 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yawancin wayewa sun shiga cikin cin nasarar soja, tare da misalai sune Jamhuriyar Roma (da kuma Daular da ta biyo baya), jihohin Girka kamar tsohuwar [[Athens]] da Sparta, da [[Daular Achaemenid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek civilization - Athenian Empire, City-States, Democracy &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece/The-Athenian-empire}}</ref> Mutanen da suka waye a zamanin da sun gudanar da [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] a kan babban sikelin waɗanda, a zahiri, sun ci nasara.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_pt=ALLTYPES&as_vt=Cambridge+Ancient+History&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_isbn=&as_issn= Cambridge Ancient History]''. Vol I pg. 261, 519; Vol III, 99, 100-101 {{ISBN|0-521-85073-8}}</ref> A [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]] ana iya ganin tasirin mamayewa da cin nasara a cikin nau'ukan launin fata daban-daban da aka wakilta a cikin zane-zane da siffofi. Inganta aikin [[Agricultural|noma]] ya sauƙaƙa rarraba ma'aikata, gami da kafa manyan sojoji masu sana'a da inganta fasahar soja. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da tsarin siyasa na matsayi, yaƙi ya zama yaduwa da lalacewa. [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]] sun yi amfani da hanyar cin nasara a hankali, wanda ba na soja ba inda suka kafa mulkin mallaka a kan makwabtansu sannan suka kori sarakunan da ke mulki. Halil İnalcık ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi.[1] Nasarar irin wannan ba ta haɗa da juyin juya halin tashin hankali ba amma tsari ne na jinkirin daidaitawa, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar bureaucratic kamar rajistar yawan jama'a da albarkatu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin lokaci na feudal. === Ka'idoji game da cin nasara === Masana sun yi muhawara game da kasancewar al'ada game da cin nasara tun daga shekara ta 1945.<ref name=":0" /> Cin nasarar manyan yankuna ya kasance mai wuya, amma jihohi tun daga 1945 sun ci gaba da bin karɓar ƙananan yankuna.<ref name=":0" /> Za'a iya la'akari da Yakin Russo-Ukrainian a matsayin misali na zamani na yaƙin cin nasara, tare da la'akari cewa a lokacin rikici akwai, koda kuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a idanun dokar kasa da kasa, mamayewar Rasha na Crimea da sassa huɗu na kudu maso gabashin Ukraine a cikin 2014 da 2022, bi da bi. A kan abin da ya faru a Rasha, Tanisha Fazal ya rubuta,<blockquote>Ka'idoji suna mutuwa sannu a hankali. Yunkurin kama ƙasa kamar yadda ya yi a Rasha a cikin 2022 na iya kasancewa da wuya, aƙalla a yanzu. Amma yayin da masu tayar da kayar baya ba tare da hukunta su ba, jihohi na iya ƙara yin aiki a kan ikirarin yanki a cikin ikon da ba a sani ba - waɗanda ba za su iya haifar da babbar martani ta duniya ba. Wadannan ƙananan hare-hare na iya zama mafi lalacewa ga al'ada game da cin nasarar yankin. Yayin da tashin hankali ke tashi, babbar hanyar yanar gizo ta dokoki da cibiyoyin da suka hada da tsarin kasa da kasa na iya fara fitowa. Ko da yake ba za a iya gujewa ba, mutuwar al'ada za ta bar duniya a cikin haɗari.</blockquote> == Ra'ayoyi == === Tasirin ƙaura === Nasarar soja tana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi haifar da ƙauran ɗan adam. === Fashi === [[File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene55_William_Hastings_battlefield.jpg|thumb|William the Conqueror ya jagoranci dakarunsa a Yaƙin Hastings, 1066, Bayeux Tapestry .]] Fashi da sojojin da suka yi nasara a lokacin yaƙi ya zama al'ada a duk tarihin da aka rubuta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Sandholtz |first=Wayne |date=2008 |title=Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107087766 |journal=European Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=101–131 |doi=10.1177/1354066107087766 |issn=1354-0661 |s2cid=143721778 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin yakin Napoleon kuma musamman bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ka'idoji game da ganimar lokacin yaƙi sun zama karɓa sosai.<ref name=":02" /> A cikin [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] na zamani, dokar kasa da kasa ta haramta fashi, kuma ya zama [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]]. === Daular Daular === [[File:1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG|thumb|Vasily Vereshchagin, The Apotheosis of War, 1871; an sadaukar da shi "ga duk masu cin nasara, da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma zuwa", tarin kwanyar a cikin hamada.]] Imperialism shine kiyayewa da fadada iko a kan kasashen waje, musamman ta hanyar fadadawa, ta amfani da iko mai ƙarfi (ƙarfin soja da na tattalin arziki) da kuma iko mai laushi (ƙarfin diflomasiyya da mulkin mallaka na al'adu). Imperialism yana mai da hankali kan kafa ko kiyaye iko da kuma [[Daula|Daular]] da ta fi dacewa. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Imperialism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=imperialism |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/imperialism |access-date=22 February 2019 |quote=... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...}}</ref> === Maimaitawa === Hakkin kasashe na shiga cikin kare kansu daga yakin basasa an tsara shi a cikin Mataki na 51 na [[Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="j161" /> Za'a iya ganin aikin soja a matsayin ci gaba da kai farmaki kan ikon mallakar ƙasar da aka mamaye. Wasu suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin sake kama yankunan da ba a yarda da su ba yana ƙaruwa tare da wucewar lokaci.<ref name="j161">{{Cite journal |last=Akande |first=Dapo |last2=Tzanakopoulos |first2=Antonios |date=31 December 2021 |title=Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09b60629-e627-47f1-8cb1-3f8b9bcf3b88/files/sfx719p271 |journal=European Journal of International Law |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1307 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chab109 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] opzyinqbze93xssjwaxxwj2i0qq7543 968274 968273 2026-10-16T14:40:12Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Ka'idoji game da cin nasara */ 968274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumph_of_Victory_-_WGA20328.jpg|thumb|The Triumph of Victory by Peter Paul Rubens (wanda aka zana a shekara ta ) ]]   '''Cin nasara''' ya haɗa da samun iko da yankin wani abu ta hanyar [[yaƙi]]. A tarihi, cin nasara ya faru akai-akai a cikin tsari na kasa da kasa, kuma ka'idoji masu amfani ba su mallake su a ƙarƙashin [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba, gami da a cikin soja da [[dokar kasa da kasa]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=Kendall}}</ref> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], yayin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Al'ummai kuma, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an tsara haramtacciyar cin nasara.<ref name=":1" /> Masana sun yi muhawara game da rawar da ka'idoji ke takawa game da cin nasara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Altman |first=Dan |date=2020 |title=The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=490–522 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000119 |issn=0020-8183 |s2cid=226467742 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yawancin wayewa sun shiga cikin cin nasarar soja, tare da misalai sune Jamhuriyar Roma (da kuma Daular da ta biyo baya), jihohin Girka kamar tsohuwar [[Athens]] da Sparta, da [[Daular Achaemenid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek civilization - Athenian Empire, City-States, Democracy &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece/The-Athenian-empire}}</ref> Mutanen da suka waye a zamanin da sun gudanar da [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] a kan babban sikelin waɗanda, a zahiri, sun ci nasara.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_pt=ALLTYPES&as_vt=Cambridge+Ancient+History&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_isbn=&as_issn= Cambridge Ancient History]''. Vol I pg. 261, 519; Vol III, 99, 100-101 {{ISBN|0-521-85073-8}}</ref> A [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]] ana iya ganin tasirin mamayewa da cin nasara a cikin nau'ukan launin fata daban-daban da aka wakilta a cikin zane-zane da siffofi. Inganta aikin [[Agricultural|noma]] ya sauƙaƙa rarraba ma'aikata, gami da kafa manyan sojoji masu sana'a da inganta fasahar soja. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da tsarin siyasa na matsayi, yaƙi ya zama yaduwa da lalacewa. [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]] sun yi amfani da hanyar cin nasara a hankali, wanda ba na soja ba inda suka kafa mulkin mallaka a kan makwabtansu sannan suka kori sarakunan da ke mulki. Halil İnalcık ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi.[1] Nasarar irin wannan ba ta haɗa da juyin juya halin tashin hankali ba amma tsari ne na jinkirin daidaitawa, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar bureaucratic kamar rajistar yawan jama'a da albarkatu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin lokaci na feudal. === Ka'idoji game da cin nasara === Masana sun yi muhawara game da kasancewar al'ada game da cin nasara tun daga shekara ta 1945.<ref name=":0" /> Cin nasarar manyan yankuna ya kasance mai wuya, amma jihohi tun daga 1945 sun ci gaba da bin karɓar ƙananan yankuna.<ref name=":0" /> Za'a iya la'akari da Yakin Russo-Ukrainian a matsayin misali na zamani na yaƙin cin nasara, tare da la'akari cewa a lokacin rikici akwai, koda kuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a idanun dokar kasa da kasa, mamayewar Rasha na Crimea da sassa huɗu na kudu maso gabashin Ukraine a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2022, bi da bi. A kan abin da ya faru a Rasha, Tanisha Fazal ya rubuta,<blockquote>Ka'idoji suna mutuwa sannu a hankali. Yunkurin kama ƙasa kamar yadda ya yi a Rasha a cikin 2022 na iya kasancewa da wuya, aƙalla a yanzu. Amma yayin da masu tayar da kayar baya ba tare da hukunta su ba, jihohi na iya ƙara yin aiki a kan ikirarin yanki a cikin ikon da ba a sani ba - waɗanda ba za su iya haifar da babbar martani ta duniya ba. Wadannan ƙananan hare-hare na iya zama mafi lalacewa ga al'ada game da cin nasarar yankin. Yayin da tashin hankali ke tashi, babbar hanyar yanar gizo ta dokoki da cibiyoyin da suka hada da tsarin kasa da kasa na iya fara fitowa. Ko da yake ba za a iya gujewa ba, mutuwar al'ada za ta bar duniya a cikin haɗari.</blockquote> == Ra'ayoyi == === Tasirin ƙaura === Nasarar soja tana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi haifar da ƙauran ɗan adam. === Fashi === [[File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene55_William_Hastings_battlefield.jpg|thumb|William the Conqueror ya jagoranci dakarunsa a Yaƙin Hastings, 1066, Bayeux Tapestry .]] Fashi da sojojin da suka yi nasara a lokacin yaƙi ya zama al'ada a duk tarihin da aka rubuta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Sandholtz |first=Wayne |date=2008 |title=Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107087766 |journal=European Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=101–131 |doi=10.1177/1354066107087766 |issn=1354-0661 |s2cid=143721778 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin yakin Napoleon kuma musamman bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ka'idoji game da ganimar lokacin yaƙi sun zama karɓa sosai.<ref name=":02" /> A cikin [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] na zamani, dokar kasa da kasa ta haramta fashi, kuma ya zama [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]]. === Daular Daular === [[File:1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG|thumb|Vasily Vereshchagin, The Apotheosis of War, 1871; an sadaukar da shi "ga duk masu cin nasara, da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma zuwa", tarin kwanyar a cikin hamada.]] Imperialism shine kiyayewa da fadada iko a kan kasashen waje, musamman ta hanyar fadadawa, ta amfani da iko mai ƙarfi (ƙarfin soja da na tattalin arziki) da kuma iko mai laushi (ƙarfin diflomasiyya da mulkin mallaka na al'adu). Imperialism yana mai da hankali kan kafa ko kiyaye iko da kuma [[Daula|Daular]] da ta fi dacewa. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Imperialism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=imperialism |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/imperialism |access-date=22 February 2019 |quote=... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...}}</ref> === Maimaitawa === Hakkin kasashe na shiga cikin kare kansu daga yakin basasa an tsara shi a cikin Mataki na 51 na [[Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="j161" /> Za'a iya ganin aikin soja a matsayin ci gaba da kai farmaki kan ikon mallakar ƙasar da aka mamaye. Wasu suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin sake kama yankunan da ba a yarda da su ba yana ƙaruwa tare da wucewar lokaci.<ref name="j161">{{Cite journal |last=Akande |first=Dapo |last2=Tzanakopoulos |first2=Antonios |date=31 December 2021 |title=Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09b60629-e627-47f1-8cb1-3f8b9bcf3b88/files/sfx719p271 |journal=European Journal of International Law |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1307 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chab109 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] of0yo1zwl3rkw9k06cq89avx6rab94g 968285 968274 2026-10-16T15:15:40Z ~2026-55479-46 50108 /* Ka'idoji game da cin nasara */ 968285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumph_of_Victory_-_WGA20328.jpg|thumb|The Triumph of Victory by Peter Paul Rubens (wanda aka zana a shekara ta ) ]]   '''Cin nasara''' ya haɗa da samun iko da yankin wani abu ta hanyar [[yaƙi]]. A tarihi, cin nasara ya faru akai-akai a cikin tsari na kasa da kasa, kuma ka'idoji masu amfani ba su mallake su a ƙarƙashin [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba, gami da a cikin soja da [[dokar kasa da kasa]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=Kendall}}</ref> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], yayin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Al'ummai kuma, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an tsara haramtacciyar cin nasara.<ref name=":1" /> Masana sun yi muhawara game da rawar da ka'idoji ke takawa game da cin nasara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Altman |first=Dan |date=2020 |title=The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=490–522 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000119 |issn=0020-8183 |s2cid=226467742 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yawancin wayewa sun shiga cikin cin nasarar soja, tare da misalai sune Jamhuriyar Roma (da kuma Daular da ta biyo baya), jihohin Girka kamar tsohuwar [[Athens]] da Sparta, da [[Daular Achaemenid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Greek civilization - Athenian Empire, City-States, Democracy &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece/The-Athenian-empire}}</ref> Mutanen da suka waye a zamanin da sun gudanar da [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] a kan babban sikelin waɗanda, a zahiri, sun ci nasara.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_pt=ALLTYPES&as_vt=Cambridge+Ancient+History&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_isbn=&as_issn= Cambridge Ancient History]''. Vol I pg. 261, 519; Vol III, 99, 100-101 {{ISBN|0-521-85073-8}}</ref> A [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]] ana iya ganin tasirin mamayewa da cin nasara a cikin nau'ukan launin fata daban-daban da aka wakilta a cikin zane-zane da siffofi. Inganta aikin [[Agricultural|noma]] ya sauƙaƙa rarraba ma'aikata, gami da kafa manyan sojoji masu sana'a da inganta fasahar soja. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da tsarin siyasa na matsayi, yaƙi ya zama yaduwa da lalacewa. [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]] sun yi amfani da hanyar cin nasara a hankali, wanda ba na soja ba inda suka kafa mulkin mallaka a kan makwabtansu sannan suka kori sarakunan da ke mulki. Halil İnalcık ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi.[1] Nasarar irin wannan ba ta haɗa da juyin juya halin tashin hankali ba amma tsari ne na jinkirin daidaitawa, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar bureaucratic kamar rajistar yawan jama'a da albarkatu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin lokaci na feudal. === Ka'idoji game da cin nasara === Masana sun yi muhawara game da kasancewar al'ada game da cin nasara tun daga shekara ta 1945.<ref name=":0" /> Cin nasarar manyan yankuna ya kasance mai wuya, amma jihohi tun daga shekara ta 1945 sun ci gaba da bin karɓar ƙananan yankuna.<ref name=":0" /> Za'a iya la'akari da Yakin Russo-Ukrainian a matsayin misali na zamani na yaƙin cin nasara, tare da la'akari cewa a lokacin rikici akwai, koda kuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a idanun dokar kasa da kasa, mamayewar Rasha na Crimea da sassa huɗu na kudu maso gabashin Ukraine a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2022, bi da bi. A kan abin da ya faru a Rasha, Tanisha Fazal ya rubuta,<blockquote>Ka'idoji suna mutuwa sannu a hankali. Yunkurin kama ƙasa kamar yadda ya yi a Rasha a cikin 2022 na iya kasancewa da wuya, aƙalla a yanzu. Amma yayin da masu tayar da kayar baya ba tare da hukunta su ba, jihohi na iya ƙara yin aiki a kan ikirarin yanki a cikin ikon da ba a sani ba - waɗanda ba za su iya haifar da babbar martani ta duniya ba. Wadannan ƙananan hare-hare na iya zama mafi lalacewa ga al'ada game da cin nasarar yankin. Yayin da tashin hankali ke tashi, babbar hanyar yanar gizo ta dokoki da cibiyoyin da suka hada da tsarin kasa da kasa na iya fara fitowa. Ko da yake ba za a iya gujewa ba, mutuwar al'ada za ta bar duniya a cikin haɗari.</blockquote> == Ra'ayoyi == === Tasirin ƙaura === Nasarar soja tana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi haifar da ƙauran ɗan adam. === Fashi === [[File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene55_William_Hastings_battlefield.jpg|thumb|William the Conqueror ya jagoranci dakarunsa a Yaƙin Hastings, 1066, Bayeux Tapestry .]] Fashi da sojojin da suka yi nasara a lokacin yaƙi ya zama al'ada a duk tarihin da aka rubuta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Sandholtz |first=Wayne |date=2008 |title=Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107087766 |journal=European Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=101–131 |doi=10.1177/1354066107087766 |issn=1354-0661 |s2cid=143721778 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin yakin Napoleon kuma musamman bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ka'idoji game da ganimar lokacin yaƙi sun zama karɓa sosai.<ref name=":02" /> A cikin [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] na zamani, dokar kasa da kasa ta haramta fashi, kuma ya zama [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]]. === Daular Daular === [[File:1871_Vereshchagin_Apotheose_des_Krieges_anagoria.JPG|thumb|Vasily Vereshchagin, The Apotheosis of War, 1871; an sadaukar da shi "ga duk masu cin nasara, da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma zuwa", tarin kwanyar a cikin hamada.]] Imperialism shine kiyayewa da fadada iko a kan kasashen waje, musamman ta hanyar fadadawa, ta amfani da iko mai ƙarfi (ƙarfin soja da na tattalin arziki) da kuma iko mai laushi (ƙarfin diflomasiyya da mulkin mallaka na al'adu). Imperialism yana mai da hankali kan kafa ko kiyaye iko da kuma [[Daula|Daular]] da ta fi dacewa. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Imperialism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=imperialism |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/imperialism |access-date=22 February 2019 |quote=... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...}}</ref> === Maimaitawa === Hakkin kasashe na shiga cikin kare kansu daga yakin basasa an tsara shi a cikin Mataki na 51 na [[Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="j161" /> Za'a iya ganin aikin soja a matsayin ci gaba da kai farmaki kan ikon mallakar ƙasar da aka mamaye. Wasu suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin sake kama yankunan da ba a yarda da su ba yana ƙaruwa tare da wucewar lokaci.<ref name="j161">{{Cite journal |last=Akande |first=Dapo |last2=Tzanakopoulos |first2=Antonios |date=31 December 2021 |title=Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09b60629-e627-47f1-8cb1-3f8b9bcf3b88/files/sfx719p271 |journal=European Journal of International Law |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1307 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chab109 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mfnomo8512ex5ufzsfxyr3fiuocpcec 3 179387 968276 2026-10-16T14:43:44Z Deepfriedokra 13105 Deepfriedokra moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Spidersnyc]] to [[Tattaunawar user:SpidersNYC]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Spidersnyc|Spidersnyc]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SpidersNYC|SpidersNYC]]" 968276 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:SpidersNYC]] 8i8uj7g2ue5ywbdb0p94x06uop9pbsu 0 179388 968277 2026-10-16T14:49:09Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olu Akenjoye''' shine Olu na 11 na [[Warri]] wanda ya mulki mutanen [[Itsekiri]] da waɗanda ba Itsekiri ba a masarautar. Shi ne ɗa ga [[Olu Abejoye]], Olu na 10 na Masarautar Warri. Ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Olu na 11 na Warri. Ya karɓi muƙamin, Ogiame Sebastian II. Ɗansa [[Olu Omagboye (Miguel)] ya gaje shi.<ref> {{Ambaci yanar gizo|url=https://ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about/our-olus|title = Game da}}</ref><ref> {{Ambaci yanar gizo|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title= Masarautar Itsekiri | Afirka | TarihiThinkAfrica|date=6 Disamba 2018}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title = Wanene Olu of Warri? Masarautar Warri a Najeriya | kwanan wata = 6 Janairu 2020}}</ref><ref> {{ ambaci littafi |ƙarshe=Ayomike |na farko=JOS |title=Benin da Warri. Abubuwan da suka faru a Tarihi. |mai bugawa=Masu bugawa na Mayomi |shekara=1967 }}</ref><ref> {{ ambaci littafi |last=Sagay |na farko=JO |title= Masarautar Warri |publisher=Progress Publishers |shekara=1980 }}</ref><ref> {{ ambaci littafi |ƙarshe=Ayomike |na farko=JOS |title=Tarihin Warri |publisher=Ilupeju Press |shekara=1988 }}</ref> ==Nassoshi== <references /> {{Sarrafa iko}} {{TSARAR TSARIN:Akenjoye}} [[Rukunin:Mutanen Warri]] [[Rukunin:Shekarar haihuwa ba a sani ba]] [[Rukunin:Shekarar Mutuwa Ba a San Komai Ba]] [[Rukunin:Olus na Warri]] [[Rukunin: Mutuwa 1709]] {{Bio-bios-stub na Najeriya}} f24xadca6r62kgj6fyle5a48r8pyttv 0 179389 968278 2026-10-16T14:52:30Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olu Akengboye''' shine Olu na 13 a Masarautar Warri. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Olu Omagboye (Miguel)] a matsayin Olu na 13 a Warri. Ya karɓi muƙamin, Ogiame Akengboye. Sunansa na Portugal shine Augustine Sabastiao Octobia. Ɗansa [[Olu Atogbuwa]] ya gaje shi a lokacin.<ref> {{Yanar Gizo|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiri.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Useful}}</ref><ref> {{Ambaci yanar gizo|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=Daular Itsekiri (1480 AD - Yanzu): Turawan Afirka na Neja Delta -|date=6 Disamba 2018|website=thinkafrica.net}}</ref><ref> {{Website|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Wane ne Olu na Warri? Masarautar Warri a Najeriya | kwanan wata=6 Janairu 2020}}</ref><ref> {{ ambaci littafi |ƙarshe=Ayomike |na farko=JOS |title=Benin da Warri. Abubuwan da suka faru a Tarihi. |mai bugawa=Masu bugawa na Mayomi |shekara=1967 }}</ref><ref> {{ ambaci littafi |last=Sagay |na farko=JO |title= Masarautar Warri |publisher=Progress Publishers |shekara=1980 }}</ref><ref> {{ ambaci littafi |ƙarshe=Ayomike |na farko=JOS |title=Tarihin Warri |publisher=Ilupeju Press |shekara=1988 }}</ref> ==Nassoshi== <references /> {{Sarrafa iko}} {{TSARAR TSARIN:Akengboye}} [[Rukunin:Mutanen Warri]] [[Rukunin:Shekarar haihuwa ba a sani ba]] [[Rukunin:Shekarar Mutuwa Ba a San Komai Ba]] [[Rukunin:Olus na Warri]] [[Rukunin:Mutanen Masarautar Warri]] {{Bio-bios-stub na Najeriya}} sdwync3loxmsxd0zw5w00w423sczu1e 968280 968278 2026-10-16T14:57:26Z Marwan Bello 31239 Edited references 968280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olu Akengboye''' shi ne Olu na 13 na [[Warri]], wanda ya yi sarauta a kan [[Masarautar Warri]]. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Olu Omagboye (Miguel)]], a matsayin Olu na 13 na Warri. Ya ɗauki sarautar Ogiame Akengboye. Sunansa na Fotigal shi ne Agostinho Sabastiao Octobia. Ɗansa, [[Olu Atogbuwa]], ya gaje shi a kusan shekarar 1734.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Itsekiri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=The Itsekiriingdom (1480 AD - Present): the Afro-Europeans of the Niger Delta -|date=6 December 2018|website=thinkafrica.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Who is Olu of Warri? Kingdom of Warri in Nigeria|date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=Benin and Warri. Meeting Points in History. |publisher=Mayomi Publishers |year=1967 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sagay |first=J.O. |title=The Warri Kingdom |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=A History of Warri |publisher=Ilupeju Press |year=1988 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akengboye}} [[Category:Mutane daga Warri]] [[Category:Ba a san shekarar haihuwa ba]] [[Category:Ba a san shekarar mutuwa ba]] [[Category:Olus na Warri]] [[Category:Mutane daga Masarautar Warri]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} 8tjz7kyt1nlrbxx8kgt73rk9ahxbl9t 0 179390 968281 2026-10-16T15:00:18Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Okeoghene Afareha''' (10 Maris 1947 – 18 Janairu 2026) babban limamin Cocin Katolika ne ɗan Najeriya, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na [[Diocese of Warri|Diyosisis ta Warri]] daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2022. == Rayuwa da sana'a == An haifi Afareha a ranar 10 Maris 1947 ga Rebecca da Edward Afareha daga garin Oleh, wanda a yanzu yake cikin [[Isoko South]], Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ya rasu tun yana ƙarami, saboda haka mahaifiyarsa ta biyu, Angelina Afareha, ce ta riƙe shi tare da 'yar'uwarsa Theresa Maris Afareha.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Eribake | first=Akintayo | title=Behold The New Catholic Bishop of Warri |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=30 May 2010 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/05/behold-the-new-catholic-bishop-of-warri/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria| access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1990, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin limami a ƙarƙashin Babban Limami Monsignor Anthony Topken a Cocin Katolika na Ss. Peter and Paul da ke Ughelli. A shekarar 1997, [[Paparoma John Paul II]] ya naɗa shi mataimakin bishop na Diyosisis ta Warri. An tsarkake shi a matsayin bishop ta hannun Cardinal [[Jozef Tomko]], wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban Majami'ar Tsarkaka mai kula da yaɗa addinin Kiristanci a tsakanin al'ummai, a ranar 14 Mayu 1997. A ranar 29 Maris 2010, an naɗa Afareha a matsayin Bishop na Warri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Warri Catholic Bishop, Afareha, Dies At 78 |url=https://www.nigerdeltatoday.com/breaking-former-warri-catholic-bishop-afareha-dies-at-78/ |access-date=18 January 2026 |publisher=Nigeria Delta Today |date=18 January 2026}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki har zuwa ranar 18 Afrilu 2022, lokacin da [[Paparoma Francis]] ya amince da murabus ɗinsa daga matsayin bishop na diyosisis.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rinunce e nomine | website=press.vatican.va | date=18 April 2022 | url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2022/04/18/0271/00569.html | language=it | access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> Afareha ya rasu a ranar 18 Janairu 2026 yana da shekaru 78.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Warri Catholic Bishop, Afareha, Dies At 78 |url=https://www.nigerdeltatoday.com/breaking-former-warri-catholic-bishop-afareha-dies-at-78/ |access-date=18 January 2026 |publisher=Nigeria Delta Today |date=18 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lutti nell'episcopato |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2026-01/quo-016/lutti-nell-episcopato.html | language=it |access-date=21 January 2026 |publisher=Osservatore Romano |date=21 January 2026}}</ref><ref>[https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/warr0?tab=bishops Diocese of Warri, Nigeria]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-rel|ca}} {{s-bef | before=[[Richard Anthony Burke]]}} {{s-ttl | title=Bishop na Warri|years=2010–2022}} {{s-aft | after=[[Anthony Ewherido]]}} {{s-bef | before=[[Carlos Arthur Sevilla]]}} {{s-ttl | title=Bishop mai riƙe da taken Mina|years=1997–2010}} {{s-aft | after=[[Wilfried Theising]]}} {{s-bef | before=—}} {{s-ttl | title=Mataimakin Bishop na Warri|years=1997–2010}} {{s-aft | after=—}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afareha, John Oke}} [[Category:Haihuwar 1947]] [[Category:Mutuwar 2026]] [[Category:Bishop na Cocin Katolika a Najeriya a ƙarni na 20]] [[Category:Bishop na Cocin Katolika a Najeriya a ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Bishop masu riƙe da taken Cocin Katolika a ƙarni na 20]] [[Category:Bishop masu riƙe da taken Cocin Katolika a ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Bishop da Paparoma John Paul II ya naɗa]] [[Category:Bishop da Paparoma Benedict XVI ya naɗa]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} c8fgt7glab6ps5e00tk7639k51vsywk 0 179391 968282 2026-10-16T15:03:37Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Afolabi Fatai Adeyinka''' ya kasance masanin shari'a ɗan Najeriya wanda ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin Babban Alƙalin Jihar Legas. Haka kuma, ya taɓa zama alƙali a Babbar Kotun Jihar Legas da kuma shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Jihar Legas (LASIEC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Judiciary |url=https://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ViewAboutUS.aspx |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Afolabi Fatai Adeyinka a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1939, a Ikorodu, Jihar Legas. Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Ereko Methodist, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Anwar-ul-Islam; dukkansu suna cikin Jihar Legas. Ya karanci shari'a a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Holborn da ke Landan. Daga baya ya dawo Najeriya, inda aka shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi a shekarar 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=ADEYINKA, Afolabi Fatai |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/adeyinka-afolabi-fatai/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin shari'a == Adeyinka ya yi ɗan aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya kafin ya shiga aikin shari'a. Ya yi aikin lauya mai zaman kansa daga shekarar 1969 zuwa 1986. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1986, aka naɗa shi alƙali a Babbar Kotun Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Lagos Judiciary: a New Dawn |url=http://allafrica.com:80/stories/200403221101.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417132415/http://allafrica.com:80/stories/200403221101.html |archive-date=17 April 2004 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2004, Gwamna na lokacin [[Bola Tinubu]] ya rantsar da shi a matsayin Babban Alƙali na 11 na Jihar Legas, inda ya gaji Mai Shari'a Ibitola Adebisi Sotuminu. Wa'adinsa a matsayin Babban Alƙali ya kasance gajere, domin ya kai shekarun ritaya na tilas, wato shekaru 65, bayan kwanaki 116 kacal da fara wa'adinsa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adewale |first=Busari |date=18 June 2004 |title=Nigeria: Lagos Chief Judge to Retire Next Month |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200406180912.html}}</ref> Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin shari'a, an naɗa shi shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Jihar Legas (LASIEC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Akinwunmi Ambode Nominates Ex-Lagos CJ, Philips To Replace Adeyinka As LASIEC Chairman – Akinwunmi Ambode |url=https://akinwunmiambode.com/ambode-nominates-ex-lagos-cj-philips-to-replace-adeyinka-as-lasiec-chairman/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission |url=https://lasiec.humanityfirst.ng/commission_/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Lagos State Independent Electoral Commission, LASIEC |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya rasu yana da shekaru 82 a duniya a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blissfulaffairsonline |date=18 May 2022 |title=LAGOS JUDICIARY EULOGISES LATE JUSTICE AFOLABI ADEYINKA |url=https://blissfulaffairsonline.com/lagos-judiciary-eulogises-late-justice-afolabi-adeyinka/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Blissfulaffairsonline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria [interview]: Law & Human Rights: Disobedience of Court Order Dangerous to Democracy |url=http://allafrica.com:80/stories/200406250121.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708091050/http://allafrica.com:80/stories/200406250121.html |archive-date=8 July 2004 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian judges]] [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:People from Ikorodu]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Adeyinka, Afolabi Fatai}} {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} kn7b3ks99w12x4xmaxdhfght9b704xt 0 179392 968283 2026-10-16T15:06:21Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968283 wikitext text/x-wiki {databox}} '''Obioma Success Akagburuonye''' ɗan kasuwa ne, injiniya kuma mai taimakon jama'a daga Najeriya. Shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin Praco International Limited, wanda ke harkokin gidaje da bunƙasa al'umma, tare da mai da hankali kan samar da gidaje masu araha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=21 February 2026 |title=At 60, Akagburuonye speaks on his struggles, triumphs, politics |url=https://thesun.ng/at-60-akagburuonye-speaks-on-his-struggles-triumphs-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, jaridar [[The Sun (Nigeria)|Sun Newspaper]] ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Ayyukan Jinƙai na Shekara ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somorin |date=22 March 2026 |title=The success factor in Imo's succession politics |url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/the-success-factor-in-imos-succession-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Kunle}}</ref> Haka kuma, shi ne Akaraogu Ndigbo, muƙamin gargajiya da yake riƙe da shi tun shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=4 September 2024 |title=Economic, industrial emancipation, way forward for Ndigbo - Akagburuonye |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/economic-industrial-emancipation-way-forward-for-ndigbo-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Whistler |first=The |date=16 February 2026 |title=Me And My God: The Crown Of Grace On Akagburuonye At Sixty |url=https://thewhistler.ng/me-and-my-god-the-crown-of-grace-on-akagburuonye-at-sixty/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Akagburuonye a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1966, cikin iyalan marigayi Nehemiah Akagburuonye Amuchie, daga Umuoshike Ogbor Uvuru, [[Aboh Mbaise]], Jihar Imo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Barr. Obioma Success Akagburuonye |url=https://hoperising.org.ng/profile/chief-barr-obioma-success-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=HopeRising for Imolites |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya yi karatun firamare a Town School Ogbor daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Oke-Ovoro Secondary School, Mbaise, daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1985. Ya samu digirin farko na kimiyya da digiri na biyu a fannin [[Civil engineering|injiniyan gine-gine da ayyukan farar hula]]. Haka kuma, ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari'a da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) daga [[Prince Abubakar Audu University|Jami'ar Jihar Kogi]], Anyigba, Jihar Kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Keyamo, Kanayo O Kanayo, Njiole-Akalefu, Akagburuonye to headline Bia Were Oji Uvuru '24 |url=https://sundiatapost.com/keyamo-kanayo-o-kanayo-njiole-akalefu-akagburuonye-to-headline-bia-were-oji-uvuru-24/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1996, Akagburuonye ya kafa kamfanin Praco International Company, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan injiniyan gine-gine da harkokin gidaje. A shekarar 2001,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=7 February 2026 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye at 60: The measure of a man |url=https://thesun.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-at-60-the-measure-of-a-man/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> ya kafa wasu kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci, ciki har da Psalm 127 Limited, Peace Be Still Hotel,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Estate Developer Seeks Tinubu's Intervention Over Illegal Demolition of Properties in FCT|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/04/29/estate-developer-seeks-tinubus-intervention-over-illegal-demolition-of-properties-in-fct/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Canaan Side, Obisco Plastics, Oburu na Jehovah Echeghi Obodo Shopping Plaza da Divine Foundation Property Limited, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=21 April 2025 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye—Philanthropist, Preacher, and Pillar of Mbaise Nation |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-philanthropist-preacher-and-pillar-of-mbaise-nation/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/akagburuonye-from-scaling-life-s-summit-to-building-next-peak/ar-AA1Wnfp6 |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2012. A watan Maris na wannan shekarar, ya kafa ofishin lauyoyinsa mai suna "O.S. Akagburuonye & Co. (Akara Ugo Chambers)" a Abuja.<ref name="ng-check">{{cite web|url=https://ng-check.com/james-duru-co/1378255.html?utm_source=2118601|title=O.S. Akagburuonye & Co Nigeria company profile - address, contacts, owners |website=ng-check.com|access-date=9 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya ja hankalin jama'a sakamakon shari'ar da ya shigar kan Hukumar Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTA). Ya nemi a mayar masa da filayen da hukumar ta ƙwace tare da gine-ginen da ta rushe. A shekarar 2022, Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta Najeriya ta yanke hukunci a madadinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=8 December 2023 |title=Estate developer breaks ground on 254-hectare land after 17-year court battle |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/12/estate-developer-breaks-ground-on-254-hectare-land-after-17-year-court-battle/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=16 April 2024 |title=Incessant demolition in FCT chasing away property investors –Obioma, estate developer |url=https://thesun.ng/incessant-demolition-in-fct-chasing-away-property-investors-obioma-estate-developer/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Akagburuonye ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]] (ADP) a zaɓen shekarar [[2019 Imo State gubernatorial election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=8 February 2019 |title=Imo Restoration 2019:ADP Guber Candidate, Akagburuonye Vows To Offer Good Governance {{!}} » Universal Reporters |url=https://universalreportersng.com/imo-restoration-2019adp-guber-candidate-akagburuonye-vows-to-offer-good-governance/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a shekarar 2026 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oladesu |date=3 February 2026 |title=Businessman: I want to succeed Uzodimma|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204040055/https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|first=Emmanuel|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iwuamadi |date=1 February 2026 |title=The future of Imo: From Hope to Success |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/the-future-of-imo-from-hope-to-success/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Austin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olatunji |first=Kehinde |date=3 February 2026 |title=Akagburuonye hinges leadership on accountability, grassroots devt |url=https://guardian.ng/news/akagburuonye-hinges-leadership-on-accountability-grassroots-devt/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * Mai Shari'ar Zaman Lafiya: Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Imo, Mayu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jakadan Masarauta, Cocin Assemblies of God, Najeriya: Maris 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ayyukan taimakon jama'a da jinƙai a Najeriya: Satumba 2018, New York, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> * Digirin girmamawa a fannin kula da ayyukan jinƙai da tauhidi: Freedom University, Philadelphia, Amurka, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=19 July 2025 |title=2027: Chief Akagburuonye, Best Fit for Imo's Top Job |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/2027-chief-akagburuonye-best-fit-for-imos-top-job/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref> * Babban majiɓincin rayuwa na United Igbo Elders Council (UNIEC). * Kyautar Sun Newspapers ta 2025 ga fitaccen mai hidimar jinƙai. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akagburuonye, Success}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian chief executives]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian company founders]] [[Category:1966 births]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} m05jzuxyaneaat0m6hsgnr2t2c6090a 968292 968283 2026-10-16T15:23:43Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */ 968292 wikitext text/x-wiki {databox}} '''Obioma Success Akagburuonye''' ɗan kasuwa ne, injiniya kuma mai taimakon jama'a daga Najeriya. Shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin Praco International Limited, wanda ke harkokin gidaje da bunƙasa al'umma, tare da mai da hankali kan samar da gidaje masu araha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=21 February 2026 |title=At 60, Akagburuonye speaks on his struggles, triumphs, politics |url=https://thesun.ng/at-60-akagburuonye-speaks-on-his-struggles-triumphs-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, jaridar [[The Sun (Nigeria)|Sun Newspaper]] ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Ayyukan Jinƙai na Shekara ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somorin |date=22 March 2026 |title=The success factor in Imo's succession politics |url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/the-success-factor-in-imos-succession-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Kunle}}</ref> Haka kuma, shi ne Akaraogu Ndigbo, muƙamin gargajiya da yake riƙe da shi tun shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=4 September 2024 |title=Economic, industrial emancipation, way forward for Ndigbo - Akagburuonye |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/economic-industrial-emancipation-way-forward-for-ndigbo-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Whistler |first=The |date=16 February 2026 |title=Me And My God: The Crown Of Grace On Akagburuonye At Sixty |url=https://thewhistler.ng/me-and-my-god-the-crown-of-grace-on-akagburuonye-at-sixty/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Akagburuonye a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1966, cikin iyalan marigayi Nehemiah Akagburuonye Amuchie, daga Umuoshike Ogbor Uvuru, [[Aboh Mbaise]], Jihar Imo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Barr. Obioma Success Akagburuonye |url=https://hoperising.org.ng/profile/chief-barr-obioma-success-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=HopeRising for Imolites |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya yi karatun firamare a Town School Ogbor daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Oke-Ovoro Secondary School, Mbaise, daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1985. Ya samu digirin farko na kimiyya da digiri na biyu a fannin [[Civil engineering|injiniyan gine-gine da ayyukan farar hula]]. Haka kuma, ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari'a da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) daga [[Prince Abubakar Audu University|Jami'ar Jihar Kogi]], Anyigba, Jihar Kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Keyamo, Kanayo O Kanayo, Njiole-Akalefu, Akagburuonye to headline Bia Were Oji Uvuru '24 |url=https://sundiatapost.com/keyamo-kanayo-o-kanayo-njiole-akalefu-akagburuonye-to-headline-bia-were-oji-uvuru-24/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1996, Akagburuonye ya kafa kamfanin Praco International Company, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan injiniyan gine-gine da harkokin gidaje. A shekarar 2001,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=7 February 2026 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye at 60: The measure of a man |url=https://thesun.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-at-60-the-measure-of-a-man/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> ya kafa wasu kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci, ciki har da Psalm 127 Limited, Peace Be Still Hotel,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Estate Developer Seeks Tinubu's Intervention Over Illegal Demolition of Properties in FCT|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/04/29/estate-developer-seeks-tinubus-intervention-over-illegal-demolition-of-properties-in-fct/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Canaan Side, Obisco Plastics, Oburu na Jehovah Echeghi Obodo Shopping Plaza da Divine Foundation Property Limited, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=21 April 2025 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye—Philanthropist, Preacher, and Pillar of Mbaise Nation |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-philanthropist-preacher-and-pillar-of-mbaise-nation/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/akagburuonye-from-scaling-life-s-summit-to-building-next-peak/ar-AA1Wnfp6 |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2012. A watan Maris na wannan shekarar, ya kafa ofishin lauyoyinsa mai suna "O.S. Akagburuonye & Co. (Akara Ugo Chambers)" a Abuja.<ref name="ng-check">{{cite web|url=https://ng-check.com/james-duru-co/1378255.html?utm_source=2118601|title=O.S. Akagburuonye & Co Nigeria company profile - address, contacts, owners |website=ng-check.com|access-date=9 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya ja hankalin jama'a sakamakon shari'ar da ya shigar kan Hukumar Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTA). Ya nemi a mayar masa da filayen da hukumar ta ƙwace tare da gine-ginen da ta rushe. A shekarar 2022, Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta Najeriya ta yanke hukunci a madadinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=8 December 2023 |title=Estate developer breaks ground on 254-hectare land after 17-year court battle |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/12/estate-developer-breaks-ground-on-254-hectare-land-after-17-year-court-battle/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=16 April 2024 |title=Incessant demolition in FCT chasing away property investors –Obioma, estate developer |url=https://thesun.ng/incessant-demolition-in-fct-chasing-away-property-investors-obioma-estate-developer/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Akagburuonye ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]] (ADP) a zaɓen shekarar [[2019 Imo State gubernatorial election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=8 February 2019 |title=Imo Restoration 2019:ADP Guber Candidate, Akagburuonye Vows To Offer Good Governance {{!}} » Universal Reporters |url=https://universalreportersng.com/imo-restoration-2019adp-guber-candidate-akagburuonye-vows-to-offer-good-governance/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a shekarar 2026 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oladesu |date=3 February 2026 |title=Businessman: I want to succeed Uzodimma|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204040055/https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|first=Emmanuel|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iwuamadi |date=1 February 2026 |title=The future of Imo: From Hope to Success |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/the-future-of-imo-from-hope-to-success/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Austin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olatunji |first=Kehinde |date=3 February 2026 |title=Akagburuonye hinges leadership on accountability, grassroots devt |url=https://guardian.ng/news/akagburuonye-hinges-leadership-on-accountability-grassroots-devt/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * Mai Shari'ar Zaman Lafiya: Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Imo, Mayu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jakadan Masarauta, Cocin Assemblies of God, Najeriya: Maris 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ayyukan taimakon jama'a da jinƙai a Najeriya: Satumba 2018, New York, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> * Digirin girmamawa a fannin kula da ayyukan jinƙai da tauhidi: Freedom University, Philadelphia, Amurka, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=19 July 2025 |title=2027: Chief Akagburuonye, Best Fit for Imo's Top Job |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/2027-chief-akagburuonye-best-fit-for-imos-top-job/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref> * Babban majiɓincin rayuwa na United Igbo Elders Council (UNIEC). * Kyautar Sun Newspapers ta 2025 ga fitaccen mai hidimar jinƙai. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akagburuonye, Success}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian chief executives]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian company founders]] [[Category:1966 births]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} dlwjcu4ooyafi74fx4fgzm2seelbblv 968293 968292 2026-10-16T15:24:01Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */ 968293 wikitext text/x-wiki {databox}} '''Obioma Success Akagburuonye''' ɗan kasuwa ne, injiniya kuma mai taimakon jama'a daga Najeriya. Shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin Praco International Limited, wanda ke harkokin gidaje da bunƙasa al'umma, tare da mai da hankali kan samar da gidaje masu araha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=21 February 2026 |title=At 60, Akagburuonye speaks on his struggles, triumphs, politics |url=https://thesun.ng/at-60-akagburuonye-speaks-on-his-struggles-triumphs-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, jaridar [[The Sun (Nigeria)|Sun Newspaper]] ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Ayyukan Jinƙai na Shekara ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somorin |date=22 March 2026 |title=The success factor in Imo's succession politics |url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/the-success-factor-in-imos-succession-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Kunle}}</ref> Haka kuma, shi ne Akaraogu Ndigbo, muƙamin gargajiya da yake riƙe da shi tun shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=4 September 2024 |title=Economic, industrial emancipation, way forward for Ndigbo - Akagburuonye |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/economic-industrial-emancipation-way-forward-for-ndigbo-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Whistler |first=The |date=16 February 2026 |title=Me And My God: The Crown Of Grace On Akagburuonye At Sixty |url=https://thewhistler.ng/me-and-my-god-the-crown-of-grace-on-akagburuonye-at-sixty/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Akagburuonye a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekara ta 1966, cikin iyalan marigayi Nehemiah Akagburuonye Amuchie, daga Umuoshike Ogbor Uvuru, [[Aboh Mbaise]], Jihar Imo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Barr. Obioma Success Akagburuonye |url=https://hoperising.org.ng/profile/chief-barr-obioma-success-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=HopeRising for Imolites |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya yi karatun firamare a Town School Ogbor daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Oke-Ovoro Secondary School, Mbaise, daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1985. Ya samu digirin farko na kimiyya da digiri na biyu a fannin [[Civil engineering|injiniyan gine-gine da ayyukan farar hula]]. Haka kuma, ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari'a da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) daga [[Prince Abubakar Audu University|Jami'ar Jihar Kogi]], Anyigba, Jihar Kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Keyamo, Kanayo O Kanayo, Njiole-Akalefu, Akagburuonye to headline Bia Were Oji Uvuru '24 |url=https://sundiatapost.com/keyamo-kanayo-o-kanayo-njiole-akalefu-akagburuonye-to-headline-bia-were-oji-uvuru-24/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1996, Akagburuonye ya kafa kamfanin Praco International Company, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan injiniyan gine-gine da harkokin gidaje. A shekarar 2001,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=7 February 2026 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye at 60: The measure of a man |url=https://thesun.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-at-60-the-measure-of-a-man/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> ya kafa wasu kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci, ciki har da Psalm 127 Limited, Peace Be Still Hotel,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Estate Developer Seeks Tinubu's Intervention Over Illegal Demolition of Properties in FCT|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/04/29/estate-developer-seeks-tinubus-intervention-over-illegal-demolition-of-properties-in-fct/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Canaan Side, Obisco Plastics, Oburu na Jehovah Echeghi Obodo Shopping Plaza da Divine Foundation Property Limited, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=21 April 2025 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye—Philanthropist, Preacher, and Pillar of Mbaise Nation |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-philanthropist-preacher-and-pillar-of-mbaise-nation/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/akagburuonye-from-scaling-life-s-summit-to-building-next-peak/ar-AA1Wnfp6 |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2012. A watan Maris na wannan shekarar, ya kafa ofishin lauyoyinsa mai suna "O.S. Akagburuonye & Co. (Akara Ugo Chambers)" a Abuja.<ref name="ng-check">{{cite web|url=https://ng-check.com/james-duru-co/1378255.html?utm_source=2118601|title=O.S. Akagburuonye & Co Nigeria company profile - address, contacts, owners |website=ng-check.com|access-date=9 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya ja hankalin jama'a sakamakon shari'ar da ya shigar kan Hukumar Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTA). Ya nemi a mayar masa da filayen da hukumar ta ƙwace tare da gine-ginen da ta rushe. A shekarar 2022, Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta Najeriya ta yanke hukunci a madadinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=8 December 2023 |title=Estate developer breaks ground on 254-hectare land after 17-year court battle |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/12/estate-developer-breaks-ground-on-254-hectare-land-after-17-year-court-battle/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=16 April 2024 |title=Incessant demolition in FCT chasing away property investors –Obioma, estate developer |url=https://thesun.ng/incessant-demolition-in-fct-chasing-away-property-investors-obioma-estate-developer/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Akagburuonye ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]] (ADP) a zaɓen shekarar [[2019 Imo State gubernatorial election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=8 February 2019 |title=Imo Restoration 2019:ADP Guber Candidate, Akagburuonye Vows To Offer Good Governance {{!}} » Universal Reporters |url=https://universalreportersng.com/imo-restoration-2019adp-guber-candidate-akagburuonye-vows-to-offer-good-governance/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a shekarar 2026 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oladesu |date=3 February 2026 |title=Businessman: I want to succeed Uzodimma|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204040055/https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|first=Emmanuel|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iwuamadi |date=1 February 2026 |title=The future of Imo: From Hope to Success |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/the-future-of-imo-from-hope-to-success/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Austin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olatunji |first=Kehinde |date=3 February 2026 |title=Akagburuonye hinges leadership on accountability, grassroots devt |url=https://guardian.ng/news/akagburuonye-hinges-leadership-on-accountability-grassroots-devt/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * Mai Shari'ar Zaman Lafiya: Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Imo, Mayu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jakadan Masarauta, Cocin Assemblies of God, Najeriya: Maris 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ayyukan taimakon jama'a da jinƙai a Najeriya: Satumba 2018, New York, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> * Digirin girmamawa a fannin kula da ayyukan jinƙai da tauhidi: Freedom University, Philadelphia, Amurka, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=19 July 2025 |title=2027: Chief Akagburuonye, Best Fit for Imo's Top Job |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/2027-chief-akagburuonye-best-fit-for-imos-top-job/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref> * Babban majiɓincin rayuwa na United Igbo Elders Council (UNIEC). * Kyautar Sun Newspapers ta 2025 ga fitaccen mai hidimar jinƙai. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akagburuonye, Success}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian chief executives]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian company founders]] [[Category:1966 births]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} 9530t9huxlelce06eop1pjn9opfj7t7 968294 968293 2026-10-16T15:24:32Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Sana'a */ 968294 wikitext text/x-wiki {databox}} '''Obioma Success Akagburuonye''' ɗan kasuwa ne, injiniya kuma mai taimakon jama'a daga Najeriya. Shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin Praco International Limited, wanda ke harkokin gidaje da bunƙasa al'umma, tare da mai da hankali kan samar da gidaje masu araha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=21 February 2026 |title=At 60, Akagburuonye speaks on his struggles, triumphs, politics |url=https://thesun.ng/at-60-akagburuonye-speaks-on-his-struggles-triumphs-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, jaridar [[The Sun (Nigeria)|Sun Newspaper]] ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Ayyukan Jinƙai na Shekara ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somorin |date=22 March 2026 |title=The success factor in Imo's succession politics |url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/the-success-factor-in-imos-succession-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Kunle}}</ref> Haka kuma, shi ne Akaraogu Ndigbo, muƙamin gargajiya da yake riƙe da shi tun shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=4 September 2024 |title=Economic, industrial emancipation, way forward for Ndigbo - Akagburuonye |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/economic-industrial-emancipation-way-forward-for-ndigbo-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Whistler |first=The |date=16 February 2026 |title=Me And My God: The Crown Of Grace On Akagburuonye At Sixty |url=https://thewhistler.ng/me-and-my-god-the-crown-of-grace-on-akagburuonye-at-sixty/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Akagburuonye a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekara ta 1966, cikin iyalan marigayi Nehemiah Akagburuonye Amuchie, daga Umuoshike Ogbor Uvuru, [[Aboh Mbaise]], Jihar Imo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Barr. Obioma Success Akagburuonye |url=https://hoperising.org.ng/profile/chief-barr-obioma-success-akagburuonye/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=HopeRising for Imolites |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya yi karatun firamare a Town School Ogbor daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1980, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Oke-Ovoro Secondary School, Mbaise, daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1985. Ya samu digirin farko na kimiyya da digiri na biyu a fannin [[Civil engineering|injiniyan gine-gine da ayyukan farar hula]]. Haka kuma, ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari'a da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) daga [[Prince Abubakar Audu University|Jami'ar Jihar Kogi]], Anyigba, Jihar Kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Keyamo, Kanayo O Kanayo, Njiole-Akalefu, Akagburuonye to headline Bia Were Oji Uvuru '24 |url=https://sundiatapost.com/keyamo-kanayo-o-kanayo-njiole-akalefu-akagburuonye-to-headline-bia-were-oji-uvuru-24/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1996, Akagburuonye ya kafa kamfanin Praco International Company, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan injiniyan gine-gine da harkokin gidaje. A shekarar 2001,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=7 February 2026 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye at 60: The measure of a man |url=https://thesun.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-at-60-the-measure-of-a-man/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=8 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> ya kafa wasu kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci, ciki har da Psalm 127 Limited, Peace Be Still Hotel,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Estate Developer Seeks Tinubu's Intervention Over Illegal Demolition of Properties in FCT|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/04/29/estate-developer-seeks-tinubus-intervention-over-illegal-demolition-of-properties-in-fct/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Canaan Side, Obisco Plastics, Oburu na Jehovah Echeghi Obodo Shopping Plaza da Divine Foundation Property Limited, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=21 April 2025 |title=Chief Success Akagburuonye—Philanthropist, Preacher, and Pillar of Mbaise Nation |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/chief-success-akagburuonye-philanthropist-preacher-and-pillar-of-mbaise-nation/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/akagburuonye-from-scaling-life-s-summit-to-building-next-peak/ar-AA1Wnfp6 |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> An shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 2012. A watan Maris na wannan shekarar, ya kafa ofishin lauyoyinsa mai suna "O.S. Akagburuonye & Co. (Akara Ugo Chambers)" a Abuja.<ref name="ng-check">{{cite web|url=https://ng-check.com/james-duru-co/1378255.html?utm_source=2118601|title=O.S. Akagburuonye & Co Nigeria company profile - address, contacts, owners |website=ng-check.com|access-date=9 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya ja hankalin jama'a sakamakon shari'ar da ya shigar kan Hukumar Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTA). Ya nemi a mayar masa da filayen da hukumar ta ƙwace tare da gine-ginen da ta rushe. A shekarar 2022, Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta Najeriya ta yanke hukunci a madadinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=8 December 2023 |title=Estate developer breaks ground on 254-hectare land after 17-year court battle |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/12/estate-developer-breaks-ground-on-254-hectare-land-after-17-year-court-battle/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=16 April 2024 |title=Incessant demolition in FCT chasing away property investors –Obioma, estate developer |url=https://thesun.ng/incessant-demolition-in-fct-chasing-away-property-investors-obioma-estate-developer/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Akagburuonye ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]] (ADP) a zaɓen shekarar [[2019 Imo State gubernatorial election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=8 February 2019 |title=Imo Restoration 2019:ADP Guber Candidate, Akagburuonye Vows To Offer Good Governance {{!}} » Universal Reporters |url=https://universalreportersng.com/imo-restoration-2019adp-guber-candidate-akagburuonye-vows-to-offer-good-governance/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Imo a shekarar 2026 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oladesu |date=3 February 2026 |title=Businessman: I want to succeed Uzodimma|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204040055/https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-i-want-to-succeed-uzodimma/ |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|first=Emmanuel|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iwuamadi |date=1 February 2026 |title=The future of Imo: From Hope to Success |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/the-future-of-imo-from-hope-to-success/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|first=Austin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olatunji |first=Kehinde |date=3 February 2026 |title=Akagburuonye hinges leadership on accountability, grassroots devt |url=https://guardian.ng/news/akagburuonye-hinges-leadership-on-accountability-grassroots-devt/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * Mai Shari'ar Zaman Lafiya: Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Imo, Mayu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=9 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jakadan Masarauta, Cocin Assemblies of God, Najeriya: Maris 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=innonews |date=3 November 2024 |title=Top Philanthropist, Success Akagburuonye Bags Prestigious Award At Anglican Synod |url=https://innonews.com.ng/2024/11/03/top-philanthropist-success-akagburuonye-bags-prestigious-award-at-anglican-synod/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=INNONEWS.COM.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ayyukan taimakon jama'a da jinƙai a Najeriya: Satumba 2018, New York, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owerri |first=Chris Njoku |date=22 February 2026 |title=Obasanjo, Jonathan attend Imo business mogul Akagburuonye's 60th birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228150823/https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-jonathan-attend-imo-business-mogul-akagburuonyes-60th-birthday/ |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=9 June 2026 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> * Digirin girmamawa a fannin kula da ayyukan jinƙai da tauhidi: Freedom University, Philadelphia, Amurka, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsplanet |date=19 July 2025 |title=2027: Chief Akagburuonye, Best Fit for Imo's Top Job |url=https://newsplanet.com.ng/2027-chief-akagburuonye-best-fit-for-imos-top-job/ |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=News Planet |language=en-US}}</ref> * Babban majiɓincin rayuwa na United Igbo Elders Council (UNIEC). * Kyautar Sun Newspapers ta 2025 ga fitaccen mai hidimar jinƙai. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akagburuonye, Success}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian chief executives]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian company founders]] [[Category:1966 births]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} jo4837xoznev8nv7f9nii5dkgivkhj5 0 179393 968288 2026-10-16T15:19:34Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369156619|Nelson Venkatesan]]" 968288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}'''Nelson Venkatesan''' darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nelson .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 99qjg3xaucmua6yof7owe5a2h09la7z 968289 968288 2026-10-16T15:20:30Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Ayyuka */ 968289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}'''Nelson Venkatesan''' darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4jrrpqws1wd1vj1hvr8k4ruzpl0cvs7 968290 968289 2026-10-16T15:20:59Z Baby juuu 38856 968290 wikitext text/x-wiki Nelson Venkatesan darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pg3f6rnpzhaiiz22hjg445adu3z4zzx 968291 968290 2026-10-16T15:21:18Z Baby juuu 38856 968291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nelson Venkatesan darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e3hwp0rmc0een49gzdl48a2n2sp0wak 968317 968291 2026-10-16T16:36:03Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nelson Venkatesan darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya kuma zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oe5y5xk23gazq0u907opvel6ofhqyx1 968318 968317 2026-10-16T16:36:17Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nelson Venkatesan darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya kuma zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya kuma bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] acnpackied8b34r6xsg8etz897kz5zz 968324 968318 2026-10-16T17:12:06Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Manazarta */ m 968324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nelson Venkatesan darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya kuma zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya kuma bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0q731gkf95r5acd2r1gezzhlki1e0xj 968325 968324 2026-10-16T17:12:45Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ m 968325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nelson Venkatesan''' darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya kuma zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya kuma bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1gw0rx6uicxp2grve1repb3uryg32xz 968326 968325 2026-10-16T17:12:57Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ m 968326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nelson Venkatesan''' ya kasance darektan fina-finai ne na Indiya, wanda ya jagoranci fina-fukkunan yaren Tamil. Ya kuma zama sananne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016), kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Monster'' (2019) da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro ''Farhana'' (2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Ayyuka == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>Nelson ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar rediyo, inda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki kafin ya fara harkar shirya fina-finai. Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne ''Oru Naal Koothu'' (2016). Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ne da ya mayar da hankali kan batun aure a zamanin yau. Ya fito da Attakathi Dinesh, Miya George da Nivetha Pethuraj a matsayin manyan jarumai. Bayan fitowarsa, fim ɗin ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi kan fina-finai. Wani mai sharhi daga jaridar ''The Deccan Chronicle'' ya kuma bayyana cewa fim ɗin yana da labari mai kayatarwa, tattaunawa mai ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jarumai wajen taka rawa, da kuma kiɗa mai daɗin sauraro. Daga baya, jaridar ''The Hindu'' ta sanya fim ɗin cikin jerin fitattun fina-finan Tamil da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Nelson ya kuma shirya fim ɗin ''Monster'' (2019), wani fim mai ban dariya wanda S. J. Surya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Labarin fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan wani linzamin kwamfuta da ya shiga cikin gida, wanda hakan ya haifar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. A shekarar 2019, an kuma haɗa Nelson da aikin sake shirya fim ɗin Telugu mai suna ''Jersey'' a harshen Tamil. A shirin, Vishnu Vishal da Amala Paul ne za su fito a matsayin manyan jarumai, yayin da Anirudh Ravichander zai kula da kiɗan fim ɗin, kamar yadda ya yi a fim ɗin asali. Sai dai daga baya, aka dakatar da aikin. Fim dinsa na uku ''Farhana'' (2023), wanda [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] ya taka rawa, ya buɗe ga yabo mai mahimmanci. Wani mai bita daga The Week ya lura "''Farhana'' na Nelson Venkatesan kamar numfashi ne na iska mai kyau; labari mai kyau wanda ke haɗa abubuwa na asiri, dabara, da tashin hankali na tunani, tare da zaren siliki na motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html |website=The Week}}</ref> Duk da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin matsa lamba na Islama yayin fitowar fim din, Venkatesan ya ci gaba da cewa bai yi amfani da halin jagorancin "Tushen Islama don jin daɗin labari mai sauƙi ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Voice of an empath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html}}</ref> Bayan ''Farhana'' da ba a kula da shi ba, ya dawo tare da hadayarsa ta huɗu, ''DNA'' (2025), tare da Atharvaa da Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == ; Fim din {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Bayani |- |2016 |''Oru Naal Koothu'' | |- |2019 |''Monster'' | |- |2023 |''Farhana'' | |- |2025 |''DNA'' | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8205919}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qwh237zadqt82cor9q1b1dvbg7qhffn 0 179394 968299 2026-10-16T15:28:50Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Modupe Arthur Afolabi Jemi-Alade''' (14 Disamba 1937 – 29 Yuni 1993), wanda aka fi sani da '''Art Alade''', ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi fice a talabijin da shirya shirye-shirye. Ya kasance mai gabatar da shirin ''The Bar Beach Show'', wani shiri na nishaɗi da ake watsawa kowane mako a [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria|NBC-TV]] (Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya) a shekarun 1970. Ya yi ritaya daga [[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]] a shekarar 1979, lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin mukaddashin Daraktan Shirye-shirye. Bayan ya bar NTA, ya mayar da hankali kan harkar kiɗa, sannan ya kafa wani kulob mai suna ''Art's Place'', inda yake yin wasanni da rera waƙoƙi akai-akai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=HILTZIK |first1=MICHAEL A. |title=Musical Vitality Wanes : In Nigeria, Only the Beat Goes On |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-19-mn-110-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=19 September 1989}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Alade a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1937, cikin iyalan Babatunde da Abiodun Jemi-Alade. Mahaifinsa, Babatunde, shi ne mutum na farko daga ƙabilar Yagba da ya zama babban jami'in kwastam a Legas a farkon shekarun 1920. Mahaifiyarsa kuma tana koyar da kiɗa a wata makaranta ta 'yan mata kaɗai; ita jikar [[Mohammed Shitta Bey]] ce. Ya auri Olapeju Olufunmilayo Cole, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar.[https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alade-art-modupe-afolabi-art-jemi-alade/] Alade ya kammala karatunsa a [[CMS Grammar School, Lagos|Makarantar Grammar ta C.M.S.]] da ke Legas, sannan ya tafi ƙasar Birtaniya don yin karatu a Devon Technical College da London School of Television Production. Ya fara aikinsa na kiɗa ne a wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa na yawon buɗe ido mai suna [[Greek Line]].<ref name="blerf">{{cite web |title=ALADE, Art (Modupe Afolabi Art Jemi-Alade |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alade-art-modupe-afolabi-art-jemi-alade/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=1 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 1964, bayan ya dawo daga Birtaniya, ya shiga aikin Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya, wanda daga baya aka san shi da NTA.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Passing of Arty Humour |journal=New Spear |date=July 1993 |pages=13–14}}</ref> Ya gabatar da shahararren shirin ''Bar Beach Show'', sannan ya jagoranci ''Art Alade Show'', wanda shi ne shirin nishaɗi na farko da aka watsa ta hanyar talabijin a faɗin nahiyar Afirka. A shekarar 1979, ya kafa ''Arts Place'', cibiyar nishaɗi wadda ta ƙunshi gidan rawa, gidan cin abinci da kuma gidan baje kolin fasaha. An naɗa Alade a matsayin mukaddashin Daraktan Shirye-shirye a shekarar 1978, sannan ya yi ritaya shekara guda bayan haka.<ref name="blerf"/> Shi ne mahaifin shahararren mawaƙin Najeriya [[Darey]], wanda ya samu lambobin yabo da nasarori masu yawa a masana'antar kiɗa, kuma ya yi fice a matsayin mawaƙi, marubucin waƙoƙi da kuma alƙali a shirye-shiryen gasar ''Idol''. Ya rasu a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1993, yana da shekaru 55 a duniya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alade, Art}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:1993 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian television producers]] {{Nigeria-tv-bio-stub}} bhw0t5oagbz6gklhww5jq85hu1mbfdu 0 179395 968301 2026-10-16T15:32:26Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olu Atogbuwa''' shi ne Olu na 14 na [[Warri]], wanda ya yi sarauta a [[Kingdom of Warri|Masarautar Warri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Itsekiri}}</ref> Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Olu Akengboye]], a matsayin Olu na 14 na Warri. Ya ɗauki sarautar Ogiame Atogbuwa. Sunansa a yaren Fotigal shi ne Manuel Octobia. Bayan rasuwarsa, [[Olu Erejuwa I]] ya gaje shi a wajen shekara ta 1760.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=The Itsekiri Kingdom (1480 AD - Present): the Afro-Europeans of the Niger Delta|first=Editorial|last=Team|date=6 December 2018|website=Think Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Who is Olu of Warri? Kingdom of Warri in Nigeria|date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=Benin and Warri. Meeting Points in History. |publisher=Mayomi Publishers |year=1967 }}</ref> ==Nassoshi== <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Atogbuwa}} [[Category:People from Warri]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:Year of death unknown]] [[Category:Olus of Warri]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} d0ig57tbjxl8aiol87glh0q0deqy7pn 0 179396 968303 2026-10-16T16:02:54Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378800019|Smartphones and pedestrian safety]]" 968303 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Crowd_of_people_with_phones.jpg|right|thumb|Mutanen da ke amfani da wayoyi yayin tafiya]] An lura da haɗarin tsaro saboda masu tafiya a hankali suna tafiya ba tare da kulawa da muhallinsu ba saboda suna mai da hankali kan wayoyinsu na hannu. Yin aika saƙonni ga masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya yin tuntuɓe a kan tituna, fita a gaban motoci da kuma cin karo da wasu masu tafiya a ƙasa. An kiyasta cewa hangen nesa na mai amfani da wayar salula shine kashi 5% kawai na na'urorin tafiya a ƙasa na yau da kullun. Wasu birane sun dauki matakan zane don yin tituna mafi aminci ga masu tafiya marasa kulawa, gami da fitilu da aka saka a cikin hanya, da kuma hanyoyin da aka keɓe don masu amfani da wayar salula. An yi amfani da kalmar wulakanci ta smartphone zombie don bayyana masu amfani da wayar da ba su kula da kai ba; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatfield |first=Tom |date=29 November 2016 |title=The new words that expose our smartphone obsessions |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-new-words-that-reveal-how-tech-has-changed-us |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> wannan magana wani lokacin ana haɗa ta da Smombie a cikin Jamusanci kuma ta ga wasu amfani da Ingilishi. A [[Hong Kong]] ana kiran irin waɗannan masu amfani da wayar dai tau juk ("ƙabilar kai tsaye"). Wani bita na 2017 ya yi la'akari da kalmar al'adu mai ban sha'awa dangane da binciken likita na matsalar jarabawar intanet da sauran nau'ikan [[Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali|Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital]].<ref>{{Citation|journal=Martin}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar masu tafiya == [[File:A_woman_crossing_G103_for_Huoma_Rd_at_Huoxian_Town,_Beijing_(20240412141828).jpg|thumb|Mai tafiya yana tsallaka hanya yayin da yake kallon wayar salula]] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 a wurare ashirin a Seattle, Amurka, ya gano kashi 14% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study {{!}} Injury Prevention |url=https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/19/4/232 |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=injuryprevention.bmj.com}}</ref> Binciken 2018 na fiye da dubban mutane biyu da aka lura da su a wurare huɗu, ɗaya a Birnin New York da uku a Flagstaff, Arizona, Amurka, sun gano kashi 9% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya yayin ƙetare; sabanin binciken da ya gabata, wannan binciken bai sami cewa amfani da wayar ya canza saurin tafiya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walking on the Wild Side: Distracted Pedestrians and Traffic Safety - Transfers Magazine |url=https://transfersmagazine.org/magazine-article/issue-1/walking-on-the-wild-side-distracted-pedestrians-and-traffic-safety/ |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=transfersmagazine.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Cibiyar Nazarin Kafa ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiri wani kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da "Masu Tafiya ta Dijital", don mayar da martani ga haɗarin da ke tattare da tafiya a kan mahadar hanyoyi da hanyoyin tafiya yayin da ake mai da hankali kawai ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba wai muhallin mutum ba. Sun siffanta irin waɗannan masu tafiya a ƙasa a matsayin "marasa sanin kowa, don haka kamar suna tafiya a kan hanya a kan hanya, suna tafiya a kan barci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=4 January 2016 |title=Avoiding a digital zombie apocalypse |journal=Modern Healthcare |volume=46 |issue=1 |page=36 |id={{ProQuest|1754303504}}}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar direban mota == {{Excerpt|Distracted driving}} == Tsarin birni == [[File:Smombie_sign_in_Osaka,_March_2017.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a [[Osaka]]]] A [[Chongqing]], China, gwamnati ta gina wata hanyar wayar salula a cikin 2014, ta raba masu amfani da wayar da wadanda ba masu amfani da wayo ba. An gabatar da irin wannan makircin a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin Augsburg, Bodegraven da [[Köln|Cologne]], an gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na ƙasa da aka saka a cikin hanya don su kasance a bayyane ga masu tafiya da ke cikin damuwa, yayin da siginar zirga-zane a wani tsakiya a [[Zagreb]] ta jefa jan haske ƙasa, suna samar da haske a kan allo na wayar salula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=U Zagrebu postavljen semafor koji upozorava pješake zadubljene u mobitele |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-zagrebu-postavljen-semafor-koji-pjesake-zadubljene-u-mobitele-upozorava-na-crveno-20191012 |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr |agency=[[HINA]]}}</ref> A [[Seoul]], an sanya alamun gargadi a kan hanya a hanyoyi masu haɗari biyo bayan haɗarin hanya sama da dubu da wayoyin salula suka haifar a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a cikin 2014. Har ila yau, birni ya aiwatar da fitilun zirga-zirga da aka saka a cikin ƙasa don ba da alamar ga mai tafiya ko da sun cika da kwarewar wayar su.<gallery> File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green, close up File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red, close up </gallery> == Fasahar waya == Ana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da kyamarar wayar don sa allon ya bayyana a bayyane don samar da gargadi game da haɗari. == Matakan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Birnin Honolulu, Hawaii ya gabatar da wani ma'auni ga masu tafiya masu kyau da ke kallon wayoyin salula yayin da suke tsallaka hanya. A cikin 2019, China ta gabatar da hukunci don "ayyukan da ke shafar wasu motoci ko masu tafiya" kuma an ci wa wata mace tarar yuan 10 a Wenzhou. == A cikin almara == Marubucin almara na kimiyya Ray Bradbury ya rubuta game da mutane da ke janye hankalinsu ta hanyar fasaha a cikin shekarun 1950, a cikin labarun sa kamar The Pedestrian da ''Fahrenheit 451'' . Ya rubuta a shekara ta 1958 game da lura da ma'aurata suna tafiya a Beverly Hills, mace tana sauraron karamin rediyo na transistor "wanda ba a manta da shi ga mutum da kare ba, sauraron iskõki masu nisa da murmushi da kuma kukan wasan kwaikwayo, barci, ya taimaka sama da ƙasa da mijinta wanda watakila bai kasance a can ba". == Dubi kuma ==   * Zombi na dijital * Jaywalking * Wayar hannu da aminci na tuki * Amfani da wayoyin salula mai matsala * Phubbing * ''Pokémon Go'', wasan hannu da aka tsara don a buga shi a waje == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="safetext" /> <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Nation" /> <ref name="G14" /> <ref name="DT15" /> <ref name="DM14" /> <ref name="BBC15" /> <ref name="SCMP15" /> <ref name="JT14" /> <ref name="I14" /> <ref name="WP16" /> <ref name="Courier" /> <ref name="AC" /> <ref name="WP12" /> </references> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f7ll5zllidw19gdngmq4wee31hiv8t3 968305 968303 2026-10-16T16:03:32Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 968305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Crowd_of_people_with_phones.jpg|right|thumb|Mutanen da ke amfani da wayoyi yayin tafiya]] An lura da haɗarin tsaro saboda masu tafiya a hankali suna tafiya ba tare da kulawa da muhallinsu ba saboda suna mai da hankali kan wayoyinsu na hannu. Yin aika saƙonni ga masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya yin tuntuɓe a kan tituna, fita a gaban motoci da kuma cin karo da wasu masu tafiya a ƙasa. An kiyasta cewa hangen nesa na mai amfani da wayar salula shine kashi 5% kawai na na'urorin tafiya a ƙasa na yau da kullun. Wasu birane sun dauki matakan zane don yin tituna mafi aminci ga masu tafiya marasa kulawa, gami da fitilu da aka saka a cikin hanya, da kuma hanyoyin da aka keɓe don masu amfani da wayar salula. An yi amfani da kalmar wulakanci ta smartphone zombie don bayyana masu amfani da wayar da ba su kula da kai ba; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatfield |first=Tom |date=29 November 2016 |title=The new words that expose our smartphone obsessions |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-new-words-that-reveal-how-tech-has-changed-us |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> wannan magana wani lokacin ana haɗa ta da Smombie a cikin Jamusanci kuma ta ga wasu amfani da Ingilishi. A [[Hong Kong]] ana kiran irin waɗannan masu amfani da wayar dai tau juk ("ƙabilar kai tsaye"). Wani bita na 2017 ya yi la'akari da kalmar al'adu mai ban sha'awa dangane da binciken likita na matsalar jarabawar intanet da sauran nau'ikan [[Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali|Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital]].<ref>{{Citation|journal=Martin}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar masu tafiya == [[File:A_woman_crossing_G103_for_Huoma_Rd_at_Huoxian_Town,_Beijing_(20240412141828).jpg|thumb|Mai tafiya yana tsallaka hanya yayin da yake kallon wayar salula]] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 a wurare ashirin a Seattle, Amurka, ya gano kashi 14% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study {{!}} Injury Prevention |url=https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/19/4/232 |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=injuryprevention.bmj.com}}</ref> Binciken 2018 na fiye da dubban mutane biyu da aka lura da su a wurare huɗu, ɗaya a Birnin New York da uku a Flagstaff, Arizona, Amurka, sun gano kashi 9% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya yayin ƙetare; sabanin binciken da ya gabata, wannan binciken bai sami cewa amfani da wayar ya canza saurin tafiya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walking on the Wild Side: Distracted Pedestrians and Traffic Safety - Transfers Magazine |url=https://transfersmagazine.org/magazine-article/issue-1/walking-on-the-wild-side-distracted-pedestrians-and-traffic-safety/ |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=transfersmagazine.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Cibiyar Nazarin Kafa ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiri wani kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da "Masu Tafiya ta Dijital", don mayar da martani ga haɗarin da ke tattare da tafiya a kan mahadar hanyoyi da hanyoyin tafiya yayin da ake mai da hankali kawai ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba wai muhallin mutum ba. Sun siffanta irin waɗannan masu tafiya a ƙasa a matsayin "marasa sanin kowa, don haka kamar suna tafiya a kan hanya a kan hanya, suna tafiya a kan barci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=4 January 2016 |title=Avoiding a digital zombie apocalypse |journal=Modern Healthcare |volume=46 |issue=1 |page=36 |id={{ProQuest|1754303504}}}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar direban mota == {{Excerpt|Distracted driving}} == Tsarin birni == [[File:Smombie_sign_in_Osaka,_March_2017.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a [[Osaka]]]] A [[Chongqing]], China, gwamnati ta gina wata hanyar wayar salula a cikin 2014, ta raba masu amfani da wayar da wadanda ba masu amfani da wayo ba. An gabatar da irin wannan makircin a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin Augsburg, Bodegraven da [[Köln|Cologne]], an gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na ƙasa da aka saka a cikin hanya don su kasance a bayyane ga masu tafiya da ke cikin damuwa, yayin da siginar zirga-zane a wani tsakiya a [[Zagreb]] ta jefa jan haske ƙasa, suna samar da haske a kan allo na wayar salula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=U Zagrebu postavljen semafor koji upozorava pješake zadubljene u mobitele |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-zagrebu-postavljen-semafor-koji-pjesake-zadubljene-u-mobitele-upozorava-na-crveno-20191012 |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr |agency=[[HINA]]}}</ref> A [[Seoul]], an sanya alamun gargadi a kan hanya a hanyoyi masu haɗari biyo bayan haɗarin hanya sama da dubu da wayoyin salula suka haifar a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a cikin 2014. Har ila yau, birni ya aiwatar da fitilun zirga-zirga da aka saka a cikin ƙasa don ba da alamar ga mai tafiya ko da sun cika da kwarewar wayar su.<gallery> File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green, close up File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red, close up </gallery> == Fasahar waya == Ana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da kyamarar wayar don sa allon ya bayyana a bayyane don samar da gargadi game da haɗari. == Matakan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Birnin Honolulu, Hawaii ya gabatar da wani ma'auni ga masu tafiya masu kyau da ke kallon wayoyin salula yayin da suke tsallaka hanya. A cikin 2019, China ta gabatar da hukunci don "ayyukan da ke shafar wasu motoci ko masu tafiya" kuma an ci wa wata mace tarar yuan 10 a Wenzhou. == A cikin almara == Marubucin almara na kimiyya Ray Bradbury ya rubuta game da mutane da ke janye hankalinsu ta hanyar fasaha a cikin shekarun 1950, a cikin labarun sa kamar The Pedestrian da ''Fahrenheit 451'' . Ya rubuta a shekara ta 1958 game da lura da ma'aurata suna tafiya a Beverly Hills, mace tana sauraron karamin rediyo na transistor "wanda ba a manta da shi ga mutum da kare ba, sauraron iskõki masu nisa da murmushi da kuma kukan wasan kwaikwayo, barci, ya taimaka sama da ƙasa da mijinta wanda watakila bai kasance a can ba". == Dubi kuma ==   * Zombi na dijital * Jaywalking * Wayar hannu da aminci na tuki * Amfani da wayoyin salula mai matsala * Phubbing * ''Pokémon Go'', wasan hannu da aka tsara don a buga shi a waje == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="safetext" /> <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Nation" /> <ref name="G14" /> <ref name="DT15" /> <ref name="DM14" /> <ref name="BBC15" /> <ref name="SCMP15" /> <ref name="JT14" /> <ref name="I14" /> <ref name="WP16" /> <ref name="Courier" /> <ref name="AC" /> <ref name="WP12" /> </references> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e9u5cit05a9nbjqhz7ccihv1ayv6u7o 968306 968305 2026-10-16T16:04:11Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 968306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Crowd_of_people_with_phones.jpg|right|thumb|Mutanen da ke amfani da wayoyi yayin tafiya]] An lura da haɗarin tsaro saboda masu tafiya a hankali suna tafiya ba tare da kulawa da muhallinsu ba saboda suna mai da hankali kan wayoyinsu na hannu. Yin aika saƙonni ga masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya yin tuntuɓe a kan tituna, fita a gaban motoci da kuma cin karo da wasu masu tafiya a ƙasa. An kiyasta cewa hangen nesa na mai amfani da wayar salula shine kashi 5% kawai na na'urorin tafiya a ƙasa na yau da kullun. Wasu birane sun dauki matakan zane don yin tituna mafi aminci ga masu tafiya marasa kulawa, gami da fitilu da aka saka a cikin hanya, da kuma hanyoyin da aka keɓe don masu amfani da wayar salula. An yi amfani da kalmar wulakanci ta smartphone zombie don bayyana masu amfani da wayar da ba su kula da kai ba; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatfield |first=Tom |date=29 November 2016 |title=The new words that expose our smartphone obsessions |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-new-words-that-reveal-how-tech-has-changed-us |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> wannan magana wani lokacin ana haɗa ta da Smombie a cikin Jamusanci kuma ta ga wasu amfani da Ingilishi. A [[Hong Kong]] ana kiran irin waɗannan masu amfani da wayar dai tau juk ("ƙabilar kai tsaye"). Wani bita na 2017 ya yi la'akari da kalmar al'adu mai ban sha'awa dangane da binciken likita na matsalar jarabawar intanet da sauran nau'ikan [[Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali|Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital]].<ref>{{Citation|journal=Martin}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar masu tafiya == [[File:A_woman_crossing_G103_for_Huoma_Rd_at_Huoxian_Town,_Beijing_(20240412141828).jpg|thumb|Mai tafiya yana tsallaka hanya yayin da yake kallon wayar salula]] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 a wurare ashirin a Seattle, Amurka, ya gano kashi 14% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study {{!}} Injury Prevention |url=https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/19/4/232 |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=injuryprevention.bmj.com}}</ref> Binciken 2018 na fiye da dubban mutane biyu da aka lura da su a wurare huɗu, ɗaya a Birnin New York da uku a Flagstaff, Arizona, Amurka, sun gano kashi 9% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya yayin ƙetare; sabanin binciken da ya gabata, wannan binciken bai sami cewa amfani da wayar ya canza saurin tafiya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walking on the Wild Side: Distracted Pedestrians and Traffic Safety - Transfers Magazine |url=https://transfersmagazine.org/magazine-article/issue-1/walking-on-the-wild-side-distracted-pedestrians-and-traffic-safety/ |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=transfersmagazine.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Cibiyar Nazarin Kafa ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiri wani kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da "Masu Tafiya ta Dijital", don mayar da martani ga haɗarin da ke tattare da tafiya a kan mahadar hanyoyi da hanyoyin tafiya yayin da ake mai da hankali kawai ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba wai muhallin mutum ba. Sun siffanta irin waɗannan masu tafiya a ƙasa a matsayin "marasa sanin kowa, don haka kamar suna tafiya a kan hanya a kan hanya, suna tafiya a kan barci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=4 January 2016 |title=Avoiding a digital zombie apocalypse |journal=Modern Healthcare |volume=46 |issue=1 |page=36 |id={{ProQuest|1754303504}}}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar direban mota == == Tsarin birni == [[File:Smombie_sign_in_Osaka,_March_2017.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a [[Osaka]]]] A [[Chongqing]], China, gwamnati ta gina wata hanyar wayar salula a cikin 2014, ta raba masu amfani da wayar da wadanda ba masu amfani da wayo ba. An gabatar da irin wannan makircin a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin Augsburg, Bodegraven da [[Köln|Cologne]], an gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na ƙasa da aka saka a cikin hanya don su kasance a bayyane ga masu tafiya da ke cikin damuwa, yayin da siginar zirga-zane a wani tsakiya a [[Zagreb]] ta jefa jan haske ƙasa, suna samar da haske a kan allo na wayar salula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=U Zagrebu postavljen semafor koji upozorava pješake zadubljene u mobitele |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-zagrebu-postavljen-semafor-koji-pjesake-zadubljene-u-mobitele-upozorava-na-crveno-20191012 |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr |agency=[[HINA]]}}</ref> A [[Seoul]], an sanya alamun gargadi a kan hanya a hanyoyi masu haɗari biyo bayan haɗarin hanya sama da dubu da wayoyin salula suka haifar a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a cikin 2014. Har ila yau, birni ya aiwatar da fitilun zirga-zirga da aka saka a cikin ƙasa don ba da alamar ga mai tafiya ko da sun cika da kwarewar wayar su.<gallery> File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green, close up File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red, close up </gallery> == Fasahar waya == Ana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da kyamarar wayar don sa allon ya bayyana a bayyane don samar da gargadi game da haɗari. == Matakan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Birnin Honolulu, Hawaii ya gabatar da wani ma'auni ga masu tafiya masu kyau da ke kallon wayoyin salula yayin da suke tsallaka hanya. A cikin 2019, China ta gabatar da hukunci don "ayyukan da ke shafar wasu motoci ko masu tafiya" kuma an ci wa wata mace tarar yuan 10 a Wenzhou. == A cikin almara == Marubucin almara na kimiyya Ray Bradbury ya rubuta game da mutane da ke janye hankalinsu ta hanyar fasaha a cikin shekarun 1950, a cikin labarun sa kamar The Pedestrian da ''Fahrenheit 451'' . Ya rubuta a shekara ta 1958 game da lura da ma'aurata suna tafiya a Beverly Hills, mace tana sauraron karamin rediyo na transistor "wanda ba a manta da shi ga mutum da kare ba, sauraron iskõki masu nisa da murmushi da kuma kukan wasan kwaikwayo, barci, ya taimaka sama da ƙasa da mijinta wanda watakila bai kasance a can ba". == Dubi kuma ==   * Zombi na dijital * Jaywalking * Wayar hannu da aminci na tuki * Amfani da wayoyin salula mai matsala * Phubbing * ''Pokémon Go'', wasan hannu da aka tsara don a buga shi a waje == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="safetext" /> <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Nation" /> <ref name="G14" /> <ref name="DT15" /> <ref name="DM14" /> <ref name="BBC15" /> <ref name="SCMP15" /> <ref name="JT14" /> <ref name="I14" /> <ref name="WP16" /> <ref name="Courier" /> <ref name="AC" /> <ref name="WP12" /> </references> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bw5amqx1v5emal1ne18lrwu71mh24ei 968311 968306 2026-10-16T16:34:19Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Crowd_of_people_with_phones.jpg|right|thumb|Mutanen da ke amfani da wayoyi yayin tafiya]] An lura da haɗarin tsaro saboda masu tafiya a hankali suna tafiya ba tare da kulawa da muhallinsu ba saboda suna mai da hankali kan wayoyinsu na hannu. Yin aika saƙonni ga masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya yin tuntuɓe a kan tituna, fita a gaban motoci da kuma cin karo da wasu masu tafiya a ƙasa. An kiyasta cewa hangen nesa na mai amfani da wayar salula shine kashi 5% kawai na na'urorin tafiya a ƙasa na yau da kullun. Wasu birane sun dauki matakan zane don yin tituna mafi aminci ga masu tafiya marasa kulawa, gami da fitilu da aka saka a cikin hanya, da kuma hanyoyin da aka keɓe don masu amfani da wayar salula. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar wulakanci ta smartphone zombie don bayyana masu amfani da wayar da ba su kula da kai ba; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatfield |first=Tom |date=29 November 2016 |title=The new words that expose our smartphone obsessions |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-new-words-that-reveal-how-tech-has-changed-us |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> wannan magana wani lokacin ana haɗa ta da Smombie a cikin Jamusanci kuma ta ga wasu amfani da Ingilishi. A [[Hong Kong]] ana kiran irin waɗannan masu amfani da wayar dai tau juk ("ƙabilar kai tsaye"). Wani bita na 2017 ya yi la'akari da kalmar al'adu mai ban sha'awa dangane da binciken likita na matsalar jarabawar intanet da sauran nau'ikan [[Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali|Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital]].<ref>{{Citation|journal=Martin}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar masu tafiya == [[File:A_woman_crossing_G103_for_Huoma_Rd_at_Huoxian_Town,_Beijing_(20240412141828).jpg|thumb|Mai tafiya yana tsallaka hanya yayin da yake kallon wayar salula]] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 a wurare ashirin a Seattle, Amurka, ya gano kashi 14% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study {{!}} Injury Prevention |url=https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/19/4/232 |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=injuryprevention.bmj.com}}</ref> Binciken 2018 na fiye da dubban mutane biyu da aka lura da su a wurare huɗu, ɗaya a Birnin New York da uku a Flagstaff, Arizona, Amurka, sun gano kashi 9% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya yayin ƙetare; sabanin binciken da ya gabata, wannan binciken bai sami cewa amfani da wayar ya canza saurin tafiya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walking on the Wild Side: Distracted Pedestrians and Traffic Safety - Transfers Magazine |url=https://transfersmagazine.org/magazine-article/issue-1/walking-on-the-wild-side-distracted-pedestrians-and-traffic-safety/ |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=transfersmagazine.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Cibiyar Nazarin Kafa ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiri wani kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da "Masu Tafiya ta Dijital", don mayar da martani ga haɗarin da ke tattare da tafiya a kan mahadar hanyoyi da hanyoyin tafiya yayin da ake mai da hankali kawai ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba wai muhallin mutum ba. Sun siffanta irin waɗannan masu tafiya a ƙasa a matsayin "marasa sanin kowa, don haka kamar suna tafiya a kan hanya a kan hanya, suna tafiya a kan barci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=4 January 2016 |title=Avoiding a digital zombie apocalypse |journal=Modern Healthcare |volume=46 |issue=1 |page=36 |id={{ProQuest|1754303504}}}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar direban mota == == Tsarin birni == [[File:Smombie_sign_in_Osaka,_March_2017.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a [[Osaka]]]] A [[Chongqing]], China, gwamnati ta gina wata hanyar wayar salula a cikin 2014, ta raba masu amfani da wayar da wadanda ba masu amfani da wayo ba. An gabatar da irin wannan makircin a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin Augsburg, Bodegraven da [[Köln|Cologne]], an gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na ƙasa da aka saka a cikin hanya don su kasance a bayyane ga masu tafiya da ke cikin damuwa, yayin da siginar zirga-zane a wani tsakiya a [[Zagreb]] ta jefa jan haske ƙasa, suna samar da haske a kan allo na wayar salula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=U Zagrebu postavljen semafor koji upozorava pješake zadubljene u mobitele |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-zagrebu-postavljen-semafor-koji-pjesake-zadubljene-u-mobitele-upozorava-na-crveno-20191012 |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr |agency=[[HINA]]}}</ref> A [[Seoul]], an sanya alamun gargadi a kan hanya a hanyoyi masu haɗari biyo bayan haɗarin hanya sama da dubu da wayoyin salula suka haifar a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a cikin 2014. Har ila yau, birni ya aiwatar da fitilun zirga-zirga da aka saka a cikin ƙasa don ba da alamar ga mai tafiya ko da sun cika da kwarewar wayar su.<gallery> File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green, close up File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red, close up </gallery> == Fasahar waya == Ana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da kyamarar wayar don sa allon ya bayyana a bayyane don samar da gargadi game da haɗari. == Matakan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Birnin Honolulu, Hawaii ya gabatar da wani ma'auni ga masu tafiya masu kyau da ke kallon wayoyin salula yayin da suke tsallaka hanya. A cikin 2019, China ta gabatar da hukunci don "ayyukan da ke shafar wasu motoci ko masu tafiya" kuma an ci wa wata mace tarar yuan 10 a Wenzhou. == A cikin almara == Marubucin almara na kimiyya Ray Bradbury ya rubuta game da mutane da ke janye hankalinsu ta hanyar fasaha a cikin shekarun 1950, a cikin labarun sa kamar The Pedestrian da ''Fahrenheit 451'' . Ya rubuta a shekara ta 1958 game da lura da ma'aurata suna tafiya a Beverly Hills, mace tana sauraron karamin rediyo na transistor "wanda ba a manta da shi ga mutum da kare ba, sauraron iskõki masu nisa da murmushi da kuma kukan wasan kwaikwayo, barci, ya taimaka sama da ƙasa da mijinta wanda watakila bai kasance a can ba". == Dubi kuma ==   * Zombi na dijital * Jaywalking * Wayar hannu da aminci na tuki * Amfani da wayoyin salula mai matsala * Phubbing * ''Pokémon Go'', wasan hannu da aka tsara don a buga shi a waje == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="safetext" /> <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Nation" /> <ref name="G14" /> <ref name="DT15" /> <ref name="DM14" /> <ref name="BBC15" /> <ref name="SCMP15" /> <ref name="JT14" /> <ref name="I14" /> <ref name="WP16" /> <ref name="Courier" /> <ref name="AC" /> <ref name="WP12" /> </references> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1vmb4tnhxspyla7y60iigwxbopmwxxe 968313 968311 2026-10-16T16:34:42Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 968313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Crowd_of_people_with_phones.jpg|right|thumb|Mutanen da ke amfani da wayoyi yayin tafiya]] An lura da haɗarin tsaro saboda masu tafiya a hankali suna tafiya ba tare da kulawa da muhallinsu ba saboda suna mai da hankali kan wayoyinsu na hannu. Yin aika saƙonni ga masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya yin tuntuɓe a kan tituna, fita a gaban motoci da kuma cin karo da wasu masu tafiya a ƙasa. An kiyasta cewa hangen nesa na mai amfani da wayar salula shine kashi 5% kawai na na'urorin tafiya a ƙasa na yau da kullun. Wasu birane sun dauki matakan zane don yin tituna mafi aminci ga masu tafiya marasa kulawa, gami da fitilu da aka saka a cikin hanya, da kuma hanyoyin da aka keɓe don masu amfani da wayar salula. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar wulakanci ta smartphone zombie don bayyana masu amfani da wayar da ba su kula da kai ba; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatfield |first=Tom |date=29 November 2016 |title=The new words that expose our smartphone obsessions |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-new-words-that-reveal-how-tech-has-changed-us |access-date=2019-01-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> wannan magana wani lokacin ana haɗa ta da Smombie a cikin Jamusanci kuma ta ga wasu amfani da Ingilishi. A [[Hong Kong]] ana kiran irin waɗannan masu amfani da wayar dai tau juk ("ƙabilar kai tsaye"). Wani bita na 2017 ya yi la'akari da kalmar al'adu mai ban sha'awa dangane da binciken likita na matsalar jarabawar intanet da sauran nau'ikan [[Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali|Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital]].<ref>{{Citation|journal=Martin}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar masu tafiya == [[File:A_woman_crossing_G103_for_Huoma_Rd_at_Huoxian_Town,_Beijing_(20240412141828).jpg|thumb|Mai tafiya yana tsallaka hanya yayin da yake kallon wayar salula]] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 a wurare ashirin a Seattle, Amurka, ya gano kashi 14% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study {{!}} Injury Prevention |url=https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/19/4/232 |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=injuryprevention.bmj.com}}</ref> Binciken 2018 na fiye da dubban mutane biyu da aka lura da su a wurare huɗu, ɗaya a Birnin New York da uku a Flagstaff, Arizona, Amurka, sun gano kashi 9% na masu tafiya suna magana ko aika saƙo a waya yayin ƙetare; sabanin binciken da ya gabata, wannan binciken bai sami cewa amfani da wayar ya canza saurin tafiya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walking on the Wild Side: Distracted Pedestrians and Traffic Safety - Transfers Magazine |url=https://transfersmagazine.org/magazine-article/issue-1/walking-on-the-wild-side-distracted-pedestrians-and-traffic-safety/ |access-date=2026-09-28 |website=transfersmagazine.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Cibiyar Nazarin Kafa ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiri wani kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da "Masu Tafiya ta Dijital", don mayar da martani ga haɗarin da ke tattare da tafiya a kan mahadar hanyoyi da hanyoyin tafiya yayin da ake mai da kuma hankali kawai ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba wai muhallin mutum ba. Sun siffanta irin waɗannan masu tafiya a ƙasa a matsayin "marasa sanin kowa, don haka kamar suna tafiya a kan hanya a kan hanya, suna tafiya a kan barci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=4 January 2016 |title=Avoiding a digital zombie apocalypse |journal=Modern Healthcare |volume=46 |issue=1 |page=36 |id={{ProQuest|1754303504}}}}</ref> == Amfani da wayar direban mota == == Tsarin birni == [[File:Smombie_sign_in_Osaka,_March_2017.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi a [[Osaka]]]] A [[Chongqing]], China, gwamnati ta gina wata hanyar wayar salula a cikin 2014, ta raba masu amfani da wayar da wadanda ba masu amfani da wayo ba. An gabatar da irin wannan makircin a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin Augsburg, Bodegraven da [[Köln|Cologne]], an gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na ƙasa da aka saka a cikin hanya don su kasance a bayyane ga masu tafiya da ke cikin damuwa, yayin da siginar zirga-zane a wani tsakiya a [[Zagreb]] ta jefa jan haske ƙasa, suna samar da haske a kan allo na wayar salula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=U Zagrebu postavljen semafor koji upozorava pješake zadubljene u mobitele |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-zagrebu-postavljen-semafor-koji-pjesake-zadubljene-u-mobitele-upozorava-na-crveno-20191012 |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=Tportal.hr |language=hr |agency=[[HINA]]}}</ref> A [[Seoul]], an sanya alamun gargadi a kan hanya a hanyoyi masu haɗari biyo bayan haɗarin hanya sama da dubu da wayoyin salula suka haifar a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a cikin 2014. Har ila yau, birni ya aiwatar da fitilun zirga-zirga da aka saka a cikin ƙasa don ba da alamar ga mai tafiya ko da sun cika da kwarewar wayar su.<gallery> File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in green, close up File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg|Seoul pavement light in red, close up </gallery> == Fasahar waya == Ana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da kyamarar wayar don sa allon ya bayyana a bayyane don samar da gargadi game da haɗari. == Matakan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Birnin Honolulu, Hawaii ya gabatar da wani ma'auni ga masu tafiya masu kyau da ke kallon wayoyin salula yayin da suke tsallaka hanya. A cikin 2019, China ta gabatar da hukunci don "ayyukan da ke shafar wasu motoci ko masu tafiya" kuma an ci wa wata mace tarar yuan 10 a Wenzhou. == A cikin almara == Marubucin almara na kimiyya Ray Bradbury ya rubuta game da mutane da ke janye hankalinsu ta hanyar fasaha a cikin shekarun 1950, a cikin labarun sa kamar The Pedestrian da ''Fahrenheit 451'' . Ya rubuta a shekara ta 1958 game da lura da ma'aurata suna tafiya a Beverly Hills, mace tana sauraron karamin rediyo na transistor "wanda ba a manta da shi ga mutum da kare ba, sauraron iskõki masu nisa da murmushi da kuma kukan wasan kwaikwayo, barci, ya taimaka sama da ƙasa da mijinta wanda watakila bai kasance a can ba". == Dubi kuma ==   * Zombi na dijital * Jaywalking * Wayar hannu da aminci na tuki * Amfani da wayoyin salula mai matsala * Phubbing * ''Pokémon Go'', wasan hannu da aka tsara don a buga shi a waje == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="safetext" /> <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Nation" /> <ref name="G14" /> <ref name="DT15" /> <ref name="DM14" /> <ref name="BBC15" /> <ref name="SCMP15" /> <ref name="JT14" /> <ref name="I14" /> <ref name="WP16" /> <ref name="Courier" /> <ref name="AC" /> <ref name="WP12" /> </references> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nbpxxrniljpyalyztnghfthqfbhr65h 0 179397 968304 2026-10-16T16:03:21Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olu Atuwatse II''' ya kasance mai riƙe da sarautar gargajiya a Najeriya kuma babban jagoran al'ummar Itsekiri, wanda ya yi sarautar [[Kingdom of Warri|Olu na Warri]] daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 2015. Shi ne Olu na 19 na Masarautar Warri, tare da taken Ogiame Atuwatse II. An haife shi da sunan Godwin Toritseju Emiko. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Erejuwa II]], a matsayin Olu na Warri. Ta fuskar sana'a, lauya ne, kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta [[Order of the Niger|Kwamandan Nijar (CON)]] daga [[Nigerian Government|Gwamnatin Najeriya]]. Ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ɗan'uwansa [[Ikenwoli]] kuma ya gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Editorial Board |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/ogiame-atuwatse-ii-1945-2015/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Ogiame Atuwatse II (1945-2015)Opinion — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News |date= |accessdate=2020-06-06|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Itsekiri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=The Itsekiri Kingdom (1480 AD - Present): the Afro-Europeans of the Niger Delta -|date=6 December 2018|website=thinkafrica.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Who is Olu of Warri? Kingdom of Warri in Nigeria|date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=Benin and Warri. Meeting Points in History. |publisher=Mayomi Publishers |year=1967 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sagay |first=J.O. |title=The Warri Kingdom |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=A History of Warri |publisher=Ilupeju Press |year=1988 }}</ref> An naɗa Ogiame Atuwatse II sarauta a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1987, a wani gagarumin biki. An bayyana bikin a matsayin aikin hukuma na ƙarshe da fitaccen ɗan siyasa kuma mawallafi, Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]], ya halarta. Awolowo ya rasu a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1987, mako guda bayan halartar bikin naɗa sarautar a [[Warri]]. Atuwatse II ya rasu a wani asibiti da ke [[Lagos]] a farkon watan Satumba na shekarar 2015, bayan ya yi fama da raunin da ya samu sakamakon haɗarin da ya faru a gida. Yana da shekaru 70 a duniya, kuma yana shirin tafiya ƙasar waje domin samun kulawar likitoci ta musamman kafin yanayinsa ya tsananta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenbreporters.com/art-entertainment/olu-of-warri-ogiame-atuwatse-ii-passes-on-at-70.html|title=Olu Of Warri, Ogiame Atuwatse II, Passes On At 70|first=Greenbarge|last=Reporters|date=6 September 2015}}</ref> ==Nassoshi== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Atuwatse II}} [[Category:People from Warri]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:Year of death unknown]] [[Category:Olus of Warri]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} i0ifkt6snm6om9krudlm277iijz5ype 0 179398 968307 2026-10-16T16:06:00Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Amanam''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1988) ɗan ƙasar [[Nigerian|Najeriya]] ne, mai sassaka da kuma [[Hyperreality|ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu kama da na gaske sosai]], musamman [[Prosthetic makeup|gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi]]. An san shi a matsayin mutum na farko daga [[Africa|Afirka]] da ya ƙera gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi masu kama da na gaske sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFRO |first=Special to the |date=2023-11-13 |title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist |url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[Baltimore Afro-American]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=John Amanam: The Nigerian Sculptor Who Creates Dark-Skin Prosthetics for Black Amputees |url=https://qazini.com/john-amanam-nigerian-sculptor-creates-dark-skin-prosthetics-for-black-amputees |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=qazini.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Asalinsa daga [[Nsit-Atai]] ne da ke [[Akwa Ibom State|jihar Akwa Ibom]], a yankin [[South South]] na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=John Amanam: 'Dis prosthetics wey I dey do na handmade, no be surgery' |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54250384 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State|jihar Cross River]], inda ya kuma girma. Ya yi karatu a [[Federal Government College, Ikot Ekpene|Federal Government College]] da ke [[Ikot Ekpene]], sannan ya yi karatun fasahar zane-zane da fasahar masana'antu a [[University of Uyo]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Godfrey |date=2021-05-22 |title=Accident which claimed my brother's fingers motivated me to start making prostheses – Sunday, Nigerian sculptor |url=https://punchng.com/accident-which-claimed-my-brothers-fingers-motivated-me-to-start-making-prostheses-sunday-nigerian-sculptor/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TEDxMaitama {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47162 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Amanam ya taɓa aiki a matsayin mai ƙera kayan kwaikwayon musamman a masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. Ya fara sana'ar ƙera gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi masu kama da na gaske sosai ne bayan ɗan'uwansa ya rasa wani ɓangare na hannunsa a shekarar 2018. Zaɓuɓɓukan gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi da ake da su a lokacin sun yi fari sosai, kuma ba su dace da shi ba ta fuskar girma da al'adu. Ya ƙera gaɓar jiki ta wucin gadi ta farko a shekarar 2019, sannan ya ba ɗan'uwansa ita.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Janet |title=Sculptor in Nigeria creates black prosthetic hand for his brother |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-54486029 |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bishara |first=Hakim |date=2021-02-09 |title=A Sculptor and Former Special Effects Artist Is Paving the Way in Prosthetics for Darker Skin Tones |url=https://hyperallergic.com/614950/john-amaman-prosthesis-dark-skin/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[Hyperallergic]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin Immortal Cosmetic Art Ltd, wanda ke ƙera yatsu, kunnuwa, hanci, gaɓoɓin jiki da kuma sassan nono na wucin gadi waɗanda suke kama da na gaske kuma suka dace da mutanen da ke da launin fata mai duhu. Kamfanin yana da matsuguninsa a [[Uyo]], jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming lives with hyper-realistic prostheses: The story of John Amanam, the first Nigerian prosthetic artist {{!}} NNPA |url=https://nnpa.org/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=nnpa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AFRO |first=Special to the |date=2023-11-13 |title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist |url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=AFRO American Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana bayar da rangwame da kuma ayyukan kyauta ga mutanen da ba su da isassun kuɗi ta hanyar wani shiri da ake tallafawa da gudummawa mai suna Ubokobong, wanda ke nufin “hannun Allah” a harshen [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=The Voice of |date=2025-07-01 |title=John Amanam: Africa's First Hyper-Realistic Prosthetic Artist for Darker Skin Tones |url=https://thevoiceofafrica.com/2025/07/01/john-amanam-africas-first-hyper%E2%80%91realistic-prosthetic-artist-for-darker-skin-tones/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=The Voice of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun ja hankalin duniya ta hanyar fitowarsu a kafofin yaɗa labarai na ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Reuters, [[BBC]], [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] da sauransu. Ayyukansa sun ƙarfafa samar da hanyoyin kula da lafiya masu haɗa kowa da kowa, waɗanda 'yan Afirka suka tsara a Afirka domin amfanin 'yan Afirka da al'ummar baƙaƙen fata a faɗin duniya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://refinedng.com/john-amanam-2/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=refinedng.com}}</ref> == Nasarori == * An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka naɗa a gasar African Genius Awards ta shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alumona |first=Kingsley |date=2024-06-08 |title=Awuzie, Olutoye, two other Nigerians nominated for African Genius Awards |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/awuzie-olutoye-two-other-nigerians-nominated-for-african-genius-awards/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙasa a madadin jami'arsa da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 2014, saboda wani aiki mai taken "Tomorrow".<ref name=":1" /> * Ya samu lambar yabo ta Fitaccen Mai Fasaha na Shekara daga Society of Nigerian Artists (SNA) a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balogun |first=Halima |date=2025-12-10 |title=SNA honours Oshinowo, Shyllon, others |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/sna-honours-oshinowo-shyllon-others/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-14 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Wole Soyinka]] * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o|Ngugi wa Thiong’o]] * [[Denis Mukwege]] * [[Haneefah Adam]] == Nassoshi == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://immortalcosmeticart.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/14uJ9TTCin/?mibextid=wwXIfr Amanam a BBC News Pidgin] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7bwFKwWJ_aw Amanam a Global News] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08v1pxc John Amanam a shirin] [[Newsday (BBC News programme)|BBC News Day]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Amanam, John}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:People from Akwa Ibom State]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian sculptors]] [[Category:University of Uyo alumni]] {{Nigeria-artist-stub}} 31dytjjnopw0y805fxfmqgcgp93rzqr 968339 968307 2026-10-16T17:19:58Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ m 968339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Amanam''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1988) ɗan ƙasar [[Nigerian|Najeriya]] ne, mai sassaka da kuma [[Hyperreality|ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu kama da na gaske sosai]], musamman [[Prosthetic makeup|gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi]]. An san shi a matsayin mutum na farko daga [[Africa|Afirka]] da ya ƙera gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi masu kama da na gaske sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFRO |first=Special to the |date=2023-11-13 |title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist |url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[Baltimore Afro-American]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=John Amanam: The Nigerian Sculptor Who Creates Dark-Skin Prosthetics for Black Amputees |url=https://qazini.com/john-amanam-nigerian-sculptor-creates-dark-skin-prosthetics-for-black-amputees |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=qazini.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Asalinsa daga [[Nsit-Atai]] ne da ke [[Akwa Ibom State|jihar Akwa Ibom]], a yankin [[South South]] na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=John Amanam: 'Dis prosthetics wey I dey do na handmade, no be surgery' |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54250384 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State|jihar Cross River]], inda ya kuma girma. Ya yi karatu a [[Federal Government College, Ikot Ekpene|Federal Government College]] da ke [[Ikot Ekpene]], sannan ya yi karatun fasahar zane-zane da fasahar masana'antu a [[University of Uyo]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Godfrey |date=2021-05-22 |title=Accident which claimed my brother's fingers motivated me to start making prostheses – Sunday, Nigerian sculptor |url=https://punchng.com/accident-which-claimed-my-brothers-fingers-motivated-me-to-start-making-prostheses-sunday-nigerian-sculptor/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TEDxMaitama {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47162 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Amanam ya taɓa aiki a matsayin mai ƙera kayan kwaikwayon musamman a masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. Ya fara sana'ar ƙera gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi masu kama da na gaske sosai ne bayan ɗan'uwansa ya rasa wani ɓangare na hannunsa a shekarar 2018. Zaɓuɓɓukan gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi da ake da su a lokacin sun yi fari sosai, kuma ba su dace da shi ba ta fuskar girma da al'adu. Ya ƙera gaɓar jiki ta wucin gadi ta farko a shekarar 2019, sannan ya ba ɗan'uwansa ita.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Janet |title=Sculptor in Nigeria creates black prosthetic hand for his brother |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-54486029 |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bishara |first=Hakim |date=2021-02-09 |title=A Sculptor and Former Special Effects Artist Is Paving the Way in Prosthetics for Darker Skin Tones |url=https://hyperallergic.com/614950/john-amaman-prosthesis-dark-skin/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[Hyperallergic]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin Immortal Cosmetic Art Ltd, wanda ke ƙera yatsu, kunnuwa, hanci, gaɓoɓin jiki da kuma sassan nono na wucin gadi waɗanda suke kama da na gaske kuma suka dace da mutanen da ke da launin fata mai duhu. Kamfanin yana da matsuguninsa a [[Uyo]], jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming lives with hyper-realistic prostheses: The story of John Amanam, the first Nigerian prosthetic artist {{!}} NNPA |url=https://nnpa.org/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=nnpa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AFRO |first=Special to the |date=2023-11-13 |title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist |url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=AFRO American Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana bayar da rangwame da kuma ayyukan kyauta ga mutanen da ba su da isassun kuɗi ta hanyar wani shiri da ake tallafawa da gudummawa mai suna Ubokobong, wanda ke nufin “hannun Allah” a harshen [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=The Voice of |date=2025-07-01 |title=John Amanam: Africa's First Hyper-Realistic Prosthetic Artist for Darker Skin Tones |url=https://thevoiceofafrica.com/2025/07/01/john-amanam-africas-first-hyper%E2%80%91realistic-prosthetic-artist-for-darker-skin-tones/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=The Voice of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun ja hankalin duniya ta hanyar fitowarsu a kafofin yaɗa labarai na ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Reuters, [[BBC]], [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] da sauransu. Ayyukansa sun ƙarfafa samar da hanyoyin kula da lafiya masu haɗa kowa da kowa, waɗanda 'yan Afirka suka tsara a Afirka domin amfanin 'yan Afirka da al'ummar baƙaƙen fata a faɗin duniya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://refinedng.com/john-amanam-2/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=refinedng.com}}</ref> == Nasarori == * An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka naɗa a gasar African Genius Awards ta shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alumona |first=Kingsley |date=2024-06-08 |title=Awuzie, Olutoye, two other Nigerians nominated for African Genius Awards |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/awuzie-olutoye-two-other-nigerians-nominated-for-african-genius-awards/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙasa a madadin jami'arsa da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 2014, saboda wani aiki mai taken "Tomorrow".<ref name=":1" /> * Ya samu lambar yabo ta Fitaccen Mai Fasaha na Shekara daga Society of Nigerian Artists (SNA) a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balogun |first=Halima |date=2025-12-10 |title=SNA honours Oshinowo, Shyllon, others |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/sna-honours-oshinowo-shyllon-others/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-14 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Wole Soyinka]] * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o|Ngugi wa Thiong’o]] * [[Denis Mukwege]] * [[Haneefah Adam]] == Nassoshi == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://immortalcosmeticart.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/14uJ9TTCin/?mibextid=wwXIfr Amanam a BBC News Pidgin] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7bwFKwWJ_aw Amanam a Global News] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08v1pxc John Amanam a shirin] [[Newsday (BBC News programme)|BBC News Day]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Amanam, John}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:People from Akwa Ibom State]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian sculptors]] [[Category:University of Uyo alumni]] {{Nigeria-artist-stub}} 7uz5ye1psnzcfrzcdpmf79xojhx0jox 968340 968339 2026-10-16T17:20:16Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Manazarta */ m 968340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Amanam''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1988) ɗan ƙasar [[Nigerian|Najeriya]] ne, mai sassaka da kuma [[Hyperreality|ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu kama da na gaske sosai]], musamman [[Prosthetic makeup|gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi]]. An san shi a matsayin mutum na farko daga [[Africa|Afirka]] da ya ƙera gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi masu kama da na gaske sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFRO |first=Special to the |date=2023-11-13 |title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist |url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[Baltimore Afro-American]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=John Amanam: The Nigerian Sculptor Who Creates Dark-Skin Prosthetics for Black Amputees |url=https://qazini.com/john-amanam-nigerian-sculptor-creates-dark-skin-prosthetics-for-black-amputees |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=qazini.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Asalinsa daga [[Nsit-Atai]] ne da ke [[Akwa Ibom State|jihar Akwa Ibom]], a yankin [[South South]] na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=John Amanam: 'Dis prosthetics wey I dey do na handmade, no be surgery' |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54250384 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[BBC News Pidgin]]}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State|jihar Cross River]], inda ya kuma girma. Ya yi karatu a [[Federal Government College, Ikot Ekpene|Federal Government College]] da ke [[Ikot Ekpene]], sannan ya yi karatun fasahar zane-zane da fasahar masana'antu a [[University of Uyo]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Godfrey |date=2021-05-22 |title=Accident which claimed my brother's fingers motivated me to start making prostheses – Sunday, Nigerian sculptor |url=https://punchng.com/accident-which-claimed-my-brothers-fingers-motivated-me-to-start-making-prostheses-sunday-nigerian-sculptor/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TEDxMaitama {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47162 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Amanam ya taɓa aiki a matsayin mai ƙera kayan kwaikwayon musamman a masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. Ya fara sana'ar ƙera gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi masu kama da na gaske sosai ne bayan ɗan'uwansa ya rasa wani ɓangare na hannunsa a shekarar 2018. Zaɓuɓɓukan gaɓoɓin jiki na wucin gadi da ake da su a lokacin sun yi fari sosai, kuma ba su dace da shi ba ta fuskar girma da al'adu. Ya ƙera gaɓar jiki ta wucin gadi ta farko a shekarar 2019, sannan ya ba ɗan'uwansa ita.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Janet |title=Sculptor in Nigeria creates black prosthetic hand for his brother |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-54486029 |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bishara |first=Hakim |date=2021-02-09 |title=A Sculptor and Former Special Effects Artist Is Paving the Way in Prosthetics for Darker Skin Tones |url=https://hyperallergic.com/614950/john-amaman-prosthesis-dark-skin/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=[[Hyperallergic]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin Immortal Cosmetic Art Ltd, wanda ke ƙera yatsu, kunnuwa, hanci, gaɓoɓin jiki da kuma sassan nono na wucin gadi waɗanda suke kama da na gaske kuma suka dace da mutanen da ke da launin fata mai duhu. Kamfanin yana da matsuguninsa a [[Uyo]], jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming lives with hyper-realistic prostheses: The story of John Amanam, the first Nigerian prosthetic artist {{!}} NNPA |url=https://nnpa.org/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=nnpa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AFRO |first=Special to the |date=2023-11-13 |title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist |url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=AFRO American Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana bayar da rangwame da kuma ayyukan kyauta ga mutanen da ba su da isassun kuɗi ta hanyar wani shiri da ake tallafawa da gudummawa mai suna Ubokobong, wanda ke nufin “hannun Allah” a harshen [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=The Voice of |date=2025-07-01 |title=John Amanam: Africa's First Hyper-Realistic Prosthetic Artist for Darker Skin Tones |url=https://thevoiceofafrica.com/2025/07/01/john-amanam-africas-first-hyper%E2%80%91realistic-prosthetic-artist-for-darker-skin-tones/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=The Voice of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun ja hankalin duniya ta hanyar fitowarsu a kafofin yaɗa labarai na ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Reuters, [[BBC]], [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] da sauransu. Ayyukansa sun ƙarfafa samar da hanyoyin kula da lafiya masu haɗa kowa da kowa, waɗanda 'yan Afirka suka tsara a Afirka domin amfanin 'yan Afirka da al'ummar baƙaƙen fata a faɗin duniya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://refinedng.com/john-amanam-2/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=refinedng.com}}</ref> == Nasarori == * An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka naɗa a gasar African Genius Awards ta shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alumona |first=Kingsley |date=2024-06-08 |title=Awuzie, Olutoye, two other Nigerians nominated for African Genius Awards |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/awuzie-olutoye-two-other-nigerians-nominated-for-african-genius-awards/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙasa a madadin jami'arsa da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 2014, saboda wani aiki mai taken "Tomorrow".<ref name=":1" /> * Ya samu lambar yabo ta Fitaccen Mai Fasaha na Shekara daga Society of Nigerian Artists (SNA) a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balogun |first=Halima |date=2025-12-10 |title=SNA honours Oshinowo, Shyllon, others |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/sna-honours-oshinowo-shyllon-others/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-14 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Wole Soyinka]] * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o|Ngugi wa Thiong’o]] * [[Denis Mukwege]] * [[Haneefah Adam]] == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://immortalcosmeticart.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.facebook.com/share/v/14uJ9TTCin/?mibextid=wwXIfr Amanam a BBC News Pidgin] * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7bwFKwWJ_aw Amanam a Global News] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08v1pxc John Amanam a shirin] [[Newsday (BBC News programme)|BBC News Day]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Amanam, John}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:People from Akwa Ibom State]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian sculptors]] [[Category:University of Uyo alumni]] {{Nigeria-artist-stub}} 8ne0i1scqsdfklksvela94cnkvbqhwd 0 179399 968308 2026-10-16T16:09:38Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ooni Akinmoyero''' shi ne Ooni na 38 na [[Ooni of Ife|Ooni na Ife]], babban sarkin gargajiya na [[Ile Ife]], mahaifar kakannin al'ummar [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. Ya gaji [[Ooni Ojigidiri]], sannan [[Ooni Gbanlare]] ya gaje shi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dayo|first= Ologundudu|date=2008 |title=The cradle of Yoruba culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn8uAQAAIAAJ&q=Ooni+Ojigidiri&dq=Ooni+Ojigidiri|location= Nigeria|publisher=Centre for spoken words |page=206 |isbn=978-0615220635 |access-date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Nassoshi== {{Reflist}} {{Rulers of Ife}} [[Category:Oonis of Ife]] [[Category:History of the Yoruba people]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} b6eu3tk6d69sfahny19up8r6zodabeu 0 179400 968309 2026-10-16T16:13:30Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jesse Adesotu Woghiren''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni), wanda aka fi sani da sunan fasaha '''THE BB02''', mawaƙi ne ɗan Amurka mai asalin [[Nigeria|Najeriya]], marubucin waƙoƙi kuma shugaban kamfanin rikodin kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=How African artists can make more inroad globally – Bigmanity Music chief, Woghiren |url=https://sunrise.ng/how-african-artists-can-make-more-inroad-globally-bigmanity-music-chief-woghiren/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Sunrise News |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Bigmanity Music, wanda aka fi sani da Beyondspheres Entertainments, wani kamfanin rikodin kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-14 |title=COVID-19: Better days ahead — label boss, Woghiren |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/covid-19-better-days-ahead-label-bosswoghiren/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-22 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-14 |title=Music entrepreneur commends exploits of Diaspora Nigerians |url=https://businessday.ng/arts-and-life/article/music-entrepreneur-commends-exploits-of-diaspora-nigerians/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-22 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Haka kuma, shi ne wanda ya kafa THE LEMLINES (Liquids Emotions Musical Lines), wani dandali da ake amfani da shi wajen tallata mawaƙan da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aiki da kamfaninsa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2020 |title=Jesse Woghiren: An uncommon prince in entertainment|url=https://independent.ng/jesse-woghiren-an-uncommon-prince-in-entertainment/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-22 |language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=sunnews |date=2016-07-31 |title=Why many great artistes are dying in poverty – Jesse Adesotu Woghiren |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-many-great-artistes-are-dying-in-poverty-jesse-adesotu-woghiren/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-07-12 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-us}}</ref> THE BB02 ya samar da waƙoƙi da dama waɗanda suka samu karɓuwa a ƙasashen duniya. Waɗannan waƙoƙin sun haɗa da ''The New Kid on the Block'', ''Pull Up Ina Maserati'', ''Thema Want to Jogodo'', ''Eyes Dea Red'', ''Zinga Zinga Lean'', ''Feeling What I Feel'', ''Hallelujah Is Now My Daily Thing'', ''All the Way to the Top'', ''Rich African Love'' da ''Invest in Your Body''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nation |first=The |date=2021-05-22 |title=US-Based Rapper The BB02 raises bar with Kpor Kpor Kpor |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/us-based-singer-bb02-raises-bar-with-kpor-kpor-kpor/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-07-29 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi THE BB02 a cikin gidan sarauta na Cif Egbe (Omedo) Woghiren na Sarki Obanosa a [[Benin City]]. Ya danganta sha'awarsa ga kiɗa da tasirin iyayensa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2020 |title=The magnificence of US-based Adesotu Jesse Woghiren|url=https://independent.ng/the-magnificence-of-us-based-adesotu-jesse-woghiren/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-22 |language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance tana yin waƙa a [[United States|Amurka]] a bukukuwan iyali da sauran taruka, yayin da kakansa, wanda shi ne Obamedo na farko a [[Kingdom of Benin|Masarautar Benin]] kuma zuriyar [[Oba of Benin#Obas of the Imperial Benin Kingdom (1440–1897)|Sarki Obanosa]], ya kasance shahararren mawaƙi a zamaninsa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-11 |title=What shape my music career - The BB02 |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/what-shape-my-music-career-the-bb02/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-07-11 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:The_BB02_19.jpg|thumb|THE BB02 a shekarar 2022]] BB02 ya halarci [[Bunker Hill Community College]] da [[Northeastern University]] a [[Boston]], Amurka, inda ya karanci kiɗa, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da dokokin mallakar fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=THE BB02 Biography and Net Worth |url=https://thepoise.ng/the-bb02-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Poise Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'ar kiɗa == THE BB02 ya fara rera waƙoƙi bisa tsarin gargajiya tun yana ƙarami, sakamakon tasirin iyayensa, kuma ya girma a [[United States|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-22 |title=US-Based Rapper The BB02 raises bar with Kpor Kpor Kpor The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/us-based-singer-bb02-raises-bar-with-kpor-kpor-kpor/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-10-17 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ya fara kafa kamfanin rikodin kiɗa mai suna “BeyondTheSpheres Music” a Amurka. Daga baya, bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya kafa Bigmanity Music a shekarar 2018, tare da ƙungiyarsa mai suna “The Lemlines”, wadda take taimakawa wajen gano sabbin masu baiwar kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeelee |first=Yung Zee |date=2022-08-10 |title=Who Is Bigmanity Music Boss The BB02 |url=https://www.trendjamz.com.ng/who-is-bigmanity-music-boss-the-bb02/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TRENDJAMZ |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2022, ya fitar da sabuwar waƙarsa mai suna “Eye Dey Red” ƙarƙashin Bigmanity Records. Waƙar ta yi magana kan matsalolin siyasa da yanayin siyasar da ake fuskanta a sassa daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chuks |first1=Joseph |last2=Editor |first2=Guest |date=2022-08-27 |title=The BB02 - Eye Dey Red |url=https://www.360naijahits.com.ng/download-mp3/the-bb02-eye-dey-red/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=360NaijaHits |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kiɗa, shi ne wanda ya kafa gidan kayan sawa na BLOTRATFX, kuma yana da sauran jarin da ya zuba a harkokin gidaje.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=THEBB02: In the Thickset of Music Business and Beyond |url=https://nigerianobservernews.com/2025/05/thebb02-in-the-thickset-of-music-business-and-beyond/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |newspaper=[[The Nigerian Observer]]|language=en}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa an nuna wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na fasaha a dandamali irin su Netflix da Hulu, kuma an yi amfani da su a fina-finai masu zaman kansu. An kuma yi rajistar wasu daga cikin ayyukan nasa a ɗakin adana bayanai na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, wato U.S. Library of Congress. == Jerin waƙoƙi == Madogara:<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE Bb02 |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/13497375 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Deezer |language=en-GB}}</ref> * "To the Top" * "Rich African love" * "Agolo" * "TNKOTB" * "Zinga Zinga Ling" * "Vibes" (2019) * "Halleluyah " (2020) * "Dance like Say" (2021) * "Kpor Kpor Kpor" (2021) * "Eye dey Red" (2022) * "Benin Man" (2025) == Nassoshi == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{official website|www.bigmanty.com}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:BB02}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Edo people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Bunker Hill Community College alumni]] {{Nigeria-business-bio-stub}} 6uhnhvlf91ulys2qy6qiwih25y66rio 0 179401 968310 2026-10-16T16:30:21Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369015981|List of materials properties]]" 968310 wikitext text/x-wiki kayan aiki dukiya ce mai mahimmanci na kayan aiki, watau, dukiyar zahiri ko dukiyar sinadarai wacce ba ta dogara da adadin kayan ba. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kadarorin ƙididdiga azaman ma'auni wanda za'a iya kwatanta fa'idodin kayan ɗaya da wani, don haka yana taimakawa wajen zaɓin kayan. Wani abu da ke da ƙimar da aka ba shi don kayan ko abu ana kiransa abu mai ɗorewa ko abu mai ɗorawa.<ref name="ISO80000-1">{{Cite web |title=ISO 80000-1:2022 Quantities and units — Part 1: General |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-2:v1:en |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=iso.org}}</ref> (Bai kamata a rikita ma'aunin abu ba tare da ma'auni na zahiri ba, waɗanda ke da halayyar duniya.) Har ila yau, kayan aiki na iya zama aiki na ɗaya ko fiye da masu canji masu zaman kansu, kamar zafin jiki. Abubuwan kayan aiki galibi sun bambanta zuwa wani mataki bisa ga shugabanci a cikin kayan da aka auna su, yanayin da ake kira Anisotropy. Abubuwan kayan aiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na zahiri sau da yawa suna nuna layi (ko kusan haka) a cikin wani kewayon aiki da aka ba su [bayani da ake buƙata].  Yin samfurin((((((((((((((((material property may also be a function of one or more [[:en:Independent_variable|independent variables]], such as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured, a condition referred to as [[:en:Anisotropy|anisotropy]]. Materials properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave [[:en:Linearly|linearly]] (or approximately so) in a given operating range {{Explain|reason=Please define operating range|date=May 2018}}. Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the [[:en:Differential_equations|differential]] [[:en:Constitutive_equation|constitutive equations]] that are used to describe the property.)))))))))) su a matsayin ayyuka na layi na iya sauƙaƙa ƙididdigar bambancin da ake amfani da su don bayyana dukiyar. Ana amfani da daidaitattun da ke kwatanta kayan da suka dace don hango hasashen halayen tsarin. Ana auna kaddarorin ta hanyar daidaitaccen Hanyoyin gwaji. Yawancin irin waɗannan hanyoyin an rubuta su ta hanyar al'ummomin masu amfani da su kuma an buga su ta hanyar Intanet; duba ASTM International. == Abubuwan atomatik == * Atomic mass: (ya shafi kowane kashi) matsakaicin Nauyin kwayar halitta na wani kashi, a cikin daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu). * Lambar kwayar halitta: (ya shafi kwayar halitta ko abubuwa masu tsabta) yawan protons a cikin kowane tsakiya * Matsakaicin nauyin atomatik, a.k.a. nauyin atomatik: (ya shafi isotopes na mutum ko takamaiman cakuda isotopes of a given element) (babu raka'a) * Matsakaicin nauyin atomatik: matsakaicin nauyin kwayar halitta na samfurin samfurin (babu raka'a) == Abubuwan sunadarai == * Tsayayya da lalatawa * Hygroscopy * pH * Reactivity * Takamaiman yanki na ciki * Makamashi na sama * Tashin hankali na sama == Abubuwan lantarki == * Capacity * Doguwar wutar lantarki * Ƙarfin wutar lantarki * Resistivity na lantarki da conductivity * Rashin kamuwa da wutar lantarki * Coefficient na lantarki * Rashin wutar lantarki * Magnetoelectric polarizability * Nernst coefficient (tasirin thermoelectric) * Hanyar izini * Tsarin Piezoelectric * Pyroelectricity * Matsakaicin Seebeck == Abubuwan da ke cikin magnetic == * Yanayin zafi na Curie * Diamagnetism * Matsakaicin Hall * Hysteresis * Magnetostriction * Magnetocaloric coefficient * Magnetothermoelectric power <ref name="SAM">{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2025 |title=Magnetothermoelectric Power: Interaction of Magnetic Fields and Thermoelectric Effects |url=https://www.samaterials.com/content/magnetothermoelectric-power-basics-and-applications.html |access-date=June 23, 2026 |website=[[Stanford Advanced Materials]]}}</ref> (magneto-Seebeck effect coefficient) * Magnetoresistance * Mafi girman samfurin makamashi * Ruwa * Piezomagnetism * [[Pyromagnetic coefficient|Ƙididdigar Pyromagnetic]] * Tasirin Spin Hall == Gidajen masana'antu == * Castability: Ta yaya sauƙin samun simintin inganci daga kayan * Matsakaicin inji * Saurin inji da abincisaurin gudu da abinci == Abubuwan inji == * Rashin jin daɗi * Bulk modulus: Ratio na matsin lamba zuwa matsin lamba (GPa) ko rabo na ƙarancin matsin lamba karuwa zuwa sakamakon raguwar ƙarar * Coefficient of restitution: Ra'ayi na ƙarshe zuwa saurin dangi na farko tsakanin abubuwa biyu bayan sun yi karo. Yankin: 0-1, 1 don haɗuwa mai sauƙi. * Ƙarfin matsawa: Matsakaicin damuwa da kayan zasu iya tsayayya kafin gazawar matsawa (MPa) * Creep: Sannu a hankali da sannu a hankali na wani abu dangane da lokaci. Idan s a cikin wani abu ya wuce ma'anar samarwa, wahalar da aka haifar a cikin kayan ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kaya ba ta ɓace gaba ɗaya akan cire kaya. Yankin filastik da aka haifar da kayan an san shi da creep. A yanayin zafi mai girma, damuwa saboda raguwa yana da matukar damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SS Rattan |first=Strength of Materials |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Density: Mass da unit volume (kg/m^3) * Ductility: Ikon kayan don lalacewa a ƙarƙashin nauyin tensile (% elongation). Yana da dukiyar wani abu wanda za'a iya jawo shi cikin wayoyi a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin tensile. Dole ne kayan aiki na ductile su sami babban matsayi na filastik da ƙarfi don manyan lalacewa su iya faruwa ba tare da gazawar ko fashewar kayan ba. A cikin fadada ductile, kayan da ke nuna wani adadin sassauci tare da babban digiri na filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SS Rattan |first=Strength of Materials |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Durability: Ikon tsayayya da lalacewa, matsin lamba, ko lalacewa; rigakafi * Elasticity: Ikon jiki don tsayayya da tasiri ko damuwa kuma ya koma girmansa na asali da siffar sa lokacin da aka cire damuwa * Ƙayyadadden gajiya: Matsakaicin damuwa da kayan zai iya tsayayya da shi a ƙarƙashin maimaitawa (MPa) * Flexural modulus * Ƙarfin Flexural: Matsakaicin damuwa mai juyawa kayan zai iya tsayayya kafin gazawar (MPa) * Rashin ƙarfi: Ikon kayan da ke dauke da tsagewa don tsayayya da karyewa (J / m ^ 2) * Matsakaicin ƙuntatawa: Adadin ƙarfin al'ada zuwa farfajiyar wanda ke canzawa zuwa ƙarfin tsayayya da motsi na dangi na haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan kayan aiki * Ƙarfi: Ikon tsayayya da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa da ƙucewa (misali lambar ƙuƙwalwa ta Brinell) * Malleability: Ikon kayan da za a shimfiɗa su cikin takalma masu laushi a ƙarƙashin aikace-aikacen dakarun matsawa masu nauyi ba tare da fashewa ta hanyar zafi ko sanyi ba.Wannan dukiyar kayan yana ba shi damar fadada a kowane bangare ba tare da fashewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattan |first=S S |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Mass diffusivity: Ikon abu ɗaya don yadawa ta hanyar wani * Flasticity: Ikon wani abu don fuskantar lalacewa ba tare da karyawa ko fashewa ba; akasin fashewa * Rarrabawar kifi: Rarraba ta gefen gefen zuwa axial (babu raka'a) * Resilience: Ikon kayan don shawo kan makamashi lokacin da aka lalata shi (MPa); haɗuwa da ƙarfi da sassauci * Shear modulus: Ratio na shear stress zuwa shear strain (MPa) * Ƙarfin shear: Matsakaicin damuwa mai yawa wanda kayan zasu iya tsayayya da shi * Slip: Halin barbashi na kayan don fuskantar lalacewar filastik saboda motsi a cikin kayan. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin lu'ulu'u. * Takamaiman modulus: Modulus ta kowane nau'i (MPa / m ^ 3) * Takamaiman ƙarfi: Ƙarfi ta kowane nau'i (Nm / kg) * Takamaiman nauyi: Nauyi ta kowane nau'i (N / m ^ 3) * Bayyana sauti * Canjin sauti * Saurin sauti * Rashin ƙarfi na saman: Karkatarwa a cikin jagorancin al'ada na ainihin farfajiyar daga kyakkyawan tsari * Ƙarfin ƙarfi: Matsakaicin damuwa na kayan zai iya tsayayya kafin gazawar (MPa) * Tsarin sassauci na uku (Acoustoelastic effect) * Rashin ƙarfi: Ikon kayan don shawo kan makamashi (ko tsayayya da girgizar ƙasa) da kuma lalacewar filastik ba tare da karyewa ba (ko fashewa); juriya na kayan ga karyewa lokacin da aka matsa masa; haɗuwa da ƙarfi da filastik * Viscosity: Tsayayyar ruwa ga lalacewa a hankali ta hanyar matsa lamba ko shear; kauri * Ƙarfin samarwa: Matsi da kayan ya fara samarwa ta filastik (MPa) * Matashi na matashi: Ratio na matsin lamba na layi zuwa matsin lamba (MPa) (yana tasiri ga tsananin ''abu'' da sassauci) == Abubuwan gani == * Absorbance: Yadda sinadarin ke rage haske * Rashin jituwa * [[Launi]] * Tasirin Electro-optic * Haske * Ayyukan gani * Rashin ƙarfi na hoto * Hasken rana * Rashin nunawa * Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga * Yaduwa * Rarrabawar == Abubuwan radiology == * Ƙididdigar ƙarancin ƙarfi * Rabin rayuwa * Sashe na tsakiya na Neutron * Takamaiman aiki == Yanayin zafi == * Hoton mataki * Matsayi na tafasa * Matsakaicin fadada zafi * Yanayin zafi mai tsanani * Matsayi na Curie * Canjin zafin jiki na Ductile zuwa Brittile * Rashin jituwa * Abubuwan da suka dace * Rashin ƙonewa * Abubuwan da suka faru * Canjin zafin gilashi * Rashin zafi * Juyawa zafin jiki * Matsayi na narkewa * Gudanar da zafi * Rashin zafi * Yaduwar zafi * Abubuwa uku * Matsi na tururi * Takamaiman ƙarfin zafi == Dubi kuma == * Dukiya ta jiki * Ƙarfin kayan aiki * Jerin kaddarorin thermodynamic == Bayanan da aka ambata == r7qqbeo0y9f7rmtiwlathjvppp6rsxj 968312 968310 2026-10-16T16:34:34Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968312 wikitext text/x-wiki kayan aiki dukiya ce mai mahimmanci na kayan aiki, watau, dukiyar zahiri ko dukiyar sinadarai wacce ba ta dogara da adadin kayan ba. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kadarorin ƙididdiga azaman ma'auni wanda za'a iya kwatanta fa'idodin kayan ɗaya da wani, don haka yana taimakawa wajen zaɓin kayan. Wani abu da ke da ƙimar da aka ba shi don kayan ko abu ana kiransa abu mai ɗorewa ko abu mai ɗorawa.<ref name="ISO80000-1">{{Cite web |title=ISO 80000-1:2022 Quantities and units — Part 1: General |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-2:v1:en |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=iso.org}}</ref> (Bai kamata a rikita ma'aunin abu ba tare da ma'auni na zahiri ba, waɗanda ke da halayyar duniya.) Har ila yau, kayan aiki na iya zama aiki na ɗaya ko fiye da masu canji masu zaman kansu, kamar zafin jiki. Abubuwan kayan aiki galibi sun bambanta zuwa wani mataki bisa ga shugabanci a cikin kayan da aka auna su, yanayin da ake kira Anisotropy. Abubuwan kayan aiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na zahiri sau da yawa suna nuna layi (ko kusan haka) a cikin wani kewayon aiki da aka ba su [bayani da ake buƙata].  Yin samfurinsu a matsayin ayyuka na layi na iya sauƙaƙa ƙididdigar bambancin da ake amfani da su don bayyana dukiyar. Ana amfani da daidaitattun da ke kwatanta kayan da suka dace don hango hasashen halayen tsarin. Ana auna kaddarorin ta hanyar daidaitaccen Hanyoyin gwaji. Yawancin irin waɗannan hanyoyin an rubuta su ta hanyar al'ummomin masu amfani da su kuma an buga su ta hanyar Intanet; duba ASTM International. == Abubuwan atomatik == * Atomic mass: (ya shafi kowane kashi) matsakaicin Nauyin kwayar halitta na wani kashi, a cikin daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu). * Lambar kwayar halitta: (ya shafi kwayar halitta ko abubuwa masu tsabta) yawan protons a cikin kowane tsakiya * Matsakaicin nauyin atomatik, a.k.a. nauyin atomatik: (ya shafi isotopes na mutum ko takamaiman cakuda isotopes of a given element) (babu raka'a) * Matsakaicin nauyin atomatik: matsakaicin nauyin kwayar halitta na samfurin samfurin (babu raka'a) == Abubuwan sunadarai == * Tsayayya da lalatawa * Hygroscopy * pH * Reactivity * Takamaiman yanki na ciki * Makamashi na sama * Tashin hankali na sama == Abubuwan lantarki == * Capacity * Doguwar wutar lantarki * Ƙarfin wutar lantarki * Resistivity na lantarki da conductivity * Rashin kamuwa da wutar lantarki * Coefficient na lantarki * Rashin wutar lantarki * Magnetoelectric polarizability * Nernst coefficient (tasirin thermoelectric) * Hanyar izini * Tsarin Piezoelectric * Pyroelectricity * Matsakaicin Seebeck == Abubuwan da ke cikin magnetic == * Yanayin zafi na Curie * Diamagnetism * Matsakaicin Hall * Hysteresis * Magnetostriction * Magnetocaloric coefficient * Magnetothermoelectric power <ref name="SAM">{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2025 |title=Magnetothermoelectric Power: Interaction of Magnetic Fields and Thermoelectric Effects |url=https://www.samaterials.com/content/magnetothermoelectric-power-basics-and-applications.html |access-date=June 23, 2026 |website=[[Stanford Advanced Materials]]}}</ref> (magneto-Seebeck effect coefficient) * Magnetoresistance * Mafi girman samfurin makamashi * Ruwa * Piezomagnetism * [[Pyromagnetic coefficient|Ƙididdigar Pyromagnetic]] * Tasirin Spin Hall == Gidajen masana'antu == * Castability: Ta yaya sauƙin samun simintin inganci daga kayan * Matsakaicin inji * Saurin inji da abincisaurin gudu da abinci == Abubuwan inji == * Rashin jin daɗi * Bulk modulus: Ratio na matsin lamba zuwa matsin lamba (GPa) ko rabo na ƙarancin matsin lamba karuwa zuwa sakamakon raguwar ƙarar * Coefficient of restitution: Ra'ayi na ƙarshe zuwa saurin dangi na farko tsakanin abubuwa biyu bayan sun yi karo. Yankin: 0-1, 1 don haɗuwa mai sauƙi. * Ƙarfin matsawa: Matsakaicin damuwa da kayan zasu iya tsayayya kafin gazawar matsawa (MPa) * Creep: Sannu a hankali da sannu a hankali na wani abu dangane da lokaci. Idan s a cikin wani abu ya wuce ma'anar samarwa, wahalar da aka haifar a cikin kayan ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kaya ba ta ɓace gaba ɗaya akan cire kaya. Yankin filastik da aka haifar da kayan an san shi da creep. A yanayin zafi mai girma, damuwa saboda raguwa yana da matukar damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SS Rattan |first=Strength of Materials |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Density: Mass da unit volume (kg/m^3) * Ductility: Ikon kayan don lalacewa a ƙarƙashin nauyin tensile (% elongation). Yana da dukiyar wani abu wanda za'a iya jawo shi cikin wayoyi a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin tensile. Dole ne kayan aiki na ductile su sami babban matsayi na filastik da ƙarfi don manyan lalacewa su iya faruwa ba tare da gazawar ko fashewar kayan ba. A cikin fadada ductile, kayan da ke nuna wani adadin sassauci tare da babban digiri na filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SS Rattan |first=Strength of Materials |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Durability: Ikon tsayayya da lalacewa, matsin lamba, ko lalacewa; rigakafi * Elasticity: Ikon jiki don tsayayya da tasiri ko damuwa kuma ya koma girmansa na asali da siffar sa lokacin da aka cire damuwa * Ƙayyadadden gajiya: Matsakaicin damuwa da kayan zai iya tsayayya da shi a ƙarƙashin maimaitawa (MPa) * Flexural modulus * Ƙarfin Flexural: Matsakaicin damuwa mai juyawa kayan zai iya tsayayya kafin gazawar (MPa) * Rashin ƙarfi: Ikon kayan da ke dauke da tsagewa don tsayayya da karyewa (J / m ^ 2) * Matsakaicin ƙuntatawa: Adadin ƙarfin al'ada zuwa farfajiyar wanda ke canzawa zuwa ƙarfin tsayayya da motsi na dangi na haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan kayan aiki * Ƙarfi: Ikon tsayayya da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa da ƙucewa (misali lambar ƙuƙwalwa ta Brinell) * Malleability: Ikon kayan da za a shimfiɗa su cikin takalma masu laushi a ƙarƙashin aikace-aikacen dakarun matsawa masu nauyi ba tare da fashewa ta hanyar zafi ko sanyi ba.Wannan dukiyar kayan yana ba shi damar fadada a kowane bangare ba tare da fashewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattan |first=S S |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Mass diffusivity: Ikon abu ɗaya don yadawa ta hanyar wani * Flasticity: Ikon wani abu don fuskantar lalacewa ba tare da karyawa ko fashewa ba; akasin fashewa * Rarrabawar kifi: Rarraba ta gefen gefen zuwa axial (babu raka'a) * Resilience: Ikon kayan don shawo kan makamashi lokacin da aka lalata shi (MPa); haɗuwa da ƙarfi da sassauci * Shear modulus: Ratio na shear stress zuwa shear strain (MPa) * Ƙarfin shear: Matsakaicin damuwa mai yawa wanda kayan zasu iya tsayayya da shi * Slip: Halin barbashi na kayan don fuskantar lalacewar filastik saboda motsi a cikin kayan. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin lu'ulu'u. * Takamaiman modulus: Modulus ta kowane nau'i (MPa / m ^ 3) * Takamaiman ƙarfi: Ƙarfi ta kowane nau'i (Nm / kg) * Takamaiman nauyi: Nauyi ta kowane nau'i (N / m ^ 3) * Bayyana sauti * Canjin sauti * Saurin sauti * Rashin ƙarfi na saman: Karkatarwa a cikin jagorancin al'ada na ainihin farfajiyar daga kyakkyawan tsari * Ƙarfin ƙarfi: Matsakaicin damuwa na kayan zai iya tsayayya kafin gazawar (MPa) * Tsarin sassauci na uku (Acoustoelastic effect) * Rashin ƙarfi: Ikon kayan don shawo kan makamashi (ko tsayayya da girgizar ƙasa) da kuma lalacewar filastik ba tare da karyewa ba (ko fashewa); juriya na kayan ga karyewa lokacin da aka matsa masa; haɗuwa da ƙarfi da filastik * Viscosity: Tsayayyar ruwa ga lalacewa a hankali ta hanyar matsa lamba ko shear; kauri * Ƙarfin samarwa: Matsi da kayan ya fara samarwa ta filastik (MPa) * Matashi na matashi: Ratio na matsin lamba na layi zuwa matsin lamba (MPa) (yana tasiri ga tsananin ''abu'' da sassauci) == Abubuwan gani == * Absorbance: Yadda sinadarin ke rage haske * Rashin jituwa * [[Launi]] * Tasirin Electro-optic * Haske * Ayyukan gani * Rashin ƙarfi na hoto * Hasken rana * Rashin nunawa * Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga * Yaduwa * Rarrabawar == Abubuwan radiology == * Ƙididdigar ƙarancin ƙarfi * Rabin rayuwa * Sashe na tsakiya na Neutron * Takamaiman aiki == Yanayin zafi == * Hoton mataki * Matsayi na tafasa * Matsakaicin fadada zafi * Yanayin zafi mai tsanani * Matsayi na Curie * Canjin zafin jiki na Ductile zuwa Brittile * Rashin jituwa * Abubuwan da suka dace * Rashin ƙonewa * Abubuwan da suka faru * Canjin zafin gilashi * Rashin zafi * Juyawa zafin jiki * Matsayi na narkewa * Gudanar da zafi * Rashin zafi * Yaduwar zafi * Abubuwa uku * Matsi na tururi * Takamaiman ƙarfin zafi == Dubi kuma == * Dukiya ta jiki * Ƙarfin kayan aiki * Jerin kaddarorin thermodynamic == Bayanan da aka ambata == jpk2zu91iurqe4u811fuvjtkncj9r5t 968323 968312 2026-10-16T17:10:25Z Em-mustapha 6594 Em-mustapha moved page [[Jerin kayan aiki]] to [[Jerin kayayyaki da wurare]] without leaving a redirect 968312 wikitext text/x-wiki kayan aiki dukiya ce mai mahimmanci na kayan aiki, watau, dukiyar zahiri ko dukiyar sinadarai wacce ba ta dogara da adadin kayan ba. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kadarorin ƙididdiga azaman ma'auni wanda za'a iya kwatanta fa'idodin kayan ɗaya da wani, don haka yana taimakawa wajen zaɓin kayan. Wani abu da ke da ƙimar da aka ba shi don kayan ko abu ana kiransa abu mai ɗorewa ko abu mai ɗorawa.<ref name="ISO80000-1">{{Cite web |title=ISO 80000-1:2022 Quantities and units — Part 1: General |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-2:v1:en |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=iso.org}}</ref> (Bai kamata a rikita ma'aunin abu ba tare da ma'auni na zahiri ba, waɗanda ke da halayyar duniya.) Har ila yau, kayan aiki na iya zama aiki na ɗaya ko fiye da masu canji masu zaman kansu, kamar zafin jiki. Abubuwan kayan aiki galibi sun bambanta zuwa wani mataki bisa ga shugabanci a cikin kayan da aka auna su, yanayin da ake kira Anisotropy. Abubuwan kayan aiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na zahiri sau da yawa suna nuna layi (ko kusan haka) a cikin wani kewayon aiki da aka ba su [bayani da ake buƙata].  Yin samfurinsu a matsayin ayyuka na layi na iya sauƙaƙa ƙididdigar bambancin da ake amfani da su don bayyana dukiyar. Ana amfani da daidaitattun da ke kwatanta kayan da suka dace don hango hasashen halayen tsarin. Ana auna kaddarorin ta hanyar daidaitaccen Hanyoyin gwaji. Yawancin irin waɗannan hanyoyin an rubuta su ta hanyar al'ummomin masu amfani da su kuma an buga su ta hanyar Intanet; duba ASTM International. == Abubuwan atomatik == * Atomic mass: (ya shafi kowane kashi) matsakaicin Nauyin kwayar halitta na wani kashi, a cikin daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu). * Lambar kwayar halitta: (ya shafi kwayar halitta ko abubuwa masu tsabta) yawan protons a cikin kowane tsakiya * Matsakaicin nauyin atomatik, a.k.a. nauyin atomatik: (ya shafi isotopes na mutum ko takamaiman cakuda isotopes of a given element) (babu raka'a) * Matsakaicin nauyin atomatik: matsakaicin nauyin kwayar halitta na samfurin samfurin (babu raka'a) == Abubuwan sunadarai == * Tsayayya da lalatawa * Hygroscopy * pH * Reactivity * Takamaiman yanki na ciki * Makamashi na sama * Tashin hankali na sama == Abubuwan lantarki == * Capacity * Doguwar wutar lantarki * Ƙarfin wutar lantarki * Resistivity na lantarki da conductivity * Rashin kamuwa da wutar lantarki * Coefficient na lantarki * Rashin wutar lantarki * Magnetoelectric polarizability * Nernst coefficient (tasirin thermoelectric) * Hanyar izini * Tsarin Piezoelectric * Pyroelectricity * Matsakaicin Seebeck == Abubuwan da ke cikin magnetic == * Yanayin zafi na Curie * Diamagnetism * Matsakaicin Hall * Hysteresis * Magnetostriction * Magnetocaloric coefficient * Magnetothermoelectric power <ref name="SAM">{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2025 |title=Magnetothermoelectric Power: Interaction of Magnetic Fields and Thermoelectric Effects |url=https://www.samaterials.com/content/magnetothermoelectric-power-basics-and-applications.html |access-date=June 23, 2026 |website=[[Stanford Advanced Materials]]}}</ref> (magneto-Seebeck effect coefficient) * Magnetoresistance * Mafi girman samfurin makamashi * Ruwa * Piezomagnetism * [[Pyromagnetic coefficient|Ƙididdigar Pyromagnetic]] * Tasirin Spin Hall == Gidajen masana'antu == * Castability: Ta yaya sauƙin samun simintin inganci daga kayan * Matsakaicin inji * Saurin inji da abincisaurin gudu da abinci == Abubuwan inji == * Rashin jin daɗi * Bulk modulus: Ratio na matsin lamba zuwa matsin lamba (GPa) ko rabo na ƙarancin matsin lamba karuwa zuwa sakamakon raguwar ƙarar * Coefficient of restitution: Ra'ayi na ƙarshe zuwa saurin dangi na farko tsakanin abubuwa biyu bayan sun yi karo. Yankin: 0-1, 1 don haɗuwa mai sauƙi. * Ƙarfin matsawa: Matsakaicin damuwa da kayan zasu iya tsayayya kafin gazawar matsawa (MPa) * Creep: Sannu a hankali da sannu a hankali na wani abu dangane da lokaci. Idan s a cikin wani abu ya wuce ma'anar samarwa, wahalar da aka haifar a cikin kayan ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kaya ba ta ɓace gaba ɗaya akan cire kaya. Yankin filastik da aka haifar da kayan an san shi da creep. A yanayin zafi mai girma, damuwa saboda raguwa yana da matukar damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SS Rattan |first=Strength of Materials |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Density: Mass da unit volume (kg/m^3) * Ductility: Ikon kayan don lalacewa a ƙarƙashin nauyin tensile (% elongation). Yana da dukiyar wani abu wanda za'a iya jawo shi cikin wayoyi a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin tensile. Dole ne kayan aiki na ductile su sami babban matsayi na filastik da ƙarfi don manyan lalacewa su iya faruwa ba tare da gazawar ko fashewar kayan ba. A cikin fadada ductile, kayan da ke nuna wani adadin sassauci tare da babban digiri na filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SS Rattan |first=Strength of Materials |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Durability: Ikon tsayayya da lalacewa, matsin lamba, ko lalacewa; rigakafi * Elasticity: Ikon jiki don tsayayya da tasiri ko damuwa kuma ya koma girmansa na asali da siffar sa lokacin da aka cire damuwa * Ƙayyadadden gajiya: Matsakaicin damuwa da kayan zai iya tsayayya da shi a ƙarƙashin maimaitawa (MPa) * Flexural modulus * Ƙarfin Flexural: Matsakaicin damuwa mai juyawa kayan zai iya tsayayya kafin gazawar (MPa) * Rashin ƙarfi: Ikon kayan da ke dauke da tsagewa don tsayayya da karyewa (J / m ^ 2) * Matsakaicin ƙuntatawa: Adadin ƙarfin al'ada zuwa farfajiyar wanda ke canzawa zuwa ƙarfin tsayayya da motsi na dangi na haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan kayan aiki * Ƙarfi: Ikon tsayayya da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa da ƙucewa (misali lambar ƙuƙwalwa ta Brinell) * Malleability: Ikon kayan da za a shimfiɗa su cikin takalma masu laushi a ƙarƙashin aikace-aikacen dakarun matsawa masu nauyi ba tare da fashewa ta hanyar zafi ko sanyi ba.Wannan dukiyar kayan yana ba shi damar fadada a kowane bangare ba tare da fashewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattan |first=S S |date=17 June 2016 |title=Strength of Materials book |url=https://www.freepdfbook.com/strength-of-materials-by-ss-rattan/}}</ref> * Mass diffusivity: Ikon abu ɗaya don yadawa ta hanyar wani * Flasticity: Ikon wani abu don fuskantar lalacewa ba tare da karyawa ko fashewa ba; akasin fashewa * Rarrabawar kifi: Rarraba ta gefen gefen zuwa axial (babu raka'a) * Resilience: Ikon kayan don shawo kan makamashi lokacin da aka lalata shi (MPa); haɗuwa da ƙarfi da sassauci * Shear modulus: Ratio na shear stress zuwa shear strain (MPa) * Ƙarfin shear: Matsakaicin damuwa mai yawa wanda kayan zasu iya tsayayya da shi * Slip: Halin barbashi na kayan don fuskantar lalacewar filastik saboda motsi a cikin kayan. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin lu'ulu'u. * Takamaiman modulus: Modulus ta kowane nau'i (MPa / m ^ 3) * Takamaiman ƙarfi: Ƙarfi ta kowane nau'i (Nm / kg) * Takamaiman nauyi: Nauyi ta kowane nau'i (N / m ^ 3) * Bayyana sauti * Canjin sauti * Saurin sauti * Rashin ƙarfi na saman: Karkatarwa a cikin jagorancin al'ada na ainihin farfajiyar daga kyakkyawan tsari * Ƙarfin ƙarfi: Matsakaicin damuwa na kayan zai iya tsayayya kafin gazawar (MPa) * Tsarin sassauci na uku (Acoustoelastic effect) * Rashin ƙarfi: Ikon kayan don shawo kan makamashi (ko tsayayya da girgizar ƙasa) da kuma lalacewar filastik ba tare da karyewa ba (ko fashewa); juriya na kayan ga karyewa lokacin da aka matsa masa; haɗuwa da ƙarfi da filastik * Viscosity: Tsayayyar ruwa ga lalacewa a hankali ta hanyar matsa lamba ko shear; kauri * Ƙarfin samarwa: Matsi da kayan ya fara samarwa ta filastik (MPa) * Matashi na matashi: Ratio na matsin lamba na layi zuwa matsin lamba (MPa) (yana tasiri ga tsananin ''abu'' da sassauci) == Abubuwan gani == * Absorbance: Yadda sinadarin ke rage haske * Rashin jituwa * [[Launi]] * Tasirin Electro-optic * Haske * Ayyukan gani * Rashin ƙarfi na hoto * Hasken rana * Rashin nunawa * Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga * Yaduwa * Rarrabawar == Abubuwan radiology == * Ƙididdigar ƙarancin ƙarfi * Rabin rayuwa * Sashe na tsakiya na Neutron * Takamaiman aiki == Yanayin zafi == * Hoton mataki * Matsayi na tafasa * Matsakaicin fadada zafi * Yanayin zafi mai tsanani * Matsayi na Curie * Canjin zafin jiki na Ductile zuwa Brittile * Rashin jituwa * Abubuwan da suka dace * Rashin ƙonewa * Abubuwan da suka faru * Canjin zafin gilashi * Rashin zafi * Juyawa zafin jiki * Matsayi na narkewa * Gudanar da zafi * Rashin zafi * Yaduwar zafi * Abubuwa uku * Matsi na tururi * Takamaiman ƙarfin zafi == Dubi kuma == * Dukiya ta jiki * Ƙarfin kayan aiki * Jerin kaddarorin thermodynamic == Bayanan da aka ambata == jpk2zu91iurqe4u811fuvjtkncj9r5t 0 179402 968321 2026-10-16T17:08:51Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329844514|House of Chiefs]]" 968321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Shugabannin''' (ko Gidan Shuwagabannin Al'ada) taro ne na Bayan mulkin mallaka, ko dai majalisa ko mai ba da shawara, wanda ko dai gwamnatin ƙasa ko yanki ta amince da shi kamar yadda ya kunsa kuma ya samar da muryar jama'a ga hukumomin kabilanci kafin mulkin mallaka. Kodayake sau da yawa suna da tasiri a cikin al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, membobinta ba sa aiki a matsayin babban tsarin doka na zamani (cf. British House of Lords), ba su da wakilci (watau zaɓaɓɓen dimokuradiyya) ko kuma sun ƙunshi membobin da gwamnati da ke mulki ta nada, ko na dimokuradiya ko a'a. Ya ƙunshi duka ko((((((((('''House of Chiefs''' (or ''House of Traditional Leaders'') is a [[:en:Postcolonialism#Africa|post-colonial]] assembly, either legislative or [[:en:Privy_council|advisory]], that is recognised by either a national or regional government as consisting of and providing a collective, public voice for an [[:en:Ethnic_group|ethnic group]]'s pre-[[:en:Colonialism|colonial]] authorities. Although often influential within the [[:en:Indigenous_peoples|indigenous]] culture, its members do not usually function as a modern nation's primary law-making body ([[:en:Cross_reference|cf]]. [[:en:British_House_of_Lords|British House of Lords]]), being neither representative (i.e. democratically elected) nor consisting of members appointed individually by the government in power, whether democratic or not. It consists of all or some of the "traditional leaders", historically kings and chiefs, of a country or a [[:en:Administrative_division|sub-division]]))))))))) wasu daga cikin "shugabannin gargajiya", sarakuna da sarakuna na tarihi, na ƙasa ko karamin yanki. Gidan Shugabannin ba, bisa tsarin mulki, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a cikin ƙungiyar siyasa ba. Ana zaɓar membobin Majalisar Shugabannin ba ta hanyar tsarin Zaɓin duniya na waɗanda suke wakilta ba ko kuma ta hanyar zartarwa ko majalisa da suke ba da shawara: Ayyukansu shine bayyana al'adu, tarihi da / ko kabilanci game da manufofin jama'a. Tsarin da mutane suka cancanci zama memba ya bambanta, amma ya dogara ne akan al'adar da ta dace da ita (misali Sarauniyar Rain) al'ummar tarihi ko kabilanci. Wani lokaci ana samun matsayin cancanta ta hanyar gado a cikin [[daular]] gida, wani lokacin ta hanyar zaɓe ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta al'ada ko al'umma mai daraja na al'umma, kuma wani lokacin ta na haɗuwa da shi. A tarihi, sarakuna sune sarakunan 'yan asalin na ƙarshe kafin mulkin mallaka na mutane, kuma sau da yawa sassan su na zamani suna ci gaba da taka rawar al'adu ta gida ta bambancin mahimmanci. Musamman a zamanin mulkin mallaka, ana amfani da sarakuna a matsayin kayan aiki na mulkin kai tsaye, da / ko hanyoyin da suka dace ga cibiyoyin zaɓaɓɓu. == Misalan == A cikin zamanin mulkin mallaka, gidaje daban-daban na Shugabannin da irin waɗannan tarurruka sun wanzu a kasashe daban-daban: === Afirka === * A [[Botswana]], ''Ntlo da Dikgosi'', wanda aka fi sani da House of Chiefs . * A [[Ghana]], Majalisar Shugabannin Kasa, tana wakiltar gidajen Shugabannin yanki daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Ghana: Chapter Twenty-Two: Chieftaincy |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst22.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420193404/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst22.html |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> * A [[Najeriya]], akwai Gidajen Shugabannin da yawa a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]]. A zamanin yau, jihohi daban-daban na Tarayyar kowannensu yana da Majalisar Jiha ta Shugabannin gargajiya da Shugabannin. ** Har ila yau, a baya, a cikin Jamusanci, Burtaniya da kuma [[Kudancin Kamaru]] na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jua |first=Nantang Ben |year=1995 |title=Indirect Rule In Colonial And Post-Colonial Cameroon |url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Chilver/Paideuma/paideuma-Indirec-2.html |journal=Paideuma |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |volume=41 |access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> * A [[Somaliland]], membobin House of Elders sun ƙunshi sarakuna daban-daban na Somaliland. * A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], gidan mulkin mallaka na Shugabannin ya ɓace, amma, bayan wariyar launin fata, an farfado da nau'ikan da aka shirya, da farko a cikin [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Jam'iyyar ANC]] mai mulki, sannan a [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu Natal]]. Majalisar Shugabannin gargajiya ta kasa a hukumance tana ba da shawara ga shugabancin a yau kuma tana kunshe da mambobi 23, yayin da Majalisa ta Shugabannin gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu a halin yanzu ke aiki a matsayin mafi yawan jama'a, wanda ba na gwamnati ba. * A [[Zambiya|Zambia]], bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki na 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=1996 Constitution of Zambia - Part XIII (Chiefs and House of Chiefs) |url=http://www.thezambian.com/Constitution/1996partxiii.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120235009/http://www.thezambian.com/Constitution/1996partxiii.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2006 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=The Zambian}}</ref> * A [[Zimbabwe]], Majalisar Shugabannin Zimbabwe. === Pacific === * A cikin [[Tsibirin Cook]], Gidan Ariki * A [[Fiji]], Babban Majalisar Shugabannin (kada a rikita shi da Gidan Shugabannin, wanda ba shi da wani matsayi na al'ada) * A cikin tsohuwar Masarautar Hawaii, ''Hale o na Alii o Hawaii'' . * A cikin [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]], Majalisar Iroij. * A Micronesia, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da majalisun gargajiya a Yap * A cikin [[Nauru]], Majalisar Shugabannin * A [[Palau]], Majalisar Shugabannin. * A cikin [[Tsibiran Solomon|Tsibirin Solomon]], ''Gela Vaukolu'' . * A cikin [[Vanuatu]], Malvatu Mauri === Sauran wurare === An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don irin wannan taron kafin da bayan mulkin mallaka na shugabannin kabilanci, kamar tsakanin wasu kabilun 'Yan asalin Amurka. [yanawa da ake buƙata]  == Sauran hanyoyin == Wata hanyar da za a haɗa shugabannin gargajiya a rayuwar siyasa ta al'umma ita ce a ba su kujeru da yawa a cikin babban taro. A [[Zimbabwe]], alal misali, an zaɓi sarakuna goma don zama membobin Majalisar Dattijai, babban gidan majalisar dokokin kasar. Daga 1990 zuwa 2005, an wakilce su a Majalisar (yanzu ƙananan gida) lokacin da ita ce kawai majalisar dokoki. == Bayanan da aka ambata == bobqf5fbuonvrb85hegct1qi658lcz9 968322 968321 2026-10-16T17:09:48Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Shugabannin''' (ko Gidan Shuwagabannin Al'ada) taro ne na Bayan mulkin mallaka, ko dai majalisa ko mai ba da shawara, wanda ko dai gwamnatin ƙasa ko yanki ta amince da shi kamar yadda ya kunsa kuma ya samar da muryar jama'a ga hukumomin kabilanci kafin mulkin mallaka. Kodayake sau da yawa suna da tasiri a cikin al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, membobinta ba sa aiki a matsayin babban tsarin doka na zamani (cf. British House of Lords), ba su da wakilci (watau zaɓaɓɓen dimokuradiyya) ko kuma sun ƙunshi membobin da gwamnati da ke mulki ta nada, ko na dimokuradiya ko a'a. Ya ƙunshi duka ko wasu daga cikin "shugabannin gargajiya", sarakuna da sarakuna na tarihi, na ƙasa ko karamin yanki. Gidan Shugabannin ba, bisa tsarin mulki, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a cikin ƙungiyar siyasa ba. Ana zaɓar membobin Majalisar Shugabannin ba ta hanyar tsarin Zaɓin duniya na waɗanda suke wakilta ba ko kuma ta hanyar zartarwa ko majalisa da suke ba da shawara: Ayyukansu shine bayyana al'adu, tarihi da / ko kabilanci game da manufofin jama'a. Tsarin da mutane suka cancanci zama memba ya bambanta, amma ya dogara ne akan al'adar da ta dace da ita (misali Sarauniyar Rain) al'ummar tarihi ko kabilanci. Wani lokaci ana samun matsayin cancanta ta hanyar gado a cikin [[daular]] gida, wani lokacin ta hanyar zaɓe ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta al'ada ko al'umma mai daraja na al'umma, kuma wani lokacin ta na haɗuwa da shi. A tarihi, sarakuna sune sarakunan 'yan asalin na ƙarshe kafin mulkin mallaka na mutane, kuma sau da yawa sassan su na zamani suna ci gaba da taka rawar al'adu ta gida ta bambancin mahimmanci. Musamman a zamanin mulkin mallaka, ana amfani da sarakuna a matsayin kayan aiki na mulkin kai tsaye, da / ko hanyoyin da suka dace ga cibiyoyin zaɓaɓɓu. == Misalan == A cikin zamanin mulkin mallaka, gidaje daban-daban na Shugabannin da irin waɗannan tarurruka sun wanzu a kasashe daban-daban: === Afirka === * A [[Botswana]], ''Ntlo da Dikgosi'', wanda aka fi sani da House of Chiefs . * A [[Ghana]], Majalisar Shugabannin Kasa, tana wakiltar gidajen Shugabannin yanki daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Ghana: Chapter Twenty-Two: Chieftaincy |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst22.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420193404/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/constitution.php?id=Gconst22.html |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> * A [[Najeriya]], akwai Gidajen Shugabannin da yawa a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]]. A zamanin yau, jihohi daban-daban na Tarayyar kowannensu yana da Majalisar Jiha ta Shugabannin gargajiya da Shugabannin. ** Har ila yau, a baya, a cikin Jamusanci, Burtaniya da kuma [[Kudancin Kamaru]] na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jua |first=Nantang Ben |year=1995 |title=Indirect Rule In Colonial And Post-Colonial Cameroon |url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Chilver/Paideuma/paideuma-Indirec-2.html |journal=Paideuma |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |volume=41 |access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> * A [[Somaliland]], membobin House of Elders sun ƙunshi sarakuna daban-daban na Somaliland. * A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], gidan mulkin mallaka na Shugabannin ya ɓace, amma, bayan wariyar launin fata, an farfado da nau'ikan da aka shirya, da farko a cikin [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Jam'iyyar ANC]] mai mulki, sannan a [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu Natal]]. Majalisar Shugabannin gargajiya ta kasa a hukumance tana ba da shawara ga shugabancin a yau kuma tana kunshe da mambobi 23, yayin da Majalisa ta Shugabannin gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu a halin yanzu ke aiki a matsayin mafi yawan jama'a, wanda ba na gwamnati ba. * A [[Zambiya|Zambia]], bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki na 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=1996 Constitution of Zambia - Part XIII (Chiefs and House of Chiefs) |url=http://www.thezambian.com/Constitution/1996partxiii.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120235009/http://www.thezambian.com/Constitution/1996partxiii.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2006 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=The Zambian}}</ref> * A [[Zimbabwe]], Majalisar Shugabannin Zimbabwe. === Pacific === * A cikin [[Tsibirin Cook]], Gidan Ariki * A [[Fiji]], Babban Majalisar Shugabannin (kada a rikita shi da Gidan Shugabannin, wanda ba shi da wani matsayi na al'ada) * A cikin tsohuwar Masarautar Hawaii, ''Hale o na Alii o Hawaii'' . * A cikin [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]], Majalisar Iroij. * A Micronesia, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da majalisun gargajiya a Yap * A cikin [[Nauru]], Majalisar Shugabannin * A [[Palau]], Majalisar Shugabannin. * A cikin [[Tsibiran Solomon|Tsibirin Solomon]], ''Gela Vaukolu'' . * A cikin [[Vanuatu]], Malvatu Mauri === Sauran wurare === An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don irin wannan taron kafin da bayan mulkin mallaka na shugabannin kabilanci, kamar tsakanin wasu kabilun 'Yan asalin Amurka. [yanawa da ake buƙata]  == Sauran hanyoyin == Wata hanyar da za a haɗa shugabannin gargajiya a rayuwar siyasa ta al'umma ita ce a ba su kujeru da yawa a cikin babban taro. A [[Zimbabwe]], alal misali, an zaɓi sarakuna goma don zama membobin Majalisar Dattijai, babban gidan majalisar dokokin kasar. Daga 1990 zuwa 2005, an wakilce su a Majalisar (yanzu ƙananan gida) lokacin da ita ce kawai majalisar dokoki. == Bayanan da aka ambata == b05okalp4y3drcl9ad72uk5w88degs1 14 179403 968329 2026-10-16T17:14:32Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ +cat 968329 wikitext text/x-wiki Jerin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na Tamil bjvia594j7z4sl9ri16spy5ggrgbm3v 14 179404 968333 2026-10-16T17:17:57Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ +cat 968333 wikitext text/x-wiki Jerin mutanen da suka mutu a 1948 2k4jit1zpxqi2wxv8vprah74g683ml6 14 179405 968336 2026-10-16T17:19:14Z Em-mustapha 6594 +cat 968336 wikitext text/x-wiki Jerin likitoci daga ƙasar Jamus 26ud2b2h5xxvoqyc0em900fh2vl70pk 3 179406 968338 2026-10-16T17:19:40Z Borhan 26054 Borhan moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Calreyn88]] to [[Tattaunawar user:CarspotterCal]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Calreyn88|Calreyn88]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/CarspotterCal|CarspotterCal]]" 968338 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:CarspotterCal]] 0klohh1zrvsvf5bsxmglkprw8ypadms 0 179407 968394 2026-10-16T20:19:24Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301250786|Valence and conduction bands]]" 968394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Band structure filling diagram}}A cikin kimiyyar lissafi, '''band din valence''' da band din gudanarwa sune bands mafi kusa da Matsayin Fermi, kuma ta haka ne za a ƙayyade ƙarfin lantarki na mai ƙarfi. A cikin wadanda ba ƙarfe ba, ƙungiyar valence ita ce mafi girman kewayon makamashi na lantarki wanda electrons ke kasancewa a cikakkiyar zafin jiki, yayin da ƙungiyar gudanarwa ita ce mafi ƙasƙanci na Jihohin lantarki marasa amfani. A kan jadawalin tsarin band din lantarki na kayan semiconducting, band din valence yana ƙasa da matakin Fermi, yayin da band din ke sama da shi. Bambanci tsakanin valence da conduction bands ba shi da ma'ana a cikin karafa, saboda gudanarwa yana faruwa a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da ɓangaren da aka cika wanda ke ɗaukar kaddarorin duka valence da kuma gudanarwa bands. == Rashin band == A cikin semiconductors da insulators ƙungiyoyi biyu suna rabuwa da band gap, yayin da a cikin masu gudanarwa ƙungiyoyi suka haɗu. Rashin band shine kewayon makamashi a cikin mai ƙarfi inda babu jihohin lantarki da za su iya kasancewa saboda ƙididdigan makamashi. A cikin manufar bands, gibin makamashi tsakanin (((((((((((()In semiconductors and insulators the two bands are separated by a [[:en:Band_gap|band gap]], while in [[:en:Electrical_conductor|conductors]] the bands overlap. A band gap is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist due to the [[:en:Quantization_(physics)|quantization]] of energy. Within the concept of bands, the energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band is the band gap.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cox|first=P. A.|title=The electronic structure and chemistry of solids|date=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-855204-1|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|oclc=14213060}}</ref> Electrical conductivity of non-metals is determined by the susceptibility of electrons to be excited from the valence band to the conduction band.)))))))))))valence band da conduction band shine gibin band. Gudanar da wutar lantarki na wadanda ba ƙarfe ba an ƙayyade su ne ta hanyar saukin lantarki da za a yi farin ciki daga ƙungiyar valence zuwa ƙungiyar gudanarwa. == Gudanar da wutar lantarki == <div style="float: Center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; text-align: center;">[[File:Semiconductor_band_structure_(lots_of_bands_2).svg]]<br />''Tsarin band na Semiconductor''<br /><small>''Dubi gudanarwar lantarki da semiconductor don ƙarin bayani dalla-dalla game da tsarin ƙungiyar.''</small></div>A cikin abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ikon electrons don aiki a matsayin Masu ɗaukar caji ya dogara da kasancewar jihohin lantarki marasa amfani. Wannan yana bawa electrons damar kara makamashi (watau, hanzarta) lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki. Hakazalika, ramuka (jihohi marasa amfani) a cikin kusan cikewar valence band suma suna ba da damar gudanarwa. Saboda haka, hawan lantarki mai ƙarfi ya dogara da ikonsa na kwarara electrons daga valence zuwa ƙungiyar gudanarwa. Saboda haka, a cikin yanayin semimetal tare da yankin da ya rufe, hawan wutar lantarki yana da yawa. Idan akwai karamin band _g (E_g), to kwararar electrons daga valence zuwa conduction band yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan an samar da makamashi na waje (thermal, da dai sauransu); waɗannan kungiyoyi tare da ƙananan Eg ana kiransu semiconductors. Idan E_g ya isa ya yi, to kwararar lantarki daga valence zuwa ƙungiyar gudanarwa ya zama maras muhimmanci a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada; ana kiran waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari. Akwai wasu conductivity a cikin semiconductors, duk da haka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tashin hankali na zafi - wasu daga cikin electrons suna samun isasshen kuzari don tsallake band gap a daya tafi. Da zarar sun kasance a cikin ƙungiyar gudanarwa, za su iya gudanar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda rami da suka bari a baya a cikin ƙungiyar valence. Ramin wani yanayi ne mara amfani wanda ke ba da damar electrons a cikin valence band wani digiri na 'yanci. == Canjin gefen band na semiconductor nanoparticles == Canjin gefen da ke dogara da girman da / ko valence band wani abu ne da ake nazarin shi a fagen nanocrystals na semiconductor. Ƙayyadadden radius na faruwar nanocrystal na semiconductor shine tasirin radius na Bohr na nanocrystal. Gudanarwa da / ko gefen valence band suna canzawa zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma a ƙarƙashin wannan iyakar radius saboda sauye-sauye na gani lokacin da aka ƙuntata nanocrystal na semiconductor ta hanyar exciton. A sakamakon wannan canjin gefen, girman jagora da / ko valence band ya ragu. Wannan canjin gefen da ya dogara da girman gudanarwa da / ko valence band na iya samar da bayanai masu amfani game da girman ko maida hankali ga semiconductor nanoparticles ko tsarin band.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jasieniak |first=Jacek |last2=Califano |first2=Marco |last3=Watkins |first3=Scott E. |date=2011-06-22 |title=Size-Dependent Valence and Conduction Band-Edge Energies of Semiconductor Nanocrystals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn201681s |journal=ACS Nano |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=5888–5902 |doi=10.1021/nn201681s |issn=1936-0851 |pmid=21662980 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gudanar da wutar lantarki don ƙarin bayani game da gudanarwa a cikin abubuwa masu ƙarfi, da kuma wani bayanin tsarin ƙungiyar. * Ruwa mai rufewa * HOMO / LUMO * Semiconductor don cikakken bayani game da tsarin band na kayan. * Valleytronics == Bayanan da aka ambata == bu59q974s2hb8he6l0ytvmul8ipniuj 968396 968394 2026-10-16T20:22:07Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Band structure filling diagram}}A cikin kimiyyar lissafi, '''band din valence''' da band din gudanarwa sune bands mafi kusa da Matsayin Fermi, kuma ta haka ne za a ƙayyade ƙarfin lantarki na mai ƙarfi. A cikin wadanda ba ƙarfe ba, ƙungiyar valence ita ce mafi girman kewayon makamashi na lantarki wanda electrons ke kasancewa a cikakkiyar zafin jiki, yayin da ƙungiyar gudanarwa ita ce mafi ƙasƙanci na Jihohin lantarki marasa amfani. A kan jadawalin tsarin band din lantarki na kayan semiconducting, band din valence yana ƙasa da matakin Fermi, yayin da band din ke sama da shi. Bambanci tsakanin valence da conduction bands ba shi da ma'ana a cikin karafa, saboda gudanarwa yana faruwa a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da ɓangaren da aka cika wanda ke ɗaukar kaddarorin duka valence da kuma gudanarwa bands. == Rashin band == A cikin semiconductors da insulators ƙungiyoyi biyu suna rabuwa da band gap, yayin da a cikin masu gudanarwa ƙungiyoyi suka haɗu. Rashin band shine kewayon makamashi a cikin mai ƙarfi inda babu jihohin lantarki da za su iya kasancewa saboda ƙididdigan makamashi. A cikin manufar bands, gibin makamashi tsakanin valence band da conduction band shine gibin band. Gudanar da wutar lantarki na wadanda ba ƙarfe ba an ƙayyade su ne ta hanyar saukin lantarki da za a yi farin ciki daga ƙungiyar valence zuwa ƙungiyar gudanarwa. == Gudanar da wutar lantarki == <div style="float: Center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; text-align: center;">[[File:Semiconductor_band_structure_(lots_of_bands_2).svg]]<br />''Tsarin band na Semiconductor''<br /><small>''Dubi gudanarwar lantarki da semiconductor don ƙarin bayani dalla-dalla game da tsarin ƙungiyar.''</small></div>A cikin abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ikon electrons don aiki a matsayin Masu ɗaukar caji ya dogara da kasancewar jihohin lantarki marasa amfani. Wannan yana bawa electrons damar kara makamashi (watau, hanzarta) lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki. Hakazalika, ramuka (jihohi marasa amfani) a cikin kusan cikewar valence band suma suna ba da damar gudanarwa. Saboda haka, hawan lantarki mai ƙarfi ya dogara da ikonsa na kwarara electrons daga valence zuwa ƙungiyar gudanarwa. Saboda haka, a cikin yanayin semimetal tare da yankin da ya rufe, hawan wutar lantarki yana da yawa. Idan akwai karamin band _g (E_g), to kwararar electrons daga valence zuwa conduction band yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan an samar da makamashi na waje (thermal, da dai sauransu); waɗannan kungiyoyi tare da ƙananan Eg ana kiransu semiconductors. Idan E_g ya isa ya yi, to kwararar lantarki daga valence zuwa ƙungiyar gudanarwa ya zama maras muhimmanci a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada; ana kiran waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari. Akwai wasu conductivity a cikin semiconductors, duk da haka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tashin hankali na zafi - wasu daga cikin electrons suna samun isasshen kuzari don tsallake band gap a daya tafi. Da zarar sun kasance a cikin ƙungiyar gudanarwa, za su iya gudanar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda rami da suka bari a baya a cikin ƙungiyar valence. Ramin wani yanayi ne mara amfani wanda ke ba da damar electrons a cikin valence band wani digiri na 'yanci. == Canjin gefen band na semiconductor nanoparticles == Canjin gefen da ke dogara da girman da / ko valence band wani abu ne da ake nazarin shi a fagen nanocrystals na semiconductor. Ƙayyadadden radius na faruwar nanocrystal na semiconductor shine tasirin radius na Bohr na nanocrystal. Gudanarwa da / ko gefen valence band suna canzawa zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma a ƙarƙashin wannan iyakar radius saboda sauye-sauye na gani lokacin da aka ƙuntata nanocrystal na semiconductor ta hanyar exciton. A sakamakon wannan canjin gefen, girman jagora da / ko valence band ya ragu. Wannan canjin gefen da ya dogara da girman gudanarwa da / ko valence band na iya samar da bayanai masu amfani game da girman ko maida hankali ga semiconductor nanoparticles ko tsarin band.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jasieniak |first=Jacek |last2=Califano |first2=Marco |last3=Watkins |first3=Scott E. |date=2011-06-22 |title=Size-Dependent Valence and Conduction Band-Edge Energies of Semiconductor Nanocrystals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn201681s |journal=ACS Nano |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=5888–5902 |doi=10.1021/nn201681s |issn=1936-0851 |pmid=21662980 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gudanar da wutar lantarki don ƙarin bayani game da gudanarwa a cikin abubuwa masu ƙarfi, da kuma wani bayanin tsarin ƙungiyar. * Ruwa mai rufewa * HOMO / LUMO * Semiconductor don cikakken bayani game da tsarin band na kayan. * Valleytronics == Bayanan da aka ambata == ivtkf8hnpy5153522kf5vsnrnfxt62a 0 179408 968397 2026-10-16T20:24:31Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361424484|Scottish religion in the nineteenth century]]" 968397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thomas_Chalmers_statue,_George_Street_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Mutum-mutumin Thomas Chalmers a Edinburgh]] Addinin Scotland a ƙarni na sha tara ya haɗa da dukkan nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin addini da imani a Scotland a ƙarni na sha tara. A wannan lokacin an ga martani ga karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma karuwar birane na juyin juya halin masana'antu wanda ya lalata tsarin gargajiya na coci da kuma biyayya ga addini. Cocin Scotland da aka kafa ya mayar da martani da wani shiri na gina coci tun daga shekarun 1820. Tun daga shekarar 1834, "Rikicin Shekaru Goma" ya ƙare da rarrabuwar kawuna daga Cocin Scotland da aka kafa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr Thomas Chalmers wanda aka fi sani da Babban Rushewar 1843. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na malaman addini, galibi daga Arewa da tsaunuka, sun kafa Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland daban. Cocin 'Yanci na bishara da sauran majami'u masu ra'ayin ballewa sun girma cikin sauri a tsaunuka da tsibirai da kuma cibiyoyin birane. Akwai ƙarin rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, musamman tsakanin waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye ƙa'idodin Calvinism da waɗanda suka ɗauki ra'ayi na musamman da sassauci game da ceto. Duk da haka, akwai kuma haɗin gwiwa da suka taru wajen ƙirƙirar cocin United Free Church a shekarar 1900 wanda ya haɗa yawancin majami'un da ke goyon bayan ballewar. Yancin Katolika a shekarar 1829 da kuma kwararar dimbin bakin haure 'yan Ireland ya haifar da faɗaɗar Katolika, tare da dawo da tsarin Cocin a shekarar 1878. Addinin Episcopalianism ya sake farfaɗowa a ƙarni na sha tara tare da Cocin Episcopal da ke Scotland da aka tsara a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin haɗin gwiwa da Cocin Ingila a cikin 1804. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun haɗa da Baptists, Congregationalists da Methodists, waɗanda suka shigo ƙasar a ƙarni na sha bakwai da sha takwas, sun faɗaɗa a ƙarni na sha tara kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar addini da ilimi, yayin da cocin da aka kafa ta rasa ikon mallakarta kan makaranta da kuma rashin taimako. Yunkurin magance matsalolin zamantakewa na yawan ma'aikata ya haifar da faɗaɗa cikin sauri ga ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da sauran ƙungiyoyin addini kamar Orange Order da Freemasonry . Akwai kuma ayyukan hidima a gida zuwa tsaunuka da tsibirai da kuma faɗaɗa cibiyoyin birane da kuma ƙasashen waje, musamman zuwa Afirka, bisa ga misalin David Livingstone, wanda ya zama fitaccen ɗan ƙasa. == Cocin Scotland == [[File:A_Scottish_Sacrament.jpg|right|thumb| ''Sakrament na Henry John Dobson na Scotland'']] Yaɗuwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas da farkon ƙarni na sha tara, musamman a manyan biranen birni, ta zarce tsarin cocin da cocin da aka kafa ta dogara da shi, wanda ya bar adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata "marasa coci", waɗanda aka nisanta daga addini mai tsari. Kirk ya fara damuwa da samar da majami'u a sabbin garuruwa da kuma samar da kayayyaki marasa inganci ga tsaunuka, inda ya kafa kwamitin fadada coci a shekarar 1828. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas Chalmers, a farkon shekarun 1840, an ƙara coci-coci 222, galibi ta hanyar biyan kuɗin jama'a. <ref name="Brooks1995pp17-18">C. Brooks, "Introduction", in C. Brooks, ed., ''The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), {{ISBN|0-7190-4020-5}}, pp.&nbsp;17–18.</ref> An ƙara raba cocin tsakanin Evangelicals da kuma Moderate Party . <ref name="Koch2006p416-7">J. T. Koch, ''Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1-5'' (London: ABC-CLIO, 2006), {{ISBN|1-85109-440-7}}, pp. 416-7.</ref> Duk da cewa masu wa'azin bishara sun jaddada ikon Littafi Mai Tsarki da al'adu da takardun tarihi na Kirk, 'yan Moderate, waɗanda suka mamaye Babban Taro na Cocin tun tsakiyar ƙarni na sha takwas, sun fi mai da hankali kan ilimin tauhidi, tsarin da aka kafa na Kirk kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗaga matsayin zamantakewa na malaman addini. Babban matsalar ita ce tallafin masu filaye da magada kan naɗa ma'aikatar. Chalmers sun fara ne a matsayin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, amma sun ƙara zama masu bishara, suna bayyana a matsayin jagora a cikin ƙungiyar. <ref name="Mackieetal1991pp303-4">J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, pp. 303-4.</ref> == Babban Katsewa == [[File:Disruption_forming_Free_Kirk.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px| Majalisar Rushewa, wanda David Octavius Hill ya zana]] Bayan shekaru masu tsawo na gwagwarmaya, a shekara ta 1834, mabiya Evangelical suka sami iko a Majalisar Tarayya kuma suka zartar da Dokar Veto, wadda ta ba wa ikilisiyoyi damar yin watsi da gabatar da ra'ayoyi marasa so "masu kutse" ga rayuwa daga masu goyon baya da kuma Dokar Chapels, wadda ta sanya ministocin Chapels of Ease daidai da ministocin coci na yau da kullun. "Rikicin Shekaru Goma" mai zuwa na shari'a da siyasa ya ƙare a matsayin rashin nasara ga waɗanda ba sa shiga kotunan farar hula, inda ya kai ga Kotun Zamantakewa sannan daga ƙarshe Majalisar Dattawa a 1839, wadda ta ayyana ayyukan da suka saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. A shekarar 1842, masu wa'azin bishara sun gabatar wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ''da'awa, sanarwa da zanga-zanga da kuma kin amincewa da Kotun Zamantakewa'', wanda aka fi sani da Da'awar Hakki, wanda ya yi tambaya kan ingancin ikon farar hula a kan cocin. Lokacin da Majalisar ta ƙi amincewa da Da'awar Hakki, sakamakon ya kasance rarrabuwar kawuna daga cocin daga wasu daga cikin waɗanda ba sa shiga tsakani a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas Chalmers, wanda aka fi sani da Babban Rushewa na 1843. <ref>A. Roger, ''The Courts, The Church, and The Constitution: Aspects of the Disruption of 1843'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), {{ISBN|0748637540}}, pp. 27-8.</ref> Kimanin 454, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku, daga cikin limaman cocin 1,195, galibi daga Arewa da tsaunuka, suka kafa Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland daban. Cocin 'Yanci ya fi karɓar harshe da al'adun Gaelic, ya girma cikin sauri a tsaunuka da tsibirai, yana jan hankali fiye da cocin da aka kafa, kuma inda aka shimfida harsashin ta hanyar Farfaɗowar Bisharar Evangelical wanda ya fara a ƙarni na sha takwas kuma ya shiga wani yanayi na biyu, wanda aka sani da Farfaɗowar Babban Tashi na Biyu, tare da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Farfaɗowar Kilsyth a 1839. <ref name="Lynch1991p401">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, p. 401.</ref> Har zuwa Rushewar Cocin Scotland ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar addini ta asalin ƙasa kuma mai kula da ɗabi'un Scotland. Tana da iko sosai kan tarbiyyar ɗabi'a, makarantu da kuma tsarin doka mara kyau, amma bayan 1843 cocin tsiraru ne, tare da ƙarancin ikon ɗabi'a da ikon kula da talakawa da ilimi. <ref name="Brown2001pp170-2">S. J. Brown, "The Disruption" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 170-2.</ref> Cocin da aka kafa ya ɗauki lokaci kafin ya murmure, amma ya fara wani shiri na gina coci don yin gogayya da Cocin 'Yanci, yana ƙara adadin cocin cocin daga 924 a 1843 zuwa 1,437 a 1909. <ref name="Brooks1995pp17-18" /> [[File:Churches_of_Scotland_timeline.png|alt=Diagram showing the lineage of Scottish churches with many schisms and complex reunifications over a 500-year period|center|thumb| Zane-zanen lokaci da ke nuna zuriyar majami'un Scotland tare da rarrabuwar kawuna daban-daban da kuma haɗakarwa mai rikitarwa tsakanin 1560 da na yanzu]] A shekara ta 1860 an yi wata ƙara da aka yi wa Rev John MacMillan na Cardross wadda ya musanta kuma ya ɗaukaka ƙara sau da yawa, wadda ta zama sananne a matsayin Shari'ar Cardross . == Cocin 'Yanci == [[File:NC_from_PGardens.jpg|right|thumb| An buɗe Kwalejin New College, Edinburgh a shekarar 1844 kuma ta koma wurin da take a yanzu bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1850.]] A lokacin da aka rushe cocin da aka kafa ta ajiye dukkan kadarori, gine-gine da kayan tallafi, kuma ministocin Cocin Kyauta sun jagoranci ayyuka a fili, rumbunan ajiya, kwale-kwale da kuma wani gidan gwamnati da aka daina amfani da shi, wani lokacin kuma suna amfani da gidajen taro na yanzu da ba su da ra'ayi na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Lynch1991p401" /> Duk da haka, da ƙwarewar Chalmer a fannin tsara harkokin kuɗi, sun ƙirƙiri asusun sa-kai na sama da fam 400,000 don gina sabbin majami'u 700 kafin rasuwarsa a 1847 kuma gidaje 400 sun biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba. An kashe kuɗi daidai ko mafi girma wajen gina makarantun coci guda 500, da kuma Kwalejin New da ke Edinburgh don horar da malaman addini. Bayan zartar da Dokar Ilimi ta 1872, yawancin waɗannan makarantu an mayar da su ga sabbin allunan makarantun gwamnati da aka kafa da son rai. <ref name="J. Brown Stewart 1982">J. Brown Stewart, ''Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), {{ISBN|0-19-213114-1}}.</ref> <ref name="Devine2001pp91-100">T. M. Devine, ''The Scottish Nation, 1700-2000'' (London: Penguin Books, 2001), {{ISBN|0-14-100234-4}}, pp. 91-100.</ref> Ra'ayoyin Chalmers sun tsara ƙungiyar da ta balle. Ya jaddada hangen nesa na zamantakewa wanda ya farfado da kuma kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na Scotland a lokacin da ake fuskantar matsin lamba kan tsarin zamantakewa na ƙasar. Ƙananan al'ummomin Chalmers masu daidaito, masu kirk, waɗanda suka amince da keɓantattun membobinsu da kuma buƙatar haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="J. Brown Stewart 1982" /> Wannan hangen nesa ya kuma shafi manyan majami'un Presbyterian, kuma a shekarun 1870 an haɗa shi da cocin Scotland da aka kafa. Manufofin Chalmers sun nuna cewa cocin tana damuwa da matsalolin al'ummar birane, kuma suna wakiltar wani yunƙuri na gaske na shawo kan rarrabuwar kawuna da ke faruwa a garuruwa da birane na masana'antu. A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, manyan muhawara sun kasance tsakanin masu ra'ayin Calvin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na tauhidi, waɗanda suka ƙi fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki a zahiri. <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin rarrabuwar kawuna a Cocin 'Yanci, wanda wani lokacin ake kira Rushewar Na Biyu, yayin da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Calvin suka balle suka kafa Cocin 'Yancin Presbyterian a 1893. <ref>A. Roger, ''The Courts, The Church, and The Constitution: Aspects of the Disruption of 1843'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), {{ISBN|0748637540}}, p. 98.</ref> == Cocin 'Yancin Kai == [[File:Wellington_Church.jpg|left|thumb| Cocin Wellington, Glasgow, wanda aka gina wa Cocin United Presbyterian a shekarar 1883-84 ta hannun mai ginin Thomas Lennox Watson]] A ƙarni na sha takwas, rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Cocin Scotland ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Associate Presbytery da Presbytery of Relief . Daga nan sai Majalisar Dattawa ta rabu kan rantsuwar Burgess da aka yi bayan tawayen Jacobite na 1745, inda ƙungiya ɗaya ta kafa Majalisar Dattawa ta Musamman daban. <ref name="Lynch1991p285">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, p. 293.</ref> Tsakanin 1799 da 1806, takaddamar Tsohon da Sabon Haske, tare da "Tsohon Lichts" suna bin ƙa'idodin Covenanters sosai, yayin da "Sabbin Lichts" suka fi mai da hankali kan ceton kansu, <ref name="Lynch1991p400">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, p. 400.</ref> sun raba duka Associate da General Associate Presbyteries. Wannan ya share fagen sake hadewa, yayin da bangarorin New Licht guda biyu suka hade a shekarar 1820 don kafa cocin United Secession, wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da majami'u 361 da mabiya 261,000 a lokacin da aka kafa ta. <ref name="Lynch1991p400" /> Cocin 'yan ballewa sun sami ci gaba a fannin daukar ma'aikata, kuma zuwa shekarar 1830, kashi 30 cikin 100 na al'ummar Scotland membobi ne. <ref name="Lynch1991p285" /> Sun sami ci gaba na musamman a manyan biranen. A Glasgow a shekarar 1835-36, kashi 40 cikin 100 na al'ummarta membobi ne, kuma a Edinburgh, kashi 42 cikin 100 ne. <ref>M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, pp. 279-81.</ref> == Taron sake haduwa == A shekara ta 1847, an haɗu da cocin United Secession tare da Presbytery of Relief don kafa cocin United Presbyterian . A bisa kididdigar addini ta shekarar 1851, tana da ikilisiyoyi 518, kuma daya cikin biyar na dukkan masu zuwa coci a Scotland. <ref name="Lynch1991p400" /> An kafa Cocin Reformed Presbyterian a shekara ta 1743 daga sauran majami'un Cameron, waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da Maido da Addinin Episcopalianism a shekara ta 1660 kuma ba su sake shiga Cocin Scotland ba lokacin da aka kafa shi bisa tushen Presbyterian a shekara ta 1690. Duk sai dai kaɗan suka shiga Cocin 'Yanci a shekarar 1876. <ref name="Mackieetal1991pp298-9">J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, pp. 298-9.</ref> Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland da Cocin United Presbyterian sun haɗu a shekarar 1900 don kafa Cocin 'Yanci na United . Wani ƙaramin sashe na Cocin 'Yanci, wanda aka takaita shi sosai a tsaunukan tsaunuka, ya ƙi haɗin gwiwar kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa da kansa a ƙarƙashin sunan Cocin 'Yanci . <ref name="Murray2001pp83-5">D. M. Murray, "Presbyterian Churches and denominations post-1690" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 83-5.</ref> == Katolika == [[File:Sunset_at_Blairs_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97321.jpg|right|thumb| Kwalejin Blairs, wacce aka kafa a matsayin Kwalejin Katolika a shekarar 1829]] Bayan gyarawa, Katolika ya tsira a matsayin wani aiki, wanda galibi ya takaita ga tsaunuka da tsibirai, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas adadin ya ragu saboda yawan ƙaura daga yankin. <ref name="Lynch1992pp366-7" /> A shekara ta 1827 aka sake fasalin aikin zuwa gundumomin Yamma, Gabas da Arewa. An kafa Kwalejin Blairs a matsayin makarantar hauza a shekarar 1829. <ref name="Lynch1992pp366-7">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, pp. 366-7.</ref> 'Yancin Katolika a shekarar 1829 da kuma kwararar dimbin bakin haure 'yan Ireland, musamman bayan shekarun yunwa na ƙarshen shekarun 1840, musamman zuwa cibiyoyin ƙasa masu tasowa kamar Glasgow, sun haifar da sauyi a cikin sa'ar Katolika. Da farko Cocin ba ta iya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da ci gaban ba. Zuwa shekarar 1840, Glasgow tana da yawan mabiya Katolika 40,000, amma majami'u biyu ne kawai da firistoci huɗu da ke yi musu hidima. Shirin gina coci da faɗaɗa firistoci ya fara cika da ci gaban da aka samu kuma nan da shekarar 1859 an gina sabbin majami'u bakwai a birnin. <ref name="Lynch1992p404">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, p. 404.</ref> A shekara ta 1878, duk da adawa, an dawo da tsarin cocin Roman Katolika zuwa ƙasar, kuma Katolika ya zama babban rukuni a cikin Scotland. <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> == Addinin Episcopalism == [[File:St_Mary's_Episcopal_Cathedral.jpg|left|thumb| An tsarkake St Mary's Edinburgh a shekarar 1879]] Cocin Episcopal ya samo asali ne daga ikilisiyoyi, ministoci da bishop-bishop waɗanda ba su yarda da yarjejeniyar Presbyterian ba bayan juyin juya hali mai girma a 1690 da kuma tsakanin ikilisiyoyi masu cancanta na ikilisiyoyi na Ingilishi da Scotland waɗanda suka girma a kusa da bautar Anglican a ƙarni na sha takwas. Bayan ta fuskanci raguwar arziki sakamakon alaƙarta da Jacobitism a ƙarni na sha takwas, ta farfaɗo a ƙarni na sha tara yayin da batun gadon sarauta ya koma, aka kafa ta a matsayin Cocin Episcopal a Scotland a 1804, a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin haɗin gwiwa da Cocin Ingila . <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> Wani rukunin koyarwar bishara ya bunƙasa a cikin coci a farkon ƙarni na sha tara, amma a shekarar 1843, a daidai lokacin da aka yi Babban Rushewa, wata ƙungiya a Edinburgh a ƙarƙashin jagorancin David Drummond ta balle ta kafa wata ƙungiya ta daban ta Bishop ta Ingila, kuma ƙungiyar Evangelical da ke cikin cocin ba ta taɓa farfaɗowa ba. Cocin ya gudanar da wani shiri na gina coci cikin sauri a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, wanda ya ƙare da tsarkake St Mary's Edinburgh, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Cathedral. <ref name="Murray2001pp83-5" /> == Ikklisiyoyi masu son rai == A ƙarni na sha tara, rarrabuwar cocin da aka kafa da kuma Farfaɗowar Bisharar Evangelical ya sa ƙasar ta fara samun ɗimbin ƙungiyoyi marasa bin ƙa'ida, da yawa daga Ingila da Amurka, waɗanda aka sani a Scotland a matsayin majami'u na sa kai, tunda sun tsaya a waje da tsarin da aka kafa kuma shiga da duk wani biyan kuɗi na son rai ne. Quakers sun kafa kansu a Scotland a ƙarni na sha bakwai <ref>R. Mitchison, ''Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), {{ISBN|074860233X}}, p. 66.</ref> kuma majami'un Baptist, Congregationalist da Methodist sun bayyana a ƙarni na sha takwas, amma ba su fara girma sosai ba har zuwa ƙarni na sha tara, <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> wani ɓangare saboda akwai ƙarin al'adun bishara masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da na bishara a cikin Cocin Scotland da majami'u masu 'yanci. <ref name="Ditchfield1998p91">G. M. Ditchfield, ''The Evangelical Revival'' (London: Routledge, 1998), {{ISBN|185728481X}}, p. 91.</ref> Masu ra'ayin Congregationalists sun haɗa kansu cikin haɗin kai a shekara ta 1812, masu ra'ayin Baptist, waɗanda suka rabu zuwa ga ra'ayoyin Calvinist da waɗanda ba Calvinist ba, sun yi haka a shekara ta 1869. Wataƙila Cocin Methodist ya takaita ta tauhidin da ke adawa da Calvinism, amma ya sami ci gaba a ƙarnin, musamman a Shetland. <ref name="Bebbington2001pp494-5170-2">D. W. Bebbington, "Protestant sects and disestablishment" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 494-5.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1879, an haɗu da su da farfaɗowar bishara ta Rundunar Ceto, wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin yin babban tasiri a cikin biranen da ke ƙaruwa. <ref name="Ditchfield1998p91" /> 'Yan'uwa na Open and Exclusive sun shiga Scotland a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara kuma 'Yan'uwa na Open sun yi taruka 116 a Scotland kafin 1884. <ref name="Brown1997p38">C. G. Brown, ''Religion and Society in Scotland Since 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997) {{ISBN|0748608869}}, p. 38.</ref> == Addinin Yahudanci == [[File:Garnethill_synagogue.jpg|right|thumb| Majami'ar Garnethill, an gina ta a shekarar 1879, a Glasgow]] Yahudawan da aka fi sani da su a Scotland malamai ne na Ibrananci a jami'o'i a ƙarni na sha bakwai. Daga nan sai 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa suka biyo baya, galibi daga Jamus. An kafa cocin Yahudawa na farko a Edinburgh a shekarar 1816, sannan aka kafa cocin Glasgow a shekarar 1823. An kafa majami'ar Yahudawa ta farko a Scotland a Edinburgh a shekarar 1825. <ref>N. Abrams, ''Caledonian Jews: A Study of Seven Small Communities in Scotland'' (McFarland, 2009), {{ISBN|0786454326}}, p. 8.</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, an sami kwararowar 'yan gudun hijira Yahudawa, yawancinsu daga gabashin Turai kuma suna tserewa talauci da tsanantawa. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙware a fannin dinki, kayan daki da kuma sana'ar gashin kai, kuma sun taru a gundumomin ma'aikata na cibiyoyin biranen Lowland, kamar Gorbals da ke Glasgow. Mafi girman al'umma a Glasgow wataƙila ta kasance mai ƙarfi 1,000 a shekarar 1879 kuma wataƙila ta kai 5,000 a ƙarshen ƙarni. <ref name="Brown1997p38" /> An gina majami'ar Yahudawa a Garnethill a shekarar 1879. <ref name="W. Moffat, 1989">W. Moffat, ''A History of Scotland: Modern Times'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0199170630}}, p. 38.</ref> Sama da Yahudawa 8,000 ne suka zauna a Scotland a shekarar 1903. <ref name="W. Moffat, 1989" /> == Farfaɗowar Liturgical da Musical == [[File:St_Cuthbert's,_Edinburgh,_interior.jpg|left|thumb| An sake gyara cikin Cocin Ikklisiyar St. Cuthbert, Edinburgh bisa ga ka'idodin cocin a shekarar 1894]] An sami farfaɗowar ibada a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara wanda ya shafi yawancin manyan ƙungiyoyin addini. Wannan ya sami tasiri sosai daga ƙungiyar Oxford ta Ingila, wadda ta ƙarfafa komawa ga tsarin gine-gine da bauta na zamanin da, gami da sake gabatar da waƙoƙi tare a cikin Cocin Scotland. <ref name="Spinks2009p149">B. D. Spinks, ''A Communion Sunday in Scotland ca. 1780: Liturgies and Sermons'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0810869810}}, p. 149.</ref> Farfaɗowar ta sami ƙarin muhimmanci a shekarar ibada kuma wa'azin ya kan yi gajeru. <ref name="Murray2001pp581-2">D. M. Murray, "Sermons", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 581-2.</ref> Cocin Scotland yana cikin majami'un Protestant na farko na Turai da suka shiga cikin sabbin abubuwan da suka shafi ibada, waɗanda aka nuna a cikin shirye-shiryen zama, suna barin kujerun akwati don buɗe benches. Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni, wasu daga cikin majami'unta, kamar Greyfriars a Edinburgh, sun fara sanya gabobin jiki da tagogi masu launin gilashi, wanda ke nuna yunƙurin komawa ga nau'ikan ibada waɗanda aka keɓe tun ƙarshen ƙarni na sha bakwai. <ref name="Yates2008pp128-9" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Hidimar Cocin a shekarar 1865 don haɓaka nazarin ibada da gyare-gyare. Shekara guda bayan haka aka shigar da gabobin jiki a majami'un Cocin Scotland a hukumance. <ref>R. W. Munro, "Churches: 2 1843-1929" in M. Lynch, ed., ''Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 91-2.</ref> An fara ƙara su a cikin majami'u da yawa kuma a ƙarshen ƙarni, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ministocin Cocin Scotland membobin ƙungiyar ne kuma sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na kirk suna da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da kuma ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa. Duk da haka, sun ci gaba da zama masu ce-ce-ku-ce, tare da adawa mai yawa tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin cocin <ref>S. J. Brown, "Scotland and the Oxford Movement", in S. J. Brown, Peter B. Nockles and Peter Benedict Nockles, eds, ''The Oxford Movement: Europe and the Wider World 1830-1930'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), {{ISBN|1107016444}}, p. 73.</ref> kuma ba a taɓa sanya ƙungiyoyin addini a wasu majami'u ba. <ref name="Spinks2009p149" /> A Duns an sake gina cocin (an buɗe shi a shekarar 1888) a cikin wani tsari da aka yi amfani da shi a Zamanin Tsakiya, tare da wani babban coci daban, teburin tarayya a ƙarshensa, da kuma mumbari a ƙarƙashin babban cocin. Ana iya ganin tasirin motsin cocin a cikin majami'u da aka gina a Crathie (wanda aka buɗe a 1893), waɗanda ke da babban kanti mai tsayi sama da matakin ginin cocin, mumbari na dutse da kuma lectern na tagulla, da kuma St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh (wanda aka sake ginawa a 1894), tare da teburin tarayya na marmara a cikin kansila da aka yi wa ado da marmara da mosaic. <ref name="Yates2008pp128-9">N. Yates, ''Liturgical Space: Christian Worship and Church Buildings in Western Europe 1500–2000 Liturgy, Worship & Society'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7546-5797-3}}, pp.&nbsp;128–9.</ref> A cikin Cocin Episcopal, tasirin ƙungiyar Oxford da alaƙa da Cocin Anglican sun haifar da gabatar da ƙarin hidima na gargajiya kuma zuwa 1900, ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da ayyukan kiɗa sun zama ruwan dare. <ref>D. W. Bebbington, "Episcopalian community" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 234-5.</ref> Cocin 'Yanci ya fi kiyayewa fiye da kiɗa, kuma ba a yarda da gaɓoɓin jiki ba sai a shekarar 1883. <ref name="Brown2010p122">S. J. Brown, "Beliefs and religions" in T. Griffiths and G. Morton, ''A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), {{ISBN|0748621709}}, p. 122.</ref> An fara gabatar da wakokin waka a Cocin United Presbyterian a shekarun 1850. Sun zama ruwan dare a Cocin Scotland da kuma Cocin 'Yanci a shekarun 1870. Cocin Scotland ta ɗauki waƙar yabo mai waƙoƙi 200 a shekarar 1870, kuma Cocin 'Yanci ya biyo baya a shekarar 1882. <ref name="Brown2010p122" /> Ziyarar da masu wa'azin bishara na Amurka Ira D. Sankey (1840–1908), da Dwight L. Moody (1837–99) suka kai Edinburgh da Glasgow a 1874-75 ta taimaka wajen yaɗa waƙoƙin coci a Scotland. Littafin waƙar Moody-Sankey ya kasance mafi kyawun siyarwa har zuwa ƙarni na ashirin. <ref>P. Maloney, ''Scotland and the Music Hall, 1850-1914'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0719061474}}, p. 197.</ref> Sankey ya sa harmonium ya shahara sosai har ya sa ƙungiyoyin mishan na aji ɗaya suka roƙi a gabatar da waƙoƙin da ke tare da shi. <ref>T. M. Devine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HBW-6peFSU4C&pg=PT532&dq ''The Scottish Nation: A Modern History''] (London: Penguin, 2012), {{ISBN|0718196732}}.</ref> == Addinin da ya shahara == [[File:The_Drunkard's_Progress_-_Color.jpg|right|thumb| Littafin ''"The Drunkard's Progress"'', wani littafi na Amurka da aka buga a shekarar 1846, ya nuna matakan shan giya da suka zama ruwan dare a farfagandar kame kai.]] === Ƙidayar addini a shekarar 1851 === Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta gudanar da ƙidayar addini a Scotland a shekarar 1851, inda ta aika da fom ga ministoci don bayar da rahoton halartar dukkan hidimominsu a ranar Lahadi, 30 ga Maris 1851. Rahoton ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga da yawa don cike bayanan da babu komai a ciki. Ya nuna cewa Cocin Scotland ya halarci kashi 19.9 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a; na Cocin 'Yanci kashi 19.2 cikin 100; na United Presbyterians kashi 11.7 cikin 100; da kuma na sauran kashi 10.1 cikin 100 - ko kuma sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 gaba ɗaya. === Rushewa === Masana'antu, birane da kuma wargajewar shekarar 1843 duk sun lalata al'adar makarantun coci. <ref name="Devine2001pp91-100" /> Ƙoƙarin ƙara wa tsarin cocin kyau ya haɗa da [[Makarantar Sunday|makarantun Lahadi]] . An fara su ne a shekarun 1780 ta hanyar majalisun gari, kuma dukkan ƙungiyoyin addini sun amince da su a ƙarni na sha tara. A shekarun 1830 da 1840, waɗannan sun faɗaɗa zuwa [[Makarantar mishan|makarantun mishan]], makarantu masu ƙarfi, ƙungiyoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki da azuzuwan haɓakawa, waɗanda aka buɗe wa membobin dukkan nau'ikan Furotesta kuma musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya don haɓaka azuzuwan aiki na birane. A shekara ta 1890, Baptists sun fi makarantun Lahadi yawa fiye da majami'u kuma suna koyar da yara sama da 10,000. Adadin zai ninka sau biyu nan da shekarar 1914. <ref name="Lynch1992p403">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, p. 403.</ref> Matsalar ma'aikata masu tasowa cikin sauri ta sa Dokar Tsohon Talakawa, wadda ta dogara ne akan tallafin cocin da cocin ke gudanarwa, ta lalace a manyan biranen. Thomas Chalmers, wanda ya yi kira da a taimaka wa kai a matsayin mafita, ya yi kira da a hana masu hannu da shuni shiga cikin agaji kuma cewa biyan kuɗin ya kasance na son rai, amma a lokutan koma bayan tattalin arziki, wahala ta yaɗu sosai. Bayan Rushewar a shekarar 1845, an cire ikon kula da agajin daga cocin aka bai wa allunan cocin, amma matakin agajin bai isa ba ga girman matsalar. <ref name="Lynch1992pp392-3">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, pp. 392-3.</ref> An fara [[Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi|gwagwarmayar kame kai]] tun daga shekarun 1828-29 a Maryhill da Greenock, lokacin da aka shigo da shi daga Amurka. Zuwa shekarar 1850, ya zama babban jigon yaƙin neman zaɓe ga ajin ma'aikata. Wani sabon yanayi na ƙungiyoyin kare kai ya haɗa da Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Mata Masu Rahusa da kuma Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Masu Kyau, waɗanda suka zo daga Amurka a shekarar 1869 <ref name="Lynch1992p403" /> kuma cikin shekaru bakwai suna da rassa 1100 a Scotland. <ref>A. Gray and W. Moffat, ''A History of Scotland: Modern Times'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0199170630}}, p. 18.</ref> Rundunar Ceto ta kuma ba da muhimmanci ga yin taka-tsantsan. <ref name="Ditchfield1998p91" /> Cocin Katolika yana da nasa ƙungiyar kame kai, inda ya kafa ƙungiyar kame kai ta Katolika a shekarar 1839. Sun yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Furotesta, suna gudanar da jerin gwano na haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="Lynch1992p404" /> Sauran ƙungiyoyin addini da suka faɗaɗa a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Orange Order, wanda ke da membobi 15,000 a Glasgow a shekarun 1890. Freemasonry ta kuma samu ci gaba a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, musamman a tsakanin ƙwararrun masu fasaha. <ref name="Lynch1992p403" /> == Ayyukan gida == Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a matsayin cocin Protestant shi ne ayyukan cocin Evangelical. A ƙarni na sha takwas, an fi mai da hankali kan tsaunuka da tsibirai ta hanyar kyautar sarauta da gwamnati da ƙungiyar da ke Scotland don yaɗa ilimin Kirista (SSPCK) suka bayar, wadda ke da makarantu 229 a tsaunukan kafin shekarar 1795. <ref name="Lynch1992p364">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, p. 364.</ref> An kafa ƙungiyoyin makarantun Gaelic, tun daga Edinburgh a shekarar 1811, suna tallafawa makarantun tafiye-tafiye zuwa arewacin tsaunukan Highlands da yammacin Tsibirin. A shekara ta 1797, James Haldane ya kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa da addini don yaɗa bishara a gida, wadda masu wa'azinta suka kafa majami'u masu zaman kansu a faɗin tsaunuka. Lokacin da Haldane da ɗan'uwansa Robert suka karɓi ƙa'idar yin baftisma ga manya a shekara ta 1808, yawancinsu sun zama majami'un Baptist. An kafa ƙungiyar Congregational Union of Scotland a shekara ta 1812 don haɓaka ayyukan gida. A shekara ta 1827, Baptists sun haɗa kai a cikin ƙungiyar Baptist Home Missionary Society. A shekara ta 1824 gwamnati ta samar da kuɗi don gina majami'u 32 da gidajen sarauta 41 a tsaunukan tsaunuka. Bayan Rushewar a shekarar 1843, yawancin faɗaɗawar ta kasance a cikin sabbin majami'u da Cocin 'Yanci ya kafa. <ref name="Bebbington2001pp422-3">D. W. Bebbington, "Missions at home" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 422-3.</ref> [[File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg|left|thumb| David Livingstone yana wa'azi daga keken shanu a cikin ɗaya daga cikin misalai da aka yi amfani da su a gida don danganta aikin mishan ga masu sauraro a Birtaniya]] Ayyukan masunta da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun fara ne da ƙungiyoyin Abokan Ma'aikatan Jirgin Ruwa. A cikin birane, yawancin ayyukan sun shafi ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. David Nasmith ne ya kafa mishan na farko na birane a Glasgow a shekarar 1826 kuma ya dogara ne akan dukkan majami'un Furotesta. Gwajin Chalmers a St. John's, Glasgow, wanda aka buga a cikin ''The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns'' (1821–26), ya samar da samfurin aikin birni bisa ga ziyarar jama'a. Cocin 'Yanci ya karɓe shi sosai bayan rushewar kuma Cocin Scotland zai karɓe shi ƙarƙashin jagorancin AH Charteris a shekarun 1870. Ziyarar da Sankey da Moody suka kai Amurka a shekarar 1874-75 ta sake farfaɗo da aikin bishara, wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar Glasgow United Evangelistic Association. An buɗe Ɗakin Tanti a birnin a shekarar 1876, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin ayyukan agaji marasa kyau da tarurrukan bishara, kuma an kafa Cibiyar Horar da Littafi Mai Tsarki don horar da masu bishara a shekarar 1892. Charteris ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kafuwar ƙungiyar mata a shekarar 1887, wanda ya jaddada rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin ayyukan mishan. Sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin mata masu karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki, suna karanta littattafai masu tsarki, da kuma koyar da makarantun Lahadi. <ref name="Bebbington2001pp422-3" /> == Ayyukan kasashen waje == Cocin Scotland sun makara wajen ɗaukar nauyin ƙalubalen ayyukan ƙasashen waje. Shahararren mai wa'azin Scotland, David Livingstone, ba daga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa ya sami tallafin kuɗi ba, sai daga ƙungiyar London Missionary Society . Bayan "ɓacewarsa" da mutuwarsa a shekarun 1870, ya zama abin koyi ga bishara, inganta kai, bincike da kuma wani nau'in mulkin mallaka. <ref>A. C. Ross, ''David Livingstone: Mission and Empire'' (London: Continuum, 2006), {{ISBN|1852855657}}, pp. 242-5.</ref> Ana iya ganin gadon Livingstone a cikin sunayen wurare da yawa na mishan da aka kafa bisa ga misalinsa, kamar [[Blantyre]] (wurin haihuwar Livingstone) na Cocin Scotland da Livingstonia na Cocin 'Yanci, duka biyun suna cikin [[Malawi]] yanzu. David Clement Scott ne ya jagoranci aikin mishan a Blantyre tun daga shekarar 1881 <ref name="review">{{Cite journal |last=Dee |first=Henry |date=December 2023 |title=Harri Englund, Visions for Racial Equality: David Clement Scott and the Struggle for Justice in Nineteenth-Century Malawi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (hb £75 – 978 1 316 51400 9). 2022, xvi + 317 pp. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/harri-englund-visions-for-racial-equality-david-clement-scott-and-the-struggle-for-justice-in-nineteenthcentury-malawi-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-hb-75-978-1-316-51400-9-2022-xvi-317-pp/1CFB0D5AE87AF08CC6AA41C5056C1A83 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=699–700 |doi=10.1017/S0001972023000815 |issn=0001-9720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma wani danginsa na dangi, ciki har da ɗan'uwansa, William Affleck Scott da Janet S. Beck, suka biyo baya. <ref name="jsbeck">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Phiri |date=1861–1917 |title=Beck, Janet S. |url=https://dacb.org/stories/malawi/beck-janet/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |language=en}}</ref> Scott ba a horar da shi a matsayin mai gini ko mai zane ba, amma ya kula da gina cocin St Michael da All Angels mai ban sha'awa, tsakanin 1888 da 1891. Baya ga bautar Livingstone, ƙoƙarin masu wa'azin Scotland ya samu ƙarfi sakamakon hamayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Scotland. An yaɗa ayyukan mishan a gida ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe da zane-zane, waɗanda aka tsara musamman don jan hankalin yara, da kuma ta hanyar sabon hanyar nuna fitilun sihiri, waɗanda aka nuna wa masu sauraro a cikin dakunan coci a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="Finley2001pp245-6">R. J. Finley, "Missions overseas" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 245-6.</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] afq50z19apipgf9farp8x4cubwsltai 968398 968397 2026-10-16T20:25:58Z Baffa ali 47435 968398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Thomas_Chalmers_statue,_George_Street_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Mutum-mutumin Thomas Chalmers a Edinburgh]] '''Addinin Scotland '''a ƙarni na sha tara ya haɗa da dukkan nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin addini da imani a Scotland a ƙarni na sha tara. A wannan lokacin an ga martani ga karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma karuwar birane na juyin juya halin masana'antu wanda ya lalata tsarin gargajiya na coci da kuma biyayya ga addini. Cocin Scotland da aka kafa ya mayar da martani da wani shiri na gina coci tun daga shekarun 1820. Tun daga shekarar 1834, "Rikicin Shekaru Goma" ya ƙare da rarrabuwar kawuna daga Cocin Scotland da aka kafa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr Thomas Chalmers wanda aka fi sani da Babban Rushewar 1843. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na malaman addini, galibi daga Arewa da tsaunuka, sun kafa Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland daban. Cocin 'Yanci na bishara da sauran majami'u masu ra'ayin ballewa sun girma cikin sauri a tsaunuka da tsibirai da kuma cibiyoyin birane. Akwai ƙarin rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, musamman tsakanin waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye ƙa'idodin Calvinism da waɗanda suka ɗauki ra'ayi na musamman da sassauci game da ceto. Duk da haka, akwai kuma haɗin gwiwa da suka taru wajen ƙirƙirar cocin United Free Church a shekarar 1900 wanda ya haɗa yawancin majami'un da ke goyon bayan ballewar. Yancin Katolika a shekarar 1829 da kuma kwararar dimbin bakin haure 'yan Ireland ya haifar da faɗaɗar Katolika, tare da dawo da tsarin Cocin a shekarar 1878. Addinin Episcopalianism ya sake farfaɗowa a ƙarni na sha tara tare da Cocin Episcopal da ke Scotland da aka tsara a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin haɗin gwiwa da Cocin Ingila a cikin 1804. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun haɗa da Baptists, Congregationalists da Methodists, waɗanda suka shigo ƙasar a ƙarni na sha bakwai da sha takwas, sun faɗaɗa a ƙarni na sha tara kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar addini da ilimi, yayin da cocin da aka kafa ta rasa ikon mallakarta kan makaranta da kuma rashin taimako. Yunkurin magance matsalolin zamantakewa na yawan ma'aikata ya haifar da faɗaɗa cikin sauri ga ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da sauran ƙungiyoyin addini kamar Orange Order da Freemasonry . Akwai kuma ayyukan hidima a gida zuwa tsaunuka da tsibirai da kuma faɗaɗa cibiyoyin birane da kuma ƙasashen waje, musamman zuwa Afirka, bisa ga misalin David Livingstone, wanda ya zama fitaccen ɗan ƙasa. == Cocin Scotland == [[File:A_Scottish_Sacrament.jpg|right|thumb| ''Sakrament na Henry John Dobson na Scotland'']] Yaɗuwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas da farkon ƙarni na sha tara, musamman a manyan biranen birni, ta zarce tsarin cocin da cocin da aka kafa ta dogara da shi, wanda ya bar adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata "marasa coci", waɗanda aka nisanta daga addini mai tsari. Kirk ya fara damuwa da samar da majami'u a sabbin garuruwa da kuma samar da kayayyaki marasa inganci ga tsaunuka, inda ya kafa kwamitin fadada coci a shekarar 1828. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas Chalmers, a farkon shekarun 1840, an ƙara coci-coci 222, galibi ta hanyar biyan kuɗin jama'a. <ref name="Brooks1995pp17-18">C. Brooks, "Introduction", in C. Brooks, ed., ''The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), {{ISBN|0-7190-4020-5}}, pp.&nbsp;17–18.</ref> An ƙara raba cocin tsakanin Evangelicals da kuma Moderate Party . <ref name="Koch2006p416-7">J. T. Koch, ''Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1-5'' (London: ABC-CLIO, 2006), {{ISBN|1-85109-440-7}}, pp. 416-7.</ref> Duk da cewa masu wa'azin bishara sun jaddada ikon Littafi Mai Tsarki da al'adu da takardun tarihi na Kirk, 'yan Moderate, waɗanda suka mamaye Babban Taro na Cocin tun tsakiyar ƙarni na sha takwas, sun fi mai da hankali kan ilimin tauhidi, tsarin da aka kafa na Kirk kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗaga matsayin zamantakewa na malaman addini. Babban matsalar ita ce tallafin masu filaye da magada kan naɗa ma'aikatar. Chalmers sun fara ne a matsayin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, amma sun ƙara zama masu bishara, suna bayyana a matsayin jagora a cikin ƙungiyar. <ref name="Mackieetal1991pp303-4">J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, pp. 303-4.</ref> == Babban Katsewa == [[File:Disruption_forming_Free_Kirk.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px| Majalisar Rushewa, wanda David Octavius Hill ya zana]] Bayan shekaru masu tsawo na gwagwarmaya, a shekara ta 1834, mabiya Evangelical suka sami iko a Majalisar Tarayya kuma suka zartar da Dokar Veto, wadda ta ba wa ikilisiyoyi damar yin watsi da gabatar da ra'ayoyi marasa so "masu kutse" ga rayuwa daga masu goyon baya da kuma Dokar Chapels, wadda ta sanya ministocin Chapels of Ease daidai da ministocin coci na yau da kullun. "Rikicin Shekaru Goma" mai zuwa na shari'a da siyasa ya ƙare a matsayin rashin nasara ga waɗanda ba sa shiga kotunan farar hula, inda ya kai ga Kotun Zamantakewa sannan daga ƙarshe Majalisar Dattawa a 1839, wadda ta ayyana ayyukan da suka saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. A shekarar 1842, masu wa'azin bishara sun gabatar wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ''da'awa, sanarwa da zanga-zanga da kuma kin amincewa da Kotun Zamantakewa'', wanda aka fi sani da Da'awar Hakki, wanda ya yi tambaya kan ingancin ikon farar hula a kan cocin. Lokacin da Majalisar ta ƙi amincewa da Da'awar Hakki, sakamakon ya kasance rarrabuwar kawuna daga cocin daga wasu daga cikin waɗanda ba sa shiga tsakani a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas Chalmers, wanda aka fi sani da Babban Rushewa na 1843. <ref>A. Roger, ''The Courts, The Church, and The Constitution: Aspects of the Disruption of 1843'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), {{ISBN|0748637540}}, pp. 27-8.</ref> Kimanin 454, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku, daga cikin limaman cocin 1,195, galibi daga Arewa da tsaunuka, suka kafa Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland daban. Cocin 'Yanci ya fi karɓar harshe da al'adun Gaelic, ya girma cikin sauri a tsaunuka da tsibirai, yana jan hankali fiye da cocin da aka kafa, kuma inda aka shimfida harsashin ta hanyar Farfaɗowar Bisharar Evangelical wanda ya fara a ƙarni na sha takwas kuma ya shiga wani yanayi na biyu, wanda aka sani da Farfaɗowar Babban Tashi na Biyu, tare da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Farfaɗowar Kilsyth a 1839. <ref name="Lynch1991p401">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, p. 401.</ref> Har zuwa Rushewar Cocin Scotland ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar addini ta asalin ƙasa kuma mai kula da ɗabi'un Scotland. Tana da iko sosai kan tarbiyyar ɗabi'a, makarantu da kuma tsarin doka mara kyau, amma bayan 1843 cocin tsiraru ne, tare da ƙarancin ikon ɗabi'a da ikon kula da talakawa da ilimi. <ref name="Brown2001pp170-2">S. J. Brown, "The Disruption" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 170-2.</ref> Cocin da aka kafa ya ɗauki lokaci kafin ya murmure, amma ya fara wani shiri na gina coci don yin gogayya da Cocin 'Yanci, yana ƙara adadin cocin cocin daga 924 a 1843 zuwa 1,437 a 1909. <ref name="Brooks1995pp17-18" /> [[File:Churches_of_Scotland_timeline.png|alt=Diagram showing the lineage of Scottish churches with many schisms and complex reunifications over a 500-year period|center|thumb| Zane-zanen lokaci da ke nuna zuriyar majami'un Scotland tare da rarrabuwar kawuna daban-daban da kuma haɗakarwa mai rikitarwa tsakanin 1560 da na yanzu]] A shekara ta 1860 an yi wata ƙara da aka yi wa Rev John MacMillan na Cardross wadda ya musanta kuma ya ɗaukaka ƙara sau da yawa, wadda ta zama sananne a matsayin Shari'ar Cardross . == Cocin 'Yanci == [[File:NC_from_PGardens.jpg|right|thumb| An buɗe Kwalejin New College, Edinburgh a shekarar 1844 kuma ta koma wurin da take a yanzu bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1850.]] A lokacin da aka rushe cocin da aka kafa ta ajiye dukkan kadarori, gine-gine da kayan tallafi, kuma ministocin Cocin Kyauta sun jagoranci ayyuka a fili, rumbunan ajiya, kwale-kwale da kuma wani gidan gwamnati da aka daina amfani da shi, wani lokacin kuma suna amfani da gidajen taro na yanzu da ba su da ra'ayi na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="Lynch1991p401" /> Duk da haka, da ƙwarewar Chalmer a fannin tsara harkokin kuɗi, sun ƙirƙiri asusun sa-kai na sama da fam 400,000 don gina sabbin majami'u 700 kafin rasuwarsa a 1847 kuma gidaje 400 sun biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba. An kashe kuɗi daidai ko mafi girma wajen gina makarantun coci guda 500, da kuma Kwalejin New da ke Edinburgh don horar da malaman addini. Bayan zartar da Dokar Ilimi ta 1872, yawancin waɗannan makarantu an mayar da su ga sabbin allunan makarantun gwamnati da aka kafa da son rai. <ref name="J. Brown Stewart 1982">J. Brown Stewart, ''Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), {{ISBN|0-19-213114-1}}.</ref> <ref name="Devine2001pp91-100">T. M. Devine, ''The Scottish Nation, 1700-2000'' (London: Penguin Books, 2001), {{ISBN|0-14-100234-4}}, pp. 91-100.</ref> Ra'ayoyin Chalmers sun tsara ƙungiyar da ta balle. Ya jaddada hangen nesa na zamantakewa wanda ya farfado da kuma kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na Scotland a lokacin da ake fuskantar matsin lamba kan tsarin zamantakewa na ƙasar. Ƙananan al'ummomin Chalmers masu daidaito, masu kirk, waɗanda suka amince da keɓantattun membobinsu da kuma buƙatar haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="J. Brown Stewart 1982" /> Wannan hangen nesa ya kuma shafi manyan majami'un Presbyterian, kuma a shekarun 1870 an haɗa shi da cocin Scotland da aka kafa. Manufofin Chalmers sun nuna cewa cocin tana damuwa da matsalolin al'ummar birane, kuma suna wakiltar wani yunƙuri na gaske na shawo kan rarrabuwar kawuna da ke faruwa a garuruwa da birane na masana'antu. A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, manyan muhawara sun kasance tsakanin masu ra'ayin Calvin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na tauhidi, waɗanda suka ƙi fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki a zahiri. <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin rarrabuwar kawuna a Cocin 'Yanci, wanda wani lokacin ake kira Rushewar Na Biyu, yayin da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Calvin suka balle suka kafa Cocin 'Yancin Presbyterian a 1893. <ref>A. Roger, ''The Courts, The Church, and The Constitution: Aspects of the Disruption of 1843'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), {{ISBN|0748637540}}, p. 98.</ref> == Cocin 'Yancin Kai == [[File:Wellington_Church.jpg|left|thumb| Cocin Wellington, Glasgow, wanda aka gina wa Cocin United Presbyterian a shekarar 1883-84 ta hannun mai ginin Thomas Lennox Watson]] A ƙarni na sha takwas, rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Cocin Scotland ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Associate Presbytery da Presbytery of Relief . Daga nan sai Majalisar Dattawa ta rabu kan rantsuwar Burgess da aka yi bayan tawayen Jacobite na 1745, inda ƙungiya ɗaya ta kafa Majalisar Dattawa ta Musamman daban. <ref name="Lynch1991p285">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, p. 293.</ref> Tsakanin 1799 da 1806, takaddamar Tsohon da Sabon Haske, tare da "Tsohon Lichts" suna bin ƙa'idodin Covenanters sosai, yayin da "Sabbin Lichts" suka fi mai da hankali kan ceton kansu, <ref name="Lynch1991p400">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, p. 400.</ref> sun raba duka Associate da General Associate Presbyteries. Wannan ya share fagen sake hadewa, yayin da bangarorin New Licht guda biyu suka hade a shekarar 1820 don kafa cocin United Secession, wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da majami'u 361 da mabiya 261,000 a lokacin da aka kafa ta. <ref name="Lynch1991p400" /> Cocin 'yan ballewa sun sami ci gaba a fannin daukar ma'aikata, kuma zuwa shekarar 1830, kashi 30 cikin 100 na al'ummar Scotland membobi ne. <ref name="Lynch1991p285" /> Sun sami ci gaba na musamman a manyan biranen. A Glasgow a shekarar 1835-36, kashi 40 cikin 100 na al'ummarta membobi ne, kuma a Edinburgh, kashi 42 cikin 100 ne. <ref>M. Lynch, ''Scotland: a New History'' (London: Random House, 1991), {{ISBN|1446475638}}, pp. 279-81.</ref> == Taron sake haduwa == A shekara ta 1847, an haɗu da cocin United Secession tare da Presbytery of Relief don kafa cocin United Presbyterian . A bisa kididdigar addini ta shekarar 1851, tana da ikilisiyoyi 518, kuma daya cikin biyar na dukkan masu zuwa coci a Scotland. <ref name="Lynch1991p400" /> An kafa Cocin Reformed Presbyterian a shekara ta 1743 daga sauran majami'un Cameron, waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da Maido da Addinin Episcopalianism a shekara ta 1660 kuma ba su sake shiga Cocin Scotland ba lokacin da aka kafa shi bisa tushen Presbyterian a shekara ta 1690. Duk sai dai kaɗan suka shiga Cocin 'Yanci a shekarar 1876. <ref name="Mackieetal1991pp298-9">J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, ''A History of Scotland'' (London: Penguin, 1991), {{ISBN|0140136495}}, pp. 298-9.</ref> Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland da Cocin United Presbyterian sun haɗu a shekarar 1900 don kafa Cocin 'Yanci na United . Wani ƙaramin sashe na Cocin 'Yanci, wanda aka takaita shi sosai a tsaunukan tsaunuka, ya ƙi haɗin gwiwar kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa da kansa a ƙarƙashin sunan Cocin 'Yanci . <ref name="Murray2001pp83-5">D. M. Murray, "Presbyterian Churches and denominations post-1690" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 83-5.</ref> == Katolika == [[File:Sunset_at_Blairs_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97321.jpg|right|thumb| Kwalejin Blairs, wacce aka kafa a matsayin Kwalejin Katolika a shekarar 1829]] Bayan gyarawa, Katolika ya tsira a matsayin wani aiki, wanda galibi ya takaita ga tsaunuka da tsibirai, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas adadin ya ragu saboda yawan ƙaura daga yankin. <ref name="Lynch1992pp366-7" /> A shekara ta 1827 aka sake fasalin aikin zuwa gundumomin Yamma, Gabas da Arewa. An kafa Kwalejin Blairs a matsayin makarantar hauza a shekarar 1829. <ref name="Lynch1992pp366-7">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, pp. 366-7.</ref> 'Yancin Katolika a shekarar 1829 da kuma kwararar dimbin bakin haure 'yan Ireland, musamman bayan shekarun yunwa na ƙarshen shekarun 1840, musamman zuwa cibiyoyin ƙasa masu tasowa kamar Glasgow, sun haifar da sauyi a cikin sa'ar Katolika. Da farko Cocin ba ta iya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da ci gaban ba. Zuwa shekarar 1840, Glasgow tana da yawan mabiya Katolika 40,000, amma majami'u biyu ne kawai da firistoci huɗu da ke yi musu hidima. Shirin gina coci da faɗaɗa firistoci ya fara cika da ci gaban da aka samu kuma nan da shekarar 1859 an gina sabbin majami'u bakwai a birnin. <ref name="Lynch1992p404">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, p. 404.</ref> A shekara ta 1878, duk da adawa, an dawo da tsarin cocin Roman Katolika zuwa ƙasar, kuma Katolika ya zama babban rukuni a cikin Scotland. <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> == Addinin Episcopalism == [[File:St_Mary's_Episcopal_Cathedral.jpg|left|thumb| An tsarkake St Mary's Edinburgh a shekarar 1879]] Cocin Episcopal ya samo asali ne daga ikilisiyoyi, ministoci da bishop-bishop waɗanda ba su yarda da yarjejeniyar Presbyterian ba bayan juyin juya hali mai girma a 1690 da kuma tsakanin ikilisiyoyi masu cancanta na ikilisiyoyi na Ingilishi da Scotland waɗanda suka girma a kusa da bautar Anglican a ƙarni na sha takwas. Bayan ta fuskanci raguwar arziki sakamakon alaƙarta da Jacobitism a ƙarni na sha takwas, ta farfaɗo a ƙarni na sha tara yayin da batun gadon sarauta ya koma, aka kafa ta a matsayin Cocin Episcopal a Scotland a 1804, a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin haɗin gwiwa da Cocin Ingila . <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> Wani rukunin koyarwar bishara ya bunƙasa a cikin coci a farkon ƙarni na sha tara, amma a shekarar 1843, a daidai lokacin da aka yi Babban Rushewa, wata ƙungiya a Edinburgh a ƙarƙashin jagorancin David Drummond ta balle ta kafa wata ƙungiya ta daban ta Bishop ta Ingila, kuma ƙungiyar Evangelical da ke cikin cocin ba ta taɓa farfaɗowa ba. Cocin ya gudanar da wani shiri na gina coci cikin sauri a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, wanda ya ƙare da tsarkake St Mary's Edinburgh, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Cathedral. <ref name="Murray2001pp83-5" /> == Ikklisiyoyi masu son rai == A ƙarni na sha tara, rarrabuwar cocin da aka kafa da kuma Farfaɗowar Bisharar Evangelical ya sa ƙasar ta fara samun ɗimbin ƙungiyoyi marasa bin ƙa'ida, da yawa daga Ingila da Amurka, waɗanda aka sani a Scotland a matsayin majami'u na sa kai, tunda sun tsaya a waje da tsarin da aka kafa kuma shiga da duk wani biyan kuɗi na son rai ne. Quakers sun kafa kansu a Scotland a ƙarni na sha bakwai <ref>R. Mitchison, ''Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), {{ISBN|074860233X}}, p. 66.</ref> kuma majami'un Baptist, Congregationalist da Methodist sun bayyana a ƙarni na sha takwas, amma ba su fara girma sosai ba har zuwa ƙarni na sha tara, <ref name="Koch2006p416-7" /> wani ɓangare saboda akwai ƙarin al'adun bishara masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da na bishara a cikin Cocin Scotland da majami'u masu 'yanci. <ref name="Ditchfield1998p91">G. M. Ditchfield, ''The Evangelical Revival'' (London: Routledge, 1998), {{ISBN|185728481X}}, p. 91.</ref> Masu ra'ayin Congregationalists sun haɗa kansu cikin haɗin kai a shekara ta 1812, masu ra'ayin Baptist, waɗanda suka rabu zuwa ga ra'ayoyin Calvinist da waɗanda ba Calvinist ba, sun yi haka a shekara ta 1869. Wataƙila Cocin Methodist ya takaita ta tauhidin da ke adawa da Calvinism, amma ya sami ci gaba a ƙarnin, musamman a Shetland. <ref name="Bebbington2001pp494-5170-2">D. W. Bebbington, "Protestant sects and disestablishment" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 494-5.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1879, an haɗu da su da farfaɗowar bishara ta Rundunar Ceto, wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin yin babban tasiri a cikin biranen da ke ƙaruwa. <ref name="Ditchfield1998p91" /> 'Yan'uwa na Open and Exclusive sun shiga Scotland a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara kuma 'Yan'uwa na Open sun yi taruka 116 a Scotland kafin 1884. <ref name="Brown1997p38">C. G. Brown, ''Religion and Society in Scotland Since 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997) {{ISBN|0748608869}}, p. 38.</ref> == Addinin Yahudanci == [[File:Garnethill_synagogue.jpg|right|thumb| Majami'ar Garnethill, an gina ta a shekarar 1879, a Glasgow]] Yahudawan da aka fi sani da su a Scotland malamai ne na Ibrananci a jami'o'i a ƙarni na sha bakwai. Daga nan sai 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa suka biyo baya, galibi daga Jamus. An kafa cocin Yahudawa na farko a Edinburgh a shekarar 1816, sannan aka kafa cocin Glasgow a shekarar 1823. An kafa majami'ar Yahudawa ta farko a Scotland a Edinburgh a shekarar 1825. <ref>N. Abrams, ''Caledonian Jews: A Study of Seven Small Communities in Scotland'' (McFarland, 2009), {{ISBN|0786454326}}, p. 8.</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, an sami kwararowar 'yan gudun hijira Yahudawa, yawancinsu daga gabashin Turai kuma suna tserewa talauci da tsanantawa. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙware a fannin dinki, kayan daki da kuma sana'ar gashin kai, kuma sun taru a gundumomin ma'aikata na cibiyoyin biranen Lowland, kamar Gorbals da ke Glasgow. Mafi girman al'umma a Glasgow wataƙila ta kasance mai ƙarfi 1,000 a shekarar 1879 kuma wataƙila ta kai 5,000 a ƙarshen ƙarni. <ref name="Brown1997p38" /> An gina majami'ar Yahudawa a Garnethill a shekarar 1879. <ref name="W. Moffat, 1989">W. Moffat, ''A History of Scotland: Modern Times'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0199170630}}, p. 38.</ref> Sama da Yahudawa 8,000 ne suka zauna a Scotland a shekarar 1903. <ref name="W. Moffat, 1989" /> == Farfaɗowar Liturgical da Musical == [[File:St_Cuthbert's,_Edinburgh,_interior.jpg|left|thumb| An sake gyara cikin Cocin Ikklisiyar St. Cuthbert, Edinburgh bisa ga ka'idodin cocin a shekarar 1894]] An sami farfaɗowar ibada a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara wanda ya shafi yawancin manyan ƙungiyoyin addini. Wannan ya sami tasiri sosai daga ƙungiyar Oxford ta Ingila, wadda ta ƙarfafa komawa ga tsarin gine-gine da bauta na zamanin da, gami da sake gabatar da waƙoƙi tare a cikin Cocin Scotland. <ref name="Spinks2009p149">B. D. Spinks, ''A Communion Sunday in Scotland ca. 1780: Liturgies and Sermons'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0810869810}}, p. 149.</ref> Farfaɗowar ta sami ƙarin muhimmanci a shekarar ibada kuma wa'azin ya kan yi gajeru. <ref name="Murray2001pp581-2">D. M. Murray, "Sermons", in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 581-2.</ref> Cocin Scotland yana cikin majami'un Protestant na farko na Turai da suka shiga cikin sabbin abubuwan da suka shafi ibada, waɗanda aka nuna a cikin shirye-shiryen zama, suna barin kujerun akwati don buɗe benches. Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni, wasu daga cikin majami'unta, kamar Greyfriars a Edinburgh, sun fara sanya gabobin jiki da tagogi masu launin gilashi, wanda ke nuna yunƙurin komawa ga nau'ikan ibada waɗanda aka keɓe tun ƙarshen ƙarni na sha bakwai. <ref name="Yates2008pp128-9" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Hidimar Cocin a shekarar 1865 don haɓaka nazarin ibada da gyare-gyare. Shekara guda bayan haka aka shigar da gabobin jiki a majami'un Cocin Scotland a hukumance. <ref>R. W. Munro, "Churches: 2 1843-1929" in M. Lynch, ed., ''Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 91-2.</ref> An fara ƙara su a cikin majami'u da yawa kuma a ƙarshen ƙarni, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ministocin Cocin Scotland membobin ƙungiyar ne kuma sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na kirk suna da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da kuma ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa. Duk da haka, sun ci gaba da zama masu ce-ce-ku-ce, tare da adawa mai yawa tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin cocin <ref>S. J. Brown, "Scotland and the Oxford Movement", in S. J. Brown, Peter B. Nockles and Peter Benedict Nockles, eds, ''The Oxford Movement: Europe and the Wider World 1830-1930'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), {{ISBN|1107016444}}, p. 73.</ref> kuma ba a taɓa sanya ƙungiyoyin addini a wasu majami'u ba. <ref name="Spinks2009p149" /> A Duns an sake gina cocin (an buɗe shi a shekarar 1888) a cikin wani tsari da aka yi amfani da shi a Zamanin Tsakiya, tare da wani babban coci daban, teburin tarayya a ƙarshensa, da kuma mumbari a ƙarƙashin babban cocin. Ana iya ganin tasirin motsin cocin a cikin majami'u da aka gina a Crathie (wanda aka buɗe a 1893), waɗanda ke da babban kanti mai tsayi sama da matakin ginin cocin, mumbari na dutse da kuma lectern na tagulla, da kuma St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh (wanda aka sake ginawa a 1894), tare da teburin tarayya na marmara a cikin kansila da aka yi wa ado da marmara da mosaic. <ref name="Yates2008pp128-9">N. Yates, ''Liturgical Space: Christian Worship and Church Buildings in Western Europe 1500–2000 Liturgy, Worship & Society'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7546-5797-3}}, pp.&nbsp;128–9.</ref> A cikin Cocin Episcopal, tasirin ƙungiyar Oxford da alaƙa da Cocin Anglican sun haifar da gabatar da ƙarin hidima na gargajiya kuma zuwa 1900, ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da ayyukan kiɗa sun zama ruwan dare. <ref>D. W. Bebbington, "Episcopalian community" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 234-5.</ref> Cocin 'Yanci ya fi kiyayewa fiye da kiɗa, kuma ba a yarda da gaɓoɓin jiki ba sai a shekarar 1883. <ref name="Brown2010p122">S. J. Brown, "Beliefs and religions" in T. Griffiths and G. Morton, ''A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), {{ISBN|0748621709}}, p. 122.</ref> An fara gabatar da wakokin waka a Cocin United Presbyterian a shekarun 1850. Sun zama ruwan dare a Cocin Scotland da kuma Cocin 'Yanci a shekarun 1870. Cocin Scotland ta ɗauki waƙar yabo mai waƙoƙi 200 a shekarar 1870, kuma Cocin 'Yanci ya biyo baya a shekarar 1882. <ref name="Brown2010p122" /> Ziyarar da masu wa'azin bishara na Amurka Ira D. Sankey (1840–1908), da Dwight L. Moody (1837–99) suka kai Edinburgh da Glasgow a 1874-75 ta taimaka wajen yaɗa waƙoƙin coci a Scotland. Littafin waƙar Moody-Sankey ya kasance mafi kyawun siyarwa har zuwa ƙarni na ashirin. <ref>P. Maloney, ''Scotland and the Music Hall, 1850-1914'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0719061474}}, p. 197.</ref> Sankey ya sa harmonium ya shahara sosai har ya sa ƙungiyoyin mishan na aji ɗaya suka roƙi a gabatar da waƙoƙin da ke tare da shi. <ref>T. M. Devine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HBW-6peFSU4C&pg=PT532&dq ''The Scottish Nation: A Modern History''] (London: Penguin, 2012), {{ISBN|0718196732}}.</ref> == Addinin da ya shahara == [[File:The_Drunkard's_Progress_-_Color.jpg|right|thumb| Littafin ''"The Drunkard's Progress"'', wani littafi na Amurka da aka buga a shekarar 1846, ya nuna matakan shan giya da suka zama ruwan dare a farfagandar kame kai.]] === Ƙidayar addini a shekarar 1851 === Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta gudanar da ƙidayar addini a Scotland a shekarar 1851, inda ta aika da fom ga ministoci don bayar da rahoton halartar dukkan hidimominsu a ranar Lahadi, 30 ga Maris 1851. Rahoton ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga da yawa don cike bayanan da babu komai a ciki. Ya nuna cewa Cocin Scotland ya halarci kashi 19.9 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a; na Cocin 'Yanci kashi 19.2 cikin 100; na United Presbyterians kashi 11.7 cikin 100; da kuma na sauran kashi 10.1 cikin 100 - ko kuma sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 gaba ɗaya. === Rushewa === Masana'antu, birane da kuma wargajewar shekarar 1843 duk sun lalata al'adar makarantun coci. <ref name="Devine2001pp91-100" /> Ƙoƙarin ƙara wa tsarin cocin kyau ya haɗa da [[Makarantar Sunday|makarantun Lahadi]] . An fara su ne a shekarun 1780 ta hanyar majalisun gari, kuma dukkan ƙungiyoyin addini sun amince da su a ƙarni na sha tara. A shekarun 1830 da 1840, waɗannan sun faɗaɗa zuwa [[Makarantar mishan|makarantun mishan]], makarantu masu ƙarfi, ƙungiyoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki da azuzuwan haɓakawa, waɗanda aka buɗe wa membobin dukkan nau'ikan Furotesta kuma musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya don haɓaka azuzuwan aiki na birane. A shekara ta 1890, Baptists sun fi makarantun Lahadi yawa fiye da majami'u kuma suna koyar da yara sama da 10,000. Adadin zai ninka sau biyu nan da shekarar 1914. <ref name="Lynch1992p403">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, p. 403.</ref> Matsalar ma'aikata masu tasowa cikin sauri ta sa Dokar Tsohon Talakawa, wadda ta dogara ne akan tallafin cocin da cocin ke gudanarwa, ta lalace a manyan biranen. Thomas Chalmers, wanda ya yi kira da a taimaka wa kai a matsayin mafita, ya yi kira da a hana masu hannu da shuni shiga cikin agaji kuma cewa biyan kuɗin ya kasance na son rai, amma a lokutan koma bayan tattalin arziki, wahala ta yaɗu sosai. Bayan Rushewar a shekarar 1845, an cire ikon kula da agajin daga cocin aka bai wa allunan cocin, amma matakin agajin bai isa ba ga girman matsalar. <ref name="Lynch1992pp392-3">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, pp. 392-3.</ref> An fara [[Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi|gwagwarmayar kame kai]] tun daga shekarun 1828-29 a Maryhill da Greenock, lokacin da aka shigo da shi daga Amurka. Zuwa shekarar 1850, ya zama babban jigon yaƙin neman zaɓe ga ajin ma'aikata. Wani sabon yanayi na ƙungiyoyin kare kai ya haɗa da Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Mata Masu Rahusa da kuma Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Masu Kyau, waɗanda suka zo daga Amurka a shekarar 1869 <ref name="Lynch1992p403" /> kuma cikin shekaru bakwai suna da rassa 1100 a Scotland. <ref>A. Gray and W. Moffat, ''A History of Scotland: Modern Times'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0199170630}}, p. 18.</ref> Rundunar Ceto ta kuma ba da muhimmanci ga yin taka-tsantsan. <ref name="Ditchfield1998p91" /> Cocin Katolika yana da nasa ƙungiyar kame kai, inda ya kafa ƙungiyar kame kai ta Katolika a shekarar 1839. Sun yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Furotesta, suna gudanar da jerin gwano na haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="Lynch1992p404" /> Sauran ƙungiyoyin addini da suka faɗaɗa a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Orange Order, wanda ke da membobi 15,000 a Glasgow a shekarun 1890. Freemasonry ta kuma samu ci gaba a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, musamman a tsakanin ƙwararrun masu fasaha. <ref name="Lynch1992p403" /> == Ayyukan gida == Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a matsayin cocin Protestant shi ne ayyukan cocin Evangelical. A ƙarni na sha takwas, an fi mai da hankali kan tsaunuka da tsibirai ta hanyar kyautar sarauta da gwamnati da ƙungiyar da ke Scotland don yaɗa ilimin Kirista (SSPCK) suka bayar, wadda ke da makarantu 229 a tsaunukan kafin shekarar 1795. <ref name="Lynch1992p364">M. Lynch, ''Scotland: A New History'' (London: Pimlico, 1992), {{ISBN|0712698930}}, p. 364.</ref> An kafa ƙungiyoyin makarantun Gaelic, tun daga Edinburgh a shekarar 1811, suna tallafawa makarantun tafiye-tafiye zuwa arewacin tsaunukan Highlands da yammacin Tsibirin. A shekara ta 1797, James Haldane ya kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa da addini don yaɗa bishara a gida, wadda masu wa'azinta suka kafa majami'u masu zaman kansu a faɗin tsaunuka. Lokacin da Haldane da ɗan'uwansa Robert suka karɓi ƙa'idar yin baftisma ga manya a shekara ta 1808, yawancinsu sun zama majami'un Baptist. An kafa ƙungiyar Congregational Union of Scotland a shekara ta 1812 don haɓaka ayyukan gida. A shekara ta 1827, Baptists sun haɗa kai a cikin ƙungiyar Baptist Home Missionary Society. A shekara ta 1824 gwamnati ta samar da kuɗi don gina majami'u 32 da gidajen sarauta 41 a tsaunukan tsaunuka. Bayan Rushewar a shekarar 1843, yawancin faɗaɗawar ta kasance a cikin sabbin majami'u da Cocin 'Yanci ya kafa. <ref name="Bebbington2001pp422-3">D. W. Bebbington, "Missions at home" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 422-3.</ref> [[File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg|left|thumb| David Livingstone yana wa'azi daga keken shanu a cikin ɗaya daga cikin misalai da aka yi amfani da su a gida don danganta aikin mishan ga masu sauraro a Birtaniya]] Ayyukan masunta da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun fara ne da ƙungiyoyin Abokan Ma'aikatan Jirgin Ruwa. A cikin birane, yawancin ayyukan sun shafi ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. David Nasmith ne ya kafa mishan na farko na birane a Glasgow a shekarar 1826 kuma ya dogara ne akan dukkan majami'un Furotesta. Gwajin Chalmers a St. John's, Glasgow, wanda aka buga a cikin ''The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns'' (1821–26), ya samar da samfurin aikin birni bisa ga ziyarar jama'a. Cocin 'Yanci ya karɓe shi sosai bayan rushewar kuma Cocin Scotland zai karɓe shi ƙarƙashin jagorancin AH Charteris a shekarun 1870. Ziyarar da Sankey da Moody suka kai Amurka a shekarar 1874-75 ta sake farfaɗo da aikin bishara, wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar Glasgow United Evangelistic Association. An buɗe Ɗakin Tanti a birnin a shekarar 1876, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin ayyukan agaji marasa kyau da tarurrukan bishara, kuma an kafa Cibiyar Horar da Littafi Mai Tsarki don horar da masu bishara a shekarar 1892. Charteris ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kafuwar ƙungiyar mata a shekarar 1887, wanda ya jaddada rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin ayyukan mishan. Sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin mata masu karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki, suna karanta littattafai masu tsarki, da kuma koyar da makarantun Lahadi. <ref name="Bebbington2001pp422-3" /> == Ayyukan kasashen waje == Cocin Scotland sun makara wajen ɗaukar nauyin ƙalubalen ayyukan ƙasashen waje. Shahararren mai wa'azin Scotland, David Livingstone, ba daga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa ya sami tallafin kuɗi ba, sai daga ƙungiyar London Missionary Society . Bayan "ɓacewarsa" da mutuwarsa a shekarun 1870, ya zama abin koyi ga bishara, inganta kai, bincike da kuma wani nau'in mulkin mallaka. <ref>A. C. Ross, ''David Livingstone: Mission and Empire'' (London: Continuum, 2006), {{ISBN|1852855657}}, pp. 242-5.</ref> Ana iya ganin gadon Livingstone a cikin sunayen wurare da yawa na mishan da aka kafa bisa ga misalinsa, kamar [[Blantyre]] (wurin haihuwar Livingstone) na Cocin Scotland da Livingstonia na Cocin 'Yanci, duka biyun suna cikin [[Malawi]] yanzu. David Clement Scott ne ya jagoranci aikin mishan a Blantyre tun daga shekarar 1881 <ref name="review">{{Cite journal |last=Dee |first=Henry |date=December 2023 |title=Harri Englund, Visions for Racial Equality: David Clement Scott and the Struggle for Justice in Nineteenth-Century Malawi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (hb £75 – 978 1 316 51400 9). 2022, xvi + 317 pp. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/harri-englund-visions-for-racial-equality-david-clement-scott-and-the-struggle-for-justice-in-nineteenthcentury-malawi-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-hb-75-978-1-316-51400-9-2022-xvi-317-pp/1CFB0D5AE87AF08CC6AA41C5056C1A83 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=699–700 |doi=10.1017/S0001972023000815 |issn=0001-9720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma wani danginsa na dangi, ciki har da ɗan'uwansa, William Affleck Scott da Janet S. Beck, suka biyo baya. <ref name="jsbeck">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Phiri |date=1861–1917 |title=Beck, Janet S. |url=https://dacb.org/stories/malawi/beck-janet/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |language=en}}</ref> Scott ba a horar da shi a matsayin mai gini ko mai zane ba, amma ya kula da gina cocin St Michael da All Angels mai ban sha'awa, tsakanin 1888 da 1891. Baya ga bautar Livingstone, ƙoƙarin masu wa'azin Scotland ya samu ƙarfi sakamakon hamayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Scotland. An yaɗa ayyukan mishan a gida ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe da zane-zane, waɗanda aka tsara musamman don jan hankalin yara, da kuma ta hanyar sabon hanyar nuna fitilun sihiri, waɗanda aka nuna wa masu sauraro a cikin dakunan coci a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="Finley2001pp245-6">R. J. Finley, "Missions overseas" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}, pp. 245-6.</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == ao3zvr8xwls113m8pjelxh4we84mpy9 0 179409 968399 2026-10-16T20:32:42Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347047290|Chapman–Jouguet condition]]" 968399 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chapman_Jouguet.svg|thumb]] '''Yanayin Chapman-Jouguet''' yana riƙe da kusan a cikin raƙuman fashewa a cikin manyan fashewa. Ya bayyana cewa fashewar tana yaduwa a saurin da iskar gas ɗin ke amsawa kawai ta kai saurin sauti (a cikin firam na babban raƙuman ruwa) yayin da martani ya ƙare. David Chapman <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=D. L. |year=1899 |title=VI.On the rate of explosion in gases |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068486822;view=1up;seq=104 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 5 |volume=47 |issue=284 |pages=90–104 |doi=10.1080/14786449908621243 |url-access=subscription}}. Also [[iarchive:londonedinburgh5471899lon|Archive.org]]</ref> da Émile Jouguet da farko (c. 1900) sun bayyana yanayin fashewa mai banƙyama. Fassarar jiki na yanayin yawanci ya dogara ne akan samfurin daga baya (c. 1943) na Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, John von Neumann, da Werner Döring <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zel'dovich |first=Yakov Borissovich |author-link=Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich |date=1940 |title=К теории распространения детонации в газообразных системах |trans-title=On the theory of the propagation of detonation in gaseous systems |journal=[[Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics]] |volume=10 |pages=542–568}} Translated into English in: ''National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical Memorandum'' No. 1261 (1950).</ref> (wanda ake kira ZND detonation model).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Werner |date=1943 |title=Über Detonationsvorgang in Gasen |trans-title=On the detonation process in gases |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=43 |issue=6–7 |pages=421–436 |bibcode=1943AnP...435..421D |doi=10.1002/andp.19434350605}}</ref> A cikin ƙarin bayani (a cikin samfurin ZND) a cikin firam na babban girgizar raƙuman fashewa, iskar gas ta shiga cikin saurin supersonic kuma an matsa ta hanyar girgizar zuwa babban yawa, kwararar subsonic. Wannan canjin kwatsam a matsin lamba yana fara sinadarin (ko wani lokacin, kamar fashewar tururi, ta jiki) sakin makamashi. Sakin makamashi yana sake hanzarta kwararar zuwa saurin sauti na gida. Ana iya nuna shi a sauƙaƙe((((((((()more detail (in the ZND model) in the frame of the leading shock of the detonation wave, gases enter at supersonic velocity and are compressed through the shock to a high-density, subsonic flow. This sudden change in pressure initiates the chemical (or sometimes, as in [[:en:Steam_explosion|steam explosions]], physical) energy release. The energy release re-accelerates the flow back to the local speed of sound. It can be shown fairly simply, from the one-dimensional gas equations for steady flow, that the reaction must cease at the sonic ("CJ") plane, or there would be discontinuously large pressure [[:en:Gradient|g]])))))), daga ma'aunin iskar gas guda ɗaya don kwarara mai ɗorewa, cewa amsawa dole ne ta ƙare a jirgin sama na sonic ("CJ"), ko kuma za a sami manyan matsin lamba a wannan lokacin. Jirgin saman sauti ya samar da abin da ake kira maɓallin ƙuntatawa wanda ke ba da damar firgici na gubar, da kuma yankin amsawa, don tafiya a cikin saurin dindindin, ba tare da damuwa da fadada iskar gas a cikin yankin rarefaction ba bayan jirgin CJ. Wannan samfurin guda ɗaya mai sauƙi yana da nasara sosai wajen bayyana fashewa. Koyaya, lura da tsarin fashewar sinadarai na ainihi ya nuna tsari mai rikitarwa mai girma uku, tare da ɓangarorin raƙuman ruwa da ke tafiya da sauri fiye da matsakaici, wasu kuma a hankali. Lalle ne, irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna kashewa yayin da aka lalata tsarin su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards, D.H. |last2=Thomas, G.O. |last3=Nettleton, M.A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |title=The Diffraction of a Planar Detonation Wave at an Abrupt Area Change |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=79–96 |bibcode=1979JFM....95...79E |doi=10.1017/S002211207900135X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=D. H. Edwards |last2=G. O. Thomas |last3=M. A. Nettleton |year=1981 |editor2-last=N. Manson |editor3-last=R.I. Soloukhin |editor4-last=J.R. Bowen |title=Diffraction of a Planar Detonation in Various Fuel-Oxygen Mixtures at an Area Change |journal=Progress in Astronautics & Aeronautics |volume=75 |pages=341–357 |doi=10.2514/5.9781600865497.0341.0357 |isbn=978-0-915928-46-0}}</ref> Ka'idar fashewar Wood-Kirkwood na iya gyara wasu daga cikin waɗannan iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glaesemann |first=Kurt R. |last2=Fried |first2=Laurence E. |year=2007 |title=Improved wood–kirkwood detonation chemical kinetics |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232641 |journal=Theoretical Chemistry Accounts |volume=120 |issue=1–3 |pages=37–43 |doi=10.1007/s00214-007-0303-9 |s2cid=95326309}}</ref> == Bayani na lissafi == Tushen: Daidaitawar '''Layin Rayleigh''' da daidaitattun Hugoniot da aka samu daga dangantakar Rankine-Hugoniot don iskar Gas mai kyau, tare da zaton takamaiman zafi da nauyin kwayoyin, bi da bi sune : <math>\begin{align} \frac{\tilde{p} - 1}{\tilde{v} - 1} &= -\mu \\ \tilde{p} &= \frac{[2\alpha + (\gamma + 1)/(\gamma - 1)] - \tilde{v}}{[(\gamma + 1)/(\gamma - 1)]\tilde{v} - 1}, \end{align} </math> inda γ {\displaystyle \gamma } shine takamaiman yanayin zafi da : <math> \tilde p = \frac{p_2}{p_1},\quad \tilde v = \frac{\rho_1}{\rho_2}, \quad \alpha = \frac{q\rho_1}{p_1}, \quad \mu = \frac{m^2}{p_1\rho_1}. </math> A nan subscript 1 da 2 suna nuna kayan kwarara (matsi p {\displaystyle p} , yawan jama'a ρ {\displaystyle \rho } ) sama da ƙasa na raƙuman ruwa da m {\displaystyle m} shi ne ma'auni mai yawa da kuma q {\displaystyle q} shine zafi da aka saki a cikin guguwar. Tuddan layin Rayleigh da Hugoniot sune : d p ~ d v ~ = p ~ − 1 v ~ − 1 , d p ~ d v ~ = - [ (γ + 1) / (γ - 1) ] p ~ + 1 [ (γ + 1) / (γ - 1) ] v ~ − 1 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d{\tilde {p}}}{d{\ Tilde {v}}}}&={\frach <nowiki>{{\tilde{p}}</nowiki>-1}<nowiki>{{\tilde {\v}}</nowiki>-1}},\\[3pt]{\fraC {d{ \tilde {v}}}{d}\tilde}&=-{\fraic {[ (\gamma +1) / (\g -\gamma}}+1}{\gamma_1} \end{a daidaita}}} ⋅ A wurin Chapman-Jouguet, duka gangaren biyu daidai ne, suna jagorantar yanayin cewa : <math>\tilde p = \frac{\tilde v}{(\gamma + 1)\tilde v-\gamma}.</math> Da muka maye gurbin wannan a cikin lissafin Rayleigh, mun sami : <math>\mu = \gamma\frac{\tilde p}{\tilde v}.</math> Yin amfani da ma'anar taro Sanya ρ 1 u 1 <nowiki/>= ρ 2 u 2 {\displaystyle m\equiv \rho _{1}u_{1}=\rho _ {2}u_ {2}} , inda u {\displaystyle u} yana nuna saurin kwarara, mun sami : <math>M_2 = \frac{u_2}{c_2} = 1</math> inda M {\displaystyle M} shine Lambar Mach kuma c {\displaystyle c} shine saurin sauti, a wasu kalmomi, kwararar ruwa tana da sauti dangane da raƙuman Chapman-Jouguet. Za'a iya samun bayyanar maganganu don masu canji, : <math>\begin{align} \tilde{p}_\pm &= 1 + \alpha(\gamma - 1)\left\{1\pm\left[1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}\right]^\frac{1}{2}\right\}, \\ \tilde v_\pm &= 1 + \frac{\alpha\left(\gamma - 1\right)}{\gamma}\left\{1 \mp \left[1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}\right]^\frac{1}{2}\right\}, \\ \mu_\pm &= \gamma + \alpha(\gamma^2 - 1)\left\{1 \pm \left[1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}\right]^\frac{1}{2}\right\}. \end{align}</math> Alamar sama ta shafi '''Upper Chapman-Jouguet''' (detonation) kuma alamar ƙasa ta shafi Lower Chapman-Gouguet point (deflagration). Hakazalika, ana iya samun lambar Mach daga sama : <math>M_{1\pm} = \left[1 + \frac{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}{2\gamma}\right]^\frac{1}{2} \pm \left[\frac{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}{2\gamma}\right]^\frac{1}{2}</math> da kuma yawan zafin jiki T ~ <nowiki/>= T 2 / T 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {T}}=T_{2}/T_{1}} ana iya samunsa daga dangantaka T ~ <nowiki/>= p ~ v ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {T}}={\tilde {p}}{\tilda {v}}} . == Dubi kuma == * Rashin fashewar Taylor-von Neumann-Sedov * Zeldovich-Taylor kwarara == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fu4k6s61z542zfznjncor4mo9t3fr61 968400 968399 2026-10-16T20:40:13Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968400 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chapman_Jouguet.svg|thumb]] '''Yanayin Chapman-Jouguet''' yana riƙe da kusan a cikin raƙuman fashewa a cikin manyan fashewa. Ya bayyana cewa fashewar tana yaduwa a saurin da iskar gas ɗin ke amsawa kawai ta kai saurin sauti (a cikin firam na babban raƙuman ruwa) yayin da martani ya ƙare. David Chapman <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=D. L. |year=1899 |title=VI.On the rate of explosion in gases |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068486822;view=1up;seq=104 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 5 |volume=47 |issue=284 |pages=90–104 |doi=10.1080/14786449908621243 |url-access=subscription}}. Also [[iarchive:londonedinburgh5471899lon|Archive.org]]</ref> da Émile Jouguet da farko (c. 1900) sun bayyana yanayin fashewa mai banƙyama. Fassarar jiki na yanayin yawanci ya dogara ne akan samfurin daga baya (c. 1943) na Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, John von Neumann, da Werner Döring <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zel'dovich |first=Yakov Borissovich |author-link=Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich |date=1940 |title=К теории распространения детонации в газообразных системах |trans-title=On the theory of the propagation of detonation in gaseous systems |journal=[[Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics]] |volume=10 |pages=542–568}} Translated into English in: ''National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical Memorandum'' No. 1261 (1950).</ref> (wanda ake kira ZND detonation model).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Werner |date=1943 |title=Über Detonationsvorgang in Gasen |trans-title=On the detonation process in gases |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=43 |issue=6–7 |pages=421–436 |bibcode=1943AnP...435..421D |doi=10.1002/andp.19434350605}}</ref> A cikin ƙarin bayani (a cikin samfurin ZND) a cikin firam na babban girgizar raƙuman fashewa, iskar gas ta shiga cikin saurin supersonic kuma an matsa ta hanyar girgizar zuwa babban yawa, kwararar subsonic. Wannan canjin kwatsam a matsin lamba yana fara sinadarin (ko wani lokacin, kamar fashewar tururi, ta jiki) sakin makamashi. Sakin makamashi yana sake hanzarta kwararar zuwa saurin sauti na gida. Ana iya nuna shi a sauƙaƙe, daga ma'aunin iskar gas guda ɗaya don kwarara mai ɗorewa, cewa amsawa dole ne ta ƙare a jirgin sama na sonic ("CJ"), ko kuma za a sami manyan matsin lamba a wannan lokacin. Jirgin saman sauti ya samar da abin da ake kira maɓallin ƙuntatawa wanda ke ba da damar firgici na gubar, da kuma yankin amsawa, don tafiya a cikin saurin dindindin, ba tare da damuwa da fadada iskar gas a cikin yankin rarefaction ba bayan jirgin CJ. Wannan samfurin guda ɗaya mai sauƙi yana da nasara sosai wajen bayyana fashewa. Koyaya, lura da tsarin fashewar sinadarai na ainihi ya nuna tsari mai rikitarwa mai girma uku, tare da ɓangarorin raƙuman ruwa da ke tafiya da sauri fiye da matsakaici, wasu kuma a hankali. Lalle ne, irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna kashewa yayin da aka lalata tsarin su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards, D.H. |last2=Thomas, G.O. |last3=Nettleton, M.A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |title=The Diffraction of a Planar Detonation Wave at an Abrupt Area Change |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=79–96 |bibcode=1979JFM....95...79E |doi=10.1017/S002211207900135X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=D. H. Edwards |last2=G. O. Thomas |last3=M. A. Nettleton |year=1981 |editor2-last=N. Manson |editor3-last=R.I. Soloukhin |editor4-last=J.R. Bowen |title=Diffraction of a Planar Detonation in Various Fuel-Oxygen Mixtures at an Area Change |journal=Progress in Astronautics & Aeronautics |volume=75 |pages=341–357 |doi=10.2514/5.9781600865497.0341.0357 |isbn=978-0-915928-46-0}}</ref> Ka'idar fashewar Wood-Kirkwood na iya gyara wasu daga cikin waɗannan iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glaesemann |first=Kurt R. |last2=Fried |first2=Laurence E. |year=2007 |title=Improved wood–kirkwood detonation chemical kinetics |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232641 |journal=Theoretical Chemistry Accounts |volume=120 |issue=1–3 |pages=37–43 |doi=10.1007/s00214-007-0303-9 |s2cid=95326309}}</ref> == Bayani na lissafi == Tushen: Daidaitawar '''Layin Rayleigh''' da daidaitattun Hugoniot da aka samu daga dangantakar Rankine-Hugoniot don iskar Gas mai kyau, tare da zaton takamaiman zafi da nauyin kwayoyin, bi da bi sune : <math>\begin{align} \frac{\tilde{p} - 1}{\tilde{v} - 1} &= -\mu \\ \tilde{p} &= \frac{[2\alpha + (\gamma + 1)/(\gamma - 1)] - \tilde{v}}{[(\gamma + 1)/(\gamma - 1)]\tilde{v} - 1}, \end{align} </math> inda γ {\displaystyle \gamma } shine takamaiman yanayin zafi da : <math> \tilde p = \frac{p_2}{p_1},\quad \tilde v = \frac{\rho_1}{\rho_2}, \quad \alpha = \frac{q\rho_1}{p_1}, \quad \mu = \frac{m^2}{p_1\rho_1}. </math> A nan subscript 1 da 2 suna nuna kayan kwarara (matsi p {\displaystyle p} , yawan jama'a ρ {\displaystyle \rho } ) sama da ƙasa na raƙuman ruwa da m {\displaystyle m} shi ne ma'auni mai yawa da kuma q {\displaystyle q} shine zafi da aka saki a cikin guguwar. Tuddan layin Rayleigh da Hugoniot sune : d p ~ d v ~ = p ~ − 1 v ~ − 1 , d p ~ d v ~ = - [ (γ + 1) / (γ - 1) ] p ~ + 1 [ (γ + 1) / (γ - 1) ] v ~ − 1 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d{\tilde {p}}}{d{\ Tilde {v}}}}&={\frach <nowiki>{{\tilde{p}}</nowiki>-1}<nowiki>{{\tilde {\v}}</nowiki>-1}},\\[3pt]{\fraC {d{ \tilde {v}}}{d}\tilde}&=-{\fraic {[ (\gamma +1) / (\g -\gamma}}+1}{\gamma_1} \end{a daidaita}}} ⋅ A wurin Chapman-Jouguet, duka gangaren biyu daidai ne, suna jagorantar yanayin cewa : <math>\tilde p = \frac{\tilde v}{(\gamma + 1)\tilde v-\gamma}.</math> Da muka maye gurbin wannan a cikin lissafin Rayleigh, mun sami : <math>\mu = \gamma\frac{\tilde p}{\tilde v}.</math> Yin amfani da ma'anar taro Sanya ρ 1 u 1 <nowiki/>= ρ 2 u 2 {\displaystyle m\equiv \rho _{1}u_{1}=\rho _ {2}u_ {2}} , inda u {\displaystyle u} yana nuna saurin kwarara, mun sami : <math>M_2 = \frac{u_2}{c_2} = 1</math> inda M {\displaystyle M} shine Lambar Mach kuma c {\displaystyle c} shine saurin sauti, a wasu kalmomi, kwararar ruwa tana da sauti dangane da raƙuman Chapman-Jouguet. Za'a iya samun bayyanar maganganu don masu canji, : <math>\begin{align} \tilde{p}_\pm &= 1 + \alpha(\gamma - 1)\left\{1\pm\left[1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}\right]^\frac{1}{2}\right\}, \\ \tilde v_\pm &= 1 + \frac{\alpha\left(\gamma - 1\right)}{\gamma}\left\{1 \mp \left[1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}\right]^\frac{1}{2}\right\}, \\ \mu_\pm &= \gamma + \alpha(\gamma^2 - 1)\left\{1 \pm \left[1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}\right]^\frac{1}{2}\right\}. \end{align}</math> Alamar sama ta shafi '''Upper Chapman-Jouguet''' (detonation) kuma alamar ƙasa ta shafi Lower Chapman-Gouguet point (deflagration). Hakazalika, ana iya samun lambar Mach daga sama : <math>M_{1\pm} = \left[1 + \frac{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}{2\gamma}\right]^\frac{1}{2} \pm \left[\frac{\alpha\left(\gamma^2 - 1\right)}{2\gamma}\right]^\frac{1}{2}</math> da kuma yawan zafin jiki T ~ <nowiki/>= T 2 / T 1 {\displaystyle {\tilde {T}}=T_{2}/T_{1}} ana iya samunsa daga dangantaka T ~ <nowiki/>= p ~ v ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {T}}={\tilde {p}}{\tilda {v}}} . == Dubi kuma == * Rashin fashewar Taylor-von Neumann-Sedov * Zeldovich-Taylor kwarara == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5iwo2ou72oiy41oqtkb8a3cp9h3b31u 0 179410 968402 2026-10-16T20:44:19Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364641008|Biobank]]" 968402 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PKU-test.jpg|thumb| Ana ɗaukar samfuran jini daga jariri a [[Sweden]] don ajiyar bayanan PKU na ƙasa.]] '''Bankin biobank''' wani nau'in adana halittu ne da ke adana samfuran halittu (yawanci ɗan adam) don amfani a bincike. Bankunan biobanks sun zama muhimmin tushe a binciken likitanci, suna tallafawa nau'ikan bincike na zamani kamar kwayoyin halitta da magani na musamman . Bankunan halittu na iya bai wa masu bincike damar samun bayanai da ke wakiltar adadi mai yawa na mutane. Sau da yawa masu bincike da yawa za su iya amfani da samfuran da ke cikin bankunan halittu da bayanan da aka samo daga waɗannan samfuran don nazarin bincike na manufa daban-daban. Misali, cututtuka da yawa suna da alaƙa da polymorphisms na nucleotide guda ɗaya . Nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da bayanai daga dubban mutane ko ɗaruruwan dubban mutane na iya gano waɗannan alaƙar kwayoyin halitta a matsayin alamun cututtuka masu yuwuwa. Masu bincike da yawa sun sha wahala wajen samun isassun samfura kafin zuwan biobanks. Kamfanonin Biobanks sun jawo tambayoyi kan sirri, ɗabi'un bincike, da kuma [[Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya|ɗabi'un likitanci]] . Ra'ayoyi kan abin da ya ƙunshi ɗabi'un bankin biobank sun bambanta. Duk da haka, an cimma matsaya cewa gudanar da bankunan bio ba tare da kafa ƙa'idodi da manufofi masu kyau da aka yi la'akari da su ba na iya zama illa ga al'ummomin da ke shiga cikin shirye-shiryen biobanks. == Bayani == Kalmar "biobank" ta fara bayyana ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 kuma kalma ce mai faɗi da ta bunƙasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hewitt R, Watson P |date=October 2013 |title=Defining biobank |journal=Biopreservation and Biobanking |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=309–15 |doi=10.1089/bio.2013.0042 |pmid=24835262}}</ref> <ref name="trends">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cambon-Thomsen A, Rial-Sebbag E, Knoppers BM |date=August 2007 |title=Trends in ethical and legal frameworks for the use of human biobanks |url=http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00168261 |journal=The European Respiratory Journal |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=373–82 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00165006 |pmid=17666560 |s2cid=15217640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ma'anar ɗaya ita ce "tarin kayan halitta na ɗan adam da bayanai masu alaƙa da aka adana don dalilai ɗaya ko fiye na bincike." <ref name="foundation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hewitt RE |date=January 2011 |title=Biobanking: the foundation of personalized medicine |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32834161b8 |pmid=21076300 |s2cid=205547716}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kauffmann F, Cambon-Thomsen A |date=May 2008 |title=Tracing biological collections: between books and clinical trials |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=19 |pages=2316–8 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.19.2316 |pmid=18492973}}</ref> Tarin tsire-tsire, dabbobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran kayan da ba na ɗan adam ba kuma ana iya siffanta su da wuraren adana halittu amma a wasu tattaunawa kalmar an keɓe ta ne ga samfuran ɗan adam. <ref name="foundation" /> Bankunan halittu galibi suna haɗa da wuraren adanawa masu ban mamaki don samfuran. <ref name="wired">{{Cite magazine|url-status=157–161, 182, 184, 188, 190}}</ref> Suna iya bambanta daga firiji zuwa rumbun adanawa, kuma cibiyoyi kamar asibitoci, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kamfanonin magunguna ne ke kula da su. <ref name="wired" /> Ana iya rarraba Biobanks ta hanyar manufa ko ƙira. Bankunan halittu masu alaƙa da cututtuka galibi suna da alaƙa da asibiti inda suke tattara samfuran da ke wakiltar cututtuka iri-iri, wataƙila don neman alamun cutar da ke da alaƙa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bevilacqua G, Bosman F, Dassesse T, Höfler H, Janin A, Langer R, Larsimont D, Morente MM, Riegman P, Schirmacher P, Stanta G, Zatloukal K, Caboux E, Hainaut P |date=April 2010 |title=The role of the pathologist in tissue banking: European Consensus Expert Group Report |journal=Virchows Archiv |volume=456 |issue=4 |pages=449–54 |doi=10.1007/s00428-010-0887-7 |pmc=2852521 |pmid=20157825}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paskal W, Paskal AM, Dębski T, Gryziak M, Jaworowski J |date=October 2018 |title=Aspects of Modern Biobank Activity - Comprehensive Review |journal=Pathology & Oncology Research |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=771–785 |doi=10.1007/s12253-018-0418-4 |pmc=6132819 |pmid=29728978}}</ref> Bankunan halittu masu tushen jama'a ba sa buƙatar takamaiman alaƙar asibiti domin suna ɗaukar samfura daga adadi mai yawa na mutane iri-iri, wataƙila don neman alamun cutar don kamuwa da ita a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riegman PH, Morente MM, Betsou F, de Blasio P, Geary P |date=October 2008 |title=Biobanking for better healthcare |journal=Molecular Oncology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=213–22 |doi=10.1016/j.molonc.2008.07.004 |pmc=5527804 |pmid=19383342}}</ref> * Bankunan halittu na kama-da-wane suna haɗa ƙungiyoyin cututtuka cikin wani yanki na gama gari. Bankunan halittu na kama-da-wane suna ba da damar tattara samfuran don cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa. <ref name="Labant">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Labant MA |date=Jan 15, 2012 |title=Biobank Diversity Facilitates Drug & Diagnostic Development |url=http://genengnews.com/gen-articles/biobank-diversity-facilitates-drug-diagnostic-development/3983/ |journal=Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News |volume=32 |issue=2 |page=42,44 |doi=10.1089/gen.32.2.21 |issn=1935-472X |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> * Bankunan nama suna tattarawa da adana nama na ɗan adam don dasawa da bincike. Yayin da bankunan bio suka ƙara ƙarfi, ana sa ran bankunan nama za su haɗu da bankunan bio. <ref name="Labant" /> * [[Organ bank|Bankin gabobi]] wani nau'in biobank ne da aka tsara wanda zai adana dukkan gabobi, yawanci ana kiyaye su a ɓoye, da nufin amfani da shi don dashen bayan gano majiyyaci da ya dace. Ana hasashen cewa gaɓoɓin da aka kiyaye su a ɓoye na iya rayuwa a cikin gaɓoɓin na tsawon shekaru, maimakon awanni kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khaydukova |first=Irina V. |last2=Ivannikova |first2=Valeria M. |last3=Zhidkov |first3=Dmitry A. |last4=Belikov |first4=Nikita V. |last5=Peshkova |first5=Maria A. |last6=Timashev |first6=Peter S. |last7=Tsiganov |first7=Dmitry I. |last8=Pushkarev |first8=Aleksandr V. |date=2024-10-16 |title=Current State and Challenges of Tissue and Organ Cryopreservation in Biobanking |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=25 |issue=20 |doi=10.3390/ijms252011124 |pmc=11508709 |pmid=39456905 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Population bank|Bankunan yawan jama'a]] suna adana kayan halitta da kuma halaye masu alaƙa kamar salon rayuwa, bayanan asibiti, da muhalli. <ref name="Labant" /> A shekara ta 2008, masu bincike a Amurka sun adana samfura miliyan 270 a cikin bankunan bio, kuma adadin sabbin samfura da aka tattara ya kai miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. Waɗannan alkaluma suna wakiltar wani muhimmin sauyi a duniya a yanayin bincike tsakanin lokacin da ba za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan adadin samfuran ba da kuma lokacin da masu bincike suka fara buƙatar su. <ref name="implications" /> Gabaɗaya, masu bincike sun fara ci gaba fiye da cibiyoyin bincike na cibiya ɗaya zuwa ga tsarin bincike na zamani wanda ya bambanta da na zamani. <ref name="governance">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fullerton SM, Anderson NR, Guzauskas G, Freeman D, Fryer-Edwards K |date=January 2010 |title=Meeting the governance challenges of next-generation biorepository research |journal=Science Translational Medicine |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=15cm3 |doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3000361 |pmc=3038212 |pmid=20371468}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙalubalen da zuwan bankunan halittu suka haifar sun haɗa da batutuwan ɗabi'a, shari'a, da zamantakewa da suka shafi wanzuwarsu, gami da adalcin tattara gudummawa daga al'ummomin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali, samar da izini ga masu ba da gudummawa, hanyoyin bayyana bayanai ga mahalarta, haƙƙin mallakar kadarorin fasaha, da kuma sirri da tsaron masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda suka shiga. <ref name="implications" /> Saboda waɗannan sabbin matsalolin, masu bincike da masu tsara manufofi sun fara buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanar da bincike. <ref name="governance" /> Masu bincike da yawa sun gano cewa fannin hada-hadar halittu a matsayin muhimmin yanki na ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa domin bunkasa gano magunguna da kuma bunkasa magunguna . <ref name="foundation" /> == Nau'i da aikace-aikace == === Binciken kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam === A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa duk da cewa yawancin cututtuka ana haifar da su aƙalla wani ɓangare na wani ɓangaren kwayoyin halitta, ƙananan cututtuka ne ke haifar da kwayar halitta guda ɗaya mai lahani; yawancin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta suna faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan kwayoyin halitta da yawa akan kwayoyin halitta da yawa. <ref name="underpinnings">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greely HT |year=2007 |title=The uneasy ethical and legal underpinnings of large-scale genomic biobanks |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=8 |pages=343–64 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115721 |pmid=17550341 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda dabarar duba kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya kawai ba ta da tasiri wajen gano abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta na cututtuka da yawa, kuma saboda sabuwar fasaha ta jawo kuɗin nazarin kwayar halitta ɗaya maimakon yin gwajin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya, masana kimiyya sun fara tattara bayanai masu yawa na kwayoyin halitta lokacin da za a tattara su kwata-kwata. <ref name="underpinnings" /> A lokaci guda kuma ci gaban fasaha ya ba da damar raba bayanai sosai, don haka lokacin da aka tattara bayanai, masana kimiyya da yawa da ke yin aikin kwayoyin halitta sun gano cewa samun damar bayanai daga na'urorin daukar hoto na kwayoyin halitta da aka tattara saboda kowane dalili zai zama da amfani a wasu nau'ikan binciken kwayoyin halitta da yawa. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Ganin cewa kafin bayanai su kasance a dakin gwaje-gwaje ɗaya, yanzu masana kimiyya sun fara adana bayanai masu yawa na kwayoyin halitta a wurare daban-daban don amfanin al'umma da kuma raba su. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Sakamakon nan take na yin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta da raba bayanai shi ne gano yawancin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya, tare da nasarar farko ita ce ci gaba daga gano kimanin 10,000 daga cikinsu tare da gwajin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya da kuma kafin biobanks idan aka kwatanta da 500,000 a shekarar 2007 bayan an yi amfani da tsarin duba kwayoyin halitta na tsawon wasu shekaru. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Akwai wata matsala; wannan canjin aiki ya ba da damar tattara bayanan [[Kwayar halitta|nau'in halittu]], amma bai zo tare da tsarin tattara bayanan nau'in halittu masu alaƙa ba. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Duk da cewa bayanan nau'in halittar sun fito ne daga samfurin halitta kamar samfurin jini, bayanan nau'in halittar dole ne su fito ne daga binciken mai ba da samfurin tare da hira, kimantawa ta jiki, sake duba tarihin likita, ko wani tsari wanda zai iya zama da wahala a shirya. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Ko da lokacin da aka samu wannan bayanin, akwai rashin tabbas game da ɗabi'a game da yadda da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya kiyaye haƙƙin marasa lafiya ta hanyar haɗa shi da bayanan kwayoyin halitta. <ref name="underpinnings" /> An fara haɓaka cibiyar bankin halittu don adana bayanan kwayoyin halitta, haɗa shi da bayanan siffofi, da kuma samar da shi ga masu bincike waɗanda ke buƙatarsa. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Bankunan halittu, ciki har da samfuran gwajin kwayoyin halitta, an yi su ne a tarihi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mafi yawan samfuran daga mutane daga zuriyar Turai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fisher ER, Pratt R, Esch R, Kocher M, Wilson K, Lee W, Zierhut HA |date=February 2020 |title=The role of race and ethnicity in views toward and participation in genetic studies and precision medicine research in the United States: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies |url= |journal=Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/mgg3.1099 |pmc=7005620 |pmid=31867882 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar rarraba samfuran biobanks kuma masu bincike ya kamata su yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke shafar ƙarancin wakilcin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ewing AT, Turner AD, Sakyi KS, Elmi A, Towson M, Slade JL, Dobs AS, Ford JG, Erby LH |date=September 2020 |title=Amplifying Their Voices: Advice, Guidance, and Perceived Value of Cancer Biobanking Research Among an Older, Diverse Cohort |journal=Journal of Cancer Education |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=683–693 |doi=10.1007/s13187-020-01869-0 |pmc=10286728 |pmid=32975747 |s2cid=221917485}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ewing AT, Kalu N, Cain G, Erby LH, Ricks-Santi LJ, Tetteyfio-Kidd Telemaque E, Scott DM |date=October 2019 |title=Factors associated with willingness to provide biospecimens for genetics research among African American cancer survivors |url= |journal=Journal of Community Genetics |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=471–480 |doi=10.1007/s12687-019-00411-0 |pmc=6754482 |pmid=30877487}}</ref> === Kare muhalli, dawo da muhalli da kuma injiniyan ƙasa === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  A watan Nuwamba na 2020, masana kimiyya sun fara tattara gutsuttsuran halittu masu rai, nama da samfuran DNA na murjani masu fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa daga Babban Barrier Reef don wani wurin ajiyar halittu na rigakafi don yiwuwar ayyukan gyara da gyara nan gaba. Watanni kaɗan da suka gabata, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Ostiraliya ta ba da rahoton cewa sun haɓaka irin waɗannan murjani don su fi jure zafi. == Samfuran Halittu == Ana ɗaukar [[Misali na dakin gwaje-gwaje|samfuran]] da aka adana a bankin biobank kuma aka ba wa masu bincike ta hanyar ɗaukar samfur . Nau'in samfurin sun haɗa da [[jini]], [[fitsari]], ƙwayoyin fata, nama na gabobi, da sauran kayayyaki. A kullum, hanyoyin da ake bi wajen ɗaukar samfurin nama suna ƙara zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai, wani lokacin kuma suna amfani da MRI don tantance takamaiman wuraren da ya kamata a yi amfani da su wajen ɗaukar samfurin. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heavey S, Haider A, Sridhar A, Pye H, Shaw G, Freeman A, Whitaker H |date=October 2019 |title=Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10085244/ |journal=Journal of Visualized Experiments |issue=152 |doi=10.3791/60216 |pmid=31657791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Heavey S, Costa H, Pye H, Burt EC, Jenkinson S, Lewis GR, Bosshard-Carter L, Watson F, Jameson C, Ratynska M, Ben-Salha I, Haider A, Johnston EW, Feber A, Shaw G, Sridhar A, Nathan S, Rajan P, Briggs TP, Sooriakumaran P, Kelly JD, Freeman A, Whitaker HC |date=May 2019 |title=PEOPLE: PatiEnt prOstate samPLes for rEsearch, a tissue collection pathway utilizing magnetic resonance imaging data to target tumor and benign tissue in fresh radical prostatectomy specimens |journal=The Prostate |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=768–777 |doi=10.1002/pros.23782 |pmc=6618051 |pmid=30807665}}</ref> Bankin biobank yana ajiye waɗannan samfuran a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi har sai mai bincike ya buƙaci su don yin gwaji, yin gwaji, ko yin bincike.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2011}} === Ajiya === Bankunan halittu, kamar sauran bayanan DNA, dole ne su adana su a hankali kuma su rubuta damar samun samfura da bayanan masu bayarwa. <ref name="Macleod">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Macleod AK, Liewald DC, McGilchrist MM, Morris AD, Kerr SM, Porteous DJ |date=February 2009 |title=Some principles and practices of genetic biobanking studies |journal=The European Respiratory Journal |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=419–25 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00043508 |pmid=19181915 |s2cid=6669308 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne a kula da samfuran yadda ya kamata tare da rage lalacewarsu a tsawon lokaci, kuma dole ne a kare su daga lalacewa ta jiki, duka da gangan ko kuma da gangan. Ana adana rajistar kowane samfurin da ke shiga da fita daga tsarin a tsakiya, yawanci akan tsarin kwamfuta wanda za'a iya ajiyewa akai-akai. <ref name="Macleod" /> An lura da wurin da kowanne samfurin yake a zahiri don ba da damar wurin da samfuran ke cikin sauri. Tsarin adana bayanai yana cire sunayen samfura don girmama sirrin masu ba da gudummawa kuma yana ba masu bincike damar yin bincike. <ref name="Macleod" /> Ana ajiye bayanan, gami da bayanan asibiti, daban tare da wata hanya mai aminci don haɗa bayanan asibiti da samfuran nama. <ref name="Macleod" /> A wasu lokutan ana amfani da adana samfuran a yanayin zafi na ɗaki, kuma an ƙirƙiro su ne don mayar da martani ga rashin amfanin ajiyar ƙananan zafin jiki, kamar farashi da yuwuwar lalacewar injin daskarewa. <ref name="Macleod" /> Tsarin da ake da shi a yanzu ƙanana ne kuma suna da ikon adana kusan samfuran 40,000 a cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa goma na sararin da ake buƙata ta hanyar {{Convert|-80|°C|°F|0}} injin daskarewa. Ana adana samfuran da aka kwafi ko aka raba a wurare daban-daban don tsaro. <ref name="Macleod" /> === Mallaka === Wata takaddama game da manyan rumbun adana bayanai na kayan kwayoyin halitta ita ce batun mallakar samfura. Tun daga shekarar 2007, [[Ayislan|Iceland]] tana da dokoki daban-daban guda uku kan mallakar samfuran zahiri da kuma bayanan da ke ɗauke da su. Dokar Iceland ta ce gwamnatin Iceland tana da haƙƙin riƙe samfuran da kanta yayin da masu ba da gudummawa ke riƙe haƙƙin mallaka. <ref name="property" /> Sabanin haka, [[Tonga]] da [[Istoniya|Estonia]] suna ba gwamnati ikon mallakar samfuran biobank, amma dokokinsu sun haɗa da kariyar haƙƙin masu ba da gudummawa. <ref name="property" /> == Ɗabi'a == Babban abin da ke tasowa a fannin nazarin halittu shine lokacin da mai bincike yake son tattara samfurin ɗan adam don bincike. Idan haka ta faru, wasu batutuwa da ke tasowa sun haɗa da waɗannan: haƙƙin sirri ga mahalarta bincike, mallakar samfurin da bayanan da aka samo, gwargwadon yadda mai bayarwa zai iya rabawa a cikin dawo da sakamakon binciken, da kuma gwargwadon yadda mai bayarwa zai iya amincewa ya kasance cikin binciken bincike. <ref name="whoowns">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawkins AK, O'Doherty KC |date=October 2011 |title="Who owns your poop?": insights regarding the intersection of human microbiome research and the ELSI aspects of biobanking and related studies |journal=BMC Medical Genomics |volume=4 |doi=10.1186/1755-8794-4-72 |pmc=3199231 |pmid=21982589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da izini, babban batun shine cewa bankunan bio yawanci suna tattara samfura da bayanai don dalilai na bincike da yawa a nan gaba kuma ba zai yiwu a sami takamaiman izini don duk wani bincike da zai yiwu a nan gaba ba. An tattauna cewa yarda sau ɗaya ko kuma yarda mai faɗi don dalilai daban-daban na bincike ba zai iya wadatar da buƙatun ɗabi'a da na shari'a ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ewing AT, Erby LA, Bollinger J, Tetteyfio E, Ricks-Santi LJ, Kaufman D |date=April 2015 |title=Demographic differences in willingness to provide broad and narrow consent for biobank research |journal=Biopreservation and Biobanking |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1089/bio.2014.0032 |pmc=4574731 |pmid=25825819}}</ref> Yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi wata hanya ce ta amincewa wadda za ta iya dacewa da harkokin banki na biobank, domin tana ba da damar ci gaba da hulɗa da sadarwa tsakanin masu bincike da masu ba da samfurin/bayanai a kan lokaci. == Shugabanci == Babu wani tsari na jagororin shugabanci da aka amince da shi a duniya wanda aka tsara don aiki tare da bankunan bio. Bankunan bio yawanci suna ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da manyan shawarwari waɗanda aka yarda da su a duniya don binciken abubuwan da ɗan adam ya yi da kuma jagororin canji yayin da suke sabuntawa. Ga nau'ikan bincike da dama, musamman ma binciken likitanci, kulawa tana zuwa ne daga hukumar bita ta cibiyoyi . A kan haka, hukumomin bita na cibiyoyi galibi suna aiwatar da ƙa'idodin da gwamnatin ƙasarsu ta gindaya. Zuwa matakai daban-daban, dokar da ƙasashe daban-daban ke amfani da ita galibi ana yin ta ne bisa shawarwarin da aka gabatar a ƙasashen duniya game da harkokin banki na biobanks. === Manyan ƙungiyoyi === Wasu misalan ƙungiyoyi da suka shiga cikin ƙirƙirar rubutattun jagororin banki na bio sune kamar haka: <ref name="trends" /> Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya, Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Duniya, Majalisar Turai, Ƙungiyar Halittar Dan Adam, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]], da [[UNESCO]] . Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ma'ajiyar Halittu da Muhalli (ISBER) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ke ba da damar haɗin gwiwa, ilimi, da kirkire-kirkire tare da daidaita hanyoyin magance ƙalubalen da ke tasowa a cikin ma'ajiyar halittu da muhalli. ISBER tana haɗa ma'ajiyar bayanai a duk duniya ta hanyar mafi kyawun ayyuka. An ƙaddamar da ISBER Best Practices, Fourth Edition a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2018 tare da ƙarin LN2 wanda aka ƙaddamar a farkon Mayu 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ISBER Best Practices For Repositories - ISBER |url=https://www.isber.org/page/BPR |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=www.isber.org}}</ref> === Tarihi === A shekarar 1998, Majalisar Dokokin Iceland ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Bayanan Lafiya . Wannan doka ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar bankin halittu na ƙasa a wannan ƙasar. A shekarar 1999, Hukumar Ba da Shawara Kan Halittu ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke ɗauke da shawarwarin manufofi game da sarrafa samfuran halittu na ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2005, Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Daji ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta kafa Ofishin Bincike kan Halittu da Binciken Halittu domin ta sami wani sashe na kafa bayanai na gama gari da kuma hanyoyin aiki na yau da kullun ga ƙungiyoyin abokan hulɗarta tare da tarin samfuran halittu. <ref name="implications" /> A shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da wata manufa kan samfuran halittu na ɗan adam, wadda ta kasance sabuwar hanya don tattauna batutuwa na musamman ga bankunan halittu. <ref name="implications" /> === tattalin arziki === Masu bincike sun yi kira da a yi cikakken nazari kan fannonin tattalin arziki na Biobanks, musamman wadanda gwamnati ta taimaka musu. [1] Ana samun kuɗaɗen bankunan halittu na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar gwamnati/masu zaman kansu, tare da haɗin gwiwar majalisun bincike na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin agaji na likitanci, saka hannun jari na kamfanonin magunguna, da jarin kasuwancin fasahar kere-kere. [2] Ta wannan hanyar, bankunan halittu na ƙasa suna ba da damar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tattalin arziki tsakanin jihohi, al'ummar ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. An nuna cewa akwai wani kwarin gwiwa mai karfi na kasuwanci da ke karkashin tarin kayan nama na tsari. Ana iya ganin wannan musamman a fannin binciken kwayoyin halitta inda nazarin girman jama'a ya fi sauƙi ga fasahar ganewar asali maimakon nazarin tushen asalin cutar. [3] Idan aka yi la'akari da yuwuwar samun riba mai yawa, masu bincike Robert Mitchell da Catherine Waldby [1] sun yi jayayya cewa saboda bankunan biobanks suna ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na al'ummar ƙasa a matsayin masu shiga tsakani masu amfani, waɗanda ke ba da damar jikinsu da tarihin likitanci masu zuwa su ƙirƙiri albarkatu tare da yuwuwar kasuwanci, ya kamata a ɗauki gudummawarsu a matsayin nau'in "aikin asibiti" don haka mahalarta su ma su amfana ta fuskar tattalin arziki. === Shari'o'in shari'a === Akwai lokutan da aka yi jayayya kan mallakar samfuran ɗan adam da aka adana kuma aka kai su kotu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Moore da Regents na Jami'ar California * Cibiyar Bincike ta Asibitin Yara ta Greenberg da Miami == Duba kuma == * Ma'ajiyar Halitta * Bayanan Halittu * Bankin Gene * Tsarin zanen yatsa na kwayoyin halitta * Kwayoyin Halitta * [[Kwayar halitta|Nau'in Halitta]] * Penn Medicine BioBank == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Biobanks}} * [http://specimencentral.com/biobank-directory/ Jerin wuraren adana bayanai na asali na samfurin tsakiya], Jerin wuraren adana bayanai na biobanks da wuraren adana bayanai na duniya * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071111173038/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/wiredscience/story/66-biobanking.html Gaɓoɓin da aka Girba Sun Juya Halin Magani] - [[PBS|Rahoton PBS]] / ''Kimiyyar Waya'' na 2007 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0ES0yDWryM Bidiyon biobank na mintuna 8 da Genetic Alliance ta yi] * [http://www.isber.org/default.asp? Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ma'ajiyar Halittu da Muhalli (ISBER)] Archived {{Personal genomics}}{{Research participant rights}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iteze8y2ljsu3rs64phgwcu67l8qtas 968403 968402 2026-10-16T20:44:53Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 968403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:PKU-test.jpg|thumb| Ana ɗaukar samfuran jini daga jariri a [[Sweden]] don ajiyar bayanan PKU na ƙasa.]] '''Bankin biobank''' wani nau'in adana halittu ne da ke adana samfuran halittu (yawanci ɗan adam) don amfani a bincike. Bankunan biobanks sun zama muhimmin tushe a binciken likitanci, suna tallafawa nau'ikan bincike na zamani kamar kwayoyin halitta da magani na musamman . Bankunan halittu na iya bai wa masu bincike damar samun bayanai da ke wakiltar adadi mai yawa na mutane. Sau da yawa masu bincike da yawa za su iya amfani da samfuran da ke cikin bankunan halittu da bayanan da aka samo daga waɗannan samfuran don nazarin bincike na manufa daban-daban. Misali, cututtuka da yawa suna da alaƙa da polymorphisms na nucleotide guda ɗaya . Nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da bayanai daga dubban mutane ko ɗaruruwan dubban mutane na iya gano waɗannan alaƙar kwayoyin halitta a matsayin alamun cututtuka masu yuwuwa. Masu bincike da yawa sun sha wahala wajen samun isassun samfura kafin zuwan biobanks. Kamfanonin Biobanks sun jawo tambayoyi kan sirri, ɗabi'un bincike, da kuma [[Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya|ɗabi'un likitanci]] . Ra'ayoyi kan abin da ya ƙunshi ɗabi'un bankin biobank sun bambanta. Duk da haka, an cimma matsaya cewa gudanar da bankunan bio ba tare da kafa ƙa'idodi da manufofi masu kyau da aka yi la'akari da su ba na iya zama illa ga al'ummomin da ke shiga cikin shirye-shiryen biobanks. == Bayani == Kalmar "biobank" ta fara bayyana ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 kuma kalma ce mai faɗi da ta bunƙasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hewitt R, Watson P |date=October 2013 |title=Defining biobank |journal=Biopreservation and Biobanking |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=309–15 |doi=10.1089/bio.2013.0042 |pmid=24835262}}</ref> <ref name="trends">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cambon-Thomsen A, Rial-Sebbag E, Knoppers BM |date=August 2007 |title=Trends in ethical and legal frameworks for the use of human biobanks |url=http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00168261 |journal=The European Respiratory Journal |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=373–82 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00165006 |pmid=17666560 |s2cid=15217640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ma'anar ɗaya ita ce "tarin kayan halitta na ɗan adam da bayanai masu alaƙa da aka adana don dalilai ɗaya ko fiye na bincike." <ref name="foundation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hewitt RE |date=January 2011 |title=Biobanking: the foundation of personalized medicine |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32834161b8 |pmid=21076300 |s2cid=205547716}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kauffmann F, Cambon-Thomsen A |date=May 2008 |title=Tracing biological collections: between books and clinical trials |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=19 |pages=2316–8 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.19.2316 |pmid=18492973}}</ref> Tarin tsire-tsire, dabbobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran kayan da ba na ɗan adam ba kuma ana iya siffanta su da wuraren adana halittu amma a wasu tattaunawa kalmar an keɓe ta ne ga samfuran ɗan adam. <ref name="foundation" /> Bankunan halittu galibi suna haɗa da wuraren adanawa masu ban mamaki don samfuran. <ref name="wired">{{Cite magazine|url-status=157–161, 182, 184, 188, 190}}</ref> Suna iya bambanta daga firiji zuwa rumbun adanawa, kuma cibiyoyi kamar asibitoci, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kamfanonin magunguna ne ke kula da su. <ref name="wired" /> Ana iya rarraba Biobanks ta hanyar manufa ko ƙira. Bankunan halittu masu alaƙa da cututtuka galibi suna da alaƙa da asibiti inda suke tattara samfuran da ke wakiltar cututtuka iri-iri, wataƙila don neman alamun cutar da ke da alaƙa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bevilacqua G, Bosman F, Dassesse T, Höfler H, Janin A, Langer R, Larsimont D, Morente MM, Riegman P, Schirmacher P, Stanta G, Zatloukal K, Caboux E, Hainaut P |date=April 2010 |title=The role of the pathologist in tissue banking: European Consensus Expert Group Report |journal=Virchows Archiv |volume=456 |issue=4 |pages=449–54 |doi=10.1007/s00428-010-0887-7 |pmc=2852521 |pmid=20157825}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paskal W, Paskal AM, Dębski T, Gryziak M, Jaworowski J |date=October 2018 |title=Aspects of Modern Biobank Activity - Comprehensive Review |journal=Pathology & Oncology Research |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=771–785 |doi=10.1007/s12253-018-0418-4 |pmc=6132819 |pmid=29728978}}</ref> Bankunan halittu masu tushen jama'a ba sa buƙatar takamaiman alaƙar asibiti domin suna ɗaukar samfura daga adadi mai yawa na mutane iri-iri, wataƙila don neman alamun cutar don kamuwa da ita a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riegman PH, Morente MM, Betsou F, de Blasio P, Geary P |date=October 2008 |title=Biobanking for better healthcare |journal=Molecular Oncology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=213–22 |doi=10.1016/j.molonc.2008.07.004 |pmc=5527804 |pmid=19383342}}</ref> * Bankunan halittu na kama-da-wane suna haɗa ƙungiyoyin cututtuka cikin wani yanki na gama gari. Bankunan halittu na kama-da-wane suna ba da damar tattara samfuran don cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa. <ref name="Labant">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Labant MA |date=Jan 15, 2012 |title=Biobank Diversity Facilitates Drug & Diagnostic Development |url=http://genengnews.com/gen-articles/biobank-diversity-facilitates-drug-diagnostic-development/3983/ |journal=Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News |volume=32 |issue=2 |page=42,44 |doi=10.1089/gen.32.2.21 |issn=1935-472X |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> * Bankunan nama suna tattarawa da adana nama na ɗan adam don dasawa da bincike. Yayin da bankunan bio suka ƙara ƙarfi, ana sa ran bankunan nama za su haɗu da bankunan bio. <ref name="Labant" /> * [[Organ bank|Bankin gabobi]] wani nau'in biobank ne da aka tsara wanda zai adana dukkan gabobi, yawanci ana kiyaye su a ɓoye, da nufin amfani da shi don dashen bayan gano majiyyaci da ya dace. Ana hasashen cewa gaɓoɓin da aka kiyaye su a ɓoye na iya rayuwa a cikin gaɓoɓin na tsawon shekaru, maimakon awanni kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khaydukova |first=Irina V. |last2=Ivannikova |first2=Valeria M. |last3=Zhidkov |first3=Dmitry A. |last4=Belikov |first4=Nikita V. |last5=Peshkova |first5=Maria A. |last6=Timashev |first6=Peter S. |last7=Tsiganov |first7=Dmitry I. |last8=Pushkarev |first8=Aleksandr V. |date=2024-10-16 |title=Current State and Challenges of Tissue and Organ Cryopreservation in Biobanking |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=25 |issue=20 |doi=10.3390/ijms252011124 |pmc=11508709 |pmid=39456905 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Population bank|Bankunan yawan jama'a]] suna adana kayan halitta da kuma halaye masu alaƙa kamar salon rayuwa, bayanan asibiti, da muhalli. <ref name="Labant" /> A shekara ta 2008, masu bincike a Amurka sun adana samfura miliyan 270 a cikin bankunan bio, kuma adadin sabbin samfura da aka tattara ya kai miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. Waɗannan alkaluma suna wakiltar wani muhimmin sauyi a duniya a yanayin bincike tsakanin lokacin da ba za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan adadin samfuran ba da kuma lokacin da masu bincike suka fara buƙatar su. <ref name="implications" /> Gabaɗaya, masu bincike sun fara ci gaba fiye da cibiyoyin bincike na cibiya ɗaya zuwa ga tsarin bincike na zamani wanda ya bambanta da na zamani. <ref name="governance">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fullerton SM, Anderson NR, Guzauskas G, Freeman D, Fryer-Edwards K |date=January 2010 |title=Meeting the governance challenges of next-generation biorepository research |journal=Science Translational Medicine |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=15cm3 |doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3000361 |pmc=3038212 |pmid=20371468}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙalubalen da zuwan bankunan halittu suka haifar sun haɗa da batutuwan ɗabi'a, shari'a, da zamantakewa da suka shafi wanzuwarsu, gami da adalcin tattara gudummawa daga al'ummomin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali, samar da izini ga masu ba da gudummawa, hanyoyin bayyana bayanai ga mahalarta, haƙƙin mallakar kadarorin fasaha, da kuma sirri da tsaron masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda suka shiga. <ref name="implications" /> Saboda waɗannan sabbin matsalolin, masu bincike da masu tsara manufofi sun fara buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanar da bincike. <ref name="governance" /> Masu bincike da yawa sun gano cewa fannin hada-hadar halittu a matsayin muhimmin yanki na ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa domin bunkasa gano magunguna da kuma bunkasa magunguna . <ref name="foundation" /> == Nau'i da aikace-aikace == === Binciken kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam === A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa duk da cewa yawancin cututtuka ana haifar da su aƙalla wani ɓangare na wani ɓangaren kwayoyin halitta, ƙananan cututtuka ne ke haifar da kwayar halitta guda ɗaya mai lahani; yawancin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta suna faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan kwayoyin halitta da yawa akan kwayoyin halitta da yawa. <ref name="underpinnings">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greely HT |year=2007 |title=The uneasy ethical and legal underpinnings of large-scale genomic biobanks |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=8 |pages=343–64 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115721 |pmid=17550341 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda dabarar duba kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya kawai ba ta da tasiri wajen gano abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta na cututtuka da yawa, kuma saboda sabuwar fasaha ta jawo kuɗin nazarin kwayar halitta ɗaya maimakon yin gwajin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya, masana kimiyya sun fara tattara bayanai masu yawa na kwayoyin halitta lokacin da za a tattara su kwata-kwata. <ref name="underpinnings" /> A lokaci guda kuma ci gaban fasaha ya ba da damar raba bayanai sosai, don haka lokacin da aka tattara bayanai, masana kimiyya da yawa da ke yin aikin kwayoyin halitta sun gano cewa samun damar bayanai daga na'urorin daukar hoto na kwayoyin halitta da aka tattara saboda kowane dalili zai zama da amfani a wasu nau'ikan binciken kwayoyin halitta da yawa. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Ganin cewa kafin bayanai su kasance a dakin gwaje-gwaje ɗaya, yanzu masana kimiyya sun fara adana bayanai masu yawa na kwayoyin halitta a wurare daban-daban don amfanin al'umma da kuma raba su. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Sakamakon nan take na yin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta da raba bayanai shi ne gano yawancin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya, tare da nasarar farko ita ce ci gaba daga gano kimanin 10,000 daga cikinsu tare da gwajin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya da kuma kafin biobanks idan aka kwatanta da 500,000 a shekarar 2007 bayan an yi amfani da tsarin duba kwayoyin halitta na tsawon wasu shekaru. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Akwai wata matsala; wannan canjin aiki ya ba da damar tattara bayanan [[Kwayar halitta|nau'in halittu]], amma bai zo tare da tsarin tattara bayanan nau'in halittu masu alaƙa ba. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Duk da cewa bayanan nau'in halittar sun fito ne daga samfurin halitta kamar samfurin jini, bayanan nau'in halittar dole ne su fito ne daga binciken mai ba da samfurin tare da hira, kimantawa ta jiki, sake duba tarihin likita, ko wani tsari wanda zai iya zama da wahala a shirya. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Ko da lokacin da aka samu wannan bayanin, akwai rashin tabbas game da ɗabi'a game da yadda da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya kiyaye haƙƙin marasa lafiya ta hanyar haɗa shi da bayanan kwayoyin halitta. <ref name="underpinnings" /> An fara haɓaka cibiyar bankin halittu don adana bayanan kwayoyin halitta, haɗa shi da bayanan siffofi, da kuma samar da shi ga masu bincike waɗanda ke buƙatarsa. <ref name="underpinnings" /> Bankunan halittu, ciki har da samfuran gwajin kwayoyin halitta, an yi su ne a tarihi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mafi yawan samfuran daga mutane daga zuriyar Turai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fisher ER, Pratt R, Esch R, Kocher M, Wilson K, Lee W, Zierhut HA |date=February 2020 |title=The role of race and ethnicity in views toward and participation in genetic studies and precision medicine research in the United States: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies |url= |journal=Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/mgg3.1099 |pmc=7005620 |pmid=31867882 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar rarraba samfuran biobanks kuma masu bincike ya kamata su yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke shafar ƙarancin wakilcin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ewing AT, Turner AD, Sakyi KS, Elmi A, Towson M, Slade JL, Dobs AS, Ford JG, Erby LH |date=September 2020 |title=Amplifying Their Voices: Advice, Guidance, and Perceived Value of Cancer Biobanking Research Among an Older, Diverse Cohort |journal=Journal of Cancer Education |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=683–693 |doi=10.1007/s13187-020-01869-0 |pmc=10286728 |pmid=32975747 |s2cid=221917485}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ewing AT, Kalu N, Cain G, Erby LH, Ricks-Santi LJ, Tetteyfio-Kidd Telemaque E, Scott DM |date=October 2019 |title=Factors associated with willingness to provide biospecimens for genetics research among African American cancer survivors |url= |journal=Journal of Community Genetics |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=471–480 |doi=10.1007/s12687-019-00411-0 |pmc=6754482 |pmid=30877487}}</ref> === Kare muhalli, dawo da muhalli da kuma injiniyan ƙasa === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  A watan Nuwamba na 2020, masana kimiyya sun fara tattara gutsuttsuran halittu masu rai, nama da samfuran DNA na murjani masu fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa daga Babban Barrier Reef don wani wurin ajiyar halittu na rigakafi don yiwuwar ayyukan gyara da gyara nan gaba. Watanni kaɗan da suka gabata, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Ostiraliya ta ba da rahoton cewa sun haɓaka irin waɗannan murjani don su fi jure zafi. == Samfuran Halittu == Ana ɗaukar [[Misali na dakin gwaje-gwaje|samfuran]] da aka adana a bankin biobank kuma aka ba wa masu bincike ta hanyar ɗaukar samfur . Nau'in samfurin sun haɗa da [[jini]], [[fitsari]], ƙwayoyin fata, nama na gabobi, da sauran kayayyaki. A kullum, hanyoyin da ake bi wajen ɗaukar samfurin nama suna ƙara zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai, wani lokacin kuma suna amfani da MRI don tantance takamaiman wuraren da ya kamata a yi amfani da su wajen ɗaukar samfurin. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heavey S, Haider A, Sridhar A, Pye H, Shaw G, Freeman A, Whitaker H |date=October 2019 |title=Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10085244/ |journal=Journal of Visualized Experiments |issue=152 |doi=10.3791/60216 |pmid=31657791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Heavey S, Costa H, Pye H, Burt EC, Jenkinson S, Lewis GR, Bosshard-Carter L, Watson F, Jameson C, Ratynska M, Ben-Salha I, Haider A, Johnston EW, Feber A, Shaw G, Sridhar A, Nathan S, Rajan P, Briggs TP, Sooriakumaran P, Kelly JD, Freeman A, Whitaker HC |date=May 2019 |title=PEOPLE: PatiEnt prOstate samPLes for rEsearch, a tissue collection pathway utilizing magnetic resonance imaging data to target tumor and benign tissue in fresh radical prostatectomy specimens |journal=The Prostate |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=768–777 |doi=10.1002/pros.23782 |pmc=6618051 |pmid=30807665}}</ref> Bankin biobank yana ajiye waɗannan samfuran a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi har sai mai bincike ya buƙaci su don yin gwaji, yin gwaji, ko yin bincike.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2011}} === Ajiya === Bankunan halittu, kamar sauran bayanan DNA, dole ne su adana su a hankali kuma su rubuta damar samun samfura da bayanan masu bayarwa. <ref name="Macleod">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Macleod AK, Liewald DC, McGilchrist MM, Morris AD, Kerr SM, Porteous DJ |date=February 2009 |title=Some principles and practices of genetic biobanking studies |journal=The European Respiratory Journal |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=419–25 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00043508 |pmid=19181915 |s2cid=6669308 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne a kula da samfuran yadda ya kamata tare da rage lalacewarsu a tsawon lokaci, kuma dole ne a kare su daga lalacewa ta jiki, duka da gangan ko kuma da gangan. Ana adana rajistar kowane samfurin da ke shiga da fita daga tsarin a tsakiya, yawanci akan tsarin kwamfuta wanda za'a iya ajiyewa akai-akai. <ref name="Macleod" /> An lura da wurin da kowanne samfurin yake a zahiri don ba da damar wurin da samfuran ke cikin sauri. Tsarin adana bayanai yana cire sunayen samfura don girmama sirrin masu ba da gudummawa kuma yana ba masu bincike damar yin bincike. <ref name="Macleod" /> Ana ajiye bayanan, gami da bayanan asibiti, daban tare da wata hanya mai aminci don haɗa bayanan asibiti da samfuran nama. <ref name="Macleod" /> A wasu lokutan ana amfani da adana samfuran a yanayin zafi na ɗaki, kuma an ƙirƙiro su ne don mayar da martani ga rashin amfanin ajiyar ƙananan zafin jiki, kamar farashi da yuwuwar lalacewar injin daskarewa. <ref name="Macleod" /> Tsarin da ake da shi a yanzu ƙanana ne kuma suna da ikon adana kusan samfuran 40,000 a cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa goma na sararin da ake buƙata ta hanyar {{Convert|-80|°C|°F|0}} injin daskarewa. Ana adana samfuran da aka kwafi ko aka raba a wurare daban-daban don tsaro. <ref name="Macleod" /> === Mallaka === Wata takaddama game da manyan rumbun adana bayanai na kayan kwayoyin halitta ita ce batun mallakar samfura. Tun daga shekarar 2007, [[Ayislan|Iceland]] tana da dokoki daban-daban guda uku kan mallakar samfuran zahiri da kuma bayanan da ke ɗauke da su. Dokar Iceland ta ce gwamnatin Iceland tana da haƙƙin riƙe samfuran da kanta yayin da masu ba da gudummawa ke riƙe haƙƙin mallaka. <ref name="property" /> Sabanin haka, [[Tonga]] da [[Istoniya|Estonia]] suna ba gwamnati ikon mallakar samfuran biobank, amma dokokinsu sun haɗa da kariyar haƙƙin masu ba da gudummawa. <ref name="property" /> == Ɗabi'a == Babban abin da ke tasowa a fannin nazarin halittu shine lokacin da mai bincike yake son tattara samfurin ɗan adam don bincike. Idan haka ta faru, wasu batutuwa da ke tasowa sun haɗa da waɗannan: haƙƙin sirri ga mahalarta bincike, mallakar samfurin da bayanan da aka samo, gwargwadon yadda mai bayarwa zai iya rabawa a cikin dawo da sakamakon binciken, da kuma gwargwadon yadda mai bayarwa zai iya amincewa ya kasance cikin binciken bincike. <ref name="whoowns">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawkins AK, O'Doherty KC |date=October 2011 |title="Who owns your poop?": insights regarding the intersection of human microbiome research and the ELSI aspects of biobanking and related studies |journal=BMC Medical Genomics |volume=4 |doi=10.1186/1755-8794-4-72 |pmc=3199231 |pmid=21982589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da izini, babban batun shine cewa bankunan bio yawanci suna tattara samfura da bayanai don dalilai na bincike da yawa a nan gaba kuma ba zai yiwu a sami takamaiman izini don duk wani bincike da zai yiwu a nan gaba ba. An tattauna cewa yarda sau ɗaya ko kuma yarda mai faɗi don dalilai daban-daban na bincike ba zai iya wadatar da buƙatun ɗabi'a da na shari'a ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ewing AT, Erby LA, Bollinger J, Tetteyfio E, Ricks-Santi LJ, Kaufman D |date=April 2015 |title=Demographic differences in willingness to provide broad and narrow consent for biobank research |journal=Biopreservation and Biobanking |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1089/bio.2014.0032 |pmc=4574731 |pmid=25825819}}</ref> Yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi wata hanya ce ta amincewa wadda za ta iya dacewa da harkokin banki na biobank, domin tana ba da damar ci gaba da hulɗa da sadarwa tsakanin masu bincike da masu ba da samfurin/bayanai a kan lokaci. == Shugabanci == Babu wani tsari na jagororin shugabanci da aka amince da shi a duniya wanda aka tsara don aiki tare da bankunan bio. Bankunan bio yawanci suna ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da manyan shawarwari waɗanda aka yarda da su a duniya don binciken abubuwan da ɗan adam ya yi da kuma jagororin canji yayin da suke sabuntawa. Ga nau'ikan bincike da dama, musamman ma binciken likitanci, kulawa tana zuwa ne daga hukumar bita ta cibiyoyi . A kan haka, hukumomin bita na cibiyoyi galibi suna aiwatar da ƙa'idodin da gwamnatin ƙasarsu ta gindaya. Zuwa matakai daban-daban, dokar da ƙasashe daban-daban ke amfani da ita galibi ana yin ta ne bisa shawarwarin da aka gabatar a ƙasashen duniya game da harkokin banki na biobanks. === Manyan ƙungiyoyi === Wasu misalan ƙungiyoyi da suka shiga cikin ƙirƙirar rubutattun jagororin banki na bio sune kamar haka: <ref name="trends" /> Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya, Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Duniya, Majalisar Turai, Ƙungiyar Halittar Dan Adam, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]], da [[UNESCO]] . Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ma'ajiyar Halittu da Muhalli (ISBER) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ke ba da damar haɗin gwiwa, ilimi, da kirkire-kirkire tare da daidaita hanyoyin magance ƙalubalen da ke tasowa a cikin ma'ajiyar halittu da muhalli. ISBER tana haɗa ma'ajiyar bayanai a duk duniya ta hanyar mafi kyawun ayyuka. An ƙaddamar da ISBER Best Practices, Fourth Edition a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2018 tare da ƙarin LN2 wanda aka ƙaddamar a farkon Mayu 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ISBER Best Practices For Repositories - ISBER |url=https://www.isber.org/page/BPR |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=www.isber.org}}</ref> === Tarihi === A shekarar 1998, Majalisar Dokokin Iceland ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Bayanan Lafiya . Wannan doka ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar bankin halittu na ƙasa a wannan ƙasar. A shekarar 1999, Hukumar Ba da Shawara Kan Halittu ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke ɗauke da shawarwarin manufofi game da sarrafa samfuran halittu na ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2005, Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Daji ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta kafa Ofishin Bincike kan Halittu da Binciken Halittu domin ta sami wani sashe na kafa bayanai na gama gari da kuma hanyoyin aiki na yau da kullun ga ƙungiyoyin abokan hulɗarta tare da tarin samfuran halittu. <ref name="implications" /> A shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da wata manufa kan samfuran halittu na ɗan adam, wadda ta kasance sabuwar hanya don tattauna batutuwa na musamman ga bankunan halittu. <ref name="implications" /> === tattalin arziki === Masu bincike sun yi kira da a yi cikakken nazari kan fannonin tattalin arziki na Biobanks, musamman wadanda gwamnati ta taimaka musu. [1] Ana samun kuɗaɗen bankunan halittu na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar gwamnati/masu zaman kansu, tare da haɗin gwiwar majalisun bincike na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin agaji na likitanci, saka hannun jari na kamfanonin magunguna, da jarin kasuwancin fasahar kere-kere. [2] Ta wannan hanyar, bankunan halittu na ƙasa suna ba da damar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tattalin arziki tsakanin jihohi, al'ummar ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. An nuna cewa akwai wani kwarin gwiwa mai karfi na kasuwanci da ke karkashin tarin kayan nama na tsari. Ana iya ganin wannan musamman a fannin binciken kwayoyin halitta inda nazarin girman jama'a ya fi sauƙi ga fasahar ganewar asali maimakon nazarin tushen asalin cutar. [3] Idan aka yi la'akari da yuwuwar samun riba mai yawa, masu bincike Robert Mitchell da Catherine Waldby [1] sun yi jayayya cewa saboda bankunan biobanks suna ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na al'ummar ƙasa a matsayin masu shiga tsakani masu amfani, waɗanda ke ba da damar jikinsu da tarihin likitanci masu zuwa su ƙirƙiri albarkatu tare da yuwuwar kasuwanci, ya kamata a ɗauki gudummawarsu a matsayin nau'in "aikin asibiti" don haka mahalarta su ma su amfana ta fuskar tattalin arziki. === Shari'o'in shari'a === Akwai lokutan da aka yi jayayya kan mallakar samfuran ɗan adam da aka adana kuma aka kai su kotu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Moore da Regents na Jami'ar California * Cibiyar Bincike ta Asibitin Yara ta Greenberg da Miami == Duba kuma == * Ma'ajiyar Halitta * Bayanan Halittu * Bankin Gene * Tsarin zanen yatsa na kwayoyin halitta * Kwayoyin Halitta * [[Kwayar halitta|Nau'in Halitta]] * Penn Medicine BioBank == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat|Biobanks}} * [http://specimencentral.com/biobank-directory/ Jerin wuraren adana bayanai na asali na samfurin tsakiya], Jerin wuraren adana bayanai na biobanks da wuraren adana bayanai na duniya * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071111173038/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/wiredscience/story/66-biobanking.html Gaɓoɓin da aka Girba Sun Juya Halin Magani] - [[PBS|Rahoton PBS]] / ''Kimiyyar Waya'' na 2007 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0ES0yDWryM Bidiyon biobank na mintuna 8 da Genetic Alliance ta yi] * [http://www.isber.org/default.asp? Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ma'ajiyar Halittu da Muhalli (ISBER)] Archived {{Personal genomics}}{{Research participant rights}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l1fw5ntnzi89mdpiju635hdw1ciojv5 0 179411 968404 2026-10-16T20:45:59Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354709368|Church of the Assumption of Mary, Koryciny]]" 968404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cocin Assumption na Maryamu''' gini ne na tarihi wanda aka gina shi a matsayin cocin Uniate, daga baya cocin Orthodox, kuma tun daga 1923 cocin Roman Katolika. An gina shi a cikin 1709 a Grodzisk, an sake shi a cikin 2016 zuwa Koryciny . Ikklisiyar Orthodox a Grodzisk ta wanzu kafin 1604, lokacin da aka fara ambaton cocin katako. Ba a san ko al'ummar yankin sun ci gaba da kasancewa mabiya addinin Orthodox ko kuma sun rungumi Tarayyar Brest gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1596 ba. Ginin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu, wanda Drohiczyn starosta Marek Antoni Butler ya dauki nauyin ginawa, ya maye gurbin tsohon gini a shekarar 1709. Kamar dukkan majami'un Uniate da ke Podlachia, tana da kayan daki na Latin, gami da gabobin jiki, kuma bayan 1726, ba ta da wani tsari na musamman . Kwafin Hoton Sokalska na Uwar Allah, wanda wataƙila ana girmama shi tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, ya kasance wurin ibada mai mahimmanci. Tsakanin 1835 da 1838, an cire yawancin abubuwan Latin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin kawar da Latinism wanda ke shirya diocese na Uniate Lithuania don canzawa zuwa Orthodoxy. Da yawa daga cikin gumakan Uniate, ciki har da Alamar Sokalska, sun ci gaba da kasancewa ana girmama su bayan rikidewar cocin zuwa Orthodoxy a watan Fabrairun 1839, bayan taron majalisar Krista na Polotsk, wanda ya soke Cocin Uniate a wajen Eparchy na Chełm–Belz . Limamin cocin ya yarda ya musulunta a shekarar 1838. Cocin ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1891, lokacin da aka kammala sabuwar cocin Orthodox a Grodzisk. An yi watsi da tsohon ginin, tare da mayar da wasu kayan daki zuwa sabuwar cocin. A shekarar 1923, an sake gina cocin Roman Katolika kuma an daidaita shi da ibadar Latin. Ta yi wannan aikin har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, lokacin da aka gina babban cocin Katolika na tubali a Grodzisk, wanda ya bar cocin katako ba a amfani da shi. Har zuwa shekarar 2016, cocin yana tsakiyar Grodzisk, kusa da sabuwar cocin Katolika da kuma gaban Cocin Orthodox na St. Nicholas. A shekarar 2016, an mayar da ita Koryciny. An saka ginin a cikin Rijistar Tarihin Poland a ƙarƙashin Lamba ta 282 a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1966. <ref name="zabytek">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Rejestr zabytków nieruchomych województwa podlaskiego |trans-title=Register of immovable monuments of Podlaskie Voivodeship |url=https://nid.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PDL-rej_31.01.2025.pdf |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=nid.pl |publisher= |page=59 |language=pl}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Cocin farko a Grodzisk === Tarihin cocin Grodzisk na farko ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1604. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mołotowicz |first=M. |date=2012 |title=Historia parafii św. Mikołaja Cudotwórcy w Grodzisku |trans-title=History of the Parish of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Grodzisk |journal=Kalendarz Prawosławny |language=pl |location=Warsaw |publisher=Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna |volume= |pages=175–178 |issn=1425-2171}}</ref> Matsayinta na ɗarika a lokacin ba shi da tabbas. Ikilisiyar ta amince da Tarayyar Brest a shekara ta 1596 tare da {{Interlanguage link|Eparchy of Volodymyr and Brest|pl|Eparchia włodzimiersko-brzeska}}, amma adawa da barin addinin Orthodox ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a yankin har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17. Cocin Uniate ya yaɗu ne kawai a rabin ƙarni na ƙarshe. Cocin da aka gina a shekarar 1709 babu shakka cocin Katolika ne na Unate. === Haɗa coci === Marek Antoni Butler ne ya tallafa wa cocin, Drohiczyn starosta, <ref name=":4" /> mai yiwuwa tare da tallafi daga mai ba da hayar Grodzisk Wiktoryn Kuczyński. <ref name="dro">{{Cite web |title=Grodzisk k. Siemiatycz – Parafia Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny |trans-title=Grodzisk near Siemiatycze – Parish of the Assumption of Mary |url=http://www.drohiczynska.pl/?action=parafia&id=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726182929/http://www.drohiczynska.pl/?action=parafia&id=23 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |access-date= |website=drohiczynska.pl |publisher= |language=pl}}</ref> Wani ziyara ta musamman da aka yi a shekarar 1726 ya bayyana ta a matsayin sabuwa, tare da rufin katako da kuma hasumiyar kararrawa mai zaman kanta, kewaye da makabarta. Tana da bagadai guda biyu masu hotunan Haihuwar Maryamu Mai Albarka da kuma St. Nicholas, tana riƙe da ƙofofin sarauta, kuma ta haɗa da sabon hoton Uwargidanmu ta baƙin ciki da ƙananan "hotuna na Moscow" guda takwas (gumaka daga zamanin Orthodox). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1757, an san St. Nicholas a matsayin mai kula da cocin, kuma rufin cocin da aka yi da katako mai rufin gida ɗaya yana buƙatar gyara. An umurci firist, Father Józef Artychowski, da ya gyara shi. <ref name=":0" /> Babban bagadin, wanda yayi kama da bagadin Latin, ya kasance hoton Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka, wataƙila Alamar Sokalska, wadda ta zama muhimmin abin bauta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Ba za a iya tantance ainihin shekarar da aka sanya hoton a cocin ba. A cewar wani hasashe, asalinsa ya fito ne daga gidan sufi na Benedictine da ke Łomża kuma wata mata mai suna Rybińska ta ba shi kyautar Cocin Ceto na Theotokos da ke Czarna Cerkiewna . Matar mai suna Femi ta mutu kafin a kawo hoton, kuma a maimakon haka ta ƙare a Siemiony, a wani gidan sarauta wanda mai shi ya yi niyyar ƙirƙirar wurin ibada na sirri. Duk da haka, Katolika na Girka sun sami nasarar satar hoton suka kuma kai shi ga Czarna Cerkiewna. Har yanzu ba a san yadda aka yi ya isa Grodzisk daga baya ba. A shekara ta 1789, an bayyana cocin a matsayin tsohuwar coci. <ref name=":0" /> Kafin wannan, an gina wani bagadi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 ko farkon ƙarni na 18 daga ɗakin ibada na Order of Saint Basil the Great a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] . An lura da cocin a shekarar 1784, ya yi wa mutane 694 hidima, galibi daga Makarki da Smarklice, tare da ƙananan adadi daga Grodzisk, Drochlin, da Sypnie. <ref name=":0" /> Jerin ƙungiyoyin Unate a cikin {{Interlanguage link|Diocese of Supraśl|pl|Diecezja supraska}} na 1798 ya tsallake Grodzisk, amma a shekarar 1838, an jera shi a cikin sashen bincike na Bielsk na diocese na babban birnin Uniate Vilnius, tare da mahalarta 738, 578 daga cikinsu sun cika ikirari da kuma addu'a a lokacin Azumi . Sauya zuwa al'adar Latin ba kasafai ake samu ba. A shekarun 1830, ƙungiyar Uniate Vilnius, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bishop Joseph Semashko, ta fara raba majami'un Uniate don shirya yadda za su shiga cikin Cocin Orthodox na Rasha . Cocin Grodzisk yana cikin manyan majami'u uku a cikin ɗakin karatu na Drohiczyn, tare da waɗanda ke Żerczyce da Boćki . A shekara ta 1836, ta sami littattafan ibada don ayyukan ibada na cocin. Kayan ɗakinta sun yi kama da na Latin, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cocin Podlachian Uniate, ba su da alamar iconostasis kuma suna da gabobin jiki . Musamman ma, ba shi da siborium irin na Latin. A shekara ta 1835, an gina wani wurin ajiye gumaka, babban bagadi, da kuma teburin bayar da kyaututtuka. Zuwa shekarar 1836, tana da cikakkun kayan ibada na Orthodox, kuma an cire gabobin. An jinkirta shigar da gumaka a cikin iconostasis, yayin da mai filaye Count Grzegorz Ossoliński ya ba da kuɗin tsarin iconostasis kawai, ba gumakan ba, wanda cocin suka ƙi ba da kuɗi. Uba Stefan Budziłowicz ya bukaci Ossoliński ya samar da kayan liturgical. A watan Yunin 1838, Kotun Ƙasa ta Drohiczyn ta yanke hukunci kan ikirarin Budziłowicz, amma roƙon da ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Lithuania ta yi wa gwamnan gundumar Białystok ya sa Ossoliński ya ba da kuɗin tallafin gumaka da kayan daki kafin ƙarshen 1838. An kuma cire wani mumbari na ƙarni na 18. [[File:Grób_ks._budiłowicza_i_córki.jpg|right|thumb|356x356px| Kabarin Uba Stefan Budziłowicz da jikarsa Sofia Zienkiewicz kusa da tsohuwar cocin]] A watan Maris na shekarar 1838, gwamnan gundumar Miedwieew ya soki shugaban cocin Drohiczyn saboda ya jure wa abubuwan Latin a coci-coci, ciki har da na Grodzisk. Shugaban ya nemi jagora daga ƙungiyar malaman addinin kirista kan abubuwan da aka yarda da su. Bishop {{Interlanguage link|Anthony Zubko|pl|Antoni (Zubko)}} na Mataimakin ya shiga tsakani, yana roƙon gwamnan Białystok Gunaropula da ya dakatar da tsangwamar Miedwiediew, kuma an amince da buƙatar. Father Budziłowicz ya amince ya koma addinin Orthodox a watan Yulin 1838. === Cocin Orthodox === A watan Fabrairun 1839, bayan taron majalisar Krista na Polotsk, cocin Grodzisk ya koma Orthodox. Cocin har yanzu ba shi da wasu kayan daki na Orthodox; a shekara ta 1840, Dean Piotr Baranowski ya nemi a ba shi tulu don ya sami ruwan ɗumi da kuma tanti kyauta. Akwai abubuwa da dama da suka rage a zamanin Uniate. A shekarar 1857, mutane 742 ne suka halarci cocin. <ref name=":0" /> Tsohon cocin Uniate ya yi wa cocin hidima har zuwa 1891, lokacin da aka gina sabuwar cocin Orthodox a gefen titi. Mummunan yanayin cocin katako ya sa aka sake gina shi, kuma aka daina amfani da shi. An mayar da Alamar Sokalska, wadda har yanzu ake girmamawa, zuwa sabuwar cocin. <ref name=":4" /> === Cocin Katolika === A shekarar 1923, Cocin Katolika na Roman ya kwace ginin kuma aka kafa shi a matsayin cocin coci. <ref name="dro" /> Daga 1924 zuwa 1926, an daidaita cikin ginin don ibadar Latin, tare da ƙarin gyare-gyare tsakanin 1956 da 1957 da 1964. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, sabuwar cocin Katolika da aka gina da tubali ta sa cocin katako ya tsufa. Yanayinta ya tabarbare. <ref name=":2" /> === Sauyawa === A shekarar 2010, mazauna yankin sun yi adawa da mayar da cocin zuwa {{Interlanguage link|Ciechanowiec Museum of Agriculture|pl|Muzeum Rolnictwa im. ks. Krzysztofa Kluka w Ciechanowcu}} . A shekarar 2016, an mayar da ita zuwa wani wurin shakatawa a Lambun Botanical na Podlachian da ke Koryciny, inda aka sake fara amfani da ita a al'adar ibada. <ref name="radio">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2016 |title=Wyświęcenie zabytkowego kościoła po przeniesieniu do Korycin [zdjęcia] |trans-title=Consecration of the historic church after relocation to Koryciny [photos] |url=http://www.radio.bialystok.pl/galerie/index/id/135198 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.radio.bialystok.pl |publisher= |language=pl}}</ref> == Gine-gine da kayan daki == Cocin gini ne na katako, mai tsari mai kyau, kuma an yi masa ado da allon katako, tare da tsarin tri-nave da rufin gable. Yana da wani babban rami mai sassa biyu, yana ƙunshe da gabas tare da rufewa mai gefe biyu, wanda aka haɗa da ɗakin ajiya da kuma wurin yin sacristy . Ginshiƙai suna nuna iyakokin ginin, kuma babban ginin yana da rufin da aka yi da ganga mai zagaye. Akwai wani bene mai hawa uku a saman ƙofar yamma. Babban cocin yana riƙe da bagadin Baroque daga Warsaw, tare da zane na Triniti Mai Tsarki na ƙarni na 19 a cikin teburinsa. Babban filin bagadin yana ɗauke da wani rukunin mala'iku masu sassaka suna girmama Maryamu (fuskarta an yi mata ado da ''Uwargidanmu ta Ƙofar Alfijir'' ), wanda aka ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na 20. Da farko, Alamar Sokalska ta mamaye wannan wuri, ta koma Cocin St. Nicholas a shekarar 1924. An rufe wannan rubutun da wani gunki na ƙarni na 18 na Dormition of theotokos. Akwai kuma wani bagadi a gefen ƙarni na 19 wanda aka zana hoton giciyen mutane, wani wurin ajiye ruwa mai tsarki na ƙarni na 18 (wanda a da wurin yin baftisma ne), wani wurin ajiye tanti da ke cikin ajiya, da kuma gicciyen jana'iza na farkon ƙarni na 19 tare da siffar Almasihu. <ref name=":2" /> A Grodzisk, cocin yana kusa da kabarin Father Stefan Budziłowicz, wanda shi ne babban firist na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar Uniate kuma firist na farko na Orthodox a ƙarni na 19, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1857. <ref name="dro" /> *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmxsn5ux8i0qx9bvpjyg14z1qywllun 968405 968404 2026-10-16T20:48:28Z Baffa ali 47435 968405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cocin Assumption na Maryamu''' gini ne na tarihi wanda aka gina shi a matsayin cocin Uniate, daga baya cocin Orthodox, kuma tun daga 1923 cocin Roman Katolika. An gina shi a cikin 1709 a Grodzisk, an sake shi a cikin 2016 zuwa Koryciny . Ikklisiyar Orthodox a Grodzisk ta wanzu kafin 1604, lokacin da aka fara ambaton cocin katako. Ba a san ko al'ummar yankin sun ci gaba da kasancewa mabiya addinin Orthodox ko kuma sun rungumi Tarayyar Brest gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1596 ba. Ginin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu, wanda Drohiczyn starosta Marek Antoni Butler ya dauki nauyin ginawa, ya maye gurbin tsohon gini a shekarar 1709. Kamar dukkan majami'un Uniate da ke Podlachia, tana da kayan daki na Latin, gami da gabobin jiki, kuma bayan 1726, ba ta da wani tsari na musamman . Kwafin Hoton Sokalska na Uwar Allah, wanda wataƙila ana girmama shi tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, ya kasance wurin ibada mai mahimmanci. Tsakanin 1835 da 1838, an cire yawancin abubuwan Latin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin kawar da Latinism wanda ke shirya diocese na Uniate Lithuania don canzawa zuwa Orthodoxy. Da yawa daga cikin gumakan Uniate, ciki har da Alamar Sokalska, sun ci gaba da kasancewa ana girmama su bayan rikidewar cocin zuwa Orthodoxy a watan Fabrairun 1839, bayan taron majalisar Krista na Polotsk, wanda ya soke Cocin Uniate a wajen Eparchy na Chełm–Belz . Limamin cocin ya yarda ya musulunta a shekarar 1838. Cocin ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1891, lokacin da aka kammala sabuwar cocin Orthodox a Grodzisk. An yi watsi da tsohon ginin, tare da mayar da wasu kayan daki zuwa sabuwar cocin. A shekarar 1923, an sake gina cocin Roman Katolika kuma an daidaita shi da ibadar Latin. Ta yi wannan aikin har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, lokacin da aka gina babban cocin Katolika na tubali a Grodzisk, wanda ya bar cocin katako ba a amfani da shi. Har zuwa shekarar 2016, cocin yana tsakiyar Grodzisk, kusa da sabuwar cocin Katolika da kuma gaban Cocin Orthodox na St. Nicholas. A shekarar 2016, an mayar da ita Koryciny. An saka ginin a cikin Rijistar Tarihin Poland a ƙarƙashin Lamba ta 282 a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1966. <ref name="zabytek">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Rejestr zabytków nieruchomych województwa podlaskiego |trans-title=Register of immovable monuments of Podlaskie Voivodeship |url=https://nid.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PDL-rej_31.01.2025.pdf |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=nid.pl |publisher= |page=59 |language=pl}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Cocin farko a Grodzisk === Tarihin cocin Grodzisk na farko ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1604. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mołotowicz |first=M. |date=2012 |title=Historia parafii św. Mikołaja Cudotwórcy w Grodzisku |trans-title=History of the Parish of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Grodzisk |journal=Kalendarz Prawosławny |language=pl |location=Warsaw |publisher=Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna |volume= |pages=175–178 |issn=1425-2171}}</ref> Matsayinta na ɗarika a lokacin ba shi da tabbas. Ikilisiyar ta amince da Tarayyar Brest a shekara ta 1596 tare da {{Interlanguage link|Eparchy of Volodymyr and Brest|pl|Eparchia włodzimiersko-brzeska}}, amma adawa da barin addinin Orthodox ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a yankin har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17. Cocin Uniate ya yaɗu ne kawai a rabin ƙarni na ƙarshe. Cocin da aka gina a shekarar 1709 babu shakka cocin Katolika ne na Unate. === Haɗa coci === Marek Antoni Butler ne ya tallafa wa cocin, Drohiczyn starosta, <ref name=":4" /> mai yiwuwa tare da tallafi daga mai ba da hayar Grodzisk Wiktoryn Kuczyński. <ref name="dro">{{Cite web |title=Grodzisk k. Siemiatycz – Parafia Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny |trans-title=Grodzisk near Siemiatycze – Parish of the Assumption of Mary |url=http://www.drohiczynska.pl/?action=parafia&id=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726182929/http://www.drohiczynska.pl/?action=parafia&id=23 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |access-date= |website=drohiczynska.pl |publisher= |language=pl}}</ref> Wani ziyara ta musamman da aka yi a shekarar 1726 ya bayyana ta a matsayin sabuwa, tare da rufin katako da kuma hasumiyar kararrawa mai zaman kanta, kewaye da makabarta. Tana da bagadai guda biyu masu hotunan Haihuwar Maryamu Mai Albarka da kuma St. Nicholas, tana riƙe da ƙofofin sarauta, kuma ta haɗa da sabon hoton Uwargidanmu ta baƙin ciki da ƙananan "hotuna na Moscow" guda takwas (gumaka daga zamanin Orthodox). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1757, an san St. Nicholas a matsayin mai kula da cocin, kuma rufin cocin da aka yi da katako mai rufin gida ɗaya yana buƙatar gyara. An umurci firist, Father Józef Artychowski, da ya gyara shi. <ref name=":0" /> Babban bagadin, wanda yayi kama da bagadin Latin, ya kasance hoton Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka, wataƙila Alamar Sokalska, wadda ta zama muhimmin abin bauta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Ba za a iya tantance ainihin shekarar da aka sanya hoton a cocin ba. A cewar wani hasashe, asalinsa ya fito ne daga gidan sufi na Benedictine da ke Łomża kuma wata mata mai suna Rybińska ta ba shi kyautar Cocin Ceto na Theotokos da ke Czarna Cerkiewna . Matar mai suna Femi ta mutu kafin a kawo hoton, kuma a maimakon haka ta ƙare a Siemiony, a wani gidan sarauta wanda mai shi ya yi niyyar ƙirƙirar wurin ibada na sirri. Duk da haka, Katolika na Girka sun sami nasarar satar hoton suka kuma kai shi ga Czarna Cerkiewna. Har yanzu ba a san yadda aka yi ya isa Grodzisk daga baya ba. A shekara ta 1789, an bayyana cocin a matsayin tsohuwar coci. <ref name=":0" /> Kafin wannan, an gina wani bagadi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 ko farkon ƙarni na 18 daga ɗakin ibada na Order of Saint Basil the Great a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] . An lura da cocin a shekarar 1784, ya yi wa mutane 694 hidima, galibi daga Makarki da Smarklice, tare da ƙananan adadi daga Grodzisk, Drochlin, da Sypnie. <ref name=":0" /> Jerin ƙungiyoyin Unate a cikin {{Interlanguage link|Diocese of Supraśl|pl|Diecezja supraska}} na 1798 ya tsallake Grodzisk, amma a shekarar 1838, an jera shi a cikin sashen bincike na Bielsk na diocese na babban birnin Uniate Vilnius, tare da mahalarta 738, 578 daga cikinsu sun cika ikirari da kuma addu'a a lokacin Azumi . Sauya zuwa al'adar Latin ba kasafai ake samu ba. A shekarun 1830, ƙungiyar Uniate Vilnius, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bishop Joseph Semashko, ta fara raba majami'un Uniate don shirya yadda za su shiga cikin Cocin Orthodox na Rasha . Cocin Grodzisk yana cikin manyan majami'u uku a cikin ɗakin karatu na Drohiczyn, tare da waɗanda ke Żerczyce da Boćki . A shekara ta 1836, ta sami littattafan ibada don ayyukan ibada na cocin. Kayan ɗakinta sun yi kama da na Latin, wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cocin Podlachian Uniate, ba su da alamar iconostasis kuma suna da gabobin jiki . Musamman ma, ba shi da siborium irin na Latin. A shekara ta 1835, an gina wani wurin ajiye gumaka, babban bagadi, da kuma teburin bayar da kyaututtuka. Zuwa shekarar 1836, tana da cikakkun kayan ibada na Orthodox, kuma an cire gabobin. An jinkirta shigar da gumaka a cikin iconostasis, yayin da mai filaye Count Grzegorz Ossoliński ya ba da kuɗin tsarin iconostasis kawai, ba gumakan ba, wanda cocin suka ƙi ba da kuɗi. Uba Stefan Budziłowicz ya bukaci Ossoliński ya samar da kayan liturgical. A watan Yunin 1838, Kotun Ƙasa ta Drohiczyn ta yanke hukunci kan ikirarin Budziłowicz, amma roƙon da ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Lithuania ta yi wa gwamnan gundumar Białystok ya sa Ossoliński ya ba da kuɗin tallafin gumaka da kayan daki kafin ƙarshen 1838. An kuma cire wani mumbari na ƙarni na 18. [[File:Grób_ks._budiłowicza_i_córki.jpg|right|thumb|356x356px| Kabarin Uba Stefan Budziłowicz da jikarsa Sofia Zienkiewicz kusa da tsohuwar cocin]] A watan Maris na shekarar 1838, gwamnan gundumar Miedwieew ya soki shugaban cocin Drohiczyn saboda ya jure wa abubuwan Latin a coci-coci, ciki har da na Grodzisk. Shugaban ya nemi jagora daga ƙungiyar malaman addinin kirista kan abubuwan da aka yarda da su. Bishop {{Interlanguage link|Anthony Zubko|pl|Antoni (Zubko)}} na Mataimakin ya shiga tsakani, yana roƙon gwamnan Białystok Gunaropula da ya dakatar da tsangwamar Miedwiediew, kuma an amince da buƙatar. Father Budziłowicz ya amince ya koma addinin Orthodox a watan Yulin 1838. === Cocin Orthodox === A watan Fabrairun 1839, bayan taron majalisar Krista na Polotsk, cocin Grodzisk ya koma Orthodox. Cocin har yanzu ba shi da wasu kayan daki na Orthodox; a shekara ta 1840, Dean Piotr Baranowski ya nemi a ba shi tulu don ya sami ruwan ɗumi da kuma tanti kyauta. Akwai abubuwa da dama da suka rage a zamanin Uniate. A shekarar 1857, mutane 742 ne suka halarci cocin. <ref name=":0" /> Tsohon cocin Uniate ya yi wa cocin hidima har zuwa 1891, lokacin da aka gina sabuwar cocin Orthodox a gefen titi. Mummunan yanayin cocin katako ya sa aka sake gina shi, kuma aka daina amfani da shi. An mayar da Alamar Sokalska, wadda har yanzu ake girmamawa, zuwa sabuwar cocin. <ref name=":4" /> === Cocin Katolika === A shekarar 1923, Cocin Katolika na Roman ya kwace ginin kuma aka kafa shi a matsayin cocin coci. <ref name="dro" /> Daga 1924 zuwa 1926, an daidaita cikin ginin don ibadar Latin, tare da ƙarin gyare-gyare tsakanin 1956 da 1957 da 1964. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, sabuwar cocin Katolika da aka gina da tubali ta sa cocin katako ya tsufa. Yanayinta ya tabarbare. <ref name=":2" /> === Sauyawa === A shekarar 2010, mazauna yankin sun yi adawa da mayar da cocin zuwa {{Interlanguage link|Ciechanowiec Museum of Agriculture|pl|Muzeum Rolnictwa im. ks. Krzysztofa Kluka w Ciechanowcu}} . A shekarar 2016, an mayar da ita zuwa wani wurin shakatawa a Lambun Botanical na Podlachian da ke Koryciny, inda aka sake fara amfani da ita a al'adar ibada. <ref name="radio">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2016 |title=Wyświęcenie zabytkowego kościoła po przeniesieniu do Korycin [zdjęcia] |trans-title=Consecration of the historic church after relocation to Koryciny [photos] |url=http://www.radio.bialystok.pl/galerie/index/id/135198 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.radio.bialystok.pl |publisher= |language=pl}}</ref> == Gine-gine da kayan daki == Cocin gini ne na katako, mai tsari mai kyau, kuma an yi masa ado da allon katako, tare da tsarin tri-nave da rufin gable. Yana da wani babban rami mai sassa biyu, yana ƙunshe da gabas tare da rufewa mai gefe biyu, wanda aka haɗa da ɗakin ajiya da kuma wurin yin sacristy . Ginshiƙai suna nuna iyakokin ginin, kuma babban ginin yana da rufin da aka yi da ganga mai zagaye. Akwai wani bene mai hawa uku a saman ƙofar yamma. Babban cocin yana riƙe da bagadin Baroque daga Warsaw, tare da zane na Triniti Mai Tsarki na ƙarni na 19 a cikin teburinsa. Babban filin bagadin yana ɗauke da wani rukunin mala'iku masu sassaka suna girmama Maryamu (fuskarta an yi mata ado da ''Uwargidanmu ta Ƙofar Alfijir'' ), wanda aka ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na 20. Da farko, Alamar Sokalska ta mamaye wannan wuri, ta koma Cocin St. Nicholas a shekarar 1924. An rufe wannan rubutun da wani gunki na ƙarni na 18 na Dormition of theotokos. Akwai kuma wani bagadi a gefen ƙarni na 19 wanda aka zana hoton giciyen mutane, wani wurin ajiye ruwa mai tsarki na ƙarni na 18 (wanda a da wurin yin baftisma ne), wani wurin ajiye tanti da ke cikin ajiya, da kuma gicciyen jana'iza na farkon ƙarni na 19 tare da siffar Almasihu. <ref name=":2" /> A Grodzisk, cocin yana kusa da kabarin Father Stefan Budziłowicz, wanda shi ne babban firist na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar Uniate kuma firist na farko na Orthodox a ƙarni na 19, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1857. <ref name="dro" /> *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == ftes65rmebbyudiu1j4u3sio80k2n67 0 179412 968407 2026-10-16T21:18:09Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352359079|Hematology]]" 968407 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox medical specialty|title=Hematology|subdivisions=[[Transfusion medicine]]|image=|caption=|system=[[Hematopoietic system]]|diseases=[[Anemia]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]].|tests=[[Blood film]], [[bone marrow biopsy]]|specialist=Hematologist|glossary=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Hematology''' ( wanda aka rubuta '''hematology''' a cikin Ingilishi na Burtaniya ) reshe ne na [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]] wanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin sanadin, hasashen, magani, da rigakafin cututtuka da suka shafi [[jini]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hematology |url=https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7B2dd178d0-7f92-46a8-add9-2c7d634d2cea%7D/what-is-hematology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002854/https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7B2dd178d0-7f92-46a8-add9-2c7d634d2cea%7D/what-is-hematology |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name="News-Medical.net-2009">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2009 |title=What is Hematology? |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hematology.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510081359/https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hematology.aspx |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=News-Medical.net}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi magance cututtuka da ke shafar samar da jini da abubuwan da ke cikinsa, kamar ƙwayoyin jini, haemoglobin, sunadaran jini, ƙashi, platelets, [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]], saifa, da kuma hanyar coagulation . Irin waɗannan cututtuka na iya haɗawa da hemophilia, [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|sickle cell anemia]], thrombus na jini ( thrombus ), sauran matsalolin zubar jini, da kuma [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na jini kamar su [[Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)|leukemia]], [[multiple myeloma]], da lymphoma . <ref name="AMA">{{Cite web |title=Hematology |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/hematology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724145155/https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/hematology |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=American Medical Association}}</ref> Ana yin binciken jini a dakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar ƙwararren [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masanin fasaha]] ko [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]] akai-akai. Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its ready for committee review and the opportunity to participate in WUGN TTT SS would comprise of women Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg and its ready for committee review and == Ƙwarewa == Likitocin da suka ƙware a fannin ilimin jini ana kiransu da '''likitocin jini''' ko kuma '''likitocin jini''' . <ref name="News-Medical.net-2009" /> Aikinsu na yau da kullun ya haɗa da kulawa da kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan jini, kodayake wasu na iya aiki a dakin gwaje-gwajen jini suna kallon fina-finan jini da zamewar ƙashi a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, suna fassara sakamakon gwaje-gwajen jini daban-daban da sakamakon gwajin zubar jini . A wasu cibiyoyi, likitocin jini suna kula da dakin gwaje-gwajen jini. <ref name="AMA" /> Likitoci da ke aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na jini, kuma galibi suna kula da su, kwararru ne a fannin gano cututtukan jini, waɗanda ake kira da '''masu binciken jini''' ko '''masu binciken jini''' . Masana ilimin jini da kuma masu ilimin cututtukan jini gabaɗaya suna aiki tare don tsara ganewar asali da kuma bayar da mafi kyawun magani idan akwai buƙata. Ilimin Jini wani fanni ne na musamman na maganin ciki, wanda ya bambanta da kuma wanda ya haɗu da fannin [[Oncology|ilimin cututtukan daji]] na likitanci. Masana ilimin jini na iya ƙwarewa sosai ko kuma suna da sha'awa ta musamman, misali, a cikin: * magance matsalolin zubar jini kamar su hemophilia da thrombocytopenic purpura na idiopathic, <ref name="News-Medical.net-2009" /> tare da ci gaba da nazarin waɗannan yanayi biyu daga likitocin jini saboda ba a san musabbabinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kayal L, Jayachandran S, Singh K |date=July 2014 |title=Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |journal=Contemporary Clinical Dentistry |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.4103/0976-237X.137976 |pmc=4147825 |pmid=25191085 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * maganin cututtukan jini kamar su lymphoma da [[Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)|leukemia]] (ciwon daji) * maganin cututtukan haemoglobinopathy, gami da α-thalassemia da β-thalassemia (cututtukan thalassemia) da haemoglobin S, haemoglobin C, da haemoglobin E (cututtukan haemoglobin marasa kyau). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kohne E |date=August 2011 |title=Hemoglobinopathies: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=108 |issue=31–32 |pages=532–540 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2011.0532 |pmc=3163784 |pmid=21886666}}</ref> * kimiyyar ƙarin jini da kuma aikin bankin jini, wanda aka sani da maganin ƙarin jini * dashen ƙashi da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta, musamman ta hanyar amfani da fasahohi don cirewa da kuma ware ƙwayoyin halittar jini (HPCs). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Advances in Transfusion Medicine - Hematology.org |url=https://www.hematology.org/about/history/50-years/transfusion-medicine-advances |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.hematology.org |language=en}}</ref> == Horarwa == Likitoci masu fara aikin jinin jini (a Amurka) suna kammala digirin likita na shekaru huɗu, sannan sai su kammala shekaru uku ko huɗu a shirye-shiryen zama ko horon aiki. Bayan kammala karatunsu, suna ƙara faɗaɗa iliminsu ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru biyu ko uku suna koyon yadda ake gwaji, gano cututtuka, da kuma magance matsalolin jini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resources for Medical Students and Residents |url=https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/medical-student-resident-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716045805/https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/medical-student-resident-resources |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Hematology.org |publisher=American Society of Hematology}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana samun su a cikin horon haɗin gwiwa . Buƙatun aiki ga likitocin jini suna buƙatar horo a cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa da aka sani don koyon gano cututtuka da kuma magance cututtuka masu alaƙa da jini da kuma cutar kansar jini . Likitocin jini galibi suna aiki a fannoni daban-daban na musamman don kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka masu rikitarwa, kamar [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|cutar sikila]], waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai rikitarwa, da kuma ba da shawara kan lamuran da suka shafi zubar jini a cikin jijiyoyin jini, thrombosis da sauran yanayi da ka iya faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti. <ref name="Systems">{{Cite journal |vauthors=May JE, Irelan PC, Boedeker K, Cahill E, Fein S, Garcia DA, Hicks LK, Lawson J, Lim MY, Morton CT, Rajasekhar A, Shanbhag S, Zumberg MS, Plovnick RM, Connell NT |date=September 2020 |title=Systems-based hematology: highlighting successes and next steps |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=18 |pages=4574–4583 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002947 |pmc=7509880 |pmid=32960959}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ilimin Haihuwa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Transfusion medicine}}{{Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood}}{{Hematology blood tests}}{{Diseases of RBCs}}{{Diseases of megakaryocytes}}{{Myeloid malignancy}}{{Medicine}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Authority control}} 7yubxa17uaxtt5ueotnatmsc2nld7dg 968408 968407 2026-10-16T21:19:50Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 968408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hematology''' ( wanda aka rubuta '''hematology''' a cikin Ingilishi na Burtaniya ) reshe ne na [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]] wanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin sanadin, hasashen, magani, da rigakafin cututtuka da suka shafi [[jini]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hematology |url=https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7B2dd178d0-7f92-46a8-add9-2c7d634d2cea%7D/what-is-hematology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002854/https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7B2dd178d0-7f92-46a8-add9-2c7d634d2cea%7D/what-is-hematology |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name="News-Medical.net-2009">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2009 |title=What is Hematology? |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hematology.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510081359/https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hematology.aspx |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=News-Medical.net}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi magance cututtuka da ke shafar samar da jini da abubuwan da ke cikinsa, kamar ƙwayoyin jini, haemoglobin, sunadaran jini, ƙashi, platelets, [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]], saifa, da kuma hanyar coagulation . Irin waɗannan cututtuka na iya haɗawa da hemophilia, [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|sickle cell anemia]], thrombus na jini ( thrombus ), sauran matsalolin zubar jini, da kuma [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na jini kamar su [[Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)|leukemia]], [[multiple myeloma]], da lymphoma . <ref name="AMA">{{Cite web |title=Hematology |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/hematology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724145155/https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/hematology |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=American Medical Association}}</ref> Ana yin binciken jini a dakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar ƙwararren [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masanin fasaha]] ko [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]] akai-akai. Likitocin da suka ƙware a fannin ilimin jini ana kiransu da '''likitocin jini''' ko kuma '''likitocin jini''' . <ref name="News-Medical.net-2009" /> Aikinsu na yau da kullun ya haɗa da kulawa da kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan jini, kodayake wasu na iya aiki a dakin gwaje-gwajen jini suna kallon fina-finan jini da zamewar ƙashi a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, suna fassara sakamakon gwaje-gwajen jini daban-daban da sakamakon gwajin zubar jini . A wasu cibiyoyi, likitocin jini suna kula da dakin gwaje-gwajen jini. <ref name="AMA" /> Likitoci da ke aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na jini, kuma galibi suna kula da su, kwararru ne a fannin gano cututtukan jini, waɗanda ake kira da '''masu binciken jini''' ko '''masu binciken jini''' . Masana ilimin jini da kuma masu ilimin cututtukan jini gabaɗaya suna aiki tare don tsara ganewar asali da kuma bayar da mafi kyawun magani idan akwai buƙata. Ilimin Jini wani fanni ne na musamman na maganin ciki, wanda ya bambanta da kuma wanda ya haɗu da fannin [[Oncology|ilimin cututtukan daji]] na likitanci. Masana ilimin jini na iya ƙwarewa sosai ko kuma suna da sha'awa ta musamman, misali, a cikin: * magance matsalolin zubar jini kamar su hemophilia da thrombocytopenic purpura na idiopathic, <ref name="News-Medical.net-2009" /> tare da ci gaba da nazarin waɗannan yanayi biyu daga likitocin jini saboda ba a san musabbabinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kayal L, Jayachandran S, Singh K |date=July 2014 |title=Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |journal=Contemporary Clinical Dentistry |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.4103/0976-237X.137976 |pmc=4147825 |pmid=25191085 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * maganin cututtukan jini kamar su lymphoma da [[Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)|leukemia]] (ciwon daji) * maganin cututtukan haemoglobinopathy, gami da α-thalassemia da β-thalassemia (cututtukan thalassemia) da haemoglobin S, haemoglobin C, da haemoglobin E (cututtukan haemoglobin marasa kyau). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kohne E |date=August 2011 |title=Hemoglobinopathies: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=108 |issue=31–32 |pages=532–540 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2011.0532 |pmc=3163784 |pmid=21886666}}</ref> * kimiyyar ƙarin jini da kuma aikin bankin jini, wanda aka sani da maganin ƙarin jini * dashen ƙashi da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta, musamman ta hanyar amfani da fasahohi don cirewa da kuma ware ƙwayoyin halittar jini (HPCs). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Advances in Transfusion Medicine - Hematology.org |url=https://www.hematology.org/about/history/50-years/transfusion-medicine-advances |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.hematology.org |language=en}}</ref> == Horarwa == Likitoci masu fara aikin jinin jini (a Amurka) suna kammala digirin likita na shekaru huɗu, sannan sai su kammala shekaru uku ko huɗu a shirye-shiryen zama ko horon aiki. Bayan kammala karatunsu, suna ƙara faɗaɗa iliminsu ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru biyu ko uku suna koyon yadda ake gwaji, gano cututtuka, da kuma magance matsalolin jini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resources for Medical Students and Residents |url=https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/medical-student-resident-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716045805/https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/medical-student-resident-resources |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Hematology.org |publisher=American Society of Hematology}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana samun su a cikin horon haɗin gwiwa . Buƙatun aiki ga likitocin jini suna buƙatar horo a cikin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa da aka sani don koyon gano cututtuka da kuma magance cututtuka masu alaƙa da jini da kuma cutar kansar jini . Likitocin jini galibi suna aiki a fannoni daban-daban na musamman don kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka masu rikitarwa, kamar [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|cutar sikila]], waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai rikitarwa, da kuma ba da shawara kan lamuran da suka shafi zubar jini a cikin jijiyoyin jini, thrombosis da sauran yanayi da ka iya faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti. <ref name="Systems">{{Cite journal |vauthors=May JE, Irelan PC, Boedeker K, Cahill E, Fein S, Garcia DA, Hicks LK, Lawson J, Lim MY, Morton CT, Rajasekhar A, Shanbhag S, Zumberg MS, Plovnick RM, Connell NT |date=September 2020 |title=Systems-based hematology: highlighting successes and next steps |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=18 |pages=4574–4583 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002947 |pmc=7509880 |pmid=32960959}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ilimin Haihuwa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Transfusion medicine}}{{Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood}}{{Hematology blood tests}}{{Diseases of RBCs}}{{Diseases of megakaryocytes}}{{Myeloid malignancy}}{{Medicine}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Authority control}} cvhnb41czu28w5kn9ji3dpb6ipe3vxm 3 179413 968409 2026-10-16T21:23:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968409 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pavner! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pavner|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) bxu8r7kg1nuo2tlz64b9dztzxogf23d 3 179414 968410 2026-10-16T21:23:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968410 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aggarwala2727! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aggarwala2727|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) qdvca567wzxvlyt6lqv4f1ii1w2s75s 3 179415 968411 2026-10-16T21:23:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968411 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PDPrins! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PDPrins|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) l8vx6vpl5enfunhmytajfp0vu1a1e0n 3 179416 968412 2026-10-16T21:23:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Theforgottenfischer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Theforgottenfischer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) dz0y160ywi2jbimp6ljuth5a0gngshm 3 179417 968413 2026-10-16T21:23:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ilxdfivdppc0e4dlqmxir44vudlzeje 3 179418 968414 2026-10-16T21:24:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968414 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Christofferbrogaard! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Christofferbrogaard|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) pzkpqdt0fi6glq1lfh4vzvgz1cxtt5x 3 179419 968415 2026-10-16T21:24:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maryam Bello S! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maryam Bello S|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) hufyqe6adhqjm281bggnv7b1kd3307c 3 179420 968416 2026-10-16T21:24:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968416 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Stilfehler! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Stilfehler|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) lvixw1cpjtk0t4g82hha3mp41ep8ev8 3 179421 968417 2026-10-16T21:24:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968417 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wolesmile! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wolesmile|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ituq44qbj13wpf9jot9wvradq5b8vtm 3 179422 968418 2026-10-16T21:24:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968418 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wikihausa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wikihausa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rk4h1o7csl8lgozvm19nihwiyp45im6 3 179423 968419 2026-10-16T21:24:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968419 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Duongphinhan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Duongphinhan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) mzj5bugo9bb7aodcd77xaoi7fsadd4q 3 179424 968420 2026-10-16T21:25:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968420 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ajordynwolrige! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ajordynwolrige|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) gtz3d8hvmp0zsw8ms1kzplpkf68bq93 3 179425 968421 2026-10-16T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, جوندت! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/جوندت|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) jnffeiabwwvkzb98h4eayd1rccues46 3 179426 968422 2026-10-16T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968422 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dr. Hartwig Raeder! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dr. Hartwig Raeder|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tfaridj2vu4vkbr9vb9pmovdlzpweqz 968435 968422 2026-10-16T21:44:50Z Dr. Hartwig Raeder 50103 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 968435 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dr. Hartwig Raeder! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dr. Hartwig Raeder|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :Na gode. [[User:Dr. Hartwig Raeder|Dr. Hartwig Raeder]] ([[User talk:Dr. Hartwig Raeder|talk]]) 21:44, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) kamup9o1v8mjbspwuuwhrv6i4jkh1ng 3 179427 968423 2026-10-16T21:25:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968423 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HarbourCard0! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HarbourCard0|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) a6udxxxttkv05fdbgczznum7ritlad8 3 179428 968424 2026-10-16T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968424 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Schlosser67! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Schlosser67|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rrv0wr4mjafpvjbbydt0jox56indzhc 3 179429 968425 2026-10-16T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968425 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NellasMorwen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NellasMorwen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6db5x0jtjpgwvaegdo0w5gcfkfah6g2 3 179430 968426 2026-10-16T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mickwellington! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mickwellington|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) k6qwjgxxrsd0w4rn732ekq0mejecdnj 3 179431 968427 2026-10-16T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SkyFlyingAtlas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SkyFlyingAtlas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) phw3whsta65aodofjft6xb81mtqinuz 3 179432 968428 2026-10-16T21:26:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 968428 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Williamtjhi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Williamtjhi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 16 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 99ffg0v33fl5yb94gma2b5cyu80jqj9 0 179433 968430 2026-10-16T21:28:18Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372011887|William Duane (physicist)]]" 968430 wikitext text/x-wiki William Duane (Fabrairu 17, 1872 – Maris 7, 1935) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Amurka wanda ya gudanar da bincike kan tasirin rediyo da hasken X da kuma amfani da su wajen magance cutar kansa. Ya ƙirƙiro Dokar Duane-Hunt da kuma hasashen Duane . Ya yi aiki tare da Pierre da Marie Curie a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Paris tsawon shekaru shida kuma ya ƙirƙiro wata hanya ta samar da adadin "iri" na radon-222 daga radium don amfani da su a farkon nau'ikan brachytherapy . Farfesa ne a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder, farfesa kuma shugaban fannin kimiyyar halittu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] kuma ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Daji ta Harvard. Ya sami lambar yabo ta John Scott da kuma kyautar Comstock a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1922 da kuma kyautar Leonard ta ƙungiyar American Roentgen Ray Society a shekarar 1923. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Duane a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ga Charles William da Emma Cushman (Lincoln) Duane. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Ya fito ne kai tsaye daga zuriyar [[Benjamin Franklin]] daga ɓangaren mahaifinsa. <ref name="Forman">{{Cite web |last=Forman |first=Paul |title=William Duane |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/william-duane |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Ya sami digirin AB a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1892 kuma ya kasance mai daraja a ajinsa. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digirin AB a shekarar 1893. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga John Trowbridge a bincikensa kan [[Kalaman rediyo|Hertzian waves]] kuma ya sami digirin AM a 1895. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Ya sami tallafin karatu na Tyndall daga Harvard kuma ya gudanar da bincike kan electromagnetism a ƙarƙashin [[Emil Warburg]] a Jami'ar Berlin . Mai ba shi shawara kan digirin digirgir shi ne Walter Nernst daga [[Jami'ar Göttingen|Jami'ar Gottingen]] . Duane ya sami digirin digirgir na uku daga Jami'ar Berlin bayan da Max Planck ya karɓi digirinsa na uku ''Uber elektrolytische Thermoketten'' . <ref name="Forman" /> == Aikin ilimi == [[File:Duane_Physics.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Nuni game da Duane a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder]] Ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder daga 1898 zuwa 1907. Ya shafe shekara guda yana hutu tare da Pierre da Marie Curie a dakin gwaje-gwajen su na radium a Jami'ar Paris a shekarar 1906 <ref name="Coursey">{{Cite journal |last=Coursey |first=Bert M. |year=2017 |title=150th Anniversary of the Birth of Marie Curie |journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine |publisher=National Institute of Standards & Technology |volume=130 |pages=280–284 |doi=10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.028 |pmid=29079418 |doi-access=}}</ref> sannan aka gayyace shi ya yi aiki tare da su daga 1907 zuwa 1912. <ref name="UCB">{{Cite web |title=William Duane Papers |url=https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/404 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=www.archives.colorado.edu |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Ya buga takardu 17 na kimiyya a wannan lokacin, galibi game da halayen X-ray daga tushen rediyoaktif da kuma auna zafin da ake samu daga wargajewar rediyoaktif. Duk da cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin jaridun da ke da haɗin gwiwa kai tsaye da Curies, ya yi aiki tare da su sosai kuma an ruwaito cewa lokacin da Marie Curie ta ziyarci Amurka shekaru bayan haka, ta bayyana cewa ta fi son ganin "Niagara Falls, The Grand Canyon da William Duane" {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Duane ya inganta wata dabara ta fitar da iskar radon-222 daga mafita ta radium sulfate . An "tara" ruwan da ke ɗauke da gram 1 na radium don ƙirƙirar "iri" radon na kimanin millicuries 20 kowanne. An rarraba waɗannan "iri" a ko'ina cikin birnin Paris don amfani da su a cikin maganin endocurietherapy . Duane ya kammala wannan dabarar "tatsar madara" a lokacin da yake Paris kuma ya kira na'urar da "radium saniya". <ref name="Coursey" /> Ya koma Amurka a shekarar 1913 kuma ya yi aiki tare a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Harvard da kuma ƙwararren masanin kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Daji ta Harvard. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} An kafa Hukumar Kula da Ciwon daji a shekarar 1901 kuma an ɗauki Duane aiki don ya binciki amfani da radium emanations wajen magance ciwon daji. {{Sfn|Webster|1993}} A shekarar 1915 ya gina "radium cow" na farko a Boston kuma an yi wa dubban marasa lafiya magani da radon-222 da aka samar daga gare shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brucer |first=Marshall |date=November 1993 |title=William Duane and the radium cow: An American contribution to the emerging atomic age |url=https://doi.org/10.1118/1.596947 |journal=Medical Physics |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1601–1605 |bibcode=1993MedPh..20.1601B |doi=10.1118/1.596947 |pmid=8309431 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Ya buga takardu takwas kan cikakkun bayanai game da amfani da kayan rediyoaktif da X-rays wajen maganin cutar kansa. A shekarar 1917, Harvard ya ƙirƙiri masa kujera ta fannin kimiyyar halittu. <ref name="UCB" /> Duane ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga cikakkun bayanai na fasaha na auna yawan X-ray dangane da ionization na iska. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Ya gudanar da bincike don tantance tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma yadda ake amfani da hasken rana. Ya ƙirƙiro dokar Duane-Hunt, yana danganta mafi ƙarancin tsawon hasken X zuwa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na haskokin cathode da ke motsa su; da kuma hasashen Duane na canja wurin saurin fassara mai ƙima. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} A shekarar 1925, Arthur Compton ya nuna cewa watsawar hasken X-ray mai ƙarfin volt 130,000 daga abubuwa goma sha shida na farko a cikin teburin periodic table (hydrogen ta hanyar sulfur) an raba su zuwa polarized . Duane ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa fassarar Compton game da tasirin Compton ba daidai ba ne. Duane ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dama don karyata Compton, amma maimakon haka ya sami shaidar cewa Compton ya yi daidai. A shekarar 1924, Duane ya yarda cewa haka lamarin yake. {{Sfn|Allison|1965}} Ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila na Societe de Physique daga 1920 zuwa 1923, a matsayin shugaban sashen kimiyyar jiki na Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa daga 1922 zuwa 1923, a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar binciken cutar kansa a 1923 da kuma mataimakin shugaban sashe na B na ƙungiyar ci gaban kimiyya ta Amurka daga 1927 zuwa 1928. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Harvard a shekarar 1934, an ba shi lambar yabo ta farfesa a fannin kimiyyar halittu. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} == Mutuwa == Tun daga shekarar 1925, Duane ya fara fama da raguwar lafiya sakamakon ciwon suga. Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1935, sakamakon bugun jini na biyu da ya yi sanadiyyar gurgunta jikinsa. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} An yi masa jana'iza a makabartar Laurel Hill da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Duane |url=https://remembermyjourney.com/memorials/william-duane?id=MogwEOmo |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=remembermyjourney.com |publisher=webCemeteries}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == An zaɓe Duane a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=William Duane |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/william-duane |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1920, an zaɓe shi a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Duane&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta John Scott <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Scott Award Philadelphia, PA Recipients - Award Recipients 1921-1930 |url=http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/johnscottaward/js1921-1930.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=www.garfield.library.upenn.edu}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Comstock a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, wadda shi memba ne a cikinta, a shekarar 1922. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Duane |url=https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/william-duane-aun7wo/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> <ref name="Comstock">{{Cite web |title=Comstock Prize in Physics |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_comstock |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060102122750/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_comstock |archive-date=January 2, 2006 |access-date=13 February 2011 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Ya sami kyautar Leonard Prize ta American Roentgen Ray Society a shekarar 1923. <ref name="UCB" /> An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Sc. Digiri na D daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1922 da kuma Jami'ar Colorado Boulder a shekarar 1923. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} A shekarar 1971, an sanya wa ginin sashen kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Colorado Duane Physics and Astrophysics and Gamow Tower: Photo 1 |url=https://localhistory.boulderlibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A6794 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=localhistory.boulderlibrary.org}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |year=1905 |title=Sur l'ionisation de l'air en présence de l'émanation du radium |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00241038/document |journal=Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=605–619 |doi=10.1051/jphystap:019050040060500 |issn=0368-3893 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |year=1905 |title=Sur l'ionization produite entre les plateaux paralleles par l'émanation du radium |journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences |volume=140 |pages=786–788}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |last2=Hunt |first2=Franklin L. |year=1915 |title=On X-Ray Wave-Lengths |journal=Physical Review |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=166–172 |bibcode=1915PhRv....6..166. |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.6.166}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |year=1915 |title=On the Extraction and Purification of Radium Emanation |journal=Physical Review |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=311–314 |bibcode=1915PhRv....5..311D |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.5.311 |issn=0031-899X}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}'''Majiyoyi''' * {{Cite journal |last=Allison |first=Samuel K. |author-link=Samuel King Allison |year=1965 |title=Arthur Holly Compton 1892–1962 |journal=Biographical Memoirs |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |volume=38 |pages=81–110 |issn=0077-2933 |oclc=1759017}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Webster |first=Edward W. |date=1993 |title=The origins of Medical Physics in the USA: William Duane, Ph.D., 1913-1920 |url=http://www.uthgsbsmedphys.org/GS02-0093/Webster%201993%20manuscript%20about%20radon.pdf |journal=Medical Physics |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1607–1610 |bibcode=1993MedPh..20.1607W |doi=10.1118/1.597159 |pmid=8309432 |access-date=June 13, 2021}} *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/9/5/158 Canja wurin Adadin Hasken Radiation zuwa Ma'ana -- Duane 9 (5): 158 -- Takardun Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa] * [https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/404 Takardun William Duane - Laburaren Boulder na Jami'ar Colorado] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ahb81akvwqs4h2v3fxzyagrtl209qk0 968432 968430 2026-10-16T21:29:25Z Baffa ali 47435 968432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Duane '''(Fabrairu 17, 1872 – Maris 7, 1935) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Amurka wanda ya gudanar da bincike kan tasirin rediyo da hasken X da kuma amfani da su wajen magance cutar kansa. Ya ƙirƙiro Dokar Duane-Hunt da kuma hasashen Duane . Ya yi aiki tare da Pierre da Marie Curie a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Paris tsawon shekaru shida kuma ya ƙirƙiro wata hanya ta samar da adadin "iri" na radon-222 daga radium don amfani da su a farkon nau'ikan brachytherapy . Farfesa ne a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder, farfesa kuma shugaban fannin kimiyyar halittu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] kuma ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Daji ta Harvard. Ya sami lambar yabo ta John Scott da kuma kyautar Comstock a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1922 da kuma kyautar Leonard ta ƙungiyar American Roentgen Ray Society a shekarar 1923. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Duane a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ga Charles William da Emma Cushman (Lincoln) Duane. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Ya fito ne kai tsaye daga zuriyar [[Benjamin Franklin]] daga ɓangaren mahaifinsa. <ref name="Forman">{{Cite web |last=Forman |first=Paul |title=William Duane |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/william-duane |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Ya sami digirin AB a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1892 kuma ya kasance mai daraja a ajinsa. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digirin AB a shekarar 1893. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga John Trowbridge a bincikensa kan [[Kalaman rediyo|Hertzian waves]] kuma ya sami digirin AM a 1895. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Ya sami tallafin karatu na Tyndall daga Harvard kuma ya gudanar da bincike kan electromagnetism a ƙarƙashin [[Emil Warburg]] a Jami'ar Berlin . Mai ba shi shawara kan digirin digirgir shi ne Walter Nernst daga [[Jami'ar Göttingen|Jami'ar Gottingen]] . Duane ya sami digirin digirgir na uku daga Jami'ar Berlin bayan da Max Planck ya karɓi digirinsa na uku ''Uber elektrolytische Thermoketten'' . <ref name="Forman" /> == Aikin ilimi == [[File:Duane_Physics.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Nuni game da Duane a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder]] Ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder daga 1898 zuwa 1907. Ya shafe shekara guda yana hutu tare da Pierre da Marie Curie a dakin gwaje-gwajen su na radium a Jami'ar Paris a shekarar 1906 <ref name="Coursey">{{Cite journal |last=Coursey |first=Bert M. |year=2017 |title=150th Anniversary of the Birth of Marie Curie |journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine |publisher=National Institute of Standards & Technology |volume=130 |pages=280–284 |doi=10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.028 |pmid=29079418 |doi-access=}}</ref> sannan aka gayyace shi ya yi aiki tare da su daga 1907 zuwa 1912. <ref name="UCB">{{Cite web |title=William Duane Papers |url=https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/404 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=www.archives.colorado.edu |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Ya buga takardu 17 na kimiyya a wannan lokacin, galibi game da halayen X-ray daga tushen rediyoaktif da kuma auna zafin da ake samu daga wargajewar rediyoaktif. Duk da cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin jaridun da ke da haɗin gwiwa kai tsaye da Curies, ya yi aiki tare da su sosai kuma an ruwaito cewa lokacin da Marie Curie ta ziyarci Amurka shekaru bayan haka, ta bayyana cewa ta fi son ganin "Niagara Falls, The Grand Canyon da William Duane" {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Duane ya inganta wata dabara ta fitar da iskar radon-222 daga mafita ta radium sulfate . An "tara" ruwan da ke ɗauke da gram 1 na radium don ƙirƙirar "iri" radon na kimanin millicuries 20 kowanne. An rarraba waɗannan "iri" a ko'ina cikin birnin Paris don amfani da su a cikin maganin endocurietherapy . Duane ya kammala wannan dabarar "tatsar madara" a lokacin da yake Paris kuma ya kira na'urar da "radium saniya". <ref name="Coursey" /> Ya koma Amurka a shekarar 1913 kuma ya yi aiki tare a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Harvard da kuma ƙwararren masanin kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Daji ta Harvard. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} An kafa Hukumar Kula da Ciwon daji a shekarar 1901 kuma an ɗauki Duane aiki don ya binciki amfani da radium emanations wajen magance ciwon daji. {{Sfn|Webster|1993}} A shekarar 1915 ya gina "radium cow" na farko a Boston kuma an yi wa dubban marasa lafiya magani da radon-222 da aka samar daga gare shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brucer |first=Marshall |date=November 1993 |title=William Duane and the radium cow: An American contribution to the emerging atomic age |url=https://doi.org/10.1118/1.596947 |journal=Medical Physics |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1601–1605 |bibcode=1993MedPh..20.1601B |doi=10.1118/1.596947 |pmid=8309431 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Ya buga takardu takwas kan cikakkun bayanai game da amfani da kayan rediyoaktif da X-rays wajen maganin cutar kansa. A shekarar 1917, Harvard ya ƙirƙiri masa kujera ta fannin kimiyyar halittu. <ref name="UCB" /> Duane ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga cikakkun bayanai na fasaha na auna yawan X-ray dangane da ionization na iska. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Ya gudanar da bincike don tantance tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma yadda ake amfani da hasken rana. Ya ƙirƙiro dokar Duane-Hunt, yana danganta mafi ƙarancin tsawon hasken X zuwa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na haskokin cathode da ke motsa su; da kuma hasashen Duane na canja wurin saurin fassara mai ƙima. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} A shekarar 1925, Arthur Compton ya nuna cewa watsawar hasken X-ray mai ƙarfin volt 130,000 daga abubuwa goma sha shida na farko a cikin teburin periodic table (hydrogen ta hanyar sulfur) an raba su zuwa polarized . Duane ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa fassarar Compton game da tasirin Compton ba daidai ba ne. Duane ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dama don karyata Compton, amma maimakon haka ya sami shaidar cewa Compton ya yi daidai. A shekarar 1924, Duane ya yarda cewa haka lamarin yake. {{Sfn|Allison|1965}} Ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila na Societe de Physique daga 1920 zuwa 1923, a matsayin shugaban sashen kimiyyar jiki na Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa daga 1922 zuwa 1923, a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar binciken cutar kansa a 1923 da kuma mataimakin shugaban sashe na B na ƙungiyar ci gaban kimiyya ta Amurka daga 1927 zuwa 1928. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Harvard a shekarar 1934, an ba shi lambar yabo ta farfesa a fannin kimiyyar halittu. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} == Mutuwa == Tun daga shekarar 1925, Duane ya fara fama da raguwar lafiya sakamakon ciwon suga. Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1935, sakamakon bugun jini na biyu da ya yi sanadiyyar gurgunta jikinsa. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} An yi masa jana'iza a makabartar Laurel Hill da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Duane |url=https://remembermyjourney.com/memorials/william-duane?id=MogwEOmo |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=remembermyjourney.com |publisher=webCemeteries}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == An zaɓe Duane a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=William Duane |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/william-duane |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1920, an zaɓe shi a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Duane&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta John Scott <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Scott Award Philadelphia, PA Recipients - Award Recipients 1921-1930 |url=http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/johnscottaward/js1921-1930.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=www.garfield.library.upenn.edu}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Comstock a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, wadda shi memba ne a cikinta, a shekarar 1922. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Duane |url=https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/william-duane-aun7wo/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> <ref name="Comstock">{{Cite web |title=Comstock Prize in Physics |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_comstock |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060102122750/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_comstock |archive-date=January 2, 2006 |access-date=13 February 2011 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Ya sami kyautar Leonard Prize ta American Roentgen Ray Society a shekarar 1923. <ref name="UCB" /> An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Sc. Digiri na D daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1922 da kuma Jami'ar Colorado Boulder a shekarar 1923. {{Sfn|Bridgman|1936}} A shekarar 1971, an sanya wa ginin sashen kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Colorado Duane Physics and Astrophysics and Gamow Tower: Photo 1 |url=https://localhistory.boulderlibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A6794 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=localhistory.boulderlibrary.org}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |year=1905 |title=Sur l'ionisation de l'air en présence de l'émanation du radium |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00241038/document |journal=Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=605–619 |doi=10.1051/jphystap:019050040060500 |issn=0368-3893 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |year=1905 |title=Sur l'ionization produite entre les plateaux paralleles par l'émanation du radium |journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences |volume=140 |pages=786–788}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |last2=Hunt |first2=Franklin L. |year=1915 |title=On X-Ray Wave-Lengths |journal=Physical Review |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=166–172 |bibcode=1915PhRv....6..166. |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.6.166}} * {{Cite journal |last=Duane |first=William |year=1915 |title=On the Extraction and Purification of Radium Emanation |journal=Physical Review |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=311–314 |bibcode=1915PhRv....5..311D |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.5.311 |issn=0031-899X}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}'''Majiyoyi''' * {{Cite journal |last=Allison |first=Samuel K. |author-link=Samuel King Allison |year=1965 |title=Arthur Holly Compton 1892–1962 |journal=Biographical Memoirs |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |volume=38 |pages=81–110 |issn=0077-2933 |oclc=1759017}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Webster |first=Edward W. |date=1993 |title=The origins of Medical Physics in the USA: William Duane, Ph.D., 1913-1920 |url=http://www.uthgsbsmedphys.org/GS02-0093/Webster%201993%20manuscript%20about%20radon.pdf |journal=Medical Physics |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1607–1610 |bibcode=1993MedPh..20.1607W |doi=10.1118/1.597159 |pmid=8309432 |access-date=June 13, 2021}} *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/9/5/158 Canja wurin Adadin Hasken Radiation zuwa Ma'ana -- Duane 9 (5): 158 -- Takardun Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa] * [https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/404 Takardun William Duane - Laburaren Boulder na Jami'ar Colorado] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qnsh1h0gacq39bdfmag6vc40zwmmi1b 0 179434 968436 2026-10-16T21:47:34Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306309189|Gareth Chilcott]]" 968436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gareth James Chilcott''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1956 a [[Bristol]] ) tsohon ɗan wasan rugby ne, wanda ya buga wa Bath da Ingila wasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gareth Chilcott |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/england/rugby/player/9813.html |access-date=20 Nov 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa da Australia a shekarar 1984. Ya yi rangadin yawon shakatawa tare da British Lions a Ostiraliya a shekarar 1989, tare da Andy Robinson da Jeremy Guscott . Ya taka rawa a wasan da aka sake farfado da shi na Up 'n' Under wanda aka shirya a kusa da gasar zakarun rugby sevens . Chilcott kuma mai goyon bayan Bristol City ne kuma yana halartar wasanni da yawa na gida da waje. Ya bayyana a wani wasan rugby na musamman na ''Come Dine with Me'' tare da Martin Offiah, Victor Ubogu, da Kyran Bracken wanda aka nuna a watan Satumba na 2011. A shekarar 2012, Chilcott ya kafa kamfanin tafiye-tafiyen wasanni na [https://venatour.co.uk/about-us/ Venatour], wanda ke Cheltenham . Yana kuma shirya wani shirin ra'ayi na yau da kullun akan layi, Cooch's Corner, wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyi da baƙi na rugby. == Aikin sadaka == Shi ne shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar agaji ta rugby mai suna Wooden Spoon da ke Somerset, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somerset |url=https://woodenspoon.org.uk/region/somerset/}}</ref> yana inganta rayuwar yara da matasa marasa galihu a Birtaniya da Ireland.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} Shi ma jakada ne na SOS International Rugby Board Kit Aid. SOS/IRB Kit Aid wani aikin rugby ne mai "kore" wanda ke ba wa yara marasa galihu a duniya damar yin wasa da haɓaka rugby a ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar tattarawa da rarraba kayan wasan rugby da aka sake yin amfani da su/ba a so daga Burtaniya da Ireland.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207080637/http://www.sosirbkitaid.org/ Kayan Taimakon SOS IRB] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615192946/http://www.bathrugby.com/657.php Bayanin martaba a Bath Rugby "Hall of Fame"] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] f9zob0nj2ec6v6vaku6qh73c9rwada8 968437 968436 2026-10-16T21:48:04Z Baffa ali 47435 968437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gareth James Chilcott''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1956 a [[Bristol]] ) tsohon ɗan wasan rugby ne, wanda ya buga wa Bath da Ingila wasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gareth Chilcott |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/england/rugby/player/9813.html |access-date=20 Nov 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa da Australia a shekarar 1984. Ya yi rangadin yawon shakatawa tare da British Lions a Ostiraliya a shekarar 1989, tare da Andy Robinson da Jeremy Guscott . Ya taka rawa a wasan da aka sake farfado da shi na Up 'n' Under wanda aka shirya a kusa da gasar zakarun rugby sevens . Chilcott kuma mai goyon bayan Bristol City ne kuma yana halartar wasanni da yawa na gida da waje. Ya bayyana a wani wasan rugby na musamman na ''Come Dine with Me'' tare da Martin Offiah, Victor Ubogu, da Kyran Bracken wanda aka nuna a watan Satumba na 2011. A shekarar 2012, Chilcott ya kafa kamfanin tafiye-tafiyen wasanni na [https://venatour.co.uk/about-us/ Venatour], wanda ke Cheltenham . Yana kuma shirya wani shirin ra'ayi na yau da kullun akan layi, Cooch's Corner, wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyi da baƙi na rugby. == Aikin sadaka == Shi ne shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar agaji ta rugby mai suna Wooden Spoon da ke Somerset, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somerset |url=https://woodenspoon.org.uk/region/somerset/}}</ref> yana inganta rayuwar yara da matasa marasa galihu a Birtaniya da Ireland.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} Shi ma jakada ne na SOS International Rugby Board Kit Aid. SOS/IRB Kit Aid wani aikin rugby ne mai "kore" wanda ke ba wa yara marasa galihu a duniya damar yin wasa da haɓaka rugby a ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar tattarawa da rarraba kayan wasan rugby da aka sake yin amfani da su/ba a so daga Burtaniya da Ireland.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207080637/http://www.sosirbkitaid.org/ Kayan Taimakon SOS IRB] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615192946/http://www.bathrugby.com/657.php Bayanin martaba a Bath Rugby "Hall of Fame"] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] 952o0lkov8dqexfyo80nvb802eocspm 0 179435 968443 2026-10-16T22:06:45Z ~2026-55325-53 50081 Added references and information about SatVEERA and its founder, Satveer Saini. 968443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SatVEERA''' wata alama ce ta kasuwanci a Indiya da ke ƙera mundayen hannu daga lu'ulu'u na halitta. Wanda ya kafa wannan alama ta kasuwanci shi ne Satveer Saini, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya.<ref name=":1"><nowiki>https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/</nowiki></ref> == Kayayyaki == SatVEERA tana ƙera nau'ikan mundayen hannu na lu'ulu'u na halitta, ciki har da waɗanda aka tsara bisa alamomin zodiac, lissafin suna, ilimin taurari da Vastu.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == * [https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/ Bollywood Insider – Satveer Saini da SatVEERA] * [https://theviralbytes.in/satveer-saini-from-television-to-entrepreneurship-satveera-gives-new-direction-to-numerology-astrology-and-vastu The Viral Bytes – Satveer Saini da SatVEERA] * [https://english.punjabbytes.com/satveer-saini-from-television-to-entrepreneurship-satveera-gives-new-direction-to-numerology-astrology-and-vastu Punjab Bytes – Satveer Saini da SatVEERA] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://satveera.in/ Shafin yanar gizon SatVEERA] qud49f5l7tc57smgmx53ghbdh5iebmr 0 179436 968445 2026-10-16T22:09:31Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374003466|Nigerian Institute of Medical Research]]" 968445 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Najeriya''' ( '''NIMR''' ) da ke Yaba, [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] cibiyar bincike ce ta likitanci . NIMR tana gudanar da bincike (na asali, na amfani, da na aiki) kan Cututtukan da ake iya yaɗawa da waɗanda ba a iya yaɗawa ba da suka zama ruwan dare a ƙasar don inganta lafiya da ci gaban ƙasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Institute Of Medical Research (NIMR) – The Pangens Consortium |url=https://pangens.org/national-institute-of-medical-research-nimr/ |access-date=2026-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta zama abin koyi ga inganta lafiya da ci gaban ƙasa a Najeriya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Institute Of Medical Research – Research For National Health |url=https://nimr.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> ⁹NIMR tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka tsare-tsare masu inganci don yaɗa sakamakon bincike da kuma samar da yanayi mai kyau da kayan aiki don bincike da horo na lafiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da jami'o'i, da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka tsara a ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2014, cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakile barkewar cutar Ebola a Legas. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=By |title=How Nigeria defeated Ebola |url=https://africasacountry.com/2017/12/how-nigeria-defeated-ebola |access-date=2026-09-05 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Najeriya (NIMR) ita ce cibiyar bincike mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa a Najeriya tun lokacin da aka kai Yaba na hukumar zazzabin shawara ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1920. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:Nigerian-Institute-Medical-Research-NIMR-Lagos-Nigeria-aug-2026-IMG_7205.png|thumb| Shigarwa]] [[Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya]] ce ta kafa NIMR ta hanyar dokar kafa cibiyar bincike ta 1977, domin inganta lafiya da ci gaban kasa. Har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Magunguna ta Ƙasa (NIPRID) a Abuja, ita ce kawai cibiyar da aka keɓe musamman ga binciken likitanci a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Institute Of Medical Research – Research For National Health |url=https://nimr.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Darakta-Janar na Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Najeriya a halin yanzu shine Farfesa John Oladapo Obafunwa, wanda Shugaba Tinubu ya nada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-director-general-of-the-nigerian-institute-of-medical-research/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakile barkewar cutar Ebola a Legas. <ref name=":2" /> - A watan Afrilun 2014, watanni uku kafin majiyyacin farko da ya kamu da cutar Ebola a Najeriya ya sauka a Legas, likitoci da masana kimiyya masu bincike da ke da alaƙa da NIMR da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar Legas sun fara ilmantar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na gwamnati a tashoshin jiragen ruwa da iyakokin karkara na Legas. Sun kuma horar da likitoci da ma'aikatan lafiya kan ma'anonin shari'o'i, da kuma shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name=":2" /> == Yankunan bincike == NIMR ta mayar da hankali kan fannin kimiyya na bincike a fannin [[Biochemistry|sinadarai masu gina jiki]] da [[abinci mai gina jiki]], ilimin halittar jiki, ilmin allurar rigakafi, ilimin rigakafi, tsarin kiwon lafiya da bincike kan manufofi, cututtukan haihuwa, cututtukan uwa da yara, kimiyyar asibiti, ilimin [[Ilimin halittu|halittu masu rai]], ilmin kwayoyin halitta, ilmin kwayoyin halitta, [[Biotechnology|fasahar kere-kere]] da lafiyar jama'a, tare da nazarin da ya mayar da hankali kan cututtuka mafi muhimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a a kasar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], HIV/AIDS, [[tarin fuka]], [[Ciwon Hanta|cutar hanta]], [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]], ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'', da [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]] . NIMR ta kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje (biyu an amince da su a duniya bisa ga ISO15189 2012), ƙarfin ɗan adam da na kayayyakin more rayuwa don bincike da kirkire-kirkire, hidima da horo waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar ƙasa. [1] A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, NIMR ta ƙaddamar da kayan gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na SARS-CoV-2 Isothemal Molecular Assay (SIMA) na farko a Najeriya don haɓaka ƙarfin gwajin COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-19 |title=NIMR Unveils New Molecular Testing Kit |url=https://geeky.com.ng/nimr-unveils-new-molecular-testing-kit/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Geeky Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya (NCDC)]] * Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Najeriya * [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Cocoa ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Binciken Koko ta Najeriya (CRIN)]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nimr.gov.ng Shafin yanar gizo na NIMR] {{Authority control}} 49ew6pwyihl6vaohiw33vy7ps0pif73 968446 968445 2026-10-16T22:10:20Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 968446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Najeriya''' ( '''NIMR''' ) da ke Yaba, [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] cibiyar bincike ce ta likitanci . NIMR tana gudanar da bincike (na asali, na amfani, da na aiki) kan Cututtukan da ake iya yaɗawa da waɗanda ba a iya yaɗawa ba da suka zama ruwan dare a ƙasar don inganta lafiya da ci gaban ƙasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Institute Of Medical Research (NIMR) – The Pangens Consortium |url=https://pangens.org/national-institute-of-medical-research-nimr/ |access-date=2026-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta zama abin koyi ga inganta lafiya da ci gaban ƙasa a Najeriya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Institute Of Medical Research – Research For National Health |url=https://nimr.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> ⁹NIMR tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka tsare-tsare masu inganci don yaɗa sakamakon bincike da kuma samar da yanayi mai kyau da kayan aiki don bincike da horo na lafiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da jami'o'i, da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka tsara a ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2014, cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakile barkewar cutar Ebola a Legas. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=By |title=How Nigeria defeated Ebola |url=https://africasacountry.com/2017/12/how-nigeria-defeated-ebola |access-date=2026-09-05 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Najeriya (NIMR) ita ce cibiyar bincike mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa a Najeriya tun lokacin da aka kai Yaba na hukumar zazzabin shawara ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1920. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:Nigerian-Institute-Medical-Research-NIMR-Lagos-Nigeria-aug-2026-IMG_7205.png|thumb| Shigarwa]] [[Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya]] ce ta kafa NIMR ta hanyar dokar kafa cibiyar bincike ta 1977, domin inganta lafiya da ci gaban kasa. Har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Magunguna ta Ƙasa (NIPRID) a Abuja, ita ce kawai cibiyar da aka keɓe musamman ga binciken likitanci a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Institute Of Medical Research – Research For National Health |url=https://nimr.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Darakta-Janar na Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Najeriya a halin yanzu shine Farfesa John Oladapo Obafunwa, wanda Shugaba Tinubu ya nada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-new-director-general-of-the-nigerian-institute-of-medical-research/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakile barkewar cutar Ebola a Legas. <ref name=":2" /> - A watan Afrilun 2014, watanni uku kafin majiyyacin farko da ya kamu da cutar Ebola a Najeriya ya sauka a Legas, likitoci da masana kimiyya masu bincike da ke da alaƙa da NIMR da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar Legas sun fara ilmantar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na gwamnati a tashoshin jiragen ruwa da iyakokin karkara na Legas. Sun kuma horar da likitoci da ma'aikatan lafiya kan ma'anonin shari'o'i, da kuma shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name=":2" /> == Yankunan bincike == NIMR ta mayar da hankali kan fannin kimiyya na bincike a fannin [[Biochemistry|sinadarai masu gina jiki]] da [[abinci mai gina jiki]], ilimin halittar jiki, ilmin allurar rigakafi, ilimin rigakafi, tsarin kiwon lafiya da bincike kan manufofi, cututtukan haihuwa, cututtukan uwa da yara, kimiyyar asibiti, ilimin [[Ilimin halittu|halittu masu rai]], ilmin kwayoyin halitta, ilmin kwayoyin halitta, [[Biotechnology|fasahar kere-kere]] da lafiyar jama'a, tare da nazarin da ya mayar da hankali kan cututtuka mafi muhimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a a kasar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], HIV/AIDS, [[tarin fuka]], [[Ciwon Hanta|cutar hanta]], [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]], ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'', da [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]] . NIMR ta kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje (biyu an amince da su a duniya bisa ga ISO15189 2012), ƙarfin ɗan adam da na kayayyakin more rayuwa don bincike da kirkire-kirkire, hidima da horo waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar ƙasa. [1] A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, NIMR ta ƙaddamar da kayan gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na SARS-CoV-2 Isothemal Molecular Assay (SIMA) na farko a Najeriya don haɓaka ƙarfin gwajin COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-19 |title=NIMR Unveils New Molecular Testing Kit |url=https://geeky.com.ng/nimr-unveils-new-molecular-testing-kit/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Geeky Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya (NCDC)]] * Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Najeriya * [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Cocoa ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Binciken Koko ta Najeriya (CRIN)]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nimr.gov.ng Shafin yanar gizo na NIMR] {{Authority control}} dvvlgshg8to38ldsq1tf19eci8t1uz7 0 179437 968447 2026-10-16T22:21:06Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371977363|Nancy Abu-Bonsrah]]" 968447 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Nancy Abu-Bonsrah''' ƙwararriyar likitan jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana wadda ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta kammala karatunta daga shirin tiyatar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa na Makarantar Likitanci ta Johns Hopkins, makarantar "inda aka kafa fannin tiyatar jijiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa." An karɓe ta don yin horo a Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Johns Hopkins Accepts First Black Woman As Neurosurgery Resident |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/johns-hopkins-accepts-its-first-black-female-neurosurgery-resident/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2024. Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its ready for committee review == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abu-Bonsrah a [[Ghana]] kuma ta koma [[Maryland]] lokacin tana da shekaru 15. Ta karanci ilmin sinadarai da kuma ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar Mount Saint Mary da ke Maryland. Daga nan ta je Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins don yin karatun likitanci. Ita ce likita ta farko a cikin danginta na gaba. Sha'awarta ta yin karatun tiyatar jijiyoyi ta samo asali ne sakamakon yin tiyatar likitan jijiyoyi lokacin da ta ziyarci [[Ghana]] lokacin da take ƙaramar yarinya a jami'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-12 |title=Adventist Medical Student Becomes First Black Female Accepted Into Johns Hopkins Neurosurgery Residency Program – North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists |url=https://www.nadadventist.org/news/adventist-medical-student-becomes-first-black-female-accepted-johns-hopkins-neurosurgery/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><blockquote>"Yawancin lokaci idan na yi tunanin tiyatar kwakwalwa, ina ganin kwakwalwa tana da tsarki kuma ba ka taɓa ta ko kuma ka yi mata wani abu ba, amma ganin suna yin waɗannan tiyata masu ban mamaki, kuma suna da sakamako mai kyau wani abu ne da ya burge ni." Ta kuma lura da yadda likitocin suka "fito" da "masu fama da rashin lafiya, tana cewa: "Akwai marasa lafiya marasa adadi da dole ne su gani kuma kaɗan ne daga cikinsu. Na yi tunanin zai yi kyau in haɗa sha'awata a wannan fanni da damar samar da hidima ga ƙasata da sauran ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da kayayyakin aikin tiyata da yawa." </blockquote> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Kwabena Yamoah, wacce ta sami digirin digirgir daga Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Maryland . Abu-Bonsrah ɗan Adventist ne na kwana bakwai . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-12 |title=Adventist Medical Student Becomes First Black Female Accepted Into Johns Hopkins Neurosurgery Residency Program – North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists |url=https://www.nadadventist.org/news/adventist-medical-student-becomes-first-black-female-accepted-johns-hopkins-neurosurgery/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar tallafin karatu na zama a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gidauniyar Bincike da Ilimi ta Neurosurgeon (NREF) 2021 * Kyautar Irving J. Sherman Traveling Fellowship Award a Sashen Kula da Jijiyoyin Jiki na Hopkins a shekarar 2021. * Kyautar Ayyukan Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg.2022 * Kyautar Binciken Tiyata ta Duniya ta Ƙungiyar Tiyata/Ƙungiyar Tiyata ta Ilimi (AAS/AASF) a shekarar 2022. * Kyautar Louise Eisenhardt ta Sashen Kula da Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi na Hopkins a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumna Nancy Abu-Bonsrah Completes Neurosurgery Residency {{!}} Mount St. Mary's University Emmitsburg Maryland |url=https://news.msmary.edu/2024/06/alumna-nancy-abu-bonsrah-completes-seven-year-neurosurgery-residency.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=news.msmary.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ebmzzav8akgq220hoi3cpiix8w3xrdj 968448 968447 2026-10-16T22:21:51Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 968448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Nancy Abu-Bonsrah''' ƙwararriyar likitan jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana wadda ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta kammala karatunta daga shirin tiyatar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa na Makarantar Likitanci ta Johns Hopkins, makarantar "inda aka kafa fannin tiyatar jijiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa." An karɓe ta don yin horo a Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Johns Hopkins Accepts First Black Woman As Neurosurgery Resident |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/johns-hopkins-accepts-its-first-black-female-neurosurgery-resident/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2024. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abu-Bonsrah a [[Ghana]] kuma ta koma [[Maryland]] lokacin tana da shekaru 15. Ta karanci ilmin sinadarai da kuma ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar Mount Saint Mary da ke Maryland. Daga nan ta je Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins don yin karatun likitanci. Ita ce likita ta farko a cikin danginta na gaba. Sha'awarta ta yin karatun tiyatar jijiyoyi ta samo asali ne sakamakon yin tiyatar likitan jijiyoyi lokacin da ta ziyarci [[Ghana]] lokacin da take ƙaramar yarinya a jami'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-12 |title=Adventist Medical Student Becomes First Black Female Accepted Into Johns Hopkins Neurosurgery Residency Program – North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists |url=https://www.nadadventist.org/news/adventist-medical-student-becomes-first-black-female-accepted-johns-hopkins-neurosurgery/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><blockquote>"Yawancin lokaci idan na yi tunanin tiyatar kwakwalwa, ina ganin kwakwalwa tana da tsarki kuma ba ka taɓa ta ko kuma ka yi mata wani abu ba, amma ganin suna yin waɗannan tiyata masu ban mamaki, kuma suna da sakamako mai kyau wani abu ne da ya burge ni." Ta kuma lura da yadda likitocin suka "fito" da "masu fama da rashin lafiya, tana cewa: "Akwai marasa lafiya marasa adadi da dole ne su gani kuma kaɗan ne daga cikinsu. Na yi tunanin zai yi kyau in haɗa sha'awata a wannan fanni da damar samar da hidima ga ƙasata da sauran ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da kayayyakin aikin tiyata da yawa." </blockquote> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Kwabena Yamoah, wacce ta sami digirin digirgir daga Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Maryland . Abu-Bonsrah ɗan Adventist ne na kwana bakwai . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-12 |title=Adventist Medical Student Becomes First Black Female Accepted Into Johns Hopkins Neurosurgery Residency Program – North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists |url=https://www.nadadventist.org/news/adventist-medical-student-becomes-first-black-female-accepted-johns-hopkins-neurosurgery/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar tallafin karatu na zama a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gidauniyar Bincike da Ilimi ta Neurosurgeon (NREF) 2021 * Kyautar Irving J. Sherman Traveling Fellowship Award a Sashen Kula da Jijiyoyin Jiki na Hopkins a shekarar 2021. * Kyautar Ayyukan Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg.2022 * Kyautar Binciken Tiyata ta Duniya ta Ƙungiyar Tiyata/Ƙungiyar Tiyata ta Ilimi (AAS/AASF) a shekarar 2022. * Kyautar Louise Eisenhardt ta Sashen Kula da Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi na Hopkins a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumna Nancy Abu-Bonsrah Completes Neurosurgery Residency {{!}} Mount St. Mary's University Emmitsburg Maryland |url=https://news.msmary.edu/2024/06/alumna-nancy-abu-bonsrah-completes-seven-year-neurosurgery-residency.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=news.msmary.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b3lzmbzf55np2htyg8m70tliiasap5t 0 179438 968449 2026-10-16T22:28:26Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361581789|St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone]]" 968449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=St John of God Hospital|org_group=<!-- optional -->|image=St John of God Hospital, Mabesseneh, Lunsar, Sierra Leone Exterior.jpg|caption=Main entrance|logo=|location=Mabesseneh, [[Lunsar]]|country=Sierra Leone|coordinates={{coord|8.7035|-12.5250|type:landmark_region:SL|display=it}}|funding=Non-profit|type=District|beds=100|emergency=Yes|founded=1964|closed=<!-- optional -->|website={{URL|http://www.stjohnofgodhospital.net}}|other_links=<!-- optional -->}} [[File:StJohnofGodHospital.Net.jpg|left|thumb|118x118px| Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu a Asibitin St John of God]] '''Asibitin Katolika na St. John of God''', wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Mabessaneh, asibiti ne da ke Mabesseneh, Lunsar, [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] . Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Masu Asibiti ta St. John of God ce ke gudanar da ita, wata ƙungiya [[Cocin katolika|ta Katolika]] ta duniya. <ref> {{Cite web |title=St John of God Hospital |url=http://www.stjohnofgodhospital.net |access-date=4 March 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital}}</ref> . Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its ready for committee review Asibiti ne wanda ba na addini ba, wanda ke da sassa da dama, wasu daga cikinsu wani bangare ne na kiwon lafiya a Saliyo, kamar sashen kula da marasa lafiya na waje, sashen kula da yara, sashen kula da lafiya da kuma sashen kula da mata masu juna biyu. Wasu kuma, kamar gaggawa, tiyata, kantin magani da kuma ilimin halittu masu rai, ba a cika samun su a lardunan ba, a wajen babban birnin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaflet on St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone |url=http://www.dioceseofmakeni.com/MAKENI%20dvd/diocese%20of%20makeni%20website/HEALTH/SAINT%20JOHN%20OF%20GOD%20CATHOLIC%20HOSPITAL%20LUNSAR.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvo A, Cortés J, Yärnoz MC, Oliveras M, Parets M |year=1983 |title=Gynecologic cytology at the Catholic Hospital St. John of God, Lunsar Sierra Leone |journal=Eur J Gynaecol Oncol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=198–200 |pmid=6401031}}</ref> Asibitin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da dama. Ita ce kawai asibitin Saliyo da ke wajen babban birnin [[Freetown]] wanda ke da sashen ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus mai suna GLOBOLAB eV ke gudanarwa. An haɗa shi da Asibitin Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona . <ref name="globlab">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Sierra Leone |url=http://www.globolab.org/sierraleone.html |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Globolab}}</ref> <ref name="isa">{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=El hospital Saint John of God de Sierra Leona inicia su camino en el Proyecto iSA |url=http://www.theisaproject.eu/2009/11/el-hospital-saint-john-of-god-de-sierra-leona-inicia-su-camino-en-el-proyecto-isa |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=International Support Action: Collaborative Discussions of Complex Clinical Cases}}</ref> <ref name="DBS">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Easy Diagnosis of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-0997_article.htm |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Centre of Disease Control and Prevention |pages=Letters}}</ref> Asibitin yana da daraktan lafiya da kuma daraktan gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=victor.calderon@creandowp.es |date=2017-03-07 |title=St. John of God Hospital in Sierra Leone celebrates 50 years - Juan Ciudad |url=https://juanciudad.org/en/st-john-of-god-hospital-in-sierra-leone-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=John City |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo|Annobar cutar Ebola ta 2014 a Saliyo]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.stjohnofgod.org/sjog_missions.html Shafin yanar gizo na 'Yan'uwa na St. John of God] {{Authority control}} qp4v33jhqc7i8blgex14e9zku81t03y 968450 968449 2026-10-16T22:28:58Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 968450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:StJohnofGodHospital.Net.jpg|left|thumb|118x118px| Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu a Asibitin St John of God]] '''Asibitin Katolika na St. John of God''', wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Mabessaneh, asibiti ne da ke Mabesseneh, Lunsar, [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] . Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Masu Asibiti ta St. John of God ce ke gudanar da ita, wata ƙungiya [[Cocin katolika|ta Katolika]] ta duniya. <ref> {{Cite web |title=St John of God Hospital |url=http://www.stjohnofgodhospital.net |access-date=4 March 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital}}</ref> . Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its ready for committee review Asibiti ne wanda ba na addini ba, wanda ke da sassa da dama, wasu daga cikinsu wani bangare ne na kiwon lafiya a Saliyo, kamar sashen kula da marasa lafiya na waje, sashen kula da yara, sashen kula da lafiya da kuma sashen kula da mata masu juna biyu. Wasu kuma, kamar gaggawa, tiyata, kantin magani da kuma ilimin halittu masu rai, ba a cika samun su a lardunan ba, a wajen babban birnin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaflet on St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone |url=http://www.dioceseofmakeni.com/MAKENI%20dvd/diocese%20of%20makeni%20website/HEALTH/SAINT%20JOHN%20OF%20GOD%20CATHOLIC%20HOSPITAL%20LUNSAR.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvo A, Cortés J, Yärnoz MC, Oliveras M, Parets M |year=1983 |title=Gynecologic cytology at the Catholic Hospital St. John of God, Lunsar Sierra Leone |journal=Eur J Gynaecol Oncol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=198–200 |pmid=6401031}}</ref> Asibitin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da dama. Ita ce kawai asibitin Saliyo da ke wajen babban birnin [[Freetown]] wanda ke da sashen ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus mai suna GLOBOLAB eV ke gudanarwa. An haɗa shi da Asibitin Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona . <ref name="globlab">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Sierra Leone |url=http://www.globolab.org/sierraleone.html |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Globolab}}</ref> <ref name="isa">{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=El hospital Saint John of God de Sierra Leona inicia su camino en el Proyecto iSA |url=http://www.theisaproject.eu/2009/11/el-hospital-saint-john-of-god-de-sierra-leona-inicia-su-camino-en-el-proyecto-isa |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=International Support Action: Collaborative Discussions of Complex Clinical Cases}}</ref> <ref name="DBS">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Easy Diagnosis of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-0997_article.htm |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Centre of Disease Control and Prevention |pages=Letters}}</ref> Asibitin yana da daraktan lafiya da kuma daraktan gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=victor.calderon@creandowp.es |date=2017-03-07 |title=St. John of God Hospital in Sierra Leone celebrates 50 years - Juan Ciudad |url=https://juanciudad.org/en/st-john-of-god-hospital-in-sierra-leone-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=John City |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo|Annobar cutar Ebola ta 2014 a Saliyo]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.stjohnofgod.org/sjog_missions.html Shafin yanar gizo na 'Yan'uwa na St. John of God] {{Authority control}} ld23b95r8exp5qujpt9hdvek0lnk5wv 968451 968450 2026-10-16T22:29:27Z Halima Waziri 29451 Karamin gyera 968451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:StJohnofGodHospital.Net.jpg|left|thumb|118x118px| Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu a Asibitin St John of God]] '''Asibitin Katolika na St. John of God''', wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Mabessaneh, asibiti ne da ke Mabesseneh, Lunsar, [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] . Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Masu Asibiti ta St. John of God ce ke gudanar da ita, wata ƙungiya [[Cocin katolika|ta Katolika]] ta duniya. <ref> {{Cite web |title=St John of God Hospital |url=http://www.stjohnofgodhospital.net |access-date=4 March 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital}}</ref> . Asibiti ne wanda ba na addini ba, wanda ke da sassa da dama, wasu daga cikinsu wani bangare ne na kiwon lafiya a Saliyo, kamar sashen kula da marasa lafiya na waje, sashen kula da yara, sashen kula da lafiya da kuma sashen kula da mata masu juna biyu. Wasu kuma, kamar gaggawa, tiyata, kantin magani da kuma ilimin halittu masu rai, ba a cika samun su a lardunan ba, a wajen babban birnin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaflet on St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone |url=http://www.dioceseofmakeni.com/MAKENI%20dvd/diocese%20of%20makeni%20website/HEALTH/SAINT%20JOHN%20OF%20GOD%20CATHOLIC%20HOSPITAL%20LUNSAR.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvo A, Cortés J, Yärnoz MC, Oliveras M, Parets M |year=1983 |title=Gynecologic cytology at the Catholic Hospital St. John of God, Lunsar Sierra Leone |journal=Eur J Gynaecol Oncol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=198–200 |pmid=6401031}}</ref> Asibitin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da dama. Ita ce kawai asibitin Saliyo da ke wajen babban birnin [[Freetown]] wanda ke da sashen ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus mai suna GLOBOLAB eV ke gudanarwa. An haɗa shi da Asibitin Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona . <ref name="globlab">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Sierra Leone |url=http://www.globolab.org/sierraleone.html |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Globolab}}</ref> <ref name="isa">{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=El hospital Saint John of God de Sierra Leona inicia su camino en el Proyecto iSA |url=http://www.theisaproject.eu/2009/11/el-hospital-saint-john-of-god-de-sierra-leona-inicia-su-camino-en-el-proyecto-isa |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=International Support Action: Collaborative Discussions of Complex Clinical Cases}}</ref> <ref name="DBS">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Easy Diagnosis of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-0997_article.htm |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Centre of Disease Control and Prevention |pages=Letters}}</ref> Asibitin yana da daraktan lafiya da kuma daraktan gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=victor.calderon@creandowp.es |date=2017-03-07 |title=St. John of God Hospital in Sierra Leone celebrates 50 years - Juan Ciudad |url=https://juanciudad.org/en/st-john-of-god-hospital-in-sierra-leone-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=John City |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo|Annobar cutar Ebola ta 2014 a Saliyo]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.stjohnofgod.org/sjog_missions.html Shafin yanar gizo na 'Yan'uwa na St. John of God] {{Authority control}} bknwrep3i4su7tb83wjewnxjjjkzh0p 14 179439 968477 2026-10-16T23:54:24Z Dostojewskij 4361 Yin kirkira Rukuni:Haifaffun 1895 968477 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 179440 968478 2026-10-16T23:57:43Z M Bash Ne 12403 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372545606|Diego Odoh Okenyodo]]" 968478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Odoh Diego Okenyodo''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 1974) marubuci ne na ƙasar Najeriya, ɗan jarida, ƙwararren masaniyar sadarwa ta ci gaba, masanin dabarun kafofin watsa labarai, mawaƙi, kuma ɗan kasuwa na kafofin watsa labarai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Akweya TV Limited, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai mai shiga tsakani da ke mai da hankali kan inganta harshe da tattaunawar al'umma, da Isu Media Ltd, kamfanin ba da shawara kan hulɗa da jama'a da sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Abuja, Najeriya. Okenyodo na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar 'yan rubutun Kaduna kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Splendors Of Dawn Poetry Foundation . Tare da Farfesa [[Nduka Otiono]], ya haɗa kai da ''Camouflage: Mafi kyawun Rubuce-rubucen Zamani daga Najeriya'', tarihin marubutan Najeriya na zamani. Littafin ya haɗa da ayyukan shahararrun Marubutan Najeriya na zamani kamar [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] da [[Helon Habila]] . == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disambar shekarar 1974 a asibitin St. Theresa, Otukpo, dake Jihar Benue, ƙasar Najeriya, Okenyodo ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] (ABU) Zaria inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar adabi da aka sani da Creative Writers' Club. A sakamakon ayyukansa a kulob ɗin, gwamnatin soja ta Manjo Janar [[Mamman Kontagora]], mai kula da soja wanda aka sanya shi a cikin ma'aikatar a cikin shekarar 1995 bayan rikici a jami'ar. An sake dawo da Okenyodo a shekara ta 2001, bayan shekaru uku yana yaƙi da hukumomin jami'a a kotu da kuma ɓangarori daban-daban, gami da sanannen "Oputa Panel". A lokacin da yake waje da jami'a, ya rayu a kan rubuce-rubucensa da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen. === Ayyuka === A cikin watan Satumbar shekarar 1999, Weekly Trust ta sanya shi a matsayin mai ba da labari mai zaman kansa, wanda ya nuna farkon aikin jarida na dogon lokaci. Tun da farko a ABU Zaria, Okenyodo ya ba da gudummawa kuma ya shirya wasu mujallu na harabar. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2001, Okenyodo, yana aiki tare da abokanan aikinsa irin su: Sumaila Umaisha, Aba Ejembi, Jerome Ajayi - ya kafa ƙungiyar marubuta ta Kaduna. Har ila yau, ya riƙe shugaban ƙungiyar marubuta ta Kaduna daga farkon zuwa shekara ta 2006, Okenyodo ya jagoranci ƙungiyar edita ta ''Bayan dokar hana fita'', wani tarihin rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira da aka samo daga tarin shekaru biyar na ƙungiyar na wata sanarwa ta mako-mako da aka sani da Crocodile. An zaɓe shi Sakataren yaɗa labarai na ƙasa na ƙungiyar marubutan Najeriya (ANA) a cikin watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2003, yana aiki har zuwa watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin shirya taron cika shekaru 30 na ƙungiyar da aka shirya a birnin Abuja a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011. Okenyodo memba ne na ''Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Najeriya (NIPR) '', Abuja, tana aiki a kwamitin tallace-tallace da hulɗar jama'a. A shekara ta 2006, Odoh Diego Okenyodo ya koma daga Kaduna don yin aiki tare da Alliance for Credible Elections na Abuja a matsayin mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai. Daga ƙawancen ƙungiyoyin farar hula, ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Ci gaba (CDD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Welcome |url=http://www.cddwestafrica.org |access-date=23 December 2013 |website=cddwestafrica.org |publisher=Centre for Democracy Development}}</ref> a matsayin babban jami'in shirin da ke da alhakin sadarwa ta ƙungiyar. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, don neman kwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ya koma CMC Connect Burson-Marsteller (Manufar Manajoji) <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=CMC Connect |url=http://www.cmcconnect.com |access-date=23 December 2013 |website=cmcconnect.com}}</ref> don jagorantar ofishin harkokin jama'a na kamfanin sadarwa na talla da ke Abuja. Yanzu shi ne manajan darektan Isu Media Ltd, kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a da ke Abuja. Odoh ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirin koyar da wallafe-wallafen Masana'antar Burtaniya / Jami'ar Lancaster a cikin shekarar 2005 da kuma InWent's Measuring Democracy, Governance and Human Rights course a Namibia (2008). Ya yi aiki a kan marubuci mai zaman kansa don BBC World Service Trust, ActionAid, Coalitions for Change, Cibiyar Demokradiyya da Ci gaba, Cibiyar Gudanar da Shari'a ta Jama'a, da sauransu. == Ayyuka == Littafin waƙoƙinsa, mai taken A Poem to its Creator, an sake shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 ta hanyar Hybun Publications International zuwa babban yabo. "Za a iya bayyana binciken waka na Okeniodo a matsayin mai ban sha'awa yayin da yake amfani da shayari don yin tsokaci na zamantakewa, gargadi da bayyana shayari da kansa, "wani mai sukar ya ce game da tarin. Wani ya ce: "Ta hanyar waƙoƙin Okenyodo, an buga ku a wurin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akunyili |first=Tochukwu |date=19 June 2009 |title=From a Poem to its Creator… Meeting Okenyodo |url=http://www.africanwriter.com/from-a-poem-to-its-creator-meeting-okenyodo/ |access-date=23 December 2013 |website=africanwriter.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da Daraja == * An sanya ''Waƙar ga Mahaliccinsa'' a cikin jerin sunayen US $ 50,000 The Nigeria Prize for Literature a cikin 2009. * A watan Fabrairun 2021, an ba Okenyodo lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga gudanar da fasaha a Najeriya a lokacin bikin shekara-shekara na Hadiza Ibrahim Aliyu Schools Festival [https://hiasfest.org.ng/wordpress/] An adana shi 2021-01-16 a wanda Hill-Top Creative Arts Foundation ta shirya, a birnin Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], Najeriya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Yan jaridar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tl82r6232mtkxh5qr87g18oat7kbytd 968479 968478 2026-10-16T23:58:23Z M Bash Ne 12403 968479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Odoh Diego Okenyodo''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 1974) marubuci ne na ƙasar Najeriya, ɗan jarida, ƙwararren masaniyar sadarwa ta ci gaba, masanin dabarun kafofin watsa labarai, mawaƙi, kuma ɗan kasuwa na kafofin watsa labarai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Akweya TV Limited, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai mai shiga tsakani da ke mai da hankali kan inganta harshe da tattaunawar al'umma, da Isu Media Ltd, kamfanin ba da shawara kan hulɗa da jama'a da sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Abuja, Najeriya. Okenyodo na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar 'yan rubutun Kaduna kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Splendors Of Dawn Poetry Foundation . Tare da Farfesa [[Nduka Otiono]], ya haɗa kai da ''Camouflage: Mafi kyawun Rubuce-rubucen Zamani daga Najeriya'', tarihin marubutan Najeriya na zamani. Littafin ya haɗa da ayyukan shahararrun Marubutan Najeriya na zamani kamar [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] da [[Helon Habila]] . == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disambar shekarar 1974 a asibitin St. Theresa, Otukpo, dake Jihar Benue, ƙasar Najeriya, Okenyodo ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] (ABU) Zaria inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar adabi da aka sani da Creative Writers' Club. A sakamakon ayyukansa a kulob ɗin, gwamnatin soja ta Manjo Janar [[Mamman Kontagora]], mai kula da soja wanda aka sanya shi a cikin ma'aikatar a cikin shekarar 1995 bayan rikici a jami'ar. An sake dawo da Okenyodo a shekara ta 2001, bayan shekaru uku yana yaƙi da hukumomin jami'a a kotu da kuma ɓangarori daban-daban, gami da sanannen "Oputa Panel". A lokacin da yake waje da jami'a, ya rayu a kan rubuce-rubucensa da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen. === Ayyuka === A cikin watan Satumbar shekarar 1999, Weekly Trust ta sanya shi a matsayin mai ba da labari mai zaman kansa, wanda ya nuna farkon aikin jarida na dogon lokaci. Tun da farko a ABU Zaria, Okenyodo ya ba da gudummawa kuma ya shirya wasu mujallu na harabar. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2001, Okenyodo, yana aiki tare da abokanan aikinsa irin su: Sumaila Umaisha, Aba Ejembi, Jerome Ajayi - ya kafa ƙungiyar marubuta ta Kaduna. Har ila yau, ya riƙe shugaban ƙungiyar marubuta ta Kaduna daga farkon zuwa shekara ta 2006, Okenyodo ya jagoranci ƙungiyar edita ta ''Bayan dokar hana fita'', wani tarihin rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira da aka samo daga tarin shekaru biyar na ƙungiyar na wata sanarwa ta mako-mako da aka sani da Crocodile. An zaɓe shi Sakataren yaɗa labarai na ƙasa na ƙungiyar marubutan Najeriya (ANA) a cikin watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2003, yana aiki har zuwa watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin shirya taron cika shekaru 30 na ƙungiyar da aka shirya a birnin Abuja a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011. Okenyodo memba ne na ''Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Najeriya (NIPR) '', Abuja, tana aiki a kwamitin tallace-tallace da hulɗar jama'a. A shekara ta 2006, Odoh Diego Okenyodo ya koma daga Kaduna don yin aiki tare da Alliance for Credible Elections na Abuja a matsayin mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai. Daga ƙawancen ƙungiyoyin farar hula, ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Ci gaba (CDD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Welcome |url=http://www.cddwestafrica.org |access-date=23 December 2013 |website=cddwestafrica.org |publisher=Centre for Democracy Development}}</ref> a matsayin babban jami'in shirin da ke da alhakin sadarwa ta ƙungiyar. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, don neman kwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ya koma CMC Connect Burson-Marsteller (Manufar Manajoji) <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=CMC Connect |url=http://www.cmcconnect.com |access-date=23 December 2013 |website=cmcconnect.com}}</ref> don jagorantar ofishin harkokin jama'a na kamfanin sadarwa na talla da ke Abuja. Yanzu shi ne manajan darektan Isu Media Ltd, kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a da ke Abuja. Odoh ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirin koyar da wallafe-wallafen Masana'antar Burtaniya / Jami'ar Lancaster a cikin shekarar 2005 da kuma InWent's Measuring Democracy, Governance and Human Rights course a Namibia (2008). Ya yi aiki a kan marubuci mai zaman kansa don BBC World Service Trust, ActionAid, Coalitions for Change, Cibiyar Demokradiyya da Ci gaba, Cibiyar Gudanar da Shari'a ta Jama'a, da sauransu. == Ayyuka == Littafin waƙoƙinsa, mai taken A Poem to its Creator, an sake shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 ta hanyar Hybun Publications International zuwa babban yabo. "Za a iya bayyana binciken waka na Okeniodo a matsayin mai ban sha'awa yayin da yake amfani da shayari don yin tsokaci na zamantakewa, gargadi da bayyana shayari da kansa, "wani mai sukar ya ce game da tarin. Wani ya ce: "Ta hanyar waƙoƙin Okenyodo, an buga ku a wurin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akunyili |first=Tochukwu |date=19 June 2009 |title=From a Poem to its Creator… Meeting Okenyodo |url=http://www.africanwriter.com/from-a-poem-to-its-creator-meeting-okenyodo/ |access-date=23 December 2013 |website=africanwriter.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da Daraja == * An sanya ''Waƙar ga Mahaliccinsa'' a cikin jerin sunayen US $ 50,000 The Nigeria Prize for Literature a cikin 2009. * A watan Fabrairun 2021, an ba Okenyodo lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga gudanar da fasaha a Najeriya a lokacin bikin shekara-shekara na Hadiza Ibrahim Aliyu Schools Festival [https://hiasfest.org.ng/wordpress/] An adana shi 2021-01-16 a wanda Hill-Top Creative Arts Foundation ta shirya, a birnin Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], Najeriya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Yan jaridar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0yg0jk65cjezw1ee4l7vv1u8pqvixld 0 179441 968495 2026-10-17T02:55:12Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bala Mohammed Bello''' mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arzikin siyasa ne ga shugaban Najeriya, Bola Ahmed Tinubu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Release |first=Press |date=2026-03-14 |title=Newly-appointed adviser on political economy, Bala Bello, thanks President Tinubu, pledges loyalty |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/864075-newly-appointed-adviser-on-political-economy-bala-bello-thanks-president-tinubu-pledges-loyalty.html |access-date=2026-08-27 |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Kafin wannan naɗin, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan kula da ayyukan kamfani a [[Central Bank of Nigeria|Babban Bankin Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cardoso Assigns Portfolios to 4 Deputy Governors|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/09/30/cardoso-assigns-portfolios-to-4-deputy-governors/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya naɗa shi a watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Angbulu |first=Stephen |date=15 September 2023 |title=Tinubu nominates Cardoso as CBN Governor, names four deputies⁣ |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-cardoso-as-cbn-governor-names-four-deputies/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2026, an mayar da shi fadar shugaban ƙasa domin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arzikin siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ukwu |first=Jerrywright |date=2026-03-14 |title=Bala Bello: I’ll work closely with Tinubu to advance political, economic reforms |url=https://www.thecable.ng/bala-bello-ill-work-closely-with-tinubu-to-advance-political-economic-reforms/ |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Bala ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin lissafin kuɗi da kuma digiri na biyu a harkokin gudanar da kasuwanci (MBA) daga [[Ahmadu Bello University|Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya. Ya kuma halarci shirin horas da shugabanci na manyan ma'aikata mai suna High Potential Leadership Program a [[Harvard Business School]], inda ya kammala karatun.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2019 |title=NEXIM Bank Director, Bello, conferred with PhD in leadership & management |url=https://dailytrust.com/nexim-bank-director-bello-conferred-with-phd-in-leadership-management/|access-date=20 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> An kuma ba shi digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir a harkokin gudanar da kasuwanci (Doctor of Business Administration, ''Honoris Causa'') daga [[Commonwealth University (London)|Jami'ar Commonwealth]], tare da haɗin gwiwar [[London Graduate School]]. Ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin shugabanci da gudanarwa daga [[ESAE University]] da ke Jamhuriyar Benin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NEXIM Bank ED Bags Doctorate Degree |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/05/06/nexim-bank-ed-bags-doctorate-degree/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2017, an naɗa Bello a matsayin babban darakta kuma mamba a tawagar gudanarwar NEXIM Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vanguard |date=20 April 2017 |title=FG appoints new management for NEXIM Bank |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/fg-appoints-new-management-nexim-bank/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an sake naɗa shi na wani wa'adin shekaru biyar a matsayin daraktan kula da ayyukan kamfani na bankin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2022 |title=Buhari re-appoints Bala Bello as NEXIM's corporate services director|url=https://dailytrust.com/buhari-re-appoints-bala-bello-as-nexims-corporate-services-director/ |access-date=21 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Bala}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian bankers]] [[Category:Ahmadu Bello University alumni]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} lxox0ma0sndtapp1tpcm08bof4aj6ly 0 179442 968497 2026-10-17T02:58:10Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lukman Alade Fakeye''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1983,<ref name="duck-WP-mirror">{{cite web|url=http://duckduckgo.com/Lukman_Alade_Fakeye|title=Lukman Alade Fakeye|publisher=duckduckgo.com|accessdate=2009-06-11}}</ref> a [[Ibadan]]) ɗan Najeriya ne mai asalin ƙabilar [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], wanda yake aikin [[sculptor|sassaƙa]] da sassaƙa itace. == Tarihi da asali == Shi ne ƙarami a cikin iyalan Fakeye da suka shahara wajen sassaƙa. Ɗan'uwan mahaifinsa shi ne [[Lamidi Olonade Fakeye]], wanda ya sassaƙa ƙofofin ɗakin Afirka a cibiyar [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|Kennedy Center]] da ke [[Washington, D. C.]]. Lukman ya fara aiki tare da mahaifinsa, [[Akin Fakeye]], yana ɗan shekara tara.<ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> Lukman Alade Fakeye ya karanci fasaha da zane a [[The Polytechnic, Ibadan]], inda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗalibin da ya fi kowa ƙwarewa a fannin sassaƙa sau biyu.<ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> Ana iya ganin ayyukan Fakeye a tarin kayayyakin fasaha na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu a Najeriya, Amurka da Birtaniya. == Baje kolin ayyukan fasaha == * Gidan baje kolin fasahar ɗalibai na Ibadan Polytechnic. * Bikin shekara-shekara na Osun Oshogbo tare da Wale Adelakun a shekarar 2000, da kuma tare da Akindele Olufemi Olunloyo a shekarar 2006. * Aafak Art Gallery, [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], tare da Awotunde Adeniyi a shekarar 2002. * Megamurth Impression Art Gallery tare da Seun Adeyemo. * Africraft Art Gallery tare da Rotimi Aderogba a shekarar 2005. * Ofishin Jakadancin Netherlands da ke [[Abuja, Nigeria|Abuja]] a shekarar 2001. * Mansah Gallery, [[Banjul|Banjul, Gambia]], a shekarar 2007. == Bayanan ƙarshe == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100604033038/http://www.grainsofafrica.com/catalog/fakeye-yoruba-c-36.html Grains of Africa: Fakeye & Yoruba Art] * [http://www.folkcuba.com/botanica_ht/fakeye_hmpge1.html FolkCuba: Fakeye Family Yoruba Traditional Arts] * [http://www.mnh.si.edu/africanvoices/gallery/lamidi/meet_the_artist.html Lamidi Fakeye] == Nassoshi == * Lamidi Olonade Fakeye. ''Lamidi Olonade Fakeye: A Retrospective Exhibition and Autobiography, My Life and Art''. 1997. {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fakeye, Lukman}} [[Category:Nigerian woodcarvers]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian sculptors]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Yoruba artists]] [[Category:People from Ibadan]] {{Nigeria-sculptor-stub}} lmwui9esw04uodcmknc051zctu6o7xv 0 179443 968498 2026-10-17T03:00:38Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amasike Emelonye''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1962) ɗan Najeriya ne mai shirya fina-finai, ƙwararre a harkokin gudanarwa da fasaha, mai taimakon al'umma, kuma mai horas da masu tuka babura da motoci a wasannin tsere.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-46745843 | title=Aisha 'Flygirl' Vatsa: Meet Nigeria Fastest Female Biker | publisher=BBC NEWS, PIDGIN |author=Usifo Omozokpea & Dan Ikpoyi|date=3 January 2019| accessdate=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://naijamotorsports.com/2019/02/28/tp/ | title=Meet Amasike | publisher=Naija Motorsports |author=Abiodun Sowemimo |date=28 February 2019| accessdate=10 January 2020}}</ref> Ya shirya fim ɗin ''[[Last Flight to Abuja]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2287851/ | title=Last Flight to Abuja | publisher=IMDb }}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2020, ya kasance baƙo a shirin talabijin na gaskiya na waje na Najeriya mai suna ''[[Camp Out 9ja]]'' (2020), wanda [[Success Akpojotor]] ya rubuta, [[Soba Mac Pepple]] na [[KU FM Benin|KUFM]] kuma ya gabatar da shi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11581204/ | title=Camp Out 9ja | publisher=IMDb }}</ref> Ya taɓa zama manajan darakta na Zinox Computers, kuma ya taimaka wajen samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa na fasahar sadarwa da kwamfuta (ICT) tare da hukumomi irin su INEC, NPC da NUC. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *{{IMDb name|5110581}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emelonye, Amasike}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian people]] [[Category:Nigerian film producers]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} cnc4b64rgffbsn2v3qgzce90f8xl65g 0 179444 968499 2026-10-17T03:03:38Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Osahon Grandeur Uzama'''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gesinde Hadji |title=Famous Pluto: From Benin Roots to Breakout Artist|url=https://bsgistnews.com/biography/famous-pluto-biography-from-benin-roots-to-breakout-artist/|date=June 29, 2025 |access-date=July 9, 2025|website=BS News}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2005), wanda aka fi sani da sunan fasaha '''Famous Pluto''', mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi ɗan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Pluto's 'Na Scra' Shoots Up to No. 3 on Apple Music Nigeria – No. 1 Next?|url=https://exclusivemusicplus.com/posts/9e504b056fdaedf2/famous-plutos-na-scra-shoots-up-to-no-3-on-apple-music-nigeria-no-1-next|date=March 20, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025|website=Exclusive Plus}}</ref> An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Benin City]]. A shekarar 2025, ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da [[Plutomania Records]], kamfanin rikodin waƙoƙin [[Shallipopi]], sannan ya samu karɓuwa a fagen kiɗa bayan fitar da waƙarsa ta farko mai suna "[[Na Scra]]" a wannan shekarar.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=OG Bos |title=Famous Pluto debuts with Streetwise Narrative 'Na Scra.'|url=https://mp3bullet.ng/famous-pluto-debuts-with-streetwise-narrative-na-scra/ |date=March 14, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=MPBullet }}</ref> Nasarar waƙar ta haifar da fitar da ƙaramin kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai suna ''Uzama The 3rd'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Emma Tee |title=Famous Pluto Makes Majestic Debut with New EP 'Uzama The 3rd'|url=https://mp3bullet.ng/famous-pluto-makes-majestic-debut-with-new-ep-uzama-the-3rd/|date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=MPBullet}}</ref> == Sana'a == Uzama ya fara sana'ar kiɗansa a shekarar 2015 tare da manyan 'yan'uwansa, [[Shallipopi]] da [[Zerrydl]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chibuzo Emmanuel|title=The Uzama Brothers Are Wearing Their City on Their Sleeves|url=https://culturecustodian.com/the-uzama-brothers-are-wearing-their-city-on-their-sleeves/|date=March 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025|website=Culture Custodian}}</ref> Da farko, ba ya da sha'awar yin waƙa, amma Shallipopi ya ƙarfafa shi, kuma ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga [[Wizkid]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Pluto Reveals How Music Became a Family Legacy|url=https://www.max1023.fm/famous-pluto-reveals-how-music-became-a-family-legacy/|date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=Max}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Uzama ya fara wallafa bidiyon waƙoƙin freestyles a TikTok.<ref name=guardianng>{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/famous-pluto-from-benin-city-to-nigerias-street-pop-therapist/ |title=Famous Pluto: From Benin City to Nigeria’s street pop therapist | first=Chinonso |last=Ihekire |work=The Guardian|date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Ya fara samun karɓuwa bayan fitowarsa a waƙar Outsyd DJ ta shekarar 2024 mai suna "Feel D Mood", wadda ta bazu sosai a [[TikTok]] tare da kaiwa matsayi na farko a jadawalin waƙoƙi 100 na [[TurnTable Top 100 Songs|''TurnTable'']] a [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Holiday Chart: Detty December '24 |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/19|date=December 2024 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=[[TurnTable charts]] }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Uzama ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da [[Plutomania Records]] sannan ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko, "[[Na Scra]]",<ref name=":7" /> wadda ita ma ta fara bayyana a matsayi na farko a jadawalin TurnTable Charts.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Samuel Jemituw|title=Famous Pluto's hit "Na Scra" rises to No.6 after Wizkid's co-sign.|url=https://naijabeats.com/famous-plutos-na-scra-rises-to-no-6-after-wizkids-co-sign/#:~:text=Famous%20Pluto's%20track%20%E2%80%9CNa%20Scra,traction%20now%20rise%20in%20hours.|date=March 20, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025}}</ref> Daga baya, ya haɗa kai da wasu mawaƙa wajen yin remix na waƙar [[Zhus Jdo]] mai suna "1 WORK", tare da Smur Lee. A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2025, Uzama ya fitar da ƙaramin kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko, ''Uzama The 3rd'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin da ya yi tare da Shallipopi, Zerrydl,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adeayo Adebiyi|title=Brothers Shallipopi, ZerryDL, and Famous Pluto combine for their first ever collaboration|url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/music/brothers-shallipopi-zerrydl-and-famous-pluto-combine-for-their-first-ever-collaboration-2025062014282739801|date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> da [[Jeriq]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Peter Okhide|title=Famous Pluto arrives with debut EP 'Uzama The 3rd'|url=https://notjustok.com/songs/ep/famous-pluto-uzama-the-3rd-ep/|date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=[[NotJustOk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Pluto Makes Grand Entrance with Debut EP, "Uzama The 3rd"|url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/famous-pluto-makes-grand-entrance-with-debut-ep-uzama-the-3rd/ |date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=JukeBox}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekarar 2026, Famous Pluto ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai cikakken tsawo, ''Street Therapist'', ta hannun Plutomania Records da [[ONErpm]]. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 11, tare da fitowar baƙin mawaƙa da suka haɗa da [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]], [[Mavo (musician)|Mavo]], [[Zaylevelten]], Muyeez, [[Zerrydl]] da Brazy.<ref name=guardianng/><ref name=native>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Boluwatife |date=2026-05-17 |title=Track-By-Track: Famous PLuto Walks Us Through ‘Street Therapist’ |url=https://thenativemag.com/track-by-track-famous-pluto-walks-us-through-street-therapist/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kundin waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙi na studio === * ''Street Therapist''<ref name=native/> === Ƙananan kundin waƙoƙi (EPs) === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Jerin ƙananan kundin waƙoƙi, tare da wasu bayanai game da su ! scope="col" | Suna ! scope="col" | Bayanai |- !scope="row"|''Uzama The 3rd''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://albumtalks.com/famous-pluto-drops-debut-ep-uzama-the-3rd/|title=Famous Pluto Drops Debut EP 'Uzama The 3rd'|date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 21, 2025|website=Album Talks}}</ref> | * An fitar da shi: 20 ga Yuni, 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Pluto Claims Space With "Uzama The 3rd"|url=https://culturecustodian.com/famous-pluto-claims-space-with-uzama-the-3rd/|date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025|website=Culture Custodian}}</ref> * Kamfanonin rikodin waƙoƙi: [[Plutomania Records|Plutomania]], [[ONErpm]] * Tsare-tsaren samuwa: [[music download|sauke waƙa ta dijital]], [[Streaming media|sauraro ta intanet]] |} === Waƙoƙin da aka fitar a matsayin singles === * "[[Na Scra]]" (2025) == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Musicians from Benin City]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian male rappers]] [[Category:Nigerian male singers]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian rappers]] [[Category:Nigerian Afrobeats musicians]] [[Category:Nigerian singers]] [[Category:Nigerian male singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Nigerian male songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from Edo State]] [[Category:2006 births]] {{Nigeria-artist-stub}} q2s1h3bnxwtn8hmn5uowm0swhbdaduu 0 179445 968500 2026-10-17T03:06:18Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Oritsemeyiwa Amanorisewo Eyesan''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Satumba){{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ce a harkokin [[man fetur|mai]] da iskar gas ta [[Najeriya]], kuma ma'aikaciyar gudanarwa ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esau |first=Iain |date=2025-12-18 |title=Nigeria's president appoints new head of upstream regulator |url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/politics/nigerias-president-appoints-new-head-of-upstream-regulator/2-1-1918957 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=upstreamonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asu |first=Nicholas Norbrook,'Femi |date=2025-12-22 |title=10 things to know about Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan, Nigeria's new oil referee |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/402967/10-things-to-know-about-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-nigerias-new-oil-referee/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=The Africa Report |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce babbar jami'ar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Haƙo Mai ta Najeriya (NUPRC). A watan Yunin 2024, an naɗa ta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama [[Executive Vice President|Mataimakiyar Shugaba]] mai kula da sashen ayyukan haƙo mai na [[Nigerian National Petroleum Company]] (NNPC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=2023-09-18 |title=NNPC Removes, Replaces Three Executive Vice Presidents In Top Management Shakeup |url=https://www.arise.tv/nnpc-removes-replaces-three-executive-vice-presidents-in-top-management-shakeup/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Eyesan a [[Benin City]], a jihar [[Edo State|Edo]], Najeriya. Ta yi karatu a [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta samu digirinta na farko a fannin koyar da [[Tattalin arziki|ilimin tattalin arziki]] a shekarar 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-12-18 |title=Meet Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan, newly nominated NUPRC boss |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/12/18/meet-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-newly-nominated-nuprc-boss/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan ta fara aikinta a fannin [[banki]] a shekarar 1989, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan reshe a bankin People's Bank of Nigeria, wanda daga baya aka rufe, har zuwa shekarar 1991. Daga nan ta shiga Gulf Bank of Nigeria, wanda shi ma daga baya aka rufe, a watan Satumba na shekarar 1991 a matsayin jami'ar kula da harkokin baitulmali.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olukoya |first=Bolanle |date=2024-02-06 |title=Beyond the noise: Unravelling accusations surrounding Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/beyond-the-noise-unravelling-accusations-surrounding-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-04-13 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Kamfanin Man Fetur na Ƙasa na Najeriya (NNPC) === A shekarar 1993, ta shiga NNPC a matsayin jami'ar kula da jigilar kayayyaki. Daga Yuli 2019 zuwa Nuwamba 2022, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Manajan Rukuni mai kula da [[Corporate planning|Tsare-tsaren Kamfani da Dabarun Aiki]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamiu |first=Basit |date=2025-12-18 |title=Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan: What to Know About New CEO of NUPRC Appointed by Tinubu - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/politics/1688642-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-what-ceo-nuprc-appointed-by-tinubu/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2022, an naɗa ta Babbar Jami'ar Dabarun Aiki bayan sauya tsarin NNPC daga kamfanin mai da iskar gas mallakar gwamnati zuwa kamfani mai zaman kansa na kasuwanci mai iyakacin alhaki, wanda ke aiki bisa dokar Najeriya ta [[Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020|Kamfanoni da Harkokin Haɗin Gwiwa (CAMA)]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=As NNPC Fully Becomes Limited Liability Company|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/05/23/as-nnpc-fully-becomes-limited-liability-company/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> A matsayinta na Babbar Jami'ar Dabarun Aiki, Eyesan ta tsara tsarin dorewar ayyukan kamfanin, tare da tabbatar da ingancin tafiyar da ayyuka da rage kuɗaɗen gudanarwa a lokacin da kamfanin ke fuskantar sauye-sauyen tsari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Onuba |first=Ifeanyi |date=17 September 2023 |title=Meet Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan, Newly Appointed NNPCL EVP In Charge of Upstream Operations |url=https://thewhistler.ng/meet-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-newly-appointed-nnpcl-evp-in-charge-of-upstream-operations/amp/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref> === Mataimakiyar Shugaba mai Kula da Ayyukan Haƙo Mai (2023–2024) === An naɗa Eyesan a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2023. Ta kula da ayyukan NNPC da suka shafi haɓaka albarkatun mai da iskar gas, bincike da haƙo su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-17 |title=Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan: Forced Out of NNPC, Chosen for NUPRC Top Job a Year Later - Markets Reporters |url=https://www.marketsreporters.com/2025/12/17/oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-forced-out-of-nnpc-chosen-for-nuprc-top-job-a-year-later/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin da take wannan mukami, ta rage lokacin kammala yarjejeniyoyin kwangila daga kwanaki 300 zuwa kwanaki 180. Wannan ya taimaka wajen samar da yanayin gudanar da ayyuka mai inganci ga [[International oil companies|Kamfanonin Mai na Ƙasa da Ƙasa (IOC)]] da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci, kuma ya taimaka wajen ƙara yawan man da ake haƙowa zuwa ganga miliyan 1.7 a kowace rana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2024-02-11 |title=Who's afraid of NNPCL's Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan? |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/whos-afraid-of-nnpcls-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-04-13 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da riƙe wannan mukami har zuwa Nuwamba 2024, lokacin da aka maye gurbinta da Udobong Ntia bayan ta yi ritaya daga NNPC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Opanuga |first=Jimisayo |date=2024-11-14 |title=New appointments at NNPC as Ajiya, Eyesan bow out |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/new-appointments-at-nnpc-as-ajiya-eyesan-bow-out/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-04-13 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NNPC Makes Major Management Changes, Drops Ajiya, Eyesan, Redeploys Segun to Finance|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/14/nnpc-makes-major-management-changes-drops-ajiya-eyesan-redeploys-segun-to-finance/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuel-Ugwuezi |first=Ozioma |date=2024-11-14 |title=NNPC Carries Out Leadership Shakeup, Appoints Adedapo Segun As New CFO |url=https://www.arise.tv/nnpc-carries-out-leadership-shakeup-appoints-adedapo-segun-as-new-cfo/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Haƙo Mai ta Najeriya (NUPRC) === Bayan [[Gbenga Komolafe]] ya sauka daga mukaminsa na Babban Jami'in Hukumar NUPRC a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2025, shugaban Najeriya [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya zaɓi Eyesan domin ta maye gurbinsa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TheCable |date=2025-12-17 |title=Gbenga Komolafe steps down after four years as NUPRC CEO |url=https://www.thecable.ng/just-in-tinubu-names-replacement-as-gbenga-komolafe-resigns-as-nuprc-ceo/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title=Tinubu nominates Eyesan, Mohammed as Dangote's allegations rock NMDPRA, NUPRC|url=https://blueprint.ng/tinubu-nominates-eyesan-mohammed-as-dangotes-allegations-rock-nmdpra-nuprc/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eboh |first1=Camillus |last2=Owolabi |first2=Tife |last3=Anyaogu |first3=Isaac |date=17 December 2025 |title=Nigeria's Tinubu nominates new oil regulators after chiefs resign amid Dangote dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-tinubu-nominates-new-oil-regulators-after-chiefs-resign-amid-dangote-2025-12-17/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Zaɓen nata ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da na masu ruwa da tsaki a faɗin ƙasar, ciki har da Women in Energy Network (WIEN)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |date=2025-12-19 |title=Women in Energy applauds Tinubu's appointment of Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan as NUPRC chief executive |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/women-in-energy-applauds-tinubus-appointment-of-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-as-nuprc-chief-executive/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=EnviroNews - latest environment news, climate change, renewable energy |language=en-US}}</ref> da Itsekiri Liberation Frontiers (ILF), ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da al'ummar [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=WIME Commends Tinubu on Appointment of Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan as NUPRC Commission's Chief Executive|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/12/22/wime-commends-tinubu-on-appointment-of-oritsemeyiwa-eyesan-as-nuprc-commissions-chief-executive/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2023-10-04 |title=Itsekiri group felicitates with Eyesan over NNPCL's executive appointment |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/itsekiri-group-felicitates-with-eyesan-over-nnpcls-executive-appointment/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2025, Eyesan ta bayyana a gaban kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa ta Najeriya wanda [[Kawu Sumaila|Sanata Kawu Sumaila]] ya jagoranta domin tantance ta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ukwu |first=Jerrywright |date=2025-12-18 |title=Senate panel screens Tinubu's nominees for NMDPRA, NUPRC leadership |url=https://www.thecable.ng/senate-panel-screens-tinubus-nominees-for-nmdpra-nuprc-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da naɗin Oritsemeyiwa Eyesan a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oladipo |first=Oladehinde |date=2025-12-17 |title=Meet Eyesan, the amazon tapped to lead Nigeria's upstream oil regulator |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/meet-eyesan-the-amazon-tapped-to-lead-nigerias-upstream-oil-regulator/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-04-13 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayobami |date=2025-12-19 |title=Senate confirms Mohammed, Eyesan as NMDPRA, NUPRC CEOs |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/12/senate-confirms-mohammed-eyesan-as-nmdpra-nuprc-ceos/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai == Eyesan mamba ce ta [[Society of Petroleum Engineers]]. Ita 'yar asalin al'ummar [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]] ce daga jihar Delta. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eyesan, Oritsemeyiwa}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Business-related lists]] [[Category:Government-related organizations]] [[Category:Government-related lists]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian businesswomen]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] {{Nigeria-business-bio-stub}} qetm7xr3zp3ud57c5uswfo5gywtf5sn 0 179446 968501 2026-10-17T03:10:06Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ngozi Esther Edeme''' (an haife ta a ranar {{Birth based on age as of date|28|2025|9|23|noage=y}}),<ref name="thecut" /> wadda aka fi sani da '''Painted by Esther''', mai kwalliyar fuska ce 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a [[London]]. Ta samu shahara saboda salon kwalliyarta da ya fi mayar da hankali kan amfani da [[Rouge (cosmetics)|rouge (foda mai launi da ake shafawa a kumatu)]], ciki har da aikin da ta yi wa fitattun mutane irin su [[Naomi Campbell]], [[SZA]], [[Kelly Rowland]], [[Olandria Carthen]], da [[Adut Akech]].<ref name="thecut" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nesvig|first=Kara|date=2026-05-26|title=Why TikTok Can’t Stop Fighting About “Transitional Blush”|url=https://www.allure.com/story/tiktok-transitional-blush-controversy|access-date=2026-05-28|website=Allure|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa da sana'a == [[File:Guests at the 2026 Met Gala 384 (Tyla facecrop).jpg|thumb|Edeme ce ta yi wa [[Tyla]] kwalliya a bikin [[Met Gala]] na shekarar 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=Tyla Just Set the Summer Mood Board With Her Mermaid Glam at the Met Gala |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/tyla-met-gala-red-carpet-beauty-2026-photos/ |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=Marie Claire |language=en}}</ref>]] An haifi Edeme kuma ta girma a [[Lagos]], Najeriya.<ref name="popsugar">{{cite web |last1=Parris |first1=Naomi |title=Get to Know Painted by Esther, the Genius Behind TikTok's Viral Blush Movement |url=https://www.popsugar.com/beauty/painted-by-esther-beauty-interview-49464999 |website=PopSugar |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Ta ƙaura zuwa Birtaniya tana da shekara takwas, sannan ta yi karatun fasahar zane a jami'a da ke arewacin Ingila.<ref name="allure">{{cite web |last1=Akyeampong |first1=Susan |title=How Painted by Esther Helped a New Generation Become Blush Obsessed |url=https://www.allure.com/story/painted-by-esther-blush-interview |website=Allure |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref name=thecut>{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Asia Milia |date=2025-09-23 |title=How Painted by Esther Went From Doing Campus Makeup to Red Carpets |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/painted-by-esthers-journey-from-campus-glam-to-red-carpets.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Cut |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a London.<ref name="allure" /> Aikinta na farko da wani fitaccen mutum ya ba ta shi ne a shekarar 2018, lokacin da ta yi wa mai kunna waƙoƙin rangadin [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] kwalliya.<ref name="thecut" /> Ta yi wa [[SZA]], [[Kelly Rowland]], [[Doechii]], [[Tyla]], [[Raye]], [[Viola Davis]], [[Cassie Ventura|Cassie]], da [[Nara Smith]] kwalliya.<ref name="popsugar" /><ref name="allure" /> Salon kwalliyar Edeme ya shahara saboda amfani da rouge mai launuka masu ƙarfi da haɗa launuka a hankali ta yadda suke sauyawa daga wannan zuwa wani.<ref name="nss">{{cite web |last1=Mannino |first1=Lucrezia |title=Who is Ngozi Esther Edeme: all about the hottest makeup artist of the moment |url=https://www.nssgclub.com/en/beauty/42328/paintedbyesther-who-is-ngozi-esther-edeme-all-about-the-hottest-make-up-artist-of-the-moment |website=NSS G-Club |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feneley|first=Ruby|date=2026-05-28|title=TikTok's Patrick Ta 'Transition Blush' Controversy Proves Beauty Still Has A Race And Gender Problem|url=https://www.elle.com.au/beauty/makeup/patrick-ta-painted-by-esther-controversy/|access-date=2026-05-28|website=ELLE|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The viral Painted by Esther blush technique — and how to actually do it|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/beauty/makeup/the-viral-painted-by-esther-blush-technique-and-how-to-actually-do-it-960aa3ad-9de7-478c-8a49-d4f436513399|access-date=2026-05-28|website=www.glamour.co.za|language=en}}</ref> An kuma yaba mata saboda yadda take amfani da wannan salon a kan masu ƙirar kaya masu duhun launin fata, kamar [[Adut Akech]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01|title=SZA's Makeup Artist Painted By Esther Shares Her Top Glam Tips|url=https://www.essence.com/beauty/in-the-chair-with-painted-by-esther-sza-doechii-kelly-rowland/|access-date=2026-05-28|website=Essence|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2025, ta ƙara samun shahara saboda wannan salo, wanda mujallar ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' ta kira "[[Barbie]] blush", a lokacin da take aiki tare da [[Olandria]].<ref name="essence">{{cite web |last1=Espy-Jones |first1=India |title=How Painted By Esther Turned Olandria Into MACZine’s New Blush Icon |url=https://www.essence.com/beauty/painted-by-esther-olandria-mac-cosmetics-maczine-blush/ |website=Essence |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="elle">{{cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Sam |title=How to Achieve the Viral Barbie Blush Look, According to Celebrity MUA Painted by Esther |url=https://www.elle.com/beauty/makeup-skin-care/a69664989/barbie-blush-trend-explained-painted-by-esther/ |website=Elle |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoto game da Edeme bayan mai kwalliyar fuska Patrick Ta ya ƙaddamar da jerin kayayyakin kwalliya mai suna "Transition Blurring Blush Duos". A cewar mujallar ''[[Allure (magazine)|Allure]]'', "Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa Ta yana kwaikwayon salon Edeme kuma yana cin gajiyar sa kamar shi ne ya ƙirƙire shi, musamman ta hanyar [[trademarking|rajistar alamar kasuwanci]] ta kalmomin 'transition blush' da kuma amfani da kalmomi kamar 'ƙirƙira' wajen bayyana salon." <ref name=":0" /> A martaninta, Edeme ta bayyana cewa ba ita ce ta ƙirƙiri wannan salon ba: "Zai zama abin dariya in yi iƙirarin mallakar wani abu. Amma abin da ba za ku raina ba shi ne tasirin da na yi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Feneley|first=Ruby|date=2026-05-28|title=TikTok's Patrick Ta 'Transition Blush' Controversy Proves Beauty Still Has A Race And Gender Problem|url=https://www.elle.com.au/beauty/makeup/patrick-ta-painted-by-esther-controversy/|access-date=2026-05-28|website=ELLE|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Daga cikin waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kan salon aikinta akwai [[Pat McGrath]], Danessa Myricks, Sam Fine, ayyukan [[Kevyn Aucoin]] da ya yi wa [[Naomi Campbell]], da Scott Barnes.<ref name="allure" /><ref name="thecut" /> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.instagram.com/paintedbyesther/?hl=en Shafin Instagram na hukuma] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edeme, Ngozi Esther}} [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian make-up artists]] [[Category:Artists from Lagos]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian women artists]] {{Nigeria-artist-stub}} f2r4skydbrgmadvt4ofz36f5zh9yq1e 0 179447 968502 2026-10-17T03:12:54Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eze Chima''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Eze Chime''') wani fitaccen sarki ne na almara, jarumi kuma mai ilimin ruhi daga cikin al'ummar [[Igbo people|Igbo]], wanda ya rayu a ƙarni na 16. Ya fito ne daga [[Arochukwu]] a [[Abia State]], kuma shi ne ya kafa dangin Umu Eze Chima a yankin [[Anioma Region|Anioma]] na [[Delta State]], da kuma wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kakannin da suka kafa [[Onitsha]], a jihar [[Anambra State]] ta yau.<ref>{{Cite news |title=EZE CHIMA: A NEW TALE OF ARO HEROISM|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2018/03/04/eze-chima-a-new-tale-of-aro-heroism/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> A cewar masanin tarihi [[Michael Crowder]] a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Story of Nigeria'', Eze Chima ya yi tafiya daga [[Arochukwu|Masarautar Arochukwu]] zuwa [[Kingdom of Benin|Masarautar Benin]] domin kafa sana'arsa ta mai ilimin ruhi, tare da yin aiki a matsayin wakilin [[Aro people|Aro Oracle]] na [[Ibini Ukpabi]] wajen tattara bayi daga Masarautar Benin. Daga baya, Eze Chima ya bar masarautar sakamakon rikicin siyasa da ya shiga tsakaninsa da sarkin Benin na lokacin, [[Esigie]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odike |first=Chuka |date=2025-01-08 |title=The Umu Eze Chima Lineage and the Historical Evolution of Onicha Settlements |url=https://ozikoro.com/the-umu-eze-chima-lineage-and-the-historical-evolution-of-onicha-settlements/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Ozi Ikòrò |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofwestafr0000ajay_q6f4 |title=History of West Africa. Vol.1 |date=1977 |publisher=London : Longman |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-231-04103-4}}</ref> == Nassoshi == <references /> {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} [[Category:Igbo monarchs]] [[Category:Abia State]] [[Category:Onitsha]] 1359ntvml5oje59ztk1yv4k4nyx3ukj 0 179448 968504 2026-10-17T03:16:47Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iye Idolorusan''' (wanda kuma ake rubutawa '''Udolorolusan'''; ta rasu a kusan shekarar 1870–1875), wadda 'yan kasuwar Turai suka sani da '''Sarauniya Dola''', gimbiya ce daga cikin al'ummar [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]], attajiriyar 'yar kasuwa kuma jigo a siyasar [[Kingdom of Warri|Masarautar Warri]]. Ta yi fice a lokacin rikicin gadon sarauta da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Olu [[Akengbuwa]] da manyan magadansa a shekarar 1848.<ref name="Lloyd1963">{{cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=P. C. |title=The Itsekiri in the Nineteenth Century: An Outline Social History |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=4 |issue=2 |date=July 1963 |pages=207–231 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700004035 |jstor=179535}}</ref>{{rp|214–216}} Ko da yake wani rubutun tarihin rayuwarta na baya ya bayyana ta a matsayin shugaba wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin “wani nau'in mai riƙon sarauta”, ba a taɓa naɗa ta a matsayin Olu ba. A tarihin al'ummar Itsekiri da William A. Moore ya rubuta, Yarima Eri, ɗan Akengbuwa, shi ne wanda aka naɗa a hukumance a matsayin ''olotu'', wato mai riƙon sarauta.<ref name="Sheldon2012">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sheldon |first=Kathleen |title=Iye Idolorusan |encyclopedia=Dictionary of African Biography |editor-last1=Akyeampong |editor-first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |editor-last2=Gates |editor-first2=Henry Louis Jr. |volume=3 |year=2012 |pages=176–177 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA176}}</ref><ref name="Moore1970">{{cite book |last=Moore |first=William A. |title=History of Itsekiri |edition=2nd |orig-date=1936 |year=1970 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-1701-5 |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/1243}}</ref>{{rp|91–93}} ==Iyali da kasuwanci== Iye da 'yar'uwarta Uwala 'ya'yan Olu Erejuwa ne da Emaye. Bayan mutuwar Erejuwa, Emaye ta auri ɗansa kuma magajinsa Akengbuwa. Akengbuwa ɗan Erejuwa ne ta wata matar, saboda haka shi da Iye 'yan'uwan uba ne amma ba uwa ɗaya ba. Daga baya Emaye ta haifa wa Akengbuwa 'ya'ya uku, ciki har da sarakunan da ake kira Omateye da Ejo.<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|214–215}}<ref name="Sheldon2012" />{{rp|176}} Labarin da Lloyd ya rubuta a shekarar 1963 ya bayyana cewa Iye da Uwala ne suka kafa [[Batere]] a matsayin mafaka mai yiwuwa ga Omateye da Ejo idan suka tilasta musu guduwa daga [[Ode-Itsekiri]].<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|214}} Moore ya ba da wani bayani dabam, inda ya ce Akengbuwa ne ya bayar da umarnin gina matsuguni a Batere domin Omateye da 'yan'uwansa mata, bayan da aka samu hamayya tsakanin Omateye da wani basarake mai suna Agbagba.<ref name="Moore1970" />{{rp|63–66}} Moore ya rubuta cewa da farko Iye ta auri Ide na Eghoroke, kafin daga baya ta auri Omoku, wani gwamnan sarauta da aka girke a Bobi. Iye ta zauna a matsuguninta mai suna Ajiye, a Bobi Creek. Ita da Omoku sun haifi ɗa mai suna Tsanomi. A rubuce-rubucen Birtaniya da kuma tarihin rayuwar da Sheldon ya wallafa, an rubuta sunansa a matsayin Chanomi.<ref name="Moore1970" />{{rp|66}}<ref name="Sheldon2012" />{{rp|176}} Iye ta tara dukiya mai yawa ta hanyar kasuwanci, kuma 'yan kasuwar Turai suka riƙa kiranta da “Sarauniya Dola”.<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|215}} ==Rikicin gadon sarauta== Moore ya bayyana cewa Akengbuwa ya rasu a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1848, sannan Omateye ya rasu bayan kwanaki huɗu. A cewarsa, an naɗa Ejo na ɗan lokaci, amma ya rasu bayan watanni uku bisa kalandar wata.<ref name="Moore1970" />{{rp|90–91}} Lloyd ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa Akengbuwa da manyan magadansa biyu sun rasu a jere cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kuma ana zargin cewa mutuwar Omateye da Ejo ta samo asali ne daga wasu dalilai da ba na halitta ba. Wannan rikici ya haifar da ficewar mutane da yawa daga Ode-Itsekiri, tare da watsewar 'yan gidan sarauta da mutanen da suke ƙarƙashinsu.<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|214–215}} Ba a san ainihin yadda abubuwa suka faru a babban birnin ba. Obaro Ikime, yayin da yake nuna cewa ba za a iya sake gina cikakken tarihin abubuwan da suka faru ba, ya taƙaita wata al'ada da ke cewa Iye ta koma Ode-Itsekiri, sannan tare da taimakon Ebrimoni ta kafa majalisar gwamnati wadda galibinta ya ƙunshi 'yan gidan sarauta. Ƙoƙarin naɗa wani Olu ya ci tura saboda an ɗauki manyan 'yan takarar a matsayin waɗanda ba su cancanta ba saboda asalin danginsu ta ɓangaren uwa. A maimakon haka, an naɗa Yarima Eri a matsayin ''olotu''.<ref name="Ikime1969">{{cite book |last=Ikime |first=Obaro |title=Niger Delta Rivalry: Itsekiri-Urhobo Relations and the European Presence, 1884–1936 |year=1969 |publisher=Longmans |location=Harlow |isbn=978-0-582-64515-8 |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/1306}}</ref>{{rp|39–40}} Cikakken bayanin al'adar da Moore ya bayar ya ce da farko Iye ta gudu zuwa Okere a lokacin tashin hankalin, sannan ta dawo bayan an samu sauƙin lamarin. Daga nan ta jagoranci majalisa da ta ƙunshi 'ya'yan gidan sarauta, 'yantattun jama'a da manyan masu yi wa sarauta hidima. A cewar Moore, daga baya Iye ta gayyato Yarima Eri daga Gborodo, ta kuma shirya bukukuwan gargajiya da aka gudanar domin naɗa shi a hukumance a matsayin ''olotu''. Bayan haka, ana gudanar da tarurrukan da suka shafi masarautar a gidansa.<ref name="Moore1970" />{{rp|91–93}} ==Dangantaka da jami'an Birtaniya== Ebrimoni babban mai yi wa gidan sarauta hidima ne wanda aka bautar da shi. Ya kasance mallakin Iye da Omateye a lokuta daban-daban kafin daga baya ya koma wajen Iye. A watan Maris na shekarar 1849, Kwamanda Tudor na jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Firefly|1832|6}} ya ziyarci Kogin Benin bayan korafe-korafen da 'yan kasuwar Turai suka gabatar. Tudor ya yi niyyar zuwa Ode-Itsekiri domin ganawa da Iye, amma bai je ba. A maimakon haka, ya kulla yarjejeniya da Diare da Idibofun na Jakpa game da kare harkokin kasuwanci a kogin.<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|215}} Daga baya, Jakadan Birtaniya [[John Beecroft]] ya bayar da rahoton cewa Ebrimoni ne yake karɓar kuɗin ''comey'', wato harajin kwastam, daga jiragen ruwan Turai sannan ya miƙa wa Iye. Lloyd ya fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa ana ɗaukar Iye da Ebrimoni a matsayin magada ga wasu daga cikin ikon kasuwanci na sarauta.<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|215}} A shekarar 1851, Beecroft ya ba da shawarar naɗa Ebrimoni a matsayin Olu, amma 'yan gidan sarauta suka ƙi amincewa da shawarar saboda matsayin Ebrimoni na mutumin da aka bautar da shi. Da ƙungiyoyin sarauta suka kasa cimma matsaya kan wanda za a naɗa Olu, sai aka zaɓi Diare a matsayin Gwamnan Kogin Benin.<ref name="Lloyd1963" />{{rp|215–217}}<ref name="Ikime1969" />{{rp|40}} ==Rayuwar baya== Iye ta ci gaba da zama a Bobi. Daga baya ɗanta Tsanomi ya zama Gwamnan Kogin Benin, inda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga shekarar 1870 zuwa 1879.<ref name="Sheldon2012" />{{rp|177}}<ref name="Ikime1969" />{{rp|75–76}} Iye ta rasu a wani lokaci tsakanin kusan shekarar 1870 da 1875. Lokacin da babu Olu ya ci gaba har tsawon lokaci bayan mutuwarta, kuma ya ƙare ne lokacin da aka naɗa Ginuwa II a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1936.<ref name="Sheldon2012" />{{rp|176–177}}<ref name="Ikime1969" />{{rp|251–252}} ==Nassoshi== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Idolorusan, Iye}} [[Category:1870s deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Nigerian women]] [[Category:Itsekiri people]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} byvdxgyggld4tt57rmtnhwr19t6h9yl 0 179449 968505 2026-10-17T03:19:58Z Marwan Bello 31239 Created a new page 968505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Hodge''' jami'in 'yan sandan mulkin mallaka ne wanda ya zama [[Inspector General of Police (Nigeria)|Babban Sufeton 'Yan Sandan Najeriya]] a shekarar 1962. Shi ne baƙon da ya jagoranci rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya na ƙarshe kafin a mayar da shugabancin ga 'yan Najeriya. Hodge ya fara aikinsa ne a cikin ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. A Najeriya, ya yi aiki a dukkan yankuna uku na ƙasar kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1964.<ref name="time" /> ==Rayuwa== An haifi Hodge a [[Motihari]], Indiya. Shi ɗan masu wa'azin mishan ne. Ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan sandan mulkin mallaka a Jamaica a shekarar 1931, sannan ya zo Najeriya a shekarar 1935 domin zama Mataimakin Sufeto. A shekarar 1946, ya jagoranci wata runduna ta musamman mai binciken manyan laifuka domin gudanar da bincike kan wasu kisan kai da suka shafi ƙungiyar [[Ekpe society]] a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Hodge babban sufeton 'yan sanda ne a lokacin, kuma yana da jami'an 'yan sanda 95 a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The 'Leopard' Killings of Southern Annang, Nigeria, 1943-48 |last=Nwaka |first=Geoffrey I. |date=1986 |work=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |issue=4 |volume=56 |pages=417–440 |doi=10.2307/1159998|jstor=1159998 }}</ref> Hodge ya ci gaba da samun karin girma a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda. A shekarar 1953, ya kasance Mataimakin Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda a yankin Arewa, a [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]]. Bayan shekaru biyu, aka tura shi [[Enugu (city)|Enugu]] domin ya jagoranci rundunar 'yan sanda ta yankin a matsayin Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda. A shekarar 1960, ya zama Mataimakin Babban Sufeton 'Yan Sanda, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi shugaban rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya mai jami'ai 23,000 a shekarar 1962.<ref name="time">{{Cite news |title=John Hodge; Obituary |date=24 October 1989 |work=The Times, London}}</ref> ==Nassoshi== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hodge, John}} [[Category:People from colonial Nigeria]] [[Category:Nigerian police chiefs]] [[Category:Indian expatriates in Nigeria]] [[Category:People from Motihari]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} {{law-enforcement-bio-stub}} nho1kd7aml51dgy7d2yans4vwh9c847 0 179450 968518 2026-10-17T06:19:48Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301203846|Alliance for New Nigeria]]" 968518 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Alliance for New Nigeria''' (ANN) [[Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya|Jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce a Najeriya . An kafa shi a watan Maris, 2017 ta wasu 'yan Najeriya da ke da damuwa da siyasa. Shugaban jam'iyyar na yanzu shine Mista Emmanuel Dania . Jam'iyyar ((((((((('''Alliance for New Nigeria''' (ANN) is a [[:en:List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria|political party]] in Nigeria. It was founded in March, 2017 by some politically concerned Nigerians. The current National Chairman of the party is Mr. Emmanuel Dania. The party got officially registered))))))))))ta yi rajista a hukumance kuma [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] (INEC) ta sanar da ita a matsayin cikakken jam'iyyar siyasa a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2018 . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Jam'iyyun siyasar Najeriya]] mjvhvr5p7ducq6snsfhan0ohwg2as2c 968520 968518 2026-10-17T06:20:50Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968520 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Alliance for New Nigeria''' (ANN) [[Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya|Jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce a Najeriya . An kafa shi a watan Maris, 2017 ta wasu 'yan Najeriya da ke da damuwa da siyasa. Shugaban jam'iyyar na yanzu shine Mista Emmanuel Dania . Jam'iyyar ta yi rajista a hukumance kuma [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] (INEC) ta sanar da ita a matsayin cikakken jam'iyyar siyasa a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2018 . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Jam'iyyun siyasar Najeriya]] dm2n71yn69khk2c2j3vykudnot2bbgk 0 179451 968523 2026-10-17T07:36:45Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346652487|Not Too Young To Run]]" 968523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|type=Youth Political Advocacy|name=Not Too Young To Run}}Not Too Young To Run wani lissafi ne na gyaran kundin tsarin mulki wanda [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisa]] dokokin [[Najeriya]] ta zartar, wanda ya rage iyakar shekarun yin takara a ofisoshin zaɓaɓɓu a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Launching Global Campaign Promoting the Right of Young People To .. |url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara ne don tallafawa takardun kuɗi da shawarwari a [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya]] wanda [[Tony Nwulu]] a Majalisar Wakilai da [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]] a Majalisar Dattijai suka tallafawa Kamfen ɗin yanzu ya zama na duniya, wanda aka kwatanta da hashtag #NotTooYoungToRun.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=YIAGA |title=#NotTooYoungToRun Bill |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/about-us/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=Youth Initiative for Advocacy Growth & Advancement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth & Advancement |first=YIAGA |title=#NotTooYoungToRun Bill |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/about-us/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.yiaga.org |publisher=Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth & Advancement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Not Too Young To Run |url=http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012408/http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/about/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=Not Too Young To Run |publisher=Not Too Young To Run}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth |title=Launching Global Campaign Promoting Right of Young People To Run for Public Office |url=http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.un.org |publisher=Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth}}</ref> Shugaba Muhammad Buhari ya amince da lissafin a cikin doka a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Buhari Signs Constitutional Bill Seeking To Reduce Age Qualification Into Elective Offices Into Law – Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre |url=https://placng.org/i/president-buhari-signs-constitutional-bill-seeking-to-reduce-age-qualification-into-elective-offices-into-law/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=Web Tv |title=Not Too Young To Run - Youth in Elected Office - Digital Media Zone, ECOSOC Youth Forum 2017 |url=http://webtv.un.org/watch/not-too-young-to-run-youth-in-elected-office-digital-media-zone-ecosoc-youth-forum-2017/5303047790001 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=webtv.un.org |publisher=United Nations Web Tv}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Bolashodun |first=Oluwatobi |title=We are young but not too young to run - Nigerian youths rally for political inclusion |url=https://www.naij.com/1097547-we-young-young-run-nigerian-youths-rally-political-inclusion-photos.html |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.naij.com |publisher=Naija.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Ba Matashi ba ne don Gudanar da lissafi == The Age Reduction Bill, wanda aka fi sani da Not Too Young To Run bill an yi shi ne kuma kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa sun fara tura shi, gami da YIAGA Africa, tun daga watan Mayu 2016. Samson Itodo ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai fafutuka mai kyau. [[Tony Nwulu]] ne ya dauki nauyin lissafin a Majalisar Wakilai kuma [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]] ne ya dauki bakuncin Majalisar Dattijai. Kudin yana neman canji a sashe na 65, 106, 131, 177 na Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na]] [[Najeriya]], wanda ya rage shekarun yin takara don zaɓaɓɓun mukamai na Majalisar (((((((The Age Reduction Bill, popularly known as Not Too Young To Run bill was conceived and began to be pushed by several civil society groups, including [[:en:YIAGA_Africa|YIAGA]] Africa, beginning in May 2016. The group is headed by Samson Itodo, a human right activist and a good governance campaigner. The bill was sponsored in the [[:en:Nigerian_House_of_Representatives|House of Representatives]] by [[:en:Tony_Nwulu|Tony Nwulu]] and in the [[:en:Nigerian_Senate|Senate]] by [[:en:Abdul-Aziz_Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]]. The bill seeks alteration in sections 65, 106, 131, 177 of the [[:en:Constitution_of_Nigeria|Constitution of Nigeria]], which has reduced the age of running for elective positions for the house of Assembly)))))))Dokoki da Majalisar Wakilai daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 25, Majalisar Dattijai da Gwamna daga shekaru 35 zuwa shekaru 30 da kuma ofishin shugaban kasa daga 40 zuwa 30 da kuma takarar mai zaman kanta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=YIAGA |first=Africa |title=Not Too Young To Run |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/the-bill/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605194807/http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/the-bill/ |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=yiaga.org |publisher=YIAGA Africa}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2018, masu gabatar da lissafin sun yi taro tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, [[Yemi Osinbajo]] don ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa ya amince da lissafin. Bayan amincewa, ƙungiyar ta nemi All Progressives Congress don rage kuɗin fom ɗin gabatarwa, saboda ya kasance N55 miliyan kafin a rage shi zuwa N45 miliyan. Amma ƙungiyar tana son a rage kuɗin don ƙarfafa sa hannun matasa a siyasa. Tun da farko, kimanin jam'iyyun siyasa shida sun yi alkawarin karfafawa ga ƙungiyar Not-Too-Young-To-Run don ƙarfafa shiga matasa 'yan Najeriya cikin siyass.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Fellow |date=2018-08-08 |title=2019: Six political parties pledge incentives for young aspirants - Fellow Press |url=https://www.fellowpress.com/news/54578/2019-six-political-parties-pledge-incentives-for-young-aspirants/ |access-date=2018-09-07 |work=Fellow Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shigar da Ba Matashi ba don Gudanar da lissafi a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya == An fara karanta lissafin ne a Majalisar Wakilai kuma an zartar da kuri'un (86-10) a Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2017, da 261-23 a Majalisar Wakin, a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2017. Kudin ya wuce karatun farko da na biyu a majalisar dokokin Najeriya kuma an gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki. Don duk wani gyare-Gyaren kundin tsarin mulki ya zama doka a Najeriya, ana buƙatar gabatar da gyare- gyare-shirye ga Majalisar Dokoki ta jihohi 36 na tarayyar, kuma ba kasa da jihohi 24 (biyu bisa uku) ana sa ran za su jefa kuri'a Ee ga gyare-gyaren. An ruwaito cewa Majalisar Dokoki a [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohin Najeriya]] 33 sun kada kuri'a a'a, ban da [[Zamfara]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. Majalisar Dokokin [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] ta ki amincewa da lissafin da farko, amma, an juyar da shi bayan kungiyar ta yi sanarwa da ta kaddamar da Majalisar Taraba a cikin Hall of Shame . A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, masu taron sun ba da izinin Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya da shugaban su na kwanaki 30 don kammala hanyoyin wucewa da sanya hannu kan lissafin zuwa doka. == Yarjejeniyar Ba Matashi ba don Gudanar da lissafin Shugaban Najeriya == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] ta yanke shawarar aiki da dokar Not Too Young To Run ga [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]]. A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2018, kungiyoyi 55 da matasa ke jagoranta sun ba Shugaba Buhari wata yarjejeniya ta kwana 8 don amincewa da lissafin. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2018, Shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]], ya sanar a cikin jawabinsa na '[[Ranar Dimokradiyya (Nijeriya)|Ranar dimokuradiyya]]' cewa yana shirin sanya hannu kan lissafin ya zama doka. Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan lissafin a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan dokar Not Too Young To Run a cikin doka. == Rikici na Siyasa == Akwai jayayya cewa an cire dokar Not Too Young To Run daga rahoton bita na kundin tsarin mulki a lokacin taron bita na kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SURAJU |first1=OLANREWAJU |date=23 July 2017 |title=FACT CHECK: ‘Not Too Young To Run’ Bill Was Never Presented, Considered During Lagos Meeting |url=http://saharareporters.com/2017/07/23/fact-check-%E2%80%98not-too-young-run%E2%80%99-bill-was-never-presented-considered-during-lagos-meeting |accessdate=2 June 2018 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7kwef8wonlo15xkuktwl0bfuee9iyuh 968526 968523 2026-10-17T07:42:16Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|type=Youth Political Advocacy|name=Not Too Young To Run}}Not Too Young To Run wani lissafi ne na gyaran kundin tsarin mulki wanda [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisa]] dokokin [[Najeriya]] ta zartar, wanda ya rage iyakar shekarun yin takara a ofisoshin zaɓaɓɓu a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Launching Global Campaign Promoting the Right of Young People To .. |url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara ne don tallafawa takardun kuɗi da shawarwari a [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya]] wanda [[Tony Nwulu]] a Majalisar Wakilai da [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]] a Majalisar Dattijai suka tallafawa Kamfen ɗin yanzu ya zama na duniya, wanda aka kwatanta da hashtag #NotTooYoungToRun.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=YIAGA |title=#NotTooYoungToRun Bill |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/about-us/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=Youth Initiative for Advocacy Growth & Advancement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth & Advancement |first=YIAGA |title=#NotTooYoungToRun Bill |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/about-us/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.yiaga.org |publisher=Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth & Advancement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Not Too Young To Run |url=http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012408/http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/about/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=Not Too Young To Run |publisher=Not Too Young To Run}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth |title=Launching Global Campaign Promoting Right of Young People To Run for Public Office |url=http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.un.org |publisher=Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth}}</ref> Shugaba Muhammad Buhari ya amince da lissafin a cikin doka a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Buhari Signs Constitutional Bill Seeking To Reduce Age Qualification Into Elective Offices Into Law – Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre |url=https://placng.org/i/president-buhari-signs-constitutional-bill-seeking-to-reduce-age-qualification-into-elective-offices-into-law/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=Web Tv |title=Not Too Young To Run - Youth in Elected Office - Digital Media Zone, ECOSOC Youth Forum 2017 |url=http://webtv.un.org/watch/not-too-young-to-run-youth-in-elected-office-digital-media-zone-ecosoc-youth-forum-2017/5303047790001 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=webtv.un.org |publisher=United Nations Web Tv}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Bolashodun |first=Oluwatobi |title=We are young but not too young to run - Nigerian youths rally for political inclusion |url=https://www.naij.com/1097547-we-young-young-run-nigerian-youths-rally-political-inclusion-photos.html |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.naij.com |publisher=Naija.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Ba Matashi ba ne don Gudanar da lissafi == The Age Reduction Bill, wanda aka fi sani da Not Too Young To Run bill an yi shi ne kuma kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa sun fara tura shi, gami da YIAGA Africa, tun daga watan Mayu 2016. Samson Itodo ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai fafutuka mai kyau. [[Tony Nwulu]] ne ya dauki nauyin lissafin a Majalisar Wakilai kuma [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]] ne ya dauki bakuncin Majalisar Dattijai. Kudin yana neman canji a sashe na 65, 106, 131, 177 na Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na]] [[Najeriya]], wanda ya rage shekarun yin takara don zaɓaɓɓun mukamai na Majalisar Dokoki da Majalisar Wakilai daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 25, Majalisar Dattijai da Gwamna daga shekaru 35 zuwa shekaru 30 da kuma ofishin shugaban kasa daga 40 zuwa 30 da kuma takarar mai zaman kanta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=YIAGA |first=Africa |title=Not Too Young To Run |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/the-bill/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605194807/http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/the-bill/ |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=yiaga.org |publisher=YIAGA Africa}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2018, masu gabatar da lissafin sun yi taro tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, [[Yemi Osinbajo]] don ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa ya amince da lissafin. Bayan amincewa, ƙungiyar ta nemi All Progressives Congress don rage kuɗin fom ɗin gabatarwa, saboda ya kasance N55 miliyan kafin a rage shi zuwa N45 miliyan. Amma ƙungiyar tana son a rage kuɗin don ƙarfafa sa hannun matasa a siyasa. Tun da farko, kimanin jam'iyyun siyasa shida sun yi alkawarin karfafawa ga ƙungiyar Not-Too-Young-To-Run don ƙarfafa shiga matasa 'yan Najeriya cikin siyass.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Fellow |date=2018-08-08 |title=2019: Six political parties pledge incentives for young aspirants - Fellow Press |url=https://www.fellowpress.com/news/54578/2019-six-political-parties-pledge-incentives-for-young-aspirants/ |access-date=2018-09-07 |work=Fellow Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shigar da Ba Matashi ba don Gudanar da lissafi a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya == An fara karanta lissafin ne a Majalisar Wakilai kuma an zartar da kuri'un (86-10) a Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2017, da 261-23 a Majalisar Wakin, a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2017. Kudin ya wuce karatun farko da na biyu a majalisar dokokin Najeriya kuma an gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki. Don duk wani gyare-Gyaren kundin tsarin mulki ya zama doka a Najeriya, ana buƙatar gabatar da gyare- gyare-shirye ga Majalisar Dokoki ta jihohi 36 na tarayyar, kuma ba kasa da jihohi 24 (biyu bisa uku) ana sa ran za su jefa kuri'a Ee ga gyare-gyaren. An ruwaito cewa Majalisar Dokoki a [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohin Najeriya]] 33 sun kada kuri'a a'a, ban da [[Zamfara]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. Majalisar Dokokin [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] ta ki amincewa da lissafin da farko, amma, an juyar da shi bayan kungiyar ta yi sanarwa da ta kaddamar da Majalisar Taraba a cikin Hall of Shame . A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, masu taron sun ba da izinin Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya da shugaban su na kwanaki 30 don kammala hanyoyin wucewa da sanya hannu kan lissafin zuwa doka. == Yarjejeniyar Ba Matashi ba don Gudanar da lissafin Shugaban Najeriya == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] ta yanke shawarar aiki da dokar Not Too Young To Run ga [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]]. A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2018, kungiyoyi 55 da matasa ke jagoranta sun ba Shugaba Buhari wata yarjejeniya ta kwana 8 don amincewa da lissafin. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2018, Shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]], ya sanar a cikin jawabinsa na '[[Ranar Dimokradiyya (Nijeriya)|Ranar dimokuradiyya]]' cewa yana shirin sanya hannu kan lissafin ya zama doka. Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan lissafin a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan dokar Not Too Young To Run a cikin doka. == Rikici na Siyasa == Akwai jayayya cewa an cire dokar Not Too Young To Run daga rahoton bita na kundin tsarin mulki a lokacin taron bita na kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SURAJU |first1=OLANREWAJU |date=23 July 2017 |title=FACT CHECK: ‘Not Too Young To Run’ Bill Was Never Presented, Considered During Lagos Meeting |url=http://saharareporters.com/2017/07/23/fact-check-%E2%80%98not-too-young-run%E2%80%99-bill-was-never-presented-considered-during-lagos-meeting |accessdate=2 June 2018 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 3nak14a2yjzry79swmys9ebsz8i2gsb 0 179452 968525 2026-10-17T07:42:13Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''GMC Radio Gombe''' gidan rediyo ne da ke birnin Gombe, a jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Gidan rediyon yana watsa shirye-shirye a mitar 91.9 MHz (FM), kuma yana ƙarƙashin Gombe Media Corporation (GMC), hukumar yaɗa labarai ta gwamnatin jihar Gombe.<ref name="mapping2">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Media and Communication Channel Mapping in Gombe State |url=https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SFCG_Media-and-Communication-Channel-Mapping-Final-Report-August-2022.pdf |webs... 968525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GMC Radio Gombe''' gidan rediyo ne da ke birnin Gombe, a jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Gidan rediyon yana watsa shirye-shirye a mitar 91.9 MHz (FM), kuma yana ƙarƙashin Gombe Media Corporation (GMC), hukumar yaɗa labarai ta gwamnatin jihar Gombe.<ref name="mapping2">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Media and Communication Channel Mapping in Gombe State |url=https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SFCG_Media-and-Communication-Channel-Mapping-Final-Report-August-2022.pdf |website=Search for Common Ground}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GMC Radio 91.9 FM |url=https://www.africa2trust.com/B2BAfrica/nigeria/media/radio-stations/gmc-radio-91-9-fm-ng/Profile/AboutUs/1/6/74628/2/ |website=Africa2Trust}}</ref> == Mallaka da gudanarwa == Gombe Media Corporation ita ce hukumar yaɗa labarai ta gwamnatin jihar Gombe da ke gudanar da ayyukan gidan rediyon. Kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin jihar ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen da aka ware wa hukumar domin gudanar da ayyukanta da inganta kayan aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State Approved 2020 Budget |url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2020-Budget.pdf |website=Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == A shekarar 2020, an yi amfani da gidan rediyon wajen watsa darussan makaranta ga ɗalibai a lokacin da aka rufe makarantu saboda annobar COVID-19. Darussan sun haɗa da Ingilishi, Lissafi, Fisiks, Kimiyyar Sinadarai, Ilimin Halittu da Ilimin Zamantakewa. An shirya wannan shiri ne domin taimaka wa ɗalibai su ci gaba da karatu daga gida yayin da makarantu suke a rufe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Gombe begins Radio Lessons for Students |url=https://sahelonline.news.blog/page/91/ |website=Sahel Online News}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> gfzzh51ejo89ftuzxp2tvhdk4etaxt3 0 179453 968528 2026-10-17T07:51:35Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ture Balam''' (Ture Balam Primary Health Centre) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Ture, a ƙaramar hukumar Kaltungo, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Cibiyar tana cikin shirin gwamnatin jihar na inganta cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko domin faɗaɗa damar samun hidimomin kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin yankunan karkara.<ref name="sun2">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Gombe is model for primary healthcare revitalization — Minister |url=https://thesun.ng... 968528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ture Balam''' (Ture Balam Primary Health Centre) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Ture, a ƙaramar hukumar Kaltungo, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Cibiyar tana cikin shirin gwamnatin jihar na inganta cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko domin faɗaɗa damar samun hidimomin kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin yankunan karkara.<ref name="sun2">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Gombe is model for primary healthcare revitalization — Minister |url=https://thesun.ng/gombe-is-model-for-primary-healthcare-revitalization-minister/ |website=The Sun Nigeria}}</ref> == Tarihi da inganta cibiyar == A shekarar 2025, an sabunta cibiyar tare da inganta kayan aikinta a ƙarƙashin shirin farfaɗo da tsarin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko a jihar Gombe. Cibiyar tana cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya 228 da aka gyara tare da samar musu da kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin wannan shiri.<ref name="sun2" /><ref name="von2">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Nigerian Government to Take Over Kaltungo Snakebite Hospital in Gombe |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigerian-government-to-take-over-kaltungo-snakebite-hospital-in-gombe/ |website=Voice of Nigeria}}</ref> A lokacin ziyarar duba cibiyar, Ministan Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Jama'a na Najeriya, Muhammad Ali Pate, ya ziyarci wurin. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa cibiyar tana aiki dare da rana, kuma tana yi wa mazauna yankin sama da 5,300 hidima.<ref name="sun2" /><ref name="von2" /> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Cibiyar tana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko, wanda ke da manufar samar da kulawar lafiya kusa da al'ummomi. Inganta irin waɗannan cibiyoyi na taimakawa wajen ƙara damar samun hidimomin kiwon lafiya da inganta kayan aikin da ake amfani da su wajen kula da marasa lafiya.<ref name="sun2" /> == Manazarta == <references /> 9h1q5p1ylzfm6oth3p0u0he83pnk6xo 0 179454 968529 2026-10-17T07:53:22Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Zambuk/Kwali''' (Zambuk Primary Health Center) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke yankin Zambuk/Kwali, a ƙaramar hukumar Yamaltu/Deba, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta matakin farko, kuma lambar rajistarta ita ce 15/11/1/1/1/0049.<ref name="hospital">{{Cite web |title=Zambuk Primary Health Center Zambuk/Kwali, Yamaltu/Deba |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/zambuk-primary-health-center/ |website=Thehos... 968529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Zambuk/Kwali''' (Zambuk Primary Health Center) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke yankin Zambuk/Kwali, a ƙaramar hukumar Yamaltu/Deba, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta matakin farko, kuma lambar rajistarta ita ce 15/11/1/1/1/0049.<ref name="hospital">{{Cite web |title=Zambuk Primary Health Center Zambuk/Kwali, Yamaltu/Deba |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/zambuk-primary-health-center/ |website=Thehospitalbook}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Bayanan cibiyar sun lissafa ayyukan kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsara iyali, kula da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da waɗanda ba sa yaɗuwa, kula da cutar hanta, gaggawa, abinci mai gina jiki, da wayar da kan jama'a game da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="hospital" /> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana kusa da cocin ECWA da ke Zambuk, a yankin Zambuk/Kwali. Tana cikin yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yamaltu/Deba ta jihar Gombe.<ref name="hospital" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambuk Primary Health Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Zambuk-Primary-Health-Center-Gombe |website=Branches.com.ng}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> rmt8bm2vrvxwvn4t98s1y8qg0t37ype 0 179455 968530 2026-10-17T07:56:32Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kiyayo''' (Kiyayo Primary Health Centre) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke yankin Kiyayo, a ƙaramar hukumar Nafada, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Kundin bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya ya lissafa Kiyayo Dispensary a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta matakin farko, mai lambar rajista GM/0103/P.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Active Primary and Secondary Healthcare Facilities, January 2024 |url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/1... 968530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kiyayo''' (Kiyayo Primary Health Centre) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke yankin Kiyayo, a ƙaramar hukumar Nafada, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Kundin bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya ya lissafa Kiyayo Dispensary a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta matakin farko, mai lambar rajista GM/0103/P.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Active Primary and Secondary Healthcare Facilities, January 2024 |url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ACTIVE-HEALTHCARE-FACILITIES-JANUARY-2024-1.pdf |website=National Health Facility Listing}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 1e8lxwj4rph6rw9khtgixihvfoogrj4 0 179456 968531 2026-10-17T07:57:46Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Malam Sidi''' (Mallam Sidi Primary Health Center) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Malam Sidi, a ƙaramar hukumar Kwami, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya da lambar rajista 15/08/1/2/1/0002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallam Sidi Primary Health Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Mallam-Sidi-Primary-Health-Center-Gombe |website=Branches.com.ng}}... 968531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Malam Sidi''' (Mallam Sidi Primary Health Center) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Malam Sidi, a ƙaramar hukumar Kwami, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. An jera cibiyar a cikin kundin bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya da lambar rajista 15/08/1/2/1/0002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallam Sidi Primary Health Center Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Mallam-Sidi-Primary-Health-Center-Gombe |website=Branches.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiwon lafiya == Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko a ƙaramar hukumar Kwami suna taka rawa wajen samar da kulawar lafiya ga al'umma, musamman wajen kula da mata da yara. A shekarar 2020, an gudanar da aikin inganta cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a dukkan gundumomi goma na ƙaramar hukumar, ciki har da Malam Sidi, domin inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiyar uwa da jariri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Primary Healthcare Centres in Gombe record increased patronage |url=https://von.gov.ng/primary-healthcare-centres-in-gombe-record-increased-patronage/ |website=Voice of Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> aomxly9xtwtf2rx88e2hb0roqqqf6hu 0 179457 968532 2026-10-17T07:59:15Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kasuwar Katako ta Gombe''' kasuwa ce ta saye da sayar da katako da sauran kayan da ake amfani da su wajen gini da aikin kafinta, da ke birnin Gombe, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Ana kuma kiranta da suna Kasuwar Katako. Tana kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Gombe, a yankin da ke da shagunan sayar da kayan gini da katako.<ref name="location">{{Cite web |title=Timber Market |url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/market/timbermarket |website=WorldOrgs}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Kasuw... 968532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasuwar Katako ta Gombe''' kasuwa ce ta saye da sayar da katako da sauran kayan da ake amfani da su wajen gini da aikin kafinta, da ke birnin Gombe, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Ana kuma kiranta da suna Kasuwar Katako. Tana kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Gombe, a yankin da ke da shagunan sayar da kayan gini da katako.<ref name="location">{{Cite web |title=Timber Market |url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/market/timbermarket |website=WorldOrgs}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Kasuwar tana samar da katako da allunan itace da ake amfani da su wajen gina gidaje, ƙera ƙofofi da kayan ɗaki, da sauran ayyukan kafinta. Tana kuma cikin yankunan kasuwanci na Gombe da ke da alaƙa da cinikin kayan gini da ƙera kayan ɗaki. Wani bincike kan bunƙasar masana'antu a jihar Gombe ya lissafa Timber Market a matsayin cibiyar cinikin katako da kayan ɗaki, da kuma cinikin kayayyaki daban-daban.<ref name="industry">{{Cite web |title=History of Industrial Development in Gombe State |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University}}</ref> == Gobarar shekarar 2025 == A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2025, gobara ta tashi a wani sashe na kasuwar, inda ta lalata katako, shaguna da wasu kayayyaki. Gobarar ta kuma shafi wani masallaci da ke kusa da wurin. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara daga jihar Gombe, jami'an Federal Fire Service da masu motocin ɗaukar ruwa sun shiga aikin shawo kan gobarar.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2025 |title=Midnight fire razes Gombe timber market, mosque |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/midnight-fire-razes-gombe-timber-market-mosque/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria}}</ref> Gwamnan jihar Gombe, Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya, ya nuna alhininsa kan gobarar da ta jawo asara ga 'yan kasuwar da sana'arsu ta dogara da sayar da katako da sauran kayayyakin gini.<ref name="channels">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=Millions Lost As Fire Razes Section Of Gombe Timber Market, Gov Yahaya Expresses Sorrow |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/12/16/millions-lost-as-fire-razes-section-of-gombe-timber-market/ |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 7fej6y669f4o0erzwdwhgr3276c26lk 0 179458 968533 2026-10-17T08:08:42Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370692651|John Stuart Macpherson]]" 968533 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sir John Stuart Macpherson''', GCMG (25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1898 - 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1971), ya kasance mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|gwamnan Najeriya]] daga 1948 zuwa shekara ta 1954, kuma a matsayin gwamna janar daga shekara ta 1954 zuwa shekara ta 1955. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Edinburgh]], ɗan manajan otal, Macpherson ya yi karatu a Kwalejin George Watson da Jami'ar Edinburgh. A shekara ta 1917, an ba shi izini a cikin Argyll da Sutherland Highlanders; an ji masa rauni a aiki a Yammacin Gabas, kuma dole ne ya sa corset na ƙarfe har tsawon rayuwarsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == [[File:Oba_Akenzua_II_with_Earl_of_Plymouth_and_Sir_John_Macpherson,_Governor-General_of_Nigeria.jpg|left|thumb|Macpherson (hagu) tare da [[Akenzua II|Oba Akenzua II]] (tsakiya) da Earl na Plymouth (dama), a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Birnin Benin]], Najeriya, 1935]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, Macpherson ya shiga aikin farar hula na Malaysia. Tsakanin 1933 da 1935 an tura shi zuwa [[Ofishin mulkin mallaka]]. An nada shi Babban Mataimakin Sakatare a Najeriya a 1937 da Babban Sakatare na Falasdinu a 1939, yana aiki a can har zuwa 19431943.<ref name=":02">{{Cite ODNB|first=A. H. M.|last=Kirk-Greene|title=Macpherson, Sir John Stuart (1898–1971)|id=37726|author-link=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> A shekara ta 1943 an tura shi Washington a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya da kuma hadin gwiwar Shugaban Burtaniya na Hukumar Anglo-American Caribbean. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 ya kasance mai kula da ci gaba da jin daɗi a West Indies da kuma shugaban Birtaniya na Hukumar Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1948, an nada Macpherson a matsayin Gwamna na Najeriya (Governor-General daga shekara ta 1954), yana aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1955; [[James Wilson Robertson]] ne ya gaje shi. A matsayinsa na Gwamna, ((((((((((()1948, Macpherson was appointed [[:en:Governor_of_Nigeria|Governor of Nigeria]] (Governor-General from 1954), serving in that post until his retirement in 1955; he was succeeded by [[:en:James_Wilson_Robertson|James Wilson Robertson]]. As Governor, Macpherson was responsible for the introduction of the 1951 Constitution (unofficially known as the [[:en:Constitution_of_Nigeria#Colonial_era_(1914%E2%80%931960)|Macpherson Constitution]]), which provided for "semi-responsible government".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|last=Sklar|first=Robert L.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1963|location=Princeton|pages=118}}</ref> He also accelerated the [[:en:Africanization|Africanisation]] of the Nigerian public)))))Macpherson ne ke da alhakin gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1951 (wanda ba a san shi da Kundin tsarin Macpherson ba), wanda ya samar da "gwamnati mai alhakin". Ya kuma hanzarta Afirka na aikin gwamnati na Najeriya. Bayan gwamnatinsa, Macpherson ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Amincewa da Yankin Pacific a shekarar 1956. A wannan shekarar, an nada shi Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Ƙungiyoyin, yana aiki har zuwa 1959. == Daraja == An nada Macpherson a matsayin CMG a 1941, an inganta shi zuwa KCMG a 1945 da GCMG a 1951. A ranar 2 ga Yulin 1947 an sanya shi Jami'in Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] 0zvq0w7spnliduf0wx1agw63mqga2m3 968534 968533 2026-10-17T08:10:23Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 968534 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sir John Stuart Macpherson''', GCMG (25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1898 - 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1971), ya kasance mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|gwamnan Najeriya]] daga 1948 zuwa shekara ta 1954, kuma a matsayin gwamna janar daga shekara ta 1954 zuwa shekara ta 1955. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Edinburgh]], ɗan manajan otal, Macpherson ya yi karatu a Kwalejin George Watson da Jami'ar Edinburgh. A shekara ta 1917, an ba shi izini a cikin Argyll da Sutherland Highlanders; an ji masa rauni a aiki a Yammacin Gabas, kuma dole ne ya sa corset na ƙarfe har tsawon rayuwarsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == [[File:Oba_Akenzua_II_with_Earl_of_Plymouth_and_Sir_John_Macpherson,_Governor-General_of_Nigeria.jpg|left|thumb|Macpherson (hagu) tare da [[Akenzua II|Oba Akenzua II]] (tsakiya) da Earl na Plymouth (dama), a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Birnin Benin]], Najeriya, 1935]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, Macpherson ya shiga aikin farar hula na Malaysia. Tsakanin 1933 da 1935 an tura shi zuwa [[Ofishin mulkin mallaka]]. An nada shi Babban Mataimakin Sakatare a Najeriya a 1937 da Babban Sakatare na Falasdinu a 1939, yana aiki a can har zuwa 19431943.<ref name=":02">{{Cite ODNB|first=A. H. M.|last=Kirk-Greene|title=Macpherson, Sir John Stuart (1898–1971)|id=37726|author-link=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> A shekara ta 1943 an tura shi Washington a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya da kuma hadin gwiwar Shugaban Burtaniya na Hukumar Anglo-American Caribbean. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 ya kasance mai kula da ci gaba da jin daɗi a West Indies da kuma shugaban Birtaniya na Hukumar Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1948, an nada Macpherson a matsayin Gwamna na Najeriya (Governor-General daga shekara ta 1954), yana aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1955; [[James Wilson Robertson]] ne ya gaje shi. A matsayinsa na Gwamna, Macpherson ne ke da alhakin gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1951 (wanda ba a san shi da Kundin tsarin Macpherson ba), wanda ya samar da "gwamnati mai alhakin". Ya kuma hanzarta Afirka na aikin gwamnati na Najeriya. Bayan gwamnatinsa, Macpherson ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Amincewa da Yankin Pacific a shekarar 1956. A wannan shekarar, an nada shi Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Ƙungiyoyin, yana aiki har zuwa 1959. == Daraja == An nada Macpherson a matsayin CMG a 1941, an inganta shi zuwa KCMG a 1945 da GCMG a 1951. A ranar 2 ga Yulin 1947 an sanya shi Jami'in Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] ih7i3w787mer87qc7xabi4292mfvwvx 0 179459 968554 2026-10-17T10:49:34Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373335458|Alexis Ciria]]" 968554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|25 July 2026}}  '''Alexis Ciria Flores''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallo na Real Madrid Castilla . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Real Madrid === On 26 January 2026, Ciria's transfer to [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] was made official.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S. Tavero |first=Fernando |date=26 January 2026 |title=Oficial: Ciria, del Sevilla al Madrid |trans-title=Official: Ciria from Sevilla to Real Madrid |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/oficial-ciria-del-sevilla-al-madrid-f202601-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127014807/https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/oficial-ciria-del-sevilla-al-madrid-f202601-n/ |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vázquez |first=Candela |date=26 January 2026 |title=Alexis Ciria consuma su fichaje por el Real Madrid |trans-title=Alexis Ciria Completes His Transfer to Real Madrid |url=https://www.abc.es/deportes/orgullodenervion/fichajes-sevilla-fc/alexis-ciria-consuma-fichaje-real-madrid-20260126203407-nts.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fdeportes%2Forgullodenervion%2Ffichajes-sevilla-fc%2Falexis-ciria-consuma-fichaje-real-madrid-20260126203407-nts.html |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=ABC |language=es}}</ref> During his first season, Ciria helped the Juvenil A team win the league, the UEFA Youth League, and the Copa de Campeones, playing a key role in all three competitions. He also featured for Real Madrid C and Real Madrid Castilla, establishing himself as an important player for both teams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=2 June 2026 |title=El increíble Ciria: 31 partidos jugados en cuatro meses en La Fábrica |trans-title=The Incredible Ciria: 31 Matches Played in Four Months at La Fábrica |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2026/06/02/increible-ciria-31-partidos-jugados-cuatro-meses-freneticos.html |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=Marca |language=es}}</ref> On August 1 2026, Ciria played for the Real Madrid first team in a 2-2 draw against Fiorentina in [[Austriya|Austria]] for a pre-season friendly. During his debut, he was able to score a goal against Fiorentina in the 23rd minute of the match, which brought Real Madrid 2-0 up. However, Fiorentina scored 2 to tie the game. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid 2-2 Fiorentina: Jose Mourinho begins Madrid tenure with draw - as it happened |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49505080/real-madrid-vs-fiorentina-live-latest-updates-preseason-friendly |access-date=2026-08-01 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ciria matasan Mutanen Espanya ne na kasa da kasa na kungiyoyin U15, U16, U17, da U18. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, an zabi Ciria don zagaye na 1 na cancantar gasar zakarun Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19 ta UEFA ta 2027. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Ciria tana taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]]. An san shi da dribbling da kuma ikon rashin daidaituwa da abokan adawar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S. Tavero |first=Fernando |date=6 February 2026 |title=Alexis Ciria, el nuevo diamante del Madrid: “Hay muy pocos como él” |trans-title=Alexis Ciria, Real Madrid's New Diamond: "There Are Very Few Like Him" |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/alexis-ciria-el-nuevo-diamante-del-madrid-hay-muy-pocos-como-el-f202602-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208001010/https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/alexis-ciria-el-nuevo-diamante-del-madrid-hay-muy-pocos-como-el-f202602-n/ |archive-date=8 February 2026 |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Sevilla Atletico |2023–24 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2024–25 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !24 !0 !0 !0 !24 !0 |- |Real Madrid C |2025–26 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |6 |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2026 Segunda Federación play-offs]]}} |0 |8 |1 |- |Real Madrid Castilla |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |9 |3 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2026 Primera Federación play-offs]]}} |0 |11 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !39 !4 !4 !0 !43 !4 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cck31qr0mqpp3qub7tokbi4me8aexhf 968555 968554 2026-10-17T10:50:11Z Khaleel767 49732 968555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Updated|25 July 2026}} {{Databox}} '''Alexis Ciria Flores''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallo na Real Madrid Castilla . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Real Madrid === On 26 January 2026, Ciria's transfer to [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] was made official.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S. Tavero |first=Fernando |date=26 January 2026 |title=Oficial: Ciria, del Sevilla al Madrid |trans-title=Official: Ciria from Sevilla to Real Madrid |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/oficial-ciria-del-sevilla-al-madrid-f202601-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127014807/https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/oficial-ciria-del-sevilla-al-madrid-f202601-n/ |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vázquez |first=Candela |date=26 January 2026 |title=Alexis Ciria consuma su fichaje por el Real Madrid |trans-title=Alexis Ciria Completes His Transfer to Real Madrid |url=https://www.abc.es/deportes/orgullodenervion/fichajes-sevilla-fc/alexis-ciria-consuma-fichaje-real-madrid-20260126203407-nts.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fdeportes%2Forgullodenervion%2Ffichajes-sevilla-fc%2Falexis-ciria-consuma-fichaje-real-madrid-20260126203407-nts.html |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=ABC |language=es}}</ref> During his first season, Ciria helped the Juvenil A team win the league, the UEFA Youth League, and the Copa de Campeones, playing a key role in all three competitions. He also featured for Real Madrid C and Real Madrid Castilla, establishing himself as an important player for both teams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=2 June 2026 |title=El increíble Ciria: 31 partidos jugados en cuatro meses en La Fábrica |trans-title=The Incredible Ciria: 31 Matches Played in Four Months at La Fábrica |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2026/06/02/increible-ciria-31-partidos-jugados-cuatro-meses-freneticos.html |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=Marca |language=es}}</ref> On August 1 2026, Ciria played for the Real Madrid first team in a 2-2 draw against Fiorentina in [[Austriya|Austria]] for a pre-season friendly. During his debut, he was able to score a goal against Fiorentina in the 23rd minute of the match, which brought Real Madrid 2-0 up. However, Fiorentina scored 2 to tie the game. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid 2-2 Fiorentina: Jose Mourinho begins Madrid tenure with draw - as it happened |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49505080/real-madrid-vs-fiorentina-live-latest-updates-preseason-friendly |access-date=2026-08-01 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ciria matasan Mutanen Espanya ne na kasa da kasa na kungiyoyin U15, U16, U17, da U18. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, an zabi Ciria don zagaye na 1 na cancantar gasar zakarun Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19 ta UEFA ta 2027. [1] == Hanyar wasa == Ciria tana taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]]. An san shi da dribbling da kuma ikon rashin daidaituwa da abokan adawar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S. Tavero |first=Fernando |date=6 February 2026 |title=Alexis Ciria, el nuevo diamante del Madrid: “Hay muy pocos como él” |trans-title=Alexis Ciria, Real Madrid's New Diamond: "There Are Very Few Like Him" |url=https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/alexis-ciria-el-nuevo-diamante-del-madrid-hay-muy-pocos-como-el-f202602-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208001010/https://as.com/futbol/mas_futbol/alexis-ciria-el-nuevo-diamante-del-madrid-hay-muy-pocos-como-el-f202602-n/ |archive-date=8 February 2026 |access-date=25 July 2026 |website=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Sevilla Atletico |2023–24 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2024–25 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !24 !0 !0 !0 !24 !0 |- |Real Madrid C |2025–26 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |6 |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2026 Segunda Federación play-offs]]}} |0 |8 |1 |- |Real Madrid Castilla |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |9 |3 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2026 Primera Federación play-offs]]}} |0 |11 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !39 !4 !4 !0 !43 !4 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> lt3090lwqrtpv4u9vs77m3tyrl2pgia 0 179460 968557 2026-10-17T10:53:50Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377942867|Duala people]]" 968557 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |Duala ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |'''Jimillar:''' kusan 400,000 idan mutum ya haɗa da dukkan ƙananan rukuni (Bodiman, Ewodi, bassa, Pongo, [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Bakweri]], [[Isubu|Isuwu]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]], [[Bakossi language|Bakossi]], [[Balong]], [[Mbo language (Cameroon)|Mbo]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Kamaru |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Harsuna |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Duala language|Duala]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Addini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Mafi yawa Kiristanci da / ko [[African traditional religion|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci masu alaƙa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Bakole people|Bakole]], [[Bakweri]], [[Bamboko]], [[Isubu]], [[Limba people (Cameroon)|Limba]], [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Wovea]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]] da sauran [[Bantu peoples|Mutanen Bantu]] |} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |Duala ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |'''Jimillar:''' kusan 400,000 idan mutum ya haɗa da dukkan ƙananan rukuni (Bodiman, Ewodi, bassa, Pongo, [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Bakweri]], [[Isubu|Isuwu]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]], [[Bakossi language|Bakossi]], [[Balong]], [[Mbo language (Cameroon)|Mbo]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Kamaru |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Harsuna |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Duala language|Duala]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Addini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Mafi yawa Kiristanci da / ko [[African traditional religion|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci masu alaƙa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Bakole people|Bakole]], [[Bakweri]], [[Bamboko]], [[Isubu]], [[Limba people (Cameroon)|Limba]], [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Wovea]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]] da sauran [[Bantu peoples|Mutanen Bantu]] |} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Duala''' (ko '''[[:fr:Sawa (peuple)|Sawa]]''') ƙabilar [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] ce ta [[Kamaru]] . Da farko suna zaune a yankin bakin teku da kudu maso yammacin Kamaru kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na [[Yaren Sawabantu|Sawabantu]] ko "mutane na bakin teku" na Kamaru. Dualas sun yi maraba da manufofin mulkin mallaka na Jamus da Faransa. Adadin 'yan Afirka masu magana da Jamusanci ya karu a yankunan Jamus na tsakiya kafin shekara ta 1914. Jagorancin Duala a 1884 ya sanya kabilar a ƙarƙashin [[Kamerun|Mulkin Jamus]]. Yawancin sun tuba zuwa [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] kuma an yi musu karatu tare da layin Jamusanci. Jami'an mulkin mallaka da 'yan kasuwa sun fi son su a matsayin ma'aikata masu arha ga ofisoshin gwamnatin Jamus da kamfanoni a Afirka. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi a Kamaru saboda dogon hulɗarsu da Turawa, yawan ilimi, da wadatar da aka samu a cikin ƙarni a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da masu mallakar ƙasa. [[File:Danse_sawa8.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar Sawa Dance]] Duala suna da alaƙa da kabilun da yawa (ko kabilun) a yankunan da ke bakin tekun Kamaru, tare da su suna da asali na gargajiya, da irin wannan tarihin da al'adu. Wadannan sun hada da Ewodi, Bodiman, Pongo, Bakole, Bakweri (ko Kwe), Bamboko, Isubu (Isuwu ko Bimbians), Limba (ko Malimba), Mungo, Wovea da Oroko, an san su da mutanen Sawa . Za a iya ƙara [[Batanga people|Batanga]] na yankin Kribi a cikin jerin da suka gabata yayin da suke da'awar cewa su zuriyar Mbedi ne kuma suna ba da rahoton wani mataki na fahimtar juna tsakanin yarensu da Malimba.{{Sfn|Lamberty|2009}} Bugu da ƙari, an rarraba Harshen Oroko a matsayin harshen Duala, yana da alaƙa da yankin [[Batanga people|Batanga]] na kribi da Bakweri (Mokpwe) , wanda shine harshen Duala.{{Sfn|Friesen|2002}} Don haka Kundu, Lue, Mbonge, Ekombe, Londo ba Nanga, Londo da Diko, Ngolo, Bima, Tanga da Koko mutane ne na Duala (Sawa). Duala sun mamaye sauran a tarihi, kuma waɗannan sauran kungiyoyi duk suna da alaƙa da su. Bugu da kari, wasu kabilun bakin teku da yawa kamar su Balong, Bakossi da sauransu - wadanda ke da alaƙa da al'adu da tarihi da [[Harshen Duala|Duala]] - suna ƙarƙashin tasirin Duala, kuma yawancin waɗannan mutane suna magana da Duala har zuwa wani mataki. Har ila yau, yawancin mutanen Bakoko suna magana da Duala. Kalmar "Duala" na iya nufin Duala "daidai" ko kuma ga dukan saitin kabilun Duala-kamar ko ma mai yiwuwa ga wasu kabilun Bakoko ko [[Dutsen Manengouba|Manenguba]] "duala-ized". == Tarihi == === Motsi na farko na jama'a === [[File:Animation_pendant_le_Ngondo.jpg|thumb|Kogin Wouri]] Tarihin Duala na farko za a iya ƙayyade shi ne kawai daga al'adun baki. Duala sun gano kakanninsu zuwa wani mutum mai suna Mbedi, wanda ke zaune a wani yanki da ake kira [[Bakota region (West Africa)|Bakota]] a cikin [[Gabon]] ko [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] a yau. 'Ya'yansa maza, Ewale da [[Dibongo a Mbedi|Dibombo]], sun yi ƙaura zuwa arewa kuma sun isa wurin da ake kira [[Pitti (Africa)|Pitti]] a [[Dibamba River|Kogin Dibamba]] . A nan, 'yan uwan sun rabu bayan jere. Ewale ya koma bakin Dibamba tare da mabiyansa sannan arewa maso yamma zuwa gabas na [[Kogin Wouri]]. A halin yanzu, Dibongo da sahabbansa sun yi ƙaura daga kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Kogin Sanaga]] sannan suka rabu, wasu suna tafiya sama tare da Dibongo da wasu suna motsawa ƙasa tare da wani mutum mai suna Elimbe. Mutanen Ewale sun zama Duala, kuma Dibongo Limba.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} Bisa ga al'adun Duala, kabilun Bakoko da Bassa sun mamaye kogin Wouri lokacin da Duala suka isa. Daga nan sai Duala suka kore su cikin ƙasa, wani canji wanda mai yiwuwa ya faru a ƙarshen karni na 17 ko farkon karni na 18.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} === Tarihin Farko === [[File:King_Akwa_photo.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px|Sarki Akwa, 1875]] Duala sun fito ne a karni na 16 a matsayin manyan 'yan kasuwa a bakin tekun Kamaru, kodayake Isubu da Limba ba su bi nesa ba. 'Yan kasuwa na farko na Duala wataƙila sarakuna ne ko shugabannin.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} Duala sun daɗe suna riƙe da kuma sayar da bayi, waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyuka daban-daban kuma suna yin ayyuka masu ƙasƙanci kamar noma. Masu mallakar bayi za su iya sayar da bayinsu ne kawai ga wasu Duala, duk da haka, kuma masu mallakar suna da alhakin biyan bashin bayinsu da shirya aurensu. Tare da Turawa suna ba da irin wannan kasuwar yunwa, duk da haka, waɗannan al'adu sun ba da hanya.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} [[File:LT32_(6)_Monument_des_roi_d'akwa.JPG|thumb|Abin tunawa da Sarki Akwa]] Manyan ƙauyukan Duala ba da daɗewa ba suka girma zuwa wani gari mai wadata mai suna [[Douala]] ga mutanen da ke zaune a can. Duala na bakin teku sun sayi kayayyaki da bayi daga kungiyoyin cikin gida kamar Bakweri, Mungo, Bassa da Bakoko. Hakanan, sun sayar da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi (ciki har da bayi) ga Turawa, yawanci a cikin jiragensu (kuma daga baya a masana'antu ko shagunan ƙasar). A musayar, Turawa sun ba da barasa, gunpowder, bindigogi, madubai, takalma, yadi, da kayan aiki. [[Ndumb'a Lobe]] na zuriyar Bell ya goyi bayan kansa a karni na 19 a matsayin Sarki Bell . Shugabannin 'yan adawa ba da daɗewa ba suka yi gasa da shi, gami da Sarki Akwa ([[Ngando Mpondo]]) a cikin 1814, Sarki Deido ([[Jim Ekwalla]]) na Deido (ƙungiyar Akwa), da Prince Lock Priso ([[Kum'a Mbape]]) na Bonaberi. A tsakiyar karni na 19, Birtaniya ta jagoranci cinikayya tare da Duala. Wannan ya yi daidai da yunkurin [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|kawar da shi]], kuma Crown ta yi amfani da 'yan kasuwa don kawo karshen bautar a [[Tekun Guinea]]. A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1840 da 7 ga Mayu 1841, Akwa da Bell sun zama na farko da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar adawa da bautar. A musayar, Turawa sun ba waɗannan sarakuna kyauta na shekara-shekara na barasa, bindigogi, masana'antu, da sauran kayayyaki.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}}Bugu da kari, sarakuna sun haramta ayyukan da Burtaniya ke kallo a matsayin barbaric, kamar sadaukarwa da matan shugaba a kan mutuwarsa.{{Sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999}} Har ila yau, Turawan Burtaniya sun so su tsara Duala zuwa ra'ayoyinsu na wayewa. Wannan yana nufin ilimantar da su a cikin ilmantarwa na Yamma da kuma juyar da su zuwa Kiristanci.{{Sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999}}Alfred Saker ya bude wani mishan a Douala a 1845. A shekara ta 1875, manufofi da makarantu da yawa sun tashi a Douala da sauran ƙauyuka. Masu wa'azi na farko sun koyi yaren Duala kuma sun kirkiro wani nau'i na rubuce-rubuce don shi, saboda fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. Kamaru Pidgin English ya fara bunkasa a wannan lokacin. Ciniki ya canza al'ummar Duala sosai. Kayayyakin Turai sun zama Alamomin matsayi, kuma wasu sarakuna sun nada 'yan kasuwa da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a matsayin masu ba da shawara. Babban rabo na Duala ya zama mai arziki ta hanyar sabon kasuwanci, kuma tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin haves da wadanda ba su da komai. Gasar ta karu tsakanin kungiyoyin bakin teku har ma da tsakanin ƙauyuka masu alaƙa. 'Yan kasuwa sun yi amfani da wannan yanayi kuma tun daga 1860, 'yan kasuwa na Jamus, Faransanci, da Mutanen Espanya sun kafa lambobin sadarwa kuma sun raunana ikon mallakar Burtaniya. Duala ta sami iko mai mahimmanci a kan kasuwanci ta hanyar kogin Wouri. A mayar da martani ga barazanar daga 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje, Birtaniya ta matsa lamba ga sarakunan Duala don neman mamayewar Burtaniya. A cikin 1879, Sarki Akwa ya aika da irin wannan buƙatar; Bell ya bi shi a cikin 1881 (wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan takardun sun ƙirƙira ne, duk da haka). {{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}}Lokacin da Sarki Pass Dukkanin Limba ya ba da yankunansa ga Faransanci, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun nuna gaggawa na haɗa yankunan Duala zuwa Crown. A watan Yulin 1884, duk da haka, mai binciken Jamus Gustav Nachtigal ya shirya juyin mulki ta hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ƙasa tare da Sarakuna Akwa, Bell, da Deido. Birtaniya sun isa da wuri kuma a ranar 28 ga Maris 1885 sun ba da Victoria ga Jamus.{{Sfn|Fanso|1990}} === Gwamnatin Jamus === [[Fayil:Rudolf_Duala_Manga_Bell_portrait.jpg|left|thumb|Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, wanda aka rataye saboda cin amana saboda adawa da kwace ƙasar Jamus]] Hamayya da mulkin Jamus ya biyo bayan mamayewa. Yarima Lock Priso har yanzu yana goyon bayan Birtaniya kuma ya shirya tawaye a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1884. A wannan lokacin, Sarki Bell ya fuskanci mutanensa, wadanda suka fi adawa da mulkin Jamus. Bell daga nan ya sami kansa a kan sauran shugabannin Duala a cikin [[Duala War|Yaƙin Duala]], wanda aka yi yaƙi game da kisan Bonaberi Duala da zargin da Bell ya yi na ƙi raba ribar sa tare da sauran ƙananan layin.{{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}}Jamus ta dakatar da rikici lokacin da aka kashe daya daga cikin 'yan kasa. Bell ya tsira, amma ikonsa ya ragu sosai. Da yake fahimtar cewa Duala ba za ta sake bin mulkin sarki ɗaya ba, Jamusawa a maimakon haka sun buga masu fafatawa da juna. Sun goyi bayan Sarki Bell wanda ya raunana don magance Sarki Akwa mai iko.{{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}}Jamusawa da farko sun yi mulki daga Douala, wanda suka kira Kamerunstadt, amma sun ƙaura babban birninsu zuwa ƙauyen Bakweri na Buea a cikin 1901. Shekaru na hulɗa tare da mutanen Yamma da kuma babban matakin karatu da rubutu ya ba da damar manyan malamai, manoma, da 'yan kasuwa su fito. Wannan aji ya saba da dokar Turai da tarurruka, wanda ya ba su damar matsawa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus da korafe-korafe, shari'a, da kungiyoyi masu sha'awa na musamman don adawa da manufofi marasa kyau ko rashin adalci.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Jerin waɗannan sun fara ne a cikin 1910, lokacin da gwamnatin Jamus ta fara sabon harajin zabe, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kwace ƙasashe a garin Douala, sannan ta yi ƙoƙari su kori jama'ar ƙasar daga garin gaba ɗaya. Wanda ya gaji Sarki Bell, Sarki Rudolf Duala Manga Bell ya yi ƙoƙari ya tara juriya ta hanyar aikawa da manzanni don ziyartar shugabannin kungiyoyin tsibirin. Duala Manga Bell yana da abokan tarayya da yawa. Sarakunan Kamaru sun kasance tare. Abokin Sarki Bell mafi kusa, dangi kuma aboki mafi kyau shine Sarki Ekandjoum Joseph, wanda ya ziyarta lokacin da Jamusawa suka tsananta masa. Sarkin na ƙarshe ya yi tsayayya kuma ya ki har zuwa mutuwarsa don yin aiki tare da gwamnatin Jamus, wanda bai amince da shi ba. Jamusanci ya yi kamar Ibrahim Njoya na Bamum ya yi wa Jamusawa gargadi, kuma an kashe Bell da abokan aikinsa a shekara ta 1914 saboda babban cin amana.{{Sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999}} === Gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Faransa === A shekara ta 1918, Jamus ta rasa yakin duniya na farko, kuma yankunanta sun zama umarnin League of Nations . Faransa ta zama sabon mai kula da yankunan Duala. Duala ta ci gaba da bunƙasa. Kodayake Faransanci sun fi cire sarakunan su daga iko, kusan rabin membobin kabilanci 15-20,000 sun kasance manyan 'yan kasuwa, manajojin shuka ko masu mallakar, shugabannin, ko ma'aikata a cikin aikin gwamnati a cikin shekarun 1930. Sauran mutanen sun kasance masunta da manoma. A cikin shekarun 1940, yawancin Duala sun sami matsayi a matsayin masu ginawa, kuma, suna ba da sabis ga biranen Douala da Victoria masu girma.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} [[File:DeuilBamileke97.jpg|alt=|thumb|Mutanen Bamileke yayin bikin jana'izar]] Sabbin masu mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da manufofin Jamus na fitar da sarakuna marasa hadin kai da kuma ma'aikata masu ban sha'awa ga gonakin.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Kowane mutum na iya zaɓar biyan tarar don kauce wa aiki, duk da haka, wanda ya haifar da karancin ma'aikata daga yankuna masu arziki. Faransanci sun karfafa mutane daga cikin gida su koma bakin teku kuma su yi aiki a gonakin (sun zauna nesa da tasirin shugabannin Duala). Wadannan baƙi sune da farko Bamileke. Sabbin masu zuwa sun karu da yawa da kuma tattalin arziki a tsawon lokaci, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na kabilanci tare da 'yan asalin. A farkon shekarun 1930, Duala sun kasance 'yan tsiraru a garin da ake kira da su.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba 1929, manyan sarakuna hudu sun aika da takarda ga Kungiyar Kasashe suna neman 'yancin kai ga Kamaru. Babbar damuwarsu, duk da haka, ita ce dawowar ƙasashen Duala da aka kwace. Wannan [[Duala land problem|Matsalar ƙasar Duala]] ta kai ga kai a 1925 lokacin da Faransanci suka sayar da ƙasashe a kan Joss Plateau wanda Jamusawa suka mallaka. A mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga dangin Bell, Faransanci sun ba da wani yanki a matsayin diyya. Da farko Kararrawa sun ki, amma Babban Mawuyacin ya sa su yarda da sulhu na Faransa. Bells sun sami ƙasa a gundumar Bali, kuma Faransanci sun yi alkawarin ba za su karɓi wani mallakar dangin Akwa ko Deido ba. In the late 1930s, [[Alexandre Duala Manga Bell]] had emerged as the unofficial leader of the Duala proper. In 1937, the French expelled the Duala from Akwa town (an area of Douala), although they allowed them to maintain ownership of the land. During World War II, the French and British showed favouritism toward white-owned plantations, and many Duala-owned farms became unprofitable .{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} Meanwhile, other Cameroonian ethnic groups had caught up to the Duala's lead in education and Westernisation.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} At war's end, the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] set in motion the decolonisation of Africa. The Duala remained important in this process. For example, many Duala supported the pro-independence ''Union des Populations du Cameroun'' party (UPC) when it first formed. Other parties that had either Duala founders or significant backing include the ''[[Bloc Démocratique Camerounais]]'' (BDC), and ''[[Action Nationale]]'' (AN).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna wurin kabilun Duala daban-daban na Kamaru]] Duala sun fi mayar da hankali ne a Lardin Littoral na Kamaru a cikin yankunan Moungo, Nkam, da Wouri.[1] Gidajensu sun kasance a bakin tekun ko kuma kawai a cikin ƙasa. Kogin Wouri, inda kogin Wouri da Mungo, da Dibamba suka zama cibiyar ƙasar Duala.[2] Douala ita ce babban birninsu na gargajiya, kuma yawancin Duala suna zaune a ciki da kewayen birnin, kodayake a yau ya zo ya nuna bambancin Kamaru gaba ɗaya. == Al'adu == The Duala today are divided into the urban and rural. Those who live in the cities, particularly Douala itself, earn a living at a number of skilled and unskilled professions. Many Duala still own parts of the city, allowing them to live off rents and development. The rural Duala, in contrast, work as fishermen and farmers, mostly at the subsistence level. Fishing is the trade of choice. [ana buƙatar hujja] Al'ummar Duala ta gargajiya ta kasu kashi uku. A saman su ne ''Wonja'', 'yan asalin Duala, tare da cikakken haƙƙin mallaka. Mataki na gaba ya kunshi ''Wajili'', ko dai mutanen da ba na Duala ba ko kuma zuriyar bayi. A ƙarshe, ''Wakomi'', ko bayi, sun kasance a ƙasa. Shugabannin da shugabannin sun zauna a saman wannan matsayi a baya, kodayake a yau irin waɗannan adadi suna da ƙarancin iko a kansu. Maimakon haka, irin waɗannan mutane sun fi samun dukiya da kuma gajiyar dukiya. Kwamitin Dattawa da [[Kungiyar Asiri|ƙungiyoyin asiri]] suna ba da damar al'ummomi su yanke shawara game da batutuwa masu muhimmanci.{{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}} === Harshe === [[Harshen Duala]] memba ne na rukuni na [[Yaren Bantu|Bantu]], yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Duala, ci gaba da yaren da ya haɗa da [[Harshen Limba (Kamaru)|Malimba]].{{Sfn|Malimba|2005}}Duala na daga cikin dangin yaren Nijar-Congo. Ana amfani da Duala a matsayin Harsunan kasuwanci, saboda yaduwar harshe ta mishaneri na farko. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a tsakanin makwabta Wovea, da yawa daga cikinsu suna magana da Duala maimakon yarensu, da Isubu, da yawa cikinsu suna da harsuna biyu a Duala.{{Sfn|Duala|2005}}{{Sfn|Isu|2005}} Bugu da kari, mutanen da suka halarci makaranta ko suka zauna a cikin birni yawanci suna magana da Faransanci, kodayake Ingilishi da Jamusanci sun fi yawa a lokutan tarihi. Adadin karatu da rubutu yana da yawa a tsakanin Duala, kodayake wannan don karatu da rubuta harsunan Turai ne.{{Sfn|Duala|2005}} Akalla har zuwa lokacin Jamusanci, mazajen Duala sun yi amfani da wani nau'i na "harshe na drum", suna fitar da saƙonnin da aka tsara don sadarwa labarai a nesa.{{Sfn|Stern|1957}} === Aure da tsarin zumunci === [[Gado a Musulunci|gado]] Duala yana da iyaka; bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, an raba dukiyarsa tsakanin magadansa maza. Duala sun yi auren mata da yawa a al'ada, kodayake tare da gabatar da Kiristanci, wannan al'ada ta zama da wuya.{{Sfn|Guide touristique}} === Addini === Duala galibi an kirista ne tun daga shekarun 1930. Ƙungiyoyin Bishara sun mamaye, musamman cocin Baptist. Duk da haka, ragowar Bautar kakanni da ta gabata ta ci gaba. Kamar yadda za'a iya sa ran mutanen da ke bakin teku, teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan bangaskiya. Misali, imanin Duala yana riƙe da cewa kakanninsu suna zaune a cikin teku. A cikin wannan ra'ayi na duniya, ruhohin ruwa na rabin mutum da aka sani da Miengu (singular: [[Jengu]]) suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa kuma suna sulhu tsakanin masu bautar da Allah. Bukukuwan gargajiya da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara suna aiki ne a matsayin mafi bayyane na waɗannan imani na gargajiya a zamanin yau.{{Sfn|Guide touristique}} === Wasanni === [[File:Duala_war_canoe.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Jirgin yaki na Duala, 1884]] Tseren jirgin ruwa a al'ada shine wasanni mafi muhimmanci a tsakanin Duala.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Wasan ya kai kololuwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus, lokacin da masu shirya suka gudanar da tseren kowace shekara a ranar 27 ga Janairu (ranar haihuwar Kaiser). A karkashin Faransanci, sun zama rabin shekara, suna faruwa a ranar 14 ga Yuli (Ranar Bastille) da 11 ga Nuwamba (Ranar Armistice). Jirgin ruwa na Duala na yau da kullun yana da tsawon mita 20-28 ba tare da keel ba kuma baka da aka sassaƙa tare da ƙirar ƙira. Kungiyar masu tuka jirgin ruwa 40-50, galibi maza da ke rayuwa a matsayin masunta, suna kula da kowane jirgi. A baya, masu duba sun yi amfani da sakamakon waɗannan tseren don hango makomar, amma a yau firist na Kirista yana jagorantar maimakon haka.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930, wani iyali a tsibirin Jebale ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya kiran ruhohin ruwa na Miengu don taimakawa mahalarta da aka fi so.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} Da farko a cikin shekarun 1930, [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ya girma ya wuce sauran wasanni a cikin shahara. == Taron, ƙungiyoyin sirri, da sauran ƙungiyoyi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye Duala tare, taimaka musu su kafa manufofi, da kuma ba su wurin neman mafita ga matsalolin da aka saba da su.[1]Babban daga cikin wadannan shine Ngondo, taron manyan sarakuna. Wani daga cikin wadannan shine muemba (jama'a: miemba), rukuni na duk Duala na wani shekaru ko dangin kabilanci. miemba suna aiki ne don barin membobinsu su cibiyar sadarwa da hulɗa. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sirri sun haɗa da Ekongolo, Jengu, Losango, da Munji.[1]Cibiyoyin == == Rarraba == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Ƙungiyoyin === Baya ga bambance-bambance na kabilanci da aka riga aka lura, Duala sun ci gaba da tsara kansu cikin zuriya ko dangi da yawa. Daga cikin Duala daidai, waɗannan sune Bonanjo (ciki har da Bonapriso), Bonaku, Bonabela, da Bonaberi. Wadannan sunayen suna wakiltar manyan iyalai a kowane dangi: [[Njo family|Njo]], [[Priso family|Prison]], [[Akwa family|Akwa]], Ebele-Deido, da Bell, bi da bi. Bugu da kari, Duala wani lokacin sun hada da Bodiman, Pongo, da Wuri a cikin matsayinsu, amma ba a matsayin ƙananan layin ba. Manyan mutane: -Dany Priso -Jean Pierre Nsame -Christopher Wooh -Nicolas Elame -Dinos -Killamel -Mina Eyango -Engelbert Beleck Bell -Karl Etta Eyong -Felix Eboa Eboa -William Eyang -Eric Junior Ebongue Makoube -Steve Mike Eyango -Kelly Anne Douala Edimo -Franck Dipita Njoh -NNNNYYYYamo -NNYKarl Ekry -NNuevin Eum -NN Ly Ly Ly LyNNN LyNNY == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mntpr77rism65jza68wpe6hh829it33 968558 968557 2026-10-17T10:55:01Z Khaleel767 49732 968558 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |Duala ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |'''Jimillar:''' kusan 400,000 idan mutum ya haɗa da dukkan ƙananan rukuni (Bodiman, Ewodi, bassa, Pongo, [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Bakweri]], [[Isubu|Isuwu]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]], [[Bakossi language|Bakossi]], [[Balong]], [[Mbo language (Cameroon)|Mbo]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Kamaru |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Harsuna |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Duala language|Duala]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Addini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Mafi yawa Kiristanci da / ko [[African traditional religion|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci masu alaƙa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Bakole people|Bakole]], [[Bakweri]], [[Bamboko]], [[Isubu]], [[Limba people (Cameroon)|Limba]], [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Wovea]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]] da sauran [[Bantu peoples|Mutanen Bantu]] |} {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |Duala ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |'''Jimillar:''' kusan 400,000 idan mutum ya haɗa da dukkan ƙananan rukuni (Bodiman, Ewodi, bassa, Pongo, [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Bakweri]], [[Isubu|Isuwu]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]], [[Bakossi language|Bakossi]], [[Balong]], [[Mbo language (Cameroon)|Mbo]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Kamaru |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Harsuna |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Duala language|Duala]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Addini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Mafi yawa Kiristanci da / ko [[African traditional religion|Addinin gargajiya na Afirka]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci masu alaƙa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Bakole people|Bakole]], [[Bakweri]], [[Bamboko]], [[Isubu]], [[Limba people (Cameroon)|Limba]], [[Mungo people|Mungo]], [[Wovea]], [[Oroko language|Oroko]] da sauran [[Bantu peoples|Mutanen Bantu]] |} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Duala''' (ko '''[[:fr:Sawa (peuple)|Sawa]]''') ƙabilar [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] ce ta [[Kamaru]] . Da farko suna zaune a yankin bakin teku da kudu maso yammacin Kamaru kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na [[Yaren Sawabantu|Sawabantu]] ko "mutane na bakin teku" na Kamaru. Dualas sun yi maraba da manufofin mulkin mallaka na Jamus da Faransa. Adadin 'yan Afirka masu magana da Jamusanci ya karu a yankunan Jamus na tsakiya kafin shekara ta 1914. Jagorancin Duala a 1884 ya sanya kabilar a ƙarƙashin [[Kamerun|Mulkin Jamus]]. Yawancin sun tuba zuwa [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] kuma an yi musu karatu tare da layin Jamusanci. Jami'an mulkin mallaka da 'yan kasuwa sun fi son su a matsayin ma'aikata masu arha ga ofisoshin gwamnatin Jamus da kamfanoni a Afirka. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi a Kamaru saboda dogon hulɗarsu da Turawa, yawan ilimi, da wadatar da aka samu a cikin ƙarni a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da masu mallakar ƙasa. [[File:Danse_sawa8.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar Sawa Dance]] Duala suna da alaƙa da kabilun da yawa (ko kabilun) a yankunan da ke bakin tekun Kamaru, tare da su suna da asali na gargajiya, da irin wannan tarihin da al'adu. Wadannan sun hada da Ewodi, Bodiman, Pongo, Bakole, Bakweri (ko Kwe), Bamboko, Isubu (Isuwu ko Bimbians), Limba (ko Malimba), Mungo, Wovea da Oroko, an san su da mutanen Sawa . Za a iya ƙara [[Batanga people|Batanga]] na yankin Kribi a cikin jerin da suka gabata yayin da suke da'awar cewa su zuriyar Mbedi ne kuma suna ba da rahoton wani mataki na fahimtar juna tsakanin yarensu da Malimba.{{Sfn|Lamberty|2009}} Bugu da ƙari, an rarraba Harshen Oroko a matsayin harshen Duala, yana da alaƙa da yankin [[Batanga people|Batanga]] na kribi da Bakweri (Mokpwe) , wanda shine harshen Duala.{{Sfn|Friesen|2002}} Don haka Kundu, Lue, Mbonge, Ekombe, Londo ba Nanga, Londo da Diko, Ngolo, Bima, Tanga da Koko mutane ne na Duala (Sawa). Duala sun mamaye sauran a tarihi, kuma waɗannan sauran kungiyoyi duk suna da alaƙa da su. Bugu da kari, wasu kabilun bakin teku da yawa kamar su Balong, Bakossi da sauransu - wadanda ke da alaƙa da al'adu da tarihi da [[Harshen Duala|Duala]] - suna ƙarƙashin tasirin Duala, kuma yawancin waɗannan mutane suna magana da Duala har zuwa wani mataki. Har ila yau, yawancin mutanen Bakoko suna magana da Duala. Kalmar "Duala" na iya nufin Duala "daidai" ko kuma ga dukan saitin kabilun Duala-kamar ko ma mai yiwuwa ga wasu kabilun Bakoko ko [[Dutsen Manengouba|Manenguba]] "duala-ized". == Tarihi == === Motsi na farko na jama'a === [[File:Animation_pendant_le_Ngondo.jpg|thumb|Kogin Wouri]] Tarihin Duala na farko za a iya ƙayyade shi ne kawai daga al'adun baki. Duala sun gano kakanninsu zuwa wani mutum mai suna Mbedi, wanda ke zaune a wani yanki da ake kira [[Bakota region (West Africa)|Bakota]] a cikin [[Gabon]] ko [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] a yau. 'Ya'yansa maza, Ewale da [[Dibongo a Mbedi|Dibombo]], sun yi ƙaura zuwa arewa kuma sun isa wurin da ake kira [[Pitti (Africa)|Pitti]] a [[Dibamba River|Kogin Dibamba]] . A nan, 'yan uwan sun rabu bayan jere. Ewale ya koma bakin Dibamba tare da mabiyansa sannan arewa maso yamma zuwa gabas na [[Kogin Wouri]]. A halin yanzu, Dibongo da sahabbansa sun yi ƙaura daga kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Kogin Sanaga]] sannan suka rabu, wasu suna tafiya sama tare da Dibongo da wasu suna motsawa ƙasa tare da wani mutum mai suna Elimbe. Mutanen Ewale sun zama Duala, kuma Dibongo Limba.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} Bisa ga al'adun Duala, kabilun Bakoko da Bassa sun mamaye kogin Wouri lokacin da Duala suka isa. Daga nan sai Duala suka kore su cikin ƙasa, wani canji wanda mai yiwuwa ya faru a ƙarshen karni na 17 ko farkon karni na 18.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} === Tarihin Farko === [[File:King_Akwa_photo.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px|Sarki Akwa, 1875]] Duala sun fito ne a karni na 16 a matsayin manyan 'yan kasuwa a bakin tekun Kamaru, kodayake Isubu da Limba ba su bi nesa ba. 'Yan kasuwa na farko na Duala wataƙila sarakuna ne ko shugabannin.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} Duala sun daɗe suna riƙe da kuma sayar da bayi, waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyuka daban-daban kuma suna yin ayyuka masu ƙasƙanci kamar noma. Masu mallakar bayi za su iya sayar da bayinsu ne kawai ga wasu Duala, duk da haka, kuma masu mallakar suna da alhakin biyan bashin bayinsu da shirya aurensu. Tare da Turawa suna ba da irin wannan kasuwar yunwa, duk da haka, waɗannan al'adu sun ba da hanya.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}} [[File:LT32_(6)_Monument_des_roi_d'akwa.JPG|thumb|Abin tunawa da Sarki Akwa]] Manyan ƙauyukan Duala ba da daɗewa ba suka girma zuwa wani gari mai wadata mai suna [[Douala]] ga mutanen da ke zaune a can. Duala na bakin teku sun sayi kayayyaki da bayi daga kungiyoyin cikin gida kamar Bakweri, Mungo, Bassa da Bakoko. Hakanan, sun sayar da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi (ciki har da bayi) ga Turawa, yawanci a cikin jiragensu (kuma daga baya a masana'antu ko shagunan ƙasar). A musayar, Turawa sun ba da barasa, gunpowder, bindigogi, madubai, takalma, yadi, da kayan aiki. [[Ndumb'a Lobe]] na zuriyar Bell ya goyi bayan kansa a karni na 19 a matsayin Sarki Bell . Shugabannin 'yan adawa ba da daɗewa ba suka yi gasa da shi, gami da Sarki Akwa ([[Ngando Mpondo]]) a cikin 1814, Sarki Deido ([[Jim Ekwalla]]) na Deido (ƙungiyar Akwa), da Prince Lock Priso ([[Kum'a Mbape]]) na Bonaberi. A tsakiyar karni na 19, Birtaniya ta jagoranci cinikayya tare da Duala. Wannan ya yi daidai da yunkurin [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|kawar da shi]], kuma Crown ta yi amfani da 'yan kasuwa don kawo karshen bautar a [[Tekun Guinea]]. A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1840 da 7 ga Mayu 1841, Akwa da Bell sun zama na farko da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar adawa da bautar. A musayar, Turawa sun ba waɗannan sarakuna kyauta na shekara-shekara na barasa, bindigogi, masana'antu, da sauran kayayyaki.{{Sfn|Fanso|1989}}Bugu da kari, sarakuna sun haramta ayyukan da Burtaniya ke kallo a matsayin barbaric, kamar sadaukarwa da matan shugaba a kan mutuwarsa.{{Sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999}} Har ila yau, Turawan Burtaniya sun so su tsara Duala zuwa ra'ayoyinsu na wayewa. Wannan yana nufin ilimantar da su a cikin ilmantarwa na Yamma da kuma juyar da su zuwa Kiristanci.{{Sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999}}Alfred Saker ya bude wani mishan a Douala a 1845. A shekara ta 1875, manufofi da makarantu da yawa sun tashi a Douala da sauran ƙauyuka. Masu wa'azi na farko sun koyi yaren Duala kuma sun kirkiro wani nau'i na rubuce-rubuce don shi, saboda fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. Kamaru Pidgin English ya fara bunkasa a wannan lokacin. Ciniki ya canza al'ummar Duala sosai. Kayayyakin Turai sun zama Alamomin matsayi, kuma wasu sarakuna sun nada 'yan kasuwa da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a matsayin masu ba da shawara. Babban rabo na Duala ya zama mai arziki ta hanyar sabon kasuwanci, kuma tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin haves da wadanda ba su da komai. Gasar ta karu tsakanin kungiyoyin bakin teku har ma da tsakanin ƙauyuka masu alaƙa. 'Yan kasuwa sun yi amfani da wannan yanayi kuma tun daga 1860, 'yan kasuwa na Jamus, Faransanci, da Mutanen Espanya sun kafa lambobin sadarwa kuma sun raunana ikon mallakar Burtaniya. Duala ta sami iko mai mahimmanci a kan kasuwanci ta hanyar kogin Wouri. A mayar da martani ga barazanar daga 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje, Birtaniya ta matsa lamba ga sarakunan Duala don neman mamayewar Burtaniya. A cikin 1879, Sarki Akwa ya aika da irin wannan buƙatar; Bell ya bi shi a cikin 1881 (wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan takardun sun ƙirƙira ne, duk da haka). {{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}}Lokacin da Sarki Pass Dukkanin Limba ya ba da yankunansa ga Faransanci, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun nuna gaggawa na haɗa yankunan Duala zuwa Crown. A watan Yulin 1884, duk da haka, mai binciken Jamus Gustav Nachtigal ya shirya juyin mulki ta hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ƙasa tare da Sarakuna Akwa, Bell, da Deido. Birtaniya sun isa da wuri kuma a ranar 28 ga Maris 1885 sun ba da Victoria ga Jamus.{{Sfn|Fanso|1990}} === Gwamnatin Jamus === [[Fayil:Rudolf_Duala_Manga_Bell_portrait.jpg|left|thumb|Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, wanda aka rataye saboda cin amana saboda adawa da kwace ƙasar Jamus]] Hamayya da mulkin Jamus ya biyo bayan mamayewa. Yarima Lock Priso har yanzu yana goyon bayan Birtaniya kuma ya shirya tawaye a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1884. A wannan lokacin, Sarki Bell ya fuskanci mutanensa, wadanda suka fi adawa da mulkin Jamus. Bell daga nan ya sami kansa a kan sauran shugabannin Duala a cikin [[Duala War|Yaƙin Duala]], wanda aka yi yaƙi game da kisan Bonaberi Duala da zargin da Bell ya yi na ƙi raba ribar sa tare da sauran ƙananan layin.{{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}}Jamus ta dakatar da rikici lokacin da aka kashe daya daga cikin 'yan kasa. Bell ya tsira, amma ikonsa ya ragu sosai. Da yake fahimtar cewa Duala ba za ta sake bin mulkin sarki ɗaya ba, Jamusawa a maimakon haka sun buga masu fafatawa da juna. Sun goyi bayan Sarki Bell wanda ya raunana don magance Sarki Akwa mai iko.{{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}}Jamusawa da farko sun yi mulki daga Douala, wanda suka kira Kamerunstadt, amma sun ƙaura babban birninsu zuwa ƙauyen Bakweri na Buea a cikin 1901. Shekaru na hulɗa tare da mutanen Yamma da kuma babban matakin karatu da rubutu ya ba da damar manyan malamai, manoma, da 'yan kasuwa su fito. Wannan aji ya saba da dokar Turai da tarurruka, wanda ya ba su damar matsawa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus da korafe-korafe, shari'a, da kungiyoyi masu sha'awa na musamman don adawa da manufofi marasa kyau ko rashin adalci.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Jerin waɗannan sun fara ne a cikin 1910, lokacin da gwamnatin Jamus ta fara sabon harajin zabe, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kwace ƙasashe a garin Douala, sannan ta yi ƙoƙari su kori jama'ar ƙasar daga garin gaba ɗaya. Wanda ya gaji Sarki Bell, Sarki Rudolf Duala Manga Bell ya yi ƙoƙari ya tara juriya ta hanyar aikawa da manzanni don ziyartar shugabannin kungiyoyin tsibirin. Duala Manga Bell yana da abokan tarayya da yawa. Sarakunan Kamaru sun kasance tare. Abokin Sarki Bell mafi kusa, dangi kuma aboki mafi kyau shine Sarki Ekandjoum Joseph, wanda ya ziyarta lokacin da Jamusawa suka tsananta masa. Sarkin na ƙarshe ya yi tsayayya kuma ya ki har zuwa mutuwarsa don yin aiki tare da gwamnatin Jamus, wanda bai amince da shi ba. Jamusanci ya yi kamar Ibrahim Njoya na Bamum ya yi wa Jamusawa gargadi, kuma an kashe Bell da abokan aikinsa a shekara ta 1914 saboda babban cin amana.{{Sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999}} === Gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Faransa === A shekara ta 1918, Jamus ta rasa yakin duniya na farko, kuma yankunanta sun zama umarnin League of Nations . Faransa ta zama sabon mai kula da yankunan Duala. Duala ta ci gaba da bunƙasa. Kodayake Faransanci sun fi cire sarakunan su daga iko, kusan rabin membobin kabilanci 15-20,000 sun kasance manyan 'yan kasuwa, manajojin shuka ko masu mallakar, shugabannin, ko ma'aikata a cikin aikin gwamnati a cikin shekarun 1930. Sauran mutanen sun kasance masunta da manoma. A cikin shekarun 1940, yawancin Duala sun sami matsayi a matsayin masu ginawa, kuma, suna ba da sabis ga biranen Douala da Victoria masu girma.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} [[File:DeuilBamileke97.jpg|alt=|thumb|Mutanen Bamileke yayin bikin jana'izar]] Sabbin masu mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da manufofin Jamus na fitar da sarakuna marasa hadin kai da kuma ma'aikata masu ban sha'awa ga gonakin.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Kowane mutum na iya zaɓar biyan tarar don kauce wa aiki, duk da haka, wanda ya haifar da karancin ma'aikata daga yankuna masu arziki. Faransanci sun karfafa mutane daga cikin gida su koma bakin teku kuma su yi aiki a gonakin (sun zauna nesa da tasirin shugabannin Duala). Wadannan baƙi sune da farko Bamileke. Sabbin masu zuwa sun karu da yawa da kuma tattalin arziki a tsawon lokaci, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na kabilanci tare da 'yan asalin. A farkon shekarun 1930, Duala sun kasance 'yan tsiraru a garin da ake kira da su.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba 1929, manyan sarakuna hudu sun aika da takarda ga Kungiyar Kasashe suna neman 'yancin kai ga Kamaru. Babbar damuwarsu, duk da haka, ita ce dawowar ƙasashen Duala da aka kwace. Wannan [[Duala land problem|Matsalar ƙasar Duala]] ta kai ga kai a 1925 lokacin da Faransanci suka sayar da ƙasashe a kan Joss Plateau wanda Jamusawa suka mallaka. A mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga dangin Bell, Faransanci sun ba da wani yanki a matsayin diyya. Da farko Kararrawa sun ki, amma Babban Mawuyacin ya sa su yarda da sulhu na Faransa. Bells sun sami ƙasa a gundumar Bali, kuma Faransanci sun yi alkawarin ba za su karɓi wani mallakar dangin Akwa ko Deido ba. In the late 1930s, [[Alexandre Duala Manga Bell]] had emerged as the unofficial leader of the Duala proper. In 1937, the French expelled the Duala from Akwa town (an area of Douala), although they allowed them to maintain ownership of the land. During World War II, the French and British showed favouritism toward white-owned plantations, and many Duala-owned farms became unprofitable .{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} Meanwhile, other Cameroonian ethnic groups had caught up to the Duala's lead in education and Westernisation.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} At war's end, the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] set in motion the decolonisation of Africa. The Duala remained important in this process. For example, many Duala supported the pro-independence ''Union des Populations du Cameroun'' party (UPC) when it first formed. Other parties that had either Duala founders or significant backing include the ''[[Bloc Démocratique Camerounais]]'' (BDC), and ''[[Action Nationale]]'' (AN).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna wurin kabilun Duala daban-daban na Kamaru]] Duala sun fi mayar da hankali ne a Lardin Littoral na Kamaru a cikin yankunan Moungo, Nkam, da Wouri.[1] Gidajensu sun kasance a bakin tekun ko kuma kawai a cikin ƙasa. Kogin Wouri, inda kogin Wouri da Mungo, da Dibamba suka zama cibiyar ƙasar Duala.[2] Douala ita ce babban birninsu na gargajiya, kuma yawancin Duala suna zaune a ciki da kewayen birnin, kodayake a yau ya zo ya nuna bambancin Kamaru gaba ɗaya. == Al'adu == The Duala today are divided into the urban and rural. Those who live in the cities, particularly Douala itself, earn a living at a number of skilled and unskilled professions. Many Duala still own parts of the city, allowing them to live off rents and development. The rural Duala, in contrast, work as fishermen and farmers, mostly at the subsistence level. Fishing is the trade of choice. [ana buƙatar hujja] Al'ummar Duala ta gargajiya ta kasu kashi uku. A saman su ne ''Wonja'', 'yan asalin Duala, tare da cikakken haƙƙin mallaka. Mataki na gaba ya kunshi ''Wajili'', ko dai mutanen da ba na Duala ba ko kuma zuriyar bayi. A ƙarshe, ''Wakomi'', ko bayi, sun kasance a ƙasa. Shugabannin da shugabannin sun zauna a saman wannan matsayi a baya, kodayake a yau irin waɗannan adadi suna da ƙarancin iko a kansu. Maimakon haka, irin waɗannan mutane sun fi samun dukiya da kuma gajiyar dukiya. Kwamitin Dattawa da [[Kungiyar Asiri|ƙungiyoyin asiri]] suna ba da damar al'ummomi su yanke shawara game da batutuwa masu muhimmanci.{{Sfn|Ngoh|1996}} === Harshe === [[Harshen Duala]] memba ne na rukuni na [[Yaren Bantu|Bantu]], yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Duala, ci gaba da yaren da ya haɗa da [[Harshen Limba (Kamaru)|Malimba]].{{Sfn|Malimba|2005}}Duala na daga cikin dangin yaren Nijar-Congo. Ana amfani da Duala a matsayin Harsunan kasuwanci, saboda yaduwar harshe ta mishaneri na farko. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a tsakanin makwabta Wovea, da yawa daga cikinsu suna magana da Duala maimakon yarensu, da Isubu, da yawa cikinsu suna da harsuna biyu a Duala.{{Sfn|Duala|2005}}{{Sfn|Isu|2005}} Bugu da kari, mutanen da suka halarci makaranta ko suka zauna a cikin birni yawanci suna magana da Faransanci, kodayake Ingilishi da Jamusanci sun fi yawa a lokutan tarihi. Adadin karatu da rubutu yana da yawa a tsakanin Duala, kodayake wannan don karatu da rubuta harsunan Turai ne.{{Sfn|Duala|2005}} Akalla har zuwa lokacin Jamusanci, mazajen Duala sun yi amfani da wani nau'i na "harshe na drum", suna fitar da saƙonnin da aka tsara don sadarwa labarai a nesa.{{Sfn|Stern|1957}} === Aure da tsarin zumunci === [[Gado a Musulunci|gado]] Duala yana da iyaka; bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, an raba dukiyarsa tsakanin magadansa maza. Duala sun yi auren mata da yawa a al'ada, kodayake tare da gabatar da Kiristanci, wannan al'ada ta zama da wuya.{{Sfn|Guide touristique}} === Addini === Duala galibi an kirista ne tun daga shekarun 1930. Ƙungiyoyin Bishara sun mamaye, musamman cocin Baptist. Duk da haka, ragowar Bautar kakanni da ta gabata ta ci gaba. Kamar yadda za'a iya sa ran mutanen da ke bakin teku, teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan bangaskiya. Misali, imanin Duala yana riƙe da cewa kakanninsu suna zaune a cikin teku. A cikin wannan ra'ayi na duniya, ruhohin ruwa na rabin mutum da aka sani da Miengu (singular: [[Jengu]]) suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa kuma suna sulhu tsakanin masu bautar da Allah. Bukukuwan gargajiya da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara suna aiki ne a matsayin mafi bayyane na waɗannan imani na gargajiya a zamanin yau.{{Sfn|Guide touristique}} === Wasanni === [[File:Duala_war_canoe.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Jirgin yaki na Duala, 1884]] Tseren jirgin ruwa a al'ada shine wasanni mafi muhimmanci a tsakanin Duala.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Wasan ya kai kololuwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus, lokacin da masu shirya suka gudanar da tseren kowace shekara a ranar 27 ga Janairu (ranar haihuwar Kaiser). A karkashin Faransanci, sun zama rabin shekara, suna faruwa a ranar 14 ga Yuli (Ranar Bastille) da 11 ga Nuwamba (Ranar Armistice). Jirgin ruwa na Duala na yau da kullun yana da tsawon mita 20-28 ba tare da keel ba kuma baka da aka sassaƙa tare da ƙirar ƙira. Kungiyar masu tuka jirgin ruwa 40-50, galibi maza da ke rayuwa a matsayin masunta, suna kula da kowane jirgi. A baya, masu duba sun yi amfani da sakamakon waɗannan tseren don hango makomar, amma a yau firist na Kirista yana jagorantar maimakon haka.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}}Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930, wani iyali a tsibirin Jebale ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya kiran ruhohin ruwa na Miengu don taimakawa mahalarta da aka fi so.{{Sfn|Derrick|1990}} Da farko a cikin shekarun 1930, [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ya girma ya wuce sauran wasanni a cikin shahara. == Taron, ƙungiyoyin sirri, da sauran ƙungiyoyi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye Duala tare, taimaka musu su kafa manufofi, da kuma ba su wurin neman mafita ga matsalolin da aka saba da su.[1]Babban daga cikin wadannan shine Ngondo, taron manyan sarakuna. Wani daga cikin wadannan shine muemba (jama'a: miemba), rukuni na duk Duala na wani shekaru ko dangin kabilanci. miemba suna aiki ne don barin membobinsu su cibiyar sadarwa da hulɗa. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sirri sun haɗa da Ekongolo, Jengu, Losango, da Munji.[1]Cibiyoyin == == Rarraba == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Ƙungiyoyin === Baya ga bambance-bambance na kabilanci da aka riga aka lura, Duala sun ci gaba da tsara kansu cikin zuriya ko dangi da yawa. Daga cikin Duala daidai, waɗannan sune Bonanjo (ciki har da Bonapriso), Bonaku, Bonabela, da Bonaberi. Wadannan sunayen suna wakiltar manyan iyalai a kowane dangi: [[Njo family|Njo]], [[Priso family|Prison]], [[Akwa family|Akwa]], Ebele-Deido, da Bell, bi da bi. Bugu da kari, Duala wani lokacin sun hada da Bodiman, Pongo, da Wuri a cikin matsayinsu, amma ba a matsayin ƙananan layin ba. Manyan mutane: -Dany Priso -Jean Pierre Nsame -Christopher Wooh -Nicolas Elame -Dinos -Killamel -Mina Eyango -Engelbert Beleck Bell -Karl Etta Eyong -Felix Eboa Eboa -William Eyang -Eric Junior Ebongue Makoube -Steve Mike Eyango -Kelly Anne Douala Edimo -Franck Dipita Njoh -NNNNYYYYamo -NNYKarl Ekry -NNuevin Eum -NN Ly Ly Ly LyNNN LyNNY == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ra12re7bdrgsk9jv5lgv5133rt2btg0 0 179461 968564 2026-10-17T11:33:14Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379357186|Selena Gomez]]" 968564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selena Marie Gomez''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, mawaƙa, marubuciya, 'yar kasuwa, kuma furodusa. Gomez ta fara aikinta a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara Barney & Friends (2002-2004), kuma ta fito a matsayin gunkin matasa don rawar da ta taka a matsayin Alex Russo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Channel Wizards of Waverly Place (2007-2012). Ta sanya hannu tare da Hollywood Records a shekara ta 2008 kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar Selena Gomez & the Scene, wacce ta fitar da kundi uku: ''Kiss &amp;amp; Tell'' (2009), A Year Without Rain (2010), da When the Sun Goes Down (2011). Gomez ta fitar da kundi guda uku. Na farko daga cikin wadannan, Stars Dance (2013), ya nuna "Come & Get It". Ta biyo baya tare da Revival (2015), kuma ta kai saman biyar na US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 tare da waƙoƙin "Good for You" da "Same Old Love". Rare (2020) ya samar da lambar Amurka ta farko "Lose You to Love Me". Ta kuma ƙaddamar da EP na Mutanen Espanya Revelación (2021) da kundi na huɗu I Said I Love You First (2025) tare da mijinta [[Benny Blanco]] . Sauran haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da "Ba Mu Magana Ba", "Ba Ni bane", "Wolves", "Taki Taki" da "Calm Down". Ta fito a fina-finai, ciki har da ''Wani Labari na Cinderella'' (2008), ''Monte Carlo'' (2011), Spring Breakers (2012), Hotal Transylvania fim din franchise (2012-2022), The Fundamentals of Caring (2016), The Dead Don't Die (2019), da ''Emilia Pérez'' (2024). Gomez ta samar da jerin kamar 13 Reasons Why (2017-2020), da Selena + Chef (2020-2023), kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Kashe-kashen Kashewa kawai a cikin Ginin tun daga 2021. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Kiɗa ta Amurka, Kyautar Billboard Music, Kyautar Bikin Fim na Cannes, Kyautar MTV Video Music Awards guda biyu da 17 Guinness World Records. Gomez jakadan UNICEF ne mai kyau kuma mai ba da shawara ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito]]. Ta kafa kamfanin kayan kwalliya na Rare Beauty, wanda aka kimanta shi da dala biliyan 2, da kuma Asusun Rare Impact. An san ta a cikin jerin sunayen kamar Forbes 30 Under 30 (2016 da 2020) da Time 100 (2020), ta sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa daban-daban, gami da <nowiki><i id="mwZA">Billboard</i></nowiki>'s Woman of the Year (2017), da Latin Woman of the Year (2025). Ita ce [[Instagram]]_accounts" id="mwaA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of most-followed Instagram accounts">Mata mafi yawan mabiya a Instagram kuma ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Selena Marie Gomez a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1992, a Grand Prairie, Texas, wani yanki na [[Dallas]] . <ref name="TheBiographyChannel">{{Cite web |title=Selena Gomez Biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/selena-gomez-504530 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819233426/https://www.biography.com/people/selena-gomez-504530 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=April 12, 2013 |website=[[The Biography Channel]]}}</ref> Iyayenta sune Ricardo Joel Gomez da aka haifa a Texas tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amanda Dawn "Mandy" (née Cornett) Teefey. An sanya mata suna ne bayan mawaƙan Tejano [[Selena|Selena Quintanilla]] . Mahaifinta dan asalin Mexico ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta, wacce aka karbe ta, tana da kakannin Italiyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rico |first=Jack |date=September 13, 2008 |title=Selena Gomez and Jake T. Austin on being latin |url=http://showbizcafe.com/exclusive-selena-gomez-on-being-latin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032404/https://showbizcafe.com/exclusive-selena-gomez-on-being-latin/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=July 4, 2011 |publisher=Showbizcafe.com}}</ref> Kakannin mahaifin Gomez sun yi hijira zuwa Texas daga Monterrey, Mexico a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ta kira kanta "wani jariri na uku na Amurka-Mexican", kuma sau ɗaya ta ce: "Iyalina suna da quinceañeras, kuma muna zuwa cocin tarayya. Muna yin duk abin da ke Katolika, amma ba mu da wani abu na gargajiya sai dai mu je wurin shakatawa kuma mu yi barbecues a ranakun Lahadi bayan coci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2020 |title=Selena Gomez has a message for immigrant graduates during COVID-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=632ZOXR22lM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=632ZOXR22lM |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Define American]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morreale |first=Marie |date=September 26, 2008 |title=Star Spotlight: Selena Gomez |url=http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3750390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215192826/http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3750390 |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |access-date=June 20, 2010 |publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]}}</ref>Kwarewarta ta Mutanen Espanya ta ragu bayan ta kai shekara bakwai, lokacin da ta fara aiki a talabijin.<ref name="latimes2" /> Iyayen Gomez sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar, kuma ta kasance tare da mahaifiyarta. Mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta, Brian Teefey, daga baya sun haifi 'yar, Gracie Elliot Teefey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=Natalie |date=June 13, 2013 |title=Selena Gomez Has a Baby Sister! Demi Lovato Congratulates Singer and Mom Mandy on New Arrival |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/429749/selena-gomez-has-a-baby-sister-demi-lovato-congratulates-singer-and-mom-mandy-on-new-arrival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529083723/https://www.eonline.com/news/429749/selena-gomez-has-a-baby-sister-demi-lovato-congratulates-singer-and-mom-mandy-on-new-arrival |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=selenagomez|title=Momma, Brian, and me are all so grateful for all your well wishes. My lil sissy Gracie Elliot Teefey was born on June 12th. Luv you all XO|last=Gomez|first=Selena|date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifinta da matarsa ta biyu, Sara, tana da 'yar'uwa, Victoria "Tori" Gomez, da kuma ɗan'uwa mai suna Marcus. Ga mafi yawan yarinta, an yi ta makaranta a gida, sai dai na ɗan gajeren lokaci lokacin da ta halarci makarantar gargajiya tun tana yarinya. Ta sami difloma ta makarantar sakandare ta hanyar makaranta a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. An haifi Gomez lokacin da mahaifiyarta ke da shekaru 16.<ref name="TheBiographyChannel" /> Iyalin sun fuskanci matsalolin kudi a lokacin yarinta, tare da mahaifiyarta tana gwagwarmaya don samar da su. Gomez ta tuna cewa sun taɓa neman ɗakuna don sayen man fetur don motarsu, kuma mahaifiyarta daga baya ta ce sau da yawa suna tafiya zuwa kantin sayar da dala da ke kusa don sayen spaghetti don abincin dare.<ref name="struggles">{{Cite web |last=Melas, Chloe |date=June 30, 2011 |title=Selena Gomez Reveals: My Mom's Car Would Break Down & We'd Have To Search For Quarters To Buy Gas! |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-e-special-video/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084807/https://hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-e-special-video/ |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]}}</ref> Gomez ya ce, "Na yi takaici cewa iyayena ba su kasance tare ba, kuma ban taɓa ganin haske a ƙarshen ramin inda mahaifiyata ke aiki tukuru don samar mini da rayuwa mafi kyau ba. Ina jin tsoro game da abin da zan zama idan na zauna [a Texas].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Selena Gomez: I would have two children by now If I lived in Texas |url=http://www.wonderwall.com/movies/selena-gomez-i-would-have-two-children-by-now-if-i-lived-in-texas-22402.gallery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926033409/http://www.wonderwall.com/movies/selena-gomez-i-would-have-two-children-by-now-if-i-lived-in-texas-22402.gallery |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=MSN}}</ref>Daga baya ta kara da cewa mahaifiyarta "ta kasance mai karfi sosai a kusa da ni. Kasance ni a shekara 16 dole ne ya kasance babban alhakin. Ta ba ni komai, tana da ayyuka uku, ta tallafa mini, ta sadaukar da rayuwarta a gare ni. " Gomez tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kakanninta tun tana yarinya kuma ta bayyana a wasanni daban-daban. Kakanninta sau da yawa suna kula da ita yayin da iyayenta suka gama karatunsu, kuma ta ce sun "yi ta" har sai da ta sami nasara a kasuwancin nunawa.<ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2011 |title=Selena Gomez Talks Parents' Divorce: 'I Blamed My Mom A Lot' (VIDEO) |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-divorce_n_888017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002021140/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-divorce_n_888017.html |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> === 2002-2006: Farkon aiki === Gomez ta fara samun sha'awar neman aiki a nishaɗi yayin da mahaifiyarta ke shirya don samar da mataki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selena Gomez Biography |url=http://www.buddytv.com/info/selena-gomez-info.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628123613/http://www.buddytv.com/info/selena-gomez-info.aspx |archive-date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[BuddyTV]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara Barney & Friends, ta bayyana a cikin abubuwa goma sha uku har zuwa shekara ta 2004 da kuma fina-finai biyu masu alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Kate |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Stars Who Were on 'Barney & Friends' as Kids |url=https://people.com/tv/stars-who-were-on-barney-and-friends-as-kids/ |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barney: Read with Me, Dance with Me — Cast |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/barney-read-with-me-dance-with-me/cast/2030344121/ |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> Da yake tunani game da kwarewar, ta ce, "Na ji kunya sosai lokacin da nake ƙarami [...] Ban san abin da 'kamara mai kyau' yake ba. Ban san abin rufewa ba. Na koyi komai daga ''Barney''. "Ta bar jerin bayan yanayi biyu lokacin da masu samarwa suka ji cewa ta wuce rawar.<ref name="people" /> Gomez daga baya yana da ƙananan matsayi a cikin fim din iyali Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003) da fim din da aka yi don talabijin Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire (2005), kuma baƙo-tauraron a cikin wani labari na 2006 na jerin Disney Channel The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nessif |first=Bruna |date=July 29, 2011 |title=Time Warp: Spy Selena Gomez in Her First Film Role |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/255135/time-warp-spy-selena-gomez-in-her-first-film-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404102914/https://www.eonline.com/news/255135/time-warp-spy-selena-gomez-in-her-first-film-role |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=[[E! News]]}}</ref><ref name="complex">{{Cite web |last=Angiolillo |first=Vincent |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Javy |date=March 17, 2013 |title=30 Things You Didn't Know About Selena Gomez |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/03/30-things-you-didnt-know-about-selena-gomez/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012603/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/03/30-things-you-didnt-know-about-selena-gomez/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]}}</ref><ref name="spinoff">{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Glenn |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Selena Gomez Was "At My Wits' End" After Disney Didn't Pick Up 'Lizzie McGuire', 'Suite Life' Spinoff Pilots |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/selena-gomez-disney-lizzie-mcguire-suite-life-spinoff-pilots-1236481835/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009014939/https://deadline.com/2025/08/selena-gomez-disney-lizzie-mcguire-suite-life-spinoff-pilots-1236481835/ |archive-date=October 9, 2025 |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> === 2007-2012: Ci gaba tare da Disney da Selena Gomez & the Scene === [[File:Selena_Gomez_2009.jpg|thumb|Gomez a cikin 2009 Hollywood Style Awards a Beverly Hills]] Gomez tana da rawar da ta taka akai-akai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Disney Channel ''Hannah Montana'' a 2007 a matsayin Mikayla, tauraron pop mai hamayya. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya daga baya a wannan shekarar bayan an jefa ta a matsayin Alex Russo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Channel Wizards of Waverly Place . <ref name="people" /> Gomez da mahaifiyarta daga baya suka koma [[Los Angeles]]. An fara jerin ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007 kuma sun gudana na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya zama babban nasara ga cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya kafa Gomez a matsayin gunkin matasa. Nunin ya sami bita mai kyau, tare da masu sukar da ke nuna isarwar Gomez ta sarcastic; Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mai dadi da sassy" tare da "babban lokacin ban dariya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernard |first=Emily |date=May 15, 2022 |title='Saturday Night Live': Selena Gomez's Best Sketches, Ranked |url=https://collider.com/snl-selena-gomezs-best-sketches-ranked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012604/https://collider.com/snl-selena-gomezs-best-sketches-ranked/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Don rawar da ta taka, ta sami lambar yabo ta ALMA da kuma kyaututtuka biyar a jere na Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite TV Actress . <ref name="KCA individual wins">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Most Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards blimps won by an individual |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/427708-most-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-won-by-an-individual |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427092803/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/427708-most-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-won-by-an-individual |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Gomez tana da karamin rawar murya a fim din mai suna Horton Hears a Who!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitney |first=Alyse |date=July 13, 2015 |title=Did You Know These Stars Are the Voices Behind Your Favorite Animated Characters? |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/stars-who-voiced-animated-characters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133241/https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/stars-who-voiced-animated-characters |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |website=[[Teen Vogue]]}}</ref>Ta kuma fito a matsayin mai rawa Mary Santiago a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na matasa kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Wani Labari na Cinderella'', kashi na biyu a cikin jerin Labari na A Cinderella . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Production Begins On "Another Cinderella Story" For Warner Premiere |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/production-begins-%E2%80%9Canother-cinderella-story%E2%80%9D-warner-premiere |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012605/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/production-begins-%E2%80%9Canother-cinderella-story%E2%80%9D-warner-premiere |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitney |first=Alyse |date=January 8, 2018 |title=Selena Gomez's Bae from "Another Cinderella Story" Celebrates the Movie's 10th Anniversary |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a14774422/another-cinderella-story-drew-seeley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012624/https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a14774422/another-cinderella-story-drew-seeley/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 25, 2022 |website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun ba ta lambar yabo ta Young Artist . <ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards |url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms30.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205923/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms30.html |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |publisher=Young Artist Awards}}</ref> Gomez ta ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙi da yawa ga sauti, ciki har da ta farko "Ka gaya mini wani abu da ban sani ba", wanda ya nuna shigar ta farko a kan jadawalin <nowiki><i id="mwAYU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another Cinderella Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-cinderella-story-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1570664241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706073813/https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-cinderella-story-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1570664241 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |access-date=October 21, 2012 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Gomez ya sanya hannu tare da Hollywood Records kuma ya kafa kamfanin samar da Yuli Moon Productions. Gomez ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Disney Channel a cikin 2009, yana bayyana a Sonny tare da Chance da kuma taron crossover Wizards on Deck tare da Hannah Montana . <ref name="cameo">{{Cite web |last=Amber |first=Ashley |date=April 10, 2022 |title=10 Disney Channel Stars Who Had Cameos Before Leading Roles |url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-cameos-before-leading-roles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012603/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-cameos-before-leading-roles/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da Demi Lovato a cikin fim din talabijin na Princess Protection Program, kuma ta sake taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin Alex Russo a Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wizards of Waverly Place Movie |url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/WOWP_MoviePremiere.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113035337/http://disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/WOWP_MoviePremiere.doc |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2009 |publisher=Disney Channel}}</ref> Wannan na karshe ya fara ne a watan Agusta ga masu kallo miliyan 11.4 kuma ya zama fim na biyu mafi girma a talabijin na USB a lokacin, bayan High School Musical 2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=March 16, 2013 |title=Disney Channel's New 'Wizards Of Waverly Place' TV Movie Draws 5.9 Million Viewers |url=https://deadline.com/2013/03/disney-channels-new-wizards-of-waverly-place-tv-movie-draws-5-9-million-viewers-455294/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029233357/https://deadline.com/2013/03/disney-channels-new-wizards-of-waverly-place-tv-movie-draws-5-9-million-viewers-455294/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Roxana Hadadi na The Washington Post ya yaba wa matasan fim din - Gomez, David Henrie da Jake T. Austin - tare da ɗaukar samarwa. Gomez ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi don Sauti na kyauta, gami da "Magic", kuma ya bayyana Princess Selenia a fina-finai biyu daga jerin Luc Besson ''Arthur''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |date=August 3, 2009 |title=Wizards of Waverly Place: Songs from and Inspired by the Hit TV Series > Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1612628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027122435/https://www.allmusic.com/album/wizards-of-waverly-place-songs-from-and-inspired-by-the-hit-tv-series-mw0000819980 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Brenda Kelly |date=July 23, 2009 |title=Selena Gomez's "Magic" Music Video Premieres Friday, July 24 On Disney Channel |url=http://disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/MagicVideo_072309.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902011249/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/MagicVideo_072309.doc |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Disney Channel]]}}</ref><ref name="bbcradio1">{{Cite web |title=9 pop divas who have voiced animated movie characters |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3kvLZNSXvl9Sn1n3Qvdqg01/9-pop-divas-who-have-voiced-animated-movie-characters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602134515/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3kvLZNSXvl9Sn1n3Qvdqg01/9-pop-divas-who-have-voiced-animated-movie-characters |archive-date=June 2, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 1]]}}</ref> [[File:Selena_Gomez_December_2010_2.jpg|thumb|Gomez a cikin 2010 KISS FM Jingle Ball]] A karkashin kwangilarta ta Hollywood Records, Gomez ta kafa ƙungiyar Selena Gomez & the Scene . <ref name="band">{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2009 |title=ep 4 band tryouts |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7B_Xg0ClSwQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/7B_Xg0ClSwQ |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Da farko ta so ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar maimakon a matsayin mai zane-zane, kodayake lakabin ya zaɓi ya haɗa sunanta ga ƙungiyar saboda "tushen magoya bayanta". <ref name="band" /> Kungiyar ta fitar da kundi uku na studio - ''Kiss &amp;amp; Tell'' (2009), A Year Without Rain (2010), da When the Sun Goes Down (2011) - wanda ya kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwAe8">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 . Sun sami babban nasara tare da waƙoƙi kamar "Naturally", "Who Says", da kuma "Love You Like a Love Song". ''Billboard'' daga baya ya sanya matsayi na ƙarshe a matsayin mafi girma Hot 100 ya kai lamba ashirin da biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] esmykgpmxgnqmfpy3x01pw9ioneo782 968565 968564 2026-10-17T11:34:33Z Khaleel767 49732 968565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Selena Marie Gomez''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, mawaƙa, marubuciya, 'yar kasuwa, kuma furodusa. Gomez ta fara aikinta a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara Barney & Friends (2002-2004), kuma ta fito a matsayin gunkin matasa don rawar da ta taka a matsayin Alex Russo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Channel Wizards of Waverly Place (2007-2012). Ta sanya hannu tare da Hollywood Records a shekara ta 2008 kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar Selena Gomez & the Scene, wacce ta fitar da kundi uku: ''Kiss &amp;amp; Tell'' (2009), A Year Without Rain (2010), da When the Sun Goes Down (2011). Gomez ta fitar da kundi guda uku. Na farko daga cikin wadannan, Stars Dance (2013), ya nuna "Come & Get It". Ta biyo baya tare da Revival (2015), kuma ta kai saman biyar na US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 tare da waƙoƙin "Good for You" da "Same Old Love". Rare (2020) ya samar da lambar Amurka ta farko "Lose You to Love Me". Ta kuma ƙaddamar da EP na Mutanen Espanya Revelación (2021) da kundi na huɗu I Said I Love You First (2025) tare da mijinta [[Benny Blanco]] . Sauran haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da "Ba Mu Magana Ba", "Ba Ni bane", "Wolves", "Taki Taki" da "Calm Down". Ta fito a fina-finai, ciki har da ''Wani Labari na Cinderella'' (2008), ''Monte Carlo'' (2011), Spring Breakers (2012), Hotal Transylvania fim din franchise (2012-2022), The Fundamentals of Caring (2016), The Dead Don't Die (2019), da ''Emilia Pérez'' (2024). Gomez ta samar da jerin kamar 13 Reasons Why (2017-2020), da Selena + Chef (2020-2023), kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Kashe-kashen Kashewa kawai a cikin Ginin tun daga 2021. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Kiɗa ta Amurka, Kyautar Billboard Music, Kyautar Bikin Fim na Cannes, Kyautar MTV Video Music Awards guda biyu da 17 Guinness World Records. Gomez jakadan UNICEF ne mai kyau kuma mai ba da shawara ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito]]. Ta kafa kamfanin kayan kwalliya na Rare Beauty, wanda aka kimanta shi da dala biliyan 2, da kuma Asusun Rare Impact. An san ta a cikin jerin sunayen kamar Forbes 30 Under 30 (2016 da 2020) da Time 100 (2020), ta sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa daban-daban, gami da <nowiki><i id="mwZA">Billboard</i></nowiki>'s Woman of the Year (2017), da Latin Woman of the Year (2025). Ita ce [[Instagram]]_accounts" id="mwaA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of most-followed Instagram accounts">Mata mafi yawan mabiya a Instagram kuma ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Selena Marie Gomez a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1992, a Grand Prairie, Texas, wani yanki na [[Dallas]] . <ref name="TheBiographyChannel">{{Cite web |title=Selena Gomez Biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/selena-gomez-504530 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819233426/https://www.biography.com/people/selena-gomez-504530 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=April 12, 2013 |website=[[The Biography Channel]]}}</ref> Iyayenta sune Ricardo Joel Gomez da aka haifa a Texas tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amanda Dawn "Mandy" (née Cornett) Teefey. An sanya mata suna ne bayan mawaƙan Tejano [[Selena|Selena Quintanilla]] . Mahaifinta dan asalin Mexico ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta, wacce aka karbe ta, tana da kakannin Italiyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rico |first=Jack |date=September 13, 2008 |title=Selena Gomez and Jake T. Austin on being latin |url=http://showbizcafe.com/exclusive-selena-gomez-on-being-latin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032404/https://showbizcafe.com/exclusive-selena-gomez-on-being-latin/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=July 4, 2011 |publisher=Showbizcafe.com}}</ref> Kakannin mahaifin Gomez sun yi hijira zuwa Texas daga Monterrey, Mexico a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ta kira kanta "wani jariri na uku na Amurka-Mexican", kuma sau ɗaya ta ce: "Iyalina suna da quinceañeras, kuma muna zuwa cocin tarayya. Muna yin duk abin da ke Katolika, amma ba mu da wani abu na gargajiya sai dai mu je wurin shakatawa kuma mu yi barbecues a ranakun Lahadi bayan coci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2020 |title=Selena Gomez has a message for immigrant graduates during COVID-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=632ZOXR22lM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=632ZOXR22lM |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Define American]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morreale |first=Marie |date=September 26, 2008 |title=Star Spotlight: Selena Gomez |url=http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3750390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215192826/http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3750390 |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |access-date=June 20, 2010 |publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]}}</ref>Kwarewarta ta Mutanen Espanya ta ragu bayan ta kai shekara bakwai, lokacin da ta fara aiki a talabijin.<ref name="latimes2" /> Iyayen Gomez sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar, kuma ta kasance tare da mahaifiyarta. Mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta, Brian Teefey, daga baya sun haifi 'yar, Gracie Elliot Teefey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=Natalie |date=June 13, 2013 |title=Selena Gomez Has a Baby Sister! Demi Lovato Congratulates Singer and Mom Mandy on New Arrival |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/429749/selena-gomez-has-a-baby-sister-demi-lovato-congratulates-singer-and-mom-mandy-on-new-arrival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529083723/https://www.eonline.com/news/429749/selena-gomez-has-a-baby-sister-demi-lovato-congratulates-singer-and-mom-mandy-on-new-arrival |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=selenagomez|title=Momma, Brian, and me are all so grateful for all your well wishes. My lil sissy Gracie Elliot Teefey was born on June 12th. Luv you all XO|last=Gomez|first=Selena|date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifinta da matarsa ta biyu, Sara, tana da 'yar'uwa, Victoria "Tori" Gomez, da kuma ɗan'uwa mai suna Marcus. Ga mafi yawan yarinta, an yi ta makaranta a gida, sai dai na ɗan gajeren lokaci lokacin da ta halarci makarantar gargajiya tun tana yarinya. Ta sami difloma ta makarantar sakandare ta hanyar makaranta a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010. An haifi Gomez lokacin da mahaifiyarta ke da shekaru 16.<ref name="TheBiographyChannel" /> Iyalin sun fuskanci matsalolin kudi a lokacin yarinta, tare da mahaifiyarta tana gwagwarmaya don samar da su. Gomez ta tuna cewa sun taɓa neman ɗakuna don sayen man fetur don motarsu, kuma mahaifiyarta daga baya ta ce sau da yawa suna tafiya zuwa kantin sayar da dala da ke kusa don sayen spaghetti don abincin dare.<ref name="struggles">{{Cite web |last=Melas, Chloe |date=June 30, 2011 |title=Selena Gomez Reveals: My Mom's Car Would Break Down & We'd Have To Search For Quarters To Buy Gas! |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-e-special-video/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084807/https://hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-e-special-video/ |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]}}</ref> Gomez ya ce, "Na yi takaici cewa iyayena ba su kasance tare ba, kuma ban taɓa ganin haske a ƙarshen ramin inda mahaifiyata ke aiki tukuru don samar mini da rayuwa mafi kyau ba. Ina jin tsoro game da abin da zan zama idan na zauna [a Texas].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Selena Gomez: I would have two children by now If I lived in Texas |url=http://www.wonderwall.com/movies/selena-gomez-i-would-have-two-children-by-now-if-i-lived-in-texas-22402.gallery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926033409/http://www.wonderwall.com/movies/selena-gomez-i-would-have-two-children-by-now-if-i-lived-in-texas-22402.gallery |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=MSN}}</ref>Daga baya ta kara da cewa mahaifiyarta "ta kasance mai karfi sosai a kusa da ni. Kasance ni a shekara 16 dole ne ya kasance babban alhakin. Ta ba ni komai, tana da ayyuka uku, ta tallafa mini, ta sadaukar da rayuwarta a gare ni. " Gomez tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kakanninta tun tana yarinya kuma ta bayyana a wasanni daban-daban. Kakanninta sau da yawa suna kula da ita yayin da iyayenta suka gama karatunsu, kuma ta ce sun "yi ta" har sai da ta sami nasara a kasuwancin nunawa.<ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2011 |title=Selena Gomez Talks Parents' Divorce: 'I Blamed My Mom A Lot' (VIDEO) |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-divorce_n_888017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002021140/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/30/selena-gomez-divorce_n_888017.html |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> === 2002-2006: Farkon aiki === Gomez ta fara samun sha'awar neman aiki a nishaɗi yayin da mahaifiyarta ke shirya don samar da mataki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selena Gomez Biography |url=http://www.buddytv.com/info/selena-gomez-info.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628123613/http://www.buddytv.com/info/selena-gomez-info.aspx |archive-date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[BuddyTV]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara Barney & Friends, ta bayyana a cikin abubuwa goma sha uku har zuwa shekara ta 2004 da kuma fina-finai biyu masu alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Kate |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Stars Who Were on 'Barney & Friends' as Kids |url=https://people.com/tv/stars-who-were-on-barney-and-friends-as-kids/ |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barney: Read with Me, Dance with Me — Cast |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/barney-read-with-me-dance-with-me/cast/2030344121/ |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> Da yake tunani game da kwarewar, ta ce, "Na ji kunya sosai lokacin da nake ƙarami [...] Ban san abin da 'kamara mai kyau' yake ba. Ban san abin rufewa ba. Na koyi komai daga ''Barney''. "Ta bar jerin bayan yanayi biyu lokacin da masu samarwa suka ji cewa ta wuce rawar.<ref name="people" /> Gomez daga baya yana da ƙananan matsayi a cikin fim din iyali Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003) da fim din da aka yi don talabijin Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire (2005), kuma baƙo-tauraron a cikin wani labari na 2006 na jerin Disney Channel The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nessif |first=Bruna |date=July 29, 2011 |title=Time Warp: Spy Selena Gomez in Her First Film Role |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/255135/time-warp-spy-selena-gomez-in-her-first-film-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404102914/https://www.eonline.com/news/255135/time-warp-spy-selena-gomez-in-her-first-film-role |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=[[E! News]]}}</ref><ref name="complex">{{Cite web |last=Angiolillo |first=Vincent |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Javy |date=March 17, 2013 |title=30 Things You Didn't Know About Selena Gomez |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/03/30-things-you-didnt-know-about-selena-gomez/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012603/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/03/30-things-you-didnt-know-about-selena-gomez/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Complex Networks|Complex]]}}</ref><ref name="spinoff">{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Glenn |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Selena Gomez Was "At My Wits' End" After Disney Didn't Pick Up 'Lizzie McGuire', 'Suite Life' Spinoff Pilots |url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/selena-gomez-disney-lizzie-mcguire-suite-life-spinoff-pilots-1236481835/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009014939/https://deadline.com/2025/08/selena-gomez-disney-lizzie-mcguire-suite-life-spinoff-pilots-1236481835/ |archive-date=October 9, 2025 |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> === 2007-2012: Ci gaba tare da Disney da Selena Gomez & the Scene === [[File:Selena_Gomez_2009.jpg|thumb|Gomez a cikin 2009 Hollywood Style Awards a Beverly Hills]] Gomez tana da rawar da ta taka akai-akai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Disney Channel ''Hannah Montana'' a 2007 a matsayin Mikayla, tauraron pop mai hamayya. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya daga baya a wannan shekarar bayan an jefa ta a matsayin Alex Russo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Channel Wizards of Waverly Place . <ref name="people" /> Gomez da mahaifiyarta daga baya suka koma [[Los Angeles]]. An fara jerin ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007 kuma sun gudana na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya zama babban nasara ga cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya kafa Gomez a matsayin gunkin matasa. Nunin ya sami bita mai kyau, tare da masu sukar da ke nuna isarwar Gomez ta sarcastic; Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mai dadi da sassy" tare da "babban lokacin ban dariya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernard |first=Emily |date=May 15, 2022 |title='Saturday Night Live': Selena Gomez's Best Sketches, Ranked |url=https://collider.com/snl-selena-gomezs-best-sketches-ranked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012604/https://collider.com/snl-selena-gomezs-best-sketches-ranked/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Don rawar da ta taka, ta sami lambar yabo ta ALMA da kuma kyaututtuka biyar a jere na Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite TV Actress . <ref name="KCA individual wins">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Most Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards blimps won by an individual |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/427708-most-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-won-by-an-individual |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427092803/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/427708-most-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-won-by-an-individual |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Gomez tana da karamin rawar murya a fim din mai suna Horton Hears a Who!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitney |first=Alyse |date=July 13, 2015 |title=Did You Know These Stars Are the Voices Behind Your Favorite Animated Characters? |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/stars-who-voiced-animated-characters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133241/https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/stars-who-voiced-animated-characters |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |website=[[Teen Vogue]]}}</ref>Ta kuma fito a matsayin mai rawa Mary Santiago a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na matasa kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Wani Labari na Cinderella'', kashi na biyu a cikin jerin Labari na A Cinderella . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Production Begins On "Another Cinderella Story" For Warner Premiere |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/production-begins-%E2%80%9Canother-cinderella-story%E2%80%9D-warner-premiere |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012605/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/production-begins-%E2%80%9Canother-cinderella-story%E2%80%9D-warner-premiere |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitney |first=Alyse |date=January 8, 2018 |title=Selena Gomez's Bae from "Another Cinderella Story" Celebrates the Movie's 10th Anniversary |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a14774422/another-cinderella-story-drew-seeley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012624/https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a14774422/another-cinderella-story-drew-seeley/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 25, 2022 |website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun ba ta lambar yabo ta Young Artist . <ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards |url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms30.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205923/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms30.html |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |publisher=Young Artist Awards}}</ref> Gomez ta ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙi da yawa ga sauti, ciki har da ta farko "Ka gaya mini wani abu da ban sani ba", wanda ya nuna shigar ta farko a kan jadawalin <nowiki><i id="mwAYU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another Cinderella Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-cinderella-story-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1570664241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706073813/https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-cinderella-story-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1570664241 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |access-date=October 21, 2012 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Gomez ya sanya hannu tare da Hollywood Records kuma ya kafa kamfanin samar da Yuli Moon Productions. Gomez ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Disney Channel a cikin 2009, yana bayyana a Sonny tare da Chance da kuma taron crossover Wizards on Deck tare da Hannah Montana . <ref name="cameo">{{Cite web |last=Amber |first=Ashley |date=April 10, 2022 |title=10 Disney Channel Stars Who Had Cameos Before Leading Roles |url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-cameos-before-leading-roles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026012603/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-cameos-before-leading-roles/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da Demi Lovato a cikin fim din talabijin na Princess Protection Program, kuma ta sake taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin Alex Russo a Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wizards of Waverly Place Movie |url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/WOWP_MoviePremiere.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113035337/http://disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/WOWP_MoviePremiere.doc |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |access-date=July 12, 2009 |publisher=Disney Channel}}</ref> Wannan na karshe ya fara ne a watan Agusta ga masu kallo miliyan 11.4 kuma ya zama fim na biyu mafi girma a talabijin na USB a lokacin, bayan High School Musical 2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=March 16, 2013 |title=Disney Channel's New 'Wizards Of Waverly Place' TV Movie Draws 5.9 Million Viewers |url=https://deadline.com/2013/03/disney-channels-new-wizards-of-waverly-place-tv-movie-draws-5-9-million-viewers-455294/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029233357/https://deadline.com/2013/03/disney-channels-new-wizards-of-waverly-place-tv-movie-draws-5-9-million-viewers-455294/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Roxana Hadadi na The Washington Post ya yaba wa matasan fim din - Gomez, David Henrie da Jake T. Austin - tare da ɗaukar samarwa. Gomez ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi don Sauti na kyauta, gami da "Magic", kuma ya bayyana Princess Selenia a fina-finai biyu daga jerin Luc Besson ''Arthur''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |date=August 3, 2009 |title=Wizards of Waverly Place: Songs from and Inspired by the Hit TV Series > Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1612628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027122435/https://www.allmusic.com/album/wizards-of-waverly-place-songs-from-and-inspired-by-the-hit-tv-series-mw0000819980 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Brenda Kelly |date=July 23, 2009 |title=Selena Gomez's "Magic" Music Video Premieres Friday, July 24 On Disney Channel |url=http://disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/MagicVideo_072309.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902011249/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2009/doc/MagicVideo_072309.doc |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Disney Channel]]}}</ref><ref name="bbcradio1">{{Cite web |title=9 pop divas who have voiced animated movie characters |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3kvLZNSXvl9Sn1n3Qvdqg01/9-pop-divas-who-have-voiced-animated-movie-characters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602134515/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3kvLZNSXvl9Sn1n3Qvdqg01/9-pop-divas-who-have-voiced-animated-movie-characters |archive-date=June 2, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 1]]}}</ref> [[File:Selena_Gomez_December_2010_2.jpg|thumb|Gomez a cikin 2010 KISS FM Jingle Ball]] A karkashin kwangilarta ta Hollywood Records, Gomez ta kafa ƙungiyar Selena Gomez & the Scene . <ref name="band">{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2009 |title=ep 4 band tryouts |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7B_Xg0ClSwQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/7B_Xg0ClSwQ |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Da farko ta so ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar maimakon a matsayin mai zane-zane, kodayake lakabin ya zaɓi ya haɗa sunanta ga ƙungiyar saboda "tushen magoya bayanta". <ref name="band" /> Kungiyar ta fitar da kundi uku na studio - ''Kiss &amp;amp; Tell'' (2009), A Year Without Rain (2010), da When the Sun Goes Down (2011) - wanda ya kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwAe8">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 . Sun sami babban nasara tare da waƙoƙi kamar "Naturally", "Who Says", da kuma "Love You Like a Love Song". ''Billboard'' daga baya ya sanya matsayi na ƙarshe a matsayin mafi girma Hot 100 ya kai lamba ashirin da biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jmuksnmt9blxekiynpehdu810hgiubs